THUR et al., 1993. VEMBANAD. Fm. MANG-. LORE Fm. NEIL Fm. LONG Fm. POR. T MEADOW. Fm. ANDAMAN BASIN PANDEY et al. 1992. INGLIS Fm. KALA-.
MEGA CHART-II
STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES, MAJOR HIATUSES AND PALEOBATHYMETRY (PALEOENVIRONMENTS) DURING THE PROTEROZOIC AND PHANEROZOIC OF THE HIMALAYAN REGION, PENINSULAR AND PERICRATONIC BASINS OF INDIA Compiled by Dr. D.S.N. RAJU IN COLLABORATION WITH P. RAMESH, RAVI SHANKER, GOPENDRA KUMAR, O.N. BHARGAVA, S. PRABHAKARAN, S.G.K. MOHAN, S. UPPAL, KAPESA LOKHO AND BIRENDRA P. SINGH
VISEAN
TOURNAISIAN
372.2
375
494.0 497.0 500.5 504.5 509.0 514.0
AGE 2
529.0
FORTUNIAN
MACHHAL Fm/ MARINAG Fm.
LIPAK Fm.
PIR MA BED
MISHRA et al., 1993
BIKANER-NAGAUR BASIN
MISHRA et al., 1993
BARMER BASIN
MISHRA et al. 1993
RAJASTHAN (JAISALMER BASIN)
BROACH Fm.
KAND Fm.
THARAD Fm.
KADI Fm.
KALOL Fm.
BHAVNAGAR Fm.
TARAPUR Shale
VIRAMGAM Fm.
WADHWAN Fm.
SONGIR Fm.
DHARA NGADHRA Fm.
UMIA FORMATION
NO DATA
DHANDUKA Fm.
after JAY KRISHNA (1998)
NO DATA
PORT MEADOW Fm.
PANDEY et al., 1993
CAMBAY BASIN GUJARAT ALLUVIUM
JAMBUSAR Fm.
ZUTSHI et al., 1993
SAURASHTRA BASIN DECCAN TRAP
BHUJ Fm.
NALIYA Fm.
ANKLESWAR Fm YOUNGER CAMBAY Shale
DEVGARH Fm.
OLPAD Fm.
PANNA Fm. BELAPUR Fm.
NO DATA
MARINE MAASTRICHTIAN IN MEHSANA HORST
RATNAGIRI Fm.
MUKTA Fm.
HEERA Fm.
MAHUVA Fm.
BASSEIN Fm.
DECCAN TRAP
COCHIN Fm.
Sst. Mem.
BARATANG Fm. KARMATANG
BOMBAY Fm.
MAHIM Fm.
WAYANAD Fm.
JAFARABAD Fm.
BARATANG FORMATION
PALK BAY Fm.
ZUTSHI et al., 1993
KUTCH BASIN
ZUTSHI et al., 1993
BOMBAY OFFSHORE
WARKALI Fm.
CHINCHINI Fm.
VEMBANAD Fm.
MATHUR et al., 1993
KERALA - KONKAN BASIN TRICHUR Fm.
PANDEY et al. 1992
ANDAMAN BASIN
VEDARNNYAM Limestone NANNILAM Fm.
KARAIKAL Shale ANDIMADAM Fm.
Shale
PENNAR
Claystone
NELLORE
GOLLAPALLI Fm.
QUILON Fm.
MADANAM Limestone PORTONOVO Fm.
KAMALAPURAM Fm.
Shale SATTAPADI Fm.
PARUR Fm.
KOMARAKSHI
SUB SURFACE
MATTUR Fm.
VRIDDHACHALAM PONDICHERRY AREA AREA
KARAI Fm.
DALMIAPURAM Fm.
NANDIGAMA Fm.
Sandstone
KANUKOLLU
Sandstone
BAPATLA
GAJULAPADU Shale
VANJIYUR Fm.
TIRUTTURAIPUNDI Sandstone
SUB SURFACE
VADAPARRU Shale
Sandstone
UPPER JALANGI Fm.
NIMMAKURU RAGHAVAPURAM Shale
OUTCROPS (TRICHIRAPPALLI AREA)
BURDWAN Fm.
RAVVA Fm.
RAJAHMUNDRY Sandstone
DIAMOND, HARBOUR Fm.
MATLA Formation
SIWALIK Fm.
DHARAMSALA Fm.
OPHIOLITE BELT BAMANGAON Fm.
NGILE Fm.
PANDEY, 1986
MAHANADI OFFSHORE
WEST BENGAL BASIN
MAHESH CHANDRA et al. 1993
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
TRIPURA CACHAR, MIZORAM & SW MANIPUR
after KAPESA LOKHO, 2005 & PRESENT WORK
AROUND PFUTSERO
after BHATIA & DAVE, 1996
HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS KALIGHAT Fm.
DALBUING Fm.
MORAN GROUP
TIPAM GROUP
MORAN GROUP
TYNYPHE WELL
after KUMAR 1997
ARUNACHAL HIMALAYA YINKIONG GROUP
LOWER
DISANG GROUP
TIKAK PARNAT Fm. BARAGOLALI Fm. NAOGAON Fm.
BHUBAN Fm.
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
SCHUPPEN BELT, NAGA HILLS FOLD BELT
UPPER ASSAM PLAIN
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
DISANG GROUP
THERRIA Fm.
AMILE Fm.
TANSEN GROUP
DHANSIRI VALLEY
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
MIKIR HILLS
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
KHASI & JANITIA HILLS BHUBAN Fm.
SIWALIK GROUP
GARO HILLS
BHATIA & BHARGAVA 2004, 2006
LESSER HIMALAYA
BHATIA & BHARGAVA 2004, 2006
TETHYS & HIGHER HIMALAYA
DARJEELING SIKKIM
after RANGA RAO-1983, DESHPANDE et al., 1993, KUMAR-1997, GUPTA & BISHWAS-2000.
SHUKLA et al., 1994, KUMAR et al., 1996, PRASAD & ASHER-2001.
MATERA Fm.
SIWALIK GROUP
UPPER SIWALIK MIDDLE SIWALIK LOWER SIWALIK
SIWALIK GROUP
DUMRI Fm. BHAINSKATI Fm.
TANSEN GROUP
SYLHET FORMATION
INDOGANGETIC ALLUVIUM
INCLUDING LESSER HIMALAYA
NEPAL & SOUTHERN TIBET
THAKUR-1992, JUYAL-1997, MATHUR & JUYAL 2000 SIWALIK GROUP
UPPER SIWALIK MIDDLE SIWALIK LOWER SIWALIK
SIWALIK GROUP
UPPER SIWALIK MIDDLE SIWALIK LOWER SIWALIK
SIWALIK GROUP
UPPER SIWALIK MIDDLE SIWALIK LOWER SIWALIK
SIWALIK GROUP
GARHWAL REGION
AUDEN, 1934 SRIKANTIA & BHARGAVA 1998
HIMACHAL REGION
MATHUR & JUYAL 2000
JAMMU REGION
CENTRAL CRYSTALLINE CORDILLERA ZONE
KUMAR et al. 1978; ARORA et al. 2002
KUMAUN BASIN
LINGHI GROUP BARISHONG Fm. SHODUG Fm.
MANDAPETA Sandstone RANI GANJ Fm. BARAKAR Fm.
LOWER GONDWANA
LOWER GONDWANA GROUP
GONDWANA
GONDWANA GROUP
LACHI Fm.
PUGA Fm.
NEO-PROTEROZOIC MESO-PROTEROZOIC
EARLY PERMIAN
BHUANA Fm.
TALCHIR Fm.
Marine Transgression
Opening of Neotethys
VII
Wide spread regression of sea
Warming of climate major transgression of shallow sea central India, KG., Cauvery, Assam (Paleotethys III)
VI
299.0Ma: Ca290-Hercynian
KOMMUGUDEM Formation/
306.5 Ma: Tianshanian 318.1Ma: Fenestella bearing shale marker throughout Tethys Hialaya.
DRAKSHARAMA Argillaceous
326.4Ma: Appearance of vascular plant, evolution and extinction of Pre - Gondwana flora, appearance of fish
GULIANGIAN
? GRANITE (ca 500 Ma)
NAGTHAT
Fm. CHANDPUR Fm. MANDHALI Fm.
INDEX
1
HIATUS MAJOR/GAP DUE TO THRUSTED CONTACT UNCONFORMITY (MINOR) NON-MARINE MARGINAL MARINE
NOTE: THE BOUNDARIES OF DIFFERENT FORMATIONS ARE ADJUSTED TO TIME SCALE OF 1999, BUT THE EXACT TIME LIMITS OF MANY FORMATIONS OR THE MAGNITUDE OF HIATUSES ARE NOT KNOWN. THIS TABLE IS MEANT TO BE VERIFIED AND UPDATED.
4
HI
M
AL
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
2 5 3
SRINAGAR
AY AN
9a
MAP OF INDIA
6
7
9b 22
8 9c
CH
DEHRADUN
IN
10
A
11 DELHI
BIKANER NAGAUR BASIN
JAISALMER BASIN
NEPAL
12
LUCKNOW
32 JAISALMER
GANGA VALLEY
13
14
CARBONATE PLATFORM SHALLOW I.S. 0-20m 20-50m 50-100m
AVADH Fm.
GRANITE GNEISS (ca 1050Ma)
GRANITE GNEISS
SHUMAR Fm.
SARDA Fm.
BUNDEL KAND GRANITE GNIESS COMPLEX
100-200m
JAISHIDANDA Fm.
TAKHTSANG Fm. NASPE Fm. SURE Fm. JAISHI
DANDA Fm.
Biotite Granite Gneisses
BATHYAL DEEP SEA FAN/TURBIDITE DATA GAP VOLCANICS
Ultramafic
Dykes and Sills
GAS OIL
The current concept of S.V. Srikantia and O.N. Bhargava is: the Spiti-Kinnaur & Zanskar represent one single basin. The Kinnaur is also in a way continuasation of the Spiti-Kamaun segment of the larger Spiti-Zanskar basin. The Kashmir basin is somewhat isolated.
BANGLADESH
GANDHI NAGAR
29
30
DHANBAD
VINDHYAN BASIN
SOUTH REWA BASIN
31
SAURASHTRA BASIN
VADODARA
CHATTISGARH BASIN
MUMBAI OFFSHORE BASIN
BASTAR BASIN
MUMBAI
28
KALADGHI
BHIMA
S
AS
18
21
Vast shallow marineLagoonal carbonate dominating platform covering areas of Kurnool, Bhima, Vindhyan, Lesser Himalaya.
B B
E
A O N
Y F G
A
RANDHA Fm.
L
BAY OF BENGAL
m
0 20
JODHPUR Fm.
27
200m
PORT BLAIR
85 E DEEP OFFSHORE 0
BASIN THAT COULD HAVE GENERATED HYDROCARBONS
LEGEND
25
PRODUCING BASINS 1. MUMBAI OFFSHORE BASIN 2. CAMBAY BASIN
26
3. ASSAM SHELF 4. ASSAM-ARAKAN FOLDBELT
10
00
m
SRI LANKA
INDIAN OCEAN
5. KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN 6. CAUVERY BASIN Offshore Basin Limit is upto 2000m. ISOBATH/MARITIME BOUNDARY
SEDIMENTARY BASIN OF INDIA 1) KARAKORAM 2) SHYOK SUTURE ZONE 3) INDUS SUTURE ZONE 4) KASHMIR BASIN 5) NORTH ZANSKAR 6) SOUTH ZANSKAR 7) SPITI REGION 8) KUMAUN BASIN 9a) JAMMU REGION
11) 12) 13) 14)
GANGA BASIN DARJEELING SIKKIM BHUTAN GARO HILLS
15) KHASI AND JANITIA HILLS 16) MIKIR HILLS 17) UPPER ASSAM SHELF 18) SCHUPPEN BELT, NAGA HILLS FOLD BELT & NE MANIPUR
9b) SHIMLA REGION 9c) GARHWAL REGION
19)
10) NEPAL AND SOUTHERN TIBET
21)
ARUNACHAL HIMALAYA
20) NAGALAND SUB SURFACE TRIPURA, CACHAR, MIZORAM & SW MANIPUR
III c
CADOMIAN Probable wide spread peneplanation
3000m
CHENNAI
IV
33
A N ASIN H IS I B R K AR AV D GO
24
S
23
KOLKATA
DECCAN SYNECLISE
AM
WEST BENGAL BASIN
DAMODAR VALLEY
SATPURA BASIN
F
L HE
20
DISPUR
PATNA
JHANSI
KUTCH BASIN
17 16 15
PURNEA
SOURCE: MODIFIED AFTER: (a) THAKUR 1992, (b) THAKUR 1992 MATHUR & JUYAL 2000, (c) THAKUR 1992 MATHUR & JUYAL 2000, (d) THAKUR 1992 MATHUR & JUYAL 2000, (e) THAKUR 1992 MATHUR & JUYAL 2000, (f) SRIKANTIA & BARGAVA 1998, (g) ARORA et. al. 2002, (h) ARORA et. Al. 2002, (i) MATHUR & JUYAL 2000, ( j) SRIKANTIA & BHARGAVA 1998, (k) THAKUR 1992 MATHUR & JUYAL 2000 (l) SHUKLA et.al.1994 PRASAD & ASHER 2001. (n) (o), (p) RAVISHANKAR et al, (2002), ACHARYA (1996), MATHUR & JUYAL (2000) GOPENDRA KUMAR (1999), (q) HAQ et al,(1997),RAVI SHANKAR et al,(2002) (r) RAVI SHANKAR et al,1999 & Raju et al,(2005)
19
BHUTAN
m m 00 00 10 30
MANDI DARLA GROUP
MANILA Fm.
LEGEND
m 000m 00 1
KULU GROUP
RAMPUR GR. /SUNDER NAGAR GR
BLAINI GROUP
Ca 500 PAN AFRICAN Development of evaporites, phosphatic deposits, rapid diversification of evolution of life
30
PALEO-PROTEROZOIC
PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC
DIURI Fm.
I
JUTOGH GROUP
ROHTANG CENTRAL CENTRAL GNEISSIC CRYSTAL- CRYSTALLINE LINE COMPLEX 4000
VIII
216.5 to 228.0Ma: Oldest non-Therian mammal
BAP Fm.
R VA DA
4000
BLAINI GROUP
CHAMBA Fm.
2500
Archaean
Marine Transgression, Global sea level raise.
167.7Ma: YOM-I (K): Final collision of Kimmerian microcontinent with eurasia uplift
LATHI Fm.
EARLY PERMIAN (SHALLOW MARINE)
O -G TA HI
3000 3500
RILKOT Fm.
SIDERIAN
2500
SETIK HOLA Fm
AN
2400
GROUP
PR
2300
BURFU Fm.
RAMSU Fm.
2050
2300
SUB-
P
2200
PARAHIO
1400
RHYACIAN
JAISALMER Fm.
BADHAURA Fm.
EE
2100
160Ma: Marion hotspot located near Godavari cross trend, opening of Bay of Bengal
BAISAKHI Fm.
CHINTALAPUDI Formation
DW
2000
GARBYANG Fm.
ECTASIAN
OROSIRIAN
IX
135Ma: Spreading between India and Australia-Antarctica starts
253.8 Ma: Yiningian
HA
1900
PARIWAR Fm.
SARNU Fm.
2. KUDAVASAL Shale
KS
1800
SHIALA Fm.
1200
1800
detached from India
GRANITE (ca 370 Ma)
BAMRAS YONG Fm
STENIAN
STATHERIAN
118Ma: Incipient kurgulem plume
251.0 Ma: Indosinian-I (Kazarian)
LA
1700
3
1000
1600
1. BHUVANAGIRI Fm.
LA
1600
KALI Fm.
1 2
TONIAN-I
CALYMMIAN
SUB SURFACE
m
1500
FORMATIONS
3000
1400
Major drop in sea level of the order of 125m.
INDOSINIAN- II: Development of neotethys
RA
1300
major hiatus in Indian Basins
166Ma: Rifting of Indian plate from Africa begns
KE
1200
Major Transgression in India
plate from Gondwana land.
8. METTUVELI Fm.
MORIN KORI-CO HORE FS DEEP OF
1100
90Ma: (Upper Turonian) Marion plume, breakup of Madagascar from India,
203.6 to 216.5Ma: Ptilophyllum flora appeared
AR
1000
X
5. NINIYUR Fm.
LS
900
850
Drop in sea level of the order of 75m.
177Ma: Major anoxic event (Tethys, Europe)
SK
800
CRYOGENIAN-II
XI a
115Ma:Rajmahal volcanism, appearance of angiosperm
4. KALLAMEDU, OTTAKOVIL Fm.
IL H
700
Major drop in sea level of the order of 125m.
megaflora, breakup of Indian
JAISALMER Fm.
3. KALLANKURICHCHI Fm.
OT
NEO PROTEROZOIC- III
650
HABUR Fm
LATHI Fm.
AN I-Z
VENDIAN
600
OUTCROPS
XI b
BHARIBHAD Fm.
JHURIO Fm. KALADUNGAR Fm.
IT
595
BASAL Member
JHUMARA Fm.
BAY CAM N I BAS
585 590
SERAU Fm.
1. DECCAN TRAP
FO
560
580
Member
Drop in sea level of the order of 80m.
124 Ma : Seychallis
FORMATIONS
SP
555
575
?
SAGIPURA Fm.
550
570
GHUNERI
JHURAN Fm.
LATE JURASSIC
PANCHET Fm.
RANGIT PEBBLE BED
1. KURGIAKH 2. KARSHA 3. PARAHIO
NUTNUS
541.0
565
UKRA Member
XIIa
Evoporite
489.5
521.0
540 545
KRISHNA Fm
5. DAMAN Fm.
Major drop in sea level of the order of 170m.
51Ma: Collision in Indus Suture Zone
YOM-II: Subduction of Indian plate under Tibetian and Burmese plates
NAGAUR Fm.
535
ANDIMADAM Fm.
4. ALIBAG Fm.
UPPER Member
XIIb
BILARA Fm.
530
3. PANVEL Fm.
PARH Fm. GORU Fm.
2. PIPAVAV Fm.
2. ANAIPADI CALCARINITE
DAMUDA Fm.
FORMATIONS
AGE 3
TERRENEUVIAN
525
1. DIU Fm.
XIII
Major drop in sea level of the order of >150m.
zone, Burmese-suture zone; development of Gondwana and other Grabens
65Ma: KTB, YOM-III: Giant mantle plume, deccan volcanism, uplift-erosion, collision in Pakistan area, closing of indus suture.
22) HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS 23) WEST BENGAL BASIN 24) KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN 25) CAUVERY BASIN 26) ANDAMAN BASIN 27) KERALA-KONKAN BASIN 28) BOMBAY OFFSHORE 29) KUTCH BASIN 30) SAURASHTRA BASIN 31) CAMBAY BASIN 32) RAJASTHAN (JAISALMER BASIN) 33) MAHANADI BASIN
III b
SIBAOAN GRANVILLIAN OROGENY BREAK IN SEDIMENTATION Birth of prototethys, widespread marine transgression
III a
1350Ma: Probably the oldest record of animal from India
BASEMENT GRANITE AND RHYOLITE
420
AGE 4
FORMATIONS
PALANA Fm
BIRMANIA Fm.
515
AGE 5
SIVAGANGA/ TERANI Fm.
1
MARH Fm.
SANU Fm.
MALANI SUITE BASEMENT COMPLEX
510
DRUMIAN
GOLLAPALLI Fm.
1
2
XIV
R
505
GUZHANGIAN
MIKIR TRAP
2
KORI Fm.
1
MA
CAMBRIAN
500
FURONGIAN
PAIBIAN
RA JM TRAAHAL P
RAGHAVAPURAM Shale
SILLAKUDI Fm.
7
FATEHGARH Fm.
AN
495
?
Sandstone
3
6
DECCAN TRAP
AKLI Fm.
47Ma: India-Asia collision, continent collision of IndiaTibetian and central burmese plates, regression of Subathu
XV
sea and closing of Indus suture
MATAJI KA DUNGAR Fm.
BARMER Fm
R le DE a OL Y Sh BA AM
C
KAPURDI Fm.
MY
485.4
JIANGSHANIAN
DHANANJAYPUR Fm.
CHINTALAPALLI Shale TIRUPATHI
8
DECCAN TRAP & ANJAR INTER TRAPPEANS
KHUIALA Fm.
JOGIRA Fm.
NARCONDAM DEEP OFFSHORE
TREMADOCIAN
490
BO LP Fm UR .
Shale
MATANOMADH Fm.
SA M FO -AR LD A BE KAN LT
477.7
AGE 10
SYLHET TRAP
4
RAZOLE Fm.
5
KALSI
JAFARABAD Fm.
AS
470.0
FLOIAN
485
MS-1
KARASUR Fm.
KASARGOD Fm.
NAREDI Fm.
COBAR I N N A M A D AN BASIN
467.3
480
MAHADEO Fm.
PALAKOLLU Shale
Sst. Mem.
BELAPUR Fm.
BANDAH Fm.
M AH BA AN SI AD N I
DARRIWILIAN
LOWER
?
G
PASARLAPUDI Fm.
LIPA
?
HARUDI Fm.
N
475
?
AL T HA
. m F
MS-2
.
PANDANALLUR Fm.
Alt. Mem
FULRA LIMESTONE
41.3Ma : HOM I : Development of Murree Foredeep Rapid subsidence in Pericratonic Basins
SI
470
458.4
DAPINGIAN
MOABUND Fm.
?
GI Fm
Sandstone
NEIL
FULRA LIMESTONE
Major Transgression
16.4 Ma: HOM II (S): Development of Siwalik Foredeep
BA
465
453.0 SANDBIAN
MIDDLE
LOWER Lst.
LOW JALAN
MS-3
BHIMANAPALLI
KARWAR Fm.
1 2
SI N
460
UPPER Sst.
GEKU Fm
TURA Fm.
MS-4
TIRUPPUNDI Fm.
BURMA DERA Fm.
7.0 to 7.5 Ma: Ramapithecus punjabicus
DADHAR Fm.
PA H
ORDOVICIAN
455
TUR
MS-5
Sandstone
2.5 to Recent : Very high rate of Sedimentation 2.58 to 3.60 Ma: HOM III (S)
TARKESHWAR Fm.
TUNA LIMESTONE
TUNA LIMESTONE
SHUMAR Fm.
BABAGURU Fm.
NARAYAN SAROVER Fm.
MANIYARA FORT Fm.
5
4
NAVIBANDAR Fm.
KHARINADI Fm.
BA
445.2
UPPER
LAKADONG Lst. (M)
?
SUBATHU Fm.
MS-6
HOOGLY Fm.
ER Y
450
KATIAN
. m F A
SYLHET Fm.
MS-7
MATSYAPURI
CALICUT Fm.
3
CHHASRA Fm.
UV
HIRNANTIAN
LAKADONG Sst. (M)
UPPER
GOLF GREEN Member
NERAVY Fm.
KALA- PORT PANI BLAIR Fm. Fm.
20 0m
445
SYLHET Fm.
UPPER KOPILI Fm. DISANG Fm.
LOWER
MEMARI Member
STRAIT Fm.
CANNANORE Fm
CU DA P
443.8
SYLHET Fm. . m F A R U T
KOPILI Fm.
RENJI Fm. JENAM Fm. LAISONG Fm.
Sandstone
INGLIS Fm.
HOM-IV(1)(K):Upliftment of MHB
JHAGADIA Fm.
DWARKA Fm.
KANDLA Fm.
CA
RHUDDANIAN
SYLHET Fm. . m F A R U T
Amguri (M), Charali (M)
LAISONG Fm.
LOWER
UPPER
MS-8
MAMGROL Fm.
TAPTI BANDRA Fm. Fm.
AN
AERONIAN
438.5 440.8
Amguri (M), Charali (M)
KOPILI Fm.
BARAIL GR.
JENAM Fm.
MIDDLE
MATSYAPURI
LONG Fm.
KOVILKALAPPAL Fm. SHIYALI Clst.
ST
TELYCHIAN
UMLATDOH Lst. (M)
KOPILI Fm.
SURMA GR.
MS-9
RAVVA Fm.
MANGLORE Fm
KI
433.4
PRANG (M) NARPUH Sst. (M)
KOPILI Fm.
DISANGMUKH Fm.
UPPER BHUBAN Fm.
LOWER
MS-10
PANDUA Fm.
TITTACHERI Fm.
PA
SHEINWOODIAN
KOPILI Fm.
BARAIL GR.
DEMULGAON Fm.
RENJI Fm.
BOMDILA GROUP
430.5
RENJI Fm. JENAM Fm. LAISONG Fm.
RUDRASAGAR Fm. DEMULGAON Fm. DISANGMUKH Fm.
TOURMALINE GRANITE
SE LA GROUP
HOMERIAN
MIDDLE LOWER
GRANITE GNEISS DIRANG Fm./ LUM LA Fm.
440
LOWER
425.6 427.4
NITI Fm. RAMBAKOT (=CHOCOLATE) Fm.
RIRI LIMESTONE
435
LUDFORDIAN GORSTIAN
TAKCHE Fm.
430
UPPER
423.0
ZANSKAR CRYSTALLINE
425
PRIDOLI
HAIMANTA GROUP
SILURIAN
420
MUTH QUARTZITE
419.2
THANGO Fm.
LOCHKOVIAN
BATAL Fm.
410.8
KUMZAM LA Fm.
PRAGIAN
TAKCHE Fm.
407.6
MUTH QUARTZITE
LOWER
MUTH QUARTZITE
415
EMSIAN
BHUBAN UPPER Fm. MIDDLE
LOWER SIWALIK (KIMIN Fm.)
MIDDLE
MS-11
SANDHAN Fm.
MARH Fm.
Rise of sealevel By 100m, Last 14000 Years
V
TRAHAGAM /KARIHUL
410
393.3
LOLAB (KAHIYAR) Fm.
405
EIFELIAN
POLOKONG LA AND RUPSHU GRANITES
400
387.7
TSO-MORARI CRYSTALLINE COMPLEX
395
MIDDLE
LUD- PRILOW DOLI
390
GIVETIAN
WENLOCK
385
382.7
LIANDOVERY
380
PHANEROZOIC PALEOZOIC DEVONIAN
FRASNIAN
THAPLE Fm.
UPPER
MARGAN SHALE Fm.
370
AISHMUQAM Fm.
FAMENNIAN
SANUGBA GROUP
365
PHE Fm.
360
KUMZAM LA Fm.
358.9
354
LIPAK Fm.
355
after ARORA et al., 2002
SUBATHU Fm.
350 LOWER
REGIONAL ZANSKARSPITI-KINNAUR
SRIKANTIA & BHARGAVA-1998, BHARGAVA & BASSI-1998, BHARGAVA et al. 2004, MYROW et al.2006.
SPITI REGION
NANDA & SINGH-1976, SRIKANTIA et al. 1977, GARZANTI et al. 1986, DRAGNITIS et al. 2004, SINGH-2006 MYROW et al., 2006.
SOUTH ZANSKAR
THAKUR-1992, MATHUR & JUYAL-2000, MATHUR-2002
346.7
IL B KA . O B Fm
DEDZA FORMATION
MIDDLE
A TIP
MIDDLE SIWALIK (SUBANSIRI AND DAFLA Fm.)
RANA- DEBAGHAT Fm.GRAM Fm.
FORMATIONS
MANAS PHUNSHO- PANGLING Fm SARI Fm. Fm.
330.9
(
LOWER m. F R PU D . BIN R Fm O . G PU m I F) JA L I AB-1133m K BO(T 950
UPPER
?
JAINTI Fm.
SERPUKHOVIAN
UJAGR. R I G M
ILA IT . P DU Fm
UTTARLAI Fm.
Neotectonic block movements Eustatic adjustments, glaciation Toba ash bed associated with Toba eruption 74 kyr b.p. HOM-IV (2): Formation of sub-Himalaya, Indo-Gangetic and Brahmputra Basins
BARISHONG Fm.
UPPER
0 m. 1300-230 F N T
17
UPPER
?
BAXA GROUP
323.2
m)
DESHICHIILNF Fm.
345
BASHKIRIAN
UPPER
NA
MANETING Fm.
340
LOWER
BOKABIL Fm.
LAKWA Sst. GELEKI Sst.
G Fm.(T >200m) N A S M
SINGHI Fm.
335
315.2
AT H G A R O KH Sst.
NAZIRA Sst. GIRUJAN Fm.
UPPER SIWALIK (KIMIN Fm.)
NEIL Fm.
PORBANDAR Fm.
QUARTZITE
330
MOSCOVIAN
KHORAGHAT Sst. BOKABIL Fm.
M A P I T
GR.
NAMSANG Fm.
DIHING
CHEKHA Fm.
325
MIDDLE
307.0
PANGJANG/ GUNGDANG Fm.
TANG CHU GROUP
320
KASIMOVIAN
303.7
M A P I T
GR.
NAMSANG Fm.
DHEKIAJULI Fm.
MS-12
TSO-LHMO Fm.
PELE LA GROUP
315
UPPER
GZHELIAN
MUKUT Fm.
SALKHALA GR.
CARBONIFEROUS
310
MISSISSIPPIAN
305
PENNSYLVANIAN
300
298.9
THINIGAON Fm.
THIMPHU GR.
ASSELIAN
NISHAT BAGH Fm.
NG Fm. NAMSA N GP MORA
DHEKIAJULI Fm.
DIHING GR.
ALLUVIUM
ALLUVIUM & MILIOLITE
SAND DUNES
REGRESSIONS
1. GARUDAMANGALAM Fm.
KANCHANJUNGHA
295
295.0
GANMACHIDAM Fm.
TARAP Fm.
GORUBATHANRAYANG-DALING BAXA
SAKMARIAN
GUNGRI Fm.
PANJAL VOLCANIC Fm.
DIHING Fm.
m) (T 300-1600
NARASAPUR Claystone
GODAVARI Clay
?
CHUNGTHANG
290.1
AQTASH Fm.
OLDER ALLUVIUM
VENKATARENGAN et al. 1993
MAJOR TECTONIC/ SUPER GEOLOGICAL/ SEQUENCES BIOTIC GRESSIONSEVENTS
KARNPUR Fm.
ARTINSKIAN
OLDER ALLUVIUM
VENKATARENGAN et al. 1993
TILHAR Fm.
283.5
HANSE Fm.
GUNGRI Fm.
FENESTELLA SHALES Fm.
290
KUNGURIAN
CHOMULE Fm.
MIKIN Fm.
AGGLOMERATIC SLATE
285
272.95
TAGLANG LA Fm.
280
ROADIAN
268.8
KHALSAR Fm.
275
WORDIAN
NIMALOKSA Fm.
TINDARA Fm.
ZEWAN Fm.
CHHONG TASH Fm.
270
265.1
SANGLUNG Fm. KAGA Fm.
KULING Fm.
OLDER ALLUVIUM
BENGAL ALLUVIUM
CAUVERY BASIN
7. ALADI Fm.
KHREUH Fm.
KHUNAMUH Fm.
SASER BRANGSA Fm.
PERMIAN
265
251.2 INDUAN CHANGHSINGIAN 251.902 254.14 WUCHIAPINGIAN 259.1 CAPITANIAN
CISURALIAN
260
GUADALUPIAN LOPINGIAN
LOWER
OLDER ALLUVIUM
NEWER ALLUVIUM OLDER ALLUVIUM
KRISHNAGODAVARI BASIN
MAJOR EUSTATIC CHANGES v/s TRANS-
6. VALUDAVUR Fm.
UJHANI Fm.
247.2
MORGO Fm.
OLDER ALLUVIUM
SURFACE
THINI Fm.
ONLY SUPER SEQUENCE IV ACCORDING TO SHANKER
250
OLENEKIAN
242.0
KIOTO Fm.
(2900m)
245
ANISIAN
HANSE Fm.
LAPTAL Fm.
SISNE Fm.
MIDDLE
SYLHET TRAP
BAGUNG Fm
KIOGAD Fm.
TAMBA KURKUR Fm.
LADINIAN
255
NORTH ZANSKAR
KUMAR et al. 1986, SRIKANTIA & BHARGAVA-1983, BHATT-1989, ARORA et al. 2002, O.N. BHARGAVA-2005. SEE PAMPHLET FOR TABLE OF LIDDER VALLEY
KASHMIR BASIN KAREWA GR.
237.0
HANGRANG Fm.
NEWER ALLUVIUM
MIKIR TRAP
FERRUGINOUS OOLITE Fm.
KERABARI Fm.
CARNIAN
ALAROR Fm.
NEWER ALLUVIUM
?
MUDING UNIT
CHITLANG Fm. & PHULCHAUKI Fm.
VOLCANICS 227.0
240
MAHADEO Fm.
NUPURA Fm.
DAR Fm.
235
SHYOK
QUARTZITE BEDS
NUNULUKA Fm.
L I B A K BO m. F
NEWER ALLUVIUM
?
DAMGAD Fm.
TRIASSIC
230
A 0m) R U T 4-50
DADEL DHURA CRYSTALLINES GROUP
215 225
Fm.
GR.
SUB SURFACE
NEWER ALLUVIUM
DZONG UNIT
KALIGALDAKI SUPER GROUP
210
UPPER
BARAIL GR.
SYLHET Fm.
DEOBAN
208.5
220
(RADIOLARIAN CHERTS)
RAUTGARA Fm.
RHAETIAN
NORIAN
BALCHADHURA Fm.
KROL GROUP
205
NILKANTH LIMESTONE
BERINAG Fm.
HETTANGIAN
PARA Fm.
ANGARTOLI Fm.
A Fm.
NAGALAND
NEWER ALLUVIUM
LANGR.AR Fm.
TAL GROUP
200
199.3 201.3
IL DUPIT M TIPA
KOPILI Fm.
JOMOSOM Fm.
SINEMURIAN
.
Fm A L I T I P U D
LOWER SIWALIK (Fm. I)
CHUNABATI Fm.
LAPTAL BEDS
190.8
195
LOWER SIWALIK
FERRUGINOUS OOLITE Fm.
PLIENSBACHIAN
190
KAMLIAL
BOULDER SLATE Fm.
LOWER
KAKARA Fm.
GARHWAL GROUP
185
14.3
DIHING Fm.
KAKARA Fm.
JAUNSAR GR.
182.7
SUBATHU Fm.
TAL GROUP
TOARCIAN
DAGSHAI Fm.
KROL GROUP
174.1
FERRUGINOUS OOLITE Fm.
NAGRI CHINJI
MIDDLE SIWALIK
MIDDLE SIWALIK (Fm. II)
?
SIMLA GROUP
AALENIAN
CHARIAN BADIAN
?
CHIKKIM (JHANGU) Fm.
93.5
PO Fm.
MIDDLE
166.1 168.3 170.3
BHANKAS Fm. BHORLEGAON Fm.
?
KANJI LA Fm.
FERRUGINOUS OOLITE Fm.
163.5 CALLOVIAN BATHONIAN BAJOCIAN
JANGLI KHOLA Fm
8.5
U. SIWALIK
U.SIWALIK (Fm. III)
OLDER ALLUVIUM
4
SHALI GROUP/ LARJI GROUP
DHOSAIAN
OXFORDIAN
SUBATHU Fm.
JEORI-WANGTU GNEISSIC COMPLEX
157.3
KIOTO LIMESTONE
180
KATROLIAN
PO Fm.
175
152.1
WUMUH Fm.
170
TITHONIAN
WUYAN Fm.
165
UMIAIAN
DAGSHAI Fm.
BOULDER BED
(T 2
GREAT LIMESTONE/ RIASI LIMESTONE
JAI-I 141.93
KIMMERIDGIAN
CHOR KHOLA Fm.
DHOK PATAHAN
18.3
KASAULI Fm.
DIKLAI
NEWER ALLUVIUM
NEWER ALLUVIUM
UPPER ASSAM SHELF
MO CHU Fm.
136.76
145.0
UPPER
18.3
(TERRACE ALLUVIUM)
RIPAKHA Fm.
JAI-II
139.80
KAMLIAL
NEWER ALLUVIUM
WACHI LA Fm.
127.88
132.90
14.3
GLACIAL, FLUVIAL & LAUSTRINE DEPOSITS
CHEBESA Fm.
JAISALMERIAN
VALANGINIAN
MESOZOIC JURASSIC
160
121
129.40 HAUTERIVIAN
KAMLIAL
CHINJI
SURAI KHOLA Fm.
CHITRAKOOT Fm. VARIEGATED CLAYS
CHUHK & KAGBENI Fm.
JAI-III
SUBATHU Fm.
KATARIGALI Fm. MANJIR Fm.
113.00
BARREMIAN
14.3
GIRTHI Fm.
110.89
125.00
CHINJI
10.8
DOBATA Fm.
NABI Fm.
JAI-IV
APTIAN
MURREE Fm.
10.8
NAGRI
SPITI Fm.
105.05
ALBIAN
145 155
101.18 NAL-I
BERRIASIAN
150
NAL-II
105.05
18.3
BILJU Fm.
NALLURIAN
KAMLIAL
NAGRI
8.5
DUDHAURA Fm.
KALA PANI LIMESTONE
100.50
14.3
8.5
DHOK PATAHAN
HIGH LEVEL RIVER TERRACES
KRINGKRONG Fm.
96.08
CENOMANIAN
CHIKKIM Fm.
MAMAL Fm.
140
94.30
VOLCANICS
135
93.52
LAMAYURU Fm. / FLYSCH
130
ANA-I
SALTORO FLYSCH Fm.
125
ANAIPADIAN
BURTSA Fm.
120
92.99 ANA-II
NAL-III
LOWER
115
PHANEROZOIC
110
TRI-I
QAZIL LANGER Fm.
CHIKKIM Fm.
ZOZAR Fm.
105
TRICHINAPOLYIAN
SALTORO MOLASSE/ KOLE MOLASSE NUBRA OPHIOLITIC MELANGE
71.3
PANJAL TRAP (BASALTS)
100
86.66
HUNDRI Fm.
95
93.90
CHINJI
MILAM Fm.
CRETACEOUS
TURONIAN
89.8
10.8
DHOK PATAHAN
5.44
GIUMAL SANDSTONE
90
86.3
NAGRI
5.44
TATROT
VARANASI ALLUVIUM
NEWER ALLUVIUM (TERRACE ALLUVIUM (T1) & CHAANEL ALLUVIUM (T0)
DHAN KHOLA Fm.
KUTI SHALE
CONIACIAN
TRI-II
8.5
TATROT
2.47
NEWER ALLUVIUM
JUMBUODIYAR Fm.
SANTONIAN
5.44
DHOK PATAHAN
2.47
PINJOR
MUTH QUARTZITE
83.6
?
83.64
DRAS Fm.
UPPER
85
MEL-I
SENONIAN
( INDUS FLYSCH / INDUS Fm. )
CAMPANIAN
MEL-II
76.18 77.66
SHERGOL GROUP
MELMATTURIAN
80
SRIKANTIA & RAZDAN-1980, THAKUR-1992, JUYAL & MATHUR-2000, UPADHYAYA et al., 2004
INDUS SUTURE ZONE
THAKUR-1992, JUYAL & MATHUR-2000, UPADHYAYA et al., 2002
MEL-III
75
TATROT
PINJOR
0.72
RECENT DEPOSITS
RALAM Fm.
72.1
70.14
MARPO Fm.
TANGLING
NAG-I
GOMA Fm.
PARA
NAG-II
66.04 66.35 69.18
STUMPATA Fm.
MARPO Fm.
NAG-III
NAGALURIAN
MAASTRICHTIAN
70
MEGHALAYAIAN
2.47
DHRAMSALA Fm.
DIBLING Fm. STUMPATA Fm.
CHIKKIM Fm.
66.00
MAW-I MEG-II MEG-I
60.73 62.29 63.94
SPITI Fm.
DANIAN
MAWSMAIAN
PO Fm.
61.60
DIBLING Fm.
LIPAK Fm.
SELANDIAN
57.79
LINGSHET Fm /LIMESTONE
TAKCHE Fm.
LOWER
59.20
55.20
CHULUNG Fm.
GIUMAL SANDSTONE
UPPER
THANETIAN
KHASIAN
52.54
KONG Fm.
ALAROR Fm.
56.00
KAK-I
KONG Fm.
JURUTZI FLYSCH
THANGO Fm.
KAKDIAN
49.0 50.2
KIOTO
EARLY
KAK-II
49.00
PHE VOLCANICS Fm.
KAK-III
YPRESIAN
?
BAB-I
47.80
CHULUNG LA Fm.
GANMACH GECHIDAM Fm. ANG Fm.
LUTETIAN
43.26
?
MUTH QUARTZITE
BABIAN
BAB-II
40.49
BATAL Fm.
41.2
HEMIS CONGLOMERATE
KUMZUM LA Fm.
BAB-III
37.2
LAGUARSI FORMATION
PY-I
37.8
33.70
36.18
LILANG GROUP
PY-II
33.09
KULING GROUP
RAM-I
KANAWAR GROUP
MIDDLE
TAPTIAN
RAM-II
30.28 32.10
SANUGBA GROUP
BARTONIAN
RAMANIAN
LEUCO GRANITE INTRUSIVES
0.72
0.72
PINJOR
BOULDER CONGLOMERATE
27.1
KIOTO Fm.
WA-II
SPITI SHALE
WAIORIAN
GIUMAL SANDSTONE
27.82
RUPELIAN PRIABONIAN
SHYOK SUTURE ZONE
WA-III
33.90 LATE
?
?
BOULDER CONGLOMERATE
MADHUBAN GROUP
23.8
SIWALIK GROUP
SURATIAN SUPER STAGE
AIDAIAN
MIDDLE SIWALIK
VAIKRITA GR.
23.03
?
CHAANEL ALLUVIUM (T0) TERRACE ALLUVIUM (T1)
BHUTAN
RADIGHAT SLATE
AID-I
AID-III
BOULDER CONGLOMERATE
UPPER SIWALIK
LOWER SIWALIK
CHAANEL ALLUVIUM (T0) TERRACE ALLUVIUM (T1)
SALDIKHOLA CHAPPANI NAUDANDA HIKLANG SLATE PHYLLITE BEDS Fm. VIRKOT KHORAIDI ANDHI Fm. QUARTIZE DOLOMITE
AID-II
VIN-I
WA-I
EARLY
KARAKORAM
(Z) after RAJU (1995, 1997)
NUMERICAL AGE (Ma)
INDIAN STAGES & BIOCHRONS (Z)
THI-I
GANMAGECHANG CHIDAM Fm. Fm.
CHATTIAN
VINJHANIAN
11.9
18.8 19.09 20.52
(WITH LIGNITE)
KARGIL Fm./ LADAKH MOLASSE GROUP
THI-III THI-II
VIN-III VIN-II
HIRPUR Fm.
LILANG GROUP
LATE
THIRUPUNDIAN
HAV
5.78 8.3 9.63
CHAANEL ALLUVIUM (T0) TERRACE ALLUVIUM (T1)
HIGH LEVEL LATERAL MORAINES
OLDER ALLUVIUM
KULING GROUP
AQUITANIAN
20.44
HAVELOCKIAN
NEL-I
NEWER ALLUVIUM
SPITI SHALE
BURDIGALIAN
11.63 13.82 15.97
NEILLIAN
5.2
TERMINAL MORAINES, TERRACE ALLUVIUM (T1) AND CHAANEL ALLUVIUM (T0)
NAGUM Fm.
GIUMAL SANDSTONE
EARLY
SERRAVALLIAN LANGHIAN
7.246
?
OLDER ALLUVIUM
KANJI LA Fm.
65
MIDDLE
TORTONIAN
5.333
3.58 4.37
NEWER ALLUVIUM
SPITI SHALE
60
STAGE/AGE
SERIES/EPOCH LATE
PALEOCENE
55
ZANCLEAN
TAIP SAWA
OLDER ALLUVIUM
SHILLAKONG Fm.
50
EARLY
TAIPIAN SAWAIAN
NEWER ALLUVIUM
GIUMAL SANDSTONE
45
PIACENZIAN
ZANSKAR - SPITI - KINNAUR
BODHKHARBU Fm. / ZANSKAR CARBONATES
40
MIDDLE
2.58 3.600
DILPUR Fm.
NINDAM Fm.
35
GELASIAN
1.9 3.35
ALLUVIUM
(RADIOLARIAN CHERTS)
30
LATE
1.80
OLDER ALLUVIUM
OPHIOLITIC COMPLEX/SHERGOL & NIDAR MELANGE
25
EARLY
DEPSANG Fm.
OLDER ALLUVIUM
LESSER HIMALAYA AND FOOT HILLS BELT
TETHYS HIMALAYA
NEWER ALLUVIUM
KHALSI FLYSH Fm.
20
MILAZZIAN SICILIAN EMILIAN CALABRIAN
MIDDLE
NEWER ALLUVIUM
(VOLCANICS)
15
LATE
0.0117
MESSINIAN
MIOCENE
10
PLIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
CENOZOIC NEOGENE PALEOGENE
2 5
EOCENE
1
HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
QUATERNARY
0
SYSTEM/PERIOD
ERATHEM/ERA
EONOTHEM/EON
TIME IN MILLION YEARS
STANDARD CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY (GTS: 2012, 2015, 2017)
GERGAN & PANT-1983, THAKUR-1992, JUYAL & MATHUR-1996
TRANS HIMALAYA
GANGA BASIN
SOURCE: SEVERAL AUTHORS: SEE MEGA CHART-1, TITLE: MAJOR HIATUSES, STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES, LITHOLOGY, THICKNESS AND RATES OF SEDIMENTATION OF LITHO UNITS OF THE PROTEROZOIC AND PHANEROZOIC OF INDIA
1600Ma: Zhongyuean/Karelian Orogeny
1900Ma: Luliangian Orogeny
Ca 1500Ma: First phase marine transgression
II c
II b
2180Ma: Wutian Orogeny
II a 2500Ma: Fupinging Orogeny Evidence of photosynthesis earlier to 3.2 ga. Age of Earth and Moon 4570 to 4550Ma Sun formed at 4700Ma
I
Drawn by: K.S. BALAN, Senior Map & Drawing Officer, ONGC, RGL, Chennai
