Formulating diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles ...

The Professional Animal Scientist 31 (2015):497–503; http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/pas.2015-01445 ©2015 American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists

Fcorn ormulating diets containing distillers dried grains

with solubles on a net energy basis: Effects on pig performance and on energy and nutrient digestibility1 B. J. Kerr,*2 N. K. Gabler,† and G. C. Shurson‡ *USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011; †Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, and ‡Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108

ABSTRACT A field-scale study was conducted to determine whether formulating diets containing corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles (C-DDGS) on an equal NE basis would affect pig performance. Two

This research was financially supported by the National Pork Board (Des Moines, IA). Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA, Iowa State University, or the University of Minnesota and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of K. Ruge, C. Stoffel, and M. Buyck (Iowa State University, Ames) and J. Cook and S. Steadham (USDA-ARS, Ames) with sample collection and laboratory analysis. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 2 Corresponding author: brian.kerr@ars. usda.gov 1

additional experiments were conducted to determine the DE and ME of these same diets (Exp. 2) and the same CDDGS sample (Exp. 3) used in Exp. 1 to generate data to support results obtained from the field trial. In Exp. 1, 3 barns, each containing 48 pens and 20 pigs per pen (2,880 pigs) were used. Diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, and 30% C-DDGS, with calculated dietary NE and standardized ileal-digestible Lys being equal across all C-DDGS levels. The NE values (kcal/kg as is) used in feed formulation were corn, 2,557; soybean meal, 1,960; soybean oil, 7,544; and C-DDGS, 2,284. Diets were additionally formulated to meet or exceed the amino acid and mineral needs according to the NRC (2012) recommendations. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.10) noted for pig ADG, ADFI, or G:F among pigs fed the different C-DDGS levels when evaluated on d 28 (36 replications per treatment) or on d 39 (24 replications per treatment due to scale calibration error in one barn). In addition, there was no effect

of dietary treatment on DP (P ≥ 0.10), suggesting that the estimates of NE used for feed formulation were relatively accurate. When the complete diets were fed to pigs in metabolism crates (Exp. 2), apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, ether extract, NDF, and phosphorus, and dietary DE and ME, increased with increasing C-DDGS levels (P ≤ 0.05). In Exp. 3, the ME in the C-DDGS used in Exp. 1 and 2 was determined to be 3,682 kcal/kg of DM, which was similar to the formulated value of 3,702 kcal of ME/kg of DM. Overall, the data suggest that the NE levels used for corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, and C-DDGS were relatively accurate given that pig performance and DP were unaffected by C-DDGS inclusion level. Differences in apparent totaltract digestibility of dietary DM, ether extract, NDF, and phosphorus could be directly related to digestibility differences in these nutrients, C-DDGS compared with corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil. These results support the formulating of diets on a NE basis, which is especially

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Table 1. Composition of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, DM basis Date Item

Mar 7

Mar 14

Mar 21

Mar 28

Apr 4

Apr 10

Apr 17

Apr 26

DM, % CP,1 % Total starch,1 % Total dietary fiber,2 % NDF,1 % ADF,1 % Ash,1 % Phosphorus,1 % Ether extract,1 %

87.44 35.70 3.59 33.51 32.03 8.82 5.71 1.01 6.15

87.27 34.30 5.89 32.89 31.82 8.46 5.99 0.99 5.71

87.85 34.68 4.43 34.38 31.84 8.78 5.54 0.94 6.25

87.80 34.16 4.53 34.62 30.92 9.01 5.54 0.91 6.10

88.09 34.68 4.36 34.06 33.27 9.49 5.38 0.86 6.35

87.31 33.31 6.59 34.36 30.83 9.03 5.84 0.93 6.07

87.54 34.00 4.27 33.93 31.95 9.06 5.68 0.96 5.96

88.39 32.85 0.19 33.94 31.43 8.89 5.60 0.89 6.51

1

1 2

Analyzed by University of Missouri, Columbia. Analyzed by Eurofins, Des Moines, Iowa.

important in using alternative feedstuffs in swine feed formulation. Key words: apparent digestibility, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, net energy, performance, pig

INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have been published (Stein et al., 2006; Stein and Shurson, 2009; Dahlen et al., 2011; Jacela et al., 2011) that have determined the DE and ME content of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (C-DDGS), whereas only recently has the NE of C-DDGS been evaluated (Gutierrez et al., 2014; Kerr et al., 2015). Formulation of diets on a NE basis is common in Europe, but this is not currently the case in the United States. In ad libitum feeding systems, which are typical in the United States, alterations in dietary NE have been shown to have negligible effects on pig performance or on common carcass measures (Kerr et al., 2003; Oresanya et al., 2008). In contrast, composition of gain (lean vs. lipid) can be altered dramatically (Oresanya et al., 2008; Schinckel et al., 2012b). The objective of this study was to obtain a single source of C-DDGS and, combined with a recent estimate of NE, formulate diets with graded levels of C-DDGS but equal levels of dietary NE, and determine the effect

on pig performance and carcass DP when fed in a commercial situation. In addition, the same C-DDGS source and diets fed at the commercial location were fed to pigs in a university setting to compare DE and ME across experiments and compare the apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of various nutrients in C-DDGS with previously published data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal Management The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals was used for animal care in Exp. 1, and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Iowa State University (Ames) approved protocols used in Exp. 2 and 3. Pigs in Exp. 1 were mixed-sex offspring from Large White/Landrace sows × Duroc boars, and pigs in Exp. 2 and 3 were gilts from PIC Camborough 22 sows × L337 boars (Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, TN). Pigs were weighed at the beginning and end of Exp. 1 or at the beginning of the adaptation period and end of each collection period for Exp. 2 and 3.

C-DDGS A single source of C-DDGS [32.85% CP, 31.43% NDF, and 6.51% ether extract (EE)] was obtained and used

for all trials. Before selection of the C-DDGS, a time series analysis was conducted to confirm that the CDDGS sample was of consistent composition and not obtained during or immediately after a clean-out period. All C-DDGS samples were analyzed at commercial laboratories for various nutritional components (Table 1) by methods described previously (Kerr et al., 2013). The final C-DDGS sample was obtained in a sufficient quantity (approximately 72,000 kg) at one time to conduct all trials, and stored in semitrailers for subsequent mixing at a commercial feed mill. At the time of C-DDGS acquisition, a composite sample was obtained for subsequent analysis.

Diet Formulation Dietary treatments were based on C-DDGS inclusion level (0, 10, 20, and 30%) for the 39-d trial (Table 2). Because it was impossible to obtain actual ME and NE values for each ingredient source and volumes used, data from various literature sources were reviewed (Anderson et al., 2012; NRC, 2012; Kerr et al., 2013; Kerr et al., 2015) to estimate ME and NE values for corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, and the C-DDGS. The ME and NE values (kcal/kg as is) subsequently used in diet formulation were corn, 3,247 and 2,557; soybean meal, 3,093 and 1,960; soybean oil, 8,574 and

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Use of net energy in feed formulation

Table 2. Diet composition of pigs fed graded levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (C-DDGS), Exp. 1 and 2, as-is basis C-DDGS level, % Item Ingredient, % Corn Soybean meal, 45.5% CP C-DDGS, 6.5% ether extract Soybean oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Sodium chloride l-Lys, 50% l-Lys l-Thr Vitamin–trace mineral mix1 Phytase2 Antibiotic3 Total Calculated composition ME,4 kcal/kg NE,4 kcal/kg SID Lys,5 % Analyzed composition6 DM, % Ether extract, % GE, kcal/kg NDF, % Phosphorus, % Titanium dioxide,7 %

0

10

20

30

83.09 14.05 0.00 0.60 0.99 0.27 0.38 0.35 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.03 100.00   3,197 2,458 0.67   90.04 3.23 3,793 6.73 0.31 0.93

74.70 12.44 10.00 0.83 1.08 0.03 0.33 0.35 0.02 0.17 0.02 0.03 100.00   3,225 2,458 0.67   89.93 3.86 3,867 8.62 0.35 0.76

65.99 10.88 20.00 1.17 1.10 0.00 0.30 0.34 0.00 0.17 0.02 0.03 100.00   3,247 2,458 0.67   89.80 4.07 3,952 9.84 0.43 0.83

57.20 9.32 30.00 1.53 1.10 0.00 0.30 0.33 0.00 0.17 0.02 0.03 100.00   3,272 2,458 0.67   89.98 4.82 4,013 10.79 0.52 0.81

The sources and levels of the vitamins and trace minerals are proprietary. Provided 1,818 phytase units of phytase per kilogram of complete feed (Ronozyme PM 10,000, DSM Nutrition Products AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland). 3 Provided 11 mg of virginiamycin per kilogram of complete feed (Stafac 20, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). 4 The following ME and NE values, kcal/kg as is, were used in diet formulation: corn, 3,247 and 2,557; soybean meal, 3,093 and 1,960; soybean oil, 8,574 and 7,544; and DDGS, 3,258 and 2,284. 5 SID = standardized ileal digestible. 6 Composition of final diet that contained the titanium dioxide in one barn. 7 Minor adjustments in corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil were made to each diet when 0.92% TiO2 was added to maintain the desired dietary nutrient and NE formulation specifications. 1 2

7,544; and C-DDGS, 3,258 and 2,284. Diets were balanced to a similar NE and standardized ileal digestible Lys level across all C-DDGS levels, formulated to meet or exceed the amino acid and mineral needs according to the NRC (2012) recommendations, and fed in meal form. To estimate ATTD of nutrients and obtain the DE of the mixed diet, 0.92% titanium dioxide was added to the final diet mixing for one barn (randomly picked) of

pigs, with minor adjustments in corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil made (table not shown) to maintain dietary nutrient and NE formulation specifications across all diets.

Exp. 1 A total of 2,880 pigs were used in the 39-d field study. Three barns, each containing 48 pens measuring 2.2 × 6.6 m, were used for the experi-

ment. Each pen was one-third slats and two-thirds solid concrete floors with a 3-hole feeder (116.8 cm in total length) and one stainless steel cup nipple waterer. Pens in each barn were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments in a completely randomized manner. Pigs were weighed and allotted to pens to have an equal weight distribution within and between pens among the 3 barns, and each barn contained 12 replications per treatment. Pigs were weighed on a pen basis at the beginning and end of the experiment. A pen BW in all barns was taken on d 28 to organize shipping of pigs to the slaughter facility. On d 21 (10 d after being fed the diet that contained titanium dioxide), a fresh fecal sample was obtained from 2 pigs per pen, and pooled by pen, in the barn of pigs that had received the diets containing titanium dioxide to determine ATTD of energy and nutrients. Before slaughter, pigs were individually tattooed on a pen basis, weighed by pen, and subsequently loaded onto a semitrailer and shipped (2 h) to a commercial processing plant. After an overnight fast, pigs were slaughtered, with HCW obtained online at the slaughter facility, with DP calculated as a percentage of final pen BW.

Exp. 2 In Exp. 2, 2 groups of 20 gilts (BW = 81.9 kg, SD = 5.6 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates (0.7 × 1.5 m) that allowed for separate but total collection of feces and urine. Crates were equipped with a stainless steel feeder and a nipple waterer, to which the pigs had ad libitum access. Diets (Table 2) were obtained directly from the commercial production facility (Exp. 1). Pigs were randomly assigned the experimental diets and fed the diets for 10 d before total fecal and urine collection. During the time-based 4-d total fecal and urine collection period, stainless steel screens were placed under each metabolism crate for total fecal collection and stainless steel buckets containing 25 mL of 6 N HCl were

500 placed under each crate for the total urine collection. Feces and urine were collected twice daily and stored at 0°C until the end of the collection period. Feces were pooled by pig over the 4-d period, dried in a 70°C forced-air oven, weighed, and ground through a 1-mm screen, with a subsample taken for analysis. Likewise, urine samples were pooled by pig over the 4-d period, thawed at the end of the collection period, and weighed, with a subsample collected for analysis.

Exp. 3 In Exp. 3, 20 gilts (BW = 112.8 kg, SD = 6.4 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and managed in a manner as described for Exp. 2. To determine the energy and nutrient digestibility of the C-DDGS source fed in Exp. 1 and 2, a 79.35% corn, 17.90% soybean meal diet, fortified with Ca, phosphorus, trace minerals, and vitamins, was used as a basal diet. Pigs were randomly fed either 100% of the basal diet or 60% of the basal and 40% C-DDGS in the diet during the 14-d experimental period.

Chemical Analysis and Calculations Detail on chemical analysis of diets and ingredients and on calculations used to determine DE, ME, and ATTD were described in detail previously (Kerr et al., 2013, 2015).

Statistical Analysis The pen was used as the experimental unit for all data in Exp. 1, with barn as a blocking factor and treatments allotted randomly within each barn. In Exp. 2, the individual pig was used as the experimental unit, with group and treatment retained in the model. Data for Exp. 1 and 2 were subjected to ANOVA using Proc GLM (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment means reported as least squares means. Linear and quadratic effects due to dietary C-DDGS level were tested using contrast statements for Exp. 1 and 2. Data for Exp.

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3 report mean and standard deviation data only because only one C-DDGS sample was evaluated. Probability levels ≤0.10 were considered relevant and subsequently discussed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General and Compositional Evaluation Composition of the C-DDGS samples were consistent over time, with the final C-DDGS samples used being similar to previous sample analyses (Table 1), except for total starch, which was expectantly lower than the previous 7 samples. Composition of this C-DDGS source is similar to that previously obtained from an ethanol plant of similar design (Anderson et al., 2012; Kerr et al., 2013), suggesting that data obtained in the trials herein would be representative of swine production facilities using a similarly sourced C-DDGS product. Zero to 30% C-DDGS levels were used to improve our precision through regression techniques and to use C-DDGS inclusion rates that are common in the swine industry. Greater levels of C-DDGS have been used in the swine industry, but we wanted to avoid a potential reduction in feed intake that has been shown at high levels of C-DDGS supplementation (Stein and Shurson, 2009). For this assay method, a corn–soybean meal diet (0% C-DDGS) serves as a control G:F ratio criterion from which to compare the G:F ratios of pigs fed C-DDGS diets in a comparison of productive energy values (Boyd et al., 2010). Although this assay is challenging with respect to control of dietary feedstuffs and energy levels across diets, the scientific literature was thoroughly reviewed to derive the most accurate NE level for corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, and C-DDGS. These values were then used to formulate diets with 0 to 30% C-DDGS but with equal levels of NE. As expected, the inclusion levels of corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil varied as did the analyzed composition of the diets (Table 2).

Exp. 1 Using a G:F comparison methodology (Boyd et al., 2010), one would expect that if NE levels of ingredients were estimated accurately, then there would be no change in the G:F ratio in pigs fed diets containing increasing C-DDGS levels. This was indeed the case (Table 3) where no difference (P ≥ 0.10) in G:F was noted among the levels of C-DDGS. The reduction in HCW (P < 0.05) was largely the result of pigs fed the 0% C-DDGS having a greater HCW (approximately 1 kg) compared with pigs fed diets containing any other level of C-DDGS. However, no effect of dietary treatment on DP (P ≥ 0.10) was noted. Changes in carcass weights and DP due to feeding C-DDGS have been variable. Xu et al. (2010b) and Whitney et al. (2006) reported a linear decrease in DP when pigs were fed diets containing up to 30% DDGS, but this did not occur in pigs fed diets containing up to 30% (Xu et al., 2010a) or 45% DDGS (Cromwell et al., 2011). Schinckel et al. (2012b) also reported a decrease in DP when pigs were fed diets containing wheat middlings compared with diets not containing wheat middlings; however, diets were not formulated to be isocaloric. It has also been observed that in pigs fed diets containing 30% DDGS, the portal-drained visceral mass increases (Agyekum et al., 2012). The discrepancy between Xu et al. (2010a) and Cromwell et al. (2011) could be related to ADFI and gut fill before slaughter. Cromwell et al. (2011) did not observe any difference in ADFI in the final dietary phase when feeding up to 45% DDGS, and Xu et al. (2010a) only reported overall ADFI but did not observe any difference in ADFI when feeding up to 30% DDGS. In the current experiment, there was no effect of increasing C-DDGS on ADFI. The use of 2,538 kcal of NE/kg of DM for C-DDGS in this experiment is lower than the 2,622 kcal of NE/kg of DM reported by the NRC (2012) but greater than the 2,203 ± 196 kcal of NE/kg of DM determined by

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Table 3. Performance, energy and nutrient digestibility, and carcass weight of pigs fed graded levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (C-DDGS) at an industry research facility, Exp. 1 C-DDGS inclusion, % Item 28-d data ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg 39-d data3 ADG, g ADFI, g G:F, g/kg Diet digestibility,4 % DM Ether extract NDF Phosphorus Dietary energy,4 kcal/kg DE Carcass5 HCW, kg DP

Statistics1

0

10

20

30

985 3,103 319   877 3,109 283   95.06 29.83 27.90 27.47   3,163   98.67 76.17

985 3,084 318   872 3,049 286   95.70 46.94 50.04 44.39   3,325   97.53 75.60

964 3,023 321   847 3,037 278   94.73 40.76 45.05 48.62   3,270   97.58 75.74

960 3,087 310   868 3,089 279   94.62 49.93 43.02 52.01   3,295   97.39 75.42

SEM

P-value

LN

QD

14 27 4   10 27 2   2.81 5.41 9.16 6.67   64   0.36 0.32

0.40 0.17 0.20   0.16 0.21 0.12   0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01   0.01   0.04 0.40

— — —

— — —

— — —

— — —

0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01   0.01   0.03 —

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01   0.01   0.17 —

2

P-value = overall model P-value; LN = linear; QD = quadratic. Initial BW = 93.9, 93.9, 94.1, and 94.0 kg, final BW = 122.3, 121.8, 121.2, and 121.4 kg, for C-DDGS levels of 0, 12, 20, and 30%, respectively, 20 pigs per pen, 48 pens per barn, 3 barns, 36 replications per treatment. 3 Initial BW = 94.6, 94.7, 94.7, and 94. kg, final BW = 130.0, 129.3, 129.1, and 129.8 kg, for C-DDGS levels of 0, 12, 20, and 30%, respectively, 20 pigs per pen, 48 pens per barn, 2 barns, 24 replications per treatment. 4 Apparent total-tract digestibilities and dietary DE based on pooled fresh feces from a minimum of 2 pigs per pen from one barn, 12 replications per treatment. 5 Hot carcass weights are based on 3 barns of 48 pens, with an average of 19 pigs slaughtered per pen (2,576 total pigs), 36 replications per treatment. Dressing percentages are based on 2 barns of 48 pens, with an average of 19 pigs slaughtered per pen (1,882 total pigs), 24 replications per treatment. 1 2

Kerr et al. (2015). However, given the variation within and between research trials that involved feeding the same diets but were conducted with different genotypes at different locations (Kerr et al., 2015), this difference seems reasonable. The increase in dietary DE as determined by indirect marker methodology in one barn of pigs (Table 3) is generally supportive of the calculated increase in dietary ME (Table 2). The increase in dietary DE likely reflects the increase in soybean oil addition with increasing levels of C-DDGS, even though it is known that dietary fiber can affect lipid digestion (Fernandez and Jorgensen, 1986; Degen et al., 2007). Variation in diet ATTD of DM, EE, and NDF are largely supportive of the dietary DE change,

with the largest difference noted between pigs fed the diet with 0% C-DDGS compared with pigs fed 10, 20, or 30% C-DDGS (Table 3). The increase in ATTD phosphorus digestibility (P < 0.01) was expected given the greater phosphorus digestibility in C-DDGS compared with corn and soybean meal, and diets composed thereof (NRC, 2012; Kerr et al., 2013, 2015).

Exp. 2 Changes in ATTD of DM, EE, NDF, and phosphorus, and dietary DE and ME, of Exp. 1 diets fed to pigs penned in metabolism crates are reported in Table 4. As C-DDGS levels increased, ATTD of EE, NDF, and phosphorus all increased (P ≤

0.05). The increase in ATTD of EE was likely due to greater levels of soybean oil supplemented (Adams and Jensen, 1984; Kim et al., 2013), in NDF digested due to only moderately greater levels of NDF fed (Urriola et al., 2010), and in phosphorus digested due to the greater phosphorus digestibility in C-DDGS relative to corn and soybean meal (NRC, 2012). The increases noted in dietary DE and ME were similar to calculated values (Table 2), suggesting that indirect marker methodology is a valuable tool (Jang et al., 2014) and may be very useful in field studies. We were very careful, however, to obtain fresh fecal samples directly from pigs fed in Exp. 1 and not from fecal samples that had fallen to the slatted floor where contamination could have occurred.

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Table 4. Energy and nutrient digestibility of pigs fed graded levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (C-DDGS) at a university research facility, Exp. 2 C-DDGS inclusion, % Item Observations BW, kg ADFI, g Diet digestibility,3 % DM Ether extract NDF Phosphorus Dietary energy,3 kcal/kg DE ME 2

Statistics1

0

10

20

30

10 80.2 1,976   87.11 47.56 25.96 42.12   3,302 3,223

10 81.9 1,962   89.07 54.39 54.83 56.32   3,446 3,343

10 83.3 1,905   87.79 55.21 54.70 59.94   3,486 3,376

10 82.2 1,934   87.68 64.87 55.93 66.73   3,543 3,410

SEM

P-value

LN

QD

— 5.6 90   2.29 7.25 11.16 8.07   83 82

— 0.66 0.30   0.29 0.01 0.01 0.01   0.01 0.01

— — —

— — —

— 0.02 0.01 0.01   0.01 0.01

— 0.29 0.01 0.12   0.11 0.19

P-value = overall model P-value; LN = linear; QD = quadratic. Individually fed pigs in metabolism crates; 10-d adaptation and 4-d collection. 3 Apparent total-tract digestibilities and dietary DE and NE based on total collection procedures. 1 2

Exp. 3 Table 5. Energy and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed a basal diet and corn dried distillers grains with solubles (C-DDGS), Exp. 3, DM basis Basal1

C-DDGS2

Item

Average

SD

Observations3 BW, kg ADFI, g Energy2 GE, kcal/kg DE, kcal/kg ME, kcal/kg DE:GE ME:DE ME:GE Digestibility coefficient ADF C DM Ether extract N NDF Phosphorus S

10 111.2 2,500 4,223 3,812 3,692 90.27 96.87 87.45 71.78 91.28 90.99 42.25 89.15 64.19 51.55 81.41

— 6.5 — — 62 62 1.27 0.20 1.47 7.6 1.4 1.5 7.2 1.8 8.0 5.4 2.8

Average

SD

10 114.5 2,500 4,886 3,968 3,682 81.20 92.82 75.37 70.06 80.91 93.13 66.32 85.02 63.46 49.92 90.10

— 6.1 — — 230 216 4.70 1.21 4.42 6.7 4.8 5.0 5.3 2.2 8.2 5.4 2.6

The basal diet consisted of 79.35% corn and 17.90% soybean meal along with fortifications of Ca, phosphorus, and trace minerals and vitamins. 2 Determined by difference when pigs were fed 60% of the basal and 40% C-DDGS. 3 Individually fed pigs in metabolism crates with the apparent total-tract digestibilities and dietary DE and ME based on total collection procedures using a 10-d adaptation and 4-d collection period. 1

For the same C-DDGS source used in Exp. 1 and 2, the ME determined using a separate set of finishing pigs housed in metabolism crates was determined to be 3,682 kcal/kg of DM (Table 5), which was similar to our estimated value of 3,702 kcal of ME/ kg of DM (3,258 kcal/kg as is ÷ 88% DM) that was used in diet formulation (Table 2) and similar to the 3,793 kcal of ME/kg of DM obtained in our recent research (Kerr et al., 2015) but greater than the average of 3,435 kcal of ME/kg of DM recently reported by Kerr et al. (2013). Compared with other C-DDGS samples from this same processor (Kerr et al., 2013), ATTD digestibilities for ADF, DM, and NDF were greater, similar for S, and reduced for C, EE, N, and phosphorus.

IMPLICATIONS Overall, the data suggest that the NE levels, as well as amino acid, Ca, and phosphorus levels, estimated for corn, soybean meal, soybean oil, and C-DDGS were relatively accurate given that pig performance and DP were unaffected by C-DDGS inclusion level. Differences in ATTD of


DM, EE, NDF, and phosphorus in the complete diets support differences noted in the dietary DE determined by the index method. Differences in ATTD of dietary DM, EE, NDF, and phosphorus can be directly related to digestibility differences in these nutrients in C-DDGS compared with corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil. The data presented herein support the formulating of diets on a NE basis, which is especially important in using alternative feedstuffs in swine feed formulation (Schinckel et al., 2012a,b; Woyengo et al., 2014).

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