1984), leukopenia, diarrhea, erosions of the oral mucosa, and immunosuppression (Kahrs 1981;. Markham and Ramnaraine 1985; Radostits and. Littlejohns ...
Brief communication
Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus Morton, J. K . M Evermann, J. F . a n d Dieterich, R. A. > 2
3
4
1 A g r i c u l t u r a l and F o r e s t r y E x p e r i m e n t Station, U n i v e r s i t y o f A l a s k a F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a , 99775, U S A . 2
D e p a r t m e n t of V e t e r i n a r y C l i n i c a l M e d i c i n e a n d Surgery a n d D i a g n o s t i c L a b o r a t o r y , C o l l e g e o f V e t e r i n a r y M e d i c i n e , W a s h i n g t o n State U n i v e r s i t y , P u l l m a n , W a s h i n g t o n , 99164, U S A .
5 Institute of A r c t i c B i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of A l a s k a F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a , 99775, U S A . 4 T h e authors'
present address is G r e e n V a l l e y V e t e r i n a r y Services,
1483 G r e e n V a l l e y R o a d , W a t s o n v i l l e ,
C a l i f o r n i a , 95076, U S A . F u n d e d i n part b y funds f r o m the C o l l e g e of A g r i c u l t u r e , W a s h i n g t o n State U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l Research C e n t e r Project 10A-3073-0144 ( E v e r m a n n ) . C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o : Jamie K . M o r t o n , 1483 G r e e n V a l l e y R d . , W a t s o n v i l l e , C A 95076 U S A T w o 8-month reindeer (Rangifer
Abstract:
tarandus)
and a 1-month-old H e r e f o r d - H o l s t e i n calf (Bos
taurus)
were inoculated intranasally w i t h the Singer (cytopathogenic) strain of b o v i n e v i r a l diarrhea ( B V D ) v i r u s . C l i nical signs i n reindeer i n c l u d e d loose stools containing blood and mucus, and transient l a m i n i t i s o r c o r o n i t i s . Signs i n the calf were l i m i t e d to b l o o d y mucus i n the stool and lesions i n the nasal mucosa. A n t i b o d y titers to B V D virus i n the reindeer were i n t e r m i t t e n t , and titers i n the calf persisted f r o m days 14 to 63 post-inocul a t i o n (PI). V i r e m i a was detected o n P I day 4 i n one reindeer, days 3 - 7 i n the other, and days 2 - 7 i n the calf. B o v i n e v i r a l diarrhea virus was isolated f r o m the l u n g of the calf at necropsy (PI day 63).
Key words:
R e i n d e e r , b o v i n e v i r a l d i a r r h e a , B V D , r e s p i r a t o r y , disease
Rangifer,
Serological surveys indicate reindeer
(Rangifer
a n d c a r i b o u are n a t u r a l l y e x p o s e d
tarandus) infectious
bovine
rhinotracheitis
(IBR),
f l u e n z a t y p e 3 (PI-3), a n d b o v i n e v i r a l ( B V D ) viruses (Dieterich signs
to
paraindiarrhea
1 9 8 0 ; E l a z h a r y et a l .
1981).
Clinical
mestic
livestock include upper respiratory
of B V D infection
in dotract
i n f e c t i o n s , r e p r o d u c t i v e d i s o r d e r s ( G r a h n et a l .
f r o m m i l d t o a c u t e l y fatal d e p e n d i n g o n t h e degree
of
viral-induced
Kahrs
1981).
A n investigation
Two
8-months-old
reindeer
(Bos
tarandus)
Littlejohns
and Ramnaraine 1988).
Severity
Rangifer, 2 (10), 1990
1985; R a d o s t i t s a n d of
disease
ranges
conducted
deer.
mucosa, Markham
was
t o investigate the effects o f B V D v i r u s o n r e i n -
and a 1-month-old
1981;
and
o n a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s as a p i l o t s t u d y
dus)
(Kahrs
immunotolerance
c r o s s - i n f e c t i n g s t r a i n o f B V D v i r u s ( B a k e r 1987;
1984), l e u k o p e n i a , d i a r r h e a , e r o s i o n s o f t h e o r a l and immunosuppression
10(2): 75-77
were housed i n a 10.5m
disease c o n t a i n m e n t wer-out
(Rangifer
facilities.
room
Each
taran-
H e r e f o r d - H o l s t e i n calf with
2
indoor
shower-in-sho-
animal was
inoculated 75
intranasally Singer
with
1
ml
of
(cytopathogenic)
media
strain
of
containing
bovine
cells
(Evermann
1978)
grown
(MEM)
1979;
in
Coria
Minimal
supplemented
1
and
pro-
b o d y t i t e r s i n t h e c a l f p e r s i s t e d f r o m d a y s 14 t o
(BTES)
McClurkin
Essential
with
10%
bovine
Anti-
63 P I . T i t e r s w e r e l o w e r i n b o t h r e i n d e e r in the
than
calf.
G r o s s l e s i o n s i n t h e f i r s t r e i n d e e r at
Medium
fetal
reindeer;
a n d o n d a y s 2 8 , 35, a n d 63 i n t h e s e c o n d .
diarrhea ( B V D ) virus. T h e virus had been pagated i n b o v i n e e m b r y o n i c testicular
t e d o n d a y s 2 1 , 2 8 , 3 5 , a n d 56 i n o n e
viral
( P I d a y 63) w e r e l i m i t e d t o excess
s e r u m free o f B V D v i r u s a n d B V D v i r u s anti-
pericardial
b o d y . V i r u s t i t e r w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o be
10
tis-
peribronchular
sue
per
ml
nuclear a n d m o n o n u c l e a r cells. R a r e f o c a l accu-
culture
infective
doses
-
50%
6 1
blood
Microscopic
lesions
accumulations
of
signs
samples
were
monitored.
were
collected
Heparanized
aseptically
from
No
gross lesions w e r e o b s e r v e d i n the
blood
reindeer.
samples were collected twice w e e k l y for
hema-
tal i n f i l t r a t i o n b y m o n o n u c l e a r
tologic
(Evermann
studies
determinations
and once
weekly
for
(standard
microtiter
serologic
virus
neu-
t r a l i z a t i o n , R o s s i a n d K i e s e l , 1971). A l l a n i m a l s were
necropsied
Samples
63
days
of mesenteric
post-inoculation
lymph
ver,
k i d n e y , lungs, and
for
histopathologic
rumen
were
examination.
collected
Portions
of
M i c r o s c o p i c lesions
second
included periporcells a n d
areas
o f f o c a l n e c r o s i s i n t h e l i v e r , a n d m a n y areas o f mononuclear
infiltration
primarily
associated
w i t h the g l o m e r u l a r structures i n the k i d n e y s .
(PI).
nodes, spleen, l i -
obser-
ved i n the r u m e n .
1979). J u g u l a r
isolation
observed
in the liver. N o m i c r o s c o p i c lesions w e r e
the jugular v e i n daily f o r the first w e e k f o r v i rus
included
polymorpho-
m u l a t i o n s of i n f l a m m a t o r y cells w e r e
(TCIDso/ml). Clinical
fluid.
necropsy
hemorrhagic
B o v i n e v i r a l diarrhea virus was isolated f r o m the
l u n g of the
c a l f at n e c r o p s y . P e t e c h i a l
tips of the papillae. M i c r o s c o p i c lesions
appea-
b u f f y coat and liver, spleen, and l u n g were i n o -
r e d t o be l i m i t e d t o s m a l l areas o f n e c r o s i s
culated
m o n o n u c l e a r i n f i l t r a t i o n i n the r u m e n v i l l i .
onto
(Evermann
BTES
1979;
cells
Coria
for
virus
isolation
and M c C l u r k i n
1978),
C l i n i c a l signs i n a l l t h r e e a n i m a l s w e r e
and m o n i t o r e d f o r B V D v i r a l antigens b y direct
tent
immunofluorescence
sociated w i t h
vine the
(Fernelius
anti-BVD FITC National
1964)
conjugate
Animal
Disease
using bo-
received Center,
from Ames,
Iowa.
he-
morrhages w e r e present o n the r u m e n w a l l a n d
and
with Faris
the
spectrum
of
B l o o d et
consis-
c l i n i c a l disease
B V D virus infections
1981;
and
al.
as-
(Evermann
1979).
signs i n a n i m a l s i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e
Although considered
m i l d , l a b o r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n s w i t h B V D v i r u s are
C l i n i c a l signs i n b o t h r e i n d e e r i n c l u d e d loose stools c o n t a i n i n g b l o o d and m u c u s , and transi-
often
not
as
severe
as
field
infections
which
m a y i n v o l v e c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r s s u c h as s e c o n -
ent l a m i n i t i s o r c o r o n i t i s . A r e l a t i v e l e u k o p e n i a
dary viral
w a s o b s e r v e d i n e a c h r e i n d e e r o n P I d a y 17.
fection of B V D - i m m u n o t o l e r a n t animals w i t h a
A
and bacterial
s e r o u s n a s a l d i s c h a r g e ( P I d a y 8) p r o g r e s s e d t o a
heterologous
mucopurulent
Radostits and Littlejohns
discharge
(PI
day
15),
and
c a m e d r y a n d c r u s t y ( P I d a y 29) i n o n e
be-
reinde-
infections,
or superin-
strain of B V D virus (Kahrs
1981;
1988). M o r b i d i t y
m o r t a l i t y i n c a t t l e c a n be i m p r e s s i v e w h e n
and to-
er. S i g n s i n t h e c a l f i n c l u d e d b l o o d y m u c u s i n
t a l l y s u s c e p t i b l e p o p u l a t i o n s are i n f e c t e d ( K a h r s
t h e s t o o l ( P I d a y 7) a n d l e s i o n s i n t h e n a s a l m u -
1981).
cosa. S m a l l p i n k macules 2 to 3 m m i n diame-
T h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t B V D v i r u s is c a p a b l e
ter w e r e o b s e r v e d i n each n o s t r i l f r o m P I days
of
16
reindeer.
mm
to
19.
A
few
macules
and papules
1 to
i n d i a m e t e r w e r e o b s e r v e d i n the left
2
replicating The
and
causing
potential
clinical
exists
for
disease
in
free-ranging
no-
reindeer i n stressful situations to d e v e l o p acute
s t r i l f r o m P I d a y 23 t o 2 8 , a n d o n e 2 t o 3 m m
c l i n i c a l signs o f B V D i n f e c t i o n . T h e p o s s i b i l i t y
p a p u l e was n o t e d i n that same n o s t r i l f r o m
PI
of
d a y s 31
on
other
PI day
t o 34.
A
l e u k o p e n i a was observed
13.
manifestation
of
c l i n i c a l signs
respiratory infections
of
s h o u l d be
B V D
or
conside-
red i n reindeer being translocated.
V i r e m i a was detected o n P I d a y 4 i n one r e i n deer, days 3 - 7 i n the o t h e r , a n d days 2 - 7
i n the
calf. A n t i b o d y t i t e r s t o B V D v i r u s w e r e
detec-
1
76
T h e authors greatly appreciate the technical assistance of H o l l y H o g a n .
Eagle, M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l Associates, W a l k e r s v i l l e , M D .
Rangifer, 2 (10), 1990
Evermann, J. F. and Faris, M . A . 1981. C u r r e n t cli-
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78
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