Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in ...

International Journal of Public Health Research 2015; 3(6): 345-351 Published online October 22, 2015 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ijphr)

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria Salisu Mohammed, Muhammad Nuraddeen Danjuma*, Ishaq Aliyu Abdulkarim Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

Email address [email protected] (M. N. Danjuma)

To cite this article Salisu Mohammed, Muhammad Nuraddeen Danjuma, Ishaq Aliyu Abdulkarim. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria. International Journal of Public Health Research. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 345-351.

Abstract Medicinal plants have been observed to be very effective in the treatment of ailments in both rural and urban areas in developing countries. Despite this, only few people value the plants around them due to inadequate knowledge of their usefulness. In this study, common plants used by the people of Metropolitan Kano Nigeria were classified based on their locations, types and uses. The study is a survey research in which a total of 36 respondents were purposively drawn from the population of 120 inventoried individuals (herbalists) in six local governments that makes up the metropolitan Kano. Using the purposive technique, 6 individuals were selected as respondents in each local government area of the metropolitan Kano based on the years spent in traditional healing in the area. A total of 6 respondents were drawn in each local government because observations show similar demographic characteristics and trends in the metropolis. The respondents were interviewed using 12 semi-structured questions in 6 interview schedules in 2013. The respondents revealed that all 29 inventoried trees of the area are used for various medicinal applications. It was further depicted that most of the plants used for treating ailments were sourced from the wild, while some were cultivated in the gardens. Reports on conservation show that most plants were wantonly destroyed as a result of in proper management. However, in order to sustain the practice of traditional medicine as a subsystem of the health regime, it is imperative to encourage the cultivation of these fast disappearing and endangered plants by all as a quick way of initiating short-term conservation measure, while awaiting longer policies embedded in the realms of legislation.

Keywords Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Metropolitan Kano

1. Introduction Since ancient times, plants have been indispensable sources of both preventive and curative traditional medicine preparations for human beings and livestock. Historical accounts of traditional medicine depict that different plants were used as early as 5000 to 4000 BC in China, and 1600 BC by Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews and Egyptians (Dery et al., 1999). Considerable indigenous knowledge system, from the earliest times, is linked to the use of traditional medicine in different countries (Farnswort8h et al., 1994). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) approximately 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional medicine to fulfil their daily health needs (World Health Organisation, WHO, 2002). Sofowora (1982) reported that about 60-85% of the population in every country of the

developing world has to rely on traditional medicine. The practice of traditional medicine is widespread in China, India, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. In china, about 40% of the total medicinal consumption is attributed to traditional tribal medicines (Lucy and DaSilva, 1999). Although Western medicine has become widespread in developing countries, many rural communities are still heavily dependent on plant-based therapies for their primary healthcare (Schocke et al., 2000). In Africa, traditional medicine is a part of the people's culture despite the fact that this form of medicine is not as well organized as, for example, in India and China. Practitioners include herbalists, bonesetters, village midwives or traditional birth attendants (TBAs), traditional psychiatrists, herb sellers, and other specialists

International Journal of Public Health Research 2015; 3(6): 345-351

(Sofowora, 1996). The knowledge of medicinal plants is normally passed orally from one generation to the next. Traditionally, herbalists usually passed on their knowledge only to their first born sons or to other trustworthy person and such a knowledge is normally transmitted when the father is getting old or just about to die (Kokwaro, 1976). Traditionally, plants are reliable sources for the treatment of diseases in different parts of the world (Hostettmann et al., 2000). Traditional medicine heavily relies on the use of plants. This is why WHO recognised the practice since 1977 in its policy document and maintained that “a medicinal plant” is any plant, which in one or more of its organs contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes or which, are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs (WHO, 1991). Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active ingredients used to cure disease or relieve pain (Okigbo et al., 2008). The use of traditional medicines and medicinal plants in most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the maintenance of good health has been widely observed (UNESCO, 1996). Traditional medicine, with medicinal plants as their most important component, are sold in market places or prescribed by traditional healers in their homes (Von Maydell, 1996). The potential of the Nigerian flora as a veritable source for pharmaceuticals and other therapeutic materials have been documented (Gbile and Adesina, 1986). Herbal plants constitute one of the many resources of the forest on which the health of the average rural populace in Nigeria depends on. They serve as the repository of healing materials and are known to have minimum or no side effects (Gbile and Adesina, 1986). It is an acknowledged fact in the literature that traditional medical practitioners tend to hide the identity of plants used for different ailments for fear of patronage should the patient learn to cure himself. In buttressing this point, Obute and Osuji (2002) maintained that in order for herbal practitioners to mystify their trade, the cultivation of plant is not encouraged, as all the collection is actually done from the wild. This practice is unsustainable and a huge loss because when these practitioners die, they go along with their wealth of knowledge. In addition, relating this vital information to close relatives where no interest is shown is grossly inadequate in that its lacks continuity. It is on this background that this study documents existing plant species used by the indigenous people of Kano for the treatment of ailments. Information on the traditional medicinal uses of plants in Africa is in danger of disappearing since the knowledge of how to use medicinal plants is mostly passed down orally and even to date is poorly documented (GuribFakim, 2006), although written information has been produced for some specific regions. It is these facts that prompted this study as what appears on the surface relating to the future of medicinal plants and practices is bleak.

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3. Study Area Kano State is a state located in North-Western Nigeria and the largest State of the Nigerian Federation, Created on May 27, 1967 from part of the Northern Region. Kano state is bordered by Katsina state to the North-West, Jigawa state to the north-east, Bauchi state to the south-east and Kaduna state to the south-west. Kano is located on 12° N and 8°30'E. It has a total area of 20,131 km2 (Figure 2). The urban area covers 137km2 and comprises of six LGAs - Kano municipal, Fagge, Dala, Gwale, Tarauni and Nassarawa with population of 2,163,25 as at 2006 (NPC, 2006). Climate of the study areas have been described as 'AW' type as identified by Koppen's climatic classification. According to this classification, this climate is a tropical one with clear wet and dry season. The coolest month is normally experienced between December/January with temperature of less than 18°C. The dominant climatic influence throughout the areas is the Inter- tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) also known as the Inter-tropical Discontinuity (ITD). The vegetation is a Savanna type simply described as closed grass or other predominantly herbaceous vegetation with scattered or widely spaced woody plants. Vegetation types in the state are the northern Guinea savanna and Sudan savanna. Northern Guinea Savanna is an open woodland with grasses shorter than in the southern guinea where grasses are 1.5 to 3m tall. The Sudan Savanna has scattered trees in open grassland with grasses under 1.2m tall. The vegetation has been largely cleared for cultivation to form cultivated parkland. Parkland has scattered protected trees at some distance apart in open cultivated land.

4. Methods Population and Sampling Procedure The study is a survey research in which a total of 36 respondents were purposively drawn from the population of 120 key individuals (herbalists) in six local governments that makes up the metropolitan Kano. Using the purposive technique, 6 herbalists were selected as respondents. The herbalists were identified during reconnaissance in an informal discussion with some key informants in some markets in study area. Table 1 show the population and characteristics of the respondents of the study. Table 1. Characteristics of the Respondents. L.G.A. Dala Fagge Gwale Kano Municipal Nassarawa Tarauni

AGE DISTRIBUTION 18-25 26-35 36-45 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0

46-55 2 1 1

56+ 4 3 5

0

0

2

0

4

0 0

0 0

0 1

4 4

2 1

2. Aim

Source: Field Work (2013)

The aim of this study is to make a checklist of plants based on their traditional medicinal uses in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria

The table above shows the age distribution of the interviewed traditional herbalists of the six local governments

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Salisu Mohammed et al.: Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria

that make up the metropolitan Kano. From the table it can be observed that majority of the traditional herbalists of old age, a reason why the occupation is in urgent need of reorganisation. It can also be deduced that of the 36 respondents, only five (5) are female. This is also an indication that the occupation is male dominated despite the fact that females were said to patronise the centres the highest. Data Collection The respondents were later interviewed using 12 semistructured questions in a group interview schedule. Data Analysis A checklist of all recorded species of medicinal value was compiled, including their indigenous, common and scientific names, plant origination (i.e. indigenous or exotic), medicinal uses and location found (Table 2). Data was also presented in terms of the methods of preparation and administration to patients; as well as the age group and gender of respondents. All the lists generated by the different key informants were scrutinized and synchronized into a final document as shown in table 2.

5. Results and Discussion This section presents findings of the study and discussed them appropriately. 5.1. Medicinal Plants of Metropolitan Kano Similar to what is obtained in parts of the developing world, there is a growing upsurge in demand for medicinal plants and remedies for various ailments among communities in Kano. This may be due to increasing cost of conventional modern medicines or inadequacies in public health centres. Studies have shown that ethno-botanical checklists prepared by indigenes of communities living in or near them tend to be more exhaustive because they are based on practical day-today uses that are firmly ingrained in local cultural norms and values. Table 2 below came up with wide range of medicinal plants of metropolitan Kano as obtained during inventories in 2013 as well as specific ailments which they cure.

Table 2. Inventories Plants Used for Medicinal Purpose. BOTANICAL NAMES Azadiractaindica Cassia tora Moringaolifera Curcubita maxima

LOCAL NAME Darbejiya Tafasa Zogale Kabewa

PART USED Leaf Leaf Leaf Stem

Guierasenegalensis

Sabara

Leaf

Calotropisprocera

Tumfafiya

Leaf

Ficusthoningii Mitracarpusscaber Lawsoniainermis

Chediya Gogamasu Lalle

Leaf Whole Root

Ficusingens Diospyrosmesipiliformis Leptademiahastata

Kawari Kanya Yadiya

Stem Fruits Whole

Tamrandusindica Euphorbia hinta

Tsamiya Nononkurciya

Fruit Whole plant

Adansoniadigitata

Kuka

Bark, leaves, root

Cymbopogoncitratrus

Lemon grass

Stem, leaves

Carica papaya Citrus limon Cucumismelo

Gwanda Lemuntsami Gurji

Leaves, seeds, fruit Fruits, leaves Leaves, roots

Eucalyptus globulus

Bishiyarturare

Leaves

Eugenia aromatica Heeriainsgnis Hibiscus sabdariffa Lactucacapensis Lycopersiconesculentum Mangiferaindica Parkiabiglobosa Pennisetumpurpureum Piper guineense

Kanunfari Hawayenzaki Zobo Ganyensalak Tumatur Mangwaro Daddawa Dawarkada Masoro

Flower Leaves, stem, bark Flowers, leaves Whole plant Fruit, leaves Leaves, root, stem, bark Leaves, bark, seeds Whole plant Fruits, leaves,

Source: Field Work (2013)

MEDICINAL USES Yellow fever Pile and stomach trouble Asthma, arthritis, rheumatism Skin diseases Dysentery, diarrhoea, pile and stomach ache. Scorpion sting, Finger ache (whitlow) Stomach offset Eczema and other skin diseases Vomiting, abortion and Whitlow Diarrhoea Pile and haemorrhoid Hypertension, catarrh and Skin diseases Fever Dandruff, sores in the Mouth Cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases Sore throat, high fever, convulsions, common cold Malaria, gonorrhoea, diabetes, dysentery Antipyretic cold, stomachic Fungal diseases Mouth wash, nasal congestion, wounds, antibacterial Toothache, preservative in herbal recipes Dysentery, aphrodisiac Diuretic, beverage, coughs Constipation, diuretic Antimicrobial, ear-ache, boils Malaria, diarrhoea, diabetes, astringent Obesity, tonic, malaria, diabetes Diuretic, mumps, gastro-intestinal disorder Impotence, hypertension, antimicrobial

SOURCE Wild, garden and home Wild Garden, home Garden Wild Wild

Wild Wild Wild Wild Garden, wild Wild, garden Wild Wild, garden Garden Garden Garden Wild, garden Wild, garden Garden, wild Wild Garden Garden Garden Garden Wild Wild Wild


A total of 29 species of medicinal plants used by the people around the metropolitan Kano were identified and recorded (Table 2). Of the species identified, 90% were indigenous and only 10% were exotic (Table 2), a fact that also reflects the localized nature of the indigenous knowledge about these medicinal plant species. Result of the study also shows that majority of the plants used traditional healing/therapy in the study area are trees. This may be due to the fact that this growth form is available in almost all seasons and in addition are not affected by seasonal variations as indicated in (Arihan et al., 2006). The total number of species recorded in this study compares closely to that recorded by Danjuma and Darda’u (2013) in a study of medicinal plants used in Katsina State in Northwestern Nigeria. The diseases reported to be treated using the plants varied widely but were grouped into 27 major categories including use in the treatment of a number of complicated diseases such as diabetes and hypertension (Table 2). Plants have been used as a source of medicine in Nigeria from time immemorial to treat different ailments due to its long history, and traditional medicine has in fact become an integral part of culture (Pankhurst, 1995). In preparing the treatments from the plants, the local people mainly use leaves, roots and barks,

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but in a few species, the treatment is derived from flowers, fruits and young shoots (Table 2). Leaves were found to be the most reported plant part used by the healers for the preparation of various medications in the study area. That leaves were predominantly used (Table 2), this concurs with findings of studies in Africa like Uganda, Ethiopia and Mali where it was reported that most of the plant parts used in different preparations for remedy were leaves (Tagola and Diallo, 2005). Although these comparative studies were not carried out in similar habitats, they do not differ from findings of this survey conducted in the Kano Area. 5.2. Preparation and Administration of Medicines Although modern medicine is widely utilised by a large proportion of the community, traditional perceptions of health and diseases and their management using herbal medicine remain popular even among those who periodically seek Western medication. To buttress this idea, broad list of both trees and garden species are found to be very vital in the area even as modern scientific way of approaching ailments saturates the urbanised Kano metropolitan area as shown in table 3.

Table 3. Modes of Preparation and Administration of Medicines. LOCAL NAME Darbejiya Tafasa Zogale Kabewa Sabara Tumfafiya Chediya Gogamasu Lalle Kawari Kanya Yadiya Tsamiya Nononkurciya Kuka Lemon grass Gwanda Lemuntsami Gurji Bishiyarturare Kanunfari Hawayenzaki Zobo Ganyensalak Tumatur Mangwaro Daddawa Dawarkada Masoro Source: Field Work (2013)

PREPARATION FORMS Pounded Boiled Powder, boiled Pounded Powder Crushed, chewed Pounded Pounded Powder Concoction Soaked Powder, boiled Boiled Crushed Cooked, powder Boiled Eaten raw Squeezed Grinded Crushed Powder Powder Boiled Raw Grinded Concoction Powder Grinded Powder

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION Oral Oral Oral Dermal Oral Oral Oral Dermal Dermal, oral Oral Oral Oral, dermal Oral Dernal, oral Oral, dermal Oral Oral Oral Dermal Oral Oral Dermal Oral Oral Dermal Oral Oral Oral Oral

LOCATION FOUND Wild, garden and home Wild Garden and in the wild Garden Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Wild Garden, wild Wild, garden Wild Wild, garden Garden Garden Garden Wild, garden Wild, garden Garden, wild Wild Garden Garden Garden Garden Wild Wild Wild

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The study found out that in most cases, illnesses were first treated using local herbs at home and later transferred to clinics when there is no improvement or the patient is in critical condition. Brown (1995) contended that initial home treatment of sick people is quite common among the African people. This has been the reason why the diversity of modes of preparation and routes of administration increasingly grow in the area and in most parts of Africa were traditional medicine is fast gaining grounds. From table 3, many of the species are used in treating digestive or peptic, respiratory or vector-borne ailments. The preparation is mostly administered orally as an infusion, concoction, decoction or a lick of its powdered form. Interview with respondents revealed that more than one plant species have been used by healers in remedy preparation for various ailments. This could be attributed to additives or synergistic effect that they could have during treatment (Haile et al., 2008). While some plants are utilised for specific ailments, others can cure many diseases and this is in line with finding by MacDonald (2009) and Awoyemi et al. (2012) in South-western Nigeria. In-depth discussions with the informants and a crosssection of key informants among the traditional healers further revealed that even when the healers prescribe treatment to their patients, only the traditional doctor can prepare it; the patients would not be informed of the plant species from which the treatment is derived nor the method of preparation of the treatment. Nevertheless, this system is slowly changing and in recent years, some flexibility appears to be emerging, with the traditional healers, including the ones interviewed in this study, quite willing to provide information about the traditional treatments in exchange of financial benefits or compensation. 5.3. Location Found Most of the plants are sourced from the wild with the exception of few. This has been the traditions of traditional healers even though home gardens are central target for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of traditional medicinal plants (Zemede, 2001). Out of the 29 plants that are inventoried in the area, 21 plants are sourced from the wild, 9 sourced from both wild and gardens, 8 from gardens only and few at homes because they are nowadays domesticated. This is not fascinating as studies such as Obute and Osuji (2002) revealed that in order for herbal practitioners to mystify their trade, the cultivation of plant is not encouraged, as all the collection is actually done from the wild. In a study conducted on medicinal plants by Mesfin, Tekle and Tesfay (2013), it was found out that 58% of all medicinal species in the study area in Ethiopia are sourced from the wild while only 6.4% are cultivated. 5.4. Conservation Priorities for Medicinal Plants Hamilton (2004) contended that although plants play vital role in treating various human and livestock ailments, they

are currently under pressure. According to Ensermu et al. 1992), habitats and species are being lost rapidly because of environmental degradation, agricultural expansion, deforestation and urban development. According to Zemede (2001), medicinal plants are considered to be at conservation risk due to over use and destructive harvesting. This has been a reason why most respondents revealed that conservation is at their hearts and a most so long as the future of plant use in traditional medicine is considered.

Figure 1. Methods of Medicinal Plants Conservation of the Area.

Various methods are intuitively used by people to conserve plants in almost all parts of Africa. It is obvious that three major techniques are utilised by people in metropolitan Kano as indicated in figure 1. These are gene banks, natural regeneration and planting of desired species. Among these techniques, result of the study show that species are conserved through natural regeneration for many years and the fact that more than 50 % of the respondents practiced it, natural regeneration has been part of culture to be promoted. While other techniques are practiced by less than 20% of the respondents, natural regeneration may be practised by many because of its simplicity and cost effectiveness.

6. Conclusion For a long time, the bulk of intuitive information on traditional plant uses in the treatment of disease has been disparate and privately held, with limited accessibility to the public or even young practitioners. The results of the study revealed that there is high diversity of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge about the use, preparation, and application, which is still maintained among local people of metropolitan Kano. More herbs than trees and shrubs are used for medicinal purpose and this may indicates that without urgent conservation the resource base is at risk. The result of studies revealed that the effort of traditional healers in conserving medicinal plant species in most parts was so minimal. Indeed, there is growing recognition that revitalization and promotion of traditional health practices alongside modern health services is the


most promising means for ensuring affordable and sustainable health care for poor communities throughout Africa. Considering a sharp decrease in the biological species across the globe and the increasing economic values placed on medicinal plants, documentation on ethnobotanical knowledge is a way to understand the use of different plant species to cure various ailments and means to conserve these natural resources. Globally, there is currently a renaissance of ethno-botanical surveys of medicinal plants and the need to screen specific parts of the plants (Paterson and Anderson, 2005).

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Recommendations It is recommended that because of continued loss diversity of medicinal plants in the area owing to pressure on them by the people, methods of species conservation mentioned such as natural regeneration and planting of indigenous plants should be given priority through incentives and provision of nursery materials to the rural people and resource users as they are adaptive and cost effective. Various organs such as governments and NGOs, as well as community based must ensure integrated approach of tree multiplication and propagation through policies and programs and enlightenment campaigns. This is because universal education is key to diversity conservation.

Appendix

Figure 2. Map of the Study Area.

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