FERNAND BRAUDEL. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the
Age ofPhilip II. VOLUME I. Translated from the French by Shin Reynolds.
FERNAND BRAUDEL
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age ofPhilip II VOLUME I Translated from the French by Shin Reynolds
To this day they have not discovered at the Indies any mediterranian sea as in Europe, Asia and Affrike. Joseph Acosta, The Naturall and MoraD HI.torie oj the Ea.t and West Indies (translated by E. G.), Lon(1on, 1604, p. lSI
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HARPER COLOPHON BOOKS
Harper & Row, Publishers
New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London
A Lucien Febvre, tol4o",$ present en terrwig1llJge tU recon1llJiSS(lnce et de /iliale ajfecrio"
Contents Preface to the English Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition
page
Part One THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT I. THE PI!NINSULAS: MOUNTAINS, PLATEAUX, AND PLAINS I.
Mountains Come First Physical and human characteristics Defining the mountains Mountains, civilizations, and religions Mountain freedom The mountains' resources: an assessment Mountain dwellers in the towns Typical cases of mountain dispersion Mountain life: the earliest civilization of the Mediterranean?
and Foothills The high plains A hillside civilization The hills
2. Plateaux, Hills,
First published in France under the title La MMirerranee erie Monde Mediterranean a I'Epoque
de Philippe II, 1949, second revised edition 1966
© Librairie Annand Colin 1966
English translation copyright © 1972 by Wm Collins Sons Ltd and Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain for Harper & Row, Publishers. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quota tions embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 10 East S3rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022. First HARPER TORCHBOOK edition published 1976 ISBN : 0·06-090566-2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-138708
77 78 79 80 81 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
3. The Plains Water problems: malaria The improvement of the plains The example of Lombardy Big landowners and poor peasants Short term change in the plains: the Venetian Terraferma Long term change: the fortunes of the Roman Campagna The strength of the plains: Andalusia 4. Transhumance and Nomadism Transhumance Nomadism, an older way of life Transhumance in Castile Overall comparisons and cartography .Dromedaries and camels: the Arab and Turk invasions Nomadism in the Balkans, Anatolia, and North Africa Cycles spanning the centuries D. THE HEART OF THE MEDlTIllUlANEAN: SEAS AND COASTS I.
The Plains of the Sea Coastal navigation
1
1 1 1
Contents
6
The early days of Portuguese discovery The narrow seas, home of history The Black Sea, preserve of Constantinople The Archipelago, Venetian and Genoese Between Tunisia and Sicily The Mediterranean Channel The Tyrrhenian Sea The Adriatic East and west of Sicily Two maritime worlds The double lesson of the Turkish and Spanish Empires Beyond polities 2. Mainland Coastlines
The peoples of the sea Weaknesses of the maritime regions The big cities The changing fortunes of maritime regions 3. The Islands Isolated worlds Precarious lives On the paths of general history Emigration from the islands Islands that the sea does not surround The Peninsulas
m.
BOUNDARII!S: THE GREATER MEDfI1!RRANEAN
A Mediterranean of historical dimensions I. The Sahara, the Second Face of the Mediterranean The Sahara: near and distant boundaries Poverty and want Nomads who travel far Advance and infiltration from the steppe The gold and spice caravans The oases The geographical area of Islam 2. Europe and the Mediterranean
The isthmuses and their north-south passages The Russian isthmus: leading to the Black and Caspian Sea From the Balkans to Danzig: the Polish isthmus The German isthmus: an overall view The AJps The third character: the many faces of Germany From Genoa to Antwerp, and from Venice to Hamburg: the conditions of circulation Emigration and balance of trade The French isthmus, from Rouen to Marseilles Europe and the Mediterranean 3. The Atlantic Ocean Several AtIantics
Contents 108 108 110 115 116 117 120 124 133 134 135 137 138 138 1
