Evaluation of Methyl Eugenol and Cue-Lure Traps ... - PubAg - USDA

HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Evaluation of Methyl Eugenol and Cue-Lure Traps With Solid Lure and Insecticide Dispensers for Fruit Fly Monitoring and Male Annihilation in the Hawaii Areawide Pest Management Program ˜ ERO,2 LUC LEBLANC,2 ROGER I. VARGAS,1 RONALD F. L. MAU,2 JOHN D. STARK,3 JAIME C. PIN 4 AND STEVEN K. SOUDER U.S. PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDAÐARS, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720

J. Econ. Entomol. 103(2): 409Ð415 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EC09299

ABSTRACT Methyl eugenol (ME) and cue-lure (C-L) traps with solid lure dispensers were deployed in areas with low and high populations of oriental fruit ßy, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon ßy, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. In low-density areas, standard Jackson traps or Hawaii Fruit Fly Areawide Pest Management (AWPM) traps with FT Mallet ME wafers impregnated with dimethyl dichloro-vinyl phosphate (DDVP) or AWPM traps with Scentry ME cones and vapor tape performed equally as well as standard Jackson traps with liquid ME/C-L and naled. Standard Jackson traps or AWPM traps with FT Mallet C-L wafers impregnated with DDVP or AWPM traps with Scentry C-L plugs with vapor tape performed equally as well as standard Jackson traps with a lure-naled solution. In high density areas, captures with traps containing FT Mallet wafers (ME and C-L) outperformed AWPM traps with Scentry cones and plugs (ME and C-L) with DDVP insecticidal strips over a 6-mo period. Captures of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae with wafers containing both ME and raspberry ketone (FT Mallet MC) were equivalent to those containing separate lures. From a worker safety and convenience standpoint, FT Mallet ME and C-L wafers with DDVP or Scentry plugs, with or without DDVP vapor tape, are more convenient and safer to handle than standard liquid insecticide formulations used for monitoring and male annihilation programs in Hawaii, and for detections traps used on the U.S. mainland. Furthermore, the FT Mallet MC wafer might be used in a single trap in place of two separate traps for detection of both ME and C-L responding fruit ßies. KEY WORDS tephritid ßies, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera cucurbitae, naled, spinosad

Worldwide, an important aspect of invasive insect pest management is the development of more effective and safer detection and control systems. For exotic fruit ßies (Diptera: Tephritidae) that threaten U.S. agriculture, current methods used in Florida and California for rapid detection of accidental introductions of Dacinae species (composed of the two major genera Bactrocera Macquart and Dacus F.) (White and ElsonHarris 1992) involve deployment of large numbers of Jackson traps baited with highly attractive male-speciÞc lures. For example, methyl eugenol (ME; 4-allyl-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate) and cue-lure (C-L; 4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) are used for detection of oriental fruit ßy, Bactrocera dorsalis This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation by the USDA for its use. 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. 2 University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 3050 Maile Way, Rm. 611, Honolulu, HI 96822. 3 Washington State University, Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371. 4 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.

(Hendel), and melon ßy, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. However, an important environmental concern of these trapping systems is that detection traps are currently deployed in association with toxic liquid insecticide formulations such as naled (Vargas et al. 2009, Shelly 2010). For over a decade, the Hawaii Fruit Fly Areawide Pest Management (AWPM) program has integrated environmentally friendly pest technologies into a comprehensive fruit ßy management package that has proven to be economically viable, environmentally sensitive, and sustainable (Vargas et al. 2008a). In addition, this program has had a high level of grower adoption of the technologies developed (Mau et al. 2007). Novel male annihilation treatments (MATs) that involve use of ME (against B. dorsalis) and C-L (against B. cucurbitae) in association with insecticides that are safer than the conventional organophosphates have been developed recently in Hawaii. For example, Vargas et al. (2003) tested simple bucket traps baited with either ME or C-L for detection, monitoring of fruit ßy populations and for male annihilation. More recently, Vargas et al. (2008b, 2009) developed and tested a novel MAT formulation consisting of Special-

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Fig. 1. View of a Jackson trap (⫽standard Florida detection trap; left) and a Hawaii AWPM trap (⫽standard Hawaii AWPM trap; right).

ized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT) in combination with ME and spinosad. The current study compares the performance of ME and C-L monitoring and MAT traps with novel solid lure and insecticide formulations used in the Hawaii AWPM program under Hawaiian climatic conditions with low and high population densities of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae. In addition, a recently developed solid lure wafer containing both ME and raspberry ketone (RK) was evaluated against individual ME and C-L wafers. C-L has never been isolated as a natural product, but is rapidly hydrolyzed to form RK (Metcalf and Metcalf 1992). Our overall goal is to develop more convenient and safer ways to use male lures and insecticides for detection of invasive fruit ßies in the continental United States that respond to either ME or C-L/RK. Materials and Methods Performance of Jackson and AWPM Traps With Solid Lure and Insecticide Dispensers at Low-Density Fruit Fly Populations. This evaluation was conducted on Hawaii Island, HI, in areas where populations of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae were relatively low. The standard monitoring/detection treatment was the Jackson trap (Fig. 1) baited with either liquid ME or C-L, prepared in accordance with the Florida trapping manual that is being used to maintain a detection grid of 12, 518 ME and 6,844 C-L traps throughout Florida. Similarly, ⬇30,000 monitoring traps are maintained throughout the state of California. The Hawaii AWPM trap (Fig. 1) consists of a plastic 1-liter container (3.5 cm in radius and 15 cm in height) (Highland Plastic no. 36; Highland Plastics Inc., Mira Loma, CA) with four lateral 3-cm-diameter holes. Two trials of Þve different ME treatments (against B. dorsalis) were conducted in Waimea from 25 February to 21 April 2008 (for trial 1) and from 5 May to

30 June 2008 (for trial 2). ME treatments (Fig. 2) were placed inside traps as follows: 1) Jackson trap ⫹ ME (Farma Tech International, North Bend, WA) solution (6 ml) with 1% (AI) naled (Dibrom Concentrate, Valent USA Corp., Walnut Creek, CA) on cotton wicks (⫽standard ME Florida detection trap); 2) Jackson trap with an Amulet/ME (Þpronil) station (Venture Enterprises, Auckland, New Zealand); 3) Jackson trap ⫹ Farma Tech-Mallet-ME (57.3% ME, 3.4% DDVP) wafer (7.7 by 5 cm; Farma Tech International, North Bend, WA); 4) AWPM trap ⫹ Farma TechMallet-ME wafer; and 5) AWPM trap with a 10-g ME cone (Scentry Biologicals, Billings, MT) ⫹ insecticidal strip (Hercon Vaportape II, 2,2-dichorovinyl dimethyl phosphate [DDVP]), Emigsville, PA) (⫽standard Hawaii AWPM trap). Treatments were tested in 20 different locations. Traps were placed (20 m apart) in fruit trees such as common guava, Psidium guajava L.; strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum Sabine; and peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Trials of different C-L traps (against B. cucurbitae) were conducted in Waikoloa, Honokaa, and Waimea from 6 March to 1 May 2008 (for trial 1) and from 15 May to 15 July 2008 (for trial 2). C-L treatments (Fig. 2) were placed inside traps as follows: 1) Jackson trap ⫹ C-L solution (6 ml) with 5% (AI) naled (Dibrom Concentrate, Valent USA Corp.) on cotton wicks (⫽standard C-L Florida detection trap); 2) Jackson trap with an Amulet/C-L (Þpronil) station; 3) Jackson trap ⫹ Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L (52.0% C-L, 7.0% DDVP) wafer (7.7 by 5 cm) (Farma Tech International); 4) AWPM trap ⫹ Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L wafer; and 5) AWPM trap with a 2-g C-L plug (Scentry Biologicals) ⫹ insecticidal strip (Hercon Vaportape II DDVP; ⫽standard Hawaii AWPM trap). C-L traps (20 m apart) were placed either, in tree branches [e.g., Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.B.K, kiawe]) or on stakes near vegetable Þelds throughout

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Fig. 2. Lures and insecticides used for the various Þeld experiments: cotton wick impregnated with either: (A) ME or C-L and naled; (B) Amulet/ME or C-L (Þpronil) station; (C) Farma Tech-Mallet-ME or C-L wafer impregnated with DDVP; (D) ME or C-L Scentry plug; and (E) DDVP insecticidal strip.

the Waikoloa, Waimea, and Honokaa areas. ME and C-L wicks were replaced after 6 wk. All traps were emptied once every 2 wk, and all ßies captured were transported to the laboratory in plastic bags for counts. Both tests were organized using randomized complete block designs. To compensate for position effects, traps within a block were rotated clockwise one position every 2 wk until all Þve positions had been occupied by each trap. Treatment was evaluated as the Þxed effect, week as a repeated measure, and location as a random variable. For the statistical analysis, data for B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae (mean number of males per trap per d) were transformed to (x ⫹ 0.5)1/2 to stabilize the variance and then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Proc MIX). Means were separated by a Fisher least

signiÞcant difference (LSD) test at the P ⫽ 0.05 level (SAS Institute 1999). Comparison of Two Solid Lures in a High-Density Area. This evaluation was conducted throughout a 52-km grid in the Puna area of Hawaii Island from 24 April to 10 July and from 2 August to 13 September 2007. Two ME and two C-L treatments were evaluated using the AWPM trap. The Þrst comparison was a 10-g ME Scentry cone ⫹ Hercon Pest Strip versus a Farma Tech-Mallet-ME wafer. The second comparison was a 2-g C-L Scentry plug ⫹ Hercon Pest Strip versus a Farma Tech Mallet-C-L wafer. All four treatments were deployed on each of 35 trapping sites in three main locations (upper grid, Opihikau Rd., and Red Rd.), and trap capture data were collected over a 24-wk period. All traps were serviced every 2 wk.

Table 1. Captures (flies per trap per d ⴞ SEM) of male B. dorsalis for ME traps serviced every other week from 25 February to 21 April 2008 (trial 1) and from 5 May to 30 June 2008 (trial 2) at Waimea, Hawaii Island, HI Trial Wk 1

2

2 4 6 8 10 1Ð8

Jackson trap with Jackson trap with Amulet Jackson trap with Mallet AWPM trap with Mallet AWPM trap with Scentry wick (liquid naled) ME station (Þpronil) ME wafer (DDVP) ME wafer (DDVP) plug (⫹ DDVP strip) 7.77 ⫾ 1.61b 5.68 ⫾ 1.21ab 1.64 ⫾ 0.39a 1.99 ⫾ 0.39a 1.82 ⫾ 0.41a 1.12 ⫾ 0.23ab

0.77 ⫾ 0.14c 1.81 ⫾ 0.31c 0.91 ⫾ 0.24b 0.15 ⫾ 0.38b 0.05 ⫾ 0.02b 0.22 ⫾ 0.06c

11.06 ⫾ 2.93a 8.85 ⫾ 1.80a 3.77 ⫾ 0.83a 1.92 ⫾ 0.34a 1.94 ⫾ 0.43a 1.38 ⫾ 0.32a

9.48 ⫾ 1.87ab 5.86 ⫾ 0.84ab 2.68 ⫾ 0.55a 1.85 ⫾ 0.38a 1.09 ⫾ 0.24a 1.22 ⫾ 0.23ab

6.15 ⫾ 1.20b 4.12 ⫾ 1.02b 2.24 ⫾ 0.56a 1.63 ⫾ 0.30a 1.39 ⫾ 0.31a 0.72 ⫾ 0.13b

Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level, PROC GLIMIX (SAS Institute 1999) (trial 1, week ⫻ treatment, F ⫽ 5.17; df ⫽ 4, 456; P ⬍ 0.0001; and trial 2: F ⫽ 47.66; df ⫽ 4, 76; P ⬍ 0.0001).

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Table 2. Captures (flies per trap per d ⴞ SEM) of male B. cucurbitae for cuelure (C-L) traps surveyed every other week from 6 March to 1 May 2008 for trial 1 and from 15 May to 15 July 2008 for trial 2 at Waikoloa, Honokaa, and Waimea, Hawaii Island, HI Trial

Jackson trap with wick (liquid naled)

Jackson trap with Amulet C-L station (Þpronil)

Jackson trap with Mallet C-L wafer (DDVP)

AWPM trap with Mallet C-L wafer (DDVP)

AWPM trap with Scentry cone (⫹ DDVP strip)

1 2

0.14 ⫾ 0.04ab 0.18 ⫾ 0.06a

0.05 ⫾ 0.02c 0.06 ⫾ 0.02b

0.19 ⫾ 0.06a 0.15 ⫾ 0.04ab

0.13 ⫾ 0.03ab 0.14 ⫾ 0.04ab

0.08 ⫾ 0.02bc 0.13 ⫾ 0.04ab

Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLIMMIX (SAS Institute 1999) (trial 1, F ⫽ 10.35; df ⫽ 4, 27.16; P ⬍ 0.0001; and trial 2, F ⫽ 3.17; df ⫽ 4, 21.61; P ⫽ 0.03).

However, because the area was very large, traps located in the upper grid were serviced in weeks 1, 3, and so on, whereas traps located in the lower part of the grid, which consisted of Opihikau Rd. and Red Rd. (⫽lower grid) were serviced in weeks 2, 4, and so on. All traps were recharged on 29 November 2007. All males captured were removed from traps at biweekly intervals and counted in the laboratory. For the statistical analysis, data for male B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae captures (mean number of ßies per trap per d) were analyzed separately by location (upper and lower grid) for trap matrix (FT, S, the Þxed variable) and date (the repeated measure). Data were log transformed to stabilize the variance and then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Proc MIX, SAS Institute 1999). Performance of Jackson Traps With Separate ME and C-L Wafers and Combined ME/C-L (RK) Wafers. Evaluations took place from 16 October to 29 December 2008. All traps were placed on Þberglass stakes 1 m above the ground and spaced 30 m apart near cornÞelds at Polihale, Kauai Island, HI. The six treatments evaluated were as follows: 1) Jackson trap ⫹ ME (Farma Tech International) solution (6 ml) with 1% (AI) naled (Dibrom Concentrate, Valent USA Corp.) on cotton wicks (⫽standard ME Florida detection trap); 2) Jackson trap ⫹ Farma Tech-Mallet-ME (57.3% ME, 3.4% DDVP) wafer (7.7 by 5 cm); 3) Jackson trap ⫹ C-L solution (6 ml) with 5% (AI) naled (Dibrom Concentrate, Valent USA Corp.) on cotton wicks (⫽standard C-L Florida detection trap); 4) Jackson trap ⫹ Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L (52.0% C-L, 7.0% DDVP) wafer (7.7 by 5 cm); 5) MC Mallet (2.7% ME, 1.9% benzyl acetate, 1.8% RK, 0.54% DDVP) wafer (6.4 by 7.3 by 0.32 cm) (Farma Tech International) (⫽FT Mallet MC); and 6) MC Liquid (6 ml) with 1% (AI) naled (Dibrom Concentrate). Because populations of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae were comparatively high, ßies captured were removed from traps three and 24 h after inserting new sticky cards and counted in the laboratory. By comparing mean number of ßies captured inside traps on successive weeks, the relative “attract-and-kill” efÞcacy of the ME or C-L stations was determined. For both ME and C-L traps, 24 h data for B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae captures (mean number of ßies per trap) were subjected to ANOVA (Proc GLM), and means separated with a Fisher LSD test at the P ⫽ 0.05 level (SAS Institute 1999). The nonparametric KruskalÐWallis PROC NPAR1WAY test was used for 3-h captures because data did not meet the assumption of normality (SAS Institute 2008).

Results Performance of Jackson and AWPM Traps With Solid Lure and Insecticide Dispensers With LowDensity Fruit Fly Populations. In trial 1, the week ⫻ treatment effect was signiÞcant (Table 1). Treatments differed depending on the week. Captures of B. dorsalis in traps (Jackson and AWPM) with Farma TechMallet-ME wafers were equal or signiÞcantly greater (P ⬍ 0.05) than those with the standard liquid lure insecticide Jackson trap. Similarly, captures of B. dorsalis for ME traps with Scentry plugs were not significantly different (P ⬎ 0.05) from those with the lureinsecticide standard trap. Captures with the Amulet ME stations in Jackson traps were signiÞcantly lower than the standard liquid lure insecticide formulation. Results were similar for trial 2 (Table 1). Captures of B. cucurbitae in standard Jackson traps or in AWPM traps with Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L wafers impregnated with DDVP or the AWPM trap with Scentry C-L plugs with vapor tape were the same as those with the standard Jackson trap with naled (Table 2). Captures of B. cucurbitae with Amulet C-L stations in Jackson traps were signiÞcantly lower than those with the standard liquid lure insecticide formulation. Comparison of Two Solid Lures in a High-Density Area. In three high-density areas located in the Puna area of Hawaii Island, captures with traps containing the Farma Tech-Mallet wafers (ME and C-L) were consistently higher than those with the AWPM trap Table 3. Trap captures (flies per trap per d ⴞ SEM) of male B. dorsalis (ME) and B. cucurbitae (C-L) in AWPM traps serviced every other week from 24 April to 10 July 2007 (ME) and from 2 August to 13 September 2007 (C-L) by lure, location, and matrix in a survey grid maintained at Puna, Hawaii Island, HI

Lure

Location

Farma Tech-Mallet (ME or C-L) wafer with DDVP

Scentry cone (ME) or plug (C-L) (with DDVP strip)

ME ME ME C-L C-L C-L

Upper grid Opihikau Rd. Red Rd. Upper grid Opihikau Rd. Red Rd.

568.61 ⫾ 31.44a 504.19 ⫾ 41.52a 314.27 ⫾ 30.22a 52.81 ⫾ 8.47a 77.94 ⫾ 11.33a 50.60 ⫾ 12.52a

348.43 ⫾ 21.63b 296.84 ⫾ 27.90b 170.58 ⫾ 16.48b 28.83 ⫾ 4.90b 30.03 ⫾ 4.84b 28.77 ⫾ 6.83b

Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the P ⫽ 0.05 level for the main effect, PROC MIX (SAS Institute 1999) (ME: Upper grid, F ⫽ 9.66; df ⫽ 1, 23; P ⬍ 0.01; Opihikau Rd., F ⫽ 21.76; df ⫽ 1, 8.35; P ⬍ 0.001; Red Rd., F ⫽ 16.61; df ⫽ 1, 212; P ⬍ 0.0001; CL: Upper grid, F ⫽ 17.80; df ⫽ 1, 29.1; P ⬍ 0.0002; Opihikau Rd., F ⫽ 5.41; df ⫽ 1, 7.42; P ⫽ 0.05; Red Rd., F ⫽ 19.27; df ⫽ 1, 216; P ⬍ 0.0001).

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and Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L plugs is also illustrated for the upper and lower (⫽Opihikau Rd. and Red Rd.) survey grid over a 6-mo period by service date (Fig. 3). Capture patterns were similar for both products. Performance of Jackson Traps With Separate ME and C-L Wafers and Combined ME/C-L (RK) Wafers. In 3-h tests B. dorsalis captures were signiÞcantly higher with Farma Tech-Mallet-ME wafers than those with the standard liquid ME trap (Table 4). In 24-h tests, there was no signiÞcant (P ⬎ 0.05) difference in B. dorsalis captures among the different treatments. In 3-h tests B. cucurbitae captures with the FT Mallet MC wafers were not signiÞcantly (P ⬎ 0.05) different from those for liquid formulations (Table 5). In 24-h tests B. cucurbitae captures with the FT Mallet MC were signiÞcantly (P ⬎ 0.05) greater than the liquid standard C-L Jackson trap. Numerically, the solid RK formulation (FT Mallet MC) outperformed all C-L formulations.

Discussion

Fig. 3. Captures of male B. dorsalis (ME treatments) and male B. cucurbitae (C-L treatments) in traps serviced biweekly from 18 September to 7Ð12 March 2008 for the comparison of two solid lures in a high density area (Puna area of Hawaii Island): Upper grid (A) and Lower grid (data for Opihikau Rd. and Red Rd. combined; B). All traps were recharged on 29 November 2007.

with Scentry ME cones and C-L plugs with DDVP insecticidal strips over a 6-mo period (Table 3). Field performance of the Farma Tech-Mallet-ME wafers, Scentry ME cones, Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L wafers,

Our results indicate that in low-density areas, standard Jackson traps or AWPM traps with Farma TechMallet-ME wafers impregnated with DDVP, and the AWPM trap with Scentry ME cones and vapor tape performed as well as the standard Jackson trap with liquid lure and naled against B. dorsalis. Similarly, Jackson traps or AWPM traps with Farma Tech-Mallet-C-L wafers impregnated with DDVP or the AWPM trap with Scentry C-L plugs with vapor tape performed as well as a standard Jackson trap with liquid C-L and naled against B. cucurbitae. In high-density areas, captures with traps containing the Farma TechMallet wafers (ME and C-L) outperformed the AWPM trap with Scentry ME cones C-L plugs with DDVP insecticidal strips over a 6-mo period. Since 1999, a U.S. Department of AgricultureÐAgricultural Research Service AWPM program in Hawaii has been funded for suppression of fruit ßies (Mau et al. 2007; Vargas et al. 2008a). Over a 10-yr period, the Hawaii AWPM program promoted implementation of safer reduced-risk components as alternatives to organophosphates. For example, spinosad-based GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait has been used effectively as a protein bait spray (Prokopy et al. 2003, Pin˜ ero et al. 2009), and Þpronil-based Amulet C-L stations (Vargas et al. 2005) were recently registered for male annihilation technique. A sprayable SPLAT-MAT-ME formulation is currently undergoing registration with

Table 4. Male captures (mean ⴞ SEM) of B. dorsalis from four traps at four sites placed adjacent to corn fields at Polihale, Kauai Island, HI (traps were surveyed weekly from 16 October to 29 December 2008)

Service

Jackson trap with FT-Mallet-MC wafer (DDVP)

Jackson trap with FT-Mallet-ME wafer (DDVP)

Jackson trap with Farma Tech-MC-liquid on wick (naled)

Jackson trap with Farma Tech -ME-liquid on wick (naled)

3h 24 h

13.90 ⫾ 2.00b 88.97 ⫾ 25.39

29.83 ⫾ 6.95a 119.02 ⫾ 20.24

13.00 ⫾ 2.01b 63.69 ⫾ 13.57

17.00 ⫾ 2.17b 82.30 ⫾ 13.19

Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute 2008) (3 h: F ⫽ 3.96, df ⫽ 3, P ⫽ 0.009; and 24 h: F ⫽ 1.50, df ⫽ 3, P ⫽ 0.215).

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Table 5. Male captures (mean ⴞ SEM) of B. cucurbitae from four traps at four sites placed adjacent to cornfields at Polihale, Kauai Island, HI (traps were surveyed weekly from 16 October to 29 December 2008) Service

Jackson trap with Farma Tech -Mallet-MC wafer (DDVP)

Jackson trap with Farma Tech -Mallet-C-L wafer (DDVP)

Jackson trap With Farma Tech -MC-liquid on wick (naled)

Jackson trap with Farma Tech -C-L-liquid wick (naled)

3 ha 24 hb

0.93 ⫾ 0.22 1.43 ⫾ 0.24a

0.37 ⫾ 0.09 1.11 ⫾ 0.24ab

0.63 ⫾ 0.12 0.72 ⫾ 0.24b

0.47 ⫾ 0.12 0.73 ⫾ 0.13b

KruskalÐWallis, PROC NPAR1WAY (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute 2008) (3 h: ␹2 ⫽ 5.79, df ⫽ 3, P ⫽ 0.122). Values in each row followed by the same letters are not signiÞcantly different at the 0.05 level LSD, PROC GLM (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute 2008) (24 h: F ⫽ 3.15, df ⫽ 3, P ⫽ 0.025). a

b

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Mau et al. 2007, Vargas et al. 2008b). During the Hawaii AWPM program, there was reluctance on the part of workers to mix lures with restricted insecticides such as naled for monitoring traps. The development of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that include a solid lure/toxicant wafer trap for monitoring has important applications to detection and monitoring of fruit ßies not only in Hawaii but also in California and Florida, and throughout the southern and western PaciÞc, Australia, tropical Asia, Africa, and South America where numerous species of Bactrocera are serious economic pests. Implementation of DDVP (Vapor Tape) strips in place of liquid naled represents an important improvement from a worker safety viewpoint. Likewise, there has been a move toward replacement of liquid ME and C-L with solid formulations (i.e., ME cones or C-L plugs, Scentry) without an insecticide. The prepackaged FT Mallet wafer with a solid formulation of ME or C-L impregnated with DDVP is a novel dispenser that performed equally as well in bucket and delta traps. This is the second in-depth evaluation of the Farma Tech-Mallet ME and C-L wafers, after initial tests published by Vargas et al. (2009). In the present tests, the Farma Tech-Mallet wafers were also compared with the Scentry plugs and cones. For both the Farma Tech and Scentry solid lures, fruit ßy captures equaled or surpassed fruit ßy captures obtained in traps with liquid formulations. The Scentry ME cones were further tested during the AWPM program as male annihilation devices against high densities of ßies in Þeld IPM tests (Pin˜ ero et al. 2009). The Scentry dispensers have the advantage of being deployed with or without an insecticide if placed in the proper trap (Hiramoto et al. 2006). Our Þndings indicate that the FT Mallet wafers could also be used in male annihilation traps in Hawaii as part of IPM programs. Although the Amulet ME or C-L stations did not perform well in detection traps, this does not preclude their use as male annihilation devices, because they contain the slow acting insecticide Þpronil (Vargas et al. 2005). Previously, Vargas et al. (2000) examined the feasibility of using male annihilation traps with mixtures of liquid ME and C-L on wicks. They found there was little effect of using different mixtures on B. cucurbitae captures; however, over time captures of B. dorsalis were reduced with the amount of ME initially incorporated into the wick. Recent chemical analyses of weathered wicks suggest a more rapid loss of ME than

C-L from different dispensers (R.I.V., unpublished data). The new Farma Tech-Mallet-MC dispensers used in a single trap performed as well as two individual traps with separate ME and C-L Mallet wafers or standard liquid insecticide dispensers. For detection purposes this could reduce trap and labor requirements by 50%. Furthermore, the RK formulation (Farma Tech-MC) may be superior to C-L formulations. In summary, our results indicate that the Farma Tech-Mallet wafers and Scentry plugs and cones are promising substitutes for Jackson traps baited with both ME and C-L naled solutions for detection of fruit ßies. These products should be further tested under Florida and California weather conditions for the development of environmentally friendly areawide IPM procedures for early eradication of accidental introductions of fruit ßies into the U.S. mainland. We also believe the Farma-Tech wafers can be used effectively as male annihilation devices in Hawaii AWPM programs. Acknowledgments We thank Neil Miller (PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDAÐARS, Hilo, HI) and Gregory Boyer, Charles Lee, Albert Kawabata, Maria Derval Diaz, and Evann Souza (PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDAÐARS, Kamuela, HI) for assistance in collecting and analyzing Þeld data. We also thank Bruce Mackey (USDAÐARS, Albany, CA) for advice with the statistical analyses. Peter Cook (Farma Tech International) and Mike Whalen (Scentry) provided test materials. We thank Victoria Yokoyama (USDAÐARS, San Joaquin Agricultural Sciences Center) Wee Yee (USDAÐARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory), and two anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. The Hawaii AWPM Program provided partial Þnancial support for this work.

References Cited Hiramoto, M. K., L. Arita-Tsutsumi, and E. B. Jang. 2006. Test of effectiveness of newly formulated plastic matrix with methyl eugenol for monitoring Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) populations. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 38: 103Ð110. Mau, R.F.L., E. B. Jang, and R. I. Vargas. 2007. The Hawaii fruit ßy area-wide fruit ßy pest management programme: inßuence of partnership and a good education programme, pp. 671Ð 683. In M.J.B. Vreysen, A. S. Robinson, and J. Hendrichs [eds.], Area-wide control of insect pests: from research to Þeld implementation. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

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