Global Afton PowerPoint Template - July 2009

Next Generation Gasoline Development Fuel Additives for Future Fuel and Vehicle Technologies

PEMEX/IMP Technical Seminar July 11, 2012

Company Confidential

Presentation Overview The Gasoline Market  Industry Trends

& Issues  Performance Parameters

Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Overview  Defining

DIG  The DIG market and growth expectations  DIG test development and capabilities

Additive Direction

Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

Fuel Additives Are Enabling An Evolution in Fuel and Vehicle Technology Emission control and energy conservation policies are drivers for change in vehicle and fuel technology Fuel additives enable the safe and efficient production, transport and utilization of fuel Fuel additives maintain optimal vehicle performance


Current Drivers for Gasoline and Additives Emissions Reduction Reduce Sulfur/Sulfate Emissions

Exhaust Aftertreament Performance

Emissions/Energy Increase Fuel Volume

Reduce Petroleum Dependence

Renewable Fuel

Fuel Change

Fuel Change

Sulfur Reduction

Ethanol Blending

Impact on Fuel Properties – Additives

Impact on Fuel Properties – Additives

Loss of Octane

Corrosion – Silver

Improved Stability

Increase Octane

Corrosion

Distribution Challenges


Decisions for the Motor Industry: How to Deliver Low Emissions and Low CO2 ( The Octane Challenge: Cameron And Associates)

Engine Downsized

Direct Injection

Turbocharged or Supercharged

Optimized for 98 RON Knock Sensored to run on 95 RON


Evolving Engine Technology to Meet Emission and Energy Needs Defines Additive Requirements Technology

Cleanliness Challenge for Fuel Additives

Precise A/F control

Valves, injectors

Cam Phasing

Valve, injector, intake

Variable Valve Lift


Turbocharging

Hotter engine, EGR, intake

Cylinder Deactivation

Valve and injector

Variable Charge Motion

Valves, intake system, charge motion device

Variable Compression Ratio

Intake

Hybrids


Gasoline Direct Injection

Injectors

Diesel – HSDI

Increased diesel use, injectors

Diesel – High Pressure Common Rail

Injector coking, injector sticking


Drivers of Continued Industry Change

Emission Mandates

Energy Efficiency Mandates

Globalization of OEMs, Suppliers, & Others

Technology Changing Consumer Behavior

KEY GLOBAL TRENDS


March 5 New Product Launch

Branded Additive: Nitrogen Enriched Marketing Message     

“No other gasoline Protects Better” “NEW Formula with 20% more cleaning agents than before!” “Delivering (statistically) 0% Gunk = Unsurpassed engine protection” Under the Nitrogen Enriched campaign and supported by Passionate Experts Supported by 100 million dollar marketing campaign

Treat Rate: Calculated treat rates based on 20% more cleaning agent claim. V-Power >6x LAC (previously 5x LAC). Regular is ~3x LAC (previously ~2.5x LAC) Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

Branded Additive: Invigorate. Also market Amoco brand name for Premium Marketing Message: Currently marketing “more miles per tank” fuel economy claim supported by a 4 to 8 mile improvement (keep clean) over low detergent fuels  

Relaunching Invigorate Q1 2012 supported by fuel rewards program $500 million marketing campaign over next 2 years. Want to be #1 marketer east of Rockies

Treat Rate: Not Top Tier registered. BP offers Regular with Invigorate, Silver with extra Invigorate and Amoco Ultimate with maximum Invigorate


Marketing Message: Low price, high quality, members only Treat Rate: 5x LAC (~2x Top Tier) at select locations in all grades


Adoption of High Efficiency Gasoline Engine Technology Continues to Grow 1.6L Turbo Direct Injection

Direct Injection Engine in Gasoline Vehicles Percent New Vehicle Sales

100% 80% 60%



Designed to use high octane fuel for optimal fuel efficiency



Operation on lower octane fuel increased fuel consumption

EU

40%

US Japan

20% 0% 2005

2010

2015

2020

Source: API/Martec, 2010


Nissan DIG Turbo (Nissan Pure Drive)





Options for OEMs to Improve Fuel Economy TECHNOLOGY

COMPARED WITH

IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL EFFICIENCY

Gasoline direct injection plus turbocharging

Multiport fuel injection

up to 12%

Dual-clutch transmission

Automatic transmission

up to 10%

Cylinder deactivation

Using all 8 cylinders

7%

Continuously variable valve timing

Fixed valve settings

5%

Hybrid electric

Traditional

25 - 50%

Stop-start system

Idling

5%

5+ speed transmission

4-speed

3 - 4%

Diesel engine

Gasoline engine

25 - 30%

Different combinations of these technologies for different markets www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090519/ANA02/905199971/1186


Direct Injection Gasoline Growth


Direct Injection Gasoline

Fuel injected at high pressure directly into cylinder instead of intake port Improves Fuel Economy, Increases power, lowers exhaust emissions Increased air charge volume gives more power. Evaporative cooling allows the compression ratio to be raised, providing a higher level of thermodynamic efficiency Improved knock resistance permits more aggressive ignition curves

Source: Ford Motor Company


Source: Tom McCarthy, “Ford’s Perspective on Future Engines and Their Fuels,” U. of Wisc. Engine Research Symposium, 2011.


Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG)

Port Fuel Injection

Direct Injection

•

Fuel/air mixed before entering cylinder

•

Fuel/air mixed inside cylinder

•

Requires stoichiometric air:fuel mixture

•

Increases power and improves FE

•

Efficient 3 way catalyst - low emissions

•

NOX and particulate emissions can be challenging

Used with permission from API Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

Wall-guided injection vs. Spray-guided injection Wall-guided injection  Intake

side mounted location  Cooler tip temperature  Less fuel impingement on spark plug  Higher spray impingement on cylinder walls  Increased probability of oil dilution

Spray-guided injection  Centrally

mounted location  Higher injector tip temperature  Higher ignition stability over the engine operating map  High degree of mixture stratification possible


Direct Injection Combustion Modes

Homogenous Charge  Used

in high-load operation  Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio  Fuel charge is uniform in the combustion chamber

Stratified Charge  Used

in part-load operation  Lean air/fuel ratio mixture  Fuel charge is locally rich at the spark plug Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

DIG Opportunities Benefits

Challenges


DIG Overview DIG engines are liable to fuel related deposit formation There is no industry accepted test for such deposits  PFI has ASTM D5598-01, ASTM D6421-99a and TOP TIER Fuel Injector Fouling Initial Performance Standard

It cannot be assumed that additives suitable for PFI engines will protect DIG engines Need for a method to determine additive performance in DIG SEM showed that a high LTFT does correlate with a heavily deposited fuel injector and the deposits are stable Further investigation showed highly deposited injectors slows the start of injection and the effects the spray pattern


DIG Fuel Injector Fouling Determining fuel injector fouling  Track

the increase in Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) via OBD-2

• LTFT is an ECM algorithm for adaptive fuel trim – To compensate for the reduced flow through a plugged injector, the injector must stay open for a longer time 2008 Pontiac Solstice Test Summary 08PS2-2 25

Long Term Fuel Trim, %

20

15

10

5

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-5

-10

-15

Test Time, hrs


Injector Photographs New General Motors 2.0L Ecotec injector: X-Ray


SEM Photos New injector


Direct Injector Deposits

Base fuel LTFT=18.7%

Afton additive LTFT= 0%


Direct Injection Gasoline Engines – Injector Cleanliness Direct injection gasoline (DIG) engines have fuel introduced directly to combustion chamber Injectors can coke causing injectors to open longer to inject proper fuel amount

% Change in Opening

15

10

Base Fuel

Increased Coking

5

Coking can lead to loss of power, higher emission and reduced fuel efficiency

0

-5

Additized Fuel

Properly designed fuel additives required to control coking

-10

Time


Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Performance

% Shift in LTFT

Base fuel

Base fuel + PFI* only additive Base fuel + additive optimized for PFI* & DIG

Both additives have excellent PFI engine IVD performance


DIG Dirty-up / Clean-up Test

Dirty up with base fuel. Clean up with additive use


Mini Cooper DIG Vehicle – Injector clean-up

73% restoration


VAG DIG vehicle – Injector clean-up VW Golf 1.4 TSI

AUDI A4 30

30

47.5% restoration

55 % restoration 25

20

20

15

15

LTFT, %

LTFT, %

25

10

10

5

5

0

0 0

-5

20

40

Test Time, hrs

60

0 -5

10

20

30

40

50

Test Time, hrs


60

LTFT response to a range of additives


Additive “A” Treat Rate Effects


Engine Designs and Cleanliness Engine technologies changing 

DISI, Downsizing, Pressure Charging etc • More stress on fluids including fuel

Appetite for detergent chemistries is changing 

Gasoline additives need to protect older PFI and latest DISI with one fuel.  Additives with good PFI performance may not protect DIG engines against injector deposits.

Additive companies and Fuel Marketers must ensure that their products support the introduction of new vehicle technologies Afton has developed a proprietary test for DIG performance, and which can be extended to represent a Clean Up test. 

The test has the potential to be able to provide performance discrimination that corresponds to in-service experience

The use of a performance additive package can provide improved power and fuel efficiency in DIG engines


Example Performance Benefit with Fully Formulated Package Fuel consumption decrease

Torque (Power) increase 120

7.6

7.5

Fuel consumption, l/100km

Torque, Nm

116

112

108

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.1

7 104

Base fuel

+ Additive @ 2000km

6.9 Base fuel

+ Additive @ 2000km


Direct Injection Gasoline Testing Keep-Clean testing  Dramatically

reduces the shift in LTFT (measure of injector

plugging)

66% Improvement

83% Improvement


Direct Injection Gasoline Testing Providing improved DIG performance

Shift in LTFT%

Keep-Clean Testing 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%

Additive A DIG Additive

2008 VW Jetta

2008 Pontiac Solstice

Company Confidential Confidential and Proprietary. This document should not be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

Key Point Summary DIG is the future of engine technology  Better

Fuel Economy is driving DIG demand  Many DIG vehicles on the road today  Exponential growth expected

DIG technology development is essential DIG opportunity  Evidence

of DIG deposit related problems in the field  Issues likely to grow as DIG continues to penetrate market • Detergent additive system will be critical in controlling deposit forming tendencies • Detergent Chemistries respond differently • Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle performance


Key Point Summary con’t Clean Fuel solutions are complicated and are exemplified by biofuels  Gasoline/ethanol

blends are increasing and will vary in performance depending on the source of the ethanol

Emission control and energy conservation policies are drivers for change in vehicle and fuel technology Fuel Additives enable the evolution of fuel and engine technology to meet these needs in a cost effective manor Fuel additives provide means to effectively and efficiently modify fuel properties  Maintain

optimal engine performance and reduce emissions  Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle performance


Muchas Gracias!!! Preguntas???

Ron Fricke Fuels Technical Associate [email protected]

(804) 788-5069
