Floyd Vogt

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Floyd Vogt

Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

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Residential Construction Academy: Carpentry by Floyd Vogt

Executive Director: Alar Elken

Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Luck

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COPYRIGHT © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of The Thomson Corporation.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher.

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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 XXX 06 05 04 03 02 For more information contact: Delmar Learning 5 Maxwell Dr. Clifton Park, NY 12065 Or find us on the World Wide Web at http://www.delmarlearning.com

For permission to use material from this text or product, contact us by Tel (800) 730-2214 Fax (800) 730-2215 www.thomsonrights.com

Vogt, Floyd. Residential construction academy : carpentry / Floyd Vogt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-40181-343-7 1. Carpentry. 2. House construction. I. Title. TH5606.V64 2003 964—dc21 2002031336

NOTICE TO THE READER Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

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Table of Contents SECTION

1

Tools and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Layout Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Edge-Cutting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Tooth-Cutting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fastening Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Dismantling Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 2 Power Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 General Safety Rules . . . . . . . . Circular Saws. . . . . . . . . . . . . Saber Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reciprocating Saws . . . . . . . . . Drills and Drivers . . . . . . . . . . Cordless Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . Portable Power Planes . . . . . . . Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumatic Staplers and Nailers . Powder-Actuated Drivers . . . . . Stationary Power Tools . . . . . . Table Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miter Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review Questions . . . . . . . . . .

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25 25 27 28 29 31 32 32 34 35 40 40 41 43 44

Chapter 3 Wood and Wood Products . . . . . . . 46 Wood . . . . . . . . . . . Engineered Panels . . Nonstructural Panels . Engineered Lumber. . Review Questions . . .

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RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ACADEMY: CARPENTRY

Chapter 4 Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Nails . . . . . . . . Kinds of Nails . . Screws . . . . . . . Kinds of Screws . Bolts . . . . . . . . Anchors . . . . . . Connectors . . . . Adhesives . . . . . Review Questions

SECTION

2

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66 66 68 68 69 70 75 77 79

Rough Carpentry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Chapter 5 Blueprints, Codes, and Building Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Blueprints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Building Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Locating the Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Chapter 6 Concrete Form Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 The Nature of Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Types of Concrete Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Slabs Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Wall Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Concrete Forming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Stair Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Economy and Conservation in Form Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Concrete Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Placing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Estimating Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Constructing Footing Forms . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Erecting Wall Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Constructing Concrete Stair Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

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Table of Contents

Chapter 7 Floor Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Types of Frame Construction . . . . . . . . . . 145 Layout and Construction of the Floor Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Termites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Installing Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Installing Sills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Laying Out Floor Joists and Floor Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Framing Floor Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Installing Floor Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Installing the Band Joist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Laying Out and Cutting Wood Cross-Bridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Installing Bridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Installing Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Applying Plywood Subflooring . . . . . . . . . 177


Chapter 8 Wall and Ceiling Framing . . . . . . 180 . . . . . . . 183 . . . . . . . 186 . . . . . . . 192 . . . . . . . 195 . . . . . . . 200 . . . . . . . 204 Determining the Length of Studs . . . . . . . 204 Determining the Size of Rough Openings . . 206 Laying Out Wall Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Assembling Wall Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Erecting and Bracing Wall Sections . . . . . . 214 Installing Backing and Blocking . . . . . . . . 215 Layout and Spacing of Ceiling Joists . . . . . 216 Installing Metal Framing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Parts of a Wall Frame Exterior Wall Framing Interior Framing. . . . Ceiling Joists . . . . . . Steel Framing. . . . . . Procedures . . . . . . .

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Framing a Door Opening for a Three-Piece Frame . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Framing a Door Opening for a One-Piece Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219


Chapter 9 Scaffolds, Ladders, and Sawhorses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Metal Tubular Frame Scaffold . . . . . . . . . 225

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Erecting a Scaffold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Pump Jack Scaffolds Roofing Brackets. . . Ladders . . . . . . . . Construction Aids . . Scaffold Safety . . . . Procedures . . . . . .

Chapter 10 Roof Framing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Roof Types. . . . Gable Roof. . . . Gable Studs . . . Hip Roof . . . . . Valley Rafters. . Shed Roof . . . . Dormers . . . . . Roof Trusses . . Roof Sheathing. Estimating . . . Procedures . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Common Rafter Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Erecting the Gable Roof Frame . . . . . . . . . 282 Installing Gable Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Hip Rafter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Jack Rafter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Valley Rafter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Truss Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

SECTION

3

Exterior Finish

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Chapter 11 Windows and Doors . . . . . . . . . . 299 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Windows . . . . . . . . . . Window Installation . . . . . . . . Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parts of a Door Frame . . . . . . . Setting a Prehung Door Frame. . Door Fitting and Hanging . . . . . Installing Exterior Door Locksets Garage Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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301 304 307 309 316 318 320 320 322

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Table of Contents

Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Installing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Hanging Interior Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Chapter 12 Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 . . . . . . . . . . 341 . . . . . . . . . . 345 . . . . . . . . . . 345 . . . . . . . . . . 350 . . . . . . . . . . 352 Installing Asphalt Shingles . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Installing Roll Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Woven Valley Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Closed Cut Valley Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Step Flashing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Asphalt Shingles. Roll Roofing. . . . Flashing . . . . . . Estimating . . . . Procedures . . . .

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Chapter 13 Siding and Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vinyl and Aluminum Siding Cornices . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gutters and Downspouts. . . Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stairs and Railings . . . . . . Estimating . . . . . . . . . . . Procedures . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . 364 . . . . . . . . . . 373 . . . . . . . . . . 377 . . . . . . . . . . 380 . . . . . . . . . . 382 . . . . . . . . . . 384 . . . . . . . . . . 386 . . . . . . . . . . 387 Installing Horizontal Siding . . . . . . . . . . 387 Installing Vertical Tongue-and-Groove . . . . 390 Installing Panel Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Installing Wood Shingles and Shakes . . . . . 392 Applying Horizontal Vinyl Siding . . . . . . . 394 Applying Vertical Vinyl Siding . . . . . . . . . 399 Installing Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Building a Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

SECTION

4

Interior Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Chapter 14 Insulation and Wall Finish. . . . . . 411 Insulation and Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Types of Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Installing Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

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Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Drywall Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Concealing Fasteners and Joints. . . . . . . . 429 Sheet Paneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Estimating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Installing Flexible Insulation . . . . . . . . . . 438 Cutting and Fitting Gypsum Board . . . . . . 440 Making Cutouts in Wall Panels . . . . . . . . . 441 Installing Ceiling Drywall . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Installing Horizontal Drywall . . . . . . . . . . 443 Applying Joint Compound and Tape . . . . . 444 Installing Sheet Paneling . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Installing Solid Wood Paneling . . . . . . . . . 449 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Chapter 15 Interior Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Ceiling Finish. . . Interior Molding . Door Casings . . . Base Trim . . . . . Window Trim . . . Finish Floors . . . Estimating . . . . Procedures . . . .

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. . . . . 455 . . . . . 459 . . . . . 464 . . . . . 466 . . . . . 467 . . . . . 467 . . . . . 475 . . . . . 476 Constructing the Grid Ceiling System . . . . . 476 Applying Wall Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Applying Door Casings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 Applying Base Moldings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Installing Window Trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Installing Wood Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Chapter 16 Stair Framing and Finish . . . . . . . 495 Stairway Design . Stair Carriage . . Housed Stringer . Balustrade . . . . Review Questions

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497 504 512 517 526

Chapter 17 Cabinets and Countertops . . . . . . 528 Components of Manufactured Cabinets . . . 530 Installing Manufactured Cabinets . . . . . . . 537

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Table of Contents

Making a Countertop . . Cabinet Doors . . . . . . Hinges . . . . . . . . . . . Hanging Cabinet Doors Procedures . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . 537 . . . . . . . 541 . . . . . . . 542 . . . . . . . 545 . . . . . . . 549 Installing Manufactured Cabinets . . . . . . . 549 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

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Preface About the Residential Construction Academy ne of the most pressing problems confronting the building industry today is the shortage of skilled labor. The construction industry must recruit an estimated 200,000 to 250,000 new craft workers each year to meet future needs. This shortage is expected to continue well into the next decade because of projected job growth and a decline in the number of available workers. At the same time, the training of available labor is becoming an increasing concern throughout the country. This lack of training opportunities has resulted in a shortage of 65,000 to 80,000 skilled workers per year. The crisis is affecting all construction trades and is threatening the ability of builders to construct quality homes. These challenges led to the creation of the innovative Residential Construction Academy Series. The Residential Construction Academy Series is the perfect way to introduce people of all ages to the building trades while guiding them in the development of essential workplace skills, including carpentry, electrical wiring, HVAC, plumbing, and facilities maintenance. The products and services offered through the Residential Construction Academy are the result of cooperative planning and rigorous joint efforts between industry and education. The program was originally conceived by the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)— the premier association of more than 200,000 member groups in the residential construction industry— and its workforce development arm, the Home Builders Institute (HBI). For the first time, construction professionals and educators created national standards for the construction trades. In the summer of 2001, NAHB, through the HBI, began the process of developing residential craft standards in five trades: carpentry, electrical wiring, HVAC, plumbing, and facilities maintenance. Groups of carpentry employers from across the country met with an independent research and measurement organization to begin the development of new craft training standards. Care was taken to assure representation of builders and remodelers, residential and light commercial, custom single family and high production builders. The guidelines from the National Skills Standards Board were followed in developing the new standards. In addition, the process met or exceeded American Psychological Association standards for occupational credentialing. Next, through a partnership between HBI and Delmar Learning, learning materials—textbooks, videos, and instructor’s curriculum and teaching tools—were created to teach these standards effectively. A foundational tenet of this series is that students learn by doing. Integrated into this colorful, highly illustrated text are Procedure sections designed to help students apply information through hands-on, active application. A constant focus of the Residential Construction Academy is teaching the skills needed to be successful in the construction industry and constantly applying the learning to real-world applications. Perhaps most exciting to learners and industry is the creation of a national registry of students who have successfully completed courses in the Residential Construction Academy Series. This registry or transcript service provides an opportunity for easy access for verification of skills and competencies achieved. The registry links construction industry employers and qualified potential employees in an online database facilitating student job searches and the employment of skilled workers.

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About This Book home is an essential part of human life. It provides protection, security, and privacy to its occupants. It is viewed as the single most important possession a family can own. This book is written for students who want to learn how to build a home. This book is organized in four sections: Tools and Materials, Rough Carpentry, Exterior Finish, and Interior Finish. These sections and the chapters within them are presented in the order in which a home is constructed. We begin with an understanding of the tools and building materials used in residential construction. Hand and power tools provide the means to shape the material into the desired form. The choices of material are vast and change as technology provides better products to meet the needs of the industry. Fasteners hold it all together. Rough framing creates the outline of the building. The learner will understand how a building grows and seems to come alive where empty space once existed. Carpenters begin where the masons leave off by installing the floor and walls. Workers are required to work above the ground using scaffolds and ladders; safety is a constant focus for the learner throughout the book. Once skill at working above ground is achieved, the roof is erected. After the outline of the building is completed, it is ready for the finishes that make the building weathertight and comfortable. The learner then moves on to the exterior finish that covers the frame, protecting it from the effects of weather and seasonal changes. Each locale has its particular climatic influence. Some regions are cold and homes there must be well insulated; others are warm but subject to high winds and hurricanes. Other areas are somewhere in between. The exterior finish defends the home and makes an architectural statement of style. Interior finish provides flat surfaces ready for decor. It completes the boundary between the outside and the warmth or coolness of inside. The learner is introduced to many different types of materials that may be used for finishing the interior and exterior building surfaces. This book is designed to present information in a step-by-step fashion. Learners are expected to understand the skills and techniques of earlier chapters before going on to new material. The learners’ knowledge of construction grows with the home. Yet, just as it is OK to cut lumber using your right hand or your left, variations in construction techniques do exist. It should be understood at the outset that there is more than one way to do most tasks. The techniques adopted for this book are time tested and chosen for their simplicity and straightforward approach, making the presentation of this information as easy as possible. Life as a construction worker is a noble profession. Workers have the opportunity to work with their hands in a creative manner. Taking materials delivered to the site and generating a structure can bring someone’s dream to fruition. Anyone with the desire to do so can learn the skills to accomplish the tasks of home construction. It is to those students who choose to follow our forefathers into the field of construction that this book is dedicated.

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About This Book

Features This innovative series was designed with input from educators and industry professionals and informed by the curriculum and training objectives established by the standards committee. The following features aid learning:

Learning features such as the Introduction, Objectives, and Glossary set the stage for the coming body of knowledge and help learners identify key concepts and information. These learning features serve as a road map for continuing through the Glossary of Wood and Wood Product Terms chapter. Learners also may use them as an on-the-job reference. CHAPTER 3 Wood and Wood Products

Chapter

3

Wood and Wood Products

air dried technique of removing wa-

he construction material most often associated with a carpenter is wood. Its flexibility and durability make it the first choice in many applications in home construction. Wood is easy to tool and work with, pleasing to look at and smell, and strong enough to last a long time.

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plain-sawed a method of sawing

ter from lumber using natural wind currents

right angles to joists, studs, and rafters to form and support openings

annular rings the rings seen when

heartwood the wood in the inner

viewing a cross-section of a tree trunk; each ring constitutes one year of tree growth

part of a tree, usually darker and containing inactive cells

lumber that produces flat-grain where annular rings tend to be parallel to the width of the board

lumber general term for wood that

board lumber usually less than

is cut from a log to form boards, planks, and timbers

2 inches thick

Lumber is manufactured from the renewable resources of the forest. Trees are harvested and sawn into lumber in many shapes and sizes with a variety of characteristics. It is necessary to understand the nature of wood to get the best results from its use. With this knowledge, the carpenter can protect lumber from decay, select it for appropriate use, work it with proper tools, and join and fasten it to the best advantage. The industry of engineered lumber has emerged to reduce manufacturing waste and improve the strength of wood products. These improvements to manufacturing efficiency have led to better stewardship of the natural resource. Products have been developed from reconstituted wood in the form of large panels, commonly called plywood, and other shapes for use as structural members of a building. They are collectively referred to as engineered lumber. The types and styles of wood and wood products are abundant. To be able to use these materials to the best efficiency, the tradesperson must understand them. This understanding begins with an ability to measure and calculate quantities accurately.

header framing members placed at

board foot a measure of lumber volume that equals 1 foot square and 1 inch thick or any equivalent lumber volume. The letter M is used to represent 1000 board feet. cambium layer a layer just inside the bark of a tree where new cells are formed

coniferous trees that are cone-bearing; also known as evergreen trees deciduous trees that shed leaves each year

dimension a term used to define a measurement of an item; also used to refer to all 2x lumber used in framing

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quarter-sawed a method of sawing lumber that produces a close grain pattern where the annular rings tend to be perpendicular to the width of the board

sapwood the outer part of a tree

medullary rays bands of cells radi-

just beneath the bark containing active cells

ating from the cambium layer to the pith of a tree to transport nourishment toward the center

sawyer a person whose job is to cut logs into lumber

millwork any wood products that have been manufactured, such as moldings, doors, windows, and stairs for use in building construction; sometimes called joinery

tempered treated in a special way to make a material harder and stronger

timbers large pieces of lumber over

on center (OC) the distance from the center of one structural member to the center of the next one

5 inches in thickness and width

panel a large sheet of building material that usually measures 4 ⫻ 8 feet pith the small, soft core at the cen-

dry kiln large ovens used to remove water from lumber

ter of a tree

finger joint a process where shorter lengths are glued together using deep, thin V grooves resulting in longer lengths

OBJECTIVES After completing this unit, the student should be able to: X define hardwood and softwood and give examples of some common kinds. X state the grades and sizes of lumber. X measure linear foot and compute square foot and board foot measure. X describe the composition, kinds, sizes, and several uses of: plywood, oriented strand board, particleboard, hardboard, medium-density fiberboard, and softboard. X describe the uses and sizes of: laminated veneer lumber, parallel strand lumber, laminated strand lumber, wood I-beams, and gluelaminated beams.

46

Active learning is a core concept of the Residential Construction Academy Series. Information is heavily illustrated to provide a visual of new tools and tasks encountered by learners. Chapters also contain a Procedures section that takes the information and apProcedures Constructing Footing Forms plies it so that learning is accomplished through doing. In the Procedures, various tasks in home construction are grouped in a stepby-step approach. The overall effect is a clear view of the task, making learning easier. 130

SECTION TWO Rough Carpentry

A Stretch lines back on the batter

A

CHAPTER 6 Concrete Form Construction

C Erect the inside forms in a manner

BATTER BOARD

boards in line with the outside edge of the footing. This is done by measuring from the saw kerf on the batter board ledger toward the outside of the building, one-half the wall thickness. Suspend a plumb bob from the batter board lines at each corner.

SAW KERF

LINE

131

C

similar to the outside forms. Place stakes for the inside forms opposite those holding the outside form. Level across from the outside form to determine the height of the inside form. LEVEL

INNER EDGE FORM

TOPSOIL

PLUMB LINE

BACK SLOPE

B Drive corner stakes to the correct

• Before erecting the inside forms, cut a number of spreaders. These are nailed to the top edges of the form. They tie the two sides together and keep them the correct distance apart. Their length is the width of the footing plus twice the form board thickness.

OUTSIDE EDGE FORM SPACE FOR TILING OR WATERPROOFING WALL

FOOTING TRENCH, SHARP CUT OR USE FORM BOARDS

elevation and stretch lines between the stakes if desired. • Begin forming with the outside form board using stakes to hold the sides in position. Space stakes 4 to 6 feet apart or as necessary to hold the form straight. Fasten the sides by driving nails through the stakes. Using duplex nails will speed up form removal. Keep the top inside corner of this form as close as possible to the line without touching it. Be sure the form does not touch the line. If the form touches the line at any point, the line is moved and is no longer straight. Continue forming the outside of the footing in this manner all around.

WALL LINE

D Fasten the spreaders across the

NO FILL

B

LINE THICKNESS OF EDGE FORM INTERMEDIATE STAKE

MOVE BUILDING LINES TO REPRESENT OUTSIDE OF FOOTING

BATTER BOARD

PLUMB BOB INTERMEDIATE STAKES LINE EXCAVATED AREA

form at intervals necessary to hold the form the correct distance apart. Brace the stakes where necessary to hold the forms straight. In many cases, no bracing is necessary. Footing forms are sometimes braced by shoveling earth or placing large stones against the outside of the forms. • After the footing concrete has hardened sufficiently, remove and clean the footing forms. The salvaged forms can be reused. Never leave any form board behind to be buried because it will draw termites.

D

1" X 4" SPREADER

2" X 4" BRACE

2" X 8" SIDE

1" X 4" STAKE

2" X 4" STAKE

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Safety is emphasized throughout the text to instill safety as CHAPTER 2 Power Tools

an attitude among learners. Safe job site practices by all workers are essential; if one person acts in an unsafe manner, all workers on the job are at risk for injury. Learners will come to appreciate that safety is a blend of ability, skill, and knowledge that should be continuously applied to all they do in the construction industry. Figure 2-6 Retracting the guard of the portable circular saw by hand.

• CAUTION: Keep the saw clear of your body until the saw blade has completely stopped. Always remember, it can still cut other things as long as the blade is spinning. Let the waste piece drop clear and release the switch. • Sometimes, when cutting an angle, it may be necessary to retract the guard beforehand, holding with a thumb (Fig. 2-6). Release the handle after the cut has been started and continue as previously directed.

Caution features highlight safety issues and urgent safety reminders for the trade.

Making Plunge Cuts Many times it is necessary to make internal cuts in the material such as for openings in floors, walls, and countertops. To make these cuts with a circular saw, the saw must be plunged into the material. • Lay out the cut to be made. Wear eye and ear protection. • Adjust the saw for depth of cut. • Hold the guard open and tilt the saw up with the front edge of the base resting on the work. • Move the saw blade over, and in line with, the cut to be made. • Making sure the teeth of the blade are not touching the work, start the saw. • Lower the blade slowly into the work by rotating with the front edge of the base as a pivot. • Follow the line carefully, until the entire base rests squarely on the material (Fig. 2-7).

From Experience offers tricks of the trade and mentoring wisdom that make a particular task a little easier for the novice to accomplish.

CAUTION: Do not move the saw backwards as it may cause severe damage to the operator and material when it runs backwards up out of the cut.

Figure 2-7 Making a plunge cut with a portable circular saw. First retract the guard, place the front edge of the saw base on the material, and then pivot the running saw slowly into the material.

• Advance the saw into the corner. Release the switch and wait until the saw stops before removing it from the cut.

Saber Saws The saber saw (Fig. 2-8) is sometimes called a jigsaw. It is widely used to make curved cuts. There are many styles and varieties of saber saws. Some saws can be switched from straight up-and-down strokes to several orbital (circular) motions to provide the most effective cutting action for various materials. The base of the saw may be tilted to make bevel cuts. Many blades are available for fine or coarse cutting in wood or fine cutting in metal. Wood cutting blades have teeth that are from 6 to 12 points to the inch. Blades with coarse teeth (less points to the inch) cut faster but rougher. Blades with more teeth to the inch may cut slower but produce a smoother cut surface.

Figure 2-8 The jigsaw may be used either in straight or orbital cutting actions.

CHAPTER 4 Fasteners

102

Review Questions

SECTION TWO Rough Carpentry

are brought to the same elevation by moving those points up or down to get the same reading. Tape is often used as a target. The end of the tape is placed on the point to be leveled. The tape is then moved up or down until the same mark is read on the tape as was read at the starting point. The simplest target is a plain 1 ⫻ 2 strip of wood. The end of the stick is held on the starting point of desired elevation. The line of sight is marked on the stick. The end of the stick is then placed on top of various points. They are moved up or down to bring the mark to the same height as the line of sight (Fig. 5-31). A stick of practically any length can be used. For longer sightings, the leveling rod is used because of its clearer graduations. A variety of rods are manufactured of wood or fiberglass for several leveling purposes. They are made with two or more sections that extend easily and lock into place. Rods vary in length from two-section rods extending 9'-0" up to seven-section rods extending 25'-0".

from the benchmark. The benchmark is a point of designated elevation that is accessible at all times during the construction.

b

Laying out a Horizontal Angle After leveling a transit-level over the point of an angle, called its vertex, loosen the horizontal clamp screw. Rotate the instrument until the vertical cross hair is nearly in line with a distant point on one side of the angle. Tighten the clamp screw. Then turn the tangent screw to line up the vertical cross hair exactly with the point. By hand, turn the horizontal circle scale to zero. Loosen the clamp screw. Swing the telescope until the vertical cross hair lines up with a point on the other side of the angle. Tighten the horizontal clamp screw. Then turn the tangent screw for a fine adjustment, if necessary (Fig. 5-32).

a. b. c. d.

c

d

FROM EXPERIENCE

a. b. c. d.

Errors and confusion can occur if the level lines are near the center of the stick. Clearly mark the top or bottom of the stick to reduce the risk of turning the stick over.

e

f 2 MARK STICK

BUILDER’S LEVEL

i

interior finish. exterior finish. door jambs. roof shingles.

1)

1!

3 TELESCOPE IS TURNED 4

5

STICK IS PLACED NEXT TO GRADE STAKE AND MOVED UP OR DOWN UNTIL MARK IS SIGHTED

GRADE STAKE IS MARKED IN LINE WITH BOTTOM OF STICK

MARK ON GRADE STAKE

toggle screw. lag screw. conical screw. flat head screw.

The name of a heavy-duty anchor used in masonry is the a. b. c. d.

BOTTOM OF STICK PLACED ON DESIRED ELEVATION

The same. Twice as long. 21⁄2 times as long. 3 times as long.

The large screw used in wood and with lead shields is called a a. b. c. d.

1

common nails. duplex nails. galvanized nails. brads.

As a general rule, how should the length of a nail compare to the thickness of the material being fastened? a. b. c. d.

j

made of high-strength masonry. thinner than box nails. brittle. sharp.

On temporary structures, such as concrete forms, nails used for easy removal are a. b. c. d.

Casing nails are used to fasten a. b. c. d.

LEVEL LINE OF SIGHT

h

coated. dipped. electroplated. galvanized.

types of screws. small box nails. small finishing nails. kinds of stove bolts.

Care should be taken when driving masonry nails because masonry nails are a. b. c. d.

Brads are a. b. c. d.

WOOD STICK

g

11⁄2 inches. 2 inches. 21⁄2 inches. 3 inches.

Fasteners coated with zinc to retard rusting are said to be

79

Select the most appropriate answer.

face nailing. back nailing. toenailing. all of the above.

The length of an eight penny nail is a. b. c. d.

Establishing Elevations Many points on the job site, such as the depth of excavations, the height of foundation footing and walls, and the elevation of finish floors, are required to be set at specified elevations or grades. These elevations are established by starting

The term that describes driving nails straight into the material is called

27

wedge anchor. drop-in anchor. sleeve anchor. all of the above.

Wood-to-wood connectors should be fastened in place with a. b. c. d.

roofing nails because of their larger head. common nails because of their extra length. anchor nails because of their special size. casing nails because of their proper sized head.

GRADE STAKE

Figure 5-31 Using a stick for a target.

Review Questions complete each chapter. These are designed to reinforce the information learned in the chapter and to give learners the opportunity to think about what has been learned and what they have accomplished.

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About This Book

Turnkey Curriculum and Teaching Material Package We understand that a text is only one part of a complete, turnkey educational system. We also understand that instructors want to spend their time on teaching, not preparing to teach. The Residential Construction Academy Series is committed to providing thorough curriculum and prepatory materials to aid instructors and alleviate some of their heavy preparation commitments. An integrated teaching solution is ensured with the text, Instructor’s e.resource™, print Instructor’s Resource Guide, and student videos.

e.resource™ Delmar Learning’s e.resource™ is a complete guide to classroom management. The CD-ROM contains lecture outlines, notes to instructors with teaching hints, cautions, answers to review questions, and other aids for instructors using this series. Designed as a complete and integrated package, e.resource also provides suggestions for when and how to use the accompanying PowerPoint, Computerized Test Bank, and Video package components. An Instructor’s Resource Guide is also available.

PowerPoint The author has created a series of PowerPoint presentations that give thorough, step-by-step overviews of the crucial topics of the course. These presentations can be used to introduce or review the topics.

Videos The Carpentry Video Series is an integrated part of the Residential Construction Academy Carpentry package. This video series steps viewers through the process of constructing a home. The series contains a set of eight, 20-minutes videos that cover everything from the basics of obtaining the building permit to the detail work of interior trim. Special geographic considerations are addressed to more accurately reflect building practices throughout the United States. In addition, the videos offer such features as Carpenter’s Tips and Safety Tips full of practical advice from the experts. The complete set includes: Video #1–Building Layout; Video #2–Form & Concrete Placement; Video #3–Sub-Flooring & Wood-Bearing Walls; Video #4–Truss Installation; Video #5–Window & Door Installation; Video #6–Interior Trim; Video #7–Interior Partition Framing; Video #8–Stair Construction.

CD Courseware This package also includes computer-based training that uses video, animation, and testing to introduce, teach, or remediate the concepts covered in the videos. Students will be pretested on the material and then, if needed, provided with suitable remediation to ensure understanding of the concepts. Posttests can be administered to ensure that students have gained mastery of all material.

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About the Author he author of this text, Floyd Vogt, is a sixth-generation carpenter/contractor. He was raised in a family with a small business devoted to all phases of home construction and began working in the family business at age 15. After completing a B.A. in chemistry from the State University of New York College at Oneonta, Mr. Vogt returned to the field as a self-employed remodeler. In 1985, he began teaching at SUNY Delhi College of Technology in Delhi, New York. He is currently an Associate Professor of Carpentry at Delhi, where he has taught many courses, including Light Framing, Advanced Framing, Math, Energy Efficient Construction, Finish Carpentry, and Estimating. Mr. Vogt is a Carpentry regional coordinator for the Vocational Industrial Clubs of America (VICA) and serves as a post-secondary VICA student advisor.

T

Compliance with Apprenticeship, Training, Employer, and Labor Services (ATELS) These materials are in full compliance with the Apprenticeship, Training, Employer, and Labor Services (ATELS) requirements for classroom training.

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Acknowledgments Carpentry National Skill Standards The NAHB and HBI would like to thank the many individuals, members, and companies that participated in the creation of the Carpentry National Skill Standards. Special thanks are extended to the following individuals and companies: Karen Butts Vinyl Siding Institute

Jack Sanders Home Builders Institute

Kevin Eddy Les Eddy & Sons General Contractors, Inc.

David Sitton Beazer Homes

Tim Faller Field Training Services

Ed Snider Beazer Homes

Fred Humphreys Home Builders Institute

David VanCise Indian River Community College

Bob Jenkins Maryland Correctional Training Center

Floyd Vogt Delhi College of Technology

Eric Listou Top Quality Remodeling

Ray Wasdyke Wasdyke Associates

Mark Martin Penobscot Job Corp Center In addition to the standards committee, many other people contributed their time and expertise to the project. They have spent hours attending focus groups, reviewing and contributing to the work. Delmar Learning and the author extend our sincere gratitude to: Greg Fletcher Kennebec Valley Technical College

David McCosby New Castle School of Trades

Tim Lockley George Jr. Republic Vo-Tech

Lester Stackpole Eastern Maine Technical College

Mark Martin Penobscot Job Corp Center

David VanCise Indian River Community College

Finally, the author would like to thank Greg Black, for his work on the photos, and Steve Munson of Munson’s Building Supplies (Oneonta, NY), for his gracious contributions.

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