Fuel Quality and Quantity

IOT: Fuel Quality and Quantity Estimation of fuel adulteration and fuel quantity Accuracy Ram Narwade Vijay Patil Advance Engineering Department Hella India Automotive Pune, India

Abstract— Adulteration of diesel and petrol is a common malpractice observed worldwide. Fuel adulteration affects adversely on engine and its components along with increased emission level of carcinogenic gases leading to growing ecological & Health concerns. This paper proposes a technology which will individually detect the level of fuel adulteration, accuracy of refueled Quantity and Engine performances like Fuel Economy and Emission caused between consecutive refueling Intervals. All such results will be shared among the vehicle users using the technology of IoT and connected cars. This system will also have a smart phone interface for user to analyze the information given by the system. This technology comprises of Global Positioning system(GPS), A GPRS wireless communication, blue-tooth communication protocol for information exchange with the smart phone, and a sensor system for detecting quantity and quality experience of Refueled fuel. This entire system will run on automotive gradient controller which will be assisted by a software algorithm. Index Terms— Fuel adulteration, Connected cars, Detection algorithm, Emission measurement algorithm, IoT.

I. INTRODUCTION Adulteration of petrol and diesel with kerosene is a common malpractice in worldwide because kerosene has been made easily accessible at a price much lower than petrol and diesel .Also it is found that some of fuel retailers make fraud in quantity of fuel to be refueled. The investigation was carried out to study the emissions from four strokes, four cylinders, water cooled spark ignition chamber with kerosene blended gasoline with different proportions of kerosene ranging from 050% by volume in step of 10%. Gaseous exhaust emission was measured with the aid pocket gas portable gas analyzer. The experimental results showed that the engine-out emissions increase with increase concentration of kerosene in the blend. The analyzer gave increase ranging from 21.7-53% for carbon monoxide(CO), 23.4-57.1% for unburnt hydrocarbon(HC) and 2.4-8.2% of particulate matter(PM).[6]

To avoid this user should have a technology which will detect the fuel adulteration, quantity of fuel being refueled and emission caused by fuel taken at each retailer and based on this results it should recommend other users best place for fuel refueling based on their present Geographical Location. A cloud based server will be used to connect all the cars having this system through which overall quality indicators of each fuel retailers will be shared with the other users having this system. By comparing the history of all the fuel retailers, system will suggest the best fuel retailer location to user according to his current location. GPS technology is used to identify location and time parameters of fuel retailer. GPS uses satellite technology to identify location and time data in terms of latitude and longitude on any point on the Earth. This data can be mapped on Google Earth and exact locations can be viewed on it. For communication of data, technology of GPRS and blue-tooth is used.

II. GRAVITY OF PROBLEM A. Distribution cycle of Fuel: The standards for fuels are usually regulated by government. Unfortunately, in many countries, people intentionally add cheaper organic substances in an attempt to raise profit. This illicit practice is called adulteration. Three types of diesel fuel are commercialized: automotive, domestic heating and marine diesel fuel. Marine and domestic are cheaper than automotive diesel fuel, and are therefore used to adulterate the latter. It affects public coffers through tax embezzlement, since solvents such as mineral spirits, kerosene, rubber solvents, naphtha, and thinner are levied at different rates .It may also severely damage the engines and produce emissions that increase environmental pollution & cause chronic health issues.

Copyright Hella India Automotive Pvt. Ltd, Pune. All right reserved.

Fuel retailers usually make fraud distribution of fuel by making misuse of kerosene by adding it into diesel and petrol for personal benefits. Approximately 8% of Transport fuel sold in India and worldwide is adulterated with hydrocarbons like kerosene, xylene and toluene. Also it is found that some of fuel retailers make fraud in quantity of fuel to be refueled B. Consequences. Fuel adulteration leads to serious problems like malfunctioning of engine, component failure, increase in safety and reliability problems, increased emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, increase in health problems due to emission of carcinogenic gases, global warming, acid rain, loss of tax revenues to the state in multiple cores. III. STUDY OF FUEL QUALITY AND QUANTITY ON IOT SYSTEM The system mainly consist of two components • Refueled Fuel Quality and quantity Analysis system • Sharing Refueled Quality Experience through IoT A. Fuel Quality and fuel quantity detection system Fuel quality is defined by properties of fuel like dielectric constant, density, refractive index and viscosity of fuel at a given temperature. Density and dielectric constant decreases linearly with increasing in temperature while viscosity decreases non linearly with temperature. The behavior of fuel properties at a given temperature with addition of kerosene is shown in table 1.1

Fig 1.2 Variation of Refractive Index of petrol and diesel with addition of kerosene [5] The effect of addition of kerosene in diesel decreases its Refractive index on the other hand the addition of kerosene in petrol increases its refractive index as shown in figure 1.2 The behavior of Refractive index of kerosene, diesel and mixture of kerosene and diesel with varying frequency in the range of 0.2-2THz is shown in figure 1.3 Fig 1.3 Variation of Refractive Index of kerosene, mixture of kerosene and diesel and diesel [5]

The speed of sound in fuel varies according to the adulteration level .Figure 1.4 shows variation of speed of sound with addition of diesel in petrol.

Fig 1.1 Variation of density and viscosity with adulteration [5]. Similar results for density variations in petrol and diesel as a function of adulteration by diesel and kerosene has been found. Fig 1.4 variation of speed of sound with addition of diesel in petrol. [3]


B. Using IoT for Fuel Quality and Quantity: It consists of two parts: a. Uploading fuel quality and quantity Experience of the refueled Fuel on server. b. Recommending best fuel retailer to user. A. Uploading fuel quality and quantity being refueled on server Refueling Events Event 1 Qty Verification a

b Adulteratio n%

Fig 1.5 Variation of speed of sound with addition of kerosene in diesel [3]

1.Density flow measurement, 2.Ultrasonic Transmission and reception methods 3. Electrical conductivity Table 1.1 Technologies used to measure fuel adulteration For measuring the quantity of fuel being refueled flow sensors can be used. Engine Performance like emission results & Fuel Economy for a particular time period can be received

a2 Adulteration%

sending the sending the Overall Quality Overall Quality Experience to the Experience to the server (a+b) server (a1+b1)

Fig 1.7 Diagrammatic representation of uploading quality and quantity being refueled on server At Event 1, Qty Verification & Adulteration % Detection would happen. Result will be stored as a. At Event 2, Performance of Event 1 Fuel will be captured as b. At Event 2, Overall Quality Experience (a+b) will be shared with Server Same thing will be repeated at each Refueling Event B. Recommending best fuel retailer: The Server will store all the experiences of different users with Different Oil Companies and Retailers with GPS Locations. All such data will be analyzed by Server to classify the different Retailers Performance with respect to Overall Quality. This Data will be used to recommend the best fuel retailer based on the current GPS location of user vehicle & its ability to reach the fuel station depending on his Navigation Route and fuel left in the Fuel tank. IV WORKING

from Engine ECU. Fig 1.6 Block diagram of FLQQS system

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Trigger 2

Density

Event 3 Qty Verification

Capturing Fuel economy & a1 b1 Emission Adulteration% Between event 2 & 3

Trigger 1

From the behavior of fuel with addition of kerosene, fuel quality can be measured .Various technologies like optical fiber, technologies dependent on Refractive index, dielectric constant, and viscosity measurement can be used to detect quality of fuel. Fuel Properties affecting Techniques which can be used with adulteration for adulteration monitoring Dielectric constant 1.Resonant freq. measurement, 2.Impedance and admittance bridges, 3.Transmission line Viscosity 1.Viscometry Technology Refractive index 1.Optical fiber, 2.Monitoring speed of sound in Fuel

Event 2 Capturing Fuel economy & Emission Between event 1 & 2 Qty Verification

Working of system consist of two parts a. Measurement of fuel properties: • Quantity (in terms of quantity accuracy) • Quality (in terms of % adulteration)


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Performance (in terms of Emissions and fuel economy) b. Server updation by the system. c. Recommending best fuel to the retailer. A. Measurement of fuel Properties 1) Quantity Flow sensor will trigger on as soon as there is rapid increase in quantity over time, this is refueling event for system. Flow sensor will measure the quantity of fuel being refueled, and give it to main system. User need to open smart phone application to enter the amount of fuel he wants to refuel. System will compare the result of flow sensor with the quantity user has mentioned on smart phone. In this way system checks whether desired quantity of the fuel by user has been refueled or not and stores the quantity accuracy of particular retailer on the server. 2) Quality System will calculate the quality of fuel refueled through fuel quality sensor installed in the fuel tank. Quality will be measured in terms of % adulteration of the fuel. For measuring the quality of the fuel refueled at a particular fuel retailer pump without getting affected by the earlier stored fuel (which could have been refueled from different retailer) a simple mathematical equation will be used. Q2= [Q (L1'+L2)-Q1L1']/L2 .. Equation [1]. Where, Q1= Quality of fuel taken at fuel retailer R1. L1 = Quantity of fuel taken at fuel retailer R1. Q2= Quality of fuel taken at fuel retailer R2. L2 = Quantity of fuel taken at fuel retailer R2. Q = Quality of mixed fuel. L1'= Quantity of fuel of R1 left when fuel is taken from R2.

their respective fuel properties. This database will be stored on the server so that it is accessible to all the system user through IoT. The data base should be updated and uploaded on the server. For estimating complete fuel properties of a particular fuel between two refueling stages, there are two events. Event 1: It will be instant when fuel is filled at a fuel retailer station. At this instant properties like Quantity accuracy and Quality (in terms of % adulteration) is measured. Event 2: Performance calculation of fuel. This will require emission treatment of fuel. The trigger for the updation of database and uploading of the data base will be served by the consecutive refueling instance. Along with the Fuel properties the GPS location of that respective retailer will also be updated in the database and consequently server. Fig 1.8 Shows system sharing the overall quality of fuel retailer on server

This equation is helpful in calculating the separate quality of the fuel from R2. The calculated quality of the fuel is stored in the system.

Fig 1.8 System sharing the overall quality of fuel retailer on server.

3) Performance Calculating the performance of the fuel in terms of emissions requires the treatment of the gases emitted out the vehicle through fuel burning. This treatment makes use of O2 sensor which will be used to calculate the oxygen component present in the emitted gases from the vehicle. Based on the extent of the level of the oxygen and other allied gases, system concludes the performance of the fuel in terms of fuel economy.

C. Recommendation of best fuel retailer to user. The trigger for recommendation of best fuel retailer to user is served by user wish. Whenever user wants to refuel, he will open Smart phone application, which will ask user whether he wants to refuel. After receiving confirmation from user, it will take the current location of GPS and with reference to the location, it will suggest user with best possible petrol retailer station around. Suggestions will also have basis of user navigation directions and current fuel level content in the vehicle so that user should be able to reach that particular petrol retailing station. Figures below illustrate the work flow during both the phases of system.

B. Server Updation by the system. The main intention of the system is to provide the user with best fuel retailer in terms quantity and quality of fuel. For this aim, there is need of a proper database of the retailer with


Fig 1.9 gives detailing of the procedure for recommending best fuel to retailer. Fig 1.10 gives detailing of the app realizations.

V SYSTEM FLOW

Fig 1.9 Procedure for recommending best fuel to retailer

Fig 1.10 App realizations .


V1 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE This system can be used to optimize engine parameters to control harmful emission, it can also optimize to control intake of adulterated fuel. It can also optimize so that adulteration results found at each retailer can automatically register in government agencies. The conclusions of above system are • Helpful for OEM's to achieve the Emission regulations • Enabling user to find the best places for Refueling • Improved Engine & Components Life To see Accuracy of Refueled quantity • Increasing awareness of users & consequently society towards the consequences of using adulterated fuel • User knowledge of Fuel Quality & Quantity experience of different Oil companies & their distributors • Increased competition between oil companies & Retailers to supply better fuel

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Improved tax revenues for the state Increased public health parameters Improved social responsibility by vehicle owners. Better Control over Urban pollution

V11.REFERENCES [1] Roy S, Sensors & Actuators B, 55(1999) 212. [2] Falate R, Sensors & Actuators B, 105 (2005) 430. [3] Analytical methods for determining Automotive Fuel Composition -Jonas Grubar,Renata Lippi,Rosomeria W.C. Li and AdrinoR.V.Benvenho [4] Fuel Adulteration-Wikipedia [5] Fuel Adulteration Detection Techniques -R K Sharma ,Anil Kumar [6] Experimental study on effects of kerosene doped gasoline on gasoline-powered engine performance characteristicsO.Obodeh
