Final report - AQUA-USERS

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AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

Final report

WI, VU/VUmc, PML, FFCUL, NIVA, GRAS, DHI, SGM, Deltares 2016-11 AQUA-USERS is funded under the European Community’s 7th Framework Program (Theme SPA.2013.1.1-06: Stimulating development of downstream services and service evolution, Grant Agreement No 607325)

Final report 17/11/2016

AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services Grant number 607325 Final report

Lead beneficiary

WI

Contributors

VU/VUmc, PML, FFCUL, NIVA, GRAS, DHI, SGM, Deltares

Due date

31/12/2016

Actual submission date

22/12/2016

Dissemination level

PU

Change record Issue

Date

Change record

Authors

0.1

12/10/2016 Document outline

WI

0.2

8/11/2016

WI, PML, GRAS, Deltares

1.0

17/11/2016 Input from partners and final editing

Input from partners

FFCUL, NIVA, DHI, SGM, WI

Consortium No

Name

Short Name

1

Water Insight BV

WI

2

Stichting VU-VUMC

VU/VUmc

3

Plymouth Marine Laboratory

PML

4

Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa

FFCUL

5

Norsk institutt for vannforskning

NIVA

6

DHI GRAS

GRAS

7

DHI

DHI

8

Sagremarisco-Viveiros de Marisco Lda

SGM

9

Deltares

Deltares

To be cited as Laanen, M., Poser, K., Miller, P., Kurekin, A., Sa, C., Dale, T., Huber, S., Kaas, H., Icely, J. and Eleveld, M. (2016) “Final report”, EC FP7 grant agreement no: 607325, 47p.

© Copyright 2016, the member of the AQUA-USERS consortium. All rights reserved.

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Executive summary Project context and objectives With global population expansion, the demand for high-quality protein is rising dramatically, and fish farming is gaining importance to ensure food security. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector worldwide. Environmental conditions determine the growth and health of the produced species, while the production also has impacts on the surrounding environment. Therefore, monitoring is needed on several levels. However, up to now, the available data is often disparate, inconsistent in coverage and of unknown quality. To support the growth of efficient and sustainable aquaculture production, AQUA-USERS aimed at providing the aquaculture industry with user-relevant and timely information based on the most upto-date satellite data and innovative optical in situ measurements. The key purpose was to develop a web portal and mobile application that bring together satellite information on water quality and temperature with in situ observations as well as relevant weather prediction and met-ocean data. Specific focus during the project was put on the development of indicators based on Earth Observation data for aquaculture management including indicators for harmful algae bloom events. AQUA-USERS was a highly user-driven project with a user board consisting of companies and organisations from 5 countries representing different European aquaculture production systems. Together with the user board, the project partners demonstrated the applicability of the developed methods and tools in two case studies:  

Site characterisation and selection based on historic satellite data Daily management using near real-time satellite data and in situ measurements

Work performed and main results In the first year, the project focussed on user requirements, method development and technical preparation, in the second year mainly on method implementation as well as the first case study (Site characterisation/site selection) and in the final project year on consolidation of the data and methods, the case study on near-real time management and on exploitation of project results. The main results and achievements of the project are: 



Dialogue with the users: Throughout the whole project, the consortium kept in contact with the members of the User Board, a diverse group of aquaculture producers and producer organisations from five countries. Through the three User Board meetings, several questionnaires and additional one-on-one meetings, a true dialogue was established. In this dialogue, the consortium introduced the opportunities of Earth observation, optical in-situ measurements and modelling as tools for supporting for supporting aquaculture to the users, most of whom had little or no experience with these technologies. The users, on the other hand, explained the problems and specific information requirements of their production systems to the consortium. Thus, the AQUA-USERS services were developed in close collaboration between the consortium and the User Board. In addition, two workshops for a wider audience beyond the members of the user board were held at the Aquaculture Europe Conference in Scotland and the AQUASUR in Chile. The final assessment of the AQUA-USERS tools and services, performed both with the members of the user board and a wider audience, confirmed that the services developed are considered as useful by the users. Developing new and improved methods for making Earth observation data useful for the aquaculture industry: Regional optical algorithms for retrieval of water quality parameters have been tested and validated for the five study regions. The selected and adjusted 3

Final report 17/11/2016

algorithms have been used in populating the satellite data archive. Based on satellite and in situ data, a method has been established to derive indicators for potential benefits and risks for aquaculture production based on biogeochemical variables. To improve the detection of harmful algal blooms (HABs) with optical methods, two approaches have been pursued: a) training a detection algorithm with multi-spectral satellite images of known blooms of

Figure 1: HAB risk map for Karenia mikimotoi



certain species and b) modelling of hyperspectral HAB data based on laboratory instruments. Using the optical properties measured in the laboratory has been shown to improve the classification result. The improved algorithms have been applied to a large number of satellite images for all study regions. Methods for decision support by multi criteria analysis have been investigated for their applicability within AQUA-USERS, and decision trees have been established as the method of choice. Implementing the core of the AQUA-USERS system: The processing environment for satellite images has been set up and the satellite data archive containing 10 years of SST and water quality data for seven regions is in place and accessible via standardised interfaces. For most of the study regions, the archive also contains near real-time EO water quality and HAB data. As a front-end to the satellite data archive, an interactive web portal has been set up. The AQUA-USERS web portal is a simple-to-use web application which allows users, both scientific and non-scientific, to display and compare selected data sets in the context of a background map and generate plots showing the variation of the selected datasets over time. For in situ measurements performed within the project as well as data extracted from external data sources such as models and buoys, the project database has been implemented. Based on user requirements, the innovative AQUA-USERS app was designed and developed that allows the users to interact with the information stored in the AQUAUSERS database. The app allows the users to retrieve up-to-date data for their production sites, including, where available, long-term statistics and an indication of production requirements to help make sense of the current measurement data. Additionally, users can enter measurement data via the app, as well as enter and review management decisions.

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Figure 2: Screenshots of the AQUA-USERS app







In situ data collection: Methods for in situ data quality control within the project have been laid down and implemented. A wealth of in situ data, including WISP-3 measurements and laboratory samples, has been collected by the partners and users, enabling significant progress in algorithm development and validation as well as better understanding of the relation between environmental conditions and production parameters. To familiarise the users with optical techniques and the significance of the measurements, training has been an ongoing effort throughout the project. Case study Site characterization/selection using historic data: Site characterisation supports the daily operation of the aquaculture production by increasing the knowledge of the production sites. Site selection does on the other hand have a longer perspective by supporting the optimal future production sites. Site selection may also support administrative management in regulation and licensing. The case studies were defined in close cooperation with the end users. In all, 5 studies were conducted with focus on different regions, species and objectives. Based on the objectives, determinant factors for the site characterisation/selection were identified and (historical) data collected. For each case, an analytical framework was defined (dependent on case and data types involved) and implemented and analysed in a GIS environment. The outcome of the GIS analyses is maps describing production sites and identifying sites suitable for aquaculture production of the given species and in the given geographical area and scale. Case study Daily management using in situ and EO data: At six user locations, case studies were performed aiming at supporting daily management at the sites with in situ and EO data. As the uptake of the AQUA-USERS services by the users was less than expected and the data from the new Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 satellites became available later than expected, the focus of these case studies was somewhat shifted, with more emphasis on in situ data. For the various regions and production systems, different case studies were performed: some were restricted to specific aspects such as in situ measurements, others focused on a more thorough analysis of the daily management process and / or on research helping to establishing relationships between environmental parameters and production factors such as fish health or mussel growth as the missing link between the AQUA-USERS services and operational aquaculture farm management.

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Figure 3: Monitoring of mussel growth and condition to establish relationships with environmental variables



Evaluation of the wider socio-economic potential and impacts of the AQUA-USERS services: AQUA-USERS has demonstrated value adding capability and has developed geo-information service provision to coastal aquaculture. A straightforward socioeconomic analysis was performed through a targeted survey of several potential user groups, including stakeholders from the aquaculture, tourism and health sectors. Additional socio-economic spin-off impact was assessed through exploration of the value chain for the Dutch and Portuguese mussel sectors. The benefits of a HAB warning service were found to be not as clear as expected due to several factors, including price elasticity, the rather low frequency of HABs (e.g. in the Netherlands) and the HAB species that are difficult to detect by Earth observation (e.g. in Portugal). Still, some benefit can be expected as was confirmed by the replies to the user questionnaire where 92% of users indicated that they would find such a service useful.

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Figure 4: A representation of the value chain for mussel farming in the Netherlands



Business and exploitation plan: A business and exploitation plan was initialised at the start of the project, updated in the second project year and finalised towards the end of the project. It comprises a description of the offered services, a stakeholder and market analysis including a SWOT analysis, and the description of the AQUA-USERS business model. The business and exploitation plan is complemented by an analysis of the current and expected evolution of EO sensors and in situ instruments that may affect the user-driven methods and services developed within the project. Already the consortium is engaged in commercial follow-up activities as well as in follow-up projects where the methods developed in AQUA-USERS are put to a wider use.

Ongoing activities that have started at the beginning of the project and continued throughout its life time were dissemination and exploitation of project results. In the first few months of the project, the project website and a Twitter account have been set up and then kept up to date throughout the project. On Twitter, AQUA-USERS has more than 200 followers from research, industry and policy, with whom there is regular interaction. Also, a project brochure and a policy brief were issued at the start and the end of the project, as well as two newsletters. AQUA-USERS has been presented at numerous scientific and trade conferences, and the project’s results have already been published in scientific and trade journals. Especially targeted outreach activities to the aqua-culture community have resulted in an increased awareness of the added value of optical in-situ and satellite monitoring services. Expected final results and potential impact and use The outcome of AQUA-USERS is a new and innovative GMES downstream service for the aquaculture industry and other stakeholders. On a broad scale Earth Observation data is used for the first time to monitor the direct environment of aquaculture operations. Newly developed methods for the detection of harmful algal bloom events and for indicators of potential risks and benefits for aquaculture based on physical and biogeochemical data help the operators to make better informed management decisions. Two services have been developed in the project and are ready to be deployed: A site selection service and a daily management service.

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Site selection service The first service is the site characterization/site selection. Site characterisation supports the operation of the aquaculture production by increasing the knowledge of the production site. Site selection does on the other hand have a longer perspective by supporting the identification of the optimal production sites. This service can support aquaculture operators in selecting the best locations to establish new production sites and regulators in issuing licences or establishing zones for aquaculture production. In the user survey, 94% of respondents found this service useful or very useful. Already for Denmark, a follow-up commercial contract has been reached with the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food Production.

Figure 5: Two steps in the site selection study to generate suitability maps for offshore marine aquaculture in Danish waters.

Daily management service The second service is the daily management service that is intended to supply the site manager with relevant and timely information, empowering him or her to make informed management decisions. A large number of data products have been identified together with the users that are available in the AQUA-USERS system for operational management. The data include NRT satellite data, including HAB risk, environmental information from models, buoys and in-situ measurements as well as longterm statistics and production limits. There are two tools developed within AQUA-USERS to display the daily management data in the AU System: the app and the web portal. In the final user survey, 94% of respondents found the app very useful or useful to some extent. 92% evaluated the HAB risk maps as useful. In particular for the NRT HAB service, the value adding capability has also been demonstrated in the socio-economic impact analysis.

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Figure 6: The AQUA-USERS daily management system

With these services, AQUA-USERS will support the European and global aquaculture industry in making their production more efficient and sustainable. The project’s website can be found at www.aqua-users.eu. On Twitter, AQUA-USERS is represented as @AQUA_USERS.

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List of abbreviations Abbreviation

Description

AC

Atmospheric correction

App

Application

C2R

Case-2 regional (BEAM water quality processor)

CC

CoastColour (BEAM water quality processor)

CHL

Chlorophyll

CMEMS

Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service

DoW

Description of Work

DSS

Decision Support System

EO

Earth Observation

FUB/WeW

BEAM water quality processor by Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Space Sciences

HAB

Harmful Algal Bloom

ICOL

Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land processor

Kd

Vertical diffuse attenuation coefficient

MCA

Multi Criteria Assessment

MERIS

Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

MODIS

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

NRT

Near Real Time

S2, S3

Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3

SLA

Service Level Agreement

SST

Sea Surface Temperature

TSM

Total Suspended Matter

UB

User Board

VIIRS

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite

WISP-3

Water Insight Spectrometer with 3 Radiometers

WP

Work Package

WQ

Water Quality

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Table of contents 1

Project context and objectives ................................................................................. 12

2

Main science and technology results ........................................................................ 13

2.1

User requirements and interaction ........................................................................................... 13

2.2

Method development ............................................................................................................... 13

2.2.1

Regional optical algorithms............................................................................................... 14

2.2.2

HAB detection .................................................................................................................... 16

2.2.3

Aquaculture indicators ...................................................................................................... 19

2.2.4

MCA / Decision support ..................................................................................................... 23

2.3

Technical development ............................................................................................................. 23

2.3.1

Satellite data archive ......................................................................................................... 23

2.3.2

Web portal ......................................................................................................................... 24

2.3.3

Mobile app......................................................................................................................... 26

2.4

Data collection........................................................................................................................... 27

2.4.1

Satellite data ..................................................................................................................... 27

2.4.2

In situ data ......................................................................................................................... 27

2.4.3

Data from external sources ............................................................................................... 28

2.5

Case studies ............................................................................................................................... 29

2.5.1

Case study “Site characterization/site selection” .............................................................. 29

2.5.2

Case study “Daily management” ....................................................................................... 31

2.5.3

Product and service validation .......................................................................................... 33

3

Potential impact ...................................................................................................... 35

3.1

Socio-economic impact and the wider societal implications of the project ............................. 35

3.2

Main dissemination activities and exploitation of results ........................................................ 36

3.2.1

Dissemination .................................................................................................................... 36

3.2.2

Exploitation........................................................................................................................ 37

4

Use and dissemination of foreground ....................................................................... 39

4.1

List of all publications related to the foreground of the project............................................... 39

4.2

List of all dissemination activities .............................................................................................. 41

5

References ............................................................................................................... 47

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1

Project context and objectives

With global population expansion, the demand for high-quality protein is rising dramatically, and fish farming is gaining importance to ensure food security. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector worldwide. Environmental conditions determine the growth and health of the produced species, while the production also has impacts on the surrounding environment. Therefore, monitoring is needed on several levels. However, up to now, the available data is often disparate, inconsistent in coverage and of unknown quality. To support the growth of efficient and sustainable aquaculture production, AQUA-USERS aimed at providing the aquaculture industry with user-relevant and timely information based on the most upto-date satellite data and innovative optical in situ measurements. The key purpose was to develop a web portal and mobile application that bring together satellite information on water quality and temperature with in situ observations as well as relevant weather prediction and met-ocean data. Specific focus during the project was put on the development of indicators based on Earth Observation data for aquaculture management including indicators for harmful algae bloom events. AQUA-USERS was a highly user-driven project with a user board consisting of companies and organisations from 5 countries representing different European aquaculture production systems. Together with the user board, the project partners demonstrated the applicability of the developed methods and tools in two case studies:  

Site characterisation and selection based on historic satellite data Daily management using near real-time satellite data and in situ measurements

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2 2.1

Main science and technology results User requirements and interaction

One of the overarching objectives of the AQUA-USERS project was to involve potential users for the products developed by the project by establishing close contact with key users from different geographical locations involved in a diversity of aquaculture activities including fish, shellfish and algal culture. At the outset of the project the key users included two from Norway, two from Scotland, one from Denmark, one from the Netherlands and two from Portugal. As part of promoting interaction between the key users and the project partners, a user board was set up at the first meeting of the project where one of the first outcomes of the board meeting was to produce a questionnaire focused on the characteristics of the user’s production and the environmental and production parameters that were of interest. This information culminated in an initial users’ requirement document that enabled the second questionnaire focusing on the projects two case studies: site selection and daily management using the WISP-3 radiometer. At the mid-term user board meeting in Venice attended by representatives for Erfjord Stamfisk (Norway), Marine Harvest and Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation (Scotland), Aquapri and Danks Akvkultur (Denmark), Hogeschool Zeeland for Prins & Dingemanse (Netherlands), and Finisterra (Portugal), the partner presented the mid-term status of the project and the users provided information on their sites, especially related to site selection and management. Some very useful discussions then took place between the partners and the users allowing a better understanding of the difficulties and constraints experienced by the users from the different countries. This information provided the basis for the final users’ requirement document, which showed that users were highly interested in met-ocean data and in situ data that could be retrieved from the WISP-3 or derived from satellite products. Additionally, users would like to be able to predict of HAB events and storms. The final meeting of the user board was at the European Aquaculture Society meeting in Edinburgh in September 2016. This meeting had representatives from Norway, Scotland, Denmark and the Netherlands, with apologies from the Portuguese company, due to work commitments. Although the AQUA_USER products could only be presented towards the end of the project there was a positive feedback, including from Finisterra in Portugal. All the key users contributed to the questionnaire developed for Product and Service Validation (see section 2.5.3) and the Socio-Economic Implication (see section 3.1) and there is an ongoing interaction with them beyond the end of the project (see chapter 3).

2.2

Method development

One of the major activities within AQUA-USERS was developing new and improved methods for making EO data useful for the aquaculture industry. Regional optical algorithms for retrieval of water quality parameters have been tested and validated for the five study regions. The selected and adjusted algorithms have been used for populating the satellite data archive. Based on satellite and in situ data, a method has been established to derive indicators for potential benefits and risks for aquaculture production based on biogeochemical variables. To improve the detection of harmful algal blooms with optical methods, two approaches were pursued: a) training a detection algorithm with multi-spectral satellite images of known blooms of certain species, and b) modelling of hyperspectral HAB data based on laboratory instruments. The improved algorithm has been applied to a large number of satellite images for all study regions. Methods for decision support by multi criteria analysis have been investigated for their applicability within AQUA-USERS.

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2.2.1 Regional optical algorithms As aquaculture operations are often located in coastal areas with complex water types, finding suitable algorithms still poses a challenge, despite the progress that has been made in the last decades in developing water quality algorithms for complex waters. Therefore, validation studies have been performed for the five study areas of AQUA-USERS to test and validate suitable processors for deriving water quality parameters from MERIS observations. The water types and specific challenges in the different areas vary considerably - from the highly turbid and very dynamic waters of the Wadden Sea to the highly absorbing waters in the Norwegian fjords strongly influenced by adjacency effects from land. For all areas, in situ measurements have been collected from various sources for validation of satellite data. Several candidate processors, selected based on knowledge of the areas and previous experience, were tested and compared per area based on the in situ data. Table 2-1 shows the validation activities performed for MERIS per area in AQUA-USERS. Table 2-1: Overview of algorithms tested in the different regions

Area Water quality algorithms

Other validation

DK

CC, C2R, FUB (original and regionally calibrated)

NL

CC, C2R, WISP

NO

Algal_2 and TSM, C2R, FUB, CC

PT

Algal_1, Regionally adjusted algorithm

UK

Chl-a OC5 (Gohin et al., 2005), CDOM - adg_443_qaa and IOP (Lee et al., 2006), Non organic TSM (Rivier et al., 2012), Kd(490) (Mueller et al., 2000).

Atmospheric correction: CC, C2R, FUB, Adjacency correction with ICOL

ICOL, Vicarious calibration

For the Danish area, the three neural networks FUB (v. 2.2), C2R (v. 1.6.2) and CC were calibrated to reference data, and the results of the calibrated as well as original algorithms were evaluated statistically and by inspection of time series against in situ measurements. The performance based on the statistical measures was very similar for the three calibrated algorithms, therefore C2R (C2R calibrated) was chosen based on the best agreement with the in situ time series.

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Figure 2-1: Validation of three processors (each uncalibrated - upper row, calibrated - lower row) for the Danish area

For the Dutch area, the atmospheric correction component of the three neural networks FUB, C2R and CC has been validated against in situ reflectance measurements available in the MERMAID database (also data from adjacent areas have been considered). The performance of all three algorithms was quite similar, with C2R slightly outperforming the others. Therefore, C2R was chosen for AC in the Dutch area. For WQ parameter retrieval, CC, C2R and the WISP algorithm were validated against in situ measurements of CHL and TSM. For operational processing, CC was found to be the best choice with a scaling factor applied to TSM.

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Figure 2-2: Validation of different WQ processors for the Dutch coastal waters

For the Norwegian area, a comparison of L2 products with in situ data showed that C2R fits best for the TSM concentrations, and FUB works best for the CHL-a concentrations. For the Portuguese areas, a detailed study has been performed comparing MERIS Algal 1 and Algal 2 relative to in situ data, which has been published in Cristina et al. (2014) and Goela et al (2013, 2014), and this data is now used to develop a regional algorithm for Sagres. Validation results, based on matchup analysis, identified a systematic overestimation of standard Algal_1 versus the reference Chla values. The additional comparison of product maps in selected regions of interest confirms this finding, and demonstrates the feasibility and relevance of using regional algorithms for investigating space-born products. For the UK waters, Chl is generated by the OC5 algorithm (Gohin et al. 2008), Kd(490) by the standard KD2 algorithm (Mueller 2000), CDOM by applying the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) (Lee et al. 2006) and non-algal SPM by the IFREMER semi-analytical algorithm (Rivier et al. 2012). The comparison of the results from satellite inversions with modelled data provide confidence on the use of the proposed algorithms for indicators of water quality for aquaculture.

2.2.2 HAB detection The information about harmful algal blooms is highly important and valuable for management in the aquaculture industry. In high concentrations, harmful algae may cause respiratory irritation for humans, shellfish neurotoxic poisoning, fish mortality and can lead to significant economic losses by damaging fish farms (Stumpf et al., 2003; Miller et al., 2006). Consequently, significant efforts were 16

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put in AQUA-USERS towards timely detection of HAB events and providing this information along with other parameters of water quality for the users of aquaculture sites to assists them in taking management decisions. The developed method for HAB detection uses spectral measurements of water leaving radiance to estimate harmfulness of algal blooms (Kurekin et al., 2014). It employs a fully automatic data-driven approach to identify key characteristics of water leaving radiances and derived quantities, and to classify pixels into “harmful”, “non-harmful” and “no bloom” categories. The application of HAB classifier consists of training and classification stages. The training stage is illustrated in Figure 2-3. It includes collection of training data, automatic selection of ocean colour features for different HAB species using stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and calculation of discrimination function parameters in the feature hyperspace.

1

SDA

Training classifier

Feature selection

nLw(), a(), bb(), ratios

Original features

2 Figure 2-3: Main stages of training HAB classifier using ocean colour data

Two alternative approaches have been developed for training the HAB classifier to discriminate different HAB species identified in the key areas. The first approach is based on using multispectral measurements of HAB events provided by satellite ocean colour sensors. The image scenes with HABs were identified using case studies and historical records of HAB events.

Table 2-2 summarizes the HAB species and aquaculture sites being used. The classifier performance was estimated on training data by using cross-validation method with the total probability of correct classification Pt>87%.

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Table 2-2. The aquaculture sites and HAB species selected for training HAB classifier

Partner

Region

HAB species

PML

Cornwall, Scotland

K. mikimotoi, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.

FFCUL, SGM

Western Portugal, Algarve

Noctiluca scintillans L. polyedrum

WI, VU/VUmc

Southern North Sea

Phaeocystis globose

GRAS, DHI

Danish waters

Pseudochattonella sp.

NIVA

Norwegian waters

Pseudo-nitzschia, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Pseudochattonella sp.

The second approach for training the HAB classifier was based on growing cultures of HAB species under laboratory conditions, measuring their inherent optical properties (IOPs), and then modelling the water reflectance for the specific HAB species. Cultures of five harmful algae species were grown at the University of Lisbon: Lingulodinium polyedrum, Gymnodinium catenatum, Karenia mikimotoi, Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Phaeocystis sp. The IOPs of these species were measured with two Wetlabs instruments, an ACS and an ECO-BB3, placed in-line. The measurements of water IOPs for several HAB species obtained during the laboratory experiment were applied to extend the training dataset and improve the results of the HAB classification. Figure 2-4 shows the flow chart of the laboratory experiment. In the experiment the HAB classifier was trained to discriminate the K. mikimotoi using modelled water reflectance and demonstrated better accuracy than the classifier trained on MERIS data. Overall, the total probability of correct classification Pt was improved by 10.7% and the false alarm rate of K. mikimotoi bloom classification has reduced from 1.8% to 0.05%. The developed classification algorithm was applied to generate the HAB risk maps of user sites in SW Portugal, UK, the Netherlands, W Norway and Denmark, as shown in Figure 2-5. Individual maps were generated for the key phytoplankton species that affect aquaculture in these regions: Lingulodinium polyedrum, Phaeocystis globosa, Karenia mikimotoi, Dactylosolen fragilissimus and Pseudochattonella farcimen. The HAB risk maps were produced by processing the AQUA-USERS satellite data archive for the period from 2002 to 2012. Validation was carried out by comparison of HAB risk maps with historical records of HAB events, in situ measurements of chlorophyll concentration and cell counts of harmful species. Visual analysis has been applied to overcome the difficulties of comparing satellite and in situ data when the number of matchups was relatively small due to limitations of the satellite resolution, cloud cover, and optical complexity in the near-coast pixels. To achieve this the HAB risk maps (7-day composites) coincident with HAB events were visually compared with the location of the sampling sites producing the highest counts of HAB species. Figure 2-5 shows an example of the visual validation of K. mikimotoi HAB risk map of Scotland. The red colour in the map indicates high risk of K. mikimotoi bloom, green means that there is a bloom but it is not harmful, and blue means that there is no bloom present in the pixel. It is seen in Figure 2-5 that the sampling location of the dense K. mikimotoi bloom (yellow pin) is close to a well-defined region where the satellite ocean colour data were classified as a K. mikimotoi HAB risk (red pixels).

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Figure 2-4: The flow-chart of the laboratory experiment

Shetland, 30 Aug 2010

a Figure 2-5: On 30 August 2010, a large concentration of Karenia mikomotoi cells was measured at the Shetlands. From the satellite HAB risk map, the bloom seems to spread mostly along the western part of the Island and to the southwest (red colour). The southeast part of the image contains dark grey patches indicating where no data could be collected within the 7 days compositing period. Green indicates a non-harmful algae bloom, and blue no bloom.

2.2.3 Aquaculture indicators Aquaculture monitoring is imperative not only because environmental conditions are crucial to ensure the growth and health of the produced species, but also because the production often releases large amounts of nutrients affecting the surrounding environment. Monitoring is therefore essential on both levels; however, difficulties arise from lack of quality data, and inconsistent coverage. For that purpose, satellite remote sensing (RS) can be an effective tool as it can provide the necessary time and spatial resolution at reasonable costs. Measuring the oceans by satellite remote sensing has proven to be a unique resource to achieve local to global scale observations of a vast range of oceanic parameters (Robinson, 2007). Ocean 19

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Colour provides estimates of variables such as chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), which is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and ocean primary productivity (e.g., Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997), and thus, it can be used as an ecological indicator for estuaries and coast sites (Platt et al., 2010). Aquaculture management involves different actions (e.g. lowering cages, harvest, feed) that change according to type the of aquaculture (e.g. mussel, fish, seaweed), but, when considering monitoring purposes, there is a set of parameters that is common to the needs of the majority of users. All users in the AQUA-USERs user-board expressed their interest in having information on weather and sea state conditions, as well as water temperature and Chl-a concentration data. The latter is referred to as a relevant parameter to monitor as it can be used as a biomass proxy (i.e. food availability for mussels) or as an indicator of water quality. For weather and sea state conditions, instant information may be sufficient for real-time management; however, temperature and Chl-a data have also to indicate gradients and fluctuations in the environmental conditions for effective evaluation and decision making. Therefore the evaluation of the natural variability of these parameters was prioritised. Ten years of satellite data (2002-2012) were processed for all the users’ sites and regional-specific time-series were determined for Chl-a, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and total suspended matter (TSM). Table 2-3 provides a summary of all the analysis conducted for each site. Table 2-3 List of user’s sites with the parameters for which the climatology and thresholds were determined.

User

Site coordinates

Dataset

Parameters

Hortimare (NO)

61.05N, 4.87E

Water Insight

SST

Ommundsteigen (NO)

59.57N, 6.52E

Water Insight

SST

Teigane (NO)

59.52N, 6.4E

Water Insight

SST

Onsevig (DK)

55.01N; 11.26E

GRAS

SST, Chl-a and TSM

Finisterra (PT)

37.03N, 8.27W

PML

SST, Chl-a and TSM

Marine Harvest (UK)

55.61N; 5.47W

PML

SST, Chl-a and TSM

Prins & Dingemanse (NL)

12 sub-sites (Wadden Sea)

Water Insight

SST, Chl-a and TSM

9 sub-sites (Eastern Scheldt)

For each time-series the 10th, 50th, and, 90th percentiles, the average and the standard deviation, were computed for each 7 days of the year (note that the 50th percentile is also known as the median). An example is provided in Figure 2-6, where the climatology and statistics, for a Dutch site in the Eastern Scheldt, are shown for the different parameters (i.e. Chl-a, SST and TSM). The climatological data with respective statistics data have been implemented in the AQUA-USERS app to provide alert conditions to site managers. Users will be able to compare near-real time measurements with historical climatological data. The app will also save the new measurements taken by the user to allow the analyses of trends. An example of the app layout is presented in Figure 2-7 for the Danish Onsevig site.

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Figure 2-6 Location of the Dutch sites in the Eastern Scheldt with colour scale representing the number of valid pixels (top left). An example of climatology and percentile results obtained for site 1 is shown for Chl-a (top right), TSM (bottom left) and SST (bottom right).

Figure 2-7 Example of plot of water temperature at the Danish Onsevig site as provided by the AQUA-USERS th th app. The pink lines represent the mean, 10 and 90 percentiles.

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As mentioned, information on marine environmental parameters like Chl-a is essential to monitor water quality, not only for aquaculture managing, but also to comply with environmental directives and to evaluate aquaculture impact in the surrounding media. The Chl-a 90 percentile (P90) has been recommended as an indicator of eutrophication in European coastal waters and different studies have highlighted the effectiveness of using ocean-colour remote sensing data with that purpose (Gohin et al. 2008, Novoa et al., 2012). The monitoring of areas relative to their natural variability should alert to abnormal conditions, eventually undesirable noxious blooms. Two case-studies have been evaluated to exemplify the applicability of the thresholds derived based on climatology in the detection of HABs. Two historical bloom occurrences were analysed, to check if the corresponding Chl-a records would be identified as an anomaly. A bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum that occurred in the coast of Algarve, on the 17th August 2004, which attained 1x106 cells/L. Although no Chl-a measurements were taken in situ, according to our pigment results obtained in cultures, this cell concentration would correspond to a Chl-a range of 12-20 mg m-3, which should be added to an unknown value for the rest of phytoplankton community (Brotas et al. 2014). The second is a Karenia mikimotoi bloom occurring off Cornwall in June 2010, with a cell abundance of 1x106 cells/L (Kurekin et al 2014). In both cases, pronounced Chl-a anomalies were found (Figure 2-8 and Figure 2-9).

Figure 2-8 Left, positive Chl-a anomaly of Karenia mikimotoi bloom, in June 2010 in the English Channel, in relation to climatological results. Right, Chl-a and SST values for the pixel corresponding to the location of the bloom, showing the seasonal growth period as well as day of maximum growth. Bold blue cross represents satellite-inferred Chl-a value for that day, whilst the other blue crosses are the Chl-a values in the same locations for the previous and later days of the observed bloom.

The anomaly caused by Karenia mikimotoi bloom can be clearly seen in both spatial and time scales (Figure 2-8) The temporal analysis was performed for the pixel marked with a cross (which registered a value of 5.9 mg Chl-a m-3; it shows the climatological seasonal growth period as well as day of maximum growth, coincident with the start of the water temperature increase in Spring.

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Figure 2-9 Climatological values of SST, plotted with Chla values for the Lingulodonium polyedrum bloom pixel off the Algarve coast. Blue cross in bold represents the registered satellite Chl-a values for that date, and the other blue crosses are the Chl-a values in the same location but for previous and subsequent days of the observed bloom.

2.2.4 MCA / Decision support A decision support for daily management operations had been envisaged for daily management operations at the aquaculture sites to the users. The idea was to base suggested decisions on previous recorded decisions by the user under similar environmental conditions, and their evaluation of how successful the management decisions were. However, it became clear that during the lifetime of the project, it would not be possible to collect enough data for to derive robust decisions. It was still considered useful to ask the users to record management decisions and their subsequent evaluation. However, the step to base a management recommendation on this data has not been taken.

2.3

Technical development

AQUA-USERS is based on aggregation and analysis of data gleaned from a wide variety of sources, including Earth observation (EO) and model data. This section summarises the EO data processed and tools implemented to achieve the aim of assisting aquaculture farmers with day-to-day and longer term decision-making related to water quality and risks. These tools are the web portal and the mobile app, which are to be made commercially available to the aquaculture industry.

2.3.1 Satellite data archive Figure 2-10 shows the main regions for which a significant archive of satellite data was processed during AQUA-USERS. MERIS was the most relevant sensor for aquaculture applications such as estimation of water quality, chlorophyll-a concentration, and HAB discrimination, due to its highquality ocean colour channels and 300m resolution allowing observations much closer to the coast, estuaries and fjords where farms are located, compared to other polar-orbiting sensors such as Aqua-MODIS or Suomi-VIIRS with 1000m and 750m resolutions, respectively. It was originally proposed that ocean colour data from the follow-on Sentinel-3 OLCI sensor would enable comparable data to be provided in near-real time during the final year of the project, but unfortunately several launch delays meant that we had to revert to the coarser MODIS and VIIRS data for this purpose.

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The satellite processing was shared across three of the AQUA-USERS partners: PML, GRAS and WI. Full details of satellite data processed are in deliverable D4.1 “Implementation of satellite archive”. PML processed the entire MERIS 300m ocean colour archive for the period from 2002 to 2012, covering two geographical regions in the UK (Cornwall and Scotland) and two regions in Portugal (Algarve and Iberia). Products comprised remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), absorption, backscatter, chlorophyll-a estimated using the OC4v6 (NASA) and OC5 (IFREMER) algorithms, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Sea-surface temperature (SST) was generated using AVHRR data. GRAS processed the entire MERIS 300m archive for the Inner Danish Waters including eastern North Sea and the western Baltic Sea. A similar set of products were generated using the Case2Regional, FuB/WeW and CoastColour packages. WI processed the entire MERIS archive for two geographical regions: the Dutch coastal waters and the south west coast of Norway. For the Dutch coastal area, products were generated using the C2R (case 2 regional) neural network approach, WISP, and Lee 2005 algorithms. For Norway, parameters were calculated using the FUB/WeW neural network. For both areas, SST data were acquired from the GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis dataset.

Figure 2-10. Map showing user regions selected for processing of a satellite data archive during AQUA-USERS; labels indicate the key phytoplankton species forming harmful algal blooms (HABs) that affect aquaculture in each region.

2.3.2 Web portal During AQUA-USERS, a web portal was developed: a simple-to-use but powerful web application that allows users, both scientific and non-scientific, to display and compare selected data sets in the context of a background map and generate plots showing the variation of the selected datasets over time (Figure 2-11). The portal was developed to allow the selection, visualization and analysis of any geospatial data, although we focussed on EO-based indicators of ocean colour and temperature, in 24

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particular for the 2002-2012 archive of 300m resolution data from the Envisat MERIS ocean colour sensor. You can access the portal at https://portal.aqua-users.eu. Key features include: easy browsing through a long time-sequence of products using a time slider; fast panning and zooming through large EO maps; time-series chart generation for an arbitraryshaped region of interest; interactive changes to colour palette to highlight features of interest, and transparency for combining several products. Although the portal was implemented in year 1, further functions were incorporated during the remainder of the project, along with many EO data layers, including some near-real time data on seasurface temperature, chlorophyll-a, and HAB risk maps for two of the key species: Karenia mikimotoi and Pseudo-nitzschia. The time-series chart functions proved particularly useful, even within the consortium, for analysing and validating the regional algorithms and HAB risk at specific locations (Figure 2-12). Data are provided to the portal through community-standard interfaces and metadata formats: Open Geospatial Consortium standard interface Web Map Service (WMS), and Web Coverage Service (WCS). This allowed large EO datasets to be distributed across PML, GRAS and WI institutes, and served to the Web Portal using Thematic Real-time Environmental Distributed Data Services (THREDDS).

Figure 2-11: Screenshot of the AQUA-USERS web portal showing HAB risk for Scotland, UK, in July 2011.

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Figure 2-12: Screenshots of AQUA-USERS web portal showing interactive generation of a multi-year time-series chart of HAB risk from satellite ocean colour for a user-defined box enclosing shellfish farms in Algarve.

2.3.3 Mobile app The mobile app is the front end of the AQUA-USERS system that allows the users to interact with the information stored in the AQUA-USERS database (Figure 2-13).

Figure 2-13: The AQUA-USERS daily management system

When a user logs into the system, the first step is to retrieve up-to-date data for his/her production site(s). The app sends a request to the database to retrieve all relevant information stored there. An overview of all the data sources connected to the database is given in D6.2. All recent in situ measured data are presented to the user (Figure 2-14), and, where available long-term statistics and 26

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an indication of production requirements are given to help the users make sense of the data. The user has also the option to enter additional measurement data via the app.

Figure 2-14: Data screens of the AQUA-USERS app: (left) overview of all available data for the Portuguese site, middle: graph for one parameter for the Danish site; (right) function to add in situ measurement data.

In the next screen, the user is asked to record the management decision taken. The decision together with all the data that was available to the user at the time of decision making is stored in the database. The final screen allows the user to view and review all previous decisions. This evaluation is also stored in the database and will allow a more detailed analysis of the decision process and the considerations that are important to the users.

2.4

Data collection

Data collection has been a vital part of AQUA-USERS, therefore common sampling protocols and methods for quality control were established quite early in the project. A data policy was also established. This policy is a guide to help generate, maintain and safeguard high-quality data, and to share and gain access to data within the project according to levels of sensitivity agreed upon by project consortium.

2.4.1 Satellite data Automated scripts were implemented to harvest and average recent EO data within a small neighbourhood (10 x 10 km) of each aquaculture site. The Web Coverage Service provided a standard interface to allow any of the massive EO datasets (see section 0) to be queried remotely from WI for data values for specified dates and coordinates, which were then inserted into the AQUA-USERS Database for display on the mobile app.

2.4.2 In situ data An important aspect of the AQUA-USERS project was the collection of in situ data and integration with the other data sources used. During the whole project, all core users together with their service providers have been provided with a WISP-3 spectroradiometer to measure optical parameters (Chla, TSM, CDOM and Kd) and the spectral reflectance and inherent optical properties (Figure 2-15). More than 1200 WISP-3 measurements have been collected at dozens of sites in five countries. In addition to this large spectral in situ dataset, several field campaigns have been performed by the 27

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partners and users as well as routine sampling by the users at their production sites. These campaigns included a variety of environmental parameters, depending on the specific environment and research question.

Figure 2-15: UK user taking WISP-3 alongside other measurements at Portnalong salmon farm, Scotland

In particular, in Norway and Portugal, intensive measurement programmes were carried out to understand the complex relationships between environmental conditions and production variables such as fish health or mortality and mussel growth (Figure 2-16).

12-06-2015

24-03-2016

02-08-2016

Figure 2-16: Growth stages of mussel seed sampled at the

2.4.3

Data from external sources

In addition to data from satellites and in situ data, data were also collected automatically from multiple external sources. The data from external data sources are primarily physical variables of relevance to the aquaculture operation. The list of retrieved variables includes but is not limited to meteorological variables, e.g. wind speed and air temperature; ocean variables, e.g. current speed, water temperature, salinity and wave height. The primary source of ocean model data is Copernicus Marine (formerly MyOcean), which provides a range of models, both global and regional, covering all areas of interest. The spatial resolution of the Copernicus data is by necessity relatively coarse, and using the data directly without downscaling models is not optimal.

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Data from automated buoys available via the EMODnet portal were also used when a buoy was located close enough to be relevant for a particular aquaculture site.

2.5

Case studies

To bring the findings and technical developments produced by AQUA-USERS into real life, case studies were conducted. The first case study applied the analytical framework set up for site characterisation and site selection. The cases comprised different types of aquaculture in different European regions. The second case study was planned to test and improve the first version of the AQUA-USERS app, which was primarily to be based on optical data from the WISP-3 instrument and earth observation data of chlorophyll. After populating the AQUA-USERS database with more data and expanding the functionalities, the third case study should validate the final app service as well as the web portal. Due to changes in the scheduling of precursor activities, it was however decided to merge case study two and three into one.

2.5.1 Case study “Site characterization/site selection” Being able to characterise the conditions important to aquaculture production is essential for future expansion of the industry. Knowledge on specific sites and on regional variability are necessary to select the most optimal production sites where conditions support maximum productivity combined with acceptable environmental impacts. Data, which describes these conditions spatially and temporally are therefore of high value. To demonstrate this an analytical framework was developed and tested together with the end users (Figure 2-17).

Figure 2-17: Analytical framework applied in AQUA-USERS for site characterisation/selection case studies

The aim of some cases was to improve the knowledge of an existing production area (site characterisation) while for the other cases it was to support selection of new production sites (site selection). Site characterisation supports the daily operation of the aquaculture production by increasing the knowledge of the production. Site selection does on the other hand have a longer

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perspective by focusing on the optimal locations for future production sites. Site selection does also support administrative management in regulation and licensing. The case studies were defined in close cooperation with the end users. In all, five cases were studied using available spatial and temporal data. The data comprised processed remote sensing observations, historical in situ measurements and results of deterministic modelling. The cases covered finfish (salmon, rainbow trout) in Scotland, Norway and Denmark as well as mussel production in Portugal and the Netherlands. Based on the objectives of the case, determinant factors for the site characterisation/selection were identified and (historical) data collected. In most cases, the primary data source was Earth Observation data, but in situ data measured by the project and external parties as well as deterministic modelling data were also important as data sources. For each case, the analytical framework was adapted to the case and implemented and analysed in a GIS environment. The outcome of the GIS analyses was maps describing production sites / identifying sites suitable for aquaculture production of the given species and in the given geographical area. The conducted case studies are described in Deliverable 6-1. After submission of the deliverable, further work was done on the case for selection of suitable sites for trout production in Danish marine waters to refine the data processing and the selection of indicators. At the end of the project, this led to a contract between DHI and the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food Production building on the work done in AQUA-USERS. This project expands the concept further and involves more analytical approaches. In summary, the AQUA-USERS case studies confirmed the applicability of defined framework and the concept of integrating spatial and temporal data from different sources.

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Figure 2-18 Flavours of the data acquired and processed and GIS procedure for the five case studies on site characterisatio /selection.

2.5.2 Case study “Daily management” After introduction of the AQUA-USERS web portal and app, users and stakeholder were interviewed via the AQUA-USERS web questionnaire. The user survey showed that one added value for the AQUA-USERS app would be to bring the data provided to the next level comprising interpretations of the data with specific focus on key information required in daily management. Such derived data provision was not part of the scope of the AQUA-USERS project, however for demonstration purposes, examples of further analysis were provided. 31

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To support aquaculture daily management is a challenge that requires data from different sources. The integration of various external sources was achieved in this project and users can access data both historical and near-real time, from models, buoys, satellite or in situ measurements available for their site. During Case study 2, the assessment and validation of data and products provided to users through the app and web portal were assessed and optimized. Overall, satellite data proved to be very useful in the characterization of the sites natural variability and establishment of thresholds. However, the location of the sites, mainly in coastal waters or in enclosed bays or fjords present a challenge to the use of satellite data. This was particularly verified in the Norwegian case where the assessment of Chl-a natural variability was not possible to determine due to lack of good satellite data for the region. Regarding the HAB products, detection methods rely in satellite data available and training of algorithms with past events. Although validation results were encouraging for the detection of K. mikimotoi in UK or L. polyedrum in Portugal, other regions revealed the need of collecting more data with wider geographical and seasonal distribution to allow further adjustments. The amount of data gathered and processed taking in consideration the users requirements and made available through the AQUA-USERS app and web portal are important tools for the daily management of aquaculture sites. However, to develop a daily management service that also includes a warning of upcoming problems it is important to identify the relationship between the water quality parameters monitored and the response of the fish and mussels to these parameters. First attempts to establish these links have been made under case study 3. In Portugal, where mussel growth was linked to Chl-a concentration (r=0.66, n=6), which is an indicator of food for filter feeders and first trials were conducted to simulate the growth of an individual mussels with the in situ environmental drivers and additionally experiments are planned to model growth at farm scale (Figure 2-19). However, more samples are needed to establish the relationship between growth and environmental drivers as well as to improve the parameterisation of the models.

Figure 2-19: Monitoring of mussel growth and condition to establish relationships with environmental variables

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For seaweed farming, the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms impacts the growth of the macroalgae. One re-occurring bloom influencing production is the spring bloom and early warning of the onset of these blooms can benefit farming of seaweeds as ideally harvest time for the seaweed is just before the bloom. To investigate if temperature can be used as a precursor warning of a coming bloom, for a seaweed culture farm in Norway a possible relationship between time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and the phytoplankton biomass (expressed by chlorophyll-a) was investigated that would confirm the usability of satellite SST observations to forecast the onset of the spring bloom. The case study showed that for the area and the 5-year period investigated, a relationship exists between the SST and the onset of the algal blooms. These first results are promising but further investigations are necessary to validate the predicted onset with actual occurrence of species such as bryozoan. Only if the results can be further validated, can a service be developed to forecast optimal harvest time based on SST data. Finally, for a fish farm in Norway, an initial analyses of the link between water quality and fish welfare were undertaken. Within the Norwegian salmon industry, relatively high mortality rates in the grow-out phase in the sea, and incidents of high unexplained mortalities during salmon lice treatments have raised the awareness about water quality, and how it impacts fish welfare either as a single factor or in combination with e.g. pathogens. Considering only the data collected during the AQUA-USERS period, there was no apparent relationship between mortality and algal biomass, TSM or Secchi depth. However, analysing AQUA-USERS collected data together with the historic data from the site revealed some clear correlations between environmental variables and mortality. The most robust result was that increased temperature and increased total abundance of phytoplankton led to increasing mortality. Among phytoplankton taxa, a high abundance of Prymnnesium parvum was associated with increased mortality. For the same total amount of phytoplankton, mortality decreased with increasing abundance of diatoms and flagellates. An easy measurable water quality parameter such as Secchi depth was not related to mortality. More research is required to reveal complex interactions between fish welfare and water quality that can form the basis for robust indicators to build into monitoring services and products, in order to reduce losses. In summary, there is potential to develop a daily management service that also includes a warning of upcoming problems, but interactions between the different environmental factors and the specific aquaculture are very complex and significantly more research is needed to develop such a service.

2.5.3 Product and service validation The work within AQUA-USERS has been carried out together with the user board, where the user board represents the interests and points of view of both end-user organizations and customers. The user board has throughout the project provided an independent assessment of users' needs and priorities and validates the service development. Furthermore the requirements defined by the user board have guided the method and tool development within AQUA-USERS in an iterative process to ensure that the services meet the users' needs. The validation of products and services and their performance and utility was the last step in this iterative process, and provided crucial information necessary for the further development of a commercial relationship with the involved users as well as potential new customers inside and outside Europe. In quality management systems, such as the ISO 9000, “validation” is together with “verification” a very important component. In principle, “verification” and “validation” are different but, in practice, the usage of these terms varies and sometimes they are even interchanged. In everyday language, verification is assessing whether “You built (designed) the product/service right” while validation is assessing whether “You built (designed) the right product/service”. The validation process uses objective evidence to confirm that the requirements which define whether an intended use or application of a product or service have been met. This is most often an external process and involves acceptance of fitness for purpose from end users and other product stakeholders. 33

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The requirements defining the intended use of the AQUA-USERS products have been identified through an ongoing dialogue with the user board throughout the project. Requirements have thereafter been discussed and the technological progress towards fulfilling the requirements has been on the agenda of user board meetings. A full verification and validation procedure to the quality of an ISO management system was not possible because of technical delays in producing the AQUA-USERS products. Nonetheless, despite the technical difficulties and the delay in the launch of Sentinel 3, the AQUA-USERS app, the Web portal, the HAB risk maps, the site characterization and selection service products were all available towards the end of the project and through the use of demonstrations, interviews and online questionnaires, we were able to carry out an initial verification and validation of the products with the user board members and other potential users of the products. The questionnaire revealed that all products were considered useful both among the user board members and the wider group of potential users. Between 86 and 95% of the respondents replied “very much so” or “to some extent”, “strongly agree” or “agree” when they were asked to rate the usefulness of the products/services. A high proportion (91-95 %) answered that the products gave and added value for their purposes, but the willingness to pay for the products/services was somewhat lower (47-71 % of those who answered the question confirmed a willingness to pay). The questionnaire also had some general questions regarding monitoring of water quality and HABs. The replies revealed that a significant proportion (around 60%) of the respondents (both user board members and other potential users) had either experienced HABs or knew about HABs affecting their area, and more than 80% replied that they would use a HAB prediction/warning service, where such a service was available.

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3 3.1

Potential impact Socio-economic impact and the wider societal implications of the project

AQUA-USERS has demonstrated value adding capability and has developed geo-information service provision to coastal aquaculture. A straightforward socioeconomic analysis was performed through a targeted survey of several potential user groups, including stakeholders from the aquaculture, tourism and health sectors. Additional socio-economic spin-off impact was assessed through exploration of the value chain for the Dutch and Portuguese mussel sector. Impact of prediction of HABs on the Dutch mussel sector Better prediction of HABs will give time for the mussel production companies, wholesaler or distributor to take mitigating measures. Mitigating measures can only be taken before the mussels are harvested. The impact of HABs on the mussel yield and the accompanying damage to the mussel production companies, fish wholesalers, distributors and consumers will be reduced. Since a prediction will always include some uncertainty, there is a chance that the prediction is wrong. The costs of unnecessary mitigating measures will cause additional damage. However, some parties already use a prediction system, e.g. a national HAB monitoring system, one used a satellite service, own observations or other newspapers. Also, the predictions of these systems will be uncertain. We assume that the AQUA-USERS satellite prediction will reduce the uncertainty level. Therefore, we assume that less unnecessary mitigating measures are taken. The number of HABs in the Dutch coastal waters have been somewhat limited, though an estimated economic damage in terms of 35 % reduction of turnover is substantial, and major damage was reported for the Phaeocystis bloom in 2001. The analysis shows that the potential damages of HABs for the mussel production industry, fish wholesalers and distributors are limited due to impact of a lower supply on the price. However, there may be substantial indirect damages to consumers, distributors and the processing industry (Figure 3-1). Currently, the value of earth observation information to predict HABs will be limited due to the low probability of HABs in the Dutch waters. In the future, the probability of HABs may increase, which will increase the value of better HAB prediction. The largest benefit will be the reduction of the indirect damages. The timing of the prediction is crucial for the reduction of the impact. In summary, an on-time prediction of HABs in a situation with more HABs will be most beneficial.

Figure 3-1: Value chain for the Dutch mussel sector (Illustration by: Rens van den Bergh, Deltares).

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Impact of prediction of HABs on the Portuguese mussel sector Prediction of HABs in the Portuguese region would allow the mussel farmers to harvest before bioaccumulation of toxins by the mussels. However, in this area, phytoplankton species produce toxins at low cell/L concentrations constraining the role of satellite remote sensing. The most common blooms such as Pseudo-nitzschia and Dinophysis, do not discolour the water and in the case of Dinophysis, the blooms are usually sub-superface which limits the capability of detection by satellites. Better optical characterization of the toxic species and the future hyperspectral satellite missions may be beneficial. For the detection of intense blooms of Lingulodinium polyedrum, the AQUA-USERS HAB detection tool may be promising, but currently, the value of earth observation information to predict HABs in the Portuguese waters is limited. Timing of the prediction would be crucial for the reduction of the impact.

3.2

Main dissemination activities and exploitation of results

3.2.1 Dissemination AQUA-USERS principle sources of outreach to the wider community are through its web site at www.aqua-users.eu, which was kept up to date throughout the project, a twitter account with an increasing number of followers (more than 200 at the end of the project), two newsletters, flyers and a policy briefs.

Figure 3-2: The AQUA-USERS Twitter account

In addition, over the duration of the project, there has been continuous contact with the key users (see section 2.1) through questionnaires, meetings, and demonstration of products, to involve them in the development and the validation of the products (see sections 2.3, 2.4, 2.5), using as far as possible, data from their farms. At the same time, there has been a continuous effort to disseminate

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the project through a variety of oral and poster presentations at events aimed at both national and international audiences in both science and industry. These are listed in section 4.2 and comprise 26 events with 42 presentations representing all the partners in AQUA-USERS. The project has so far yielded a total of 10 scientific publications, with several more being currently prepared (see section 4.1). Apart from these events, the project has been disseminated through trade journals and other fora for non-specialists, numbering 8 so far (more in preparation). Finally, the project has participated in 6 workshops with stakeholders including one in Norway, two in Denmark, one in Portugal, one in Scotland and one in Chile. The one in Scotland was particularly important, as project partners were able to present AQUA-USERS to a workshop and a trade booth at the EAS conference at Edinburgh in September 2016. This effort enabled the partners to obtain many responses from stakeholders to the questionnaire on the socio-economic impact and the wider societal implications of the project presented in section 3.1 above.

Figure 3-3: AQUA-USERS workshop and booth at the Aquaculture Europe conference

3.2.2 Exploitation Right from the start of the project, the consortium focussed efforts on exploitation and the business plan, with a draft and updated plan (D7.4) and a separate final plan at the end of the project (D7.9). Activities included the definition of the final AQUA-USERS services and their set up, a market analysis, analysis of competitors, SWOT analysis, cost estimation of the services, the IPR model, a business model as well as a discussion of the future plans with the services of the individual partners. Two services were identified: a site selection service and a daily management service. These services are composed of data products and tools developed within AQUA-USERS (such as the app and the portal, the WISP-3 and the HAB risk maps). While there is a larger number of stake holders, the key target customers are aquaculture producers. The market analysis focussed on the HABs as there is a clear business case for early warning of HAB events, based on the documented losses that aquaculture producers suffer from HABs. The evaluation of the services in the user questionnaires (see section 2.5.3) was very encouraging. The analysis of 51 responses to questionnaires used for section 3.1 has shown possibilities for offering a service level agreement to include: - assembled information for daily-management in the app; - access to near real time HAB maps for specific locations in the web mapping portal; - a strategic site characterisation /selection analysis. 65% of respondents found the app very useful and 29% to some extent. 62% of the respondents confirmed that they would be willing to pay for a subscription to the app. 49 % strongly agreed and 43% agreed that NRT HAB risk maps would be useful for them. As for historic HAB risk maps, 61 % of the respondents found these very useful and 39% useful to some extent. 60 % of respondents 37

Final report 17/11/2016

indicated that a site selection/site characterization tool that includes Earth observation (satellite) data would have very much added value for them, and 34% indicated some added value. 42 % were willing to pay for site selection analysis. For future collaboration of the consortium, a flexible model is followed which allows partners to group into service lines when customers request specific services. The composition of the service line for a particular service depends on the kind of service and area. All partners have stated which services they are interested in as well as indicated if any of their (shared) foreground comes with specific conditions for use. So far, there is no commercial AQUA-USERS service set up, but a number of potential users have indicated interest. Also, at least two partners already had some commercial spin off from AQUA-USERS.

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4 4.1

Use and dissemination of foreground List of all publications related to the foreground of the project

Scientific journals Brito, A., Sá, C., Mendes, C.R., Brand, T., Dias, A.M., Brotas, V. & Davidson, K. (2015). Structure of late summer phytoplankton community in the Firth of Lorn (Scotland) using microscopy and HPLC-CHEMTAX. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 167 (A): 86–101. Cristina, S.C.V, Moore, G.F., Goela, P.R.F.C, Icely, J.D. & Newton, A. (2014) In situ validation of MERIS marine reflectance off the southwest Iberian Peninsula: assessment of vicarious adjustment and corrections for near-land adjacency. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(6): 2347-2377. Cristina, S., Icely, J., Goela, P.C., DelValls, T.A. & Newton, A. (2015) Using remote sensing as a support to the implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive in SW Portugal. Continental Shelf Research, 108: 169–177. Cristina, S., Cordeiro, C., Lavender, S., Goela, P., Icely, J. and Newton, A. (2016) MERIS Phytoplankton Time Series Products from the SW Iberian Peninsula (Sagres) Using Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Based on Loess. Remote Sensing, 8(6), 449. Cristina, S., D’Alimonte, D., Goela, P.C., Kajiyama, T., Icely, J., Moore, Fragoso, B., and Newton, A. (2016) Standard and Regional Bio-Optical Algorithms for Chlorophyll a Estimates in the Atlantic off the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula. IEEE Geoscience Remote Sensing Letters, 13(6): 757761. Goela, P.C., Danchenko, S., Icely, J.D., Lubian, L.M., Cristina, S. & Newton, A. (2014) Using CHEMTAX to evaluate seasonal and interannual dynamics of the phytoplankton community off the Southwest coast of Portugal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 151: 112-123. Goela, P.C., Icely, J., Cristina, S., Danchenko, S., DelValls T.A. & Newton, A. (2015) Using bio-optical parameters as a tool for detecting changes in the phytoplankton community (SW Portugal). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 167(A): 125–137. Goela, P. C., Cristina, S., Kajiyama, T., Icely, J., Moore, G., Fragoso, B., & Newton, A. (2016) Technical Note: Algal Pigment Index 2 in the Atlantic off the Southwest Iberian Peninsula: standard and regional algorithms. Ocean Sci. Discuss: in review. Groetsch, P.M.M., Simis, S.G.H., Eleveld, M.A. & Peters, S.W.M. (2014) Cyanobacterial bloom detection based on coherence between ferrybox observations. Journal of Marine Systems, 140(A): 50–58. Groetsch, P.M.M., Simis, S.G.H., Eleveld, M.A. & Peters, S.W.M. (2016) Spring Blooms in the Baltic Sea have weakened but lengthened from 2000 to 2014. Biogeosciences, 13: 4959-4973.

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Conference proceedings Brotas, V., Couto, A., Sá, C., Amorim, A., Kurekin, A., Laanen, M., Peters, S., Poser, K., Brito, A., Eleveld, M., Dale, T., Groom, S., Sorensen, K., Hansen, L., Kaas, H., Fragoso, B., Andersson, H., Icely, J., Miller, P. & Huber, S. (2014). Deriving Aquaculture indicators from Earth Observation in the AQUA-USERS project (AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information Services). Extended abstract Ocean Optics XXII, 26-31 October 2014, Portland (ME), USA. Laanen, M., Poser, K., Peters, S., de Reus, N., Ghebrehiwot, S. , Eleveld, M., Miller, P., Groom, S., Clements, O., Kurekin, A., Martinez Vicente, V., Brotas, V., Sá, C., Couto, A., Brito, A., Amorim, A., Dale, T., Sørensen, K., Hansen, L.B., Huber, S., Kaas, H., Andersson, H., Icely, J., Fragoso, B. (2015) AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services. Extended abstract ESA Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop, 2 - 5 June 2015, Venice, Italy. Fragoso, B.D.D., Icely, J., Moore, G., Laanen, M., Ghebrehiwot, S. (2016) Ocean colour products from remote sensing related to in situ data for supporting management of offshore aquaculture. Extended abstract ESA Living Planet Symposiusm, 9-13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic. Huber, S., Hansen, L.B., Ramussen, M.O., Kaas, H. (2016) Characterisation of Danish waters with EO and modelling for aquaculture site selection. Extended abstract ESA Living Planet Symposiusm, 9-13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic. Icely, J., Cordeiro, C., Cristina, S., Lavender, S., Goela, P., Newton, A. (2016) Temporal Variability in MERIS water constituents modeled by STL decomposition in SW Iberian Peninsula: Sagres. Extended abstract ESA Living Planet Symposiusm, 9-13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic. Publications in trade journals Overvåker vannkvalitet i oppdrett med satellitt (2014). Norsk Fiskeoppdrett (4): 40-41 (Norwegian trade journal) Laanen, M., Peters, S., Poser, K., de Reus, N., Ghebrehiwot, S., Eleveld, M., Miller, P., Kurekin, A., Martinez-Vicente, V., Groom, S., Clements, O., Brotas, V., Amorim, A., Brito, A., Couto, A.B., Sá, C., Dale, T., Sørensen, K., Ledang, A.B., Boye Hansen, L., Huber, S., Kaas, H., Andersson, H., Icely, J, Fragoso, B. (2016). AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services. Aquaculture Europe 41(1), Magazine of the European Aquaculture Society (EAS), pp. 20-23. Fletcher, Rob (2016) HAB alert nears launch. Fish Farming Expert http://www.fishfarmingexpert.com/news/hab-alert-nears-launch/ Translated into Spanish and Norwegian and published as Fletcher, Rob (2016) Lanzaran herramienta de alerta temprana para FAN http://www.salmonexpert.cl/noticias/lanzaran-herramienta-de-alerta-temprana-para-fan/ Fletcher, Rob (2016) Nær lansering av varsel for skadelige alger mot havbruk http://kyst.no/nyheter/naer-lansering-av-varsel-for-skadelige-alger-mot-havbruk/

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Danish Aquaculture Newsletter December 2016 Collated by Hanne Kaas on behalf of the Consortium “AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services Other activities MARE-Marine and Environmental Science Centre-Newsletter, October 2016, Portugal Collated by Vanda Brota “AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services”

4.2

List of all dissemination activities

Presentations at national and international scientific conferences Date

Event

Location

11/13

Devotes Annual Meeting

12/13

Type

Lead author/ presenter

Title

Bilbao, ES Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Sagres SW Portugal-Understanding the effect of offshore aquaculture on biodiversity using satellite products

European Space Expo

Lisbon, TP

Oral

Vanda Brotas (FCUL)

Satellites see the colour of the sea. How can we use it to benefit society?

12/13

National Remote Sensing Conference

Lisbon, PT

Oral

Vanda Brotas (FCUL)

De que cor os satélites vêm o mar. Como podemos usá-la para beneficiar a sociedade?

03/14

NASF Marine Innovation Day

Bergen, NO

Poster

Trine Dale (NIVA)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

04/14

106th Annual Meeting of the National Shellfish Association

Jacksonvi lle, Florida, US

Oral

John Icely (SGM)

Approaches to monitoring offshore bivalve aquaculture at Sagres, Portugal

05/14

ECSA 54 Conference Coastal systems under change: tuning assessments and management tools

Sesimbra, Oral PT

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Incorporation of scientific knowledge into the regulation and management of sustainable offshore aquaculture at Sagres, Portugal

05/14

Sentinel 2 for Science Workshop

Frascati, IT

Poster

John Icely (SGM)

The potential contribution of Sentinel 2 to the management of offshore aquaculture in the coastal waters off Sagres

09/14

ICES Annual Science Meeting 2014

A Coruña, ES

Poster

Marnix Laanen (WI) / Ana

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

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Final report 17/11/2016

Amorim (FCUL) 10/14

European Aquaculture Society 2014

DonostiaSan Sebastian , ES

Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Adding ecological and economical value to offshore aquaculture at Sagres, Portugal

10/14

Ocean Optics XXII

Portland, Maine, US

Oral

Vanda Brotas (FCUL)

Deriving Aquaculture indicators from Earth Observation in the AQUA-USERS project (AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information Services)

10/14

Ocean Optics XXII

Portland, Maine, US

Poster

Philipp Groetsch (WI, VU/VUmc)

Meteorological forcing of Baltic summer bloom timing derived from remote sensing

10/14

7th EuroGOOS conference "Operational Oceanography for Sustainable Blue Growth"

Lisbon, PT

Poster

Marnix Laanen (WI) / Kai Sørensen (NIVA)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

10/14

7th EuroGOOS conference "Operational Oceanography for Sustainable Blue Growth"

Lisbon, PT

Poster

Pierre Jaccard (NIVA)

Real-time quality control of biogeochemical in situ measurements

11/14

First Mares Conference: Marine Ecosystems Health and Conservation

Olhão, PT

Poster

John Icely (SGM)

Monitoring approaches to understanding interactions of bivalve offshore aquaculture and the environment at Sagres, Portugal

09/14

Annual meeting in the Norwegian Oceanographers Association

Bergen, NO

Poster / Oral

Trine Dale (NIVA)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

02/15

ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting

Granada, ES

Oral

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Implementation of Bivalve Offshore Aquaculture within a Natural Park: Review of Tools for Assessing Impacts under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive

04/15

ICES Working Group on Harmful

Lisbon,

Oral

Peter Miller Satellite discrimination of harmful

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Final report 17/11/2016

Algal Bloom Dynamics

PT

(PML)

algal blooms

04/15

EGU General Assembly

Vienna, AT

Oral

Oliver Clements (PML)

AquaUsers: Improving access to remotely sensed data for nonspecialists

06/15

9th GEO European Projects Workshop

Copenha gen, DK

Poster

Marnix Laanen (WI) / Lars Boye Hansen (GRAS)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

06/15

9th GEO European Projects Workshop

Copenha gen, DK

Poster

Lars Boye Hansen (GRAS)

Comparison of chlorophyll-a algorithms for the Baltic Sea

06/15

Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop

Venice, IT

Poster

Marnix Laanen (WI)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

06/15

Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop

Venice, IT

Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Comparison Between Estimates for Chlorophyll a and Total Suspended Matter from Optical Readings with the WISP-3 Handheld Radiometer and Measurements from Water Samples at an Offshore Concession for Aquaculture off the SW Coast of Portugal

06/15

Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop

Venice, IT

Poster

Silvia Huber (GRAS)

Comparison of Algorithms to Derive Water Quality Indicators in the Baltic Sea

06/15

Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop

Venice, IT

Poster

Victor Martinez Vicente (PML)

Satellite detection of Harmful algal blooms: method development within the AQUA-USERS project

10/15

Aquaculture Europe

Rotterda m, NL

Oral

Marnix Laanen (WI)

AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services

10/15

Aquaculture Europe

Rotterda m, NL

Oral

Hanne Kaas (DHI)

Site selection of future large fish farms in inner Danish waters assisted by numerical modelling and GIS

10/15

Aquaculture Europe

Rotterda m, NL

Oral

John Icely (SGM)

Identification of constraints to aquaculture development within a National Park along the SW coast of Portugal

10/15

Aquaculture

Rotterda

Poster

Bruno

Interaction with aquaculture end-

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Final report 17/11/2016

Europe

m, NL

Fragoso (SGM)

users - approach within the AQUAUSERS project

10/15

Workshop “Oportunidades e Desafios nos programas Europeus de Observacao da Terra”

Lisbon, PT

Oral

Vanda Brotas (FCUL)

AQUA-USERS project AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information Services

10/15

Seminar at the Norwegian Environment Agency

Trondhei m, NO

Oral

Kai Sørensen (NIVA)

Satelittdata, sambruk med in situ data fra Ferrybox, fordeler og utfordinger

02/16

Mares Conference 2016

Olhão, PT

Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Monitoring approaches for supporting offshore aquaculture management and EU Directives at Sagres, Portugal

03/16

7th EUROLAG Symposium

Murcia, ES

Poster

John Icely (SGM)

Potential of a portable hyperspectral radiometer for assessing surface water quality in coastal lagoons and transitional waters

03/16

Oceanology International

London, UK

Oral

Peter Miller Satellite-based water quality (PML) monitoring for shellfish farms to support management decisions

05/16

ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016

Prague, CZ

Poster

Silvia Huber (GRAS)

Characterisation of Danish waters with EO and modelling for aquaculture site selection

05/16

ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016

Prague, CZ

Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

05/16

ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016

Prague, CZ

Poster

John Icely (SGM)

05/16

ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016

Prague, CZ

Oral

Marnix Laanen (WI)

Ocean colour products from remote sensing related to in situ data for supporting management of offshore aquaculture Temporal variability in MERIS water constituents modelled by STL decomposition in SW Iberian Peninsula: Sagres AQUA-USERS: AQUAculture USEr Driven Operational Remote Sensing Information Services

05/16

ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016

Prague, CZ

Poster

Vanda Brotas (FCUL)

44

Ocean Colour contribution to aquaculture management: bloom phenology, climatologies and thresholds. A case study under the AQUA-USERS project (AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing

Final report 17/11/2016

information services) 05/16

Aquaculture UK

Aviemore , UK

Oral

Peter Miller Satellite-based water quality (PML) monitoring for shellfish farms to support management decisions

09/16

Colour and Light in the Ocean from Earth Observation (CLEO)

Frascati, IT

Poster

Victor Martinez Vicente (PML)

Improvement of a HAB Detection Algorithm through Bio-Optical Measurements of Cultures

09/16

Colour and Light in the Ocean from Earth Observation (CLEO)

Frascati, IT

Poster

John Icely (SGM)

Ocean Colour Contribution to the Management of Offshore Aquaculture at Sagres, SW Portugal in an Era of Climate Change

09/16

Aquaculture Europe 2016

Edinburg h, UK

Oral

Victor Martinez Vicente (PML) / Peter Miller (PML)

Improvement of harmful algal bloom detection from satellites using laboratory data of phytoplankton optical characteristics

09/16

Aquaculture Europe 2016

Edinburg h, UK

Oral

Marnix Laanen (WI)

AQUA-USERS: Using Earth Observation to enhance site selection and operational management for aquaculture

09/16

Aquaculture Europe 2016

Edinburg h, UK

Poster

Silvia Huber (GRAS)

Using satellite information and modelling for aquaculture site selection and environmental monitoring

09/16

Aquaculture Europe 2016

Edinburg h, UK

Poster

Bruno Fragoso (SGM)

Offshore mussel aquaculture in SW Portugal, a case study in the AQUA-USERS project (AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information Services)

In addition to these scientific conferences, AQUA-USERS was also represented at a number of industry meetings and trade shows:  



North Atlantic Seafood Forum (NASF), 3-5 March 2014, Bergen, Norway o AQUA-USERS flyer and poster presentation Meetings with the Marine Aquaculture industry in Denmark o Ministry of Environment and Food 18 June 2015 o Meeting with marine aquaculture companies 12 Aug 2015 o Meeting scheduled for January 2017 with companies and Danish Aquaculture Association Portuguese Aquaculture Association (APA) X Seminário Aquícola, 29 th April 2016, Setúbal, Portugal

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Final report 17/11/2016

o





(Poster) General AQUA-USERS poster translated into Portuguese “AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information services” EAS Aquaculture Europe, 20-23 September 2016, Edinburgh, UK o Open workshop “Innovative satellite-based services for aquaculture” on 20 September o AQUA-USERS booth at trade show International seminar on the “Environmental challenges and new technological solutions for a changing salmon aquaculture on the 21st October 2016 in Chile in conjunction with AQUASUR conference / trade show

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5

References

Behrenfeld, M., Falkowski, P. (1997). A consumer’s guide to phytoplankton primary productivity models. Limnology and Oceanography, 42 (7), 1479–1491. Brotas V., Couto A.B., S C., Amorim A., Brito A., Laanen M., Peters S., Poser ., Eleveld M., Miller P., urekin A., Groom S., tland , Dale T., Sørensen K., Ledang A.B., Boye-Hansen L., Huber S., Kaas H., Andersson H., Icely J., Fragoso B. (2014) Deriving Aquaculture indicators from Earth Observation in the AQUA-USERS project (AQUAculture USEr driven operational Remote Sensing information Services), Ocean Optics, Portland, Maine, Oct-2014 Gohin, F., Saulquin, B., Oger-Jeanneret, H., Lozac'h, L., Lampert, L., Lefebvre, A., Riou, P., & Bruchon, F. (2008). Towards a better assessment of the ecological status of coastal waters using satellitederived chlorophyll-a concentrations. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 3329-3340 Kurekin A., Miller P., Woerd J. (2014). Satellite discrimination of Karenia mikimotoi and Phaeocystis harmful algal blooms in European coastal waters: merged classification of ocean colour data. Harmful Algae, 31, 163-176. Miller, P.I., Shutler J. D., Moore G. F., Groom S. B. (2006). SeaWiFS discrimination of harmful algal bloom evolution. Int. J. Remote Sens., 27(11), 2287-2301. Novoa, S., Chust, G., Sagarminaga, Y., Revilla, M., Borja, A., & Franco, J. (2012). Water quality assessment using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a within the European directives, in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 739-750 Platt, T., Sathyendranath, S., White, G.N., Yaco, C.F., Zhai, L., Devred, E., Tang, C. (2010). Diagnostic Properties of Phytoplankton Time Series from Remote Sensing. Estuaries and Coasts, 33, 428-439 Robinson, I. S. (2007). Discovering the Ocean from Space - the Unique Applications of Satellite Oceanography. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG. ISBN: 9783540244301. 684 pp. Stumpf, R.P., Culver, M.E., Tester, P.A., Tomlinson, M.C., Kirkpatrick, G.J., Pederson, B.A., Truby, E., Ransibrahmanakul, V., Soracco, M. (2003). Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data. Harmful Algae, 2(2), 147–160.

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