Fuel saving and emission reduction in fisheries

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Dec 10, 2017 - experimentation of a new magnetic device onboard fishing vessel ..... loop for the evaluation of magnetic water treatment devices. Process ...
Fuel saving and emission reduction in fisheries: results of the experimentation of a new magnetic device onboard fishing vessel Emilio NOTTI, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine, (CNR-ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, Ancona, 60125, Italy

Abstract —This paper reports some tests conducted on a new magnetic device for the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, installed onboard an Italian trawler since March 2013 and tested in laboratory in May 2014. The electromagnetic field generated by the device operates as a fuel treatment to the incoming fuel in order to increase the air/fuel mixing process. The consequence of treating fuel with a high magnetic field is supposed to improve combustion of fuel and consequently increasing engine power as well as reducing fuel consumption. The test has been carried out on board a fishing vessel where a fuel consumption measurement system conceived at CNR-ISMAR of Ancona has been installed in 2008 and it is still collecting energy use. The monitoring plan included also emissions measurements in order to evaluate the effects of the magnetic device on the pollutant emissions. Emissions measurements were carried out and results were compared with other trawlers with similar characteristics and same engine. Comparison of fuel consumption between 2012 and 2013 showed a fuel saving of about 4.6%. Also a reduction and modification in emissions has been observed. Nevertheless the small reduction could be influenced by other boundary conditions, thus further analysis are requested. Laboratory tests conducted in May/June 2014 further analyzed the fuel treatment effects of the device. The burning process has been evaluated by means of the Mahler bomb calorimeter. Keywords-component; magnetic saving,energy efficiency in fisheries.

I.

fuel

conditioning,

fuel

INTRODUCTION

The influence of magnetism on combustion of fuels has already known since 1846, i.e., when Faraday noticed that a flame, burning under the influence of a magnetic field, was brighter than in the absence of the same field. Many studies are conducted to verify the effects of magnetism on fuel consumption during the last decades. In a recent journal paper, titled: “Effect of Magnetic Field on fuel consumption and Exhaust Emission in Two-Stroke Engine”, focusing on a study conducted by the Department of Phisics of Aliraqia University, Baghdad on the application of different magnetic field on the gasoline used to fuel a car engine during laboratory tests and published by Elsewier Ltd. in 2012, is reported that: “the reduction in gasoline consumption ranges between (9-14)% and the higher value of reduction in the rate of 14% was obtained using field intensity 6000 Gauss […] it was found that the percentages of exhaust gas components (CO, HC) where decreased by 30%, 40% respectively, but CO2 percentage increased up to 10% […]”. Droptek is an apparatus for treating fuel by magnetism. The fuel driven by a circulating fuel pump

Antonello SALA Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine, (CNR-ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, Ancona, 60125, Italy

is subjected to two physical influences: heat and an intense magnetic field caused by the effect of a powerful electromagnet. The fuel treatment effect of such device is based on the influence of the high magnetic field on hydrocarbon chains of the fuel. The magnetic field allows for a better mixing with air during the fuel spray into the combustion chamber. The burning surface per unit of fuel is increased, thus the combustion efficiency. In order to evaluate the possible improvement and the effects of such device in a fishing vessel, during a monitoring period of one year, fuel consumption and other technical parameters have been evaluated. The aim of this paper is to describe tests and results carried out. the II.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Sea trials The magnetic device “Droptek” (Figure 1 and Figure 2), provided by the firm “Vesta-Energie s.r.l.” of Ancona, Italy, has been installed onboard a bottom otter trawler operating in the North Adriatic Sea in March 2013 (general characteristics of the vessel are reported in Table 1. A high magnetic field is generated by electro-magnets, powered by a 24 V electric generator. Taking into account suggestions and recommendations by the manufacturer, the device has been installed in the nearest point to the engine, before the inlet pump and fixed to the engine trough two steel. The fuel consumption of the bottom trawler were monitored through the Corfù-m system described in Sala et al. (2011). The Corfùm consists of two Coriolis mass flow sensors (Figure 3a), one multichannel recorder (Figure 3b) and one GPS data logger (Figure 3c). Both flow sensors are connected to a multichannel recorder, which shows to the skipper the actual fuel consumption rate (l/h) as well as the total fuel consumption. The basic principle of the Coriolis measurement does not rely on the physical properties of the fluid such as viscosity and density. The GPS logger unit recorded latitude, longitude and speed. It comprises a data logger and an 8-channel GPS receiver connected with an external antenna. A more detailed description of the data analysis is given in Sala et al. (2009a). The monitoring framework adopted for this test is based on a comparison of the fuel consumption trend for 2012 and 2013. Referring the comparison to the fuel consumption instead of total liter consumed allows to evaluate the effective fuel demand of the main engine, as the difference in terms of liter used could be affected by other parameters such as e.g. the number of working days (Notti et al., 2012a; 2012b). Data

collected have been processed to calculatee the average fuel consumption for all the days at sea (ffrom Monday to Thursday), in 2012 and 2013, according to the standard work plan of the vessel. A monthly average fuell consumption has been obtained. Emissions have been monitored by means of a devoted system provided by “TESTO s.p..a” and compared with another vessel with similar characteeristics and same diesel engine, after a fishing cruise. Finnally four engine inspections have been scheduled and condducted during the monitoring period in order evaluate to t injectors and combustion chamber status. TABLE 1. GENERAL CARACHTERISTICS OF THE VESSEL MONITORED M .

Vessel general carachteristics Vessel type

stteel

Length overall (LOA)

[m]

21.50

Length between perpendiculars (Lpp)

[m]

17 7.02

Beam (B)

[m]

5..72

Gross tonnage (GT)

[GT]

8 82

[t]

105

[kW]

4 478

Displacement (Δ) Main engine power Reduction gear ratio

5..60

Propeller pitch

[m]

1..05

Propeller diameter

[m]

1..78

1

2

Figure 1. The inlet pump (2) is on the center of the figure f and the Droptek device (1) is connected to the pump strokes by a black rubber pipe for high pressure flows.

2

Figure 3. CorFu-m system mounted onn board the fishing vessels:(a) mass flow sensors for the measurement of fuel consumption; (b) multi-channel recorder mounted on the vessel’s bridge for thhe visualization of the fuel consumption and (c) GPS data logger.

B. Laboratory tests Two series of laboratory tests have been provided to validate the effect of the Droptek on the fuel combustion and with respect to the exhaust gas emissions. Several samples of fuel, with and without the electrom magnetic treatment, have been tested with a Mahler bomb mb calorimeter. Mahler bomb calorimeter (Figure 4) enabbles to measure the heat of combustion of a lot of solid annd liquid substances. It consists of a cylindrical container of about 500 cm3, closed with a screw cap which has 2 holes. Inn one of them it is introduced an iron bar which sustains a platinnum crucible, in the other hole it is introduced another iron bar which w sustains a small iron curl connected to the first iron barr and put in the crucible. In the crucible it is introduced thhe sample of fuel and then pressurized oxygen is introducced in the bomb. The bomb is immersed in a calorimeter full of water which have a stirrer and a thermometer. The stirrrer is started and when the thermometer reads a constant temperature, t a voltage is created between the two iron bars whhich heats the little curl which burns by oxidation; the heat released r burns the sample. The thermometer reads the temperaature which arises suddenly to a certain value and then decreaases slowly. Even if the main scope of the calorimeter is to evaluate the amount of thermal a to develop, the tests carried energy that the fuel sample is able out investigated the effect on thhe temperature trend, which can be considered an indicator off the efficiency of the burning process of the fuel. Three set of tests have been carried out. The first considered the fuel non n treated, the second a simple treatment of the fuel (the fuel passed into the Droptek device one time) and the third he first considered the fuel non treated, the second a simple treatment of the fuel (the fuel passed into the Droptek device one time) and a the third several treatments. Each test required 10 minutess among which the temperature was acquired each 10 seconds.

1 Figure 2. Droptek (1) is mounted before the inlet pump (2). Two steel belts fix the device on the engine. Figure 4. Mahler bomb calorimeter. On O the left the reaction core used to burn the fuel. On the right the tank with water and temperature sensors. The core is mountend inside the tank and a electricc wire provide the burning of the fuel.

The effect on the exhaust emissions have been evaluated by means of a set of tests on a marine diesel engine used as auxiliary engine (Figure 5). Three sets of measurements have been conducted: the first one have been carried out switching on the magnetic device while the engine was running, in order to evaluate eventual sudden modifications in the exhaust gas composition related to the introduction. The other two tests have been conducted with the device always operating. The exhaust gas composition has been measured with the gas analyzer “Testo 350 S/M/XL” provided by “Testo spa” (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Tests of the effect of the magnetic device on a marine diesel engine. The Droptek device (on the left) is connected with the engine by a flexible pipe to the injection pump of the engine (on the right).

Figure 6. Exhaust gas analyzer model: “Testo 350 S/M/XL” provided by “Testo spa”.

III.

RESULTS

In Figure 7 the comparison of monthly average fuel consumption is represented. On the top of the graph, the monthly average fuel consumption during 2012 (continuous line) and 2013 (dotted line) are represented. On the bottom of the graph, the difference of fuel consumption is represented. After the installation of the Droptek (March 2013), the fuel consumption remained constant until July, while the fuel

consumption of 2012 started increasing. In this period (from Springer to Summer), fishermen use to fish far from the coast, with long sailing phases. This explains the increasing trend of fuel consumption in 2012. A reduction of the fuel consumption has been noted from September to November mainly due to some relevant modifications in the fishing gear by the fisherman, which replaced the original gear in December, because he was unfulfilled of the results of such modifications in terms of catches. In December the fuel consumption resulted increased in comparison to December 2012, mainly because the vessel worked more days than in 2012, thus with more sailing from/to the fishing ground and in bad weather conditions. In Table 2 are reported the summarized results of the monitoring carried out. Table 2 gives information, for each month of 2012 and 2013, on the number of working days (WD), the overall liters of fuel consumed (Cons.), the effective fuel consumption (FC) and the comparison (diff.) of FC between 2012 and 2013. In 2012 and 2013 the vessel worked 167 and 171 day respectively, consuming 163'740 liters in 2012 and 166'193 in 2013. The average annual FC is 52. l/h for 2012 and 49.6 l/h for 2013. Even not considering the period from September to November to exclude the effect of the fishing gear modification, the FC for 2013 is 50.7 l/h. In Table 3 are compared the emissions of the vessel monitored (vessel 1) and another bottom otter trawler used as reference, with same main engine and characteristics. Less CO (438 vs. 510 ppm) and more CO2 (2.1 vs. 1.8 ppm), and a combustion efficiency higher of 1.2% have been noted. In this regard, also the fisherman reported a relevant reduction of the black smoke production during trawling and a better quality of the lube oil. From inspection carried out on the injector, the engine mechanic noted a cleaner and better status of injectors and combustion chamber in comparison with what he was expected according to the maintenance plan of the engine. With respect to the tests with the Mahler bomb calorimeter, in Figure 8 are represented the trends of the temperature among each of the three tests carried out, expressed in terms of difference between the environmental temperature and the temperature measured (δT[°C]). Considering as a reference the temperature trend of the test with the non-treated fuel (0.B.1) the tests 0.B.2 e 0.B.3 (with single and multiple treatment respectively) shown a more rapid increasing of the temperature. In Figure 9 the tests 0.B.2 and 0.B.3 are compared in terms of ratio between the δT for both the tests and the δT of the test 0.B.1. As expected, the fuel with multiple treatments (0.B.3) reached higher δT. The trend in Figure 9 represents also the thermal power developed during the burning of the fuel sample. The multiple treatment of the fuel allowed for a higher thermal power development, with a impulsive peak of +90% with respect to the non-treated fuel.

Fuel consumption (2012 vs. 2013) [l/h]

2012

2013

TABLE 2. Summary table for the comparison of the consumption monitored for 2012 and 2013, disaggregated by Month (WD[day/month] working days of each month; Cons.[l/month] overall fuel consumpted in each month; FC[l/h] fuel consmuption in liters per hour; diff% the comparison of FC of 2013 with respect to 2012).

diff.%

60

50

40

WD[day/month] December

November

October

September

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

10

0 5.5%

3 5%

4.5%

2 1%

4.9%

4.3%

7.0%

11.2%

6.9%

3 3%

-2 3%

Figure 7. Fuel consumption comparison before and after the Droptek installation. On the top of the graph, the monthly average fuel consumption during 2012 (continuous line) and 2013 (dotted line) are represented. On the bottom of the graph, the difference of fuel consumption is represented.

FC[l/h]

diff.%

2012

2013

2012

2013

2012

January

14

18

12'266

18'292

53.7

50.9

5.5%

February

12

16

12'852

14'865

51.5

49.8

3.5%

March

17

14

20'332

16'026

51.7

50.6

2.1%

April

12

14

15'318

18'791

52.5

50.3

4.5%

May

16

16

20'397

17'108

53.3

50.8

4.9%

June

15

12

16'472

14'663

53.4

51.2

4.3%

July

17

14

19'083

16'463

54.3

50.8

7.0%

6

9

5'365

7'539

52.4

47.2

11.2% 6.9%

30

20

Cons.[l/month]

September

2013 2012/2013

October

18

16

15'743

14'981

50.4

47.2

5.00

November

16

10

15'453

10'594

51.3

49.7

3.3%

4.50

December

10

17

10'460

16'870

49.9

51.1

-2.3%

52.2

49.9

4.6%

4.00

Total

153

156

163'740

166'193

Average

13.9

14.2

14885

15108

3.50

TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS PARAMETERS OF THE VESSEL (VESSEL 1) AND THE VESSEL USED AS REFERENCE (VESSEL 2).

δT [°C]

3.00

MONITORED DURING THE TESTS

2.50 0.B.1 0.B.2

2.00

0.B.3

Emissions comp.

1.50 1.00 0.50

07:00

06:40

06:20

06:00

05:40

05:20

05:00

04:40

04:20

04:00

03:40

03:20

03:00

02:40

02:20

02:00

01:40

01:20

01:00

00:40

00:20

00:00

0.00

Time

Figure 8. Trends of the temperature among each of the three tests carried out, expressed in terms of difference between the environmental temperature and the temperature measured (δT[°C]).

1.70 0.B.2/0.B.1 0.B.3/0.B.1

δT Ratio

1.50

1.30

1.10

0.90

0.70

07:00

06:40

06:20

06:00

05:40

05:20

05:00

04:40

04:20

04:00

03:40

03:20

03:00

02:40

02:20

02:00

01:40

01:20

01:00

00:40

00:20

00:00

0.50

Time

Figure 9. Comparison of 0.B.2 and 0.B.3 tests in terms of ratio of δT from 0.B.2 and 0.B.3 and 0.B.1. The 0.B.3 tests shown better results as the trend of δT is higher and faster than the 0.B.2 trend.

Vessel 2

Diff.

Temp.Gas

[°C]

125.6

121.1

3.7%

Temp.Amb.

[°C]

20.7

23.4

-11.5%

O2

[%]

18.2

18.4

-1.5%

CO

[ppm]

438.0

510.0

-14.1%

CO2

[%]

2.1

1.8

11.4%

NOX

[ppm]

289.0

286.0

1.0%

[%]

74.3

73.4

1.2%

Eff.

IV. 1.90

Vessel 1

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The aim of the preliminary test carried out was to evaluate the potential influence of the Droptek device on the fuel consumption of a bottom otter trawler. Even if an overall reduction in fuel consumption of 4.6% has been obtained, many other factor should be taken into account. The laboratory tests aimed at verify the effect on the burning of fuel when influenced by the electromagnetic field. Results coming from the laboratory tests further demonstrated an influence in the way the treated fuel burns. New sets of laboratory tests provided with internal combustion engine will be carried out for a more accurate evaluation of the benefits coming from such kind of device. The approach with such kind of devices encountered a lot of difficult mainly because of a quite difficulty in assessing possible benefits deriving from their use. A part for the fuel saving, further benefits come from a better status of the main engine consequent to a higher burning efficiency of the fuel, thus less maintenance costs. The

reduction in black carbon emission stated also by the fisherman further confirm a certain cleaning effect. V. [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

REFERENCES

Ali S. Faris, Saadi K. Al-Naseri, Nather Jamal, Raed Isse, Mezher Abed, Zainab Fouad, Akeel Kazim, Nihad Reheem, Ali Chaloob, Hazim Mohammad, Hayder Jasim, Jaafar Sadeq, Ali Salim, Aws Abas, Effects of Magnetic Field on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in Two-Stroke Engine, Energy Procedia, Volume 18, 2012, Pages 327-338, ISSN 18766102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.044.G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of LipschitzHankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references); Ali A. Jazie Al-Khaledy, 2008. High Performance and Low Pollutant Emissions from a Treated Diesel Fuel using a Magnetic Field, Al Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences; Vol. 1, pp. 2; Busch, K.W., Busch, R.E. Darling, S., 1976. Design of a test loop for the evaluation of magnetic water treatment devices. Process safety and environmental protection, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers; Okoronkwo, C. A., Nwachukwu, C.C, Ngozi –Olehi L.C and Igbokwe, J.O. , 2010. The effect of electromagnetic flux density on the ionization and the combustion of fuel (An economy design project), American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research; ISSN: 2153-649X doi:10.5251/ajsir.2010.1.3.527.531; Notti, E, Buglioni G, Sala A, 2012a. Energy performance evaluation for fishing vessels. – Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Ships and Shipping Research, Naples, Italy, October 2012: 85-94. ISBN: 978-88-904394-2-1. Notti, E., Sala, A., Martinsohn, J., Damalas, D., 2012b. Effects of engine replacement on the fuel consumption reduction in fisheries. JRC Scientific and Policy Report prepared under ICEEF Service Contract Nr. 256660 by CNR-ISMAR, Ancona (Italy) for the Joint Research Center of the European Commission. 13 pp. Rongjia Tao, 2004. Investigate Effects of Magnetic Fields on Fuels. Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelpha, PA 19122; pp.7; Sala A,. De Carlo F., Buglioni G., Lucchetti A., 2011. Energy performance evaluation of fishing vessels by fuel mass flow measuring system. Ocean Engineering, 38: 804-809. Sala, A A., Messina,G., Lucchetti,A., Notti, E., De Carlo, F., Palumbo, V., Van Vugt, H., 2009a. Energy saving in fisheries (ESIF). In:Van Marlen, B. (Ed.), Final Project Report FISH/2006/17LOT3, 425pp.