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Bioved, 27(1) : 115–120, 2016
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Reproductive profile of Cirrhinus mrigala and suggestion for restoration (Hamilton, 1822) from the Yamuna river, India Priyanka Mayank, Amitabh Chandra Dwivedi and Ashish Tiwari Regional Centre, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Allahabad-211002, India Received October 20, 2015 and Accepted January 28, 2016 ABSTRACT : Cirrhinus mrigala is a member of Indian major carp group. The species is of commercial significance due to its aquaculture potential and high consumer preference. Studies were undertaken during the period August 2011 to July 2012 from the Yamuna river at Allahabad, India. The age composition of C. mrigala varied from 0+ to 10+ age group in the length ranged from 16.8 to 94.3 cm. According to age, proportion of male was higher than female in 0, 1+ and 2+ age group but Chi-square values were not significant. Sex ratio of male fishes was higher than female in 22.128.0 cm, 46.1-52.0 cm and 70.1-76.0 cm size groups. Higher proportion of female was observed in the stock, sex ratio of male and female was 1:1.05 and Chi-square value was not significant. It is struggling with C. carpio and L. calbasu for feeding and breeding ground. Presently it is very necessary to make a policy for restoration of this species in the Yamuna river. Key Words: Cirrhinus mrigala, Yamuna river, reproductive profile, sex ratio.
Sex ratio is an important population feature as it contributes to the rate of recruitment (Mayank and Dwivedi, 2015a; Pathak et al., 2015). Knowledge of sex ratio is considered essential in the management of the fisheries as it enables to follow the movement of the sexes in relation to the season (Somvanshi, 1980). The sex ratio in fish populations is usually close to 1:1, however, it sometimes shifts towards predominance of one or the other sex (Devlin and Nagahama, 2002; Dwivedi and Nautiyal, 2010). Changes in the sex ratio, if they occur in anthropogenically unaffected natural populations, may be determined by different population parameters and external factors (Brykov et al., 2008). Heavy metals concentrations are responsible for heavy recruitment in case of fishes (Tiwari et al., 2013; 20014; Dwivedi et al., 2015). The sex structure is very important to the reproduction of a population, and consequently there are mechanisms for adjusting it to changes in the food supply. The last is itself dependent on the population density, so that the sex ratio naturally reflects the density (Nikolskii, 1980). The sex ratio of most fish species in the wild tends to be 1:1, but deviations can occur and seasonal variations are common (Helfman et al., 2007).
C. mrigala is commercially exploited in the Ken, Paisuni and Tons rivers with 6.17%, 6.50 and 7.75%, respectively (Dwivedi and Nautiyal 2013), in the Ganga river (Dwivedi et al., 2016) and in the Yamuna river (Mayank et al., 2015). It is bottom feeder. It is struggle with C. carpio and L. calbasu for feeding and breeding ground (Pathak et al., 2014a; Imran et al., 2015). It is also backbone of culture fisheries in India (Dwivedi et al., 2004; Mayank and Dwivedi, 2015b). The sex ratio studies by Pathak et al. (2014b, 2015) in Cyprinus carpio, Dwivedi et al. (2011) in Labeo rohita, Tor tor, L. calbasu and Mayank and Dwivedi (2015a) in Oreochromis niloticus. But nothing is known about C. mrigala from the Yamuna river at Allahabad, India. The sex ratio is influenced by several factors, including mortality, longevity and growth rate, these in turn lead to differences in the catch rate (King and Etim, 2004). The aim of this study was to investigate the sex ratio and sex structure of C. mrigala from the Yamuna River at Allahabad, India.
Materials and Methods Studies were undertaken during the period August 2011 to July 2012. For the purpose of collection of data on fish landings and length-frequency of
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Oi2 n Ei
selected species; and fish samples, Sadiapur wholesale fish market was chosen. Sadiapur fish market is just by the left side of river Yamuna and major part of fish catch from the lower stretch of the river is brought to this market for disposal. Experimental fishing was also conducted with the help of local fishermen using drag net, gill net, cast net, scoop net and hook and line for studying the biodiversity.
Where Oi= Observed frequency, Ei =Expected frequency, n = Number of sample
During the course of study 335 specimens of C. mrigala (163 male and 172 female) were considered for the estimation of sex ratio and sex structure. The female sex (fish) was determined by microscopic examination of the ovary as they show sexual dimorphism only in the breeding season. The numbers of fish samples were segregated on the basis of their sex (male and female) to determine the percentage composition of each sex in different age groups. This helped to understand the distribution of sexes in different age groups. Their ratio (M:F) was computed for each age group. The significant deviation from the hypothetical 1:1 sex ratio was tested by Chi- square (Sokal and Rolhf, 1973) at 5% significance level.
According to age During the course of study 335 specimens (163 males and 172 females) for the determination of sex ratio and sex structure were examined. It was found that male and female population fluctuated slightly and there was no significant difference from the expected ratio (1:1). Proportion of male was higher than female in 0, 1+ and 2+ age group but Chisquare values were not significant. In case of 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+ and 7+ age groups female proportion was higher than the male but the Chi-square values were not significant (Table 1). In case of 8+, 9+ and 10+ age groups male fishes were not encountered. In the stock female ratio was slightly higher than the male (1.0:1.05).
Sokal and Rolhf (1973) has given the following formula specially for two classes calculation of chisquare.
Sex structure of male was maximum in 0 age group with 55.56% while female sex structure was maximum in 7+ age group (75.00%) (Fig. 2). In to-
Chi-square (2 )
Results and Discussion
Table-1 : Sex ratio of Cirrhinus mrigala (according to age) from the Yamuna river at Allahabad. Age
Male
Female
Sex ratio
Chi-square
Significance
0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+
10 38 68 30 10 04 02 01
08 35 64 38 13 05 03 03 01 01 01
1:0.8 1:0.92 1:0.94 1:1.26 1:1.3 1:1.25 1:1.5 1:3.0
0.22 0.12 0.12 0.94 0.38 0.10 0.20 1.00
NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Total
163
172
1:1.05
0.24
NS
PRIYANKA MAYANK et al.
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1:
tal 51.34% female fishes were encountered in the stock. According to size Sex ratio of male fishes was higher than female in 22.1-28.0 cm, 46.1-52.0 cm and 70.1-76.0 cm size groups. Sex ratio (male : female) of C. mrigala fluctuated between 1:0.64 in 22.1-28.0 cm size group to 1:2.0 in 82.1-88.0 cm size group (Table-2). Female fishes were higher in 16.1-22.0 cm, 28.134.0 cm, 34.1-40.0 cm, 46.1-52.0 cm, 58.1-64.0 cm, 64.1-70.0 cm and 82.1-88.0 cm size groups. Male and female proportion was equal in 40.1-46.0 cm, 52.1-58.0 cm and 76.1-82.0 cm size groups thus resulting in a ratio of 1:1. Male fishes were not recorded in 88.1-94.0 cm and 94.1-100 cm size groups. Present study also indicated that the female fishes survive longer as compared to male. Observed difference was not significant in all size groups (Table-2). Higher proportion of female was observed in the stock, sex ratio of male and female was 1:1.05 and Chi-square value was not significant. Sex structure of male was maximum in 22.1-
28.0 cm size group (61.11%) whereas female sex structure was maximum in 88.1-94.0 and 94.1-100 cm size groups (100%) (Fig. 2). In the stock, sex structure of male and female was 48.66% and 51.34%. In the studies of river Yamuna stock, female fishes of C. mrigala were slightly higher than the male. Small size group and lower age groups fishes more exploited than higher size and age groups (Pathak et al., 2014b; Imran et al., 2015) which size groups had more experience for breeding. Jhingran and Khan (1979) reported the dominance of males in the size range 260-319 mm and 680-793 mm in C. mrigala. In Gobindsagar also the basic ratio of 1:1 changed in T. putitora as the ratio was considerably upset (21 males, 103 females in a sample of 124 specimens (Johal et al., 2000), attributed to conditions such as selectivity of the fishing gear, diseases, epidemic or some recent aquaculture practices (polyploidy, gynogenesis, selective breeding etc.). Examination of sex ratio in T. putitora in the Ganga river (near Haridwar) revealed that the males
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Table-2 : Sex ratio (according to size) of Cirrhinus mrigala from the Yamuna river at Allahabad. Size range (cm) Male
Female
Sex ratio
Chi-square
Significance
16.1-22.0
3
4
1:1.33
0.14
NS
22.1-28.0 28.1-34.0 34.1-40.0 40.1-46.0 46.1-52.0 52.1-58.0 58.1-64.0 64.1-70.0 70.1-76.0 76.1-82.0 82.1-88.0 88.1-94.0 94.1-100.0
22 17 07 21 32 21 16 10 07 05 02
14 21 12 21 24 21 25 13 05 05 04 02 1
1:0.64 1:1.23 1:1.71 1:1 1:0.7 1:1 1:1.56 1:1.08 1:0.71 1:1 1:2
1.78 0.42 1.32
NS NS NS
1.14 2.98 0.38 0.34
NS NS NS NS NS
0.66
NS
Total
163
172
1:1.05
0.24
NS
PRIYANKA MAYANK et al.
were predominant in the lower size and age classes and in most of the months, while females in the higher size classes and in winter (Bhatt et al., 2004). Earlier Chaturvedi (1976) also reported that in T. tor from Udaipur lakes males dominated up to the size of 50 cm total fish length and in the higher size group i.e. up to 80 cm total fish length females dominated considerably. He attributed this phenomenon to high mortality among males in younger size groups. This implies that the sex ratio changes significantly when the fish attains sexual maturity. Novaes and Carvalho (2012) recorded male O. niloticus comprised 56.1% and females 43.9% of the catches, with a sex ratio (M:F) of 1.3:1 from Barra Bontia reservoir, Brazil. For successful recruitment is very necessary to low concentration of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems (Dwivedi et al., 2015; Tiwari and Dwivedi, 2014). C. mrigala is struggling with C. carpio and L. calbasu for feeding and breeding ground in the Yamuna river. It may be concluded that, at present time it is very necessary to make a policy for restoration of this species in the Yamuna river.
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