Flash in the pan? Indra Nooryi. â« Born in Chennai, India. â« Educated in India. â« Masters in Yale. â« Now head of Pepsico,. US ...
Gender, skilled migration and labour markets Parvati Raghuram The Open University
Flash in the pan? Indra Nooryi Born in Chennai, India Educated in India Masters in Yale
Now head of Pepsico,
US
Education – gender divide dominates Over half of tertiary educated are women High number of women in humanities, education,
health and increasing numbers in science Proportion in computing is dropping almost everywhere. Higher numbers of women in postsocialist countries, China and India Proportion of women in health and education is increasing more rapidly than among men.
Gendered labour markets – US and Canada Female dominated
Male dominated
Secretaries
Bricklayers
Childcare workers
Heavy-duty mechanics
Teaching assistants
Electricians
Nursing assistants Receptionists
(over 92% are women)
(less than 2% are women)
Permanent and long term arrivals New Zealand – medical practitioners by country of origin, 2013 250 216 195
200
204 172
150 Male Female
100 77 59 50 15
14
11
17
0 253 Medical Practitioners
Australia
United Kingdom
China, People's Republic of
India
All Other Countries
Permanent and long term arrivals, New Zealand – midwifery and nursing by country of origin, 2013
120
113
100
91
80
72 Male
60
Female
40 20
10
15 7 0
1
20
3
0 254 Midwifery and Nursing Professionals Australia
United Kingdom
China, People's Republic of
India
All Other Countries
Permanent and long term arrivals - New Zealand – school teachers by country of origin, 2013
800
758
700 600 500 412 400
360
300
221 200
153
123 100
70
58
5
30
0
241 School Teachers Australia
United Kingdom
China, People's Republic of
India
All Other Countries
Male
Female
Permanent and long-term arrivals, New Zealand – ICT professionals by country of origin, 2013 600 490
500
400 Male
300
Female
191
200
129
104
104
100 34
27
42
42 9
0 26 ICT Professionals Australia
United Kingdom
China, People's Republic of
India
All Other Countries
Permanent and long-term arrivals, New Zealand – Engineering professionals by country of origin, 2013 900
837
800 700 600 500
Male
412 400
Female
373
300 200 100
150 60
90 38
26
46
14
0 233 Engineering Professionals
Australia
United Kingdom
China, People's Republic of
India
All Other Countries
Applicants for visas using sponsorship certificates – UK, 2013 25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Applicants for visas using sponsorship certificates by sex – UK, 2013 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
10% 0%
Female % Male %
Extension applications for sponsorship – UK, 2013 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
Series1
Extension applications for sponsorship by sex – UK, 2013 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Female % Male %
Top five subjects for international student enrolment in Australia (2008) 1. Business/commerce (48,922)
2. Accounting (20,210) 3. Information Technology (IT) (13,528)
4. Engineering (11,052) 5. Teaching (5,796)
(Hawthorne and Hawthorne, 2009).
Type of labour market and outcomes
Labour market outcomes – country of birth, country of qualification and migration policies
Labour Market Outcomes Individual (gender, age, marriage, presence
of children) Firm (age profile, role models, hours of work,
family friendly policy, pension policy)
National/Provincial
Provincial/national To regulate or not – Engineering Unregulated (Australia) Regulated (Canada)
Conclusions Theoretical – double disadvantage? Single disadvantage Multiple disadvantages
Policy Inadequacies of ‘integration’ policy BME and migrant are not the same
Future questions Implications of mobility-scapes Beyond sedentary paradigm of migration New spaces of encounter and learning?
