Faba bean (Vicia faba)

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Faba bean (Vicia faba)

Common names

Faba bean, fava bean, horse bean, field bean, broadbean, broad bean [English]; féverole, féverolle, fève [French], Κουκιά [Greek]; haba, habas, haba común, jaba [Spanish]; bakla [Turkish]; ‫[ فول‬Arabic]; ባቄላ [Amaric]; ‫[ ;باقال‬Persian]; ‫[ פול‬Hebrew]; 蚕豆 [Chinese]; ソラマメ [Japanese]; ब�� ��� ���� [Nepali]; đậu răng ngựa [Vietnamese]

Related feed(s)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Feed categories Legume forages

Species

Lupin (Lupinus spp.)

Legume seeds and by-products

Pea seeds

Plant products and by-products

Vicia faba L. [Fabaceae]

Synonyms

Faba bona Medik., Faba vulgaris Moench, Faba vulgaris var. major Harz, Faba vulgaris var. minor Harz, Faba vulgaris var. minuta hort. ex Alef., Vicia faba var. major (Harz) Beck, Vicia faba var. minor (Harz) Beck

Description

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a legume crop grown primarily for its edible seeds (beans). Faba bean is a major legume seed consumed by humans worldwide. The seeds of certain varieties are an important livestock feed. Faba bean is also grown for fodder. Morphology

Vicia faba is an upright annual forage legume that can reach up to 1.5-2 m in height. It has a taproot and many fibrous lateral roots that explore up to 90 cm of soil layer (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). The stems are coarse, hollow, and unbranched. Faba bean is a tillering plant whose tillers grow from the basal nodes. The leaves are alternate, up to 8 cm long, pinnately compound, with 2 to 6 leaflets, without tendril or with a very rudimentary one. The leaflets are rounded or oval shaped, up to 6-8 cm long and 2-4 cm broad. The inflorescences are borne on short axillary racemes. and they bear 1 to 6 papillonaceous flowers. These flowers are large (up to 3-4 cm long) and white or white with black/dark purple spots. The fruit is a dehiscent cylindrical pod, up to 10 cm long and 1-2 cm in diameter. The pods are green when young and turn to dark brown or black at maturity. The pods contain 3-4 oblong-oval seeds (beans) that have a distinctive hilum on their short side (McVicar et al., 2013; Muehlbauer et al., 1997). Two subspecies are commonly grown (McVicar et al., 2013; Muehlbauer et al., 1997):

Vicia faba var. major (broad beans, Chinese beans) produces large seeds (650-850 g/1000 seeds). It is cultivated mainly for human consumption, though culled broad beans can be fed to livestock. Vicia faba var. minor (horse beans, field beans) produces smaller seeds (250-350 g/1000 seeds) and is used mainly for livestock feeding.

This datasheet does not consider separately the two subspecies. However, nutritional information on faba bean seeds will generally refer to Vicia faba var. minor, since this subspecies is grown specifically for animal feeding. Utilisation

Faba bean is a multipurpose crop used for both food and fodder (hay, silage and straw) (Prolea, 2014). Faba bean is a much appreciated food legume in the Middle-East, the Mediterranean region, China and Ethiopia (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). Faba beans intended for human consumption are harvested when immature. The dried seeds are cooked, canned or frozen. Mature seeds are roasted and eaten as snacks in India or ground to prepare falafel, sauces and various food ingredients such as meat extenders or skim-milk replacers (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). When faba beans are intended for livestock feeding, small-seed varieties with low-tannin and low vicin-convicin and low trypsin inhibitor contents are preferred (McVicar et al., 2013). Faba beans have been suggested as an alternative protein source to soybean for livestock in Europe (Smith et al., 2013; Jezierny et al., 2010; Blair, 2007). Faba bean plants can be used to make good quality silage (McVicar et al., 2013). Faba bean straw is valued and considered a cash crop in Egypt and Sudan (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). In Sweden, it was used as a lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol and biogas (Petersson et al., 2007). Faba bean is grown for green manure production or as a legume ley in cereal/legume rotations (McVicar et al., 2013; Muehlbauer et al., 1997).

Distribution

Faba bean originated from the Middle-East in the prehistoric period. Seeds dated from 6250 BCE have been found in Jericho (McVicar et al., 2013). Faba bean is now widespread in Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, China, South America, the USA, Canada and Australia. Faba bean production for food and feed was 4.5 million t worldwide in 2012. The 5 top producers are China, Ethiopia, Australia, France and TO United Kingdom and accounted for more than 75% of world production. China alone produced 34% of all faba beans (FAO, 2014).BACK However, TOP

faba bean utilisation and production has been declining in the last decades (by 50% between 1960 to 2010) due to the replacement of traditional cropping systems by industrialized cereal-based systems (Jensen et al., 2010; McVicar et al., 2013). In the EU, faba bean ranks 2nd after field peas and is mostly used for animal feeding (FAO, 2014).

Faba bean is well adapted to wetter portions of cereal-growing areas of western Canada and other regions (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). Cultivation of faba bean on irrigated fields is also a good practice, especially on heavy clayey soils (Matthews et al., 2003). Faba bean can be grown as a winter or a spring crop in wetter areas of the world. It requires cool winter for optimal growth. It can survive frost during the vegetative stage but frost damages flowers and immature pods if it occurs during spring. Optimal growth occurs when temperatures range from 18 to 27°C but heat during flowering and pod-filling hampers yields (Matthews et al., 2003; Muehlbauer et al., 1997). Faba bean can be cultivated in places where annual rainfall is between 700 mm and 1000 mm, and, ideally, evenly distributed during the growth season (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). In the tropics and subtropics, faba bean can be grown at elevations higher than 1200 m and up to an altitude of 2500 m (Ecocrop, 2014). Faba bean does better on deep, well-structured clayey soils but it can grow on a wide range of soils provided they are not too acidic or saline. Acidic soils with high levels of aluminium and manganese can be detrimental to growth (Matthews et al., 2003). Faba bean tolerates waterlogging and temporary flooding and does better under such conditions than lentils, peas or common beans (McVicar et al., 2013). Moist and not well-drained soils with low pH should be avoided as they promote root rot and other diseases (McVicar et al., 2013).

Forage management

Faba bean is a suitable ley legume in rotation with winter or summer cereals or cotton (McVicar et al., 2013; Matthews et al., 2003). Early planting promotes better growth and higher yields and it is recommended to sow it very early in spring or at the beginning of winter at sufficient depth (7-10 cm) so that the seed is protected from frost (Prolea, 2014). Faba bean does not require N fertilizer but it requires special attention because it is sensitive to many pests and diseases such as root rot, stem nematodes, grasshoppers and weeds (with which it competes poorly). Faba bean can be successfully grown in association with a cereal. For example, in organic agriculture in France, it has been associated with triticale and yielded satisfying amounts of grains. Mixing faba bean with a cereal had a positive effect on crop quality, which had a higher protein content than pea-cereal association. Faba bean is also less prone to lodging than field pea, making harvest easier (Métivier, 2014). Faba bean seeds mature 90-220 days after planting depending on the region (Muehlbauer et al., 1997). Average seed yields are about 1.8 t/ha but yields vary widely depending on region or campaign (FAO, 2014). Yields as low as 1.1 t/ha or as high as 9 t/ha have been reported in China and Argentina respectively. In Western Europe, yields of 4.4 t/ha (Belgium,) 3.6 t/ha (France) and 4.0 t/ha (UK) have been reported (FAO, 2014; Muehlbauer et al., 1997).

The harvest of winter faba beans can begin earlier than that of spring faba beans. Winter faba beans are suitable in areas prone to summer droughts. Harvesting can begin once most stems are defoliated but still green. The seeds should contain no more than 12% moisture for adequate storage, or should the stored in aerated silos to prevent heating and loss of quality (Matthews et al., 2003). Windrowing helps to lessen moisture content and prevent spoliage: the plant is cut when green, before the stand lodges or the pods shatter. This method hastens the harvest, resulting in higher yields, as the plant is cut at a lower height and more pods are harvested (Matthews et al., 2003). Once harvested, faba beans should be handled carefully so that they do not split. Silo temperature must be carefully monitored as seed temperature may reach 35°C. Control of bruchids is necessary for good storage (UNIP, 2014).

Processes

Many processes have been developed to improve the nutritional value of faba beans for livestock feeding, including extrusion, infrared heating (micronizing), steaming, autoclaving and other cooking methods, as well as dehulling, flaking, soaking, formaldehyde or germination (Ferruzzi et al., 2009; Masoero et al., 2005; Vidal Valverde et al., 1998; Gatel, 1994; Tewatia et al., 1995). These processes aim to inactivate the antinutritional factors contained in the seeds(see Potential constraints below), to affect protein and starch digestibility or ruminal degradability, or to alter the chemical composition of the seeds. In the case of heat-based processes, efficiency depends on duration and temperature of heating, as well as moisture and pressure during processing (Goelema et al., 1999; Yu et al., 1998a; Gatel, 1994). Technological treatments on faba bean seeds seem to be more efficient in improving protein digestibility in poultry than in pigs (review by Gatel, 1994). Germination decreased OM and mainly NDF in vitro digestibility (Ferruzzi et al., 2009) but also phytic acid concentration (Vidal Valverde et al., 1998). Soaking and germination generally reduced starch, sugars, hemicellulose and NDF concentrations, while increasing cellulose and lignin concentrations (Vidal Valverde et al., 1998).

Environmental impact

Soil improver, ley legume and green manure

Faba bean is a potent N-fixing legume that has a high level of N fixation. In Australia, it was reported to contribute 270 kg/ha of N to the soil, resulting in increasing yields (+1-1.5 t/ha) and protein content (+0.7-1%) of the following wheat crop. These improvements were not only due to N fixation but also to positive effects of the faba bean crop for controlling certain wheat diseases (crown rot and nematodes) (Matthews et al., 2003). Faba bean crop is also used as green manure, to provide large quantities of N to spring-sown species such as maize or vegetables. In Switzerland, faba bean can be sown in September in mixture with common vetch (Vicia sativa) or field pea in order to be mulched and ploughed down during spring (Clerc, 2013).

Nutritional attributes Faba bean seeds

Faba bean seeds are rich in protein (25-33% DM) and starch (40-48% DM) and are therefore a valuable source of protein and energy for livestock. They have a moderate content of fibre (crude fibre 7-11% DM). Their composition is quite similar to peas, though richer in protein, (+5 percentage units), crude fiber (+2) and poorer in starch (-6). Compared to maize grain, they tend to have a lower energy content for ruminants, pigs and poultry due to their higher fibre content and to the presence of antinutritional factors, particularly in monogastric animals. The amino acid profile has a high lysine concentration in the protein (5.4-6.8%) and a relative deficiency in sulphur amino acids (0.6-1.0% methionine). Faba beans contain about 1% DM lipids, with a high proportion of linoleic and linolenic acids, which makes them susceptible to rancidity if ground and stored for more than about a week (Blair, 2007). Faba beans are a relatively poor source of calcium and are low in iron and manganese. Faba beans contain lower levels of biotin, choline, niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin, but a higher level of thiamin, than soybean meal or rapeseed meal (Blair, 2007). Faba bean seeds contain 12% hulls which are rich in fibre (crude fibre 54% DM) and low in protein (6% DM) (Marquardt et al., 1975). Dehulled faba beans have a higher nutritional value than non-dehulled beans as then contain more protein and starch and much less fibre (50% less NDF) (Marquardt et al., 1975; Ferruzzi et al., 2009). Faba bean forage

Fresh faba bean forage is of relatively good quality, with a protein content ranging from 14% DM to more than 20% DM. The highest protein content occurs at full flowering stage and decreases afterwards (Alibes et al., 1990). Faba bean straw has a much lower protein content (5-11% DM) with potentially high lignin and ash content.

Potential constraints

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Like other Vicia species, the seeds of Vicia faba contain numerous antinutritional factors, notably tannins, pyrimidine glycosides (vicine and convicine), protease inhibitors, lectins, and phytic acid. Tannins

The seed teguments of faba beans contain variable amounts of tannins, especially condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), depending on the variety: some varieties are tannin-free while other contain 0.5-1% DM condensed tannins. The flowers of high-tannin cultivars grown in Europe display a large black spot on the wings, their standard being often coloured in pale pink, pink or red, while tannin-free cultivars have white flowers (Crépon et al., 2010). High-tannin faba beans were found to have lower in vitro digestibility (Bond, 1976) and lower in vivo digestibility in pigs and poultry whereas tannin-free cultivars have higher protein and amino acid digestibilities (Grosjean et al., 2001; Gatel, 1994; Crépon et al., 2010). Such effect has not been reported in rabbits (Lebas, 1981; Seroux, 1984). Vicine and convicine

The cotyledons of faba beans contain high concentrations (up to 1% DM or more, Latanzzio et al., 1983) of vicine and convicine, which are pyrimidine glycosides responsible for favism, an acute hemolytic disease resulting from oxidative damage in red blood cells that affects human populations suffering from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (Enneking, 1995). Vicine and convincine are not toxic per se but are hydrolysed by ß-glycosidase in the intestine into divicine and isouramil. Low vicine and convicine cultivars have been developed (Duc et al., 1999). Vicine and convicine were not shown to affect faba bean digestibility in pigs but they were reported to be responsible for lower egg weight in laying hens (Lessire et al., 2005; Grosjean et al., 2001; Gatta et al., 2013). Protease inhibitors and lectins

Trypsin and chimotrypsin inhibitors and lectins are present in faba beans but their activities are low compared to other legume seeds (Thacker, 1990; Vidal Valverde et al., 1998). The trypsin inhibiting activity of faba beans seems similar to that of spring peas cultivars (Gatel, 1994). Phytic acid

The phytic acid concentration of faba bean was reported to be in the range 0.2-0.7% DM and to be generally lower than that of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, 0.5-1% DM) (Vasic et al., 2012).

Ruminants

Faba bean seeds

Digestibility and degradability

Faba bean seeds are highly digestible in ruminants (OM digestibility 91%) and comparable to peas in that respect (Abreu et al., 1998; Micek et al., 2012; INRA, 2007). Faba beans provide rapidly degradable dry matter and rapidly degradable protein for microbial protein synthesis, similar to or greater than that provided by lupins and vetchs. The rapidly degradable fraction ranges from 25 to 38% for DM, and from 34 to 52% for protein (Yu et al., 1998b; Goelema et al., 1998; Goelema et al., 1999; Gonzalez et al., 2003; Ramos Morales et al., 2008). Effective degradability of DM and protein have been found to be greater in goats (Ramos Morales et al., 2008) than in sheep (Gonzalez et al., 2003). It has been estimated that extruded faba beans may provide as much digestible by-pass protein as soybean meal (more than 12% DM), which is higher than for other raw or processed legume seeds such as pea or lupin (Masoero et al., 2005). Dairy cows

Faba bean seeds have been used successfully up to 4-5 kg/d in dairy cow diets in partial or total replacement of soybean meal or rapeseed meal, mainly in maize-based diets. A maximum inclusion rate of 30% has been suggested (Becker et al., 2012). Replacing rapeseed meal with faba bean in isoenergetic and isoproteic diets did not affect voluntary total intake, milk production and milk composition (Brunschwig et al., 2002; Trommenschlager et al., 2003; Brunschwig et al., 2004). In high-yielding cows (25-30 kg milk/day) fed a concentrate containing 20% faba beans, antinutritional factors did not affect milk production, milk composition, cow health, ruminal digestion and mineral metabolism (Melicharova et al., 2009). In diets where faba bean represented 50% of the protein supply, replacing 4 kg of raw seeds with 4 kg of extruded seeds had no effect on ruminal fermentation, on duodenal, ileal or faecal flows, and on in vivo OM digestibility. Extrusion increased ruminal digestion of starch and decreased ruminal digestion of protein, improving ruminal microbial synthesis efficiency and duodenal non-ammonia nitrogen flow (Benchaar et al., 1992). Beef cattle

No information about feeding faba beans to beef cattle was available at the time of writing (November 2014). Sheep

Faba bean is highly palatable for lambs, who prefer it to barley (Delmotte et al., 2006). In growing lambs and fattening sheep, including 30% faba beans in isoprotein and isoenergetic diets in substitution for soybean meal (13% of the diet, Surra et al., 1992) or lupin seeds (18% of the diet, El Maadoudi, 2004) did not affect intake, performance and digestibility. In lambs, including faba beans up 50% in the diet did not affect meat quality when compared to soybean meal (Lanza et al., 2007). Young growing lambs (60-110 day old) fed faba bean seeds (5060% of the diet) as the sole protein source supplementing cereal straw had a daily weight gain of 250 g/d, with a average DM intake of 1.18 kg/day (0.65 kg/d of faba bean). Supplementation with lysine and methionine did not increase the growth rate, demonstrating the already high protein value of faba beans for growing lambs (Antongiovanni et al., 2002). Goats

Two trials in India have studied the effect of formaldehyde treatment of faba beans in goats. In low-yielding lactating goats fed straw supplemented with faba beans (30% of the diet, 0.4 kg/d), treating the seeds with 0.4-0.5% of formaldehyde did not improve milk production, total intake, DM and fibre digestibility, N balance and ruminal profile (Tewatia et al., 1995). In goat kids, treating faba beans with 1% formaldehyde increased DM and protein digestibility and N retention (Virk et al., 1994). Faba bean forage

In dairy cows, the voluntary intake of dairy cows fed on fresh faba bean forage (whole plant) was high. When the forage was ensiled, voluntary intake decreased with maturity but remained high compared to other silages (INRA, 2007; Tisserand et al., 1976). Dairy cows in early lactation fed ensiled faba bean forage had milk yield (22.5 kg/d) and composition similar to that of cows fed a good grass-legume silage (McKnight et al., 1977).

Pigs

Faba beans are rich in protein and energy and are very palatable to pigs (Blair, 2007), but the use of faba beans in pig diets may be limited due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In growing and fattening pig diets, the recommended maximum inclusion rate is 20% though rates up to 30% jhave been tested with success (Smith et al., 2013; Gatta et al., 2013; Blair, 2007; Ewing, 1997). Due to inconsistent results in sows, the recommended maximum inclusion rate of faba beans in sows is 10% (Blair, 2007; Ewing, 1997). Before being fed to pigs, BACK faba TO TOP bean is often ground to pass through a 3 mm screen (Blair, 2007).

Among the antinutritional factors found in faba beans, tannins are the most detrimental to pig nutrition (van der Poel et al., 1991; Garrido et al., 1991; Marquardt, 1989; Jansman et al., 1989). The levels of trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities are not a concern in pig diets when faba beans are incorporated at levels about 20% (Blair, 2007). Vicine and convicine levels had little effect on protein and energy digestibility (Grosjean et al., 2001). Growing and fattening pigs

The DE value of faba beans in growing pigs depends on their tannin content: low-tannin varieties were found to have higher nutrient and energy digestibilities than high-tannin varieties (Flis et al., 1999; Grosjean et al., 2001). Low-tannin varieties have a higher DE of 16.1 MJ/kg DM vs 15.5 MJ/kg DM for high-tannin varieties (Sauvant et al., 2004). The standardized ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids are lower for faba bean than for soybean meal (Sauvant et al., 2004; Jezierny et al., 2011).

Recommended levels of inclusion range from 18% to 30%. In growing pigs (14-36 kg), the use of up to 30% faba bean to replace 25, 50 or 75% soybean meal resulted in increasing daily weight gain (from 586 g/day in control to 637 g/day at 75% replacement level) and better FCR (from 2.59 to 2.17 at 75% replacement level) (Kasprowicz et al., 2005). In fattening pigs, faba beans could be used at 18% dietary inclusion to partially replace soybean meal without altering health and metabolic parameters (Giuliotti et al., 2014; Gatta et al., 2013). In growing and fattening pigs fed on isoenergetic and isoproteic diets where faba bean included at up to 30% gradually replaced soybean meal, it was shown that increasing levels of faba bean had no effect on average daily gain, feed intake and FCR for growing pigs but had a slightly reducing effect on the average daily gain of finishing pigs. No deleterious effects were observed on carcass quality (Smith et al., 2013). Faba bean compared favourably with lupin meal in growing-fattening pig diets: it resulted in higher feed intake, higher animal growth rate and better FCR (Brand et al., 1995). Feeding growing and fattening pigs with up to 30% faba bean did not change carcass quality parameters (eye muscle area, backfat thickness and dressing percentage) (Smith et al., 2013; Gatta et al., 2013; Brand et al., 1995). Feeding faba bean to replace soybean meal did not impair pig feed intake and it had promoting effect pig growth during all stages of growing or fattening. Moreover, it was shown that feeding pigs with faba bean had positive effect on the omega 3/omega 6 ratio of the fat. The pigs fed on faba bean yielded hams with more intense aged taste than those fed on soybean meal or pea (Prandini et al., 2011). In Italy, faba bean was reported to be a valuable protein supplement for pigs grazing in woods. Outdoor-reared pigs could be successfully fed on 22% faba bean (Acciaioli et al., 2007). While it is agreed that high-tannin faba beans are less digestible than low-tannin seeds, the effect of faba bean tannins on pig performance is disputed. An early experiment with growing pigs showed that animals fed diets containing high-tannin or low-tannin faba beans (30%) had similar N retention, growth performance and feed efficiency (Flis et al., 1999). Later trials have been more decisive on the benefits of low-tannin cultivars. Low-tannin faba beans resulted in same voluntary feed intake and similar carcass quality when they were included at 30% dietary level to replace soybean meal in growing pig diets (Zijlstra et al., 2004). Low-tannin faba beans could be included at higher rates (35 vs 20%) than high-tannin seeds in fattening pig diets (Royer et al., 2010). In growing pigs, dry heat or extrusion processing of faba beans increased their amino acid digestibility values and resulted in higher body weight gain and better carcass quality (Wetscherek et al., 1995 cited by Blair, 2007). Sows

Information on the use of faba beans for sows is limited. Trials from the 1970s showed that faba beans included at 21% as a replacement for soybean meal did not affect reproductive performance, but Danish trials reported that an inclusion rate of 17% resulted in reductions in litter size and piglet weight at birth and weaning, and in milk production by the sow (Pond et al., 1984, cited by Blair, 2007)

Poultry

Faba bean is a protein- and energy-rich seed that can be valuable in poultry feeds, though less so than field peas (Métayer et al., 2003). Its nutritional value depends on composition, antinutritional factors and processing. Broilers

In broilers, it has been possible to include up to 25% high-tannin or low-tannin faba bean with no effect on growth performance (Métayer et al., 2003). Such high levels are possible in diets that are well-balanced for amino acids (especially methionine and tryptophan), and when the beans are processed (dehulled, extruded or pelleted) to increase their digestibility value. There are contradictory results about the respective value of low-tannin and high-tannin faba beans for poultry. On study reported that low-tannin faba beans included at 20% in broiler diets resulted in higher liveweight gain and feed intake than those obtained with high-tannin seeds (Brévault et al., 2003). However, other studies reported no differences in performance when high- or low-tannin seeds were included at 25% in broiler diets, even though the ME value of high-tannin seeds was lower (Métayer et al., 2003) and only slight differences in amino acid digestibility (Masey O'Neill et al., 2012). Laying hens

Studies have established that vicine and convicine reduce egg production in laying hens (Guillaume et al., 1977; Fru-Nji et al., 2007; Olaboro et al., 1981). As a consequence, the maximum inclusion rates for faba bean varieties known to contain vicin and convicin are about 5-7%. Inclusion rates for varieties free of vicine and convicine can be up to to 20% with no detrimental effect on laying performance (Lessire et al., 2005; Magoda et al., 2011).

Rabbits

Faba bean seeds

Faba bean seeds can be used safely in rabbit feeding (Benoit et al., 1948). They can be included in well-balanced diets at 15-25% and even up to 30% without any problem, as source of protein (80% digestibility) and energy (DE 14.8 MJ/kg DM). In a cafeteria test, raw faba beans were well consumed by growing rabbits, in similar proportion (27%) to raw peas (33%) and raw soybeans (28%). On the other hand, toasted faba beans, peas and soybeans were poorly consumed (< 5%) (Johnston et al., 1989a). Several studies have shown that faba beans could be used in growing rabbit diets at 10-20% and up to 37%, as a complete substitution for soybean meal and other oilseed meals (Colin et al., 1976 ; Lebas, 1981; Berchiche et al., 1994; Berchiche et al., 1995a). The proportion could be increased safely up to 57% for growing rabbits and lactating does (Johnston et al., 1989a; Johnston et al., 1989b), but in such simple and unbalanced diets (57.5% faba bean + 36.5% maize + 6% minerals and vitamins), the growth rate of suckling young rabbits was significantly lower than with soybean meal: 9.0 vs 13.6 g/d, while the average daily gain of fattening rabbits was similar to that of the control (Johnston et al., 1989b). Comparisons of low-tannin and high-tannin faba beans resulted in similar growth performance (Lebas, 1981; Seroux, 1984). The proteins of faba bean are deficient in sulphur amino acids and provide only about 53% of the requirements (Lebas, 2004). Supplementation with other raw materials richer in sulphur amino acids or with synthetic methionine significantly increased growth rate and carcass yield without depressing feed efficiency (Berchiche et al., 1994; Berchiche et al., 1995b; Lounaouci et al., 2008). Faba bean forage

Fresh faba bean forage has been used as common green forage for rabbits in Sichuan, China (Pu et al., 1990). In Egypt, sun-driedBACK leaves TO could replace 75% of soybean meal in growing or breeding rabbit diets without any negative effect (Magouze et al., 1998; MahmoudTOP et al.,

1998). Oven-dried faba bean straw (harvested a maturity when leaves of the lower third were already dry) could be included at 25% in isonitrogenous growing rabbit diets as a substitute for oven-dried berseem or alfalfa hay in growing rabbit diets (incorporation level 25%). Average daily gain (37.6 vs 38.0 g/d) was not affected by the substitution, but the low protein content of faba bean straw (8-9% DM) required an increase of the soybean meal proportion in the diet (Asar et al., 2010).

Fish

Faba bean seeds are rich in protein and carbohydrates and have been tested as a potential substitute for protein sources (fish meal, soybean meal, gluten) and carbohydrate sources (cereal grains) in fish feeding. However, like many other plant protein, faba beans contain fibre and antinutritional factors, especially tannins, that are detrimental to feed intake, feed efficiency and metabolic parameters in fish (Buyukcapar et al., 2007; Burel et al., 2014; Nilson et al., 2011). It is generally included at levels ranging from 15% to 35% in fish diets, depending on fish species. It has been suggested that the use of low-tannin varieties could be a valuable option in aquaculture (Nilson et al., 2011). Dehulled seeds, which contain less fibre and tannins, have a higher nutritive value (Kraugerud et al., 2011a). The inclusion of faba bean in feed pellets improved their hardness and physical quality (Kraugerud et al., 2011b). Salmonids

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Raw or expanded faba beans could be included at 26% (20% of dietary protein) in rainbow trout diets as a partial replacement for fish meal, resulting in increased specific growth rate. Expansion slightly improved performance (Gouveia et al., 1993). Up to 15% faba bean could be included in the diets of rainbow trout fingerlings as a partial substitute for soybean meal, with a positive effect on growth and feed conversion ratio (Ouraji et al., 2013). Salmon (Salmo salar)

Whole or dehulled faba bean included in Atlantic salmon diets at up to 24% dietary level as partial replacement of fish meal did not result in significantly different diet nutrient digestibilities (including amino acid digestibility) and intestinal viscosities compared to the control diet. Dehulling did not improve diet digestibility (Aslaksen et al., 2007). Gilted sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Faba beans could be used in gilted sea bream diets up to 35% as partial replacement of cereal gluten and wheat grain without negative effects (Adamidou et al., 2011). Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Faba bean included at 15% in sea bass diets significantly improved apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, starch and energy, as well as the gastrointestinal evacuation time (Adamidou et al., 2009a). Extruded faba bean included at 17% (DM basis) in sea bass diets as a partial replacement of fish meal and carbohydrate sources had no effect on fish growth or FCR. A higher level (35%) significantly altered growth parameters and degraded FCR (Adamidou et al., 2009b). The use of faba bean had a positive effect on pellet quality (Adamidou et al., 2009a) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Faba bean could be used at up to 24% dietary level, replacing up to 20% soybean meal, in the diet of Nile tilapia fingerlings (17 g) with no effect on fish growth, FCR and flesh quality (Azaza et al., 2009). Feeding faba bean to Nile tilapia (199 g) resulted in slightly lower muscle quality (Lun Feng et al., 2007). Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Trials in China about the use of faba bean in grass carp diets have led to contradictory results. Faba bean included in grass carp diets was shown to have significant effects on fish flesh quality. While it increased collagen and Ca2+ concentration, it decreased total amino acid content, unsaturated fatty acid content and increased monosaturated fatty acids content (Liu BangHui et al., 2011; Li BaoShan et al., 2008). A later experiment showed that the inclusion of raw or dehulled faba bean increased total amino acids and crude lipid content in fish flesh as well as myofibril length and muscular fibre diameter (Mao Pan et al., 2014). Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)

Faba bean was reported as a potential alternative feed for silver perch (Allan et al., 2000). Though it had lower DM and energy digestibility, its protein digestibility was > 90% and overall amino acid availability was high (Allan et al., 2000). A comparison of faba bean, field pea, chickpea and vetch in whole, dehulled and concentrate form included in silver perch fingerlings diets at 30% dietary level concluded that whole faba beans had the highest DM, protein and energy digestibility but that dehulling faba beans did not improve their digestibility (Booth et al., 2001).

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value Faba bean (Vicia faba), all cultivars straw

Faba bean (Vicia faba), low-tannin cultivars

Faba bean (Vicia faba), aerial part, fresh

Faba bean (Vicia faba), aerial part,

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used Faba bean (Vicia faba), all cultivars

Main analysis Dry matter Crude protein Crude fibre NDF ADF Lignin Ether extract Ash Starch (polarimetry) Total sugars Gross energy

Unit % as fed % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM MJ/kg DM

Avg 86.6 29.0 9.1 15.9 10.7 1.0 1.4 3.9 44.7 3.6 18.7

SD 1.4 1.8 1.0 2.5 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.8 0.2

Min 83.4 25.2 7.1 12.4 8.5 0.2 0.9 3.3 39.8 2.5 18.2

Max Nb 89.8 797 33.5 678 11.2 358 22.1 172 12.8 168 2.6 143 2.1 187 4.6 292 48.5 380 5.7 28 BACK TO 98 * 18.9 TOP

Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Magnesium Manganese Zinc Copper Iron

Unit g/kg DM g/kg DM g/kg DM g/kg DM g/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM

Avg 1.5 5.5 11.5 0.1 1.8 10 34 13 75

SD 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.1 0.3 4 8 3 14

Min 0.8 4.4 9.5 0.0 1.1 6 20 4 55

Max 2.7 6.8 14.5 0.5 2.3 20 47 18 90

Nb 52 63 16 18 17 15 15 15 6

Amino acids Alanine Arginine Aspartic acid Cystine Glutamic acid Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine

Unit % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein

Avg 4.0 9.0 10.2 1.2 15.7 4.1 2.6 4.1 7.1 6.2 0.8 4.0 3.9 4.6 3.5 0.8 2.8 4.6

SD 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.1 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4

Min 3.4 7.7 9.1 1.0 13.0 3.5 2.2 3.4 6.3 5.4 0.6 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.8 0.7 2.2 3.7

Max 4.5 10.5 11.6 1.5 18.2 4.6 3.0 4.5 7.8 6.8 1.0 4.5 4.7 5.4 4.0 1.0 3.3 5.1

Nb 39 41 40 48 40 40 31 42 42 54 50 38 20 40 50 24 30 42

Secondary metabolites Tannins (eq. tannic acid) Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin)

Unit g/kg DM g/kg DM

Avg 6.5 4.8

SD 2.3 3.6

Min 0.9 0.1

Max 12.4 11.3

Nb 141 20

Ruminant nutritive values OM digestibility, ruminants Energy digestibility, ruminants DE ruminants ME ruminants Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants a (N) b (N) c (N) Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%) Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)

Unit % % MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM % % % h-1 % %

Avg 91.1 89.8 16.8 13.3 78.9 53.8 38.4 0.092 80 77

SD 2.6 3.0 0.6

Min 87.2 83.0 15.0 12.5

Max 96.3 92.9 16.8 14.5

Nb 14 14 2 12

21.5 25.8 0.015 11 7

30.0 14.1 0.070 64 72

79.0 70.0 0.110 92 93

5 5 5 5* 17 *

Pig nutritive values Energy digestibility, growing pig DE growing pig MEn growing pig NE growing pig Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig

Unit % MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM %

Avg 82.9 15.5 14.7 10.4 82.0

SD 3.6 0.6

Min 77.5 14.5 13.3

Max 89.8 16.7 14.7

2.5

75.8

86.7

Nb 34 * 35 * 2* * 35

Poultry nutritive values AME poultry

Unit MJ/kg DM

Avg 12.2

SD 0.6

Min 10.8

Max 13.5

Nb 62

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation. References

* * * * *

Abreu et al., 1998; AFZ, 2011; Aguilera et al., 1992; Allan et al., 2000; Aufrère et al., 1988; Aufrère et al., 1991; Bach Knudsen, 1997; Benchaar et al., 1992; Bourdon et al., 1984; Bourdon et al., 1984; Brand et al., 2004; Brévault et al., 2003; Buraczewska et al., 1992; Buraczewska et al., 1993; Carré et al., 1986; Chapoutot et al., 1990; Chaudhry et al., 1993; CIRAD, 1991; CIRAD, 2008; Combe et al., 1991; Cros et al., 1991; Duée et al., 1979; Fang et al., 2007; Faurie et al., 1992; Gonzalez et al., 2003; Grela et al., 1995; Grosjean et al., 1995; Hadjipanayiotou et al., 1985; Hadjipanayiotou et al., 2003; Henry et al., 1973; Infascelli et al., 1995; ITCF-UNIP, 2000; Jansman et al., 1993; Lacassagne et al., 1988; Leeson et al., 1974; Madsen et al., 1984; Maillard et al., 1990; Mariscal Landin, 1992; Martinez et al., 2004; Métayer et al., 2001; Min Wang et al., 2008; Morgan et al., 1975; Mosenthin et al., 1993; Nalle, 2009; Noblet, 2001; Pastuszewska et al., 1974; Perez-Maldonado et al., 1999; Sauer et al., 1989; Skiba et al., 2002; Skiba et al., 2003; Tamminga et al., 1990; Valentine et al., 1987; Vermorel, 1973; Wainman et al., 1979; Wiryawan, 1997 Last updated on 01/12/2014 10:19:45

Faba bean (Vicia faba), low-tannin cultivars

Main analysis Dry matter Crude protein

Unit % as fed % DM

Avg 85.9 31.0

SD 1.3 2.1

Min 84.0 27.8

Max Nb 88.2 23 BACK TO 34.7TOP 28

Crude fibre NDF ADF Lignin Ether extract Ash Starch (polarimetry) Total sugars Gross energy

% DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM MJ/kg DM

8.5 14.5 10.2 0.7 1.3 4.1 43.2 4.0 18.7

0.7 2.7 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.9 0.2

7.4 11.1 7.8 0.1 0.9 3.5 38.3 3.2 18.3

9.9 19.2 11.8 2.6 1.6 4.6 48.4 5.7 18.9

19 14 15 13 9 21 15 10 18 *

Minerals Calcium Phosphorus

Unit g/kg DM g/kg DM

Avg 0.4 4.6

SD

Min

Max

0.8

3.8

5.8

Nb 1 5

Amino acids Alanine Arginine Aspartic acid Cystine Glutamic acid Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine

Unit % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein % protein

Avg 3.9 8.9 10.1 1.2 16.1 4.1 2.5 4.1 7.1 6.3 0.8 4.1 4.0 4.6 3.5 0.8 2.7 4.6

SD 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4

Min 3.5 7.4 8.7 1.0 14.4 3.5 2.2 3.5 6.3 5.4 0.6 3.5 3.1 4.2 3.1 0.7 2.4 3.7

Max 4.4 10.5 10.8 1.7 18.2 4.5 2.8 4.5 7.6 7.2 1.0 4.4 4.3 5.1 4.1 1.0 3.2 5.1

Nb 13 13 13 15 13 13 8 13 13 15 15 12 7 13 15 9 10 13

Secondary metabolites Tannins (eq. tannic acid) Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin)

Unit g/kg DM g/kg DM

Avg 2.0 0.1

SD 2.5 0.1

Min 0.0 0.0

Max 6.5 0.2

Nb 15 7

Ruminant nutritive values OM digestibility, ruminants Energy digestibility, ruminants DE ruminants ME ruminants Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)

Unit % % MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM % %

Avg 91.3 90.1 16.9 13.4 79.2 95

SD

Min

Max

Nb

94

96

2

Pig nutritive values Energy digestibility, growing pig DE growing pig MEn growing pig NE growing pig Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig

Unit % MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM %

Avg 86.7 16.2 15.3 10.8 83.1

SD 4.1 0.8

Min 80.3 14.8

Max 94.3 17.5

5.6

70.1

90.7

Nb 12 * 12 * * * 13

Poultry nutritive values AME poultry

Unit MJ/kg DM

Avg 12.5

SD 0.8

Min 11.3

Max 13.5

Nb 9

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

* * * * *

References

AFZ, 2011; Aufrère et al., 1991; Bourdon et al., 1984; Brévault et al., 2003; Buraczewska et al., 1993; Duée et al., 1979; Faurie et al., 1992; Grosjean et al., 1995; Jansman et al., 1993; Lacassagne et al., 1988; Maillard et al., 1990; Mariscal Landin, 1992; Métayer et al., 2001; Mosenthin et al., 1993; Skiba et al., 2002 Last updated on 01/12/2014 10:17:45

Faba bean (Vicia faba), aerial part, fresh

Main analysis Dry matter Crude protein Crude fibre NDF ADF Ash

Unit % as fed % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM

Avg 19.4 17.8 26.0 46.9 29.7 9.0

SD 4.4 1.7 4.0

Min 10.5 14.3 14.7

Max 30.0 20.7 32.2

Nb 17 17 17

1.7

5.9

12.8

17

Ruminant nutritive values OM digestibility, ruminants Energy digestibility, ruminants

Unit % %

Avg 74.1 70.8

SD 0.1

Min 74.0

Max 74.2

Nb 4

BACK TO TOP

* *

*

Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants

%

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

76.5

3.9

71.0

80.0

4

Min 88.6 5.0 23.9 42.0 30.0 4.9 1.0 3.3

Max 90.7 10.9 50.3 74.5 71.5 15.9 1.5 18.4

Nb 9 12 11 10 11 9 2 13

References

Alibes et al., 1990; Tisserand et al., 1976 Last updated on 01/12/2014 10:32:19

Faba bean (Vicia faba), aerial part, straw

Main analysis Dry matter Crude protein Crude fibre NDF ADF Lignin Ether extract Ash Gross energy

Unit % as fed % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM % DM MJ/kg DM

Avg 89.7 7.4 39.2 59.6 51.5 10.3 1.3 8.8 18.1

SD 0.7 1.9 9.3 11.7 12.5 4.1

Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Manganese Zinc

Unit g/kg DM g/kg DM g/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM

Avg 11.1 1.1 3.4 24 39

SD 2.5 0.3

Min 9.4 0.9 1.9

Max 14.0 1.5 4.8

Nb 3 3 2 1 1

Secondary metabolites Tannins (eq. tannic acid)

Unit g/kg DM

Avg 37.4

SD 36.7

Min 6.5

Max 80.6

Nb 4

Ruminant nutritive values OM digestibility, ruminants Energy digestibility, ruminants DE ruminants ME ruminants Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants

Unit % % MJ/kg DM MJ/kg DM %

Avg 46.9 43.6 7.9 6.4 38.3

SD 9.2

Min 37.1

Max 55.3

Nb 3

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

5.4

References

1

*

* * *

Abreu et al., 1998; AFZ, 2011; Alibes et al., 1990; Asar et al., 2010; Bruno-Soares et al., 2000; CIRAD, 1991; Grimit, 1984; Hadjipanayiotou et al., 1985; Nsahlai et al., 1996 Last updated on 01/12/2014 10:33:18

References

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Datasheet citation Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2015. Faba bean (Vicia faba). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/4926 Last updated on May 11, 2015, 14:35 English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)

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