Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 343–349, 2004. # 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
343
Short Communication
Collecting, ex situ conservation and characterization of ‘‘caja´-umbu’’ (Spondias mombin Spondias tuberosa) germplasm in Pernambuco State, Brazil Josue´ Francisco da Silva Junior1,4,*, Joa˜o Emmanoel Fernandes Bezerra2, Ildo Eliezer Lederman3, Marta Assunc¸a˜o Alves2 and Manuel Luiz de Melo Neto2 1
Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria – IPA/Fundac¸a˜o de Amparo a` Cieˆncia e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – Facepe, C.P. 1022, CEP-50761–000, Recife, PE, Brazil; 2IPA, Recife, PE, Brazil; 3Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria – Embrapa/IPA, Recife, PE, Brazil; 4 Current address: Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, C.P. 44, CEP 49001-970, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; *Author for correspondence (e-mail:
[email protected]) Received 28 August 2002; accepted in revised form 22 September 2003
Key words: Anacardiaceae, Evaluation, Genotypes, Natural hybrid, Tropical fruit crop
Abstract ‘‘Caja´-umbu’’ (Spondias mombin Spondias tuberosa) is a native tropical Brazilian fruit tree with a great agro industrial potential. However the existing in situ and ex situ germplasm of this species is extremely restricted and vulnerable. This work aimed to collect, maintain characterize and evaluate 36 accesses of ‘‘Caja´-umbu’’ Germplasm Collection owned by Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria (IPA) located in the Northern Coastal Rain Forest region of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Plant growth, yield and fruit quality descriptors were evaluated, and data have shown variations on plant height, canopy and stem diameters, production and fruit weight. ‘‘Caja´-umbu’’ had shown good adaptation to both climate and soil conditions of Northern Coastal Rain Forest region, in Pernambuco, with some genotypes such, as IPA-8.3, IPA-6.2, IPA-8.2, IPA-1.3 and IPA-5.3 showing outstanding yield characteristics.
Introduction One of the most important genus of Anacardiaceae family, Spondias is constituted of 18 taxa, with nine species occurring in the tropics of the Old World and nine taxa (out of which seven are defined species), being distributed throughout the neotropics, where the main centres of diversity are the Western Amazonia and the Coastal Rain Forest (Mitchell and Daly 1995). In this genus, the species with greatest potential for exploitation and agro industrial use are yellow mombim (Spondias mombin L.), known in certain Brazilian regions as caja´, caja´-mirim or tapereba´; red mombim or
cirig€ uela (S. purpurea L.); umbu or imbu (S. tuberosa Arruda C^amara); ambarella, golden apple, cajarana or caja´-manga (S. dulcis Parkinson); and two species not defined taxonomically (Santos 1996), but considered natural hybrids – caja´umbu (S. mombin S. tuberosa) and the umbug€ uela (S. tuberosa S. purpurea). S. tuberosa is native of the semi-arid region of Brazil, with hybrids of still unknown origin, although their occurrence is restricted to the Northeastern Brazil. According to the classification of the fruit tree diversity centres, proposed by Giacometti (1993) for Brazil, caja´-umbu occurs in the centres, 6 – Northeast/ ‘‘Caatinga’’ and 9 – Coastal Rain
344
Figure 1. Geographical localization of the ‘‘caja´-umbu’’ (S. lutea S. tuberosa) germplasm collecting area in Pernambuco State, Brazil.
Forest, in addition to the transition areas between them. The in situ and ex situ conserved germplasm of the commercially important Spondias species is extremely restricted and considerably vulnerable. Its preservation does not accompany the vast genetic erosion to which it has been submitted, especially forest fragmentation and irrational exploitation of natural resources. Important information on common or eccentric individuals can be lost without, at least, being recorded. In Brazil, where the greatest number of accesses in the world exist, all the germplasm is conserved ex situ, in field collections, with S. mombin collection being maintained by the Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria da Paraıba (Emepa-PB), in Joa˜o Pessoa – PB, with 21 accesses from Paraıba and Pernambuco; S. tuberosa collection maintained by Embrapa Semi Arid, in Petrolina – PE, consisting of 70 accesses and; the Spondias collections of the Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria (IPA), in Itambe´ and Serra Talhada – PE and, consisting of 33 accesses of S. mombin, 11 of S. purpurea, three of S. dulcis, 31 of S. tuberosa and 36 of S. tuberosa S. mombin, all collected in Northeastern Brazil (Bosco et al. 1999; Nascimento et al. 1999; Silva Junior et al. 1999). Caja´-umbu, umbu-caja´ or cajarana-do-serta˜o, also simply denominated caja´ or cajarana in some localities (Santos 1996), is a tree with morphological characteristics similar to those of the umbu tree, producing drup type fruits with delicious flavour. Souza (1998) reports that caja´-umbu practically does not reproduce itself sexually, due to the fact
that the majority (90%) of its endocarps (stones) do not have seeds. This phenomenon makes the dissemination and perpetuation of the species difficult. The areas of occurrence are, mainly, the States of Piauı, Ceara´, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraıba, Pernambuco and Bahia, and the commercialized fruits result from the extractivism practiced in the regions where the plants grow endemically. According to Pires (1990), the delimitation of the species of the Spondias genus in Brazil and in other parts of the world is mainly due to the great variability of its leaf and fruit characteristics. In addition, Santos et al. (1999) report that ‘‘the existence of plants in natural conditions, presenting intermediary characteristics among some species of Spondias indicates, not only the viability of natural crosses, but also the presence of weak barriers of incompatibility within the genus’’. Studies on caja´-umbu are scarces or almost non-existent. Thus, the objective of this study is to collect, conserve, characterize and evaluate the IPA Active Germplasm Collection of Caja´-Umbu, maintained in Itambe´, Pernambuco State, Brazil.
Materials and methods Genetic prospecting and collecting of indigenous caja´-umbu (S. mombin S. tuberosa) was carried out in Araripina, Araripe region, located in the semi-arid tropic region of Pernambuco, Brazil (Figure 1). The climate is BSw ‘h’ type – very hot, steppe type semi-arid (Ko¨ppen’s classification), and the original vegetation is composed of
345 subcaducifolia forest, ‘‘cerrada˜o’’ (a kind of savannah), ‘‘caatinga’’ (a kind of semi-arid forest typical of Northeastern Brazil) and areas of forest/ ‘‘caatinga’’ transition, denominated ‘‘carrasco’’ (Jacomine et al. 1973). A total of 18 trees were selected in the region, and 20 ripe fruits of each individual tree were picked for physical, chemical and physical-chemical determinations. The Collection was established in 1990 and 1991 (except for the accesses IPA-12.1, IPA-12.2 and IPA-12.3, which were introduced in 1994), at the IPA Experimental Station, in Itambe´, in the Northern Humid Coastal region of Pernambuco (7 240 5000 S and 35 060 3000 W at 190 m altitude). The climate is As’ type, tropical, rainy, hot and humid, with a dry summer (Ko¨ppen). Rainfall, relative humidity of the air and average annual temperatures are 1200 mm, 80% and 24 C, respectively. The soil is classified as Red-yellow Podzolic, and the original vegetation was of the forest type subperenifolia – Coastal Rain Forest (Jacomine et al. 1973). The Collection is currently composed of 36 accesses, obtained from the 12 out of the 18 plants selected through prospecting. Collecting places were basically located in two physiographical zones: the ‘‘chapada’’, which is a high tableland mesoclimatic area and; the low-lying part of the region, known locally as ‘‘serta˜o’’ (URCA 2001). The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height; stalk and canopy diameters; weight and number of fruit yield and average fruit weight.
Results and discussion Analysis results of the genetically prospected fruits (Table 1) showed the variability encountered in all the physical, chemical and physical-chemical characteristics. The 36 accesses that currently constitute the IPA Active Germplasm Collection are originally from some of these plants. Regarding the growth descriptors of the six-, nine- and ten-year-old plants evaluated in the Collection (Table 2), one can observe a variation ranging from 4.7 to 12.0 m among the accesses introduced between 1990 and 1991 and, from 3.5 to 5.0 m, among the accesses introduced in 1994. This characteristic is very important in arboreous
plants, since a reduced size favours planting practices and harvest. Thus, pruning was found to be necessary since this species can reach up to 12 m height. The access IPA-11.3, however, showed a reduction of 39.1%, in the tallest plant, and may be used as stock for grafting, due to its dwarfing characteristic. These results clearly show that this is a medium sized fruit tree, compared to its hybrids, S. mombin and S. tuberosa, being shorter than S. mombin, which may reach up to 30 m (Sacramento and Souza 2000) and taller than S. tuberosa, which has a medium height of 6 m (Lima et al. 2000). For stalk diameter, a variation from 29.3 to 40.0 cm was found in the ten-year-old accesses, ranging from 22.1 to 44.5 cm in the nine-year-old plants and, from 12.8 to 23.0 cm in the six-year-old accesses. For canopy diameter, the values observed were between 11.75 and 15.10 m, between 7.50 and 14.60 m and between 4.95 and 7.55 m for the ten, nine and six years old of age accesses, respectively. The lowest values for all those characteristics were obtained in the accesses IPA-12.2 and IPA-12.3, both six years old. Yield was observed to have started basically in 1998 though rather incipient (Table 3). It was also noted that this late yield was due to the fact that the plants had been propagated by sexual method. Under the humid conditions of the Coastal Rain Forest region in Pernambuco, harvest occurred in the period corresponding to summer and autumn in the tropics of the southern hemisphere, with March and April being the months of greatest concentration. Throughout the lifespan of the accesses, a notable variability of yield, in weight and number of fruits was registered. Owing to the fact that the culture was evaluated for the first time outside its area of occurrence, some ecological factors, such as rainfall and relative air humidity, may have contributed to the difference in yield registered in 2000 and 2001, although this reduction was proportional, i.e., most accesses that had produced good yields in 2000 also obtained the greatest harvests the following year. The possibility of occurrence of alternated yields should not be ignored, as it occurs with other tropical fruit trees species. Some accesses presented a better average production, such as IPA-8.3, IPA-6.2, IPA-8.2, IPA-1.3, IPA-5.3, IPA-3.2, IPA-9.3 and IPA-6.3.
Chapada Chapada Chapada Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o Chapada Serta˜o Serta˜o Chapada Chapada Chapada Chapada Serta˜o Serta˜o Serta˜o
Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) E.E. de Araripina – IPA (tree 1) Serra do Cavaco (tree 1) Sıtio Samambaia (tree 1 – D) Sıtio Cajueiro (tree 1 – A) Sıtio Samambaia (tree 1 – V) Sıtio Cajueiro (tree 1 – F) Sıtio Cajueiro (tree 1 – G) Sıtio Cajueiro (tree 1 – B) Alagoinha (tree 1) Mrs Nininha’s area (tree 1)* Sıtio Cavalete (tree 1) Sıtio Canastra (tree 1) Serra da Rodagem (tree 2 – R) Chapada do Araripe (tree 1) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Sıtio Canastra (tree 2)* Sıtio Canastra (tree 3)* Sıtio Canastra (tree 4)
*Genotype not characterized in the collecting.
Physiographic zone
Collecting area/identification of the genotype 21.9 22.5 16.9 9.5 8.8 10.9 10.2 10.8 9.7 9.8 – 22.6 22.1 19.5 20.8 18.9 16.5 – – 23.5
Weight of fruit (g) Skin 9.8 8.8 8.3 9.3 8.9 8.9 11.5 8.1 10.1 10.1 – 9.8 9.4 11.9 10.5 12.8 12.6 – – 10.5
Pulp 54.5 61.1 61.5 60.5 64.5 64.4 56.6 63.6 58.3 59.7 – 67.9 68.7 55.8 59.7 52.5 54.9 – – 66.5
35.7 30.1 30.2 30.2 26.2 26.7 31.9 28.3 31.6 30.2 – 22.3 21.9 32.2 29.8 34.7 32.5 – – 23.0
Endocarp
Composition of fruit (%)
3.8 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 – 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.4 – – 3.7
Longitudinal 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 – 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.8 – – 3.6
Transverse
Diameter of fruit (cm)
15.0 15.0 9.9 11.0 12.7 10.0 11.7 12.9 12.0 15.5 – 11.1 11.3 15.2 13.3 13.9 14.5 – – 9.8
TSS ( Brix) 1.07 1.08 0.82 0.91 1.24 1.06 1.24 1.24 1.12 1.38 – 2.44 0.74 1.34 0.98 1.49 1.36 – – 0.90
TTA (%) 14.02 13.89 12.13 12.09 10.22 9.43 9.48 10.40 10.71 11.23 – 4.56 15.30 11.37 13.53 9.33 10.64 – – 10.93
Ratio TSS/TTA
1.0500 1.0502 1.0439 1.0437 1.0433 1.0446 1.0430 1.0428 1.0431 1.0502 – – – – – – – – – –
Density of pulp (g/mL)
3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 – – – – – – – – – –
pH
Table 1. Physical, chemical and physical-chemical characteristics of the caja´-umbu (S. lutea S. tuberosa) fruits collected in 18 trees in the Araripe region, Brazil, 1989 and 1990.
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347 Table 2. Growth characteristics of IPA’s Caja´-umbu (S. lutea S. tuberosa) Germplasm Collection*, Itambe´ Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil.
Access
Identification of the collecting area and the plant-matrix
Height of plant (m)
Diameter of stalk (cm)
Diameter of canopy (m)
IPA-1.1 IPA-1.2 IPA-1.3 IPA-2.1 IPA-2.2 IPA-2.3 IPA-3.1 IPA-3.2 IPA-3.3 IPA-4.1 IPA-4.2 IPA-4.3 IPA-5.1 IPA-5.2 IPA-5.3 IPA-6.1 IPA-6.2 IPA-6.3 IPA-7.1 IPA-7.2 IPA-7.3 IPA-8.1 IPA-8.2 IPA-8.3 IPA-9.1 IPA-9.2 IPA-9.3 IPA-10.1 IPA-10.2 IPA-10.3 IPA-11.1 IPA-11.2 IPA-11.3 IPA-12.1 IPA-12.2 IPA-12.3
Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Estac¸a˜o Experimental de Araripina (tree 1) Estac¸a˜o Experimental de Araripina (tree 1) Estac¸a˜o Experimental de Araripina (tree 1) Serra do Cavaco (tree 1) Serra do Cavaco (tree 1) Serra do Cavaco (tree 1) Sıtio Samambaia (tree 1 – D) Sıtio Samambaia (tree 1 – D) Sıtio Samambaia (tree 1 – D) Mrs Nininha’s area (tree 1) Mrs Nininha’s area (tree 1) Mrs Nininha’s area (tree 1) Sıtio Cavalete (tree 1) Sıtio Cavalete (tree 1) Sıtio Cavalete (tree 1) Sıtio Canastra (tree 3) Sıtio Canastra (tree 3) Sıtio Canastra (tree 3) Serra da Rodagem (tree 2 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 2 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 2 – R) Chapada do Araripe (tree 1) Chapada do Araripe (tree 1) Chapada do Araripe (tree 1) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – R) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Serra da Rodagem (tree 1 – J) Sıtio Canastra (tree 4) Sıtio Canastra (tree 4) Sıtio Canastra (tree 4)
7.5 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.9 7.4 8.6 9.0 8.5 8.0 8.0 7.5 7.9 7.8 9.0 8.2 9.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 8.1 9.0 12.0 6.1 8.2 8.5 6.0 6.2 7.2 5.5 5.5 4.7 5.0 3.5 4.5
37.0 38.2 40.0 36.6 35.3 30.1 31.3 39.2 30.5 34.1 35.2 29.3 31.2 35.6 44.5 30.2 34.1 37.4 36.1 38.1 32.1 29.8 40.0 42.3 30.2 32.0 39.5 28.8 29.9 33.5 29.2 26.0 22.1 23.0 19.2 12.8
12.05 13.30 15.10 12.80 11.85 12.55 12.10 14.00 12.75 13.20 11.75 12.33 11.90 12.90 14.30 13.15 12.55 13.20 13.20 11.75 13.20 12.45 13.00 14.60 11.45 12.95 13.15 10.70 9.30 12.54 10.85 10.00 7.50 7.55 4.95 4.95
*The accesses IPA-1.1 to IPA-4.3 were evaluated with ten years old age, the accesses IPA-5.1 to IPA-11.3 with nine years old age and the accesses IPA-12.1 to IPA-12.3 with six years old age.
With respect to the average weight of fruit, a variation from 16.3 to 26.8 g was observed among the accesses. These results indicate that the IPA’s Collection fruits presented values higher than those encountered by Santos (1996) in fruits of three out of four trees selected in Paraıba (10.52–13.79 g) and by Noronha et al. (2000), in fruits picked from nine trees in the regions of the Baixo Jaguaribe, Ceara´, and Assu-Mossoro´, Rio Grande do Norte, that presented a variation from 12.60 to 13.24 g. In addition, the fruits produced by the
accesses IPA-4.1, IPA-4.2 and IPA-4.3 showed higher weights compared to those of the matrixplant (average of 9.5 g). Propagation through seeds may have had an influence on this difference, as well as the interaction between genotypes and their new environment. Despite the variation among the growth parameters, the plants are showing a satisfactory development, being as vigorous as the matrixplants from which they originated. Caja´-umbu showed good adaptation to the conditions of
1998
0.050 0.300 1.772 0.500 – – – 1.388 0.200 – – – – 0.300 1.600 0.200 0.800 3.053 0.800 0.300 0.400 – 3.973 3.594 – 0.900 1.200 – 0.100 0.300 0.200 – – – – –
Access
IPA-1.1 IPA-1.2 IPA-1.3 IPA-2.1 IPA-2.2 IPA-2.3 IPA-3.1 IPA-3.2 IPA-3.3 IPA-4.1 IPA-4.2 IPA-4.3 IPA-5.1 IPA-5.2 IPA-5.3 IPA-6.1 IPA-6.2 IPA-6.3 IPA-7.1 IPA-7.2 IPA-7.3 IPA-8.1 IPA-8.2 IPA-8.3 IPA-9.1 IPA-9.2 IPA-9.3 IPA-10.1 IPA-10.2 IPA-10.3 IPA-11.1 IPA-11.2 IPA-11.3 IPA-12.1 IPA-12.2 IPA-12.3
0.880 5.820 6.780 3.260 0.360 – 2.820 6.120 1.600 0.340 2.600 – 1.600 0.140 11.780 2.700 4.560 3.960 6.940 0.960 5.800 1.620 16.160 9.960 1.340 2.320 7.320 – – 2.220 – – – – – –
1999
Yield (kg/tree)
8.820 29.640 30.900 19.920 5.000 4.600 5.920 34.960 23.780 0.980 16.320 8.220 – 7.600 28.980 11.640 44.080 30.700 14.520 16.100 18.720 10.400 24.080 40.800 – 12.660 31.540 – 6.520 9.060 5.300 2.460 – – – –
2000 4.028 6.440 10.269 0.900 – 6.120 0.212 4.922 7.020 5.400 1.269 0.417 1.615 – 6.994 6.657 11.572 7.624 6.050 5.915 9.559 3.050 7.392 9.426 0.535 6.019 6.919 0.463 0.207 7.329 2.140 – 4.900 – – –
2001 3.445 10.550 12.430 6.145 2.680 5.360 2.984 11.848 8.150 2.240 6.730 4.319 1.608 2.680 12.339 5.299 15.253 11.334 7.078 5.819 8.620 5.023 12.901 15.945 0.938 5.475 11.745 0.463 2.276 4.727 2.547 2.460 4.900 – – –
Mean 3 12 84 23 – – – 67 6 – – – – 13 80 8 32 157 48 15 16 – 166 144 – 32 45 – 6 12 14 – – – – –
1998 52 275 344 196 21 – 123 361 93 18 143 – 105 8 596 134 244 226 398 65 303 90 674 552 55 140 367 – – 90 – – – – – –
1999 345 1206 1470 769 218 200 270 1503 1040 27 662 310 – 230 1256 428 1922 1556 608 530 698 468 1063 1694 – 622 1327 – 174 313 165 100 – – – –
2000
Yield (number of fruit/tree)
162 283 473 35 – 200 13 234 274 231 80 23 93 – 310 301 468 346 267 250 409 131 322 429 27 258 337 24 13 311 90 – 192 – – –
2001 140.5 444.0 592.8 255.8 119.5 200.0 135.3 541.3 353.3 92.0 295.0 166.5 99.0 83.7 560.5 217.8 666.5 571.3 330.3 215.0 356.5 229.7 556.3 704.8 41.0 263.0 519.0 24.0 64.3 181.5 89.7 100.0 192.0 – – –
Mean 16.7 25.0 21.1 21.7 – – – 20.7 33.3 – – – – 23.1 20.0 25.0 25.0 19.4 16.7 20.0 25.0 – 23.9 25.0 – 28.1 26.7 – 16.7 25.0 14.3 – – – – –
1998 16.9 21.2 19.7 16.6 17.1 – 22.9 17.0 17.2 18.9 18.2 – 15.2 17.5 19.8 20.1 18.7 17.5 17.4 14.8 19.1 18.0 24.0 18.0 24.4 16.6 19.9 – – 24.7 – – – – – –
1999
Weight of fruit (g)
25.6 24.6 21.0 25.9 22.9 23.0 21.9 23.3 22.9 36.3 24.7 26.5 – 33.0 23.1 27.2 22.9 19.7 23.9 30.4 26.8 22.2 22.7 24.1 – 20.4 23.8 – 37.5 28.9 32.1 24.6 – – – –
2000
Table 3. Yield characteristics of IPA’s Caja´-umbu (S. lutea S. tuberosa) Germplasm Collection, Itambe´ Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 1998–2001.
24.9 22.8 21.7 25.7 – 30.6 16.3 21.0 25.6 23.4 15.9 18.1 17.4 – 22.6 22.1 24.7 22.0 22.7 23.7 23.4 23.3 23.0 22.0 198 23.3 20.5 19.3 15.9 23.6 23.8 – 25.5 – – –
2001 21.0 23.4 20.9 22.5 20.0 26.8 20.4 20.5 24.8 26.2 19.6 22.3 16.3 24.5 21.4 23.6 22.8 19.7 20.2 22.2 23.6 21.2 23.4 22.3 22.1 22.1 22.7 19.3 23.4 25.6 23.4 24.6 25.5 – – –
Mean
348
349 the Northern Coastal Rain Forest region in Pernambuco and some genotypes, such as IPA8.3, IPA-6.2, IPA-8.2, IPA-1.3 and IPA-5.3, proved promising in relation to their yield characteristics.
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Noronha M.A.S. de, Cardoso E. de A., Menezes J.B. de and Go´is V.A. de 2000. Caracterizac¸a˜o fısico-quımicas de frutos de umbu-caja´ (Spondias sp.) provenientes dos po´los Baixo Jaguaribe (CE) e Assu-Mossoro´ (RN). In: Resumos do 16th Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura, Fortaleza, Brasil. Embrapa Agroind ustria Tropical/SBF, Fortaleza, Brasil, p. 593. Pires M. das G. de M. 1990. Estudo taxon^ omico e a´rea de ocorreˆncia de Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam. (umbuzeiro) no Estado de Pernambuco – Brasil, UFRPE, Recife, 290 pp. Sacramento C.K. do and Souza F.X. de 2000. Caja´ (Spondias mombin L.), Funep, Jaboticabal, Brasil, 42 pp. (Se´rie Frutas Nativas, 4). Santos G.M. 1996. Caracterizac¸a˜o de frutos de caja´ (Spondias mombim L.) e caja´-umbu (Spondias sp.) e teores de NPK em folhas e frutos, UFPB, Areia, Brasil, 49 pp. Santos C.A.F., Nascimento C.E. de S. and Ara ujo F.P. 1999. Avaliac¸a˜o do umbuzeiro como porta-enxerto de algumas ´ rido, espe´cies do geˆnero Spondias, Embrapa Semi-A ´ rido. Pesquisa em Petrolina, Brasil, 4 pp. (Embrapa Semi-A Andamento, 91). Silva Junior J.F. da., Bezerra J.E.F. and Lederman I.E. 1999. Recursos gene´ticos e melhoramento de fruteiras nativas e exo´ticas em Pernambuco. In: Queiro´z M.A. de, Goedert C.O. and Ramos S.R.R. (org.), Recursos gene´ticos e melhoramento de plantas para o Nordeste Brasileiro (on line). Embrapa ´ rido, Petrolina, Brasil/Embrapa Recursos Gene´ticos Semi–A e Biotecnologia, Brasılia. Disponible in URL http:// www.cpatsa.embrapa.br. Souza F.X. de 1998. Spondias agroindustriais e os seus me´todos de propagac¸a˜o. Embrapa Agroind ustria Tropical/SEBRAECE, Fortaleza, Brasil, 28 pp. (Embrapa Agroind ustria Tropical. Documentos, 27). URCA(Universidade Regional do Cariri), 2001 A APA Araripe, Crato, Brasil. Disponible in URL http://www. urca.br/apa.
