The reservation encompasses the headwaters of the Guarabuqui River, which eventually ... of the city of Yoro. ... ago by a group of visiting Texas Baptists.
Ethnobotany of the Jicaque of Honduras I DAVID L. LENTZ 2
An ethnobotanical study was conducted among the Jicaque Indians of the Montaga de la Flor reservation in central Honduras to collect information regarding their plant-use practices. The data, including vernacular names, ecological settings, and uses, were recorded during collecting forays with Jicaque informants. Scientific and Jicaque names have been provided for 23 plant species used for food, 11 used for medicine, 4 used for beverages, 3 used as sources of wood, 5 in artifact manufacturing, and 3 used in other ways. Also, a list of 43 species is included for which the Jicaques have a name but no known use.
ETHNOBOTANY OF JICAQUE
The Jicaque, or Tol, as they call themselves, are an Amerindian group of central Honduras, which still maintain some identity as an indigenous culture. Since they reside on a reservation only 50 km east of the Proyecto Arqueol6gico El Caj6n study area where I served as archaeobotanist (January-December 1981), they afforded an opportunity for study of a group somewhat analogous to the prehistoric inhabitants of the Sulaco and Humuya river valleys. Accordingly, I conducted an ethnobotanical survey at the Montafia de la Flor reservation to record Jicaque plant uses. LOCATION AND CLIMATE
The Jicaque Indian reservation is located between 14~176 latitude and 87005' 86052'W longitude. Elevations range between 890 and 1,637 m. The climate is seasonally wet and dry with an average annual precipitation of 1,069 mm and an average annual temperature of 24.40C recorded at the nearby weather station in Yoro (Wernstedt, 1972). The reservation encompasses the headwaters of the Guarabuqui River, which eventually flows into the Patuca River system (Fig. 1). Except for small plots cleared for agricultural use by slash-and-burn techniques, the predominant natural vegetation in the area is either pine-oak, including species such as Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Quercus sapotaefolia Liebm., or pine-oak-sweet gum forest, including species such as Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Quercus skinneri Benth., and Liquidambar styraciflua L. Detailed descriptions of these plant communities can be found in Lentz (1984). JICAQUE
In pre-Columbian times, the Jicaque occupied the northern coastal area of Honduras along the lower reaches of the Ulua and Chamelec6n rivers (Johnson, 1963). During the 16th century, however, the Jicaques fled the tyranny of the Spanish and settled just west of the city of Yoro. Persecution by the Governor of the Department of Yoro during the 19th century caused yet another exodus of these tramontane people into an even more remote region of central Honduras. Three families settled in what is now the Jicaque reservation and were the ancestors of today's 250 occupants (Chapman, 197 l a). Known officially as Montafia de la Flor a los Indios Jicaque de Orica, the reservation
1Received 28 November 1984; accepted 8 October 1985. 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS 39216.
Economic Botany, 40(2), 1986, pp. 210-219 9 1986, by the New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458
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I
~
ea
,0 .
~
Jlcaque Reservation
Fig. 1. Map of Honduras, showing location of Jicaque Indian reservation. was established by a grant from the government of Honduras in 1929 (Garcia, 1958). The grant included 3,200 ha in the northern portion of the Department of Francisco Morazfin. The remoteness of the tract has allowed the Jicaques to live in unmolested isolation for many years. Aside from the recent cultural inroads of mestizos and missionaries who have been in intermittent contact with the Jicaques since the late 1960s (de Oltrogge, 1967), the Jicaques have retained many of their own cultural traits, probably owing to their extreme xenophobia. Although the Jicaque have lived in relative isolation until the recent past, the inroads of Western culture are creating rapid changes in their traditional lifestyle. New domesticates, both plant and animal, have been introduced and these changes often upset the ecological and dietary equilibria. Also, the Jicaque have begun to participate more actively in the mestizo money economy. They sell corn, coffee, and other crops, and in 1981 lumbermen were contracted to cut timber on the reservation for the first time. Although this kind of development may improve the economic status of the impoverished Jicaque, their traditional folkways appear to be waning in the transition. It has been the purpose of this study to record some of the traditional plant-use practices of the Jicaque, before they, like most of the Central American Native American cultures, become absorbed into the mainstream of mestizo culture. The Jicaque settlement is essentially divided into two unequal parts by the Guarabuqui River. On the western side are 50 individuals who follow their own quasi-hereditary chief or headman. These people have not been converted to Christianity and avoid all outside contact. When I attempted to communicate with them, they vanished into the forest at my approach. Some 200 Jicaque, many of whom have been converted, live on the eastern side of the river. They have their own leader who lives in La Flor, a hamlet composed of 7 house compounds, a missionary's house, and a church that was constructed several years ago by a group of visiting Texas Baptists. Each house compound consists of a house for sleeping and cooking, a corn bin, and frequently, a shed for turkeys, chickens, and/or ducks.
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Fig. 2-3. Fig. 2. Jicaque house compound in La Flor. Fig. 3. Jicaque male wearing traditional costume.
Usually there is a small herb garden adjacent to the compound with plants such as onions (Allium cepa L.), garlic (.4. sativum L.), peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Pataste (Sechium edule (Jacqu.) Sw.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and other cucurbits can be seen hanging from crude arbors nearby. Useful trees, e.g., coyol palms (Acrocomia mexicana Karw.), guava (Psidium guajava L.), mangos (Mangifera indica L.), nance (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC.), ciruela (Spondias mombin L.), avocados (Persea americana Mill.), calabash (Crescentia cujete L.), and bananas (Musa x paradisiaca L.), always are present in and around the compounds. Houses (Fig, 2) are constructed around 4 stout oak (Quercus spp.) comer posts sunk in the ground and joined at the top by heavy crosspieces. Smaller pine (Pinus spp.) posts are stuck in the ground in line with the oak posts. Thin crosspieces of pine are lashed with vines to the uprights, creating a sort of checkerboard pattern. The spaces of the walls are filled in with rocks and mud then coated with a layer of mud plaster. The roof supports also are of pine and are arranged in a hip pattern. Palm thatch (Erythea salvadorensis (Wendl. ex Beccari) H. E. Moore) is used as the protective covering. There are no windows, but a solid wooden door is suspended from heavy oak uprights, one of which is often a comer post. As a result, the interiors are dark and filled with smoke from the cooking fires. Traditional clothing for the Jicaque is quite simple. Men wear a one-piece, cloth tunic (Fig. 3) with a hole cut out for the head. It is left open on the sides, but belted at the waist. In the past, cloth was of fig (Ficus spp.) bark (yon Hagen, 1943), but today they use cotton cloth obtained from mestizo traders. Women wear plain cotton blouses and skirts, also obtained from the outside. Footwear is not used by the Jicaque. Special ornamentation is
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usually lacking, but members of either sex may wear necklaces made from the seeds of Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) strung together with cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) thread. The Jicaques were once thought to be of independent linguistic stock (Thomas and Swanton, 1911; Johnson, 1940), but more recent studies have assigned them to the Hokan language family (Greenberg and Swadesh, 1953; Stone, 1966; Longacre, 1967; Chapman, 197 l b). Most recently they have been placed in the Tequistlatec family (Su~rez, 1983). The language has proved to be somewhat enigmatic for linguists due to the paucity of Jicaque grammatical data and the absence of related language groups in the surrounding region. The plant vocabulary included in this paper is an effort to increase available linguistic information for these people. Ethnobotanical studies of the Jicaque have been limited to the parenthetical observations and plant lists of the early 20th century scientist-adventurer, Victor von Hagen (1939, 1940, 1943). During my fieldwork with the Jicaque in 1981, I noticed some changes that had taken place since yon Hagen's time as well as some discrepancies with his observations. As von Hagen noted in his monograph (1943: 70), coyol palms (Acrocomia mexicana Karw.) are planted near Jicaque dwellings, and he goes on to state that the fruits do not appear to be utilized. However, several informants in separate interviews with me described coyol kernels as a food source and their extraction from endocarps is described below. In yon Hagen's monograph of the Jicaque (1943), manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) was listed as the principal staple. Apparently maize (Zea mays L.) has replaced manioc as their main crop. I found little evidence of manioc cultivation during my stay, and one informant told me that manioc is not grown much anymore because it is too difficult to keep pigs (acquired from mestizos in the last several years) away from it. They prize pigs more than manioc, and a reduced carbohydrate diet seems to have been the result. Like their mestizo neighbors, the Jicaque grow corn using slash-and-burn techniques. Near the end of the dry season (March-April), selected forest segments are cleared by males equipped with steel axes and machetes. The fields are burned and planted before the heavy rains come in late April or early May. A simple digging stick (11/2 m long) is used to plant the seed corn, which is always the best of a previous harvest. The Jicaques are reluctant to obtain seeds from the mestizos, preferring seeds from their own ancestors. Members of both sexes perform the periodic cultivating prior to harvest. Corn from the first planting is harvested in August. While still in the husk, it is stored in elevated bins covered with thatched roofs. The second planting takes place in September, shortly after the first harvest. The same field from the first harvest is cleared, then replanted without being burned. (Fields may be utilized for 2-3 yr in a row.) In December, the corn is ripe again, but since the rains have stopped by this time, the ears can be left on their stalks until dry. These are harvested when convenient as long as hungry animals do not become a problem. The cultivated fields are small (1-3 ha) and are widely spaced throughout the forest. Jicaques spend their days travelling from one field to the next, usually collecting wild plant food along the way. These daily forays also provide opportunities for the males to hunt deer, monkeys, birds, agoutis, and other forest animals. Weapons include rifles, which have replaced the traditional bow and arrow, and blowguns (tot la) made from Saurauia villosa DC. stems. The spherical clay pellets shot from the blowguns are quite effective at bringing down small game animals at close range. Whatever wild food can be obtained through hunting or gathering are brought home in the evening to add to the cooking pots of the extended family's compound. Corn is prepared for consumption in either of 2 ways. The most popular way is to cook the hulled and dried kernels in a pot of boiling water, resulting in a type of hominy. Sometimes other vegetables and meat, if available, are thrown into the pot to add some variety to an otherwise monotonous diet. Another method of preparing corn is by making simple tortillas (gets) from kernels that have been soaked in water then ground on a metate.
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The ground corn is patted briskly, then thrown onto a hot metal or ceramic plate. Jicaque women seem to take far less care in their tortilla preparation than mestizo women and the result is often a crumbly and misshapen tortilla. No matter which way it is prepared, corn is an important component o f most Jicaque meals. METHODS
Herbarium specimens from the Montafia de la Flor reservation were collected simultaneously with linguistic and usage information provided by knowledgeable Jicaque informants. Designations were verified by other informants each evening upon return to the base camp at La Flor. Jicaque plant names later were transcribed by Ronald K. Dennis o f the Summer Institute of Linguistics in the presence o f the original informants. Dennis is a trained linguist who has been working with the Jicaques for the last several years. Plant identifications were made by the author and by specialists from several large herbaria (see Acknowledgments). ENUMERATION OF JICAQUE PLANTS
The following list is arranged by division with the flowering plants subdivided into its 2 classes. Families in each grouping are listed alphabetically, as are the genera within each family. The scientific name for each species is followed by the Jicaque name (in bold type), ecological information, use, collector's name, and collection number. N a m e s in parentheses represent probable Spanish borrowings, i.e., those names the Jicaques have adopted from the Spanish language. Plants for which the Jicaques have names but no apparent use have been included in the nonuse list. Herbarium voucher specimens for this study are housed at the Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Honduras (EAP), with duplicate sets at The University of A l a b a m a (UNA), and the Universidad Nacional Aut6noma, Honduras (TEFH). USEFUL JICAQUE PLANTS Ferns
Polypodiaceae Polypodium triseriale Swartz. (kalakwala). Herb of pine-oak forest floor. Intoxicating (?) tea made from rhizomes boiled in water. Lentz 932.
Conifers Pinaceae Pinus oocarpa Schiede. 'iy6 (generic term for pine). Dominant tree of pine-oak forest. Wood used to start fires, for torches, and in house construction. Lentz 913. Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. 'iy6. Dominant tree of pine-oak-sweet gum forest. Used in the same manner as P. oocarpa. Lentz 914.
Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Actinidiaceae Saurauia villosa DC. pgom. Shrub of riverine habitat. Fruits eaten fresh and are especially relished for their sweet, honey-like juice; blowguns made from hollowed out stems. Lentz 928.
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. (manga). Cultivated tree. Introduced crop that is planted for its delicious fruit; will also volunteer in pine-oak and riverine habitats. Spondias mombin L. yul ko'. Small tree of pine-oak forest. Fruits consumed fresh. Lentz 965.
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Asteraceae
Stevia ovata Willd. oberan. Herb of secondary growth. Beverage of ground-up leaves steeped in hot water taken as a remedy for stomach pains. Lentz 907. Bignoniaceae
Crescentia cujete L. shem. Cultivated tree. Dried fruit rinds used as bowls and other containers. Boraginaceae
Heliotropium indicum L. (borraja). Herb of secondary growth. Roots, called eel, used to brew tea that is taken as a cold remedy. Lentz 906. Caesalpinaceae
Senna occidentalis (U) Link. (frijolillo negro). Herb found in dooryards and secondary growth. Tea for stomach pains made from roots boiled in water. Lentz 966. Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. tenway. Cultivated small tree. Grown for its delicious fruit that is eaten fresh; also grows wild. Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (apazote). Herb of dooryards and secondary growth. Beverage to soothe stomachaches is made by grinding up seeds between 2 stones, mixing the paste with cool water, then filtering the mixture before ingestion. Lentz 955. Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo L. nu. Cultivated vine. Principal food crop; usually flesh is cut into strips then boiled and eaten; seeds also eaten; sometimes bowls made from sun-dried rinds. Lentz 998. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. L,guvyii. Cultivated vine. Fruits boiled in water, then eaten, often in a stew with other vegetables and meat, if available. Lentz 944. Euphorbiaceae
Manihot esculenta Crantz. k6viil. Cultivated herb. A food crop; roots boiled and eaten, usually with other foods. Phyllanthus niruri L. ~arawarapan. Herb of pine-oak forest. Paste, made from ground flowers mixed with water, used to soothe spider bites. Lentz 933. Fabaceae
Arachis hypogaea L. kuii. Cultivated herb. Kernels eaten fresh. Canavalia indet, ray p-i-p h. Vine of pine-oak forest floor. Decoction of the leaves taken for nervous disorders. Lentz 870. Erythrina standleyana Krukoff. mbaladl. Tree of riverine habitats. Bark eaten as a treatment for intestinal parasites. Lentz 922. Phaseolus vulgaris L. thin. Cultivated herb. Major food crop grown by slash-and-burn agricultural techniques. Lentz 974. Fagaceae
Quercus sapotaefolia Liebm. tolodl je. Tree of pine-oak forest. Source of firewood and construction timber. Lentz 962. Gesneriaceae
Achimenes grandiflora (Schiede) A. DC. in DC. mitt~dl. Herb of pine-oak forest. Leaves rubbed on the gingival swelling caused by a toothache. Lentz 875.
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Hamamelidaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua L. um w~. Dominant tree of the pine-oak-sweet gum forest. Sap mixed with honey consumed by women before and after childbirth; mixture of sap, hot water, garlic, and onions taken as a treatment for intestinal worms. Lentz 899. Lamiaceae
Hyptis verticillata Jacq. wb.la p-i-n. Shrub of dooryards and secondary growth. Beverage for stomach pains made from leaves mixed with hot water. Lentz 967. Lauraceae
Persea americana Mill. tit. Cultivated tree. Grown in dooryard gardens for its edible fruit. Malpighiaceae
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC. theb. Cultivated tree. Fruits eaten fresh or made into a beverage. Malvaceae
Gossypium barbadense L. t-i-aim. Cultivated shrub. Seed fibers used in the manufacture of cordage and thread. Lentz 943. Melastomataceae
Arthrostemma ciliatum R. & P. polefio. Herb of pine-oak forest. Sap and leaves rubbed on the chests of cold sufferers, with the resulting vapors acting as a decongestant. Lentz 873. Mimosaceae
Inga punctata Willd. 'okok h thu. Tree of pine-oak forest. Soft, spongy placental tissue surrounding seeds eaten fresh. Lentz 963. L sapindoides Willd. 'okok ~. Tree of pine-oak forest. Placental tissue surrounding seeds eaten fresh. Lentz 969. Moraceae
Ficus spp. tfii. Trees of riverine habitats. Fruits eaten fresh; bark previously made into cloth. Myrsinaceae
Parathesis membranacea LundeU. touit~ul. Shrub of pine-oak forest. Fresh fruit eaten when ripe. Lentz 872. Myrtaceae
cf. Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore. (pimieata). Tree of riverine habitats. Fruits consumed fresh. Lentz 923. Psidium guajava L. siial. Cultivated tree. Fruits consumed fresh. Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca icosandra L. karey. Herb of secondary growth. Used for bathing by rubbing green fruits into the skin, then rinsing with water. Lentz 909. Rubiaceae
Coffea arabica L. koa. Cultivated shrub. Beverage made from ground and roasted seeds; also sold as a cash crop. Solanaceae
Capsicum annuum L. eela. Cultivated herb. Grown in small gardens near houses; hung in house rafters to dry; boiled with other vegetables or meats as a flavoring. Lentz 972a.
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Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. 'utOowa. Shrub of riverine habitats. Pipe stems manufactured from twigs by removing pith with a smaller twig. Lentz 927. Nicotiana tabacum L. puya. Cultivated herb. Commonly grown in garden plots; leaves dried on house rafters; smoked in pipes. Verbenaceae Lantana trifolia L. (petatillo). Herb of secondary growth. Wine made from fruits mashed in a pot and allowed to ferment. Lentz 871. Monocotyledons Arecaceae Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ya cal. Palm of secondary growth but also planted in dooryards. Exocarp cut open with a machete, bony endocarp smashed with a rock, then kernel consumed fresh. Lentz 716. Erythea salvadorensis (Wendl. ex Beccari) H. E. Moore. manak h. Small palm of pine-oak forest. Leaves used for roof thatch. Lentz 964. Marantaceae Calathea aft. atropurpurea Matuda. lul. Herb of pine-oak forest. Tubers eaten fresh. Lentz 898. Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca L. mimiya. Cultivated large perennial herb. Fruits of this introduced crop eaten fresh. Poaceae Coix lachryma-jobi L. huyu la crem. Introduced grass of riverine environments. Seeds used as beads in necklaces. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (zacate lim6n). Cultivated dooryard herb. Tea made from leaves. Lentz 956. Saccharum officinarum L. iiw. Cultivated herb. Grown in small patches near dwellings; juice consumed, extracted by chewing and sucking the stems. Zea mays L. nopj [mature], 'uc'fi [young], 'itsji [cornfield]. Cultivated herb. Principal food crop grown in large fields cleared by slash-and-burn techniques. Nonuse Plant List Andropogon bicornis L. kalangal. Lentz 973. Anemia hirsuta Sw. lodl. Lentz 918. A. phyllitidis Prantl. lodl. Lentz 891. Anthurium lucens Standl. ex Yuncker. ?okoywora. Lentz 934. Asclepias similis Hemsl. qalol. Lentz 895. Baccharis salicifofia (R. & P.)Persoon. 1-i-kh. Lentz 938. Bletia edwardsi O. Ames. hok h. Lentz 917. Bouvardia longiflora (Cav.) H.B.K. ~huth. Lentz 896. Calyptranthes chytraculia (L.) Sw. (pimienta). Lentz 939. Commelina erecta L. p-i-Icy. Lentz 869. Cordia aft. costaricensis I. M. Johnst. kabayfiwineil. Lentz 880. Cosmos crithmifofius H.B.K. (or Lentz 874. Crotalaria vitellina Ker in Lindl. tinturuk h. Lentz 924.
Cuphea pinetorum Benth. yo te. Lentz 951. Desmodium indet. 'otol6pa. Lentz 889. cf. Escheandia macrocarpa Greenm. col. Lentz 894. Elaphoglossum latifolium J. Sin. lodl. Lentz 888. Eriosema diffusum (H.B.K.) G. Don. tolopa. Lentz 958. Govenia mutica Reichb. f. hok h p-i-n6. Lentz 920. Habenaria triflda H.B.K. (imbuoy). Lentz 961. Helenium indet. 9anfin. Lentz 886. Hypoxis decumbens L. chacate. Lentz 890. Ipomoea silvicola House. t~etg. Lentz 926. Lamourouxia viscosa H.B.K. yo theyChey. Lentz 948. Lantana hispida H.B.K. natas pis. Lentz 903. Lasiacis nigra Davidse. yukut tintidl. Lentz 937. Mandevilla scorpioidea Woodson. '-i-p-i-~ Lentz 957. Melothria scabra Naud. tse pw'hay. Lentz 929.
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Oxalis pringlei Rose ex Knuth. kuk ~. Lentz 941. Panicum sellowii Nees. (sacate). Lentz 942. Pavonia rosea Sehlecht. in Linnaea. opopa to-i-t h. Lentz 921. Phoebe indet. (aguaeatillo). Lentz 968. Piper bredemeyeri Jacq. tgmntgum yos. Lentz 931. Pitcairnia imbricata (Brongn.) Regel. tOen. Lentz 935. Polygala paniculata L. toy. Lentz 900. Polypodium friedrichsthalianum Kze. lodl. Lentz 936.
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Schoenocaulon offtcinale (Sehlecht. & Cham.) Gray ex Benth. (eebadilla). Lentz 949. Scleria pterota var. melaleuca (Reichb.) Uittien. (saeate). Lentz 910. Smilax lundellii Killip & Morton. hat wi~. Lentz 925. Teucrium cf. proctori L. holo'tOoy. Lentz 930. Tibouchina longifolia Wahl) Baill. ~adl. Lentz 887. Tillandsia standleyi L. B. Smith. tOen. Lentz 902. Xanthosoma hoffmannii Schott. te tarek h. Lentz 970.
DISCUSSION
The above list of Jicaque plants represents a combination of native and acquired plant-use practices. For many on the list, i.e., Polypodium triseriale, Saurauia villosa, Stevia ovata, Heliotropium indicum, Phyllanthus niruri, Erythrina standleyana, Achimenes grandiflora, Arthrostemma ciliatum, Inga punctata, I. sapindoides, Parathesis membranacea, Pimenta racemosa, Cestrum aurantiacum, Lantana trifolia, Erythea salvadorensis, and Calathea atropurpurea, the Jicaque use seems to be unique, although some of these plants have close relatives with similar uses recorded. Other plants on the list are widely exploited throughout Central America and beyond. What is significant is the whole pattern of plant exploitation by people who have retained some degree of cultural continuity with their Native American ancestors. This is particularly important for archaeobotanists who find data of this sort lacking for Central American Indians. Many Caj6n Project archaeological plant remains, e.g., Acrocomia mexicana, Byrsonima crassifolia, Spondias mombin, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Zea mays, are still important to the Jicaque. A good grasp of plant-use practices among modern Native Americans, such as those revealed here for the Jicaque, is essential for the interpretation of plant remains from prehistoric New World cultures and for a better understanding of economic plants in general. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Ronald and Lynn Dennis for introductions, hospitality, and linguistic information that were the sine qua non of this study. C. Earle Smith, Jr., of The University of Alabama, deserves many thanks for serving as the committee chairman of my dissertation from which this paper was derived. Allen R. Maxwell, also of The University of Alabama, offered useful linguistic suggestions. Financial support came from the Proyecto Arqueol6gico El Caj6n (Directors: Kenneth G. Hirth and Gloria Lara de Hasemann) and the Instituto Hondurefio de Antropologia e Historia (Director: Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle). Jorge Enrique Herrera Montez of the Instituto accompanied me on the expedition and provided invaluable assistance as an interpreter. The following taxonomists graciously provided plant identifications: Thomas Croat (MO), Gerrit Davidse (MO), R. E. Gereau (MO), Fritz Hamer (SEL), Ron Liesner (MO), John T. Mickel (NY), W. Douglas Stephens (MO), and Tod F. Stuessy (OS). To Armando and Hem,in Flores Gonz~iles and the rest of my extremely patient Jicaque informants, I wish to say tui ish.
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LITERATURE CITED Chapman, A. 1971a. Supervivencias de organizaci6n dual entre los Jicaques de la Montafia de la Flor, Honduras. Am6r. Indigena 31: 751-763. --. 1971b. Mitologia y 6tica entre los Jicaques. Am6r. Indigena 31: 764-773. de Oltrogge, J. 1967. Aculturaci6n de los Indios Hicaques de la Montafia de la Flor. Revista Soc. Geog. Hist. Honduras 43: 19-23. Garcia, E. 1958. Legislaci6n indigenista de Honduras. Ediciones Especiales Ntlmero 35. Inst. Indigenista Interamericana, Ciudad de M6xico. Greenberg, J. H., and M. Swadesh. 1953. Jicaque as a Hokan language. Int. J. Amer. Linguist. 19: 216-222. Johnson, F. 1940. The linguistic map of Mexico and Central America. In C. L. Hay et al., ed, The Maya and Their Neighbors, p. 88-116. Appleton-Century, New York. 1963. The post-conquest ethnology of Central America: an introduction. In Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 4: J. H. Steward, ed, The Circum-Caribbean Tribes, p. 195-198. Cooper Square, New York. Lentz, D.L. 1984. A Description of the Plant Communities and Archaeoethnobotany of the Lower Sulaco and Humuya River Valleys, Honduras. Ph.D. Diss. Univ. Alabama, University, AL. Longacre, R. 1967. Systematic comparison and reconstruction. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: N. A. McQuown, ed, Linguistics, p. 117-160. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, TX. Stone, D. 1966. Synthesis oflower Central American ethnohistory, lnHandbookofMiddleAmerican Indians, Vol. 4: R. Wauchope, ed, Archaeological Frontiers and External Connections, p. 209233. Univ. Texas Press, Austin, TX. Su~trez, J.A. 1983. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. Thomas, C., and J. R. Swanton. 1911. Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America and their geographical distribution. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 44, p. 1-108. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC. yon Hagen, V.W. 1939. The lost Jicaques. Nat. Hist. 44: 168-177. 9 1940. Jungle in the Clouds. Duell, Sloan, and Pierce, New York. 1943. The Jicaque (Torrupan) Indians of Honduras. Indian Notes and Monogr. No. 53. Mus. Amer. Indian, Heye Found. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, PA. Wernstedt, F.L. 1972. World Climatic Data. Climatic Data Press, Lemont, PA.
Annual Meeting, Society for Economic Botany 1 3 - 1 6 J u n e 1986, N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n , B r o n x , N Y Symposium: Economic Botany of Palms; Biology, Utilization, and Conservation. Sessions with contributed papers. A d d r e s s o f 1986 D i s t i n g u i s h e d E c o n o m i c
Botanist, Dr. Efraim Hernfindez
Xolocotzi. T r i p s to H u n t ' s P o i n t P r o d u c e D i s t r i b u t i o n C e n t e r , H y d r o p o n i c s H e r b a n d Vege t a b l e P r o d u c e C e n t e r o f S. B r o n x , a n d O r i e n t a l a n d H i s p a n i c m a r k e t s o f N e w Y o r k City. H o u s i n g a v a i l a b l e at n e a r b y F o r d h a m U n i v e r s i t y . F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n call o r w r i t e D r . A . D o u g l a s K i n g h o r n , M e d i c i n a l C h e m i s t r y a n d P h a r m a c o g n o s y , U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s at C h i c a g o , P . O . B o x 6998, C h i c a g o , I L 6 0 6 8 0 (Tel. 3 1 2 / 9 9 6 - 0 9 1 4 ) 9
