METALLURGY. Copperwas only found by Eliot and. Storer in New. Jerseyzinc.
Karsten found that. ^ per cent, of copper makes zinc harder and brittle,so.
HA N D BO O K
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M A C M I LLA N
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AT THE
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A L A A DE M Y
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CONTENT S Z I NC
P h y i l P p ti Ch m i l P p t i i n th nd t h t f Imp t n C mp f Zi ti n Ch m i l R f th M t l E xt ti Z i n O xi d Z i n S lp h i d Zi S ili t Zi t Ca b Z i n S lp h t Z i n C hl i d All y f Z i n Zi O Zi Bl d Sp h l it C l mi Z in S p Zi S ili t El t i C l m i H m im phit W ill m i t T tit H b ti Hy d zi i t Zi Bl m F k li i t M t ll gi l P d t nt i i g Z i n Th E x t ti f Zi P i fi t i n f Z i n 17 Ext ti n f Z i in t h D y W y Th E x t ti f Zi f m O 17 1 P p ti f O th P f f R d ti C h i ng Z i n O 20 ( ) B i ng C l i ing f C l m i 2 1 B ni g C l m i i S h ft F i g C l mi i 22 ; B G t fi d Sh f t F i ng f C l m i i R v 23 ; B b t y F 2 5 ; I d p n d nt R v b t y F F ix dR v b t y F n 2 5 ; F ix dR v b t y F W k d by H d 2 5 ; F ix d R v b t y F W k d s ca
e
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urn ac e s : u rn ac e s or
e
CON T E N TS P
Mec h a n i cally
i M v bl H t h 9 yF w i t h M v bl C h m b 30 R v R v b t H t f Zi R d ti b t H t d by t h y F f d 3 2 Th P F f Zi Bl 3 1 ( b) C l m t i 39 i H p d S t ll C l i ti C l i ti ti 37 C l i f L m p Bl d i Sh f F i Sh f F 39 ti C l i 41 h d Bl d i S h ft F 30 C l i ti f C i F ix d 41 C l i ti t y F C l i ti i R v b y F 42 ; C l i ti i F ix d R v b R v b t i W k d by H d 4 3 I d p d t R v b t y F t t h t d by t h “ by H d 4 3 R v b t y F F R d i d \V k d by H d 4 8 C l H t f Zi \V k d by M h i yF y i ti i F ix d R v b t th yF w i t h M v bl H 48 ti i R v b t C l i 50 ti i R v b w i t h M v bl W ki g t y F C l i Ch m b 51 t l i ti f th A i d f S lp h E v lv d by C l i ti i Th N R v b t y F C l i ti i C m bi dR v b d M hl F 59 ; t y ti C l i i M fil F i F ix d M ffl 63 C l i ti w ith M hi R bbli g 7 1 ; C l i t i F i F w i t h M v bl C h m b 7 f th P d t f C l i U t ili t i ti 2 Th P f R d ti th E xt d ti f Zi f m th C l i "
e
Re
29
,
u rn ac e s
e ra o r
a t
n
n ac e s
u rn ac e s ,
on
a c na e
n
on o
r us
r es
an
e
or
an
ea
c na
on
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( J re s
T h e Ch arge f o r t h e V e sse
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G e n e ra C o ns Co m I
i h th P id ti f th P
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:
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as -
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Re du c t
ro c e ss o f
on
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e rf o rm e d
i till ti i R f Zi D i t il l t i F 111 ; 1 F 112 bl F D D
u r n ac e s ,
e
o
II
is
on
88
on ,
l i A p F ix d by G t 112 S i gl F Fi d 118 2 F d G by b t h G t 119 ; 3 G fi dF 12 0 ; G fi d F w ith t R g t 12 0 ; G fi d F w it h R g t 12 3 ; M ixi g t h C h g 124 ; T h P f D i t ill t i 12 5 ; E x m pl f Zi Ex t ti i R t t F 12 6 D i t ill t i i M ffl i P t h S il M tfl 13 0 ; C d Ad pt 133 ; F f D t ill i 14 3 ; Ol d S il i F 14 4 ; B l g S il i F 14 5 B lg S l i F F i d by G t 14 7 B l g S il i F F i d by G 150 ; G F w i th t R g t 15 0 ; G F 15 7 ; T h with R g t C h g 16 1 P f D i t ill t i 16 1 R lt d E x m pl f Z Ext t M fil
T he B e g an M e t h o d o da t e rs, 110
.
i P
ng t h e
ec
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Re du c t
Re du c t
p ti
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r ac i o n I n
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AGE
v ii
C ON T E N T S
l
F
F i d Di t M ffl F 16 4 B l g S il i F Fi d Ol d S il i by G t 164 ; B l g S il i F F i d w i t h G 16 5 F t 16 8 L f Zi i T w i th R g ti g Z i O D t f i R t t l ti g th C t d M ffl 17 0 C l f t h D i t ill t i f Zi 17 3 E xt ti f Zi f m F P d t P d t f th R d t i P 17 7 R fi i g f Zi 17 7 E xp i m l f t h Im p v m t f th D y M th d f t d P p Ext ti Zi i S h ft F 18 5 ; T h E x t Ext ti f Zi ti f t y F 19 1 P p l f th I m p v Zi i R v b V p m t f th C d ti f Zi wh t h D i t ill t i P i i d i V l 192 ; P p l f Im p vi g d Sh p f th V l 19 4 th M t i l ti f Zi by t h C m bi d W t d D y M t h d Th E xt f Zi Th E l t ly t i E x t ti i t h W t W y 198 T h E l t ly t i E x t ti f Zi 1 Th E xt ti f Zi f m O 2 0 7 ; ( ) Th E x t ti f Zi f m Zi P p 209 E x t t i f Z i f m S l t i O f Zi ti f Zi f m S l ti S lp h i d 2 16 ; T h E x t i Th E x t ti f Zi f m Al k li S l O g i A i d 2 16 2 17 f Zi f m O i w h i h it i ti ( b) T h E x t t i E l t ly t i E x t f S b i di y C ti t t 2 18 ; 2 Th ti 22 1 Zi f m All y P j t f t h E l t ly t i E x t t i f Z i i t h D y W y f th P h T tm t f O d ti t i i gZ i f M t f Zi Wh i t bl Z i C m p d 22 6 ; P d t i 226 P p ti f M ix t f O xi d f Zi S lp h t f L d d f L d 235 O xid O de r
urnac e s
re c
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u
u r n ac e s ,
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ra e s ,
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rac
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C
A DMI U M
P hy i l P p t i Th C h m i l P p t i f C dm i m d f it C m p d th t f i it E x t ti Imp t S f C dm i m Th E t ti f C dm i m E xt t i n in t h D y W y 2 4 3 Ext t i n f C dm i m i t h W t W y 2 46 E x t t i f C dm i m by E l t ly t i M t h d s ca
e
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on
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an
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a
e
248
a
es o
a
r
on o
rac
,
,
a
u
o
a
e c ro
n
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c
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s,
.
M E RCU RY
P hy i l P p t i Ch m i l P p t i Imp t f All y f M s ca
e
ca
ro
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er
er
es
es
of
M e rc u ry
or
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s o
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t h e E t rac t
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,
25 4
.
an d o f
i
on o f
it s C o m
the
M e t al
p
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ch
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f
y n l m C 254 y N t iv M 25 9 t P d F n M y f n t x a i E t O m f u M y f t x i t E D y h M y f ti Th E x t i n m b a i C i t n H by g M y f n ti E xt App i n l n C nd n i g
Ores of
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2 9
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289
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P hy i al P p t i th n Th Ch mi l P p t i f Bi dit C t n in it E x t i n id O id f B i m h 3 48 ; L s c
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Bism uth
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.
S ul ph es
350
Bism uth , 3 5 1 : Ore s
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t a ning Bismut h 3 53 ,
o
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f Bismt h
.
f
of
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Big“ 35 3 ;
ix
ON T E N T S
x Ext
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I
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.
sm u t h sm u t h
on of
in t h e I
B
i t h e D ry W ay f ro m Ore s o f is m u t h f r o m Or e s c o n t a
sm u t h
i i g t h N t iv M t l 35 4 ; Th E t t i f B i m th by L i q i d t i 35 5 ; Th E x t ti f Bi t h by P f F i 35 7 b Th E xt ti f B i m tl m B i m th G l ti Th E x t f B i m th f m O i h t i it i t h f m f O xi d 35 9 I E xt ti f B i m t h i t D y W y f m M t ll gi l P d t ti f th f m M t t 3 60 b Th Ex t T h Ext ti f B i m th f m J y 36 1 Ex t ti f B i m t h by t h t W y Ext th W t W y f E xt ti f Bi m t l m O 362 ti f B i m th i t l V t W y f m F P d t 36 2 l t ti f B i m th f m by t h E l t ly t i d B i m t h All y M th d fi i g f B i m th f P i fi ti i th D y W y 3 69 ; P i fi t i f Bi m y 3 72 B i m th i th W t a
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p
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'
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i
Ti
an d
it s C o m
p
o u n ds,
wh
i
c h are o f
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o rt
on
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3 7 6 St ann
e,
i A hyd id c
n
i
Ch
r
3 77 ;
e,
i A id
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c
c
,
l id or
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3 7 7 S t an n
c
l id or
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377
.
Tin
n
s o
Ore s
n
x
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on o f
x
T h e E trac t
A
.
i
Tin f r o m t h ) re
on o f
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i P ifi ti
T h e E t rac t
1 Th e .
u
ro
T in
s of
lp h i d l y f Ti
Su
s
-
u rn ac e
ro
rac
re s ,
T in
es of
sa
i
e rt e s o f
S t an n o u s C -
a
ro
.
l id
Ox y
a
a
e
e
e
in it s E t r ac t
3 77 or
s
e
S t an n o u s O Ch
e
es
ro
Com
en
o
n
u
an c e
O
.
u
s
ur
he Ch e
rac
e
.
a
u
~
e s,
o
o
hy sic al
s,
n
ro
a
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a
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n
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s
e
s
s
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ur
ca
on
b T
b
f ro m T in
on o f
T h e R o ast
C ham
T in in t h Dry
e rs ,
i
ng o f
384
one
Im p i t i ti g w i t h F ix d R F ( 383 R t i g Ch m w i th P t ly M v bl 38 8 ; R t i ng Ch m b w i t h M v bl f m 39 0 R m v l f T gt d O
Tin st < Tin
F u rl
e
th e
R o ast e d O r e , 390
fro m
I
j
i
n ur ous
a
e,
o
re ,
ur
es
u rn ac e s
.
ar
ze s
3 86 ; F u rn ac e s r e at m e n t o f t h e R oa e
e rs ,
W ay
a
a
o
e
e
o
o as
a
o as
e
o as
e
a
o
un
n
n
a
e r,
s en
ro
viii
CO N T E N TS
ue s ‘
o
Me rc u ry N at iv e Me rc u ry
f
F
xt Ex E
P
u rn a c e
ro du c t s ,
ra c t o n o f
i
Me rc u ry
t rac t i o n o f
Me rc u ry
x
x
on o
i
b
nn a ar
C inn ab arit e
or
M
25 5 ;
,
i l
e rc u r a
.
f ro m O r es
on o
re
a
ur n ac e s
o us
u r nac e s
l y 27 8 ,
F
E x e li
u rnac e s
en e
,
n
a
n
e rc u r
on
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or
x
n
e rc u r
u rn ac e s
1
u r n ac e
n
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o
o
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o
u
‘
re
u rn ac e ,
e
u r n ac e s ,
re
u rn ac e s
nu
on
re
.
re s
2 7 9 ; The
u rn ac e ,
2 89
urn ac e ,
Fi
f o r Ore
on
en
n er
pO
f o r L um
F
on
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on
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1
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n n a a1
n
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r
e
an c e s ,
ens n
n e rn a
n
ei cur
ea
e rn a
F
259
e rc u r
on
F
C
:
V \ i fM i t h D y y y 259 y by H t i g C i b i t h A 1 ti f M 26 5 ; Th E xt i g Appli y i ti f M C d 26 7 ; E x t lly F i d F y i E Ext ti f M 26 7 ; E x t ti y i t ll y F i d S h f t F f M \V ki g I t m i t t F Fi d t ly 2 6 7 Sh ft F I t lly 268 ; T h B t m t F Al d l F 273 Ext F lly F i d F 268 Th I d i 276 f M y i S h ft F F i d C ti Th Ex t ti
T h e E t rac t
E t rac
2 54
.
F
L an ge r
Kn o
T he
2 86 ;
u r n ac e ,
x
.
nes
zi t F 2 93 ; F 30 1 ; T h L iv m F T h Ti 303 ; T h Cz m k F f M y ( S hiit t f ) 305 Th E x t t i i 3 09 ; T h 3 10 ; t y F Alb t i F R v b 3 11 ; E x t I l dR v b t y F y ti f M i S h ft F P p 3 15 ti f M yi Rt tF Th E x t ti f M y by H t i g Ci b w i t h Li m I i th Th E x t Ab f Ai Th P d t f M y E xt ti S t 3 2 9 ; Th T lA g tm t f S t 33 2 Th G m M y \V k 33 6 N i ki t w k R i 3 4 1 t f ti Th E x t f M yf mM i l F hl Ex t ti f M y f m M t ll gi l P d t ti f M Th Ex t y i t h \V t \V y T h E l t ly t i E x t y 343 ti f M f t Th M f A t ifi i l C i b a nd
B ut t n e r
u r nac e
a
er
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rac
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rac
on o
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a
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or
nn a ar
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er
u rn ac e s ,
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n
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en
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urn ac e ,
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,
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r
uc s o oo
er
u r n ac e s ,
a
s e nc e o
o en
e ra o r
er
e
e
c
e ra o r
er
293 ; T h e G ran
u rn ac e s ,
u rn ac e s,
e rras
e
F
Sc ot t
e
.
o re s
uc s
a
e
on o
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,
.
nn a ar
c a
BI S M I T H ’
P hy i l P p t i T h Ch m i l P p t i f Bi m t h f Im p dit C m p d th t t i it E x t ti O xi d f Bi m th 34 8 ; C hl id f B i m t h 3 49 ; O y S l t 3 50 f Bi m t h S lp h i d All y f f Bi m t h 3 50 Bi m th 3 5 1 O f B i m t h 353 ; F P d t i i g Bi m t h 3 5 3 e
s ca
ro
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ca
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ta n n
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-
s
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ix
C ON T E N T S
x E xt
i ti
E t rac t
I
rac
on of
x
Th e E t rac
.
i Bi ti B
o n of
sm u t h
on o
Way
in t h e D ry
sm u t h
f B
x
i
in t h e D ry W ay f r o m Ore s o f B s m u t h f ro m Or e s c o n t a
sm u t h
i i g t h N t iv M t l 3 54 ; Th E x t ti f B i m th by L i q i d t i 355 ; Th E xt f B i m t h by P i 3 57 b T h ti f F E xt ti ti f B i m th f m B i m th G l Th E x t f B i m th f m O w hi h t i it i t h f rm f O xi d 3 5 9 I I Ext ti f B i m t h i t h D y W y f m M t ll gi l P d t 3 60 b Th E x t Th E x t ti f B i m th f m M t t 36 1 ti f B i m t h f m All y E xt ti f B i m t h by t h W t W y E xt 36 2 E xt ti f B i m th i t h W t W y f m O P d t 36 2 ti f B i m th i t h W t W y f m F ti Ext by t h E l t ly t i f B i m t h f m L d B i m t h All y Th e E t rac t
(b
.
e a
66
on o
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on
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s
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s
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M e t ho d Re fi n
i
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B sm u t h
P i fi ti B i m th i
B
n th e
u
s
i
sm u t h
Ph y i l P p t i f Ti Th C h m i l P p t i ti i it E x t O xy g C m p nd f Tin St O xi d 3 7 6 ; s ca
e
ca
e
an c e
en
ro
n
rac
ou
Ch
es of
lt
sa
s of
lp h i d All y f Ti Su o
es o f
s o
of
it s C o m
p
o un
ds, w h
i
c h are o f
Im p
ort
S t ann
i A h yd i d n
c
37
e,
r
7
;
A id
S t ann i c
c
,
Tin -
-
i
c at o n
on
e,
S t ann o us C Ox y
ur
.
l id or
P ifi
s o
ann o u s
3 77
n an d
es o
er
s
o
369 ;
,
es
er
ro
Way
in t h e D ry We t Way , 3 7 2
of
on
ca
ur
l id or
e,
3 77
S t ann
i
Ch
c
l id or
e,
377
.
Tin Tin
n
T in Ore s
x
T h e E t rac t I
.
i
on o f
x
Th e E trac t
A 1
.
.
i
T in f ro m t h e O re
on o f
x
i P i fi at i
T h e E t rac t
on
T in in t h e D ry f ro m
n st o n e
p iti ti g dR w i th F i F Th R t i g f Ti O 383 R t i g Ch m w i th P t ly M v bl Ch m b 38 4 ; F 3 88 t i g Ch m b b F 3 86 R w i t h M v bl T tm t f th R t d O 390 R m v l f T g t f m
The
ur
c
e
o as
a
on o f
n
re a
n st o n e
n
o
f r o m I n ju r a
re ,
u rn ace s
en
o
e
o as e
Ro ast ed Ore , 3 9 0
.
i
ous
Im
o
re ,
ur
es
u rn ac e s
.
ar
u rn ac e s
e rs ,
e rs ,
th e
Ti
Ti
W ay
a
a
o
o as
e
e
o
o as
xe
e
n
a
o as
a
o
un
n
n
a
er ,
s en
ro
~
C ON T E N TS 2
T he Re duc t i o n
.
a
T h e Redu c t 1o n
.
in g in Re
v
F
S haf t
x
T h e E t rac t
i
B
a
fi i
T
C
i
x
T in C u t t
II
x
i
T he
ur
Th e E t rac t
.
IlI
i
i
e
o
D r o s se s
oh
.
P
ro
du c t s
an d
T in O re
i
P
.
P ifi i
.
T in f ro m S
on of
4 22
n gs ,
ki m m i
ngs an d o t h e r
fi n in g
of
T in
by F il t t i ra
4 17
,
by e
-
P
on
.
ro
du c t s
.
Tin in t he “Te t \Vay
on o f
i
We t
T in in t h e
cat o n o f
on of
rac
.
a
M e t h o ds Of Wo r ki n g u p Re fi n e ry D ro ss
P ifi Ext ti
The
.
en s,
e
T in
li
The
T h e E t rac t
.
re at m e n t o f
e
e
u rn ac e s ,
i
n ng o f
4 16 .
4 08
s
T h e L q u at o n o f T i n ( ansc h e n ), 4 14 ; b Th e Re 0 ur c at o n o f T in t h e E ng sh M e t h o d, 4 14
.
by I
i
rac t c e ,
u rn ac e s ,
e
ra
Tin O r e in S haft
n of
P
3 94 Sm lt bl F t S t i t S t tl m 39 9 b 4 00 E x m pl s f F
e rs i
T in f ro m t h e I n t e rm e d at e
of
on
T h e Re
.
o
v
in t h e
u r nac e s
e
u rn ac e
t ain e d in t h e .
i
T in Ore in Re
of
i bl F
e rs
T he Re du c t
I
T in O re
of
Tin in E
l
e c t ro
ly t i
\Vay , 4 2 4
.
M e t h o ds
c
A N TI MON Y P hy i l P p t i f Im p t P p t i f A t i m y d f it C m p nd w h i h f it E x t ti A t i m y Hy d i d 4 32 O xi d y f A tim A t i m y T i xi d A t i m n i O xi d 4 3 2 A t i m y T t id A t i m i A t i m i t 43 2 A t i m ny P nt xi d A t i m i A h y d i d 4 33 Chl i d y f A tim S lp h i d y f A ti m O y lt f A ti m y A ll y f A t i m y A tim y O A t i m y gl A t i m y 4 3 7 ; O xi d f A n t i 4 3 6 ; N t iv m y 43 7 T h Ext ti y f A tim I Th E x t ti f A ti m y i t h D y \V y A T h T t m nt f A t i m y G l P d ti f C d f th A ti m y l Li q t i i C l d F m Li q t i P t 4 39 b Li q ti 44 1 i T b F 2 Liq i R v b ti yF t P d t f L i q t i 4 44 B Th T tm t f A ti m y Gl A tim y O f d th t h Ex t ti f M t lli A t i m y s ca
ro
er
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,
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on
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n
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r o
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n
an
on
on
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s
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u rn ac e s .
.
u r n ac e s
n,
n
ua
.
e ra o r
ua
en
ra c
o s,
.
on
c
an c e
-
n
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or
CO
N T EN T S P
i
i
P
ro c e s s 1 Th e Ro ast ng an d Re duc t o n nt m o n G an c e , 44 5 T h e Ro ast n g o f (t .
.
i
yR P ti i d ti
O rd n ar
du c
Re
P P Ex t
Th e
.
A i
i
on
F
S h af t
n
on
Vo
s ng
a
Re du c
45 0
ro c e ss ,
y l l t ili i ti i on
re c
ipi t t i a
on
rac
on
M
Re du c t
et h o d o f
t h e E t rac t
e
n n
n
o
.
e
n n
n
e
ro
e
ro
.
e
449 ;
n g,
e rat o r
i
the
b
Th e Re
yF
.
u rn ac e s ,
F
in P o t
on
451
u rn ac e s
i
on
o sa s
o
4 60
,
i l
.
by e
u rg c a
e a
ro
y
-
P
ro
du c t s w h
i
ch
u r n ac e s
n n
uc s o
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ro
u rn ac e s
e ra o r
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or
s
on
n
on
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o
.
.
i
i
ecut o n of
on
n n
e
on o
on
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o
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con a n e
er
Re du c t
x i f A ti m y f m M t ll f A tim ti Th A tim y t i y C Th R fi i g f A t i m 1 R fi i gi P t F t y F 2 R fi i gi R v b f R fi i g 4 66 Th P d t l f th E x t t i f A t i m y II P p df Ext ti g A tim I I I M th d P p .
v b
Re
n
454 ;
u r nac e s ,
Ro ast
x
.
r o du c t s o f
e
T he E
-
447
o ast n g,
uc
4 56
2
i
o se
,
.
on o
n
rac
or
on
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n
by W y El
M e th o ds
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on
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ARS E N I C
P hy i l P p t i Th C h m i l P p s ca
ro
e
ca
e
an ce
es
i
A
e rt e s o f
ro
in it s E x t rac t
i
i
rse n c an d
it s C o m
p
o u nds
Im p
ar e o f
t h at
o rt
on
p d fA i A i Oxi d 4 72 A i O x i d Ar A h yd id 4 73 f A i S lp h i d f A i Hyd i d f A i Ch l i d f A i w i th th M t l C m bi t i f A i O 4 76 i 4 75 M i pi k l 4 7 5 A i d f I N t iv A ti f A i d it C m p d T h M t ll gi l E x t d M t ll gi l I Th E x t ti f A i l C mp d f m O P d t 1 Th E x t ti f A i E xt ti by t h D y M t h d 4 7 7 ; b T h E l t f A M t ll gi l E x t t i i 4 79 2 Th M f t f A i O xi d Th M f t f C d A i Oxi d 4 80 ; b Th R fin i g f t h C d A i O xi d 488 f Th P d t i Wh i t A i G l 4 88 3 Th P d t i f R dA i Gl R lg Th f P d ti R h gl 492 b Th R fi i g f R h gl 4 93 4 Th P d t i f O pi m t I I Th E x t ti f A i l P d t f m th R i d f m th M f t f C l T C l O
xy g
er
Com
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o
on s o
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ur
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N C p ossesses a w h ite c ol ou w i t h a bl u i sh g ey ti nge and It ystalh ses n th e a h ig h l u t e o n a f e sh ly f a t u e d su rfac e T he n at u e o f t he f ac t u e de p e n ds u p o n t h e c u bi c al sy st e m t e m p e atu e at w hi ch the m e tal w as p u e d and is i nde p e nde nt f th su b se q u en t at e f c ooli ng ; it is c oa se l y l am ell a w h n t h e fl u i d m e tal w as heate d t o e dne ss b e f e p ou i ng bu t fi n e g ai n e d w h e n it i cast at its m e lti ng p o i n t T he sp e c ifi c g av ity o f u n o ll e d zi n is 6 8 6 1 ac c o di ng t o B i ss n Zin 6 9 15 4 acc o di ng t o Ka st e n 7 1 4 9 a co di ng t Matthie ssen l e d has a sp e cifi c g av ity of c ast at it s m e l t i ng p i n t an d sl o w ly g; ac o di n g t o Ra m m e l sb 7 14 5 ac c o di ng t o Bol l e y and f w hil st w he n cast at a e d h e at an d c ool e d sl owly it is ac c di ng t o th e fo m e and a c o di n g t o t h e l at t e o b se v e ; if c a t at it s m el t i ng p o i n t and c o l e d api dl y it h as ac o di ng t o t h e fo m e a sp e ifi c g avity f 7 1 5 8 an d acc o di n g t o t h l att e of e u l t s o b tai n d f o m zi n c p ou e d at a 7 14 7 ; w hil st t h e e p e c t iv e d h e at and c o l e d api dly a e 7 10 9 an d I ts sp e c ifi c gravi ty is ai se df m 7 2 t o 7 3 by olli ng At o di n a y t e m p e atu e s zi nc is so b ri t tl e that i ngot s and sl ab a e b ok en ; b e tw e e n 100 and 15 0 C it b ec om e s so e adily m all e abl e t h at it c an be ol l ed i n t o t h i n sh e e t an d d aw n i nt wi e ; at 2 00 C it agai n b ec om e s so b it tl e t hat it an be p ou nde d i nt o p w de B e t hi e fou nd t h at a w i e 0 00 2 m in di am e t e b ok e with a l oad f 12 kil s ; acc ordi ng t o Ka m a sc h t he t en a i ty of ast zi n is 19 7 5 kil os an d t hat of sh ee t an d wi e b e t w e e n 13 15 and 15 6 0 sw i k 187 4 p 75 2 St l l l l t ll gi B ZI
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kil o s pe sq u a e c e n ti m e t e l bs l bs and l bs pe sq u a e i n c h re sp e c t iv e ly ) A cc o di ng t o Regnau l t t h e sp ec ifi c he at o f zi nc is 0 0 95 5 5 f t e m p e at u e s b e t w e e n 0 and 10 0 C w f Z i nc e xp an ds by 1 o f i l n g t h h n h a t e d ro m t o 1 t s e e e 00 C 0 7 A c o di ng to C alv e t and J hn son t he c o e ffi c i e n t o f li n ear e xp an si on o f h am m e re d zi n c is 00 0 2 19 3 T he c on du c t ivi t y o f zi n c silv e r b e i ng t ak e n at 10 0 0 is 2 8 1 ac c o rdi ng t o Wi e d e m an n an d F an z ; t h at o f c ast zi nc is b e tw e e n 6 0 8 and 6 2 8 and t h at o f roll e d zi nc 6 4 1 acc o rdi ng t o C alv e rt an d J oh nso n T he e l e c t ri c c o ndu c tivi ty o f zi nc silv e b e i ng t ak e n at 10 0 is ac c o di ng t o B ec q u e e l l ac c o di ng t o Mat th iessen and 2 9 9 0 ac c o di ng t o We il l e r Z i nc m e lt s at 4 12 C acc o rdi ng t o D an i e ll an d at 4 3 4 ac c ordi ng to P e so n I t v ol atili ses at b ri ght re dne ss its boili ng p o i n t b e i ng 8 9 1 C ac co di ng t o B ec qu e re l l 10 4 0 ac c o rdi n g t o D e vill e and T oo st and ac c o rdi n g t o V i oll e ; silv e r ( m e l t i ngab o u t 9 5 4 C ) doe s n o t m e l t in zi n c v ap o u Z i nc v ap o u r c an be c o nde nse d t o fl u i d zi n c by c ooli ng ; t he m ore dil u t e d it is with air t he m ore When th e t em p e ratu re of t he diffi c u lt is t hi s v ap ou r t o c o nde nse v ap o u fall s b e l ow t h e m e l t i ng p oi n t o f zi nc it soli difi es in t he form of p owd er fo rm i ng w hat is k no w n as z in c f u m e A c cordi ng t o Ly n en the zi nc v ap o ur p rodu e d in t he e xtrac ti on of zi n c fro m its an d 5 5 0 C A cc o ding t o H e m p e l or s c o nde nse s b e tw e e n 4 15 zinc v ap o u r fo m e d by t he e du c ti o n o f zi nc w hi te in t he bl ast fu rnac e w as n o t c o n de nse d f o m t h e gase s ac co m p anyi ng it u n t il t he t e m p e at u re had fall e n b e l o w Whe n h e at e d in th e ai t o it s b oili ng poi n t zi nc b u rns w it h b ight re e n i sh and bl u i sh w h i t e fl am e t o zi n c o xi de g C o m m e c i al zi nc is ge ne ally e nde e d i m p u re by t h e p e se n c e o f l e ad c adm i u m and i o n and in m any c ase s al so o f sm all q u anti t i e s f t in c o pp e r a se ni c su lp h u c a b on and c h l o i n e T he e ffe c t o f t he i m p u i t i e s o n t ai n e d in t he zi nc u p on t he p op e rti e o f t he l att e has b e e n i nv e stigat e d by K a ste n and by E li o t an d S to re w F kl i l Ap il 189 2 p 2 63 J t Z di t ll t i f W th mm i g h mb d L d 189 3 r
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On t h e m p u r t i e s o f c o m m e rc i a n c W i t h re fe re n c e t o t h e re s du e in so u e in ac d t o s u p h u r a nd t o a rse n c J l em oir s A m A ca d A r ts a nd S c ie nc e s N e w
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v ari e ti e s of c om m erc i al zi nc K arste n fo u nd t he p rop orti on in S il e si an zi nc to v ary b e tw e en 0 24 an d 2 3 6 e c e nt E r fo u n d o n ly 00 7 9 e nt e ad in li t f l o an d t ore e r o c S p p N e a J e se y zi nc an d non e at al l in zi nc from P e nnsylv ani a re duc e d fro m t he silic at e T he am o u nt o f l e ad t hat zi nc c an t ak e u p v ari es w i th t h e t e m p e ratu re b e i ng great e r t he high e r t he t e m p e atu re A cc ordi ng and t o t he m ost re c e n t re se ar ch es o n t h i s su bj e c t o f Ro essl e Ede l m ann zi n c t ak es u p 1 7 p e r c e n t o f l e ad at it s m e lti ng p o i nt and 5 6 e e c e nt a t I f m re l e ad is p re se n t t han c o 5 o 6 0 C p e p arat es o u t in spo n ds t o th e t e m p e rat ure o f th e m e t al th e e x c e ss t h e liq u i d st at e A c on si de rabl e p o p orti on o f l e ad m ak e s zi nc t e nde r ; with 13 p e o f l e ad it c an s till be ro l l e d wit hou t c rac ki n c en t g bu t b e co m es It c an e v e n be oll ed wi th 3 per c e nt o f l ead so fte r an d m ore t e nde r B efore zi nc is bu t sh ow s t he ab o v e c h arac t e ri s ti cs m o e m ark e dly roll e d l e ad is re m o v e d f o m it as c o m pl e t e ly as p o ssibl e by re m e lti n g t h e m e t al and all o wi ng it t o se ttl e Cadm iu m oc cu rs in m ost v a i e ti e s o f zi nc b ec au se t hi s m e t al is p re se nt in m ost zi nc ore s As c adm i u m is c on side rably m ore v o l atil e t han zi n c it is o n ly t o be f u nd in v ery sm all am o un ts in zi nc A c c ordi ng t o so m e e xp e ri m e nts o f M ntz e l in c o m m erc i al 182 9 at t he Ly dognia W ork s in Upp er S il esi a c adm i u m w o u ld see m t o di m i ni sh th e so ftn e ss of zi n c as soo n as it is p e se n t in c e tai n p rop o ti on s I n th sm all am o u nts in w hi c h it e xi sts in c om m e rc i al zi n c it has no i nj u i o u s e ffec ts u p on t he p rop erti e s o f t he l att e I on m ay be c on t ai n e d in zi nc t o t h e e x t e n t o f se v e al pe r c e n t The high est p ro p orti o n o f i o n bu t rare ly e x c ee d s 0 2 p e r c e nt f ou n d by K a st e n w as 0 2 4 pe r c e nt and by P e rc y 16 4 p e r c e n t Eli o t an d S to e r fou n d 0 2 1 p e r c e n t o f i ro n in N e w J e se y zi n c in sh ee t zi n c from B e rli n c ent O u de m an s and 0 0 5 t o 0 0 7 p e fo u n d in a diffic u l t ly fu sibl e su b st an c e wi th w hi te l u st ro u s h ac k ly frac ture w h i c h c oll e c t ed I n ro n k e ttl e s in w h i c h zi nc had b e e n k e pt I n sm all q u antiti e s m ol t e n fo m any w e e k s 4 6 p e r c e n t o f i ro n i ron does no t affe c t t he u p t o 0 2 p er c e n t ac c ordi ng t o K a st e n p op erti e s of zi nc in l arg er p rop orti on h ow e v e it re nde rs t h e zi nc h ard and u nfit for ro lli n g Tin has o n ly b ee n f o u nd by E li o t and S tore r in A m er i c an zi nc from N e w J e rse y an dEngli sh zi n c m ade by V ivi an andC c of S wan se a A cc ording t o K a st e n 1 per c e n t of t in re nders zi nc b ittl e at th ose t em p erat u res at w h i c h it w o u l d o the wi se be m all e abl e JV I t l l gy Fi t D i i i 186 1 p g 5 9 0 L ead is
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K arst e n fo u nd t hat g pe r c e nt o f c o pp e m ak e s zi nc h a de r and b i t t l e so that it sh w e d ragge d e dges o n ro lli ng and c o u l d n ot be o l l e d wit h o u t c ac ki n g A r senic cc u s in sm al l q u an ti ti e s in m any v ari e t i e s o f zi nc it has n o t b e e n o b s rv e d t o h av e any e ffe c t u p o n t h e p ro p e rt i es o f t h e l atte N o t hi ng is k no w n as t o t he i nfl u e nc e o f l a ge q u antiti e s of a se n i c S u lp hu c o u l d n o t b e de te c t e d by K arst e n in any of th e nu m e ro u s sam pl e s o f zi nc e x am i n e d by him O n t h e o the h an d E li ot an d S t o e r as al so Al fre d T ayl o fo u nd sm all am o u nt s o f su l p h u r in N o i n v e stigati o ns hav e b e e n a l arg e n u m b e r o f v a i e t i es o f zi n c m ade as t o t h e e ffe c t o f s u lp hu o n t he p ro p e rti e s o f zi n c t he sm all am u n t s fo u n d in zi nc se e m n t t o affe c t t he l at te Carbon w as fo u ndby J ac qu e l ain in ve y sm all p ro p orti on (00 03 fo u n d su lp h at e o f l e ad pe r c e n t ) in o n e v ari e t y o f zi nc ; Rodw e ll c arb o n a nd a t ac e o f i o n in t h e bl ac k u e t h at re m ai n s w h e n e si d c o m m e c i al zi n c is di sso lv e d in s ulp h u ri c ac i d I t c ann o t be de t e r m i ne d w he t h e r th i s c arb n is di sso lv e d in t h e zi n c o m ech an i c ally m ix e d w i t h it S u c h a sm all p rop o ti o n o f c arb on se e m s n o t t o affec t t he zi n c in t h e l e ast w h il st n o t hi ng is k n o w n as t o its ac t i o n in l arge r q u an ti ti e s Ch l o in has b e e n de t e c t e d by C Kunz e l in a B e lgi an zi n c t hat w as p e p a e d fro m t he d o ss o f g alv an i se d i ron in q u an ti t i es o f 0 2 t o 0 3 p e r c e n t ; t h i s zi n c w h i c h c o nt ai ne d on ly t rac e s o f l e ad an d i on c o u l d n o t be oll e d r
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i y t e m p e at u re s ; in dam p ai in t he p ese nc e of c a b o n di o xi de it b ec o m e s oat e d wi t h a l ay e r o f hy d at e d b asi zi nc c a b onat e w h i ch l ay e is su ffi c i e n tly de n se t o p ro te c t th e m e tal b e n eat h it fro m any f urthe at m osp he ri c ac ti on T he m assiv e m e t al is n o t at t ac k e d at o rdi na y t e m p e at u res by w at e r f e e f o m ai bu t in t h e p ese n c e o f ai an d c a b on di o xi de it is c han ge d i n to t h e ab o v e n am e d b a i c c a b o nat e Whe n zi n c is he at e d in t he ai it t ak e s fire at a t e m p e ratu e ap p e ac hi ng edne s (at 5 0 5 C ac c o di ng to Dan i e ll ) and b u rns wi th a l u m i no u g e e ni sh and bl u i sh w hi te fl am e t o zi n o xi de w hi c h in p a t fl o ats as an i nc ru stati on u p on t he su fac e o f t he m olt e n m e tal andin p a t app e a s as a no w w hi t e fi c c u l e nt b dy ( l u au p hil osop hica) Z
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i nc decom p ose s w ate r at a re d h e at and is t ans form e d i nt o zi nc Z i nc in a v e y fi n e stat e o f o xi d e wi t h t he e v o l u ti o n o f h y d o ge n divi si o n e x e rts a v e y fe e bl e de c o m p o si ng ac ti on u p n w ate r e v e n at o rdi n ary t e m p e at u re s t hi s ac t i on is fav u re dby t h e p e se n c e o f ac i ds and alk ali s Z i nc is so l u bl e in m o st ac i ds I n dil u te su lp hu ri c an d hy d o c h l o ri c ac i d s it di sso lv e s wi th t h e e v o l u ti o n o f hy drog e n th e at e o f sol u ti o n b e i n n h m or l e s r a pi d a c c o d i t o t e m o l e c u l ar c o nditi o n e o s g g and p u ri ty o f t h e m e tal A c c ordi ng t o Bol l ey zi nc m e l te d at a l o w t e m p erat u e di sso lv e s m ore sl o w ly t h an w h e n m e l te d at a re d h e at C he m i c ally p u re zi nc di sso lv e s m o re sl o w ly t h an m e tal c o n ta m i nat e d w ith sm all am ou n t s f i m p u i t i e s (Fe C u P b) A cc o di ng t o l Hote p u re zi n c is n o t attac k e d by dil u t e su lph u i c ac i d The diffi c u l t so l u bility o f c h e m i c ally p u re zi nc in ac i d s is ac c rdi ng t o We rre n du e t o t he fac t t hat t h e m e t al b e c om e s su rou n de d by a fi l m o f hy drog e n t h e m o m e n t it is dipp e d i nt o t h e ac i d; o n b o i l i ng t h i s fi l m is t o n an d t h e zi nc di sso lv e s Z i n c di sso lv es e adily in c o l d n i t i c ac i d b ec au se t he l att e o xi di se s t h e h y d o e n e v o lv e d h T e so l u bili ty g o f zi nc in su lp h u ri c ac i d is p om o t e d by t h e ad di ti on o f c h o m i c ac i d an d o f hy d og e n p e o xi de I m pu re zi nc di sso lv e s e adily in aci ds b ec ause the hy d og e n is e vol ve d n o t f om t h e zi nc b u t from the m ore e l e c t ro n e ativ e fore ig n m e t al s g Z i n c is c o n v e t e d by c a b o n di o xi de i nt o zi nc o xi de at a re d h at c arb o n m o n o xi d e b ei n f o m ed g Aq u e ou s sol u ti o ns of t h e alk ali e s attac k zi nc w it h th e e v ol u ti on o f hy drog e n b u t m u c h m o e sl o w ly t h an do ac i ds T he ac ti o n is m o re e n e rg e t i c w h e n t h e zi nc is in c o nt ac t wi t h i o n o pl ati nu m so as t o form a g alv an i c c o u pl e Z i n c is t hu s e asily di sso lv e d in p o t ash l y e w he n c ont ai ned in an i on v e ssel Z i nc p re c ipit at e s al l t he m all eabl e h e avy m e tal s e x c e p t i ro n an d n i c k e l from t h e i r so l u t i o n s in t h e m e talli c stat e C n v e rse ly it is n o t p rec ipit at edas m e tal f om its so l u t i o ns by any m e tal t hat is p e m ane nt in t h e air at o di nary t e m p e at u e s S u lph u r c om bi ne s wit h zi n c at a re d h e a t p ro du c i ng zi nc su l h i h n c even d e t e t h e o c m bi n a ti w v i p b a e zi o n i h t e c u s s o m e f c e e ; p w he n in fi ne p ow der and i nt i m at e ly m ix e d wit h p ow dere d su lph u r is p ro t ec t e d by t he su p e rfi c i al l ay e r o f t he i n f usibl e su lph i de t h u s form e d Z i n c c an b e c on v e rte d c o m pl e t e ly i nt o su lp h i de by rapi d he ati ng wit h C i nn ab ar as al so by fu si o n wi t h p o t assi c su lp h i de By fusi o n wit h li t h a ge zi n c is c o n v ert e d i nt o o xi de w hil st th e o xi de o f l e adis r e du c e d t o m e t al C mp t R l 1885 10 1 p 115 3 18 9 1 24 p 17 85 B l Ch m G Z
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b o n c arb on m onoxi de is form e d w h e n re d u c e d by c arb o n m on o xi de c arb o n di o xi de is e v o lv e d T he fo rm e r gas is wi th ou t ac t i o n o n zi n c at any t e m p e rat u re t h e l att e r o xi di ses it at a re d heat The qu antity of zi n c oxi di se d in any giv en c ase by a m ixt u re of c arb on m o n o xi de an d di o xi de w ou l d se e m t o de p e n d o n t h e o ne h an d u p o n t h e rati o in w h i c h t h e se gases are p re se nt an d o n t he o th e r hand u p on t he t e m p e rat u re S e e t he r e du c t i o n o f zi n c ( o xi d rog e n e by h y d ) W he n zi n c oxid e is h e at e d with a su ffi c i e nt q u antity o f c arb on to its re du c i n g p o i n t zi n c is fi st re du c e d by th e c a b on Th e c a b on m o no xi de t hu s form e d it se l f re du c e s th e o xi de O f zi nc b eco m i ng t he re by c o nv ert edi n to ca b o n di o xi de T he l att er has n o O pp o tu nity o f o xi di si ng t he zi n c b ec au se it is straigh t w ay e du ce d t o c arb on m ono xi de agai n by th e re d h o t arb o n A s l o ng t h e re fore as a su ffi c i e n c y o f re d h o t c arb on is p rese n t zi n c an d c arb o n m on o xi de al on e are p rod A ny sm all am o u n t Of o xi de p o d u c e d by t h e u c ed o xi d ati o n o f zi n c is re du c e d agai n t o m e t al by t h e c arb on and c a b o n m on oxi de T he se reac ti o ns w u l d se em al so t o t ak e p l ac e in th e p rodu c ti on o f zi nc from zi nc o xi de on t h e l a ge sc al e As c arb on m on o xi de t hu s ac t s as a r e du c i ng age n t a v e ry i nti m at e m ixt u re o f zi nc oxi de with th e c arb o n or a v e y fi ne stat e of div isi on of t he se bodi es is u nn e ce ssary Z i nc o xi de p rodu c e d by th e de ad o ast i ng Of zi n c bl e nde is m ore diflic u l tl y re du c ibl e t h an th at fo rm e d by t he c al c i nati o n o f t h e c arb o n at e Hy drogen re duc e s zi nc o xi de t o zin c at a re d he at ; t he w at er v ap ou r t hu s p rodu c e d o xi di ses t he zi n c ag ai n t o a gre at e r o l e ss A c co di ng t o the e xp e ri m e n t s Of D e vill e andD i ck zi nc e xt e n t erabl e qu an tity Of h y dro g e n is p asse d c h i e fly is O b t ai n e d w h e n a c on si d in a rapi d stre am o v er t h e r e d h o t o xi de w h il st al m ost all t h e zin c is the agai n o xi di se d w h e n a sl o w c u rre n t o f hy droge n is p asse d o v e o xi de T he o xi di si n g ac ti o n O f t h e w at e v ap o u r u p on t h e 1nc w ou l d se em t o de p e nd b o th on th e ati o of th e wat er v ap ou r t o t h e D e vill e is Of t h e Opi n i o n t hat hy droge n an d o n t h e t e m p e rat u re t e m p e ratu re is t he e sse nt i al fac t or a rapi d c u rre nt of hy dro ge n u c e d by a sl o w o n e at c au si n g a fall in t e m p e rat u re th at is n o t p ro d t hi s l o w er t e m p e rat u re w at er v ap o u r c ann o t e x e r t t h e o xi di si ng ac ti on t hat it does at the h ig her Furth er e xp e ri m e nt s are n e ede d t o dec i de w h e t her thi s vi e w is or is n ot t h e c orrec t o ne S u lp hu r att ac k s zi nc o xi de w he n h e at e d zi n c su lph i de and s u lp h u r di o xi d e b e i ng p rodu c e d P y 0p it p 5 35 A d Chim t P hy ( 3 ) l xliii p 4 7 9 m e ans
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M E T A LLU RG Y
8
A t h ig h t e m p e ratu re s
i ron re d u c es zi nc oxi de to m e t al Z i n c o xi de u n i tes w i t h sili ca at a w hi t e h e at t o fo rm sili c at e s P e rc y fou n d t hat t he bi sili c at e c ou l d n o t be m ade to fu se at t h e h i gh e st w h i t e he at w hil t t he m o n o sil ic at es and t h e l o w e r sili c at es fu se d at t h i s t e m p e rat u e t o m ore o l e ss t an sl u c e n t sl ags o f w h i ti sh t o gre en i sh y e ll o w c o l o u r A cc ordi ng t o S t e l ne r an d S ch ulz e i nc ru stat i ns Of sili c at es Of zi n c o ft en form on th e e xt e i or o f zi nc I n o ne di st ill ati n m u ffl es w h i c h a e p e r m e at e d by zi nc v ap o u s 8 1 0 c ase o n e o f t h ese sili c at e s c o n t ai n e d Z n O 5 6 1 1 e r c e n t F e 0 p 3 e r c e nt ; 8 1 n t T h b serv e rs fo u nd in t h e bl u e 42 e r c s e O 0 e e 7 7 p p p o t i o ns of the m u ffl e w al l s a zi nc al u m i na spi ne ] tri dy m it e and a gl ass c o nsi st i ng O f sili c at e o f zi nc Z i nc o xi de c o m bi ne s w i t h al u m i na at h i gh t e m p erat u e s t o fo rm al u m i nat es By h e ati ng an i n t i m at e m ixt u re o f zi n c o xi de an d P e cy an hy d o u s al u m i na in t h e e q u i val e n t p o p o rti on s o f n I O bt ai ne d a g re y si nt ere d st o n y m ass t h at sc atc h e d fli n t a ss l g t h e bl u e p t i o n s O f t h e w all s o f v e sse l s u se d for di stil l i n g zi n c W h l fahrt S te l ne r and S c hu lz e 5 fo u nd a bl u e zi nc al u m i na spi ne l in w h i c h a sm all p ort i o n o f zi n c o xi de w as re pl ac e d by f e rrou s o xi de it s for m u l a b e i n g Z n O A l an d it s c o m p osi t i o n 1
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IN C
9
N C S U L P H I D E (Z nS ) in nat u as zi n c bl e nde T hi s c m p o u nd Z i n su lp h i de oc u du c e d a tifi i ally in b th th e w e t andt h e d y w ay c an b e p I n t he l att e it is Ob tai ne d by he ati ng zi n oxi de wi t h su lp hu o in a st e am t te d hy d oge n by h e at i ng zi nc fili ngs wi th i nn ab a by Of sulp h u h e ati ng zi nc fili ng s o g anu l at e d zi n c wi th alk ali ne p oly su lp hi de h e at A al e ady and by h e at i ng zi nc su lp h at e an d c a b o n t o a w hit a e h e at d st at e d it is o n ly p a t i ally fo m e d w h e n zi n c and u lp h u t ogethe b u t has b e en p duc ed by e p e ated om p e ssi on O f a m ix t u Of t h e se t w o su b t anc e s I n t h e w e t w ay it is p o du c e d as an am o p h u s w h i te p ow de by p e c ipitati ng zi nc sol u ti ns wi th am m oni c su lp hi de o u lphu e tt e d hyd oge n S u lp hi de Of zi nc is i n fu sibl e ac c o di n g t o e xp e i m e n t s of P e c y it se e m s t o be p e c e ptibly v ol atil e at high t em p e atu e I t c an b e m e l te d t o a c e tai n e xt e n t wi th o t he m e t alli c su lp h i de s fo m i ng a e g u l u w h i c h it t e nds t o e nde diffi c u l tl y fu sibl I t al o m e lt s t o so m e e xt n t wi t h sl ag s e nde i ng t h es diffi u l t ly f u sibl e o u s o xi d a e p e rabl e q u an t i t i e s o f f u n l e s c o nsi d e n t in t h e m W he n p u lv e u l e n t zi n su lp h i de i heat d t e dn s in t h ai zi nc oxi de and su lphat e fo m su lp hu di oxi de b e i ng gi ve n o ff W he n th e t e m p e at u e i se s t o c h e y e dn e s zi nc su lp h at is de o m p ose d i nto su lph u t i oxi de su lp hu di oxi de o xyg en andb asi c zi nc u lp h at e ; w h e n it i ses still fu th e t a fu ll e d h e at app oa h i ng w h i ten ess t he l ast nam e d sal t i de c o m p ose d i nt o zi nc o xi de su lp h u t i o xi de di o xi de an d o xyge n su lp h u Whe n zi nc su lp hi de is heat e d in w at e v ap u zi n c o xi de an d e c m p siti on is h o w e v e su lp h u e tt e d hy d oge n a e fo m e d ; thi s d i m p e fe c t and e qu i e s a t em p e at u e u p t o wh it e h e at Wh e n zi nc su lp hid e is h e at ed wi t h c a b on in c a b o n li ne d y c u c ibl e s it v ol at ili ses c o m pl e t e ly ac co di n t P o n ly l e av es o e g b e hi nd if it w as fe i fe ou s a e si du e O f fe ou s su lp h i de f e e f o m zi nc It is n ot stat e d w h e ther t he zin c u lphi de v l atili se d u n w h e t he it w as edu c e d by t h e c a b o n ( w it h t h e fo m ati o n c hang e d o o f c a b on di su lp h i d e ) in w h i c h c ase m e t alli c zi nc m u st hav e b e e n p oduc e d T he se e xp e i m e n ts c e tai n ly n e ed fu the e l u c i dati o n Z i nc u lph i de h e at e d wit h c a b on and li m p o du c e s m e talli c zi nc c al c iu m sulphi de b e i ng fo m e d; the dec om p osi t i o n is how e v e i nc om pl e t e and is sai d by B e thi e to de p en d on t he t e m p e at u e it p 5 40 it p 5 43 Op Op l E i l ii p 5 7 0 B thi T ZI
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M E T A L L U RG Y
10
I ron dec om p o se s zin c sulp h i de at a b righ t re d h e at w ith t he form ati on o f fe rrou s su lp h i de an d zi nc v ap ou r ; it is p ro b abl e t h at a s m all am o u n t O f zi n c s u lp hi de w ill h o w e v e r u n i t e w i t h t h e i ron u lp h i d e an d t h u s e sc ap e de c o m p o siti on A c ordi ng t o P ercy t in onl v dec om p ose s zi nc s ulp h i de i m p erfe c tly at b rig h t e dn ess Ant i m o ny app ea s n ot t o dec om p ose zi n c su lp hi de ac c ordi ng to C o pp er de P e rcy s e xp e i m e n t s an d l e ad o nly v e ry i m p e rfe c t ly at a w h it e h e at wit h c om p ose s it ac c o di n h t t sam e au t h o i ty o e g t he fo m at i o n o f a c o pp e r e g u l u s H yd og e n h as n o e ff e c t u p on zi nc su lph i de ac c ordi ng t o B erth i er “ A c co di ng t o M o se zi nc su lp h i de c an he app are ntly su bli m ed in a cu e n t o f h y d og e n T hi s c i rc u m st ance is sai d t o be c au se d by th e re d u c t i o n o f t h e s u lp h i d ro g e n w i t h e in t h e p e se n c e O f e x c e ss O f h y d t h e fo rm at i on O f su l p h u e t t e dh y dro g e n w h il st at a l o w e r t e m p e rat u e th e v ol at ili se d m e tal t ak e s t he su lp h u r u p ag ai n f om t he l at t e r gas A c c o di ng t o B e rt hi er zi n c oxi de an d zin c su lp h i de w h e n h e at ed t oge t h e r in any p rop o t i o n s fo m f u sibl e o xy su lp h i de s 7 P e cy de du c e s f o m so m e rat h e r i m p e rfec t e xp e i m e nt s th at su l p h i de an d o xi de o f zi nc m u t u ally de c o m p os e ac h o t h e r at h ig h t e m p e at u es lik e su lp h i de and o xi de of c o pp e r Wi th su it abl e p ro p o ti on s it w ou l d acc o di ngly be p ossibl e t o re du ce th e w hol e of t h e zi nc w i th t h e fo m at i n o f su lp h u r di o xi de w h il t any e x c e ss o f s u lp hi d e o o xi de w o u l d e m ai n in t h e re si d I f P e rc y s de du c ti on s ue a e c r e c t c on si de rabl e q u an ti t i es o f zi n c m ig h t t h u s b e w o n ; b u t his e xp e i m e nt s re qu i e c o nfi m at i o n Z i n c u lp h i de an d c u p o u s o xi de app e a fro m si m il a ly i n c o m pl e t e e xp e i m e n t s o f P e cy s t o de c o m p o se e ac h o t h e a b u t t o n l o o ki n g l ik e c o pp er an d a re gu l u s b e i n p ro du c e d g Z i n c su lph i de an d li th a g e h e at e d t og e t h e r in su it abl e p rop or t i on s dec o m p e e ac h o t h e t he p o du c ts ac c o di n g t o B e rth i e b e i ng l e ad zi nc xi de and sulp hu r di oxi de I f t h zi nc o xi de thu s fo m e d is t o fo m a liq u i d m ass w i th t h e e x c ess o f l e ad o xi de t h e re m u st b e 2 5 t i m e s as m u c h l e ad as zi nc o xi de p re s nt ; in t h e se pro p o t i ns a e si n lik e gl assy sl ag is bt ai n ed By h a ti ng a m ix ture of 2 4 0 8 g m s O f bl e nde w i t h 5 5 7 8 rm s o f li th a e B e t h i e Ob tai n e d g g g in s o f b l ac ki sh gre y h ard l e ad w i th 1 8 p e ce n t o f su lp hu r ,
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W he n zi nc su lp h i de an d n it re are h eat e d t og e t her zi nc oxi de an d p otassi u m su lphat e are p roduc ed By fu si ng alk ali ne c arb on at e s with zi nc su l ph i de at a re d h e at m ixt u e s o f zi n c o xi de zi n c su lp h at e and alk ali n e su lp h i des are o b tai n e d Z i nc su lp h i de an d li m e o n ly decom p ose e ac h o th er ac c ordi ng t o B e rth i e r in the prese nce of c arb on By he ati ng rm s c al c i u m g c arb onat e an d rm s zi n c su lp hi de t o a v e y h ig h t e m p e at u re fi v e g six th s o f t h e zi nc w as v o l atili se d w h i l st t he e si d u e w e i gh i n g 46 grm s c o n tai ne d bu t littl e su lph i d P e rc y h e at e d u p t o a w h it e e o f zi n c h e at 3 5 g m s o f bl e nde with 3 5 grm s o f li m e with o u t c arb o n in a li m e c ru c ibl e pl ac e d i nsi de a g ap h it e p ot an d se p arat e d f om it by a l ay er o f li m e and obt ai ne d a p al e b ro wn p orou s i m p erfe c tly fu se d m ass w e i ghi ng 2 7 grm s ; th e l att e r yi e l ded a littl e sulph i de n t r a n d l i p ly lp i b ili g w i ssolv e d in hydroch l ori c c a m h d t o o a e d c u o s u e ( ) ac i d wit h t h e e v o l u t i o n o f su lp hu re tt e d h y drog e n t he e su l t i n g s o l u ti on c o n t ai n i n T he ab o v e e xp e i m e n t does n o t ho w e v e g zi n c p rov e Whe the t h e dec om p osi t i on o f sulph i de an d o xi de o f zi n c is in an y deg re e a c o m pl e t e o n e Att em pt s hav e b e en m ade t o u tili se t h e i n te rac ti on of zi n c su lph i de zi nc o xi de and c arb on fo t h e p r duc ti o n o f zi n c o n t h e l a g e sc al e b u t h av e b e e n giv e n u o n acc o u n t o f t h e p i m p e fec t re du c ti on of th e zi nc c om p ou nds ,
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Z I N C S I L I C AT E
T hi s c om p o und o c cu rs n at u rally an hydrou s as will e m ite (Zn 8 i0 ) and hy d at e d as h e m i m orphi te ( Z n S iO + II 0 ) A s al e ady st ate d it is o btai ne d a tifi c i al ly by he at i ng zi n c o xi de an dsili c a t o a w h it e h e at By h e ating t o w hit e n ess w ith c arb on t h e zi n c o f b ot h the n at u al and th e a tifi c i al sili c at e c an be c o m pl e t e ly r e d uced to m e t al Ac cordi ng to e xp eri m e n t s o f P e rc y c om pl e t e e du c ti o n is al so ob t aine d w h e n t h e fi n e ly p o w de re d sili c at e is h e at e d with o u t any adm ix tu re o f c arb on in c arb on li ne d c ru c ib l es bu t t h e re du c ti o n is i m p e rfec t w h e n t he sili cat e is tre at e d in f agm e n ts o f t he siz e o f p e as in suc h c ru c ibl e s Whe n zi nc sili c at e is st ro ngly h e ated with c a b on and l i m e th e zi nc is al so c om pl e t e ly reduc ed 0p it p 5 4 6 it l ii p 5 70 0p it p 5 3 7 0p 4
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M E TA LL U RG Y
10
I ro n dec om p ose s zi nc sulph i de at a b i gh t re d h eat w ith t he form ati on o f fe rrou s su lp h i de an d zi n c v ap ou r ; it is p ob abl e t h at a h ow e v e u n it e wi th t he i ron s m all am o u n t o f zi n c su lp hi de w ill an d t h u s e sc ap e de c o m p ositi on u lp hi de A c ordi ng t o P ercy t in onl v de c om p oses zi nc sulph i de i m p e rfe c tly a t b rig h t re dness An ti m o ny app e ars n ot t o de c m p ose zin c su lph i de ac c ordi ng to C o pp er de P e rcy s e xp e i m e n t s and l e ad o nly v e y i m p e rfe c tly i ng t o th e sam e au th ori ty at a w hit e h e at wit h c om p ose s it acc o d t he fo m at i n o f a c o pp e r re g u lu s H y d og e n has n o e ffe c t u p on zi nc su l ph i de acc ordi ng t o B e th i er A c co di ng t o M rse zi nc su lp hi de c an he app a e nt ly su bli m e d in a cu e n t o f hy d o e n T i i h c u m st anc e is sai d t o be c au se d by th e s c g ed u c t i o n o f t h e su lp h i d e in t h e p rese n c e o f e x c e ss o f h y dro g e n w i t h t h e fo m at i on o f su lp h u e t t e dhy droge n w h il st at a l o w e te m p e rat u re th e v ol at ili se d m e tal t ak e s t h e su lp h u r u p agai n from t he l at t e r gas A c c o di ng t o B e t hi er zi n c o xi de an d zin c su lp h i de w h en h eat e d t og e th e in any p op o t i o n s for m f u sibl e o xy su lp h i de s 7 P e cy de du c e s fro m so m e rat h e r i m p e rfec t e xp e i m e nt s t h at s u l p h i de an d o xi de o f zi n c m u t u ally de co m p o se e ac h o t h e r at h ig h t e m p e at ure s lik e su lp h i de and o xi de o f c opp e Wi th su it abl e p ro p o ti ons it w ou l d acc o di ngly be p ossibl e t o re du ce t he w hol e o f t h e zi nc w i t h t h e form at i o n o f su lp hu r di o xi de w h il st any e x c e ss o f su lp h i d e o r o xi de w o u l d e m ai n in t h e resi d I f P e rc y s de du c ti o n s ue a e c r e c t c o n si derabl e q u an titi es o f zi n c m i h t t h u s b e w o n ; b u t g his e xp e i m e nt s re q u i e c o nfi m at i on Z i n c u lph i de an d c u p ou s o xi de app e a fro m si m il a ly i n c o m pl e t e e xp e i m e n t o f P e cy t o dec o m p o se e ach o t h e a b u t to n l o o ki ng lik e copp e an d a egu l u s b e i ng p rodu c e d Z i n c su lph i de and li th a ge h e at e d t oge t h e r in su it abl e p ro p or t i o ns de c o m p e e ach o th e p rodu c t s th ac c o di n g t o B e thi e b e i ng l e ad zi nc xi de and su lp hu r di oxi de I f t h zi nc o xi de t hu s f or m e d i t o fo m a liq u i d m as w ith t h e e x c ess o f l e ad o xi de t h e e m u st b e 2 5 t i m e s as m u c h l e ad as zi nc o xi de p re s nt ; in t hese p o p o t i ns a si n lik e gl a sy sl ag is b tai ned By h a ti ng a m ix tu e of g m s f bl e n de w i t h g m s o f lit h a ge B e t h i er o b tai n e d 2 02 g m s f b l ac ki sh g e y h a d l e ad w i th 18 p e c e n t o f su lp hu r r
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M E T A LLU RG Y
12
A
NAT E (Z nCO ) T hi s c om p ou nd oc u in nat u as sm i t h nit and in t he f m f a b a i hy d at e d sal t a hy d o zi n c i t ( Z nC O + 2 Z nH 0 ) It 8 p odu c e d a t ifi i ally a a b asi hy d at e by d ivi ng o ff t he am m oni a f m a s l u t io n f zi n o xi d in am m oniu m c a b o nat e By h at i ng zi n c a b o nat t o edn ess t he c a b n di oxide is xp ll e d zi n xi de e m ai ni ng b h i nd; w he n h eat ed wi th a b on e du t i o n t e m p e a tu e o f zi n c o xi d e c a b o n m on o xi de u p t o t h m t alli c zi n is p du c e d Z I N C C RB O c
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y st alli se s as Z nS O + 7 H 0 in wh i ch hydrat e d c on I t is p re p are d artifi c i ally by diti o n it o c c u rs nat u ally as go l a i t e di sso l v i ng zi n c zi n c o xi de o zi nc c arb o n ate in su lp hu ri c ac i d as al so by roast i ng zi nc su lp h i de w it h ac ce ss o f air at t he l ow e st p ossibl e t e m p e rat u e O n h e ati ng zi nc su lp hate is c o nv ert e d i n t o zi n c o xi de t he su lp h u r t i oxi de b e i ng e v o lv e d p a tly as su ch and p artly spli t ti ng i n t o su lp hu r di oxi de and o xyg e n C a b o n de c o m p o se s zi n c su lp h at e on h e ati ng ; at a re d h e at a m ix tu re o f c a b o n and zi n c o xi de is l e ft b e hi n d su lp h u r di o xi de and c arb o n di o xi de b e i n g e v o lv e d at a h i gh e t e m p e rat u re t h e c arb o n r e du c e s t h e zi n c o xi d I f o n t h e o t h e h an d a m ixt u e o f e t o m e tal zi nc su lphat e and c a b o n is h e at e d sharply to w hite n e ss zi n c su lp hi de an d c a b on m o n o xi de are fo m e d A sol ut i o n o f zi n c su lp h ate is de c o m p ose d by a galvan i c c u rre n t zi nc goi ng t o t he c ath ode an d t he ac i dradi c al t o t he anode sa
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Z n l C ( z)
T hi s sal t is p odu c e d by di ssolvi ng zi nc its oxi de o its c arb onat e in hy d o c h l o i c ac i d by t h e ac ti o n o f fe rri c c h l o i de o n zi nc o xi de an d by t he c h l o i di si n g o asti n T he sal t is g f zi n c su lp h i de v ol atil e at a re d he at I t s sol u ti on s are dec o m p osed by th e galvani c c u re n t zi n c se p arati n a t t h e c at h o d e and c h l ori n e at t h e an o d e g r
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v ari ou s all oy s o f l ead zi nc an d si lv e r is t hu s p ro du c e d o u t o f w h i c h t h e g e at e r p ar t o f th e l e ad m ay b e liq u at e d I f b oth th e l e ad and t he zi nc are fre e fro m c o pp e r w hil st a sm all p ro p orti o n o f al u m i n i u m is ad de d t o the zi nc a fai rly i c h zi n c silv e all oy c an b e o btai n e d F ro m th e t ripl e l e ad silv e r zi nc all y t h e zi n c m ay be re m o v e d by di still at i on by o xi d ati o n by sl aggi ng an d by t e at m e n t with dil ute su lp hu i c ac i d the l at te r m e thod c an al so be u se d fo r zi nc silv e all oy s as m ay al so di st ill at i on and e l e c t ro ly si s Z i n c is t h e re fo e u se dfor e n ri c h i ng p oor a ge n ti fe ous l e ad an dfo c o ll e c ti ng t h e silv e r in all o y s o f e i t h e r l e ad zi n c an d silv e r o r o f zi n c an d silv e r By heati ng zi nc all oy s t o t h e b o ili ng p o i nt o f zi nc t he l att e r m ay be v ap o i se d and o bt ai ne d by c o nde n si ng t he v ap ou rs I f w at e v ap o u is p asse d i nt o a re d ho t m o l t e n l e ad silv e r zi n c o r l e ad zi nc all o y it is d ec o m p o se d by t he zi n c p re se n t h y d rog e n b e i ng e v ol ve d and zi nc o xi de form e d w h il st silv e r l e ad or l e ad as t h e c ase m ay be rem ai n s b e h i n d By fusi n g the ab o ve zi nc all oy s w ith l e ad o xi de t h e zi nc m ay b e se p arat e d o u t as o xi de By fusi ng l e ad zin c all oy s or l e ad silv e zi nc all oy s with c om m on e m ai n i n g salt t h e zi n c is c o n v e t e d i n t o c hl o i de t h e o t h e r m e t al s u nc h ang e d By t h e aid of a su i tabl e e l ec tro lyte wi th a p ro p e r st re ngth o f zinc m ay be e l ec t rol y t i c ally di ssolv e d f om it s all oy s an d c u rre n t t hrow n dow n at t he c ath ode m
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zi n c are zi n c bl e nde c al am i n e and h e m i m orp h it e Th e o t h e r ore s h y dro zi nc it e zi nc i t e an df an kli n it e a e o f far l ess m e t all u gi cal i m p ort an c e o n ac c o u n t o f t h e i r sc a c ity The m ost
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bl e n de form s at p resen t t he m ai n so u rc e o f zi nc p rodu c ti on It rare ly c onsi sts of p u re su lph i de o f zi nc bu t g e ne rally c ont ai n s su lp h i de o f i ron t o g e t h e r with sm all e qu antiti e s of t he su lp hi de s of c ad m i u m an d silv e r isom o ph o u sl y m ix e d wi th it P u re zi n c bl e n de c o nt ai n s 6 7 h o f zi n c e rati o ari e s p v er c e nt T of i on ese n t p g e nerally from 1 per c e n t t o 18 pe r c e n t ; that o f c adm i u m m ay go .
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I n E u ro p e t he c h i e f ti l ocaliti e s are G er many (th e H arz , t he E zge bi rge S il e si a We stp h ali a) t he Rhi ne di st ri c t ( H esse n N assau and B ade n) A u st o Hu ngary is fou nd in m os
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M E T A LLU RG Y
14
H u nga y Ty ol and B h e m i a) I taly ( S a di ni a L om b a dy an d P i e dm o nt ) B e l gi u m ( C o p hali an d Engi s) E ngl an d ( Wal e s C o nw all C u m b e l an d I sl e o f Man A ngl e se a D e nbi gh sh i e an d S h o p sh i e ) F an c e S p ai n ( S an t an de ) S w e d n ( A m m e b erg an d b asi n) G e e c e C ppa b e g) Ru si a (Al l agin an d t he D o ne t I n A f i ca Alg e i a ; in A u st ali a N e w S u t h Wal e s ( B k e n H ill ) in A si a S ib e i a ( Alt ai ) in A m e i ca t h e U nit e d S t at e ( N e w J e se y Mi so u i P e nn ylv ani a Wi sconsi n and C ol ad ) M e xic o and S o u th A m e i c a (H uan hac a) Bl e nde is f e q u en tly ac co m p an i e d by py ite s c h al cocit e gal e na and v a i ou s a se ni de an d anti m on id e s as al so by q u art z c al c it e do l o m it e sid e it e and in m an y i nst anc es by m i c a ch l o it e an d h nbl e nd (Cari nth i a
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C A L A MI N E
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T hi s ore w as form erly th e ch i e f sou rc e of zi nc At p re se n t a great nu m b e r o f t h e t ru e de p osit s o f c al a m i n e are e x h au ste d w h il st o t h e rs t h at c a ri e d c al am i ne in t he sh all o w e r p o ti on s h av e p asse d i nt o bl e nde in de pth T he qu ant ity of t hi s ore t hat is t reat ed has h e nc e fal l e n o ff c o nsi de rably C al am i ne is rare ly p u re c arb on at e o f zi nc bu t c on t ai n s as a i ron m angan ese rul e t h e i so m orp h o u s c arb onat es o f c adm i u m I f q u it e p u e it w ou l d c o n t ai n 5 2 p e r c al c i u m an d m agne si um cen t o f zi n c w h il st t h e i m p u e o e c o n tai n i ng o t he c arb o nat e s m ay hav e u n d er 4 0 p e r c e nt o f zin c th e p o p ort i o n of c adm i u m m ay go u p t o se v e a l p e r c e n t s C al am i ne o c cu s in E u o p e in G e m any ( Up pe r S il e si a Rhi ne di st i c t s W e stp hali a an d B ade n) A u st o Hu ngary (C a i nt h i a) B e l gi u m Ru ssi a ( P o l an d) G e e ce ( L au i u m ) I t aly ( S a di n i a) S p ai n ( S an t an de r G ranada C ar thage n a Al m e i a andC ast ill o n) in A m e i ca in t h e U n i te d S tat es ( Mi sso u ri V i rgi ni a N e w Je se y T e nne sse e A rk ansas and P e n nsylv ani a) in A f i c a in Al ge ri a T hi s o re is ge ne rally i n te m ix e d w it h c l ay b ow n i ro n ore re d hae m at i te g al e na do l o m it e and c al c i te ; w hat is k n o w n as w hit e c al a m i n e c on tai n s c l ay as it s c h i e f i m p u ri ty w h il st e d c al am i ne c o nt ai n s anh y d o u s an d h y d rat d o xi des of iro n and o xi de o f .
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T hi s o e c o n tai ns 5 3 7 pe c e n t o f zi nc w he n p u e and is o fte n i nt e rm ix e d w i t h t he l ast nam e d I t c c u s in c o nsi de abl e q u an t i ti es r
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Altenb e rg n ea A ix l a C hap el l e in S ardi ni a (Igl e si as) S p ai n and th e U nit e d S tat e s o f N orth A m e ri c a ( N e w J ersey P e n n sylv ani a Mi ssou ri and Wi c o nsi n ) in
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T hi s ore is an anhydrou s sili cat e and o ccu s wit h c al am i ne in i m p o tant q u ant iti es at Alte nb erg and in N e w J e rse y It c ontai ns 5 8 per c e nt o f zi n c r
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HYD RO Z I N C I T E
2 Z nH2 0 ) B L O OM (ZnOO T hi s o re oc cu rs in sm all q u an tity in m any de p osi t s o f zi nc o re ; is ab u nd an t n e ar S ant ande r It c on t ain s pe r c e n t o f zi n c
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p rod u c ts form sou rc es of zi nc A m ong t h ese a e t he so c all e d f u rnace cal am in si l v e c e de p osit s o b tai n e d du i ng t he s m e lti n g o f l e ad c o pp e f u n a r ( an d i ron ores c o n t ai n i n g zi nc an d whi c h a e l arg e ly c o m p ose d o f zi nc e ) zi nc i fe ro u s flu e du st zi n c f u m e zi nc dro ss roast e d si l v e r o re s o xi d Z i nc is o b tai ne d as a bye p ro du c t in t he t re at m e n t c ont ai n i ng zi n c silv e r and l e ad and zi nc silv e of all o y s o f zi nc an d silv e r zi nc c o pp e r an d l e ad its
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M ET A LL U RG Y
16
M e talli c zi nc m e t all u rgi c al l y
bt ai ne d in t he d y w ay and e l ec tro As zi n c c an not be se p a at e d f o m it s s l u t i n s by m e ans o f any O f t he m e tal s t hat e sist o rdi n a y t e m p e at u e s th e w e t m e t h o d o nly adm i t s f t h e p o du c ti o n o f c o m p u nds o f zi nc zi xi w i h m e t al m u st be e x t rac t e d in t h e d y w a f m h h t n c o d e o c e ( ) y We t m et h ods c an t he e f e o nly be c o nsi de e d as ac c e ssory p o ce sse s in t h d y m e t ho d o f zi n c e x t ac t i o n T he e x t ac ti o n o f zi nc f o m ore s and fu nac e p ro du c t s in t he dry w ay is p e form e dby c o n v e t i ngt h e zi n c i n t o an o xi de (u n l e ss it alre ady as o xi de o sili c at e in t h e ore s or as an all oy in f u n ac e p ro du c t s e xi st ) sili c at e by m e an s o f c arb o n f ll o w e d by t he re du c t i o n o f t h e o xi de Fu rnac e p o du c ts w h i ch c o nsi st o f m ixt u e s o f zi n c o xi de an d m e t al a e F om all oy s w i th m e tal s l ess su b m i t t e d t o di e c t re du c ti o n v l atil e t han zi nc t he l att er is ob t ai ne d by si m pl e di st i ll at i on The di e c t e x t ac t i o n f zi n c f o m it s su lp h i de by h e at i ng t h e l at t e wi th c a b n and li m e h as n o t p ro v e d su c c e ssf u l T h e e x t ac t i on o f zi n c by t h e c m bi n e d w e t an d d y m e t ho ds i s f orm e d by di ss lvi n e p g ou t t h e zi nc c o n v e rti ng t h e zi nc in so l u ti o n i nt o an oxi de and t hen re du c i n g t h e l at te r by m e an s f c a b o n T he e l e c t o ly t i c e x t rac t i o n o f zi n c is p e rfo m e dby o b t ai n i ng t he zi n c in t h e form o f aq u eo u s s l u t i o n s f o m w hi c h z inc is se p arat e dby m e ans of t h e I f zi nc e xi st s in th e fo m o f all oy s t h e l at t e r m ay be e l e t ri c c u en t u se d as an o de s in t h e e l e c t ri c c i c u i t Of all t he ab o v e m e t hods t he d y w ay sh ou l d be giv e n t h e p e fe en c e wh e n e v e t he o e s or fu nac e I n spi t e o f t h e g re at de fi c i e n c i e s pro du c t s a e su ffic i e nt ly ri c h in zi n c t o b e c o n si de re d b e l o w o f t he l at t e p roc e ss n o su c c e ss has at te nde d att e m p t s t o re pl ac e it adv an t a e o u sly by c o m bi ne d w e t and d g y or e l e c t ro m e t all u gi al m e t h o ds T he c o m bi n e d w e t an d d y m e t h o d h as b e e n t ri e d e xp e ri m e nt al l y o n p o o o e s bu t has h i t h e rt o fail e d o n a c c ou n t o f a n u m b e o f de fe c t s and o f t he h i h e xp e n se at t ac h e d t o g it I t has o nly b e e n e m pl o y dde fi n it e ly in c ase s in w h i c h t h e O bj e c t w a n o t t he e x t rac t i o n f m e talli zi nc bu t t he se p a at i on o f zi n c f om o th e m e t al s o r m e tal li c c o m p u n ds so t hat t h e zi n c is b t ai n e d as a bye p o du c t in t h e f m o f c o m m erc i al c o m p o u n ds su c h as su lp hat e c h l ri de b asi c c a b o nate xi de f zi n c I t is n o t ho w e v e r q u i t e i m p s ibl b u t t hat it m ay fi nd e m pl oy m e nt in zi nc e x tract i on p p e r as an au xili a y t t he d y m e th od fo r t he p re p arat i n o f c o m p u nds i c h in zi nc f o m e s o p o du c t s p o in t hat m e t al The e l e c t o m t all u gi c al m e t ho d h a u p t o t he p ese n t o nly b e e n u se d o n an e xp e i m e n t al sc al e and w i th v a yi n l p zi n n o es r u t s u o c es g p op e c ont ai ni ng no o the v al u ab l e m e t al e x c e p t zi nc Al tho ugh t he t e h ni c al p o ssibili ty o f t hi s p oce s has b e e n p o v e d fo su c h o re s by c an
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ZINC
17
ti nu ous Op erati on for a c ertai n ti me it is st ill t o day an op e n q ue sti o n w he ther it is su p e ri or t o t he d y meth od It c an be u sed with advant age for all oy s whi c h form anodes so l u bl e in th e e l e c tri c It h as al so b e e n u sed re c e n tly for t he e xtrac ti on of th e zi nc c i rc u it fro m py riti c e si du e s and is t o be u se d shortly for t he e xtrac ti o n o f zi nc from i nti m at e m ix t ures Of arg e n tiferou s zi nc and l e ad ores wh i c h c ann o t be c o m pl e t e ly se p a at e d by dre ssi ng (at B ro k e n H ill con
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P u rifi cation
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b een Obt ai ne d by t he dry o r c o m bi ne d w e t and dry m e t h ods is in m ost c ase s c o nt am i nat e d by i m p u riti es su ch as l ead and i ron whi ch i nt erfe e wi th th e t ec h ni c al applicati o ns of the fo rm e r m e tal It the re fore n e eds a p revi ou s p u rifi cati on k no wn as Thi s re fi ni ng is e x e c ut e d in the d y way re fi ni ng T he
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The E xtr action T he m e t h o d
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xtrac ti ng zi nc in th e dry w ay whi c h has b ee n u sed u p t o th e p re se nt f or o re s de p e nds u p o n t h e p ro p e rty of c arb on and b odi es c o nt ai n i n g c arb on t o se p arat e m e t alli c zi nc f o m t he The rec e n t o xi d es an d si l i c at e s of th at m e tal at a h i gh t e m p e at u re hav e su gge sti o n s t o dec o m p o se su lp h i de o f zi n c by m e ans o f i ro n n o t y et b e e n pu t i n t o e x e cu ti o n m c is e xt rac t e d are th e o xi de sili c at e The o re s fro m w hi ch T h e ore s c on si sti ng o f o xi de an d sili cat e c arb on at e an d sulp h i de u c ti on Ore s c on t ai ni ng co n t ai n zi nc in a c om bi nat i o n su it abl e fo r re d t he c arb onat e c an be c onv e rt e d i n t o o xi de by si m pl e c al c i n ati on ; t h ose t h at c o nt ai n t h e su lph i de by m e an s o f an o xi di si n g roast i n g T he c om pl e t e re du c ti n O f oxi de o f zi nc on ly t ak es pl ace at v ery hi gh t emp e at ure s It be gin s e v en b e l ow t he b oili ng p oi nt of zi n c at a m o de rat e re d h e at bu t is o nly c o m pl e t e at a b right re dne ss app roach It is th ere fore ne c e ssa y t o i ncre ase the t e m p e ra ing a w h i t e h e at t u re t o th e b o ili ng p oi nt of zi n c so that t he zi nc is sep arat e d inthe gaseou s c ondi t i on and e qu i res t o be c onde nse d t o fl u i d zi nc T he ch e m i c al e ac ti ons in e x trac ti ng zi n c from it s o xi de and c and c a b o n m o n o xi d e whe n sili c at e c on si st in t h e fo rm ati o n o f zi n t h e form e r c om p ou nds are h e at e d t o t h e n e c e ssary t e m p e rat u e with R P t t Ri w n 188 7 ; G m d N E gli h P t t N A g t 7 1894 of
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M E T A LL U RG Y
l 8
b on C a b on m ono xi de ho w e v er al so has a re du c i ng ac ti on u p on f zi nc c arb o n di oxi de b e i ng p rodu c e d C a b o n di oxi de t h e o xi de w h i ch oxi di ses zi n c at a red h e at is agai n re duce d i m m e di at e ly u p on it s fo m ati o n t o c a b o n m on oxi de by m e an s o f t he c arb on w h i c h m u st be p re se n t in e x c ess t h e c a b o n m o n o xi de t hu s fo rm e d agai n d ati o n o f t h e zi n c by xi f e O ed ucin a u rt h e r am ou n t o f zi n c o xi d g c arb o n di o xi d e is t h e re fore i m p ossibl e in t h e p re se nc e o f a su ffi c i e n t It is u nk now n t o w h at e xte n t c arb on m on oxi de e x c ess o f c arb o n The m o re i n ti m ate t h e o xi de assi st s in t h e re du c t i o n o f zi nc m ixtu re o f zi n c o xi de w it h c arb o n t he b e t t e r do es th e re d u c ti on o f th e fo m e r t ak e pl ac e T he gase o u s zi nc m u st be c o nde n se d t o t h e fl u i d st at e ; as zi n c v ap ou s are o xi di se d by air w at e r v ap ou r an d c arb on di o xid e th ey The m u st n o t be all ow e d t o c om e i n t o c o nt ac t with t h ese gase s c o nde n sati o n o f zi nc v ap ou t o fl u i d zi nc w hi c h form s t h e m o st di ffi c u l t p o ti o n o f t h e p roc ess of zi n c e x t rac ti on o n ly t ak e s pl ac e b e t w e en de fi ni te li m i ts of t e m p e at u e and is th e n on ly p ossibl e w h e n t he zi nc v ap ou r is n o t t o o g e at ly dil u t e d by o th e r g ases If t h e t e m p e at u re fall s b e l ow t h e m e l t i ng p o i n t o f zi n c (415 the zi nc v ap ou rs con de n se t o a p ow de r k now n as z inc f u m e I f t he t e m p e at u re g re atly e x c e e ds 5 50 C t h e zi n c re m ai n s in th e g aseou s form I f t he zi n c v ap ou s are m ix e d w it h fore i gn gase s t h e i r c on de nsat i o n t o fl u i d zi nc is t h e e by e n de re d m ore di ffi c u lt Wh e n a c e rtai n p o i n t o f dil u t i o n w it h fo e ig n g ases is re ac h e d t h e zi n c v ap ou rs will n o l onge r c onde nse t o fl ui d zi nc bu t form zin c fu m e o n c o oli ng do w n T h e t e m p e at u re at w h i c h zi n c v ap o u s p ro d u c e d in p ac ti ce by t he re du c ti on o f zi n c o xi de by c arb o n an d t h ere fore dil u t e d wit h c arb on m o no xi de w ill c o n de n se t o fl u i dzi nc lie s b e t w e e n 4 15 and 5 5 0 C T h e n e c e ssity o f e m pl o yi ng a t e m p erat ure e x ing th e b o ili ng p oi n t o f zi nc in t h e e x t ac t i on o f t h at m e t al t h e c eed e adi n e ss wit h w h i c h zi nc v ap o u s a e o xi di se d by air c arb o n di o xi d e and w at e r v ap ou an d e sp ec i ally t h e di ffi c u lty o f c o n de n si n g i n t o a fl u i d form t he v ap ou s of zi nc dil u t e d by o th e gase s c au se t he e xt ac t i o n o f zi nc t o be o n e o f t he m ost di ffi c u lt an d m ost i m p e rfec t of al l m e t all u rgi c al O p e rat i on s The e adi n e ss wit h w h i c h zi nc v ap ou r is o xi di se d c o m p e l s t he p o ce ss o f redu c t i on t o be c arri e d on w i t h t h e e x c l u si on o f ai T he h igh t e m p e at u re re q u i red fo th e re d u c ti o n e n de s n e c essa y th e e m pl oy m e nt o f a fi rst c l ass fi re e si st i n a m er t i al for t he c on stru c ti on of t he app a at u s o f re du c ti on g T he l att e are at p re se nt c l se d v e sse l s su c h as t u be s or m u fll es m ade o f fi e c l ay wit h a c o m p a ativ e ly sm all c ap ac ity and de st roye d with co m p arat iv e e ase so t hat th e op e rat i on is att e nde d wit h h igh c ar
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M E T A LL U RG Y
20
zi nc e xtracti on as n ow p rac ti sed w e hav e to di st i ngu i sh l T he p re p arati on o f o e s fo r t he p roc ess o f e du c t i o n by c al c i ni ng o ro ast i ng 2 The redu c ti o n p o c ess p ro p e r o r t h e e x trac t i on o f t he zi nc f o m t he c al c i n e d o e s In
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i ch co nt ai n t he zi nc in t he form o f oxi de e q u i re n o p ep arati on S ili cate s of zi nc but ra e ly fo rm an i nde p e nden t obj ec t o f z in c e x t rac ti o n as t h e y e n e ally oc c u r t og e t h e r w i th c al am i n e and g a e t h e re fore t e ate d in t h e sam e w ay as t h at ore I f t h ey o c c u by th e m se lv es t hey hav e t o be c al c i n ed for th e re m ov al o f t he wat e r w h i c h w ou l d o the rwi se e x e t an oxi di si ng act i on u p on the zi nc du i ng t h e p ro c e ss o f re d u c ti on N o o th e p re p arat i o n is e qu i re d b e c au se zinc is e du c e d f om it s sili cat e s by m e ans of ca b on S ili cat es fr ee f o m w at e r e q u i re c al c i n ati o n o nly t o m ak e t h e m t e nde r ; o res o f zi nc that con t ain t he m e t al as c arb onat e and su lp h i de iz c al am i ne i( nc l u di ng zi nc bl oo m ) an d b l e nde m u st b e c on v e rt ed i nto oxide b e fo e th ey can be e du c e d Z i nc c ou l d be re du c e d f om c al am i n e w i t ho u t c o nv e ti ng t hat o re pre vi o u sly i nt o oxi de ; b ut in t h i s c ase t he p roc e ss w ou l d not o nly be se ri o u sly de l ay e d by t h e e xp u l si o n o f t h e c arb o n di o xi de an d w at e r f o m t h e o re an d t he l oss o f he at t h e re by occ asi o ne d bu t t h e p o du c t s c a b o n di o xi de and w at e v ap ou r w ou l d e x e t an o xi di si n g i nfl u e n ce u p o n t h e zi nc v ap ou r p ro d To av o i d t h e se o bj ec t i on s it is uced ab so l u t e ly n e cessa y t o driv e o ff t h e w at e r an d t he c a b on di o xi de fro m t h e c al am i n e by a de c o m posingro asti ng k n ow n as b u rn i n g orc al c i n i ng T hi s Op e ati on al so p osse sse s th e g e at adv an tage of m aki ng t he The re du c t i o n o f zi nc is h e re by c al am i n e m o e p o o u s in st u c tu e a t ly f ilit pp t u n i t y is affo de d for t h e c ar bo n m o n e a c a d a n o r s a t e o g o xi d e t o p e n e t at e t h o u g h al l p o t i n s o f th e c al am i ne t hu s re nde e d sp o ngy an d t o e x e t it s re du c i n g i nfl u e n c e u p o n it Z i nc bl e nde m u st be c on v e te d i n t o zi n c o xi de by m e ans f an i si ng oasti ng c om bi n ed w i th a de c om p o si ng roasti ng t hat sh all o xi d de c o m p o se t h e zi nc su lp h at e fo rm e d wh
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i g W hene v er t he bl e nde is no t p rodu c e d in t he form o f co nc e n trates by dre ssi ng w o rk s t h e o e s are c ru sh e d in ro ll s o e dge m ill s af te r b e i ng p e vi ou sly b rok e n wi th roc k bre ak e s in c ase o f n e e d I n Upp er S il esi a Sch warz m an n s f i c ti o n r ll s hav e b e e n fou nd to be e x c e e di ngly e ff e c tiv e and du abl e As c al am i ne c an be b u rnt in l u m p s it o n ly n ee ds cru sh i n h t T e B e lgi an m e t h o do f zi nc re du c t i o n f e r b u rn i ng a g S il e si an m e th od re q u i e s m ore c o m pl e t e c u sh i n g t h an do e s t h e Fo h ard o es su c h as sili c at e o f zi nc an d w ill e m i te oll s fo r soft ge unn e s b all m ill s and di si n teg rat ors are e m pl oy e d Whe n o re s e d t he o re h as t h u s b ee n o b t ai ne d in t h e n e cessary form it h as t o u nde rg o a p re li m i na y t re at m e n t e it h e r by ( ) B u rn i ng or c al c i nati o n o f c al am i ne (b) Cal c i nati on o f zi nc bl e nde ro as e
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i s p roc e ss is to re m ove c arb on dioxi de an d w at e r I f o t h er b odi e s c ont ai ni ng f ro m t he ore and t o m ak e it m ore p o ou s w ate and c a bo n di oxi de are m ix e d w i th t h e c al am i ne t h e w at e r o r T hi s o bj e c t is c arb o n di oxi d e m u st b e driv e n o ff fro m t h e m al so a t t ai ne d by h e ati n g t he c al am i ne t o su c h a t e m p erat u re t h at t he c arb o nat e o f zi nc shall be de co m p ose d i n to zi n c o xi de an d c arb on di oxi de w h i c h t e m p e at u e m u st al so be su ffi c i e n t t o de c o m p o se any f ore ig n c a b o n at es p ese n t C al am i n e giv e s u p its c a b on di o xi de at a m o de rat e re d h e at w h il st t h e c o m pl e te de c o m p osi ti o n o f c al c i u m c a b o n at e re q u i e s b ri h t re d n ess T h l o ss o f w e i h t o f p u re zi nc e g g t o 3 5 5 per c e n t ; w he n c arb o n at e o n c o m pl e te c al c i nati o n am o u n t al l t h e w at e r is re m o v e d fro m sili c at e o f zi nc t h i s l ose s 7 5 r c e nt e p As a g e ne al u l e b u nt c al am i n e still re t ai n s m o re o r l ess c arb o n di o xi de u p t o so m e 17 pe r c e nt As th e zi nc o xi de p odu c e d by b u rni ng c al am i n e g radu ally att rac t s c arb o n di o xi d e f o m t h e air w h il st li m e d o e s so rapi dly it is n e c e ssary t o t re at b u nt c al am i ne soo n aft e r it has b e e n c al c i n e d bu t i m m e diat e ly if it co nt ai ns m u c h li m e C al am i n e m ay be b u n e d in h e ap s st all s sh aft o r re v e rb e rat ory fu n ac e s As a u l e b u rn i ng in h e ap s an d s tall s fo r w hi c h l u m o e is n ec essa y is t o be av o i de don ac co u n t p o f t he i m p e fe c t de c om p ositi o n o f t h e ore and t he g e at w ast e o f fu e l I t is far m o re c ost ly t h an t h e roast i ng of su lp h i des in h e ap s an d st all s as in t h e l at t e r c ase t h e g re at e r p o t i o n o f t h e h e at re q u ir e d for the op e ati on is p ro duc e d by t h e c o m b u st i on o f su lp hu w h e re as t h e h e at re q u i re d t o re m ov e w at e r an d c arb on di o xi de from c al am i n e T he
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M E T A LL U RG Y
22
ly be p odu c e d by t h e c o m b u s ti on of e x t aneou s fu e l B u rni ng in he ap s w i t h w o o d fo r fu e l is p ac t i se d ac c di n g t o T hu m in t he n o t h o f S p ai n ; b u n i n n h i t ll c o rd i t t h m a t o i ty in a n s a s a c o e s u e g g t he m o u nt ai ns o f t he sou th o f S p ai n w h e re w oo d is sc a c e As a ule l u m p c al am i ne sho u l d be bu n t in o di n a y sh aft fu rnac e s r in sh aft fu rn ac e s fix e d by m e an s o f e x t e nal g at e c ush e d o e s in re v e rb e rat o y fu nac e s The g at e fi e d shaf t fu nac e h as t h i s adv an t age o v e r t h e o rdi n a y haft fu nac e t h at t he ash e s o f t h e fu e l do n o t i nt e m ix w i t h t h e b urn t t h e c ase w h e n fu e l and ore e as i c om e i nt o d i e c t c ont act i nsi de t he o di n a y shaft fu nac e
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Bu rnin g Ca l am in e in S haf t Fu rn aces
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i ght o f th e e T hi s m e t h od adm it s o f a i p i o n and e q u i re s bu t li tt l e l ab o u r ; it h as h o w e v e r t h e o bj e c t i o n th at t h e b u nt e is m ix e d w i th the ash e s of t h e fu e l I f m o re o v e t h e t e m p e rat u re i ses t oo h ig h som e zi nc m ay be re du c e d T h e fu e l s e m pl oy e d a e l e an c o al s l o w in ash li n i t e l o w in ash sm all c o k e g l w in ash or sm al l c ha c o al T h se a e c ha ge d in l ay e rs al te n at i ng w i t h l ay e s o f c al am i n e i n t o t he fu rn ac e T oge the r wi th t h e l u m p o re t he c harge m ay c on tai n a c e tai n am o u nt I 5 or 20 pe ce nt o f ore fi n es T h e f u n ac es do n ot di ffe r in any i m p o rt an t re sp ec t f om li m e kil ns The o l de fu nace s h av e b osh e s an d h e avy et ai n i n g w all s Th e l at te r c an b e re pl ac e d w i t h advan t age by a c asi n g o f i o n pl at es T he h e ig h t v ari e s ac c ordi ng t o t h e n at u re o f t he ore fro m 10 t o 2 0 fe e t an d t h e di am e t e f o m 3 t o 10 fe e t Th e b o t t o m is e i th e r fl at o p o v ide d wit h a c on e The o u t p u t v ari es ac c ordi ng t o th e n at u e o f t he c al am i n e an d it s i m p u i t i e s an d t h e siz e o f t h e f u rn ac e s I t is l o we t h e gre at e r t h e p rop or t i o n is o f li m e an d zi nc bl e nde U nde r fav o u rabl e i rc u m stanc es wi th l arge fu n ac es it m ay am ou n t t o 2 5 or 30 t on s pe r 2 4 h o u s The fu e l c on su m p t i n al so v ari e s w i t h t he i m p u ri t i e s o f t h e ore an d m ay l ie b e t w ee n 3 an d 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e w e i h t o f t h e raw o e s C al am i n e is b u n t in shaft fu n ac e s in M o e sn e t g ( Be l gi m ) D o tm u nd L au i n L e h igh (P e nn sylv an i a) and in t h e di st ri c t o f I gl e si as ( S a di ni a) At Al t e n b e rg n e ar M o e sn e t a m ixt u e of al a m i ne and sili at e o f zi n c u se d t o be b u n t in a sh aft f u rn ac e o f t h e c o n st r u c t i o n h o w n in Fig in w h i c h Is is th e li n i ng r t h e B / 41 17 p 13 8 18 7 6 b Z i l I ml t i B H Z tg N T h m Z i l h i /m i b d A I b g G tl h ft B H Z tg p 405 185 9 d p 4 186 0 ; K i l l t l /h ii t k m l p 4 3 3 18 8 1 we
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23
w h i c h t he e a e fou r givi n g 9 ac c e ss t o t h e draw h o l e s z T he sh aft is 7 fe e t 3 i nc h e s in di am e t e r at t h e t h ro at 9 fee t 8 i n c h e s in t h e c e n t re and 5 fee t 6 i n c h e s at t he T h e c one is 3 fe e t 6 i n ch e s h igh ; t he h e igh t of th e draw h o l es fu rnac e f o m t h e p o i n t o f t h e c on e t o t h e t hro at is 17 fe e t 6 i nc he s I n t h i s fu nac e c al am i n e m ix e d with so m e sili c at e o f zi nc w as b u rn e d with l e an coal s and c o k e sm all s The l ay e rs o f ore wh i c h alte rnat ed with l ay e s of fu e l Were 6 i n che s de e p ; 2 5 t ons o f ore w ere b u rn ed T h e con in 24 h ou rs du ri ng w h i ch ti m e t h e re w e re six drawi n g s t i i g w all
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Bu r ning Cal am in e in Gr ate f ir ed S haf t Fu rnaces -
B urn ing l u m p c al am i n e in grat e fi red shaft fu rn ac es yi e l ds a p rodu c t w h i ch is n ot c ont am i nat ed by t h e ash es of the fu e l th ou gh it T h ere is al so m ay at ti m e s c ont ai n sm all q u an titi es o f flu e du st -
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M ETA LL U RG Y
24
l e ss dange r of the reduc ti on and v ol atili sat i on of zi nc t han w he n the o re c om e s in di re c t c o n t ac t w i th t he f u e l bu t o n t he o the r hand th e fu e l c on su m pti o n is g re at e r t han in t h e si m pl e shaft fu n ac e Only raw fu e l or T he c o nsu m p t i o n gas c an be u se d for he ati n g p u rp ose s o f raw fu e l am o u n t s ac c ord i ng t o it s nat u re and t hat of the ore s t o som e 6 t o 9 pe r c e nt o f t h e l at t er The f u rn ac e s a e c on st ru c t e d lik e li m ekil ns fi red by e xt ernal grat es ; t h e y are c i cu l ar in ho i o nt al c on an d sec ti o n t rac t e db e l o w T he i r h e i gh t is 8 t o 16 fee t ; t h e i r dia m e t e in t h e u pp e w i de st p ort i o n o f t h e sh aft 5 fe e t t o 5 fe e t 9 i n ch e s ; at t h e at the n a o w e st p o t i o n fi re pl ac e 1 foot 8 i nch e s t o The n u m b er o f fi re 2 fe e t pl ac e s w h i ch are di sp ose d l at e rally ab ou t t h e l ow e p orti on of th e fu rnac e is The ou tp u t e i t h e r 1 or 2 v a i es w i th th e siz e o f t h e furnac e t h e n at u re o f t h e of an d t h e n u m b e r ore s fi re pl ac e s lyi ng b e t w e en 6 ,
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l ose s at l east 10 pe r c en t of its w e i gh t by b u rni ng I n a fu rn ac e o f e q u al siz e wit h t wo fi re pl ac e s ab o u t 10 t o ns o f b u n t S ix o re w e re o bt ai n ed in 2 4 h o u rs wi t h t h e sam e f u e l c o nsu m pti on m e n are re q u i re d pe r 2 4 h o u rs t o w o rk th e f urnace o re
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Bu r ning of Ca lam ine in Rever beratory Fu rnaces
h fu rnac e s ore fi n es al one c an be b urn t sati sfac to ily ; l u m p s Re v er are far b e t t e r b u n t in e i th e r o f t h e ab o v e sh af t fu rnac e s berat ory fu rnac e s re qu i re m ore f ue l and l ab ou r t han do sh af t fu rnace s bu t if w e ll co n st r u c t e d yi e l d as gre at an ou tp u t as do R e v e rb e ra rat e fi re d sh aft fu rn ac e s v ia 8 t o 10 t o n s in 2 4 h o u rs g t ory furnace s are e m pl oy e d of v ari ou s form s viz wit h fix ed h e arths w it h m o v abl e h e art hs fu n ac es i n de p e n de n t o f zi n c e du c ti o n f urn ace s an d re v erb e rat ory fu rnac es w h i c h a e h e at e d by t h e w ast e h e at o f T hose re v e b erat ory furnac es w h i ch t he z inc re du c t i on fu rnac e s are w ork e d i nde p e n de n tly are e i t h e r gas fi re d o r fi re d by a g rat e W he re v er c al am i ne is b u rn t at th e m i n e w h i ch is t he b e tter way wh e ne v e r fu e l is ch e ap th e re and the ore has t o be t ransp o te d c on si de rabl e di st an c e s t o t h e sm e l t i ng w o rk s it is o f c o u rse n e c e ssary t o work t h e re v e rb e rat ory fu rnac es i nde p e nde n t ly W he e v er c al a m i n e is b u rn t at t h e sm e lti n g w ork s it is p re fe rabl e t o c ond u c t t h e bu rni ng q u ite i nde p enden tly o f t he w ork of t he e du c t i o n fu rnac e and t o u se t he w ast e h e at o f t h e l at t er fo r w arm i ng t h e air u sed fo r n ly h c o m b u st i o n o r in t h e c ase o f gas fi ri ng for h e ati ng u t e a s O p g in su ch c ase s in w h i c h th e fu rnac e gase s af t e r h avi ng t h u s b e e n u t il ise d still re t ai n su ffi c i e n t h e at t o b e abl e to e xp e l w at e r and c arb on di o xi de from t he c al am i ne is it p ro fit abl e t o u se t h e m fo r b urni ng this ore In
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M ET A LLU RG Y
26
by t he flu e b i dge and is sho ve ll e d gradually f o m t hi s p oi nt t o t he ho t t est p art o f t h e f u rn ac e at de fi ni t e i nt e v al s o f t i m e u nt i l it i u l t i m at e ly d aw n o u t at t he fi e bri dge in t h e b u n t st at e F u nac es w o rk e d i nt e m i tt e n tly in w h i c h t he w h o l e o f th e c h a g e o f o e w hi c h is t o b e b u n t is c h ar e d in at o n e ti m e an d is d aw n o u t g at o ne ti m e w h e n t h e o p e rat i o n is c o m pl e t e a e no t t o b e re co m m e n de d Ou acc o u n t of t he i h i gh c o st for l ab o u r an d fu e l L o ng b e dde d c al c in e s with o nly o ne h e a th are t o b e p re fe rre d t fu nac es o f t h i s t yp e w it h t w o h e ar th s lyi ng o ne ab o v e t h e o t h e r b e cau se w o ki ng o n t he u pp e h e a th is in c o nv e n i e n t and wh e n o ne o f t h e h e ar th s n e e d s re p ai i n h w o l e fu rnac e m u st be l e t o u t t h e g Fu nac e s w i th t w o o e v e n t h e e h e arth s o n e ab o v e t he ot he sh ou l d t here fo e o n ly be e m pl oy e dw h e n g o u n d sp ac e is e i t h e v e ry v al u abl e o r n t t o be T ot h h i li iz lly h a a c e tai n h n t a or s e e a r t h o o e h e s t e g i n c li nat i o n (Fe ra is fu n ac e ) The re v e b e at o y fu rnac e fo b u rn i ng c al am i n e d iffers f o m t h o se u se dfo c al c in ingt he su lph i de s o f i o n sil ve r c o pp e o l e ad in that it is sh orte r and na o w e r t han t he l att e I t m u st n o t be forgo t t e n t h at w he n t h e ab o v e n am e d su lp h i de s a e c al c i n e d a c on si d e abl e am o u n t o f h e at is de v e l o p e d f o m t h e o re s t h e m se lv es ; t hat t h e ai re q u i re d fo r t h e i c al c i n at i o n e nt e rs by t h e w o ki ng doo s ; and t hat as l ong as it is no t in e x c e ss it b e c o m es i t se l f a sou c e of h e at on ac c o u n t of it s ac ti on u p o n th e su lp hi de s O n t he o th er han d w h e n c al am i ne is b u nt n o h e at is de v e l o p e d f ro m t h e ore s n o r is any acc ess o f air n e c e ssary I n o rde r t o u t ili se t he h e at o f t h e fu e l t o t h e b e st p u rp ose it is th e re fore n e c e ssa y t o hav e o nly as m an y w o ki ng doors as a e ab so l u te ly e q u i re d fo r t he I t is al so u se l e ss sat i sfac t o y o v e r o f t h e o res abbli n g an d t u n i n g t o giv e t he h e a t h any e x c e ssiv e l e n th o r b e adt h b e c au se t he g e m o v al o f t h e c arb o n di o xi de e q u i e s a c o m p a at iv e ly h i gh t e m e at u re w hil st n o h e at is de v e l o p e d f o m t h e o e as occ urs in t he p c ase o f su lp h i d ge e s e v e n c l o se t o t h e fl u e b ri d Wi th T h e l e ngt h o f the he art h sh ou l d n ot e x c e e d 4 0 t o 4 3 fe e t a do u bl e h e art h an d a si ngl e fi re pl ac e t h e l e ng t h o f th e t w o he art h s t oge th e r sh o u l d n ot e x c ee d t h e ab ov e am o u n t Wh e n gas fi ing is u se d t h e l e n t h o f t h e h e a t h m a e so m e w h at l o n e r u o 4 6 fe e t b t g g y p fo r i nstan c e T he g at e fi e d fu rn ac e wi th dou bl e he art h at t h e w o k s of t he Al te nb e g C om p any is 4 0 fe e t i nc l u di ng t he u pp e and l o w e he a ths A n t h e r di e c t fi re d fu nac e at L e t m at he n ea I se rl o hn in We stphali a in w hi c h c al am i ne was form e rly b u rnt p osse sse d t w o h e a t hs lyi ng o ne ab o v e t he o the r w i th a to t al l e ngth T he gas fi e d f u nac e s O f Fe ra i w i th i nc li n e d he a t h o f 2 7 fe e t Igl esi as has a t ot al l e ng th o f 4 3 fe e t 6 i nc hes at M o n te p o ni ne a f u rn ac e
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M E T A LL U RG Y
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i c h has its o w n fi re pl ac e Each he arth is 17 fe e t 10 i nches l ong and 7 fee t 10 i n c h e s w i de On e ac h h e arth 15 t on s o f c al am i n e are t on s of c oal The c al c i n e d in 2 4 ho u s wi th a c on su m p t i on o f 15 f u n ace is w o k e d by o ne m an t aki ng a 12 h o u r sh i ft Th e arrang e m e n t o f a e v e rb erat o ry fu rn ac e fi re d by gas (t h e Fe rrari s fu nace ) as u se d at t h e M o nt e p o n i m i ne s is sho w n in Fig s 5 an d wh
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M E T A L L U RG Y
30
B ererber ato rg Fu r n aces w ith Jll
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T he y c onsi st o c o nt i nu o u sly Fu rnac e s w ork e d i n t e rm i tt e nt ly w h i c h are u se d w i th adv an t ag e for t h e c al c i n ati o n o f c o pp e o re s an d o f w h i c h t h e b est k n ow n is t h e B ru c k ne r fu nac e V o l I p 8 0 hav e n o t b e en e m pl oy e d for t h e b urn i ng o f c al am i ne as fa as t h e au th or k n ows Of t h e fu rnace s w o k e d c o n ti nu o u sly t h at o f O xl an d is u se d with adv ant ag e in th e m i n i ng di stri c t o f Igl e si as Fi gs 7 and 8 sho w t h e c on st ru c ti o n o f su c h a fu rnac e as u se d at t h e M o n t e p o n i m i n e I n t h e se fi gu e s a is t he i nc li n e dro t ati ng cyli nde r l i ne d with fi re bri c k are f i c ti o n r i n s r esti ng o n rol l e rs c is a t oo t h e d wh e e l g ,
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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v ari ou s typ es o f S il e si an fu rnac e s w ill be fo u nd fu lly S ho wn in t he ill u st rati o ns o f t h e l at t e r B ot h cru sh ed c al am i ne and l u m p o re c an be b u n t in t h e se f u n ac e s T he c al c iners o f t he o l de r S il e si an fu n ac e s hav e an are a o f 5 3 sq u a e fee t I n t he se 15 t o n s of c al am i ne a e bu rne d in 12 h ou rs I n t he c al c in e s o f t h e st ac k f urnac es w h i c h h av e an are a o f 10 sq u are fe e t c wt s o f c al am i ne c an be ro ast e d in 8 h o u rs I n the w h i c h h av e an are a of c al c in e rs o f t h e bl ast fi e d f u nac e s sq u are fe e t 14 c wt s c an be b u rn e d in 8 h o u rs A t Lipi ne w here re du c ti o n f u r nac e s fi re d wit h gas an d h e at i ng shaft s a e u se d a sm all c al c i n e r is pl ac e d o n e it her si de in t h e I t s l e ngt h is 7 fe e t 3 inc h e s its b readt h m i ddl e o f t he fu rnac e bl o c k 2 fe e t 8 i nc h e s and it s h e igh t 2 fe e t 4 i n c h e s I n 2 4 h ou rs from 2 t on s 5 c w t t o 3 t on s o f c al am i ne c an be c al c i n e d T h e l ab o u r is p rovi de d by th e m e n in c ha g e o f th e re duc ti o n fu rnac e On t he av e rage b u rn t Upp e r S il e si an c al am i n e re t ai n s som e 17 p e r c e nt o f c arb o n di o xi d S u c h of t he l att e r as do e s n ot e sc ap e b e fo re t he e e m u st b e re d u c e d t o c ar b o n m o no xi d e by re du c t i o n o f t h e zi n c o xi d an e x ce ss o f c arb on in t he m u ffl e s at tac h e d
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py it e st ib ni t e and sili cate s of i o n and m angane s w hic h are inc li ne d t o si n t e r o r m e l t at h ig h t e m p e rat u e s T hese e nv e l p e p arti c l es o f bl e nde and p re v e nt t he o xyge n of t h e air f o m ac ti ng u p on t h m U nde t h ese c i rc u m stanc e s it is q u i te u nav o i dabl e t hat sm all p o ti o n s O f su lp hu r sa 1 t o 2 r c e nt h o u l d re m ai n in t h e e s y p T o o btai n as c om pl e t e a c al c i nat i o n as p o ssibl e it c al c i ne d o re is n e c e ssa y t h at t he bl e n de sh o u l d b e c ush e d do w n t o a m e sh of i nch o r at the ou tsi de o f i nch an d fo t h e de c o m p osi ti on m e d t h e fi nal t e m p erat u re m u st be pro o f t he b asi c su lp h at e f h h h h t m ig A ig p r tionat e l e rat u e e n t ail s o n t he o t h e r h and o e p y t he o bj e c t i o n s t hat zi n c O xi de is v ol atili sed t hat it is re du c ed t o zi nc w h e n b ou gh t in c o nt ac t w i th t he p ar ti c l e s o f c a b on in t h e fl am e a nd t h at t h e o e m ay b e si n t e re d o r fu se d Z i nc su lp h at e c an on ly b e i m p e rfec t ly de c o m p o se d by m ixi n g c a b on w i th t h e c al c i ne d ore When p u lv e u l e n t zi n c bl e nde c ont ai n i ng on ly su lp hi de f zi n c is c al c i n e d as so o n as t he t e m p e ratu e ri se t o a l o w re dn e ss t he su lp h u r is o xi di se d t o su lp h u r di o xid e an d t he zi n c w h i c h was c o m bi n e d w i t h t h i s su l ph u r is c o n v e t e d i n t o o xi de Th e su lp h u r di o xi de is in p ar t v ol at ili sed in p art it is c o n v e t e d by c o n tac t w ith t h e re d h o t p orti o ns of t he o re and o f t h e f u nace w all s i nt o su lp hu r t i oxi de w hi c h l at te c om bi ne s wit h a p o ti o n o f t he zinc O xi de t o form Th e l o w e r t h e t e m p e rat u re an d t he m o e t he zi nc bl e n de s u l phat e is i nt e m ix e d wi t h o t he su l p h i des t he m ore zi n c su lp h ate is for m e d T hu s in so m e e xp e ri m e n t s by t h e au tho w h e n an i n t i m at e m ix tu re e and al e n a fro m t h e B ro k e n H ill Mi n e s o f e q u al p ar t s o f zi nc bl e n d g i n N e w S o u th Wal e s w as c al c i n e d at l o w e dne ss 4 0 pe c e n t o f t h e z i n c c o n t e n ts o f t he b l e nde w as c o nv e rt e d i n t o zi n su lp h at e Th e fo m at i o n o f z inc su lp hate is p ro m ot e d m o e by t he p ese n c e o f py ri t e s t han by t hat of any othe r su lp hi des Wh en t he t e m p e at u re is ai se d t o a c h e y re d t h e n e u t ral zi nc su lp h at e is split u p i n to b asi c zi nc sulp hate and t o su lp hu r tri o xi de o su lp hu r di oxi de and o xyg e n By fu t h e r ai si ng t he t e m p e ratu re t o t he fu ll e st re d h e at t h e b asi c zi nc su lp hat e i t se l f is dec o m p o se d in t he sam e w ay S c hl app fou n d t hat du i ng t h e de c o m p osi t i o n o f zi n c v itri o l de hy d ate d as c om pl e t e ly as p o ssibl e by m e an s o f h e at o n a l arg e sc al e s o m e 30 p e c e nt o f t h e su lp h ur t ri o xi de e sc ap e d as su c h w h il st t h e re m ai n d e r w as s lit u p i n t o su lp h u r di o xi de an d o xy e n p g I f t he c al c i nati o n t ak e s pl ac e in r e v e b e at o ry fu n ac e s any c a b o n m on oxi d e p re se nt in t he p ro du c t s o f c o m b u sti o n h as a r e du ri ng ac ti on u p on th e zi n c o xi de at t h e h i gh t e m p e rat u re e qu i re d t o s p l it u p t h e b asi c zi nc su lp h at e T h e zi n c v ap ou rs t hu s f o m e d a re i se d agai n by t h e air and sar ie d off an d are at on c e o xi d r
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M E T A LL U RG Y
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b on di o xi de p rese nt so t hat l oss o f zi nc is t hu s i nc u rre d Wi t h a u ffi c i e nt ly l ong c o nti nu e d c al c i nat i o n and t h e e m pl oy m e nt o f a su ffi c i e n t ly h i h t e m p e rat u r e it is as ab o v e Sh o w n p o ssibl e t o g c o n v e t t h e w h o l e o f t h e zi nc s u lp h i de i n t o o xi de As a ru l e h o w eve in c o nse q u e nc e o f th e diffi c u lty o f c o m pl e t e ly de c o m p si ng t h e b asi c su lp hate andof o xi di si ng t he l ast p o t i o ns o f th e su lph i de o f zi n c p re se n t s m all q u ant i t i e s o f su lp hu r e m ai n in t h e o e I n a se i e s o f e xp e ri m e n t s t h e fo ll o w i n h d i n t e p e rc e nt ag e o f su lp h u r a e c e se g in t h e o e w as fo u n d o n o ast i ng t h e e di ffe e nt g ade s o f o e in a H ase n cl e v e fu rn ac e w i t h t h e e m u ffle s lyi ng o ne ab o v e t h e ot he H P R NTA HUR SU O t he
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M ET A LLU RG Y
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v e sse l s A t the sam e t i m e l e ad m ay be re duc e d f o m it and all oy w i t h t h e zi nc S tibn ite si nt e rs v e ry api dly and e n v e l op es p a t i c l e s o f u n c al c i n e d zi nc bl e nde I ts su lph u r is c onv e rte d i nt o su lp h u r di o xi de and p om ote s t he form ati o n o f zi nc su lp h at e The ant i m ony is c on v e rt e d i nto o xide w h i c h p artly v ol at ili se s and p a tly form s an t i m on i at e s T h e l at t e r are al so fo rm e d in p a t by t he ac ti o n o f t h e o xi de o f an ti m o n y u p o n su lp h at es T hese anti m oni at e s re m ai n for t h e m ost p art u n dec o m p ose d du i ng c al c i nati on and th e re fore app e ar as su ch in t h e c al c i ne d o re A senides and su lp h a se n i de s giv e o ff t h e i su lph u as su lp hu r di o xi de and a p o t i o n o f th e arse n i c fo m s arsen i c ac i d; an ot h er p o ti on o f t h e a se n i c form s a se n i at es of t hose m et al s (n i c k e l c ob alt i on and silv e ) w h ose a se ni at e s e si st t he h e at T he u lti m ate p o du c t o f the c al c i nat i on c onsi sts t he re fore o f a m ix tu re of m et alli c D u i ng t h e p o c e ss o f re du c t i on th e l at t er o xi d es an d arse n i ate s a e re d u ce d yi e l di n g m e t alli c arse n i c w h i c h p asse s i nt o t he zi n c S ider ite is c o n v e rt e d o n c al c i nati o n i n t o m agn e t i c o xi de w h i c h p o m ot es t h e form ati on of e adily fu sibl e sili c at e s du ri ng th e p ro cess o f re duc t i o n an d t h e e by t h e de stru c t i o n o f t h e v esse l s e m pl oy e d I f q u a tz is si m u l t an e o u sly p e se n t in t he o re a f e adily f usibl e sili c at e f w w o f i ro n m a o m e v e n du ri ng c al c i n at i o n h i h ou l d e n v e l o p e c y p orti ons o f t he o re I n c on se qu e nc e o f t he re ady fu sibility Of sili c at e o f m ang an e se su c h do u bl e sili c at e s a e a t t o be f o m e d if t h e p sp at h i c o re c ont ai n s m an an ese g Q u a rtz by i tse l f h as n o i nj u i ou s e ffec t o n c al c i nati o n as it only c o m bi n e s w i t h zi nc o xi de at a w h i t e h e at I t m ay h o w e v e r giv e i se t o e adily f u sibl e sili c at es wh e n py ri t es c hal copy it e or si de rite are p e se n t in t h e o re B a ytes e m ai ns u n c h ange d du ri n g c al c i nati on I n t h e p ro c e ss o f e du c t i n it b e c om e s re du c e d to b a i c su lp h i de w hi c h p ro m o t e s t h e f m ati o n o f zi nc su lp h i de Cal cite is c n ve t e d p art ly i nt o li m e and p artly i n t o c al c i u m s u lp hat e Li m e t oge t h e r wi t h fer ou s o xi de fo m s e adily fusibl e do u bl e si l i c at e s w i th t h e sili c a f t h e c o n t ai n i n g v e sse l s and t h e se S ili c at e s a e ap t t o de stro y t he w all s o f t h e l at t e r T h e c al c i u m su lp h at e is re du c e d to su lp h i de du ri ng t h e e du c t i o n o f t h e zi nc o xi de an d t hu s giv e s i se t t h e form at i on o f re si du e s ri c h in zi n c T hu n st at e s t hat t he su lph i des of the alk alin e e a th s app e a t o giv e u h al f o f t h e i su lp hu r t o zi nc in t h e p se nc e o f f ee zi n c an d p c a bon T h m B g d H iitt Z tg 18 76 p 154 it L .
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37
b e h av e s li ke cal c i te A rgentite is c o nv e r te d i nt o su lp hat e o f silv e r w hi c h in t he l ast st age o f c al c i nat i o n b e c o m e s de co m p o se d i nt o silv e r su lp h u di o xi de A p o rti on of t he sil v e r is v ol atili se d in t he l ast stage o f and o xyge n t he c al c i n at i o n at t h e h ig h t e m p e rat u re t h e n p re v aili ng I f readily fu sibl e sili c ate s e sp e c i ally t h ose of i o n and m angan e se are m ix e d w it h zi n c bl e n de t h e se will s i nt e r in t he l ast st a e o f t h e g c al c i nati o n and e n v e l o p e p ar ti c l es o f o e Th e l o ss o f w e i gh t by c al c i nat i o n o f zi nc bl e nde v ari e s w i t h it s i m p u ri ti e s and wi th th e t e m p e atu e rangi ng be t w e e n 12 and 2 0 pe r Th e c om pl e te ne ss o f t he re m o v al o f u lp hu r from t he c u she d cent an d roast e d zi nc bl e n de w h e n t h e c al c i n at i o n t ak es pl ac e in re v e be ratory fu rn ac e s r m u ffl e s m ay be p ro v e d by t h e ch l orat e o f p o t ash t e st o r by hy droc h l o i c aci d The am o u n t of su lp h u r in t h e f rm o f su lph at es h o w e v e c an o n ly b e de t erm i ne d g ravi m e t ri c ally o by t i tra t i o n with b ari u m c h l o i de T h e c hl orat e o f p o t ash t e st w h i c h is c o nsi de e d t h e m ost co n ve n ie n t is e x ec u t e d by h e at i ng an i ro n sp oon t o re dn ess in t h e fu rn ac e an d m e l t i n g so m e 30 grai ns Of c h l orat e o f p o t ash in it Up on t he m ol te n sal t a sm all q u an t i ty of th e o re t o be e x am i n e d is t he n sp i nkl e d I f n o sp ark s are p o du c e d du e t o t h e p re se nc e o f bu rn i ng su lphu r cal c i nati on is c om pl e t e E v e n th e p re se nce of o nly a fe w sm all s ark s is c o n si de re d t h e sig n o f a g oo d c al c i nat i o n p b ecau se in thi s c ase t he su lp h u r has b ee n re m o ve d do wn t o 1 pe c ent Th e hydro c h l ori c ac i d t est c o nsi st s in h e ati ng a sm al l q u an ti t y ro c h l ori c ac i d in a t est t u b e o f t h e o e wit h p ure zi n c and dil u t e h y d W he n su lp hu r is p re se nt in t he ore su lp hure tte d hydrog en is e v olv e d T h e q u an t i ty of th e l at t e r an d t h e e fore th at o f t h e su lp h u r p ese n t in th e o re is de te rm i ne d by m e ans o f a st rip o f p ap e r soak e d in ace t at e o f l e ad w h i c h t ak e s a c o l o u r v aryi ng fro m ligh t t o dark b ow n ac c ordi ng t o th e q u an t ity of su l phu r p resent The p e rc e nt age o f su lp hu r m a h by t i b e e st i m at e d s t est t o b e t wee n a h al f an d on e y q u arte r p er c e nt T he c o l ou rs Obtai n ed m ay be c om p are d wit h c ol o u rs w h i c h h ave b ee n p ro du c e d by roast e d bl e nde o f k n ow n su lph ur c on t e n t p ro vi de d alw ay s th at t h e t e st s are e x ec u t e d in t h e D ol om ite
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M E T A LL U RG Y
38
p e l im i na y roast i ng C al c i n at i on in su c h app arat u s m u st ac c ord ingl y b e f ll o w e d by c al c i n at i o n in e v e b e at o y o r m u ffl e fu rnac e s Re v e rb e at o y f u rn ac e s p o du c e gase s w h i c h c o n t ai n su lp hu di o xi de i n te rm ix ed and hi ghly dil u t e d w i th t h e p rodu c t s of c o m b u sti on so t h at t he su lp hu r di o xi de c an n o t b e u t ili se d; su c h fu nac es sho u l d t h e e fo e be u se d o n ly w h e n t h e u t ili sat i o n o f th e p o du c t s o f c al p ro du c t i on f su lp h u i c ac i d is i m p ac t i c abl e o n c in at io n fo r t h e ac c o u n t o f t he ab se n c e o f a m a k e t a n d w h e n t h e gase s e m i t t e d m ay e i t h e be all o w e d t o e sc ap e in t h e n e i gh b o u h oo d o f t h e sm e l t in g w o k s o w h e n th e y c an b e re n de re d i nn o c u ou s by p oc e sse s Mu ffi e fu rnac e s admi t o f as w h i c h do n o t c au se t oo g e at an o u t l ay d o e v e b e at o y fu r nac e s an d o o d a c al i nat i n o f zi n c bl e n de a g d n o t e q u i re m u c h m ore fu e l t h an t h e l at t e if p ro p e r u se is m ade As at i o n o f t h e su lp h i d e o f zi n c o f t h e h e at de v e l o p e d by t h e o xi d th e se fu n ac es p ro du c e gase s c o n t ai ni n g so m u c h su lp h u r di o xi de as t b e su i t ab l e for t h e m an u fac t u e o f s u l ph u ri c ac i d t h e y shou l d b e u l e w h e n t h e e is a m a k e t f o r su lp h u ri c ac i d in t h e e m pl o y e d as a n e i gh b o u rh o o d o f t h e w ork s o r w h e n t h e su lp hu r di o xi de c an b e B e fo e th e i n trodu c ti on u t ili se d w i t h adv an t age in so m e o t h e r w ay o f t h e n e w er fo m s o f m u ffl e f u nac e m u ffi e fu n ac e s c o m bi n e d w ith I n th e m u ffi e s o f t h e se c om re v e rb e at o y f u n ac e s w e re al so u se d bin e d fu rn ac e s su lp h u di o xi de w as p ro du c e d fo t h e p u p ose o f o ast e d de ad u p on su lp h u ri c ac i d m an u fac t u e w h il st t h e bl e nde w as e v e b e rat o y f u n ac e s T he i r e e c t i on m ay be t h e h e a t hs o f t he j u stifi e d w h en t h e re is on ly a li m i t ed m ark e t fo sulphu i c ac i d so t h at o n ly a p orti o n O f t h e su lp hu r di o xi de c o ntai n e d in t h e gase s c an b e w o k e d u p wi th adv an t age He ap s andst all s c an o nly be e m pl o y e d fo r e n de i ng v e y c o m p ac t bl e n de m o e fri abl e in su c h di stri c ts in w h i c h it is i m p ossibl e t o u t ili se t h e su lp h u r di o xi de an d in whi ch In n e igh b o u h o d o n th e n o i nj u y is i n fli c t e d by t h e l at t e su c h c ase s t h e c al c i nat i o n Sh o u l d be l o o k e d u p o n as a p e li m i n ary t o t h e c ru sh i ng o f t h e l u m p o re w h i ch has t o be c al c i ned de ad in re v e b erat o i es aft e r it h as b e e n c ru sh e d S haft f u rnac e s m ay be u se d fo r p re li m i nary o asti ng with c e rtai n v a i e t i e o f bl e nde w hi c h b u rn re adily w he n it is on ly p ossibl e t o A ft e th i s p e li m i na y u t i l i se t he gase s p o du c e d t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t the l u m p e h as t o b e c u sh e d an d ro ast e d de ad in c al c i n at i o n e v e b rato y f u n ac e s w h i l st bl e n de t hat h as b e e n p art ly o ast e d in t h e fo m o f p o w de g o e s di e c t t o t h e e v e rb e at o y I f o n th e o th e r h and it is p o sibl e t o u t ili se t h e wh o l e o f t he su lp hu r di o xi de a v ail abl e in t h e c al c i nat i o n f t h e bl e nde c al c i nat i o n in m u ffl e s is t o b e p e fe e d t t h e c o m bi n e d c al c i nat i o n in sh af t and e v e rb erat ory a
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yp e of f u nac e al so adm i ts o f t h e u tili sati on t h e h e at de v e l op e d by t h e o xi dat i o n o f t h e su lp h i de We hav e t h e e fo e t o c o nsi de C al c i n at i on in he ap s an d stall s C al c i nati on in sh af t f u nac es C al c i nati on in re v e rb e at o y f u nace s C al c i nat i on in c o m bi n e d re v e rb erat ory and m u ffl e f u n ac e s C al c i n ati on in m u ffl e fu rnac e s
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Kil ns or py rit es b urne rs m ay be e m pl oy e d fo o asti n g bl e nde in l u mp s Kil n s are m ode rat e ly hi gh sh aft f urn ac e s in w h i c h t he ore t o be dl e sh ap e d ro as t e d r ests e i t h e r u p o n a g at e o r u p o n a fl at o r sad Z tg 187 2 pp 5 3 6 1 d H tt B g r r
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T he y
py ri t e s b u rn ers by t h e i r gre ate r he i gh t and t he y k e e p t h e t e m p e rat u e b e tt e r t o ge t h e t h an t h e l at t e T hey a e t he re fo e p e c i ally su i tabl e for t he c al c i nat i o n o f bl e nde s wh i ch are l w in py i t e s and in su l ph u r T he shaft of t hese kil ns is re c tang ul ar o q u a e in c ross se c ti o n 3 fe e t 3 i nch e s t o 5 fe e t wi de in t he c l e a an d 5 fe e t to 8 fee t 3 i nc he s l o ng in th e c l e ar A s o n as t h e b l e nd e h as t ak e n fi e it c o n ti nu e s t o b u n by i t se l f o n ac c o u n t o f t h e h e at ne a t e d by t h e o xi dat i o n o f it s c o n st it u e n t s e g an d t hi s p ro du c e s t h e t e m p e at u e re q u i si t e t o m ai n t ai n t h e c al c i n a t i on I n fav o u abl e c ase s t h e su lp h u r m ay be e m o v e d do w n t o 6 t o 8 p e c ent Up on the av e rag e t he q u an t i t y o f o e pu t t hrou gh in o n e s haft am ou nt s t o 1 t on I e r 24 h o u rs n t h e F e ib u rg k il ns p w h o se c onstru c ti on h as b e e n de sc rib e d in V ol I pp 5 0 5 2 12 t o n s d own o f bl e nde a e ro ast e d in 2 4 h o u rs f o m 3 0 r c e n t o f s u lp h u e p t o 8 p e c e n t c al c i n e d o re b e i ng draw n fo u r t i m e s T hi s o e is t he n u nd an d c al c i n e d in f n e nt of w o v b r t or y u a c e s d n t c e e a o o 1 e e g p s u lp h u r P y ri te s b u n e s are l ow shaf t f u n ac e s in w h i c h t h e o e s t o be ro ast e d l ie u p o n a grat e o f m o v abl e b ars T hese h av e b ee n de sc i be d an d ill u st rat e d in V o l I p 4 5 et seg T hey are su i tabl e fo t h e p re li m i n ary c al c i n at i o n o f e asily c o m b u stibl e bl e nde s and w ill t e at s m all e pi e c e s ( dow n t o w al n u t siz e ) t h an will ki l ns The t h s u lp hu r m a h m a e t b b o u d o w n t o t 8 e r e n t At L e t e 6 o c y g p n e a I se rl oh n pyrit es b u rne s 6 fe e t 3 i nc h es t o 6 fe e t 6 i nc h e s in l e n g th and wi dt h an d 4 fe e t 3 i nch es t o 4 fe et 5 i nc hes h i gh e ach w i t h o ne w o ki n g door in b o t h f e e si de s w e re e m pl o y e d se v e ral su c h fu n ac e s b e i n E ac h S haft o aste d g b u ilt t o ge t h e in a bl oc k 1 t o n o f zi n c bl e n de in 2 4 h o u s dow n t o 7 p e c e nt o f su lp h u T h e r oaste d o e w as t h e n ro ast e d de ad I n re v e b e at o y f u nac e s At Lipi ne py i te s b u rn e s are at p re se n t ( 18 9 5 ) in u se w h ose h e i ght ab o v e t h e fl o o r O f t h e w ork s is 9 fee t 2 i n ch e s ; t h e sh af t is 4 fee t 1 i n c h sq u a e T w e n ty six fu nac es fo m a bl o c k T he h e ig h t o f t h e l ay e o f bl e n de ab o v e t h e I n 24 g at e am o u n t s t o 16 i nc h e s h ou s h al f a t o n f bl e nde c o nt ai n i ng 2 5 p e r c e n t o f s u lph u r is oast e d do w n t 10 p e c e n t T he g ase s e v o lv e d c o nt ai n 6 p e r c e n t by v o l u m e f u lp hu di o xi de O ne att e ndan t is re q u i ed t o e v e y 10 fu nac e s w o ki ng a 12 h o u shi f t Th e o aste d bl e n de is c ru sh e d in o l l s and t h e n o ast e d de ad in re v e rb e rat o y f u nac e s A t t he Re c k e VVO k S n e a Rosdzi n in Upp e r S il e si a t h e re are at p e se n t ( 18 9 5 ) py i t es b u n e s in u se t h e shaft b e i ng 3 fe e t 3 i nch e s wi de and de e p w i t h a t tal he i ght o f 8 fe e t 2 i nch es The bl e nde is V l I K l l l t l lh tt h d p 439 p 49
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M ET A LLU RG Y
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A g e at er l e ngth t han t he ab ov e is re su l t o f t h e c al c i nat i o n i nc eases the fi st c ost and e q u i e s m o e l ab ou r The w i dt h o f th e h e arth m u st be s u c h t h at th e o re c an re adily be abbl e d an d p u sh e d o n I f t he f urnac e o nl p osse sse s w orki n g doo rs in o ne o f its l ong si de s w h i c h se e m s t o b e an adv ant age in t h e c al c i n at i o n o f bl e n de in o d e r n o t t o di ssip at e h e at it s w i dth m u s t n o t g e at ly e x c e e d 8 fe e t I f o n t he c on t rary it h as w orki ng do o s o n b o t h o f its l o ng si d es t h e wi dt h o f t h e h e art h m ay b e i n c e ase d u p t o 13 fe e t S u c h fu nac e s are h o w e v e o n ly e m pl oy e d e x c e p t i o nally b ec au se a u n i fo m c al c i nati o n is m o e di ffi c u l t in t h e m an d t h e c o n su m p ti o n T h e n u m b e r o f w o rki ngdoo s m u st be k e pt as o f fu e l is i n c e ase d to l w as p ossibl e as t h e f u nac e is c o l e d by t he m I n o rde e c o n o m i se h e at it is th e re fo e u su al t o h av e t h e w o ki ng doo s in E xp e ri e nce o ne si d e o n ly in spi t e o f t h e gre at e r di ffi c u l ti es in w o ki ng h as sh o w n t hat t h e di st an c e b e tw e e n t h e c e n t re li nes o f t w o ad j ac e nt w orki n g do o rs sh o u l dn o t e x c e e d 8 fe e t f r th e sak e o f c o nv e n i e nc e in w orki ng T he p roj ec ti ons b e t w ee n th e w orki ng do o rs m ust al so be k e p t as sm all as p o ssibl e T he di st anc e b e t w e e n t he he arth an d th e a c h of t h e T o u tili se th e o o f sh o u l d n o t g re atly e x ce e d 18 i nc h e s h e at t o t h e b est adv an t age it is u su al t o i n c li ne t h e arc h o f t h e ro of d w nw ards or to all o w th e h e art h t o ri se e it he r u n i fo rm ly o r st e p w i se t o w a ds t h e fl u e b ri d g e As v e ry h igh te m p e ratu re s a e n o t re q u i e d fo c al c i nat i o n an o di na y g at e fi re is g e n e rally e m pl o y e d gas firing is o nly m ade u se o f w h e n i nferi or f u e l s o r fu e l t hat will n o t giv e a l o ng fl am e a e al o ne av ail abl e T he c onst u c ti o n Of su c h a l o ng b e dded c al c i ne fo r t he c al c i nati o n of zi nc bl e nde do es n ot diffe r e x c e p t as s di m e n si o n s e gard f o m t h e fur nac e de sc rib e d andill u s t at e d in V o l I p 6 8 I n a si n gl e h e art h c al c i ne r 4 0 fe e t in l e ng th 8 t o 10 fe e t w i de w i t h a g at e 6 fe e t 6 i n c he s l o ng an d18 i nc h e s wi de 3 t on s o f zi n c bl e n de c an be o aste d in 2 4 h ou s wit h a c o nsu m pti o n o f 1 t n o f c o al s and wi t h o ne m an pe sh i f t The o re is i nt ro du c e d in c har e s f 15 c w ts t h o ugh an Op e ni n g in t h e roo f o f t he flu e an d is g p u she d fo ward at i nt e v als of 6 h o u rs A c c ordi ngly t here are fo ur c h a ge s o f ore in t h e f u n ac e at o n c e and 15 c w t s are draw n e v e ry 6 ho u s T he e is abbl e d in 15 m i n u t e i n t e rv al s L o ng b edde d c al c ine s w i t h se v e al h e arth s u su ally p osse ss t wo of t he l at t e m ore t han t w o a e o n ly u se d e x c e pti onally T h e c o nst ru e t i o n o f s u c h a dou bl e h e a th fu nac e is sh o w n in Fig s 12 an d Fo u r su c h fu nac e s a e b u il t t o e t he t o fo m a bl o c k ; c is t he g rat e g lyi ng 2 fe e t 4 i nc h es b e l o w t he fi e b i dge d w hi c h is ho ll ow and Z tg 18 7 7 p 100 T h m p it p 2 0 2 b H /t B g b e gre at e r t han 5 0 fe e t n o t b e n e fi c i al as re ards t he g
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by an ai fl u e ; a is t he l o wer hearth a t he u pp e r he arth t h e l e ngt h o f e ac h b e i ng 15 fe e t 3 i nc h es an d t h e i wi dt h c l ea 8 fe e t ; e is t he flu e t hro ugh w h i c h t he p o du c t s o f c om b u sti o n e sc ap e i nto the c onde nsi ng flu es e and th enc e t o t he fl u e f l e adi ng to th e To e ac h bl oc k of fo u r f u rnac es t he re is o n e st ac k ; i is t h e st ac k ash pit h It are t h e w o ki n g doo rs 9 is an O p e n i ng c l o se d du ri ng c al c i n ati o n t hrou g h w h i c h t h e c al c i n e dbl e n d e c an be d ro pp e di n t o t h e c oo e
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lt I n su c h a fu rnac e 3 t o 4 t ons o f bl e nde a e oast e din 2 4 hou s with on e m an on e ach sh i ft an d w ith a c on su m p ti on of 3 0 pe c e nt o f fu e l D ou bl e b e dded f u rnac e s h av e b e e n u se d at t h e zi n c w o rk s in Upp er S il esi a W e st ph ali a and B e l gi u m and are still u se d w h ere n o t re pl ace d by m u ffl e fu nac es I n t he se fro m 2 4 to 6 t o n s o f ore acc o di n g t o t h e siz e o f th e fu rn ac e are p u t t h o u h wit h a c o nsu m p g ti on of from 2 5 t o 4 0 pe r c ent of c oal acc o di ng t o t h e q uali ty Fo t h e sm all e r fu nace s t re ati ng u p t o 3 t on s o ne w o k m an p e r h i ft is e no u gh ; for t h e l arg e r furn ac es t w o m e n a e re q u i re d v au
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M E T A LLU RG Y
46
A t Ob e rhau se n
t e ac h 2 1 fe e t 4 i n c h e s l o n g and6 fe e t 6 i n ch e s wi de T he c ross se c ti o n o f t h e g at e is 6 fe e t 6 i n c h e s by 1 foo t 4 i nche s I n 2 4 hou s 3 t o ns o f o re are pu t t hrou gh w i t h a c on su m p ti o n o f 12 t o 14 c w t s o f sm al l bi t u m i no u s c o al c n t ai n i n g The c al c i ne d o re s c o nt ai n 0 5 7 t o 11 p e r c e nt o f ash r c ent e p T he l o ss o f zi nc du ri ng c al c i n at i o n does n o t e x ce e d 0 7 5 o f su lp hu r m m i n S w e de n si m il a l y c o n st ru c t e d f u n ac es r c ent At A e b e rg e p as I n 2 4 hou r a e u se d fi re d by 3 t o ns 2 c w t s o f bl e nde are c al g to e r c e n t o f su lp hu r w i th a c o n su m pti o n c in e d d ow n to p Fo u f u n ac e s a e w o k e d by a st aff o f 2 0 o f 11 c wt s o f sm al l c o al At M unst e b u sc h n e a S tah lb erg a me n in t w o 12 h o u r sh i ft s f u r nac e w i t h he art hs 2 0 fe e t 7 i n c h e s in l e ngt h an d 9 fe e t 3 i nc h e s in w i dt h h avi ng 5 w o ki ng do o s al o ng o n e S i de c al c i n e d 2 4 t o n s o f bl e nde per 24 h ou rs in 4 c harg e s wi th a c onsu m p t i on of 39 c u bi c E v e ry 6 h o u rs a c harge of o re w as draw n fro m t h e fe e t o f co al T h re e h ou rs afte r e ac h c hargi ng f u rnac e and a n e w c harge p u t in At t h e all t h e o re c o n t ai n e d in t h e fu rn ac e w as t h o ro u g hly rabbl e d H o he n l ohe W ork s n e a K att owi tz in Upp e r S il e si a t here are do ubl e b e dded fu rnac e s w i th 5 w orki ng doors al ong on e o f the l onge r si de s Th e e ch arge s o f 1 t o n ea h are c on tai ne d si m u l tan eo u sly in t he fu n ac e t w o o n t he u pp e and o ne o n t he l o w e h e ar th E ac h c h arg e is m o v e d forw ard so t hat t he o e re m ai n s fo r 5 h o u s b e fo re it E v e ry 5 h o u rs a c ha g e e m ai n s al t og e t h e r 15 ho u rs in t he f u rn ac e is draw n fro m th e fu rn ac e an d a n e w c harg e i n trodu c e d u p on I n 2 4 h o u rs so m e 5 t o ns o f bl e nde are c al c i ne d t he u pp e r h e a th do w n t o 1 p e r c e n t o f su l p h u r in o n e su c h fu rn ac e with a f u e l c on su m p t i o n am o u n ti n g t o 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e w e ig h t o f t h e raw o re T he e sc api ng g ases c on t ai n 1 pe r c e n t by v o l u m e o f su lp hu r di o xi de Fo r th e ab so rp t i o n o f th e l at t e r t h e y are m ade t o p ass u pw ards and dow n w a ds t h ro u gh t o we s c on t ai n i ng m ilk Of li m e an d fi n ally dis n W o rk s n e ar At il i c har e d i nt o a st ac k 3 2 8 fe e t h i gh t h a e S e s g Lipi ne dou bl e he a th c al c in e s are at p re se n t (18 9 5 ) in u se T he l e ngth of t he h e a th s am o un ts t o 2 2 fe e t t he wi dth t o 6 fe e t 6 i n che s T he e a e 4 to 5 w orki n g do ors to e ach h eart h T he fu rnac e c on t ai ns 3 c ha ge s o f 13 c w t s e ac h at o n e ti m e I n 2 4 h ou rs a fu rnac e p u t s t hro u gh 5 t o n s 2 c w t s o f bl e n de wi t h a c o nsu m pti o n o f 2 4 c w t s o f i nfe i o coal T he l ab ou r e m pl oy e d in th e 12 hou r sh i ft am ou n ts t o 2 ; m e n t w o o f w h o m l o o k af te r t he c al c i n i ng and t h e fi i ng ; a l ab ou e w o ki n g a q u a t e sh i ft l ook s to t he c h argi ng o f t he bl e n de At the Reck e w ork s n e ar Rosdzi n doubl e an d w he e l s in t he c o al s h e art h c al c ine rs are at p e se nt ( 18 9 5 ) in u se t he l e ngth o f e ac h lI i l V l vii b l k iii p 152 1885 I bi l M hl A 1
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il st t he fl am e s and p rodu c t s of c om b u sti o n t av e l in t he opp osi te di re c t i o n T he fu rnac e fo rm s a c u b e o f 15 fe e t side an d is c o m p o se do f 5 se p a at e divi si o ns lyi ng si de by si de e ac h 3 fe e t w i de an d 15 fee t l o ng E ach of t he se divi si o ns h as 8 h e arth s on e ab o v e t he o th e as desc ib e d E ac h fu rnac e o f 5 c om p art m en t s p u ts t hro u gh 3 6 c w t s Re c e nt ly t h e m u ffl e fu rn a es h e re af t e t b e o f bl e n d e in 24 ho u rs de sc rib e d h av e b e e n e m pl oy e d at L a S all e
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T hi s fu n ac e w ou l d app ear t o be i de nti c al with o ne p at e nt ed by t he V i e ill e M o nt ag n e C o m p an y e x c e pt t h at t h e l at t e r h as t h ee o u n d he art hs Th e c o nst u c ti on o f t h e p at e n t e d f urnac e is sh o w n in Fig 14 A A are th e t hre e o u n d h e art h s sit u at e d o ne b e l o w t he o t he r Y is The p o du c t s o f c o m th e rec t an g u l a h e arth X is t h e fi re g rat e bu st io n fi rst p ass o v e r t h e he art h Y an d th e n o v e r t h e ro u ndh e a th s F om t h e on e aft e r t h e o t h e r as sh ow n in t h e fig u re by t he arro w s t op m ost h earths th e y p ass t o t he dust c h am b er 0 and from t he l att er Th e o re is c h arge d by m e an s o f a h opp e a an d t o t h e flu e D de liv e re d by m e ans o f gro o v e d ro ll e s o n t o t he t o p m ost h eart h o f t h e fu rn ac e w h e nc e it is gradu ally t ransfe re d by m e ans o f th e rabbl e s t o th e l o w e r h e art h s an du lti m at e ly o n t o t h e re c t an g u l ar h e art h w h e re it is w o k e d by h an d an d fi n ally d raw n o ff in t he c al c i n e d st at e The e d by a c ast i ron c yli n de r w h i c h is sh aft b O f t h e rabbl e s is s u r o u nd so att ac h e d t o th e Sh aft t h at it ro t at es wi t h it ; air e n t e rs t h e h o ll o w sp ac e b e tw e e n t h e sh aft an dt h e c y li nde r f o m t h e fl u e W in orde t o c o o l t h e sh aft and e sc ap e s at it s u pp e p ort i o n sit u at e d o u t si de t h e f u rn ac e G m Pt t N r
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M E T A LLU RG Y
50
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p t i onally n acc ou nt o f t he i r hig h c o nsu m p t i on f m p a e dw i t h t hat o f fix e dfu nac e s and c o m p a at iv e ly s m all o u t p u t ac c o u n t o f t he se o bj ti o n s as al so o n ac c ou nt o f t he hi gh on al c i n i n g bl e nde t h e y are n o t l i k e ly t o c o m e t e m p e a t u e e q u i e d fo i n t e x te nsive u se Up t o t he p e se n t t he y hav e o n ly b e e n e m pl oy e d o
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M E T A L L U RG Y
52
dv ant ag e for t he
xi i i n o ast i ng o f c o pp e o e s an d for t h e d s g g c hl o i d i si ng oast i ng o f silv e r o e s in di st i c t s w h e e w age s are h igh A s far as is k no w n t o t h e au th o t h e y h av e n o t b e e n u se d fo c al c i n ing zi n c bl e n de t h o u gh t h e re is n o dou b t t hat zi n c bl e nde c o u l d be c al c i n e d in su c h fu n ac e s C o nsi de i n g t h e l ong ti m e w h i c h t he c o m pl e t e c al c i n at i o n o f bl e n d e e q u i e s an d t h e hi gh t e m p e rat u re f e q u i sit e in t h e l ast st ag e c o nt i n u o u s ac ti n u n ac es sh o u l d b e m ore g A s it is do u b tfu l sat i sfac t o y t h an t h o se t h at w o k i nt e m i t te n tly w h e th e c al c i n at i o n c o u l d b e c o m pl e t e d in o n e o f t h ese c yli n ders it m i gh t in c ase f n e c e ssi t y b e e q u i si t e t o c o m bi ne se v e ral o f t h e se f u rnace s o n e aft e t h e o t h e T he i u se w ou l d o nly be i ndi c at ed in di st i c t s w h e re w ag e s are v e ry h i gh re at a r
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v e b erat ory fu nac es w h e t h e r it has u n de g o n e a p re vio u s p re li m i n ary o asti ng o n o t t h e n e u trali sa c o n t ai n i n t i on o f t h e p o du c t s o f c al c i n ati o n di o xi de g su lp h u t o ge t h er w it h a sm all q u an t ity o f su lp h u r t i o xi de pl ay s a v e y i m p o tant p a t ; it is only in c ou ntri e s w hi ch are as y e t sp a se ly y been c u l t iv at e d an d in di st i c t s in w h i c h v e ge t ati on h as al re ad de stroy e d by t h e e ffec t o f t h e se gases t h at t h e l att e m ay be e v o lv e d di e c t i nt o t h e at m osp h e re in t h e i c o n c e n t rat e d form ; in al l oth e r pl ac e s th ey m u st b e n e u t ali se d Fo e x am pl e in P u ssi a t he m ai n su c h g ases m a se at o f t h e p ro du c t i o n o f zi n c y o n ly b e al l o w e d t o w h e n t he i r c o nt e nt s o f su lp hu di oxi de a e so e sc ap e i n t o t he ai sm all t h at n o i nj u ri o u s ac ti n u p o n t h e v ege t at i o n is t o b e fe a e d T h e b e st and m o st p o fi tabl e m e t ho d o f n e u t ali sat i o n o f t h ese gase s viz t he c o nv e si on o f su lp h u r di o xide i nt o su lp hu i c ac i d c ann ot be e v e b e rat o y fu rn ac e s b e c au se a ppli e d t o t h e gase s e v o lv e d fro m di o xi de e sc ap es fro m it in a c o ndi t i o n o f su c h e x c e ssiv e th e su lp hu dil u t i o n (l e ss t h an 2 p e c e n t by v o l u m e ) an d b e c au se it is i n t e r m ix e d w i t h t h e p ro du c t s o f c o m b u st i o n o f o di na y f u e l w h i c h hav e an i nj u i o u s e ffe c t u p o n t h e n it ou s g ase s in t h e m anu fac t u re o f Fo t h i s e ason re v e rb e at o ry f u r nac es a e e sp e c i ally su lp h u i c ac i d c al c i n i ng bl e nde in t h o se c ases in w h i c h t he u tili sat i o n u se d fo t he m an u fac t u e o f su lp hu ri c ac i d is im di o xi de f u lp h u of p o ssib l e o wi ng t o t h e ab se n ce o f any m ark e t for t he l at t e T he p oc e sse s by w h i ch t h e p odu c t s o f c o m b u sti o n c on tai n i ng su lp hu di xi de c an b e n e u t ali se d o n ly e x c e p ti o n ally adm i t o f t he l att e is
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ZINC
53
b e i ng u tili se d at t he sam e t i m e A s a r ul e th e se o p e ati o ns i nc e ase m ark e dly t h e c ost o f c al c i n ati o n All at te m p t s u p t o t he p re se n t n o t o n ly t o n e u t ali se bu t at t h e sam e t i m e t o u t ili se t h e g ase s f o m re v e b e rat o y f urnac es h av e re m ai ne d f u i tl e ss b e c au se t he y h av e be e n fo u nd t o be t o o c o stly ; t h e e is he re t h e re fo e a wi de fi e l d o p e n t o m e t all u r i c al di sc o v e ry S u lp hu di o xi de h as b ee n e n de e d g i nno c u ou s by dil u ti ng the gase s c on tai ni ng it with air o by ab o bi ng it by m e an s o f w at er o f su lp h u ri c ac i d o f 5 0 B o f m il k o f l i m e o f li m est n e an d w ater o f o xi de of zi nc of b asic zi n c carb o nat e o f m ag ne si a o f fe r i c o xi de o f fe r i c su lp h at e o f so l u ti o n of so di u m e o su lp hi d e o f c al c i u m su lp h i d o f i o n k e pt m o i st and by c on v e yi n g it i nt o w ast e h e ap s o f al u m ore s T h e dil u t i o n o f su lp hu di o xi de by m e an s o f ai c an be p e fo m e d by all owi ng t h e p ro du ct s o f cal c i nati o n t o e scap e f om th e fu nac e s i nt o t he u pp e regi o ns o f t he atm osp h e e by m e an s o f h i gh stac k s The su lp hu di o xi de t hu s p o du c e d di ffu se s t hrou gh e xt e n siv e l ay e rs of air and is dil u t e d by th e se t o su c h an e t e n t t hat o n its T hi s de sce n t it n o l o ng e h as an i nj u i ou s e ffec t u p o n v e ge t at i o n dil u ti on o f su lp h u di o xi de c an on ly h o w e v e r be at t ai n e d w h e n th e q u an t iti es of bl e nde t o be oast e d a e li m it e d an d t h e e fo e on ly i nc onsi de rabl e am ou nt s o f gase s are e vol ve d as o the wi se t he i nj u ri ou s e ffec t o f t h e se g ases b e c o m e s n o t i c e abl e in ti m e in a wi de are a I f t h e c o nt o u of t he c o u nt ry su rro u n di ng t h e c al c i n i n g w o k s ad m i t s o f it su c h st ac k s sh ou l d b e si tu at e d on t he t o p s o f h i gh h ill s The an d c onn e c t e d w i t h t he fu n ac e s by m e an s o f i nc li n e d fl u e s h e igh t o f t h ese stac k s v ari e s w it h t he i r p ositi on b e tw e e n 330 an d 5 00 fee t (at H am b orn 3 3 3 fee t at Fre ib e rg 4 66 fee t) As t h e d au g ht be i nc re ase d by in c e asi ng its h e i ght ab o v e o f a st ac k c ann o t 160 fe e t al l p ri m e c o st s w h i c h are n ec e ssit at e d by t h e c o nstru c ti on t h an t h i s m u st b e c h arg e d t o t he n e u t rali sat i o n o f o f a st ac k h ig h e t h e su lp h u r di o xi de Th e se fi rst c ost s a e v e y c on si de rabl e bu t on ly re su lt in a sm all w orki ng c harge b e c au se the ac t u al ne u trali sat i o n o f t h e su lp hu I t th e e fo re c om p a ativ e ly sm al l di o xi de t he n c ost s n o th i n g q u anti t i es of t hese gase s h av e to be l ib e rate d th e b e st m e thod of re nd eri ng t h e m i n n oc u ou s is by m e an s o f su c h h igh st ac k s T he p odu c t s o f c al c i n at i o n c an on ly b e i m p e rfe c t ly n e u t ali se d by t he he lp o f w ater b ec au se w at e r e i th e r fal l i ng in t he form o f ab sorb s o n ly c o m p a ativ e ly rai n or t ri c kli ng t hro u gh a c o k e t o w e litt l e su lph u r di oxid e fro m dil u t ed gase s and sc arc e ly any f om h ot gase s Th e e xp e i m e n t s w h i c h h av e b e e n t r i e d t o re m o v e .
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M E T A LL U RG Y
54
su
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di o xi de fro m t he gase s giv e n o ff f ro m a r e v e rb e rat o ry by m e an s o f l e ad t ow e rs fi ll e d w i t h c ok e o v e r w hi c h w at e r
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i c k l e s w e e n t on ly u nfav ou abl e as rega d t h e ab sorpti o n o f t he di o xi d bu t al so e q u i e d t w e s o f l a ge are a t ge t h e wi t h s ul p h u p o w e fu l fans in o de r t o m ai nt ai n t h e d au gh t su i tabl e du st c ham b e s T h e m e t h o d o f ab so bi n g t h e nd t h e p re vi u s c o o li n o f t h e gase s g di o xi de by m e an s o f w ate h as t h e re fo e n ot c o m e i n t o su lp h u di o xi de f m t h e p o du c t s o f u se T he ab s p ti o n o f su lp h u by m e an s o f su l p h u i c ac i d at 5 0 B w h i c h w as c o m b u sti o n at t e m p t d w i t h t h e b l e nde c al c i n i ng f u rn ac e s o f t h e c h e m i c al fac t ory a t Rh e n an ia n e a S t o lb e g h as al so b e e n fo u n d i m p erfe c t b e c au se t h e t i o xi de c on s u lp hu i c ac i d w h il st it e adily ab o b e d t h e su lp h u t ain e d in sm all q u ant i t y in t h e se gase s did n o t ab sorb t h e su lp h u r di o xi de T h e pl an t e m pl o y e d w as a t o w e fill e dw i t h c o k e o v e w h i c h t h e s u lp h u i c ac i d w as all o w e d t t i c kl e Ap a t f om t h e i m p erfe c t ab so p ti o n o f t he su lp h u di o xi de t he sam e o bj e c t i on s a ose as in t h e ase f ab so p ti o n by w ate T hi s m e t h o d t he e fo e h as fou n d n o f urt h e r appli c at i on S u lp hu di o xi de an d su lp hu t i o xi de a e e adily ab so rb e d by m ilk f li m e c al c i u m su l ph i t e and s u lp h at e b e i n g p o du ce d T h e fo rm e r is g adu ally c o n v e t e d o n c on t ac t wi t h air i n t o th e l at t e sal t The p o du ct of t h e ab orp t i on is t h e e fore a m ix t u e o f c al c i u m su lp hi te an d su l ph at e w h i c h as e xp e i m e n t s at t h e H o h e n l o h e Wo k s n e ar K at to w i tz in Upp e r S il e si a h av e show n m ay be u se d e i th e as a di si n fe c t ant as a v e rm i n de st roy e r o as m an u re wh e n m ix e d in e t ai n p o p o ti o n s w i t h an i m al m an u e o r in t h e c ase o f w e ll m anu re d g o u n d i c h in h u m u s e v e n w i t h ou t su c h adm ixt u re The q u an t it i e s o f t h i s al t fo w hi c h a m a k e t c an be fo u n d a e h ow e v e r so s m all c o m p a e d w i th t h e g e at q u an t i t i e s in w h i c h it is p du ce d t hat it i n o t o nly w o t h l e ss b u t m ay e v e n be l o k e d u p o n as a w ast e p odu c t oc c u pyi ng m u c h sp ac e and th e re fo e t ou bl e som e T h e ab so p t i o n o f t he s u lp hu r di o xi de t ak es pl ac e in ac c o danc e w i t h t h e fo l l o wi n g e q u at i o n tr
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A c c o di ng t t h i s c om p osi t i on t he c o n t e n t s o f c al c i u m su lp hi t e a m ou nt t o 7 2 an d o f c al c i u m su lp hat e t o 4 8 4 e r c e nt p pe c e n t Up o n the av e age t he sal t as p ro du c e d at t he H oh e n l h e Wo k s c on t ain s ab o u t 3 4 p e r c e n t o f S O an d 5 pe c e n t of S O e q u iv al e n t t o 6 4 p er c e nt o f c al c i u m su lp h i t e and 8 5 pe c e n t o f c al c i u m su lp h at e t ge t he r w i th 6 t o 10 pe r c e n t o f w ate T he ab sorpti o n o f su l phu di o xi de by m ilk o f li m e i s m ade u se o f in se v e al o f th e l a g e w o k s in Upp e r S il e si a bu t is c a i e d ou t on t h e l a ge st sc al e at t h e ab o v e m e n t i o ne d H oh e n l o h e Work s A t t h e se w ork s t he p o du c ts o f c o m bu st ion a e dra wn by m e an s of stac k s u pw a ds an ddo w nw a ds t h rou gh t o w e rs do w n w hi c h m il k o f li m e is t ri c kli n g an d e sc ap e c on t ai n i n g o n ly v e y sm all q u an ti t i e s o f su lp hu r di o xi de i n t o a st ac k 3 2 8 fe e t hig h by w h i c h t h e l ast re m ai n i ng p or t i o ns o f su l p h u r di o xi de are c arri e di nt o su c h a h ig h st at u m o f t h e at m o sp h e e t h at t he y n o l on e r g e x e rt an T h e so l u ti o n t i c kli ng do w n t h e t o w e s is y i nj u i o u s ac ti on l e d i n t o su m p s in w h i ch th e sal t is de p o si t e d I t is li fte d o u t f o m t h e se m ec h an i c ally an d pil e d in h e ap s w hil st t h e c l e a so l u t i o n is u se d ag ai n fo di sso lvi n h p i Alt f h t o n s of a s o u h t h e p ro cess es o g g g is e xp e nsiv e y e t it c o m pl e t e ly fu lfil s it s p u p o se an d h as u p t o t h e p e se n t n o t b ee n r e pl ace d by any o th er m e t ho d T he su lp hu di o xi de o f t he gase s e sc api ng fro m re v e rb e at o y fu rnac e s c an al so be n e u t rali se d by m e an s o f w at e r and li m e st o n e o dol o m it e For t h i s p u p o se t o w e s are fill e d wi t h frag m e n t s o f t h e ab o v e m e n ti o n e d su b stanc e s an d w at er is all o w e d t o t ri c kl e t hro u h g t hem Th e su lp hu di o xi de in t h e g ase s p assi ng u p t h e se t ow e s form c al c i u m o m ag ne si u m su lp h it e T he ab sorp t i on in t h i s m e t h o d K m hl i p 199 Ob r
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56
l e ss
by m ilk o f li m e and re q u i re s to wers o f l a ge a e a c onsi de abl e q u an ti ti e s of fl u i d an d a g oo d drau gh t I t h as t he e fo e n t y e t c m e i nt o u se at zi n c w ork s Z i nc xi de b asi c zi nc su l p h at e and m ag ne si a h av e o nly b ee n u se d e xp e ri m e n t al ly f n e u t ali si ng t h e su lp h u di o xi de fro m bl e nde c al c i n i n f u rnac T he se b odi es fo m su lp hi t es o f zin c or m ag nesi a g w hi c h a e adi l y de c m p o se d o n h e ati n g w i t h th e e v ol u t i on o f c o n ce n t at e d s u l p h u By t he i r u se t he e fore t he dil u t ed di o xi de u lp h u di o xi de o f t he gase s esc api n g fr o m t h e fu nac e s c an b e c on c e nt at e d w h il st t h e ab so rb e n t is T h se su lp hi t es b v e e n e rat e d e g l ng e xp osu e t o t he ai and m o i st u re c an al so be c on v e t e d i nt o su l p h at es A s h ow e v e b e fore su lp hu r di oxide c o ul d be ab so b ed t h e gase s h ad p e vi o u sly t o b e c o o l e d do w n an d as fl u e du st h ad al so to be e m o v e d fro m t h e m ; as m o e o v e du i ng t he i r ab so p t i on a c n si d e rabl e q u an ti ty o f s u lp hat e s w as f o m e d t o g e t h e r wi th su lp h it e s w h i c h fo rm e sal t s a e o nly i m p e fe c tly de c om p ose dw he n t he m ix t u re is h e at e d fo t h e p du c t i o n o f c onc e n t rat e d su lp h u r di o xi de t h e n e u t ali sat i o n o f f u n ac a se s by m e an s o f t h e su b st an c e s in q u e sti o n g has n o t c o m e i n t o e x t e n de d u se E xp e ri m e n t s t o c o n v e rt t h e dil u t e su lp h u di o xi de o f t h e fu n ac e g ase s i n t o c o nc e n t rate d su lph u r di o xi de by m e an s o f wat e r h av e fail e d o n acc ou n t o f t he l o w ab so bi ng p o w e o f w at e u p o n dil u t e su lp h u r di o xi de T he o bj e c t o f t h e e xp e i m e n t s w as t o ab so b su lp hu r di o xi de by m e an s o f w at e r an d t h e n t o e v o lv e it in a c o n c e n t at e d for m by h e ati n g t he so l u t i o n T hi s p c ess w h i c h w ill b e e xpl ai ne d m o re fu lly fu t he r on is o n ly av ail abl e w h e n t h e a ses c o n t ai n at l e ast 4 by v l n t o u m e o f e c e g p su lp h u di o xi de M oi st fe rri c o xi de ab so b s su lph u r di o xi de sl o w ly wi th t he form a t i o n o f fe o u s an d f e r i c su lp h at es Fe i c su lp hat e ab sorb s it wi th t h e fo m at i n o f fe rro u s su lp h at e On ac c o u n t o f t h e sl o w ate o f ab so p t i n and t h e l o w v al u e o f t h e p o du c t s n e i t h e r o f t h ese m e t h o ds h av e c o m e i n t o u se All at t e m p t s t o p o du c e su lp hu r by t h e re du c ti o n f t h e fu n ac e g ases by th e aid o f c arb o n hav e giv e n m ost u n sat i fac t o y e su l ts S till l ess sati sfac t o y w e e t h e e x pe ri m e n ts t se p a at e su l h u by h ti lp t g n t e a c o f o s u h u r e t e d h d r o en p y u p on t h e dil u t e a s A sol u ti on o f s di u m su lp hi de ab so b s g es su lp h u di o xi de w e ll w i t h t h e fo rm at i o n o f so di u m su l h at e an d p su lp h u b u t has b e e n f u nd t o be t o o e xp e nsiv e in p ac t i c e Solu tion o f p o ly su l p h i de o f c al c i u m ab so b t h e su lp h u r di o xi de o f fu n ac e gase e adily wi t h t h e p o du c ti o n o f su lp h u bu t c o m e t o o e xp e nsiv e C al c i u m m n o su lp h i de c ann o t be u se d as an ab so rb e n t o n ac c o u n t o f it s l o w s l u bili ty in w at e is
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p rop ose d t o c on v ert c al c i u m m on osu lp h i de by t re ati n g it wi t h c arb o n di o xi de an d w at e r i nt o c al c i u m su l p h hy drat e e si d u es f o m as is do ne by C han c e in h is p o c ess fo r t e at i n g t h e t he m an u fac tu e o f so d a by th e L e bl anc p roc e ss for t h e p o du c t i on o f an d t o u se t h i s c al c i u m su lp h ro g en o su lp h u su lp hu e tt e d h y d hydrat e as an ab sorb e nt for t h e su lp h u di o xi de o f t h e f u n ac e gase s T h e o xi de s o f su lph u r are ab so b e d by c al c i u m su lp h hy drat e w i t h se p a ati ng t h e fo rm at i o n o f c al c i u m su lp h i t e o r su lp h at e su lp hu o u t as is sh o w n by t h e fo ll o w i n g e q u ati o n Kosm an n
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M E T A L LU RG Y
58
lp hu r di o xi de w it h t h e fo m at i o n o f o ne m ol e c u l e o f c al c i u m su lp h at e an d t h e p ro du c t i o n o f t h e e at o m s o f su lph u r s u lp h i t e o A s t w o m o l e c u l e s o f c al c i u m su lp hi de a e e q u i d fo t h e fo m ati on u c t e d e x ac t ly o f o n e m o l e c u l e o f su lp h hy drat e if t h e p ro c e ss w e e c o n d in acc o dan c e w i t h t h e t h e o y e ac h m o l e c u l e f c al c i u m su lphi de w ou l d n e u t ali se on e m l e c u l e o f su lp h u di xi de an d at t he sam e T he su lp h u r is o bt ai ne d m ix e d ato m s o f su lp h u t i m e se p a at e I t is e m ov e d u lp h at e w i t h c al c i u m su lp h i te o r f om t h i s m ix t u e by b o ili ng w i t h c au st i c li m e w h e e by c al c i u m p oly su lp h i de b e i ng e m p l oy e d as an ab so b e nt for t he is p o du c e d t h e l att e T h e g e at e p o t i o n o f t h e su lp hu r is t h e e by p re di o xi de su lp hu c i it at e d w i t h t h e s i m u l t an e o u s fo m at i o n o f c al c i u m su lphit e an d p su lp h u r m a Fro m t h e p e c ipi t at e so o b tai n e d t h s u lp h at e y be T h e p oce ss t h o u gh t he ore t i c ally sou n d ec o v e re d by di st ill at i o n Alth o u gh c al c i u m su lp h hy drat e h as n ot y e t c o m e i nt o p ac ti c al u se an d c al c i u m p o ly su lp h i de ab sorb su lp h ur di o xi de far b e t t e t han does m il k o f li m e it m u st n e v e th e l ess b e b or ne in m i n d t h at t he pro du c t i o n o f t h e c a b on di o xi de e qu i re d f o t h e p o c e ss by t h e b urni ng t h e c o m b u st i on o f c o k e e nt ail s n o i nc o nsi de rabl e c o st ; o f li m e s to ne o t h at t h e c al c i u m c a b o n at e p ro du c e d w h e n th e su lp h h y d at e is fo m e d u t ili se d and t hu s c on sti t u t e s a t o u bl e so m e su b st an c e c ann o t b e t hat t h e p e p arati o n o f c al c i u m o c c u pyi ng a gre at de al o f sp ac e ; e du c t i o n o f c al c i u m s u lp h at e w he n e v e r t h i s c an n o t su lp h i de by t h e be o bt ai n e d in t h e fo rm o f re si du es f o m t h e L e bl an c p roc e ss al so e nt ail s e xp e n se ; an d t h at o f t h e c al c i u m c o n t ai n e d in it o n l y h al f su lp h i t e w h il st t h e o th e r h al f is c an b e o n ert e d i n t o su lp h at e o F o m t he su lp h at e o su lp h it e c al c i u m c on v e t e d i nt o c a b o n at e su lp h i de c an b e e g e n e at e d b u t n o t f o m t h e c arb o nat e Fo r t h e p rodu c ti o n o f t h e re q u i si t e c al c i u m su lph i de it is t he e fo re n ec e ssary t o add c al c i u m su lp h at e t o t h e e xt e n t o f o ne h al f o f t h at e n t e i n g i n t o t he p o c ess Fi n ally c o nsi de rably m ore su lp h hy d at e is req u i re d t h an t h eo e t i c al c al c u l at i o n w o u l d i n di c at e b e c au se t he fu rn ac e gase s al w ay s c o n t ai n o xy ge n an d c a b o n di o xi de b o t h o f w h i c h ac t u p o n t h e su lp h hy drat e t he fo m er c o n v e t i ng th e su lp h hy drat e p artly i n t o al i u m hyp osu lphi t e and p art ly i n t c al c i u m p o ly su lp h i de in ac co rd an c e wi t h t h e e q u at i n s su
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pp er e nd of t he m uffl e in a t hi n be d u p on t he fl oor o f t he l att e I n o de r t o e n abl e th e p odu c t s o f c o m b u sti o n to p ass u n h i n de re d by th e se p arti t i on w all s t h e e a e l at e ral o p e n i ngs in t h e m s t hat t he a s e sc ap e s fo ll o w i n a si nu o u s li n e al t e rn at e ly at o n e si de o t h e o th e r g g T he p u l v e ru l e n t bl e nde is c ha ge d o f t he w all s as sh o w n in Fig 2 5 from t he h o pp e r t at the u pp e e n d o f t he m u ffl e sli des al ng t h e bo tt o m o f t he l atte r and at de fi ni te i n t e v al s o f ti m e f o m 2 t o 5 m i nu t es is c arri e dby t h e ro ll w h i ch is d iv e n by a sm all w at e r w h e e l i nt o t he l o w e h o iz ont al p o ti on o f t h e m u ffl e w he e it is sp e ad ou t an d fu t h er ro aste d A t t h e far e nd o f t h e h o iz on t al p ort i o n o f t h e m u ffl t he re is an op e n i ng 53 t h o u gh w h i c h t he bl e nde is dro pp ed i n to t he w orki n g cham b e r o f th e re v e rb e atory fu nac e w h e e it is T he p ro du c t s o f c o m b u st i o n of th e ro ast e d de ad e v e rb e rat o ry fu rn ac e fi st h e at t h e fl oor and t h e n t h e a c h o f t h e h o riz o n t al p o t i o n o f t h e m u ffl e and t h e n i se u p u n de n e at h t h e i nc li n e d porti o n The su lp h u o u s gase s o f t h e l at te r i n t o the fl u e f e v olv e d in t h e h o riz o n t al p ort i o n o f t h e m u ffl e p ass i nt o th e i n li ne d p o ti on w h e re th e y u nite w it h t h e g ases e v o lv e d t h e e and t og e t h e r e sc ap e fro m t he u pp e r e n d o f th e m u ffl e i n t o a li n e w h i c h c on d u c t s t h e m t o t h e su lp h u ri c ac i d c h am b e s At th e e nd o f t he m uffl e t he bl e n de w ill h av e l ost 6 0 pe r c e n t o f its su lph u still c o n t ai n i ng fro m 8 t o 10 p e r c e n t w h il st t h e gase s t h at e sc ap e f o m t h e m u ffl e c a ry at l e ast 6 pe c e n t by v o l u m e o f di o xi de and are v e ry su it abl e fo su lp hu i c su lp hu a c i d m an u fac t ure The bl e nde is t he n c al c i n e d do w n t o 1 per c e n t o f su lp hu r u p o n t h e h e art h o f t h e e v e rb e rat ory f urnac e w hi c h form s a l o ng b e dde d c al c i n e wi th w o ki n g doors al o ng The fu rn ac e m ay be fi re d e i t h er by a g rat e or o ne of it s l o nge si des I n t h e figu e it is sho w n as fi e d by gas a B o eti u s p o by g as du oe r B b e i ng e m pl oy e d Th e air w h i ch is h e at e d in t h e w all s of t he l at t e r e nt e rs at y ; t h e fu e l is c h arge d at p Th e t e m p e rat u e in t h e i n c li n ed p o ti o n of t he m u ffl e is as h igh as t h e m e l t i ng p o i n t I n t h i s fu rnac e 3 t o 4 t o ns o f zi nc bl e nde c an of an ti m on y (4 3 2 be c al c i n e d do w n t o 1 p er c e n t o f su lp h u r in 2 4 ho u s with a c on su m pti o n o f c oal e q u al t o 2 8 t o 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e w e i ht o f t he g aw ore At th e Reck e Wo k s su c h a f urnac e w as form e rly in u se c al c i ni n g 3 5 t o ns of bl e nde do w n t o 1 per c e n t o f su lp hu r in 2 4 h ou rs with a c on su m p t i on o f 2 t o n s o f c o al B g Z ia 18 77 p 7 1 d H tt u
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At Ob e rhau se n th e fu n ac e had t h e foll o w i ng m ai n di m e nsi ons C ro ss se c t i o n o f t h e gas p ro du c e 2 fe e t by 6 fe e t ; fl o o r o f t h e h o iz o n t al p o ti o n o f t he m u ffl e 6 fe e t by 2 4 fe e t 7 i n c h e s ; o f t h e i n c li n e d p orti on of t h e m u ffl e 6 fe e t by 3 2 fee t 10 i nc he s ; o f t he e v e b e at o y f u nac e 6 fee t by 18 fe e t 8 in h e s O f t he su lp h u r c on t e nt s o f t h e bl e n d e 50 pe c e n t w as u t ili se d by m e ans f t h e m u ffl e A t t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f c al c i nat i n it co nt ai n e d 2 6 44 o f su lp h u r ; on l eavi ng th e i nc li ne d p o ti o n o f t h e p er c e n t m u ffl e w h e e t h e e w as a l o w e d h e at 8 2 0 p e r c e n t ; on l e avi ng t h e h o iz o n t al p ort i o n o f t h e m u ffl e w he e t h e re w as a b r i gh t e d he at 6 2 0 p e c e n t ; at t he e n d o f t h e c al c i nat i o n 0 5 5 t o 13 0 pe c en t I n 2 4 h o u s 3 % t on s o f o e w e re o ast e d w i t h a c o n su m pti o n o f 2 1 c w t s o f c o al s F iv e w o k m e n o n a sh i ft w o k e d t h e c al c i n e r T he gase s e sc ap ing fro m t h e m u ffl es i nt o t h e su lp h u ri c ac i dc h am b e s c ar i e d f o m 5 t o 6 Th i s e c n t by v o l u m e o f s u lp hu di oxi de p f urn ac e h as as c o m p a e d w i t h e v e rb e ato y f u n ac e s t h e d a w b ac k o f h e avi e r fi rst c ost and e q u i re s a he avi e r ou tl ay for w ages bu t h as o n th e o t h e han d t h e adv ant ag e of u t ili si n g h al f o f t h e su lp h u di o xi de e v o lv e d du i ng c al c i nat i on B u t e v e n all o wi ng fo t he l att e adv an t ag e t h e c ost s o f c al c i nat i o n in t h i s fu nac e a e h e avi e t h an t h e c o st s o f c al c i n at i o n in l on g b e dde d c al c in e rs A s c om p are d w i t h t he m u ffl e f urnac e s o n t h e o t h e r hand it h as t h e o bj ec ti on t h at o n ly a p ort i on o f su lp h u di o xi de e v o lv e d c an be u t ili se d It h as t h e e fo e b e e n e pl ace d by m u ffl e 1
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n d t h e n ce a b fl u es a e r c n o i t v ti l a a o e A s s r o a c d h u r c g t h e s u lp i i w k b v t o fl u S e t h ou h th e h a s b ee n n t o n a a f c c o t h r o d u c s t i ll i p t l i i t n e o e c f c t h d o o h m e s n ot e d g t h f e e o w h t h o e a er s e r i ti t y t v l w m a e o t n o d a r e h n e d a d n u e c o n ds h u c S fl u e m n h a t t e n o p pp t i r m o e t h u e os e f m o a e sc an d e
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l i ti on b e i ng in no w i se i nj u e d the re by al tho u gh t h e bl ende o nly h as t o t rav e l h al f as far as it had t o in t h e o l de r fo m At the sam e ti m e w it h ore s ri ch in su lp hu r t he t w o l ow erm ost m u ffl e s al one are h e at e d e x te r nally t h e u pp e r o n e s ec e ivi ng o nly t h e h e at g e ne rat e d by t h e o xi dat i o n o f t h e su lp h i de s By t hese m e ans th e o u t p u t o f t he fu r nace has b ee n i nc re ase d by 3 0 pe c e nt a n d t he l ab ou r re q u i re d h as b e e n di m i ni sh e d by 2 5 t o 3 0 pe r c e nt T he fl am e t ak e s t h e sam e c o u rse as p re vi ou sly Fu rnac e s of t hi s c o n st ru c ti on are at w o rk for e x am pl e at th e G u i do W o k s n e ar C hro p ac z o w at t h e S il e si a W ork s n e ar Lipi n e at t he Rec k e Wo k s n e ar Rosd m at t h e M u n st e r b u sc h W o rk s an d at t he Rhe n ania Work s b o t h n ear S t olb erg di rec ti on
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i n flu e T he e a e t wo m e n o n th e sh i ft o r fo ur in 24 hou rs du ri ng w h i c h t i m 5 t on s o f zi n c bl e n de are o ast e d wi th a c on sum p ti on of c o al e q u al t o 2 0 per c e n t o f t he w e ight o f t he aw ore A t th e S il e si a l l o k s n e ar Lipi ne in t he y e ar 18 9 5 a f u n ac e o f si m il a c o n st ru c t i o n w as c al c i n i ng 5 t o ns o f bl e n de do w n t o 1 p e r c e nt o f su lp h u r in 2 4 h o u rs w i t h a c o n su m p t i o n e q u al t o 2 5 p e r c e n t of i nfe i o r c o al Th e n u m b e r o f w ork m e n in 2 4 h ou s w as fo u for c al c i n i ng and fi ri ng an d 7 for c h argi ng t h e bl e n de and de liv e ri ng c o al Th e gase s e v olv e d du ri ng c al c i n ati o n c o n tai ne d 5 pe r c e nt by v o l um e o f su lph u r di o xi de A t t h e Re c k e Work s n e ar Rosdzi n in Upp e r S il e si a in 18 9 5 a f urnac e w i th 3 m u ffl e s o f w hi c h t h e l o w e st is h e at e d by t he fl am es fro m b e l o w and t he u pp e rm o st f o m ab o v e c al c i n e s 3 5 t o ns o f zi nc bl e nde in 2 4 h ou rs do w n t o 15 p er c e nt of su lph u r 12 t o ns of c oal b e i ng u se d T he e are 2 m e n on a 12 h ou r shi ft T he gase s e v olv e d by v o l u m e of su lphu r di oxi de c o nt ai n 6 p e r c e n t At t h e S tolb erg Work s o es c ontai n i ng 2 7 t o 28 per c e n t of s u lp h u r are ro ast e d do w n t o 0 5 t o 1 p e r c e n t w h e n t he y a e fre e fro m li m e o m agn esi a ; o th e rwi se t h e y re t ai n 2 t o 3 p e c e nt o f I n 2 4 h ou s 8 t o n s of ore are c al c i n e d in a bl oc k c on si sti ng su l p h u r o f a p ai r o f f u nac e s w it h a c o nsu m pti on o f c o al e q u al t o 2 0 r c ent of e p t h e c al c i ne d o e A c re w o f 4 m e n w ork s t h e fu rnac e bl oc k on e ach The de su lp hu ri sat i on o f bl e nde and t he fo m at i on of su lp h at e sh i ft o f zi n c d u in g c al c i nat i on in t he H ase nc l e v e r f ur nac e o f m o st rec e n t c o n st u c t i o n is sh ow n in t h e fo ll o wi n g t abl e o f analy ses w h i c h w e re e x e c u te d at t h e Rhe n an ia Wo rk s A is u nc al c i n ed ore Z is c al c i n e d 2 t o 14 are t h e v a i ou s sam pl e s t ak e n du i ng t he p oc e ss o f o e c al c i n at i o n ma
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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fi rst he ats t he e c tangu l a m u ffl e by m e an s o f v ari ou s flu e s and t he n p asses i nt o t he fl ue c f r the rou nd m uffl e s T he gase s p odu c ed in t h i s fu rnac e c on t ai n from 6 t o 7 p e r c e n t by v o l u m e o f su lp hu r di o xi de S u c h f u rnac e s are in op e rat i o n at Ob e h au sen for th e c al c i n at i o n o f bl e nde c on tai n i ng o n th e av erag e 2 5 h T e r c e nt o f zi nc e p s iz e o f t h e g rai ns sh o u l d n o t be l ess th an 00 8 i n c h The h e art hs a e 8 fee t 2 i nc hes in di am e te r and t he t h i c k n e ss o f e ach fl o or am ou n t s t o 4 i nc he s F ro m t he b o tt om c i rcu l ar m u ffl e the ore p asse s on t o t w o h e ar ths lyi ng o n e ab o v e t he o th e r e ac h 19 fee t 8 i nc h e s in l e ng t h wi t h 4 w orki n g do ors in e ach u p on w h i ch it is roast e d de ad by m e an s o f h an d l ab o u Th e gases f o m t h e m u ffles are e m pl oye d for t h e m anu fac tu e o f su lp hu ri c ac i d One w o k m an is re q u i re d fo r e ac h f u rnac e t he o u t p u t o f w h i c h is e q u al t o 3 4 t o ns o f bl e nde p e r 24 h o u rs Th e c o nsu m pti on o f c o al for c al c in at io n am o u n t s t o 17 e c en t p o f t h e w e ight o f t h e c al c i ne d ore andfo t he p ro du c ti o n o f p o w e r t o 5 pe r c en t The c al c i n e d ore c o n t ai ns on the av e rag e 1 per c e nt o f s u lph u r A t t h e w o k s o f H e g e l e r and M att h i e sen at La S all e in Illi no i s m u l t ipl e m u ffl e c al c i ni ng f u rn ac es w i t h m ec h ani c al rabbl es are in u se Such a f u n ac e has 7 m u ffle s o n e ab o v e t he o t he e ac h o f w h i c h is 4 6 fe e t l ong and 4 fe e t 6 i nc h e s b o ad T he t h e e l o w e m ost mu ffle s ar h e ate d by m e an s o f p ro du c e gas t h e fl am e p assi ng fi rst b e l o w and t he n ab ov e t h e m T wo fu nac es are u n i te d t o fo m o n e bl o c k T he re is o n e rabbl e c om m o n t o t h e tw o m u ffl e s w h i c h l ie si de by si de It is m o v e d at i n t e v al s o f an h o u by m e ans o f a r d m o v e d by fri c ti o n w he e l s b ac k wa ds and fo w ards t hrou gh t h e bl e nde sp ead o u t in t he m uffl e s S u c h a do u bl e fu rnac e c al c i n e s in 2 4 ho u rs 2 3 t o n s o f zi nc bl e nde wi t h a c onsum pti o n of 4 8 t ons o f re fuse c oal s I n Fig 4 0 a a e t he m u ffl es an d b t he fl u e s ; c are fl u es t h o u h w h i c h air is g c o nv e y e d t o t h e m u ffl e s an d d t he fi n e s fo i n trodu c i ng air i n t o t he fi re bo x The Rhe nan ia C he m i c al W ork s at S to lb e g has p at e n t e da H ase n cl eve f u nac e w it h m e ch an i c al rabbl es 3 T hi s f u rnac e c o nsi st s o f R U i d Mi 189 4 p 3 8 T h M i i g I d t y 18 94 p 2 15 D R P t t N r
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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i m m edi ate ly ab ov e t h e o the r t h ou g h w h i c h an e ndl ess c h ai n p o vi de d w ith rabbl es an d sc rap e rs at fix e d di st anc e s ap art is k e p t m ovi ng T he rabbl es st i r t h e ore w hil st t he sc ap e rs m o v e it fo w ards The o re is c h arg e d i n t o t h e t op m ost m uffl e and t h e n g radually t ansfe r e d t o th e l o w e r o n es u n t il it is di sc harg e d fro m t h e b o t t o m m u ffl e in t h e c al c i ne d stat e I n o de n o t t o e xp o se t h e e ndl e ss c h ai n t o t h e fl am e s t h e e a e n o fl u es b e t w e e n t h e se p arat e m u ffl e s T he fl am e s t he re fo re are c a i e d ro u nd t h e m u ffl es in on e The de sc rip ti on o f t he fu n ac e as gi ve n in t he P at e n t si ngl e fl u e 18 92 p age 3 2 1 e se m bl es t hat o f t h e O Harra fu n ac e as desc rib e d in V l I p age 7 2 N o t hi ng is ye t k no wn e sp ec t i ng t he p rac ti c al u se o f t hi s fu rnac e o ne
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76
Wo rk s n ear Lipi ne
H avi ng e ga d t t he still e stri c t e d appli at i n s o f fl u id u lp hu di xi de ( fo th m anu fac tu e Of su lp h i t e c e ll u l se fo t h e p o du t i o n O f c o l d fo t h m anu fac t u e of su ga and fo bl e ac h i ng) and t o t he g e at e xp e nse e n t ail e d by t h e pl an t fo it s m an u fac t u e it is n o t t o b e e xp ec t d t hat its p duc ti on f o m th e p o du c t s Of c al i nati o n w ill t ak e any e x t e nsi on in t h e i m m e di at e fu t u e A t t he G u i do W k s n e a C hro p ac o w in Upp e S il e si a w he e t he p o c e ss h as b ee n in u se fo so m e on i d e abl e t i m e it h as l at e ly b e e n st opp e d su lp hu ri c ac i d w o k s b e i ng in p oc e ss O f e e c ti on t h e e The p e ss em pl y e d w a i n v e nt e d by S c h ode an d H ani sc h As it se p a at e s g a e o u s su lphu di xi de f om t he g ase s e v olv e df o m th e m u ffl e f u nac e s in a on di t i on Of e a n m c w t o c e n t a t i n i n hi c h it ay al so b e e m pl oy e d f o o t h e o g p u p oses it de se v es so m e w hat fu ll e c on sid e ati on T he p oc e ss c o n si s ts in ab o bi n di o xi de o u t o f th e g ase s by m eans g su lp hu O f w at e r t i kli ng t h o u h a c o k e t o we r in e xp e lli ng f m t h i g w ate t he su lp hu di o xi de in a c onc e nt at ed st at e m ix ed o nly with a m al l am u nt O f w at e v ap ou r by m e ans Of h e at in se p arati ng t h e m oi st u e f o m th e m ix e d g ases by m e an s f c o nce nt at e d su l h u ic aci d o n n d l i h l i e a n i c o n n i t h e t d a u m c o d e n n t c o ce a ed p g gase o u s su lp h u di oxi de t h u s Obt ai ne d by m e an s o f a c o m p e sso T hi s p oc ess does n ot adm it o f t he p e p a ati on of c once nt at e d su lp h u di o xi d f o m th e gase s O f e v erb e at o y f u nac e s wi th advan t age it an o nly b e p odu c ed f om g ases w hi c h c ontai n at l east 4 pe c e nt by v l u m e Of su lphu di o xi de su c h as a e e v o lv e d f o m A S e ga ds t h e e x ec u ti o n Of t h e sh aft fu n ac e s an d m u ffl e f u nac e s p e ss the ab so pti on o f t he su lp hu di xi de is p e f m e d in c k e t i c kl e s T he su lph u di oxi de is e xp e ll e d t o w e s t h u gh w h i c h w at f o m t h e w ate in t hre e fo m s o f app a a t u s in w hi c h t h e he at o f t h e p du ts o f c al c i nat i o n in p a t an d in p a t th e l at e n t heat of w ate v ap u whi ch is de v e l p e d w he n t he su lp hu di oxi de is e xp ll e d f om idu al h e at of t h e w ate t h e w at e c o n t ai n i ng t h e l at t e r in p a t t h e f e d f o m su lphu di oxi de a e al l u tili sed The ac i d w at er is fi st on v e y e d i nt o a sy st e m o f l o w l e ad c h am b e s in w h i c h it is w arm e d by m ans o f t h w ate f o m w h i c h th e ac i d has b ee n d iv n Off w hi c h T he nc e it p asse s i nt l ose d l e ade n t an k u nds t h e se c h am b e s su u nde w h i c h p ass t he h o t g ase s as t h e y e sc ap e f o m t he f u n ac e b e fo e t h y p ass i nt o t he ab o pti on t o we T he he at w h i h t hey giv e ff t o th e t an k s ai se s th e fl u i d c o nt ai ne d in t h e l at te t o t h e b o ili n g p oi nt T he su lp hu di oxi de e scap es in o nse q u e nc e f om t he b oili ng The b o ili ng fl u i d nt e s t h e de hy d at i ng app a at u s o l u t i o n an d d N l) R P t t O b e rh au se n
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IN C
77
v e r q u it e f e e fro m ac i d is draw n Off f om t h e l eaden t ank s i nto a so cal l e d col onne in w h i c h t he l ast p o t i o ns Of su lp hu r di oxi de are re m o v e d fro m it by t he di rec t ac t i o n O f st e am t h e st e am b e i ng di o xi de by m e an s O f a S p ay o f c o l dw at e se p a ate d fro m t h e su lp h u The h t w at e n ow f e e f o m ac i d is u se d fo r he at i ng t he ac i d w at e as it fi rst e sc ap e s f o m t h e ab so rp t i o n t o w e rs by all o w i ng it t o esc ap e fro m t he col onne t h ro u gh a sy ste m Of l e ad c ham b e rs w h i c h su rro u n d Wat e r vap o u is be st t he l e ad c h am b e rs c o n t ai n i ng t h e ac i d w at e r se p a at e d f o m t he su lp h u r di o xi de w hi c h h as b e e n d iv e n o u t o f t h e w at e r by all o wi ng t he g ase ou s m ix tu re t o asc e nd t hrou gh a t o w er fill e d wi th c ok e do wn w h i c h c nc entrat e d ac i d is t ri c kli ng w h i ch T he su lp h u r di o xi de t h u s c o m pl e t e ly de ab so rb s al l t h e w at e r hydrat e d is c o m p re sse d i n t o t h e fl u i d st at e by m e an s Of a p u m p m ade Of b o n z e and is c oll ec t e d in i ro n v e sse l s o f su ffi c i e n t st re ngth ho w e
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p ressu re th at has to be e m pl oy e d v ari es ac c ordi ng to t he se ason The i nt e rm ix e d di ffi c u l t ly c o m p e ssibl e from 2 t o at at m osp h e res g ases are all o w ed t o e sc ap e i n to the ab sorpti on t o w er by m e ans o f a v alv e pl ace d in the rec e iv e r T he fl u i d su lp hu r di oxi de is sh ipp ed in T he gases i ron v esse l s It c ont ai ns 99 8 pe r c en t of p u re S 0 e v o lv e d fro m t h e c al c i nat i on o f zi n c bl e nd e at H am b orn an d Lipi ne di o xi de ; in t he c o n t ai n ab o u t 6 p e r c e n t by v o l u m e O f su lp h u ab so rpti on t o w e r t hi s is re m o v e d fro m t h e g ase s dow n t o 0 0 5 p er T h e w at er w h i c h fl o w s o u t f o m t h e t o w e rs c o n c en t by v o l u m e t ai ns 12 p o u nds Of su lph u r di o xi de in 10 0 gal l o ns The c onstru c t i o n o f t he pl an t for t he p ro du c ti o n o f fl ui d su lp h u di o xi de f om t h e p ro du c t s O f c al c i n ati o n is Sh o w n in Fig Th e gase s p ass f o m t he c al c i nat i o n f u rn ac e throu gh t h e flu e a int o t h e ab sorpti on t o w e r b O n t h e i r ro ad t o th e l atte th e y giv e l i Z it h f A g w dt Ch m i 1888 p 44 8 ; L g S d I d t i p 26 4 T he
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M E T A LLU RG Y
78
t he i r h e at t o t he l e ade n t ank s c T hey asc end in t h e l e ad t o w er fill e d w ith c ok e and are f e ed fro m t he i r su lp h u r di oxi de by m e ans T h e g ase s t hat re ac h th e O f w at e r c o m i ng fro m t h e di s trib u t or V t o p e n d Of t he t o w e c o nsi st i ng O f n i t rog e n o xy e n an d v e ry m i n u t e g q u ant i t i e s o f su lph u r di oxi de a e c onv e y e d by t h e de sc e ndi ng t u b e c i nt o t h e stac k T he w ate c ont ai n i ng su lp h u r di o xi de in sol u ti on e sc ap e s from t h e pip e d at t h e f o t o f th e t o w e r fi st i n t o a h e ati ng app a at u s w h i c h is o m i t t e d in Fig 41 bu t is S h o w n se p a at e ly in Fig 4 2 I t c on si st s O f a se ri e s O f flat l e aden c ham b e s e ach 16 i nc h es de e p di sp ose d o ne ab o v e t he o t h e r t h e se l e ad c h am b e rs form i ng t w o sy st e m s I n t h e one sy stem t h e fl u id sol u ti on w h i ch is t o be w arm e d asce n ds w h il st in t h e o th e r sy st e m t h e ho t w at e r de sc e nds givi ng O ff it s h e at t o t h e asc e ndi ng fl u i d For thi s p u p ose t h e c h am b e s are so arrange d t h at a c h am b e o f t h e o n e sy ste m I n t h e c h am b ers m ark e d al t e rn at e s e gu l a ly w i th o n e o f t h e o t h e w i th Odd n u m b e rs 1 3 5 7 9 11 an d 13 t he ac i d so l u ti o n is asce nd ing w hil st in t h e c h am b e s w i th e v e n n u m b e s 14 12 10 8 6 4 an d The adj ac e nt c h am b e rs Of e ac h 2 t h e h o t w at e r is fl o w i n g do w n sy st e m are so u n i t e d wi th e ac h o th e r t hat t he c o m bi n at i o n t ak e s u p The i ndivi du al c h am b e s a e st ay e d t h e w h l e si de O f t h e c h am b e r by m e an s Of strip s Of l e ad m ade fast insi de t he m t hese lyi ng in th e Th e ac i d w at e r e sc api ng fro m di re c ti o n Of t h e flo w o f t h e sol u ti o n t ow e e nte rs at d i nt o c ham b e r N O 1 ri ses at t h e ab so p t i o n 2 at d i nt o N O 3 an d S O o n t ill it e sc ap e s ( l i nt o c h am b er N O at 8 f o m t h e l ast c h am b e r 13 in a h e at e d st at e e nt e ri n g t he l e ade n tank s e at d The h o t w at er p asses in t he o pp osi te di rec t i o n I t e nt e rs t he t o p m ost c h am b e r 14 th ro u gh t h e t u b e w fl t h u gh it and p asse s fro m t he e nd O f it by a t u b e n o t o s o g t hi s i n t o N O 10 sh o w n in t h e fig u e i n t o t h e c h am b e r 12 ; fro m e sc ap e s at t h e e n d o f c h am b e r N O and so o n u n til it 2 t h ro ugh n O ff t h e g e at er p orti on o f it s h e at t aft e r h avi ng t he t u b e a iv e T he g ac i dso l u ti o n w h i c h h as t h us b e e n warm e d p asse s t h ro u g h t h e t u b e d int o t h e l e ade n t an k s e w h i c h it t av e rse s o n e aft e r t he o th e r I t is h e re h e at e d t o b oili ng p o i nt by m e an s o f th e h o t p ro du c t s O f c al c inat io n p ass ing u n de n e ath th e t ank s andin c on se q u e n c e giv e s O ff su lp hu r di oxi de T hi s gase ou s m ixtu re m ix e dw i t h a c e tai n am o u n t O f w at e v ap ou r fl o w s t h u gh t h e t u b e f i nt o t h e w at e c oo l e d w o m g in w h i c h a p o t i on o f t he w ate r v ap ou r is c o nde nsed; t he nc e it fl o w s b c k t h ro u gh t h e ab o v e n am ed pip e i nt o t h e t an k s o i n t o t h e col on ne u h t h e t u b e s h i n t o t h e d yi n an d t h e nc e t h u b e s i in w h i c h t h e t g g l ast p o ti o n O f t h e w ate v ap o u is e t ai n e d by m e an s O f c o k e soak e d in c o nc e n t ate d su lp h u ri c ac i d Fro m t h e d yi ng c ham b e r t h e su lp hu r O ff
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pl oy e d in t he ase o u s form t he b o t t l e is pl ac e d g v e ti c ally (Fig T he spi ndl e O f t h e sc e w v alv e c is t u rn e d by m e an s O f a k e y a nd Op e ns t h e pip e b ; t h o ugh t h e l att e gaseou s s ulp hu r ou s ac i d t h e n e sc ap es an d c o n t i n u e s t o esc ap e u n til t h e t e m i n c o nse q u e n c e o f t h e e at u re p e v ap o at i o n O f t h e so l u ti o n fall s A fu rth e q u ant i t y o f to 10 C as c an t h e n o nly e sc ap e w he n g t h e c y li n de r h as t ak e n u p f om it s su r o u ndi ng s t he r e q u i sit e q u an t i ty of h e at I f th e su lp h ur di o xi de is t o be u t ili se d in t he fl u i d st ate t h e c yli nde is l ai d do w n so t hat t h e sm all t u b e b is By m e an s of th e p es u pp e m o st as u i d su lp h u r fl of t h e su r e g di o xi de is t h e n fo rc e d o u t t h ou gh T he w h o l e c o n t e n t s t hi s t u b e Of t he b o t t l e c an be e xp e ll e d bv m e an s O f th e b e n t t u b e n w h i c h I n o rde r e ac h e s t o t h e b o tt o m t o av oi d e xpl osi o n s t h e c yli nde rs are t e st e d t o a p re ssu re Of 5 0 T h e v ap o u t e n at m osp he re s e am o u n ts si o n O f su lp h u r di o xi d at m osp h e re s ; at at 10 C t o r
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p i nc i p ally re du c e d t o w hi c h b e hav e s j u st lik e t h e su lp h i de O f zi n c w h i ch h as su lp h i de e m ai n e d u n de co m p ose d o n t h e c al c i n ati on O f t h e bl e nde Fe ic oxide is re du c e d t o fe o u s o xi de and for m s sl ags w it h any sili c a t h at m a Fe r o u s sili c at e y be p re se n t or w i t h ac i d sili c at e s c m bi ne w i t h an o t h e r S ili c at e s t h at m a e p e se n t t o form e asily b y f fu sibl e do u bl e sili c at e s T he y al so hav e t he p r p e ty o di ssol vi ng t he sili c a an d sili c at e s c on t ai ne d in t he m ate i al O f w h i c h t he v e sse l s a e c o m p ose d and t hu s c o n t ib u te t o t he p e rfo rat i o n an d rapi d destru c ti on O f t h e se v e ssel s T he y al so e n v e l op p o rti ons of t h e zi c h arg e an d t h u s c au se a n nc c o n t ai n e d in t h ese p o ti o ns t o b e y B asi c i ro n sl ag s h av e th e e sp e c i al p rop e rty e t ai ne din t h e e si du es o f t aki n g u p o xi de o f zi nc and t h u s wi t hdraw i ng it f o m re du c t i o n L ast ly in th e ab se nc e o f S ili c a m e t al li c i o n is re du c e d from b asi c i ron sl ags as al so f o m o xi de Of i o n S u c h m e t alli c i o n decom p ose s an y o t h e r su lp h i de s t hat m ay b e p rese n t w i t h t h e fo m at i o n o f su lp h i de O f i o n Oxide of m angane se is re du c e d by c arb o n t o m angano u s o xi de w hi c h form s w i th si li c a a v e ry fl ui d sl ag T he l at t er w ou l d al so e n v e l o p p o r ti o n s Of th e c h arg e The p ese nc e o f m angan o u s o xi de o sili c at e t e n d s t o t h e de stru c t i on O f t he v e sse l s o n acc o u n t O f t h e fo rm at i o n Of e adily f u sibl e dou bl e sili c at es Su lp hide of ir on is n o t aff e c te d by th e p oc e sse s O f re du c ti o n It has an e sp e c i al i nj u ri ou s ac ti on in t hat it p erfora t e s t he w all s Of t h e v e sse l s Oxide of l ead is re du ce d t o m e talli c l e ad w h i c h is p a t ly v o l at ili se d and g oe s w i t h t he zi nc i nt o t he adap t e rs an d p artly e m ai n s in t h e re si du e s A s l o ng as it is n ot p e se nt in t oo g re at q u ant i t i e s and as l ong as t he re are o nly e du c i ng gases p e se n t in t he e to t s t h e dan e O f t he fo m ati o n O f sili c at e O f l e ad i n v o lvi n g g the rapi d dest u c ti o n O f t h e w all s o f t h e re to rt s is n o t t f e a t o n a c o u n O c g the e ady re d u c ibili t y O f t h e o xi de O f l e ad I f ho w e v e r t h e re are l a ge q u anti ti es O f o xi de Of l e ad in t he c harge a p o t i o n t here of m ay s t il l re m ai n u n re d u c e d at t h e t e m p e at u e at w h i c h t h e f o m ati o n o f sl a c o m m e n c e s and t h u s fo rm a silic at e The sam e ac ti on m ay t ak e g pl ac e e v e n w he n l e ad o xi de is p ese nt on ly in sm all q u ant i ty if a c o nsi de abl e am o u n t O f air is all o w e d acc e ss t o t h e e t ort du ing t h e c o u se o f t h e di st ill at i o n T h e O pi ni o n w as fo rm e ly h e l d t hat e v e n s m all q u an t i t i e s o f l e ad 2 pe r c e nt c au se t h e rapi d d est u c ti o n O f t he w a ll s f t h e re to t ; b u t at p e se n t it has b e e n p o v e dt hat t h e p e se n c e O f l e adin t he c h a g e u t 8 r c e n t do es n ot n o tably aff e c t t h e e o p p du abili ty O f t h e t t s Fo i nst an c e at A m p si n ( Lam inn e Work s) A ny
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b stan c e s t e ndi ng t o p odu c e fu sibl e sili c at e s t he i nj u ri ou s y b een p o i nt ed ou t ac ti o n O f w h i c h h as al re ad jlf agn esia al o n e h as n i nj u i ou s e ffe c t s bu t in t h e p rese n c e o f S ili c a an d o xi d e O f i o n lik e w i se t e n d s t o fo m a sl a Th e p rese nce o f g n side rabl e q u an t i t i e s O f m agn e si a t e n ds t o m ak e t he sl ag diffic u l t l y f u sibl e and t hu s p re v e n t s t he ab sorpti o n o f zi nc by t h e l at te Cadmiu m ox ide is re du c e d t o c adm i u m and v o l at ili se d C adm i u m is m o re e adily e du e d an d v o l at ili se d t han zi nc and is t h e re fo e de p osi te d wi th t he fi st c o n de nse d p u l v e u l e nt m ix t u re O f zi n c an d I t is e x trac te d f o m t hi s p o w de r o xi de o f zi nc A ny sil ve c o n tai ne d in t h e c h a g e is o nly v o l atili se d in v e y T he great er p o rt i on o f it re m ai n s in t h e di st ill at i on sm all q u an t i t i e s p rod u c ts from w hi c h it c an be Obtai ne d by sm e l ti ng wit h l e ad t hese
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i nt o t he m ost i nti mat e c on tac t p o ssibl e w i th t he c a b o n an d al so t o p ro m o te t h e fo m ati o n O f a c e tai n q u an ti ty o f c a b o n m o n T he l att e gas p ro du ce s a c e t ai n t e nsi o n in th e v e sse l s w h i c h o xi de b ot h p e v e n ts t he p assage t h ough t he p o re s o f the w all s Of th e v e ssel s Of th e gases p odu c e d by t he f u rnac e fi re s w hi ch o n ac c ou n t f t h e c arb on di o xi de an d oxyg e n t h e y c o nt ai n w o u l d hav e an o x idis ing e ffe c t u p o n t h e zi nc v ap o u s an d al so e xp e l s t he se v ap ou s i n t t he c o nde n se s an d p re v e n t s at m osp h e ri c air fro m p assi ng i nt o t he l at ter W he n c oal is e m pl oy ed hydrocarb o ns a e e v olv e d w hi c h in t he c ase O f h e avy h y droc arb o ns a e di ssoc i at e d at h i gh t e m p e rat u re s c au si ng t h e se p arat i o n O f a c e t ai n am o u n t O f c a b o n w h i c h is de p osite d in a fi n e ly divi de d stat e in the c harg e T hi s adv an tag e is h o w e v er c ou nt e rac t e d by t h e fac t t hat t he e xp ul si o n O f t he gase s fro m t h e se c oal s re q u i re s h e at t hat t h e w at e r v ap o u ge ne rat e d h as a n o xi di si n g ac t i o n u p o n t he zi n c an d t hat t he zi n c v ap o u rs a e dil u t e d by t h e e xp e ll e d gase s The q u an t i ty O f t h e re du c i ng age n t has b e e n i nc re ase d at m any Fo c al am i n e an d sili c at e Of zi nc it work s du i ng e c ent ye a s a m o u n t s t o f ro m o ne t h i d to h al f o f t he w e ig h t o f t h e o re ac c o rd ing to t he zi n c c o nt e n t s an d in t h e c ase O f c al c i n e d zi nc bl e n de f o m hal f t o t w o th i rd o f t h e w e ig h t O f t h e o re o n ac c ou nt O f it s T he g ai n o f t h e o e an d O f t h e e duc i ng di ffi c u l t re du c ibility m ate i al de p e n ds o n t h e o n e h and u p o n t h e de g re e O f e du c ibility Of t he o re and o n t h e o t h e h an d u p o n t h e fo m o f t h e v e sse l s in w h i c h t he e du c ti o n is c ar i e d o u t S ili c at e Of zi nc is m ore diffi c u l tl y re du c ibl e t h an c al am i n e o bl e n de an d as it is o n ly edu c ibl e by c a b o n an d n o t by c a b o n m o n o xi de re q u i re s t o b e b ro u gh t i nt o t h e c l ose st p ossibl e c on tac t w ith t he re du c i ng ag e n t ; b oth t he ore an d t h e re du c ing age nt m u st t h e re fo e b e in t h e fi ne st p ossibl e st at e O f divi si o n q u it e i n de p e nde n tly Of t h e shap e O f th e v esse l s Of di still a ti on T he y shou l d e i the r be g ro u nd t oge t h e r o be m ix e d a t h orou g h ly as p ossibl e afte r c ru sh i n g Z i n c bl e n de w hi c h is m o e diffic u l tl y re du c ibl e t han c al am i n e sh ou l d al so be gro u n d t o a v e y fi ne p ow de say 0 0 4 t o inc h m esh as is i nde e d n e c e ssa y fo e du c i ng its c al c i nat i o n I t m u st be t horo u gh ly m ix e d wi th t h e am i n e a e n t w h i c h sh o u l d be c ru sh e d t o ab o u t t h e sam e S iz e a C l g i c a b on c l c i n e d z n c c a r b n a t i m p a r a t iv ly e a s ily by a o e s d u c d c o e e e ( ) m o no xi de I t t he e fo e e q u i re s n o su c h i nt i m at e m ix t u e w ith t he ag e n t as do e s t h e sili c at e ed u ci n f i t h a s t o be re du c e din v e sse l s g o f c o m p a at iv e ly l a e c ap ac i ty su c h as m u ffle s it t o g e t h er w i t h t he g h as f i t I e du c i n a e n t n ee d o nly be c u sh e d t o b e an o n t siz e u g g t o be e du c e d in t u b u l ar v e sse l s w h i c h p o ssess bu t a sm all c ap ac i t y O f o re
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31ET A LLU R G Y
p a e d w it h th e m u ffle s it m ust be c u sh e d a g e at de al sm all e as al so s ho u l d t he re d T hi s is re q u i ed w i th t he u c i ng age n t O bj ec t O f filli n g th o rou gh ly t h e t u b e s w hi c h a e v e ry st o ngly h e at e d by th e fire as w e ll as w i th t he Obj ec t o f av o i di ng l o ss o f zi nc T hi s l oss is p artly du e t o th e v e se l s e m ai n i ng fill e d at t he e nd o f t he p roc e ss w i t h zi n c v ap o u s w h i c h b u n an d a e t h u s w ast e d w he n t he e si du e s a e ak e d o u t ; t h e m ore c o m pl e t e ly t h e v e ssel is fill e d t he l e ss is t h q u an t i ty O f zi nc v ap ou r t hat c an e m ai n at t he e nd O f t he di s t ill ati o n on ac c o un t Of t he p o p or ti o n at e ly l a ge r q u an t i ty O f e si due s t hat w ill be p re se nt The m ix t u re O f o e and e du c i ng age n t is e i th e r p ro du c e d by u p on t h e si m ply m ixi n g t h e ab o v e n am e d su b st an c e s in a t ro u g h o fl o o of t h e w ork s o r e l se th e i ng e di e n t s o f t he c ha ge w hi ch h av e b e e n fi rst cru sh e dse pa at e l y a e g ou n dt og e the r o r m ix e din p ug m ill s Fo r i n st anc e at A ngl e u r in B e l gi u m o re andc o al are g o u n d t o ge t h e in a V ap a t m ill do w n t o i nc h m e sh I n o de t o p e v e nt th e o u nd m ix t u re fro m b e i n g bl o w n a w ay w he n it is b e i n g c h a ge d as g al so t o p re v e n t its b e i ng bl o w n o u t o f t he t u b e s by t h e p re ssu e O f t h e h w w at e r T e a v lv i n t h l t t i i lig h tly i n i t h e t t s e s e o d e a e r s s m o s e e d g l att e r m u st h ow e v e al l be re m ov e d b e fo e t h e c om m en c e m e n t o f t h e di still ati on Of zi nc o t h e rwi se t h e zi n c v ap o u rs w o u l d be o xi di se d by it c om
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t i ly l ess re si stan t t o w a ds fl u x es t han al u m i na ; o n t he ot h e r h an d it stan ds fi re w e ll is a g o o d c o n du c t o Of h e at and all o w s O f A t t h e w o k s in t hi nne r v e sse l s b e i ng p rodu c e d t h an do e s c l ay Upp e r S il esi a the m ffle s are m ade Of a m ixt ure O f 3 5 t o 4 5 pe r c e n t Of raw c l ay from S aarau L e t t o wi t z an d S z c z ak o w a an d 5 5 t o Fro m t h e 6 5 p e r c e nt O f b u rn t c l ay o r fragm e n t s O f Ol d m u ffl es L e t to w itz c l ay th e c o m p osi ti on Of w hi c h is giv e n ab ov e as al so fro m t h e c l ay Sh al e O f N e u ro de w h i ch c o n t ai n s u p t o 44 p e r c e nt o f al u m i n a m u ffle s m ay b e m ade c o n t ai n i ng 4 5 O f al u m i n a and 5 3 p e r o f sili c a w h i c h c an re si st a t e m p e ratu re o f at l e ast C c ent The c o m p osi t i o n o f t he N e u ro de c l ay sh al e is ac c ordi ng t o S t eg er as foll ow s
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p t e s t he re are at tac he d n ozzl e s w hi c h m ay t ak e t he cyli nde s m ade o f sh ee t i o n p i sm at i c b o x e s m ad e sh ap e O f c o n e s o o r p i sm at i c b o x e s m ade o f c l ay p o vi de d w i t h a grati ng o f c l ay T hese p ri sm ati c b ox e s are c on ne c te d e i the w i th syste m s O f t u b es or fl u e s t hrou g h w h i c h t h e gases m ay be c o ndu c te d i n t o stac k s o r w it h a e st ill so m e o t h e r app a at u s t o c o ll ec t t h e m e t alli c p a ti c l es t hat c on t ai n e d in t h e m T h e sh ap e o f t h e fu rnac e de p e n ds u p on t h e sh ap e and S iz e o f t he v e sse l s u se d for distill ati o n T ho se fu nac e s w hi ch c on tai n v e sse l s Of c i c u l ar o r e llip t i c al c oss se c ti o n lyi ng m o re o r l ess h o riz n t ally are c all e d B e l gi an F u rn ac e s ; t h o se in w h i c h t h e t u b es st an d v e t i c ally are k n o w n as C o i n t h i an F u rn ac es ; t h o se in w h i c h c ru c ibl es are u se d a e k n o w n as E ngli sh F u rn ac e s ; and th o se in w h i c h m u ffles are T he u se O f C o i n t hi an e m pl oy e d are k now n as S il e si an F u nac e s an d E ngli sh fu rn ac es h as b e e n c o m pl e t e ly di sc on t inu e d an d t h e y T hey will th e re fore t he e fore Only n o w p ossess an h i st ori c al v al u e T he B e lgi an an d S il e si an o nly b e c on si d e e d h e e in g e n e ra l t e rm s fu nac e s on th e o th e h and t og e t h e r w i th a m o difi c at i o n O f t h e form e r k now n as B e l go S il e si an f ur nac e s re q ui e de tail e d desc ripti o n T he t u b e s o c i c u l ar e t o ts o f t h e B e lgi an fu rn ac e s are e i t h e in c ross sec ti on w it h a di am e te r in the c l e a o f 6 t o 10 i nc h e s an d w it h a l e ngt h o f 3 fe e t 3 i n c he s t o 4 fe e t 9 i n ch e s O w h e n t h e c ross se c t i on is e llip t i c al t h e l o n g axi s is 8 % i n c h es in t h e c l e ar an d t he S h ort axi s 6 4 i n c he s t o 7 i nc h e s ; t h e w all s are 1gi nc h e s t h i c k T h e l e n gt h is li m i t e d by t h e fac t t h at t h e re t orts are o n ly su pp ort e d and m u st t he re fo e c arry t he i r o w n w e i gh t at t h e i e x t re m iti e s T he y t og e t h e r wit h t h at Of t h e c h a ge w it h o u t b e ndi ng o r b re aki ng l ie wit h o ne e nd o n p roj e c t i on s or i dge s al o ng t h e re ar w all o f t h e fu rn ac e an d wit h t h e o t h er e nd su pp ort e d u p o n l e dg e s o f c l ay in t h e f on t w all of t h e f urn ac e an d i n c li n e d t ow ards th e l at t e r as is sh ow n in Fig s 4 7 and 48 in o rde t o fac ilit at e t h e e m o v al f om t h e m Of liq u i d m at te r and the e m p tyi ng o u t o f any resi du e Fig s 4 7 an d 4 8 rep rese n t a B e l gi an fu rnace with flat g at e ; c pt e t o ts ; t h a d a s ; g t he n o zzl e s at t ac he d t o t h e a e t he a e e e f l at t e r d are th e p oj e c t i o n s o f t h e r e ar w al l ; e t h e c l ay S l ab s o f t he f o nt w all u p o n w hi c h t h e e to t s e st ; is are pl at e s Of c ast i o n w hi c h f m t h e c o n ti nu at i o n o f t he se c l ay sl ab s i are b i c k s w h i c h su pp o t t h e adap t e s T h e fl am e s ge ne at e d u p o n t h e g at e a t rav e l rou nd t he e t orts as e ndi ng in t he S h aft o f t h e f u nac e an d e sc ap e at l o u t T he e to t s a e an d p ass i n t o t h e s tac k o f t he f u rnac e p o p e di sp ose d in f o m 5 t o 8 o w s ab o v e e ac h o t h e so t h at t h e g e ate r p orti o n t he eof hall be su o u nde d by th e fl am es T he fu rnac es are T O t h e se
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hi ch t h e zi n c v ap ou s p assed i nt o a cham b e r c om m on to al l the t u b e s in w h i c h t h e y w e re conde n se d T he fl o o O f t h i s c om m on e c e iv e r w as fo m e d by an i o n pl at e u p on w h i c h t h e zi n c t ri c kl e d do w n E i gh ty fo u r su c h t u b e s w e re pl ac e d in a e v e rb e at o ry fu nac e The t u b es w e re 3 fee t 3 i n c h e s l o ng 4 1 i nc h e s in di am e t e r at t h e t o p an d 3 1 i n c h e s at t he b o t t om Fro m 5 t o 7 l bs t h e u pp e e m p t y p o ti o n o f t h e O f o re w e re c h a g e d i n t o e ac h tu b e 4 i nc h e s l o ng b e i ng fill e d w i th sm all pi ec es o f c harc o al T hi s m e th od of di still at i o n h as l o ng b e e n ab an do n e d o n ac c ou nt o f t h e Re c e ntly ve ti c al t u b e s o f l a ge r h i gh c ost s c on n e c t e d w i th it di am e t e for t he t e at m e nt o f l e ad b e ari n g zi nc o re s h av e b ee n p o p ose d by C he n h al l by Bi n on an d Grandfil s by K e il an d by w
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G E N E RA L C ON S I D E RAT I ON S RE S P E CT I N G
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10 4
t ti m e t h an do m u ffl es and t h e re fo e nec e ssi tat e a g re at e r c on su m pti o n f fi e p ro of m at e i al an d t hi s o f b e t t e r q u ali ty t han do m u ffle s T he i cap ac i ty at th e sam e t i m e is l ess t han t hat o f t he m u ffle s so t h at t he y re q u i re t o b e m ore fre q u e n t ly fill e d an d e m p t i e d t h an do t h e fo m e r For t h e se e aso n s and al so o n ac c ou nt o f t h e i r b e i ng di sp ose d in a l a ge n u m b e r o f t i e s o n e ab o v e t h e t h e t h e y e q u i re m ore h igh ly skill e d l ab o u t han m u ffl es so t h at t h e c st f r l ab o u r Wh e n fi re in w o rki ng t h e m is gre ate t h an in th e c ase o f m u ffl e s grates a e u sed t he y e q u i e h ow e v e l e ss f u e l t han m u ffles w he n n e de d fo o m b u st i o n is fi rst i a s firin u se d an d w h e n t h e ai s g g he at e d o r w h e n b o t h air an d g s a e h e at e d any di ffe re n c e in t h e of o ws f u e l di sapp e a s e sp e c i ally w h e n se v e al c on su m pti o n o f m u flies are pl ac e d o n e ab o v e t h e o t he r O n ac c o u nt o f t he i r s mall er di am e t e and t h e i fr e p o si t i on in t he fi re h e at p e n e t ates m o re T hey api dly i nt o t h e i nt e i o o f t h e re t o t s t h an i nt o m u ffl e s are t h e re fore sp e c i ally u se fu l for diffic u l tl y e du c ibl e o e s w hi c h r e q u i e a v e y h i h t e m p e at u re lik e S ili c at e s O f zi nc n a u nt c c o O g f t h e i r sm all c ap ac i ty t h e y h av e t o b e fill e d v e y c l o se ly an d are t h e e for e su i t abl e fo o e s c u sh e d v e y fi n e a fo r i nst an c e ro ast e d bl e n de Fo r t h e t e at m e n t o f p oo o es re tortS a e l e ss su i tabl e i ch o e s b ec au se th e form e r e q u i e a t h an fo r t h e t e at m e n t o f l onge t i m e fo t h e i r re du c ti o n and a e t h e e fore b est t e at e d in m u flie s in w h i c h t h e o e s e m ai n t w i c e as l on g as t h e y do in e t ort s For e x am pl e in B elgi u m o re c o n t ai n i ng l e ss t han 3 5 t o 4 0 r c e n t o f zi n c c an n ot b e t e at e d wit h adv an t ag e in e e t o rts w h e re as p in Upp e r S il e i a o e s c o n tai n i ng 12 pe c en t o f zi nc a e t e at e d S i nc e t h e i nt o du c t i o n o f gas fi ing and su c c e ssfu lly in m u ffl s S i nc e m u ffle s h av e b e e n pl ac e d in se v e al t i e s o n e ab o v e t h e o t h er it is no l o nge p o ssibl e t o giv e a ge ne al de c i si on appl i c abl e t o al l in stanc e s regardi ng t he c ho i c e Of m u ffl e s o e t o ts B ot h fo m s f v esse l s a e u se d wi t h e q u al adv ant ag e in m an y di st i c ts fo b o th F e x am pl e in B e l i u m re t o ts a e u se d at c al am i n e an d bl e n de g A ngl e u r C orphal ie and S t L e o na d w he re a m u ffle are u se d in I n t he Rh i n e P ovi n c e s re t o t s a e u se d Fl One an d V al e t in C o c q M u hl he i m and M o e sne t m u ffles at Bo l e ch Ham b o n and at S t ah lb e g ; in We st p h ali a m u ffle s are at p e se n t e m pl o y e d ; in U pp e r S i l e si a m u ffle s are u se d e x c l u siv e ly ; in S p ai n and in t h e U n i t e d S tat e s o nly e t o ts V e y diffi cul tl y e du c ibl e o es su c h as sili c at e o f zi nc are b est p oo o e s in m u ffle s Fi ne ly g o u nd o e s a al so t e at e d in re t ort s i c h in zi nc m ay be t reat e d in re to rts o r sm all m u ffles (B e l go o es e n ds
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p roj ec ti ons u o f t he b ac k w all and with t he i fron t e nds in th e 6 l o w e r ro w s resti ng u p on til es ( tagu es) s t he p o l ong ati o n o f whi ch is form ed by pl at e s o f i ron ; in t h e t w o u pp er row s t hey rest By m e ans o f b ri c k s pl ac e d on edge t he u p on pl at e s o f i o n o nly w hol e front w all of th e furnace is divi de d i nt o c om p a t m e nts w hi c h c on t ai n in t h e t op m o st ro w on e re t o t e ac h w h il st in t h e l o w e r t i e rs the y c ontai n t wo re t ort s each R is t he grat e M th e fi re d r N are B g d H tt Z tg 185 9 p 405 ; 1860 p 3 u
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g w h i c h th e p rodu c t s of c om b u sti on e scap e e ither i nt o t he st ac k or i nt o t he furnac e for c al c i ni ng c al am i ne K is a T he u e s from di still ati on are c o ll ec ted c h am b er in w hi c h t h e re si d arran g e m e n t of t he re t o ts an d adapt e rs is sh o w n in Fig 6 6 At th e M o ri st on W ork s of V ivi an andS ons near S w an se a in Engl and th e re w e re in 18 7 8 si ngl e B elgi an fu rnac es in u se the l arg er o f w h i ch c on
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i ers of re t o t s 16 in a i wi bl k d e r u c n s o e c w e n s n o n c a r o r t s t t The bl ank I e to e t orts al t og e t h e n h o s s a h m t e o o c r t o e o r d n wi th an air flue I n t he i r l ow e p orti on i l w d e h es n c 9 n o f ee 6 s e a c fi pl t l by i wi g in Fig 6 7 E ac h fu rnace h adt w o re e rs o nly m o o f u o t h e u t b t g ily b tt ti d a E ach fu 1nace t re a e dt w o ch a e s n d a n e a m c a o f w l i t s c 2 s 7 u ho t i e at e d on e c h a ge e ac h bl e nde c on t ai ni ng 5 0 t o 5 1 pe r c e n t Of zi nc and15 c w t o f c oal du st 3 88 1 8 8 i Z 7 p ” d H g li g t B g t ain e d 6 t
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w n in Figs 68 and 6 9 Th ey cont ai n 12 0 re t ort s in 6 h oriz ontal t i e rs T h e re t o rt s U o f th e fou r l o w e r ro w s th e so c all e d c a nnons have air fl u e s as sh o w n in Fig 6 7 w hil st t h e r e t o rt s o f t he t w o u pp e rm ost ti e rs are witho u t su ch fl ue s R is on e o f th e fi ve g at e s 2 4 i nch es by 6 i nc h e s in are a The p ro du c ts o f c om b u st i o n p ass t hro ugh se v e nt ee n a p ert u re s in t he arc h o f t h e fu rn ace i nt o t h e m ai n fl u e S and fro m t h e l att er i n t o a st ac k 2 3 fe e t in h e i gh t Th e f ro n t w all is c om p ose d o f 11 c ast i ro n pill ars c ast in o n e pi e c e e ac h o f w h i c h is 4 i n ch es b road and has w all s 0 4 i nc h t h i c k The i nte rsp ac es b e t we e n t he w all s are fill ed wit h fi e p ro of m at eri al C ast i o n pl at es 1 foot 8 i nc h e s l o ng sli de in g oo v e s al on g t h e pill a s an d u p o n t h e se l ie fi re b ric k til es u p on w h i c h t h e fro nt p o rti o ns o f t he re t o rts m ay re st T he l e ngth o f t he fu rnac e b e t w e e n t he o u t e r w all s w h i c h are 4 fe e t t h i c k is 2 0 fe e t 6 i n c h e s t he w i dth i n c l u di n g t h e b ri c kw ork is 7 fe e t t he h e igh t from t he g rat e t o th e arc h is 14 fe e t t he h e i ght in fro nt from t h e fi rst c ast i on pl ate t o t h e sp ri ng o f t h e arch is 10 fe e t T he di st ance b e t we e n t h e c ast i ro n pl at es o f t he fi rst and se c on d ti e rs am ou nt s t o 2 0 i nc h e s o f t h e thi rd an d fo u rth ti e rs t o 19 i nc h es o f t h e fifth and six t h t i e s t o 17 i nc h e s The rec esse s are 2 0 i nc h e s wi de an d c a ry t w o re t o rt s e ac h T he a c h c o nsi st s of alt e rn at e l ay e rs o f t h e b e st fi re brick an d D i nas bric k an dis 10 i n c h e s thi c k The fu rnac e is su pp orte d u p on i ron rail s I t is c ap abl e o f t eati ng 2 t ons 2 c w ts o f o re c o ntai ni ng 4 9 t o 5 0 per c e nt Of zi nc m ix e d wi th o ne t on o f c oal in 24 h ou s th e o u tp u t b e i n g 15 % t o 17 c w t Of zi nc For 1 t on o f o re 2 t o ns O f fu e l and 16 re t ort s are c on su m e d Th ere are t hre e m e n o n t he shi ft T he B e lg o C o nw all fu rnac e c on t ai n s fou r ti e rs e ac h o f t e n o v al cannons o r du m m y re t o t s an d t w o ro w s o f n i n e re t ort s e ac h or 10 8 r e t or t s al t og e th e r The g rat e s a e n o t transv e rsal bu t l o ngit u di n al t h e re be i n g t w o e ac h o f 8 fe e t 6 i n ch es by 10 i n c h e s are T hese furn ac es t e at in 24 h ou rs 3 0 c w t O f o e m ix ed wi th 9 c wt o f c oal s with an o u tp u t o f 12 13 to 13 c w t o f zi nc E ac h t on o f ore re q u i re s t h e c onsu m pti o n o f 42 c wt s o f c o al s as fue l A fu nace de stroy s fou r e t o ts r da p wi l d e r Li eg e fu rnac e t he C o rn e t h e o C o m r d t h a e p y w all fu rnac e re q u i e s l e ss l ab ou r and is far m o e du abl e l asti ng fi ve t o six y e ars as c o m p are d wit h t w e lv e t o fi f te e n m o nt h s O n t he h and it re q u i re s m ore c oal s t h an doe s t h e Li ege fu rnac e du e o t he in p art t o t he c o o li n g o f t he re to ts T he B el go C r n wall fu nac e r e q u i e s On t h e o t h e r h and m o re l ab o u r b u t co nsu m e s fe w er re tort s t han do e s t he C ornw al l f u rnac e I t is so m e w hat i n fe i or t o t h e l att e r b u t far su p e ri or t o t he O ld Li ege fu rnac e A furnac e wi th gas B g l H al t Z ig 18 7 8 p 387 sho
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117
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fi ri ng o n t he S i e m ens p ri nc ipl e has b ee n p at ent e dby the Ac tiengese l l sc h af t fur G l aS i n d u st ri e fo rm e rly F e deri c k S i e m e ns o f Dresde n It is n ot k now n wh e th e r t hi s fu rnace has e v er c o m e i n t o use D R P t t N S pt m b 188 9 ,
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118
D ou bl e F ur naces
x am pl e o f the do u bl e f u nac e wi t h g rat e fi e t h e fu rnac e w h i c h w as in u se in t h e y e ar 18 7 1 at t h e w o k s o f t h e N ou v e l l e M on tagn e at P rayon m ay b e de sc rib e d I t s c o nst ru e t i on is sh o w n in Fig s 7 0 to I n t he se V is t h e v e rti c al w all whi c h divi de s t h e fu rnac e i n t o tw o p art s It al so se rv es t o su pp ort the r e ar e n d s of th e e t orts t h e f ro n t e nds o f whi c h are c a ri e d by sl ab s in t he sam e w ay as in t h e si ngl e f ur n ac e E ac h hal f c o n t ai n s 4 6 re t o rt s in six t i e rs t h e l ow e r 5 row s c o nsi sti ng Of 8 re t o rts e ac h, w hil st t h e u pp e r o n e c o n t ai n s o n ly 6 F is t he fi re pl ac e wi th fl at g at e t h e arc h of whi ch c arri e s t he ab o v e m e n t i on e d divi di n g w all Ab ov e t he a c h t he re is an air fl u e fo t he p u rp o se o f c o oli n g t he bri c k w o k O n e i t he si de o f t h e arc h t he re are sl o ts t at giv e n di stanc e s ap a t t h o u g h w h i c h the fl am e e nt e s b o t h divi si o ns o f t h e f u rnac e I n e ac h divi si o n t he re a e t w o flu e s in As
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t he nc e p asses t hro ugh t h e h oriz on tal fl u e s 1) i n t o t h e fl ue E in t h e c e nt ra l w all e sc api n g fi nal ly in a h e at e d st at e t h rou gh t h e h oriz on t al ap ert u re s f i nt o t h e u pp er p art o f t h e sh af t R w h e re T h e p ro du c t s o f c om t h e u n c on su m e d g ase s a re c o m pl e t e ly b u r nt bu stio n de sc en d in t hi s shaft e sc api ng t h ro u gh t he fl u e G i n t o t he st ac k O n th e i r w ay t h e y giv e O E a c o nsi de rabl e p or t i o n o f t he i r h e at t o t he b ri c k w o rk su rro u n di ng t he air fl u e s c h am
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Gas fi r ed F ur naces -
Th e se fu rnac es are h e at e d e n ti e ly by m ean s o f p rodu cer gas T hey h av e th e adv an tag e as c o m p are d with di rec t fi e d furnace s O f c o n su m i n g l e ss e p e nde n t o f t h e n at u e o f t h e fu e l Of b e i ng i n d Th e di m i n i sh ed fu e l and fe w e r e to rt s and O f e xt rac ti ng m o re zi n c e t o ts de p e n d s n o t o nly u p o n t h e u ni form t e m p era c o nsu m p t i o n o f t u re o b tai n e d by m e ans Of gas fi ring bu t al so u p o n t h e e xi st e nc e o f a slig h t pl e nu m o f p ressu re in t h e f u nac e w h i c h p re v e nt s c o l d air fro m e nt e ri ng it w h ere as in a g rat e fi re d fu rn ac e c o l d air e n t e rs t h e l at ter w he ne v er f esh fue l is c h arg e d I n c o nse q u en ce of t h e se c on Fo r t h e ditio ns t h e re t o t s are l e ss ap t t o c rac k and l ast l o ng e r sam e re aso n t h e o u tp u t O f zi nc is h ig he r b e c au se l e ss zi nc v ap o u rs T he air u se d fo r b u rn i n g escap e fro m t h e e t o rt s i n t o t h e f u rn ac e t h e gas sh o u l d as a r u l e b e h e at ed G as fu rn ac e s w it h an d wit h ou t re g e n e at ors are e m pl o y e d F urn ac es with re ge ne rat ors alth ou gh t h ey c onsu m e l e ss f ue l an d att ai n high e r t e m p e at u e s t han t he o t h e rs h av e b e e n e m pl oy e d in bu t f e w c ases b e c au se t h e i r fi rst c ost is h ig h b e c au se t h e re g e n e at o fl u es are e asily ch o k e d by zi nc o xi de and t h e e fo re re q u i e c o n st an t c l e an i n b t h t p e ra e c a u se e m e g t u e is n o t so e asily k e p t at a u n i fo m h e at in t he l o fty B e lgi an f u r naces as it is in t h e b ro ad bu t l o w S il e si an fu n ac es and b ec au se in c onse q u e nc e t h e re of t h e re t o ts a e ap t to be o v e r h e at e d an d zi nc t o b e l ost o n acc o u n t o f t h e di ffi c u l ty e xp e ri e n ced in c o n d e nsi n g th e zi nc v ap ou rs I n t he c ase of t he l ow and b road S il e si an fu nac e s wi th l arge m u ffl e s gas fi ing w it h reg e ne ato rs has giv en go od re su l ts r
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Gas fi red Fu r na ces wit/t ou t Regen erators —
T he se fu rnac e s h av e b e e n u sed at M oresne t in B e lgi um and in t he U n it ed S tat es O f N orth A m e i c a At M oresne t ge ne at ors with st e p g at e s as w e ll as G rObe Lit m ann p ro du c e rs hav e b ee n e m l o e d p y T he l at t e for m o f p r du c e r h as giv e n e su l ts i n fe ri or t o t h o se o bt ai n e d A ll g m H tl k d p 2 13 ; l l h h l I D t h I g 18 77 p 14 ,
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12 1
furnac es w ere u n it ed to form one bl ock bu t fu rnac e was p rovi de d with a se p arat e p rodu ce r T he t wo e ac h f urnac es w e re n ot b u ilt di re c tly b ac k t o b ac k bu t a fl u e i nt o w h i ch The gases t he prod u c t s o f c o m b usti o n esc ap e d se p arat e d t he m e nt e re d t he fu rnac e fro m t h e p rodu c e rs w h e n t h e y c am e i n t o c o nt ac t wi th hot air h eat e d in t he b ottom m o st ro w o f t h e re t orts and w ere t hus b urnt T hey asc e nde d in t he f urnac e and esc ap e d f om th e th rou gh u pp e r e nd t h e reo f i n t o t h e ab o v e m e n ti o n e d v er ti c al fl u e whi c h th ey m ade t he i r w ay do w n w ards t o w a ds t he stac k The are b ro ade r th an t h e y fu rnac es u se d in t he n e ig h b o urh ood o f Li eg e T hey are b uilt in pai rs b ac k to b ac k e ac h se p arat e furnace are h ig h b e i ng p ro vi de d wit h t wo gas p ro du c e rs T he air is h eat ed and is c au se d t o e n t er t h e fu rnac e at v ari o u s pl ac e s in o rder t o h eat t h e l atte r as u ni form ly as p o sibl e L o i se au p asses p rodu c er gas th rou gh a se ri es o f c h am b ers l eadi ng o n e i n t o th e o th e r an d fill e d with I nt o t he fi rst h e ati ng c h am b e r h e ad m it s c ol d air re t o rt s i nt o th e foll owi ng on es h o t ai t h e t e m p erat u re o f whi c h is gradu ally a m ou n t o f rai se d in p ro p o rt i o n as t he gases in t he c o m b u stibl e T he o bj e c t Of t h i s arrang e m e n t is t o att ai n as c u rre n t di m i n i sh es o rt io ns o f t h e furnac e so t hat u n i form a t e m p e rat u re as p ossibl e in all p l oss of zinc due t o alternati o n s of te m p e rat u e m ay be av o ided The c o n stru c ti o n Of th e Ol de r typ e o f gas fi e d furnac e at t h e M at th i ese n H e ge l e r Z i nc Work s at L a S all e is sh ow n in Fig s 7 6 The fu rnace s are do u bl e fu rnac e s i nt o w h i c h t h e g ases and 7 7 T he t op m ost ti e r c o n t ai ns 3 6 re t ort s T he se are e n t e r fro m ab ov e 4 fe e t 3 i n ch e s l o ng 2 0 i n c he s hi gh an d 8 i nch e s b ro ad in t he c l e ar ; b e l o w t he se t h ere are fou r t i e rs of 42 re t orts e ac h th e l e ngt h and E ac h si de o f t h e di am e ter o f w h i ch de c re ase fro m abo v e do wnw ards do u bl e f urnac e ac c ordi ngly c o nt ai n s 16 8 re t o rts n ot c o un t i ng t h ose Th e gases a e g en e rat e d in p ro du ce rs p ro vi de d in t he t o p m ost t i e r with ste p grate s not Sh ow n in t he ill u strati on P assi ng i n to t he h oriz on t al fl u e s 6 t h e y e n t e r t h e v e rt i c al fl u e s c o n e i t h e r si de o f th e f urnac e and e sc ap e th rou g h t h e u pp e r e n d of t h e l att e r t hro ugh t he T he y are h e re b urn t sl o t s d i n t o t h e u pp e r p orti o n of t h e f urnac e by m eans o f a bl ast o f air w hi c h e n ters th e furnac e t hro ugh t he bl ast m ai n G g by th e t u b es f an d th e sl o t s 6 Th e fl am e t hu s p rodu c e d t rav e rses t h e furnace from ab ov e do w nw ards T he pro duc t s o f c o m bu stio n e sc ap e th ro ugh i i nt o th e fi u e s k l t o t he st ac k A p or t i o n o f t h e h e at o f th e se g ases p e n e t rat es th ro u gh t h e w all s o f t h e fl u e b and t h u s w arm s th e g ases e n t e ri ng t he fu rn ac e t he
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b ov e nam e d w ork s consi st o f a ro w o f h eati ng c h am b e rs c om m u n i c ati ng w i th e ac h o th er w h i c h a e t rav e rse d in t u rn by t h e stre am o f gas and are fu rni sh e d with E ac h p ai r o f fu rnac es ap e rt ure s fo r t h e i n t odu c ti on o f h o t air T h e re h av e a b ac k w all in co m m on an d are u n it e d t o fo rm a bl o c k are 4 t o 6 ti e rs o f re t o rt s in e ac h f u rnac e e ac h ro w c o nsi sti ng o f 5 6 T h e l arg e st bl oc k o f t w o f u rnac e s c o nt ai ns 8 7 6 t o 7 2 re t ort s r e t ort s A gas fired furnace has b e e n d esi gne d by T hu m for th e t reat m en t in re t ort s o f zi nc ore s ri ch in l e ad wh i ch do e s n o t h o w e v er see m t o T he re t o r t s o f th e se f u rnac es h av e p ro v e d sati sfac t o ry in p r ac ti ce T he
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12 4
b urni ng gase s t h e n asc e nd in t h e se c ond sh aft and d esc end in t h e fi rst esc api ng t o t h e stac k t hro u gh t he sec o nd p ai r o f re ge n erat ors w hi c h alt er T he gas c u rre n t is e v e rsed by th e val ve tw ( Fig h at e ly c o nn e c ts t h e e nt e i ng gases w i t h o n e o f t h e gas fl u e s x an d t h e p rodu c t s Of c om b u sti on w i t h t he fl u e l eadi ng t o t he stac k A si m il ar re v e si ng v al v e no t sh o w n in t he fig u re se r v e s t o re v e rse t he air c u rren t as re q u i e d S u ch a f u rn ac e w it h 12 0 r e t o t s o n e i t h e r si de 10 ti e s o f w hi c h are nd 1 bl ank c ha d a e g is in u se at t he w ork s t he Illi noi s Z i n c of at P e ru C o m p any n ear L a S all e T he
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W he n a fu rnace is to be started it is g en tly fi red for so m e day s with e m pty re t orts afterwards the re t ort s are c harg e d and t he h e at gradually i n cre ased The fi rst ch arg e s are ligh t and are gradually i nc re ase d u ntil at th e e nd Of 14 day s the n o rm al rat e of w orki ng has b ee n att ai ne d The c harg e s are i n t rodu c e d i n t o t h e re t ort s aft e r t he adapt ers h av e b e e n re m o v e d by m e ans of a sc o op sh ap e d lik e a se m i c yli n d T he re t ort s whi c h er att ach e d t o t he en d o f a l o ng rod are e xp ose d t o t h e g re at e st h eat re c e iv e h e avi e r c h arg e s t h an t h o se l ess stro ngly h eat ed The l att e are c harge d wi th easibly re du c ibl e su b stanc e s su c h as zi nc fu m e an d zi n c b e ari n g resi due s as al so with p oor ores that si n t er re adily I n m odern furnace s t he av e rag e c h arge o f a re t ort am ou n t s t o 6 3 l bs o f ore A ft er t he re t o t s h av e b ee n c h arge d t h e ad ap te rs wi t h t h e i r su pp o t s are att ach e d and t h e sp ac e b e tw ee n t he ad apt er an d r e t ort is l u t e d wit h c l ay S om e ti m e afte r t h e re t ort s h av e b e e n c h a g e d a fl am e of b u rn i ng c arb o n m o n o xid e e sc ap e s fro m t h e ad apt e s w hi c h sh o w s af t er so m e ti m e t h e b rilli an t li ght of b u rni ng zi nc v ap ours As so on as th i s p h e nom enon is p e rce iv e d n o zzl e s are att ac h e d t o t he adap t ers in o rde r t o av o i d l oss of zi nc Alth ou gh t he adapters rapi dly attai n t he n e c e ssary t e m p erat u re n o fl u id zi nc c onden ses in t he m at fi rst zi nc o xi de b e i ng form e d in c onseq u e n ce o f t he c arb on di o xi de and w at e r vap o ur present in the gases M oreov er on ac cou nt o f t he i r g re at dil u ti on t h e v ap ou rs o f zi nc do n ot c on de n se t o a liq u i d bu t fo m fu m e It is on ly aft er t he ab ov e nam e d gases h av e di sapp eare d that t h e zi nc v ap ou rs b e i n t o c o nde n se t o liq u i d zi n c If t h e f u rnac e w ork s g t oo ho t w h e re by t h e form at i o n o f c onsi de abl e q u an titi es of zi nc f u m e in the n o zzl e s is c au se d du e t o i m p erfec t c o nde n sati o n o f v ap ou s in t h e adapt ers a fe w sm all h o l es are m ade in t h e c l ay l u ti ng T he zi nc ,
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M E T A LL U RG Y
12 6
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v e d e ithe r se v e ral ti m e s du ri ng t he p ro c ess or on ly o nc e afte r it s c om pl e ti on I n t hi s c ase t h e no zzl e s are e m o v e d fro m t he ad apt e rs an d t h e zi n c is draw n by m e an s o f a ak e o u t o f t h e adapt e s i nt o l adl e s h e l d b e n e at h t h e m f o m w h i c h it is c ast in i o n m o u l ds i nto sl ab s w eig hi ng 4 0 t o 44 l bs t he surface O f th e zi n c b e i ng fi rst ski m m e d T h e t i m e o f di st ill at i on de p e nds u p on t h e siz e o f t h e re t o ts an d o f t h e f u rn ace s u p o n t h e p osi t i o n o f t h e re t ort s in th e l at t e r an d al so u p on t h e re du c ibili t y O f t h e ch arg e an d av e age s b e t w ee n 12 an d 24 h o u s A f te r it s c on c l u si on t h e adap te rs a e re m o v e d an d t h e e si du es re m ai n i ng in t h e r e t o t s are draw n o u t by m e an s o f su it abl e rak es A ft er any ac c re ti ons h av e b ee n em ov e d t h e e to ts are c harge d agai n Dam age d re t ort s are t h e c on l u si o n o f t h e di st ill ati on c h an g e d aft e T he t i m e oc c u pi e d in c ha gi ng c l e ari ng t h e re t o t s re p ai i ng th e l att e r and r e pl ac i ng dam age d e t orts de p e n ds u p o n t h e siz e o f t h e fu rnac e an d t h e n u m b er O f re t o t s it c o n t ai n s Th e sam e c o n di t i o ns c o nt o l t he n u m b e o f m e n re q u i e d at t h e f u n ac e Fo r m o de rn B e lgi an fu n ac es t h e re t o rt s o f w h i c h c on t ai n o n an av e rage 6 3 l bs o f o re o n e m an is e c k o n e d t o e v e ry 14 re t o rts o re s c o n t ai n i ng xt rac t i o n o f 1 t o n Of zi n c fro m e 2 4 h u r T h e o s e p T he c h arg e o f 5 0 p e c e nt o f m e tal e q u i re s 5 8 m e n p e 2 4 h o u rs a f u n ace de p e n ds u p on t h e n u m b e r o f re t o rt s in it an d v ari e s be Th e c o nsu m p t i on Of fu e l t w e e n 8 c w t s an d se v e al t e n s o f ore v a i e s w i th t h e qu ali t y o f t h e c oal an d t h e m e t hod o f fi i ng b e tw ee n T he du rabili ty of t h e re t o rt s de 14 an d 2 t o ns fo e ac h t o n o f o e p e nds u p o n t h e q u ali ty o f t h e m at e i al s e m pl oy e d and u p on t he M o de rn e t o ts m ade by hydrau li c p re ssu e m e th o d f m anu fac t u e l ast at p e se nt u p o n an av e age 4 0 day s T he l oss o f zi n c w hi c h w as fo m e ly u p t o 2 7 p e c e n t o f t h e c o n t e n ts o f t h e o e v ari es w i t h m o de n f u nac e s b e t w e e n 10 an d 15 pe r c e nt
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l de fu n ac es Fo t h e p o du c t i n o f 1 t on o f zi nc fro m o re s c o n tai ni ng 5 0 pe r c e nt o f m e t al 3 t o 4 t o n s o f c o al for h e at i ng and re du c t i o n and e t o ts b e i n 4 c w ts o f c l ay a e re q u i re d 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e g de i h h W t t e o l de st fu rnac e s 7 t o 8 t o n s o f c o al s w e e st o e d daily y c o n su m e d f o e ac h t o n o f zi nc T h e do u bl e f u nac e s at t h e w o k s o f t he V i e ill e M o nt ag ne C o rn p any at A ngl e u c o nt ai n 10 0 re to ts on e i the r si de a bl oc k Of
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M E T A LLU RG Y
12 8
t hose in the b o tto m row o nly for 6 day s T he f urnac e c am p aig n l ast e d 15 0 t o 18 0 day s As will be seen these Ol de r re to rt furnac es fi e d by m e ans o f grat es w e re m a k e dly i nfe ri or t o t h e m odern fu n ac e b oth as regards t he i r d u rabili ty andc ap ac i t y and h a v e b e e n t o a g re at e x t e n t re pl ac e d by t h e l att e r T he l arg e r f ur nac e s fi re d by s sh o u l d t h e e fo re b e p re fe re d as a u l e t o t h e sm all e r g rate fi re d a g .
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p rodu c ti o n o f zi nc am ou nt s t For e ach t on o f zi n c 45 t o n s o f c o al as fu e l and 1 7 7 3 5 p er c e n t t ons Of c o al fo edu c ti o n or a to t al of 6 2 t on s Of c oal a e e q u i red; T h e f u n ace c am p ai gns 3 7 p e r c en t o f e t o t s are de st ro e d daily l ast fo r 15 m on th s At the B e th a Work s ne ar P u l aski in t he S t at e o f V i gi n ia w hi c h p rodu c e zi nc w e ll k now n for it p u ity and f e e do m f o m l e ad t he ore t re at e d b e i ng c al a (Z n 9 9 9 8 1 p er c e n t Fe 00 19 p e r m i ne f e e from l e ad t h ere a e 10 m odifi ed B e lgi an fu rn ac es fi e d by rate s a h o f w h i c h c on t ai ns 14 0 r e t orts o f o v al ross s ec ti o n e c c g havi ng a l e ngt h of 4 fee t t h e l a ge di am e t e r b e i ng 10 i nc he s an d t h e sm all e r b e i ng 8 i nch es in th e c l e a L ong flam e d P ocah o nt as c o al is u se d as fu e l anth ac i t i c c o al for t h e p u rp ose o f e du c ti on T h e ch a g e o f a fu rnac e c onsi st s of 4 2 5 t o n s Of c al c i n e d o re and The di st ill ati o n o c c u pi es 24 h o u s t h e ou t p u t O f zi nc 3 t on s o f c o al b e i ng 8 0 pe c e n t Fiv e m e n w o k a furnac e in 2 47 ho u shi ft s At t he w o rk s o f th e M atth i esen and H eg e l er M anu fac tu ring C o m p any at La S all e t h e re w ere t o w ard s t h e e n d of t he se v e n ti es t w o fo m s o f gas fi re d fu rnac es n am e ly sm all do u b l e fu rn ac e s wit h 13 6 re t orts and a l arge d ou bl e furn ac e w it h 4 08 re t o t s T he p oduce s w ere p ro vi de d with o bliq u e grates bu il t o f fi e bri c k The b ic k s w ere su pp ort ed u p o n c ast iro n b earers t he n ece ssa y sp ac e fo t h e adm i ssi on Of air b e i ng l e ft b e t w e e n t he m T h i s a ange m ent is n e c e ssit at e dby t he fac t t h at t h e o n ly av ail abl e c o al is v e y a t t o c li n k e r p T h e re w e re five t i e rs of re t o t s in al l t he furnac e s T he u pp e m ost ro w c o n si st e d Of t h e e t ort s wi th r e c t ang u l ar c ross se c t i o n desc ib e d on p age 105 w h i c h t ak e a ch arge t w o or t hre e ti m e s as g e at as t hat of t h e re gu l ar re t ort s T h e fu rnac e s w ere divi de d i n t o se c t i o ns w h i c h c ontai n 4 t i e s o f 7 cyli n dri c al re t orts and1 ro w of 6 p ri sm ati c re t orts Th e sm all e f urnac e s hav e t w o o f t h ese divi si o ns o n e i th er Si de e ac h th e l arg e r S ix ; th e t o p m o st row agai nst w h i c h t h e fl am e st ik es w as fi rst charge d with bl e nde th e sec ond and t hi d wit h c al am ne and T he ou tp u t o f t he l ow e st wi t h zi n c fu m e and resi du e s i c h in zi n c t h e l a g e dou bl e f u nac es am o u n t s t o 5 t o 6 t on s o f zi nc p er 24 h ou rs t h e dest r u c ti on of re t ort s am ou nt s to T he l oss of zi nc is 18 pe r ce n t 2 5 p er c e n t At p re se n t t he l a gest dou bl e fu nace c ont ai ns 8 7 6 re t o t s Th e gas fi re d furnac e s o f th e Mi ssou ri Z i n c C om p any in S t L ou i s con t ain 16 0 retorts e ac h T he y are c h arge d wi t h c al c i ned th e w e ight o f whi ch in t h e raw st at e am ou nt s t o sili c at e of zi n c 1893 d Mi J 22 k l it E g l lvi N St k Z it St k l it St of
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h t o n o f t s t h e d u c d f o e o e pl y i i 4 % t on s a s fu e l Th e o u tp u t n m e d u n c o s a e l b i g f c o o t n s 8 o t w 5 c 1 i s 3 c ha ge f 4 n n o f n c 4 o s o h t o a o e c n F zi q l c e t zi t 1 er t o 0 7 7 u a nc is e of p ss i n s d r a e t s c o e f r e o s o n o t s t u c h e d e l l i t i bly l T u e f s d a u s e c o a are t h an it is in di re c t fire d fu nac es T he
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h iz t lly Upp er S il e si a t he b o tt o m is fi rst m ade by c u tt ing u t a h o ll o w in a p ri sm at i c pi e c e o f c l ay o f t h e siz e of t he b ot tom o f t he m u ffl e w hi c h is th e n pl ac e d in t h e l o w e r p o ti on of t h e m u ffl e m o u l d S l ab s o f c l ay Of t he he i gh t o f a se g m e n t o f t h e m ou l d are t he n i n t rodu c e d and u n i t e d t h e di ago nally c u t e n d Of t h e sl ab b e i ng sc o e d m o i st e n e d wit h wat e r and t h e n p sse d ag a ins t t h e c orre sp o ndi ngly c u t e n d o f t h e n e x t pi e c e Th e sl ab s o f c l ay are t he n p re sse d a ai n st t h e c orre sp ondi n p r ti on of t h e m o u l d an d o g g
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M E T A L L U RG Y
13 6
T h i s adapt e w h i c h h as e n de red g o od se rvi c e at th e a s e r S e i n r s o t h e r il i k b pl w k Upp il i d i n o n W r a ce S es a een e o s h as su c h as th e Wil h e l m i n a and P au l “l o rk s b y th e D agne r adap te r a m f r o u s o n c a v zi v p t h e n se n d e o T h e D ag ne adap t e t o c es se p ai of adj ac nt m uffle s and c on si sts o f a se i s o f i nc li ne d b ox es w h i c h lie b e si de o r ab o v e e ac h o th e r in w h i c h t he g re at e r p o rt i on n r a a r T h e t d s e d o e u r i s o t lli tit v p p i ge h a h f t e of t e m e a c c ons u e nt s o m e n t Of t he adapt e r is sho w n in Fig s 9 4 t o 9 9 ; in t h ese a a are t h e Th e tw o adap t e s fi tte d t o th e p ai r o f m u ffl es n lyi ng si de by si de g ases and z inc v ap ou rs e sc ap e from l at e ral Op e n i ngs in these adap te rs
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i nt o a c ham b e 1 lyi ng b e tw e e n t he m T h ou gh an Op e ni ng in th e u pp e r p a t o f t he l att e r t h e y e sc ap e i nt o a p i sm at i c bo x 0 2 4 i n c h e s l ong t av e se t hi s l e ng th w ay s and t he n i se u p i n to anot he r p ri sm ati c bo x 03 o f t he sam e l e ngth w h i c h t h e y al so t av e se l o n gi t u di nally and t he n e sc ap e t h o ugh an Op e n i ng p o vi de d w i t h a sh o t b an c h i nt t h e flu e K Whe n th e y e sc ap e t h ro u gh t h e t op m ost b o x t h ese gase s are b u n t by a c u r e n t f ai so t hat t he i p o du c t s o f c o m b u st i o n t oge t h e w i t h any zi n c v ap o u s t hat h av e e sc ap e d c o m b u st i o n e n t e t he fl u e K T he f o n t e nds o f t h ese adapt e s a e c l ose d by pl at es o f s he e t i o n w h i c h a e c o v e e d wi t h c l ay o n e it h si de an d a e l u t e d t o t h e adap te rs I n t he m i ddl e o f e ac h pl at e t he e is a sm all ou nd h o l e w hi h c an be c l ose d at will by a c l ay pl u g T hro ugh th ese r
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13 8
A dapt e rs are c o m p ose d of ordi na y p o t t e r s c l ay wi th the ad diti o n o f a c e rtai n q u ant i t y o f b u rnt c l ay or o f frag m e nt s o f m u ffle s o r at t i m e s o f t h e d i still at i on re si du e s f om t he zi nc re to t s or of c o k e du st T hey are m ade by h an d sl ab s of c l ay o f t he re q u i si te l e ng th b ei ng l ai d u p on w o ode n c ore s of t h e shap e of th e adap t e r and p re ssed do w n u p o n th e m A s soo n as th e m ass h as at tai ne da su ffi c i en t de gre e o f c on si st e nc y t h e c ore is w it hd apt e r h as t o b e raw n t e n a b e lli e d ad m ade as is sh o w n in Fig 9 0 th e c ore c o n si st s o f t hree pi ec e s a b and c t h e m i d dl e w e dge sh ap e d p orti o n o f w hi c h I) is p ro vi de d wi th a h an dl e so t h at it c an be d aw n o u t Th e sl ab o f c l ay is l ai d u p o n t h e c ore an d b e at e n do w n by h and A s so on as it h as att ai ne d a su ffi c i e n t c on si st e nc y t h e w ed ge sh ap e d p ort i on of th e c ore is wit h d raw n ; t h e p orti on a th e n drop s dow n and c an be draw n ou t and t h e p ort i o n 0 is l astly li ft e d o u t fro m t h e adapt e r Th e se adapters a e e i t h er d ri e d u p on t h e roo f o f t h e d i still ati on fu rnac e and u se d raw or e l se are b u rn t afte r h avi n g b ee n d ri e d by t h e w ast e h e at o f t h e di still ati on furnac e or in sp ec i al anne ali n g kil n s A dapt e rs l ast fro m t w o t o t h re e w e e k s I n orde r t o p ro t ec t t h e w o rk m e n agai n st t h e gases and v ap ou rs w h i c h esc ap e w h e n t h e m u ffl e s are b e i ng c l e ar e d o u t an d c h arge d as al so a ai nst t h e zi nc v ap o u rs w h i c h e sc ap e du ri n g di still ati on g t hro u gh t he sigh t h ol e s an d th ro ugh c rack s in t h e adapters an ar an g e m e n t h as b e e n i n t ro du c e d by S t e m e l m ann at t h e H o h e n p l o he Work s ne ar K at t o w i t z wi th g ood re su l ts It is t h e re fore c o m bi n e d w it h t h e D ag n e r adapt e r t h e a rang e m e n t b e i n g sh o w n in Fi gs 10 0 t o Ab o v e t h e u pp erm o st adapt e r a sh e e t i o n pl at e a b is so se c u re d t o t he bu ck st ave s of t he f urn ac e as t o fo m a fl u e t h e w all s o f w h i c h c o n si st o f t h e ab o v e sh ee t i ron t h e t ru e fu rn ac e w all 0 d an d o f a p ai r o f bu c k st av e s 3 A t th e u pp e r e n d t h e e is a l at e ral ap e rt u re i t h ro u gh w h i c h t h e gase s i n t o th e du st c h am b er K an d v ap ou s asc e n di n g c an esc ap e T hi s flu e c an be p rol onged dow nw a ds by m e ans o f a sli di ng she e t o f i ro n p ro vi de d w it h a handl e and su sp ende d by m e an s of a c hai n wi th a c ou n t e rp o i se I t is g u i de d by m e an s Of i ro n c ast i n g s f riv e t e d t o t h e sh e e t i ro n a Z Whe n t h e m u ffl e is t o be c l e a e d o u t th e sli di n g sh e e t is l o w e e d so far t h at t he ases an d v ap o u s esc api ng from t h e g fo m e r ri se t h o u gh t h e O p e n i ng h i n t o t h e p ro l o ngat i o n O f t he flu e an d t he nc e e sc ap e t hro u g h t h e O p e n i ng i i n to t he du st c ham b e r K Whe n t he m u ffl e is b e i ng c ha ge d t he sh e e t i ro n m u st be li ft e d u p so fa t hat t h e fro n t e nd o f t h e ad ap t e V t h ou gh w hi c h c hargi ng t ak e s pl ac e st an ds o p e n T h e g ases an d v ap o u s t h e n al so esc ap e ’
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13 9
i nto t he abov e nam ed flu e and fi nd th e i r way throu gh i into t he du st c ham b e r W here v er t he adapte rs of Kl ee m an n an d Dagne r are n ot in u se no zzl e s o r c o n d e n se rs Of sh e e t i ro n are Oft e n at t ac h e d t o t h e fro n t en d o f t h e ad apt e rs in o de r t o c o ll e c t t h e m e t alli c p o ti o n Of t h e v ap ours and t o p re v e nt i nj u ry by th e e sc api ng g ase s The m e talli c p orti on of the v ap ou rs c on de nse an d t h us form a m ixture of p u lv e rn l e n t zi nc an d zi nc o xid e k n ow n as zi nc fu m e or p ou ssiere T he se -
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zzl es m ay c o m m u n i c at e wi th d raft fi n e s to re m ov e th e p oi sonous e o th e rw i se t h i s gas esc ap es t h ro u gh th e fron t e n dof th e c arb o n i c o xi d fo rm e r S u c h no zzl e s are at p re se n t u niv e sally u se d fo r B e lgi an an d B e l go S il esian furnace s The m ost i m p ro v e d form s o f th e se form e rly u se d in Upp er S il e si a and still at p rese n t u se d t o som e e xt e n t are t h e twi n c yli ndri c al no zzl es Of Re c h a t h e c yli nde r o f Bu gdoll t he v erti c al no zzl e with c on de nsi ng c h am b er andthe re sp ec tiv e app aratu s o f P al m O f H aw e l o f Miel c h e n an d o f S t e g e r no
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14 0
Fig 103 sh o w s Re ch a s n o zzl e s he e t i ro n A B c o n n e c t e d w i t h e ach
yli nde s of Th e si gh t h o l e o f t h e o the r e r B has a c yli nde r A is c l o se d by an au t o m ati c v alv e e ; t h e c yli n d h ro u gh t h e a e ca Th i b tibl e e c p t e a w h h a r e n o t c o m u s s s e s c p g g l at t er cyli nde by m e ans o f t he tu b e re an dc an be c ondu c t e d aw ay by m e an s o f a h ood att ac h e d t o t he fro n t si de o f t h e fu rn ac e i n t o th e fl ue s or ab ov e t he l e v e l O f th e fu rnac e t op Fig 104 sh ow s t h e no zzl e o f B ugdol l I t c on si st s o f a c yli nde r ’
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v alv e b t he p arti c l es o f fu m e de p osit e d c an be re m o v e d The gase s an d v ap o u rs e sc ap e in t he t h ro u gh t h e b an c h ; t he l at t e is c l o se d by a gas filte r O f fi n e c o tt o n in w h i c h al l s l i d p art s o f th e gases an d v ap o u rs are e t ai ne d Fig 10 5 sh o w s t h e v e t i c al n o zzl e wit h c o nde nsi ng c ham b e r ; 5 is t h e v e rt i c al n o zzl e c o nn e c t e d o n o ne si de w i t h t he adap te r r by m e ans o f t h e t u b e t o n t h e o t he si de w i th t h e c on de n si ng c ham b e T h o ugh t he l at t e gase s an d v ap ou rs k by m e ans o f t h e t u b e s t h av e n o t b e e n c o n de n se d e sc ap e by t h e t u b e l i n t o t he i n t e i o Of t ha R P t t N D R P t t N
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14 2
Fig 110 fro m w h i c h t h e gase s an d v ap o u rs esc ap e t hro u gh t w o t u b e s O f sh e e t i ron 0 i nt o a sh ee t i ron c yli n de r e, p ro vi de d w i t h h and h o l e s f and p ass by m e an s o f t h e p e rforat e d sh ee t s 9 i nt o t h e t u b e .
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t w all T he gase s and v ap o urs e sc ap e th ou gh t he p e rforat e d e i n t o th e an nu l ar ap e tu re b e t w e e n th e i nne r c o v er o f t h e i nn e r c yli n d an d th e o u t e r o n e t hro u g h th e l o w e r e nd o f t h i s sp ac e p ass at t h e l o w e r e nd o f th e l at t e i nt o t he sp ac e b e tw e e n t he i n n e r cyli nd er and t h e n o zzl e and t h e n t ak e t h e S pi ral ou t e i n di c at e d by t h e arro w s e sc api ng fi nally t hro u gh t h e O p e n i n gs V in t h e c o v e r o f t h e n o zzl e ; t h e app a at u s is p ro vi de dwit h t h e h an dl e s Z O n acc o u n t o f t h e l on g o u t e t rav e rse daro u n dt h e o u t e r c yli nd e r th e de p ositi on o f t h e m e t alli c p o ti on s Of th e gases is al m ost c om pl e t e S te g e r s n o zzl e w h i c h is u se d at t h e L azy W o k s n ear B e u th en is sh o w n in Fig 111 Th e g ases and v ap o u rs e sc ap e fro m th e ou e r
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pte r fi rst i nt o t he l o w e r c yli nder U t hen t rav e rse t he Sh e e t i ro n t u b e s a a and a whi c h form the n ozzl e prop e r and e scap e at t h e u pp er e nd o f t h e l att e r t h ro u gh t h e t u b e at i nt o a fl u e in w h i c h th e y are bu rnt and l e d aw ay I n the t u b e a di scs o f i ron are a ang e d by w h i c h t he g ases are forc e d t o asc e n d c l ose t o t h e o u t si de T he zigz ag arran ge m e n t o f t he t u b es c i rc u m fe e n ce o f th e t u b e forc e s t he g ases t o t rav e se a c on si de rabl e di st anc e and at t he sam e The gas is al so e xp ose d t o t i m e al t e rs t he i r di re c ti o n re p e at e dly t h e c o nt ac t o f a v e y e xt e nsiv e surfac e an d is t h u s gre atly c oo l e d o n ac c ou n t o f t he m at e ri al o f w h i c h th e t u b es c o n si st T he c o o li ng e ffec t is i nc re ase d by t h e ac t i on o f t h e di sc s 8 w h i c h forc e t he gas c u rre n t ag ai n st t h e w all O f t h e t u b e a3 I n c on se q u e nc e o f t h e se arrang e m e n t s t h e c u rre n t o f as g is c o ol e d far b e l o w its t e m p erat u re o f ig n it io n so t h at e v e n S h ou l d air fi nd it s w ay i n t o t h e n o zzl e s e xpl o si on s are n o t I t is sai d th at th e am o u n t t o be fe are d o f zi nc fu m e Ob t ai ne d in t h i s n o zzl e is v e ry c on si de rabl e and g re atly e x c e e ds t hat Obtai ned in t he o th ers The m e thod o f arrangi ng t h i s n o zzl e in B e lg o S il esi an fu rnace s wit h se v eral ro w s o f m u ffles is sh o w n in Fig 112 on e ab o v e th e o th e T h e g ases e scapi ng from t h e n o zzl e p ass t hro u g h t h e O p e n i ng s i i nt o t he h ood A w h i c h di re c ts t hem ou tw ards As th e y fro m t h e o p e ni n gs i th e y are e sc ap e T hi s no zzl e c an al so be re adily appli ed se t fi r e t o an d b u rnt t o B e l gi an fu rnac e s a ad
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v ari ou s fo rm s of furnac e s are fu naces with g ate s in w h i c h t h e flam e r i se s u p su rro u n ds t h e m u ffle s l at e rally and t h e n esc ap e s p artly throu gh o p e nin gs in the arch Of th e f urnac e p artly throu g h l at e al ap e rt u res and fu rn ac e s fi re d by g rat e s or fi re dby gas in w h i c h t h e fl am e ri ses u p t o t h e arc h and t h e n re t u rn s surrou ndi ng and s t iki ng t h e m u ffl e s from ab o v e and e sc api ng at th e b o tt o m o f t h e fu rnac e s Th e fu rnac e s o f t he form e t yp e are k n ow n as t he Ol d S il e si an fu rn ac e s t h ose o f t h e l att e typ e as t h e B e lg o S il esi an furnac es T he B el go S il esi an fu r nace s app o xi m at e in the i r c on s t ru c ti on t o t h e B e lgi an fu rnac es w h e n t h e m u ffl es are arran ge d in T he
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14 4
v e al ti e rs on e ab ov e th e o the and w he n t h e se p a at e m u ffles are e xt re m i t i e s in t he fu n ac e s lik e t h e r e t or ts o nly su pp o t e d at t h e i B elgi an fu nac e T he se a e u se d in B elgi u m t he Rh i ne o f t he T he ol d S il e si an f u naces w e re fo rm e rly P o vi n c es and We st p hali a u se d u n iv e sally in Upp e r S il esi a t h e sho t fl am i ng c oal w h i c h is t h e re o b t ai n abl e b e i ng t h e fu e l e m pl oy e d A t p re se n t h o w e v e r t h e y h av e e v e ryw h e e b ee n di spl ac e d by t h e B e lg S il e si an f u n ac e s T he l att e w hi c h a e su i te d fo c oal s givi ng l ong fl a m e s an d for v ari ou s fo r m s o f gas fi ing e c o n o m i se h e at t o a far gre at e e xt e n t t han do t h e ol d S il e si an fu n ace s w h i c h n o waday s sc arc e ly p o ssess m ore t han h i st o ri c al v al u e r
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T hese a e fu rn ac es with a l ong narro w fi e c h am b e r I n t he i l o ngitu di nal axi s a dee p g at e is b u ilt u p on e ith er l ong si de Of w hi c h the m u ffl e s rest u p o n fl am e su pp o rt s The i si ng f om t he grate r
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p a t ly e sc ap es t h ou gh a ro w o f fl u e s in t he arch of t he furnac e i n to a m ai n flu e l eadi ng i n to a l a ge st ac k or di re c tly e i th e i n to l o w st ack s T h e arran ge m e nt o f su ch a fu nace is show n in Fi gs 113 t o 115 in w hi c h I) is th e grat e ; it s l e ngth is 5 fe e t 5 i nc he s I t is an d it s de p th 2 fe e t 6 i n c h e s b e l o w t h e fl oo Of t h e fu rn ac e fi re d by m e ans of a fi re do or sho w n in Fig 113 Al ong t he t w o l ong si de s o f t he grat e or u p on t he i r p o l ngati on 10 m u ffle s are T he oo f f t he f u rnac e is b u ilt o f fi re c l ay or o f fi re bric k s a an g e d Eac h p ai o f m u ffle s o p e n s in fro n t i n t o re c e sse s 2 9 i n c h e s h ig h a nd 2 6 i nc he s wi de w h i c h a e k n o w n as chap el s t he se b e i ng se p arat ed f o m e ac h o t h e by p a ty w all s Z 4 fe e t 4 i nc h es l o ng an d 4 i nc h e s T he adap t e s o f t h e m u ffl e s l ie in t h e se re c e sses T he se t hi c k f w h i c h h l ds 2 0 m u ffle s a e b u ilt in p ai rs A fte r f u nac es e a h t h e fl am e h as h e at e d t h e m u ffle s f o m t he si de it e sc ap e s t h ro u g h l ate al op eni ng s in t he sh orte w all s Of t he fu rnac e p artly i nto r
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M E T A L LU RG Y
14 6
t he n t o e t u rn e sc api ng at t he b o tto m o f t he fu rnac e T hu s t he p odu c t s of c o m b u sti o n e sc ap e e i t he r t h o u gh a c o m m on fl ue ru n ni ng u n der t h e b o tt o m t h e fu rn ac e i nt o a st ac k o i n t o se v e al of st ac k s or b e fore e n t e ri n g t h e l at t e t hey can be u t ili se d fo r c al c i ni ng c al am i n e T h e m u ffle s est u p o n t h e sm all e st p ossibl e su pp o ts i nsi de t he furnac e so t hat e v e n t he b ot t o m sh all be as far as p ossibl e s ur o u nd I n th e Rh i ne P ovi nc e s We stp h ali a and e d by fl am e s B e l gi u m m uffles hav e b e en m ade re l at iv e l y sm all a rang ed in pl ac e d o n e ab ov e t h e o t he r By t h i s m e an s h e at h as se v e al ro w s b e e n m o re e ffe c t u ally u t ili se d ( 6 t o 8 p a t s o f c oal t o 1 p art o f zi nc) t h e t e m p e atu e is k e p t m o re u n i fo m t h e a l on g e r e t ort s l ast f o t i m e t h e o u t p u t o f zi n c is g e at e an d t h e f u n ac e s c an b e adap t e d fo a l arge n u m b e o f m u ffles and t h e i r c ap ac i ty t h e re by i n c re ase d I t w as al so fo u nd p ossibl e t o av o i d t he e n t ran c e o f sm o k e i nt o t h e w o rk s an d t o m i n i m i se t h e i nj u ry do n e by t he sm o k e t o t h e su r ro u n di n c o un t ry g T hi s m e t ho d o f h eati ng w as fi st i nt o du c e d at the w ork s of th e V i e ill e M on t ag ne C o m p an y in B e l gi u m an d We st p h ali a flat g at e s an d h i h ly bit u m i n o us c o al s b e i ng e m pl oy e d; t h i s is t h e re ason w h y g t h ese fu rn ac es hav e re c e iv e d th e n am e o f B e l go S il esi an f u n ace s I n t he c ase o f th e l e ss bit u m i no u s c o al s o f Upp e r S il e si a o rdi nary g at e s c ou l d o nly be e m pl oy e d w h e n t h e l ay e of fu e l w as rai se d u p t o a c on si de abl e h e ig h t by a be d of c li n k e an air bl ast b e i ng forc e d i n to t h e ashpi t u n de t he g rat e o ab o v e t he g at e at t h e l e v e l A f m l ay e r o f f u e l u the i p o v e m e n t w as t h e i nt rodu c t i o n o f th e t o p h ch c o n si de rably n c e ase d t h e c a ac it v o f t h e w i i of as fi i n g p g f u n ac e s an d h as al m ost c om pl e t e ly di spl ac e d fl re g rat e s As a ule th e re fo e gas fi ring sh ou l d at p e se nt be e x c l u siv e ly u se d fo r B e l go Sil e si an fu nace s I n t he p re se n t st at e o f de v e l op m ent of t he B elg S il esi an fu rnac e w e m ay di sti ng u i sh fu rnac es w i th l arg e m u ffle s lyi ng in o n e t i e as u se d in Upp er S il e si a and fu rnac e s w i th sm all m u ffles in se v e al t i e s o n e ab o v e t h e o t h e r as u se d in th e Rh i n e P o vi n c e s We stp h ali a and B e l gi u m The nu m b er of m u ffl es in t h e fu rnace s o f t h e fi st c l ass w hi c h are u se d o n ly in Upp e S il e si a is fro m 3 2 t o 7 2 Tw o f u rn ace s a e gen e rally c o I n t h e fu n ac e s o f t he se c o nd c l ass in b ine d t o fo m a bl oc k w h i c h t h e re are se v e al row s u su ally t h re e o f sm all m u ffl es t h e n u m be o f t h e l att e r is c o nsi d e rably gre at e an d m ay am u n t t o H e e al so t wo fu n ac es are u s ually b u il t t oge th e r in o ne bl oc k 12 0 Fo e x am pl e at t h e M u n st e rb u sc h Wo rk s n e ar S t o lb e g t h e re are 12 0 m u ffle s in e ac h hal f o f a bl oc k o r 2 4 0 in t h e e nt i e bl oc k ; at Bi k e ngang ne a S to lb g and at t he B e rgi sc h G l adb ac h W o k s and
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be st t o se p arate t he ab o v e fu rnace s i nt o fu rnace s fi re d by g rat es an d th o se fi re d by F u rnac e s fi re d by gas m ay b e di vid e d i n t o f u nac e s with o u t gas and wit h re g e ne rat o rs 2 16 m u ffl e s in
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B e l gi u m is sh o wn in Figs 116 t o 12 0 T here are e it he r si de o f t h e g rat e T w o su c h furnac es are b u ilt t oge ther b e ing un it ed by t he i r sho te si des Th e flam e ri si ng t hrough the grat e asc e nds t o t he a ch and t h e n de sc en d s e nv e l opi ng t h e m u ffles fro m ab o v e and e sc api ng th ro u g h a r o w o f ap e rt u re s i n t o t h e fi n e s k in t h e fl oo whi c h l e ad t he p ro du c t s o f c om b u sti on t o th e stac k I n t he o l de r f u rn ac es t he e a e c al am i n e c al c i n i n g c ham b e rs Z b e tw ee n e ach p ai r o w h e n e v er soli d zi n c w as p o du c e d as in th e ol d S il e si an fu rn ac e s c h am b e rs for re m e l t i n h t e zi nc a g w ere al so p ro vi ded I n e it he r c ase a p o ti on of t h e flam e w as di ve t e d t hrou gh t hese ch am b e rs b e fore e nt e ri ng the st ac k ; 17 are v e ti c al sh aft s through w hi c h t he di still ati on resid u es t h at re m ai n in t he m u ffles are dro pp e d i n t o h oriz ont al arc h e d t u nn e l s T T h e l att er at
C oc q in 16 m u ffle s e on -
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M E T A L L U RG Y
14 8 o
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M E T A LL U RG Y
15 0
l onge than t he l ow e r one s ( 5 fe e t l o ng 9 i nc h e s wi de and 17 i nc he s h igh) B e tw ee n e ac h p ai r of rec e sses whi ch are 3 fee t de e p t he re are wall s o f fi e brick r
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by p i g t h ro u gh fl u e s in t h e u c er o f t h e f u n ac e o o f t h e gas p rod o r in fi nes w h i c h a e su p ro d u c t s o f c om o u n de d by t h e e sc api n g bu st ion W h en l a ge r m u flfle s are e m pl oy e d t he se are arrange d in o n e t ie w h e re as sm al l e m u ffl e s a e ge n e ally pl ac e d in se v e ral I n Upp e r S il esi a fu nac e s wi th o ne t i e of l arge m u tfles are e m pl oy e d T hese fu rnac e s c o nt ai n u p to 7 2 m uffle s The gas is ge ne rat e d in p odu c e wit h ste p g at es and l e d i n to the fu nace t h ou gh he ati ng fl u e s at t h e u pp e e nd o f w hi c h it is b u rnt by m e an s of a c u rre n t o f ai T h e ai is forc e d in by m e an s o f fan s an d is h e ate d in t h e b i c kw ork o f t he fu nac e T he fu n ace m ay be w o rk e d e ithe r by d au ght p odu c e d by a st ac k o r by a bl ast u nder ne ath t h e grat e in w hi c h c ase ai is al so fo c e d i n t o t he c l o se d ash pi t o f t h e gas p ro duc e rs T he l at te ar ange m e n t p e se nt s t h e adv an t ag e t h at t he i nfe i or sm all c oal and du ff m ay be u se d for t he gas p ro du c e rs T he ar ange m e n t o f su c h a fu rnac e wi th h e ati ng fl u e s is sh o wn in Fig s
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M E T A LL U RG Y
15 2
p e n i n g i n t o t he ashpi t o f t he p ro du c e r ; m adapt e rs u a e t h e o p e n i n gs t h ro u gh w h i c h are t h e m u fll e s t h e e si du e s in t he m u ffle s are dro pp e d i nt o v au l t s p ro vi de d w i t h do o s ; 0 are t h e c al c i ni n g c ham b e rs b u il t in b e t w e e n e ac h p ai o f fu nac e s ; R R are ann e ali n g c h am b e rs A do rrbl e fu nace w i t h 6 4 m u ffle s as in u se at t h e H oh e nl oh e \Vo rk s is sh o w n in Fi gs 124 and 12 5 Fig 124 i a c ross sec t i o n t hro ugh t he fu rnac e and p rodu c e r ; T h e fu rnac e Fig 12 5 a l o ngi t u di nal se c t i o n t h o u gh t h e f u n ac e w h i c h is 5 3 fe e t l on g an d 18 fe e t 6 i nc h e s w i de is p rovi de d wi th 2 p rodu c e s S o ne t o e ach 3 2 m u fll es T he p odu c e r gases p ass t h ou g h t h e fl u e K i n t o 4 v e t i c al sh aft s G w h e e t h e y a e b u rnt by t he i nt ro T hi s ai is fo c e d by m e ans o f fan s i nt o t he flu e Z duc t i on o f ai p asse s f o m t h e l att e r i nt o sm all fl u e s x su rro un di ng t h e he at i ng fl u e an d f o m t hi s t h o u gh sl o t s F i n t o t he h e at i ng shaft T he h e at i ng sh aft w i de n s o u t b e l o w i nt o t he c h am b e r u so t h at any fl u e du st m ay be c o ll e c t e d t he re T hi s c h am b e r can be c l e ane d o u t t h ro u g h t h e v au l t R w h i c h is c o nn e c t d by a p assag e D w i t h t h i s c h am b e r A fte t h e fl am e h as h e ate d t he m u flfle s it esc ap e s s o f t he fu rn ac e i n t o t h e c ham b e r s c hi e fly t h rou h fl u es 2 0 at b o th e nd g M o r u fo r ann e ali ng or c al c i nin g respec t iv e l y andfrom t h e se c ham b e rs t hrou gh th e fl u e s f i n t o t h e st ac k S u ch o f t he p ro du c t s o f c o m b u sti on as are n o t re q u i re dfo r h e ati ng p u p os e s p ass di re c tly o u t o f th e fu rnace N are t h e r e c esse s w h i c h t h ro u gh the ap e tu re s e i n t o t h e st ac k ap t e rs o f e ac h p ai r o f m u ffl e s Q are fl u e s in whi c h an c o n t ai n t h e ad y m w h e n any o f t h e m u ffl e s c rac k By sl ag c oll e c t s t hat m ay fo r m e an s o f t h e shafts r t h e re si du e s fro m t h e m u ffl es are t h ro w n i n t o t h e v au l t R L ore nz h as p rop ose d a m odifi c at i on of t he S il e si an gas fu rn ace in w h i c h t h e g ase s an d air do n o t e nt e r t hro u gh t he fl oo of t he T he fl am e s t h u s e nt er fr m fu rnace b u t th ro u g h it s t w o e nd w all s e i t he p ass b e tw e e n t h e m u ffle s t o wards t he si de o f t h e fu rn ac e c e n t re w h e re th e y m ee t surro u n di ng t he m u tfle s an d e t u rn i n g al o n g t h e si de s o f t h e f u rnac e t o t h e e n d w all s w he nc e t h e y e sc ap e i n t o flue s T h e c o nst ru c t i on o f su c h a f u rnac e wi t h sm a ll m u ffle s arran ge d in 2 t i e s and h e at e d by gas ge ne at e d in a B o e t i u s p o du c e r is h sh o w n in Fi s 12 6 and T e ai u se d fo r c o m b u sti o n is h e a t e d g in t he fine s t o f t he w e ll k no w n B o e ti u s p ro du c er t h i s ai m ixi ng at w i t h t he gase s asc e n di ng fro m t h e p rodu c e r The fl am e fi rst i se s t o t he o o f an d t h e n desce n d s t h ro u gh t h e fi ne s a w h i c h are b u il t b e tw e e n e ac h p ai o f re c esse s i n to t he fl ue I w hi c h c ondu c t s the l) R P t t N b 2 1 18 7 9 O O / 18 8 1 p 3 3 6 Z il / fi ne
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IN C
15 5
t he i r b ac k e nds lyi ng u p on su pp orts m ade o f e x c eed ingl y fi re p roof m at e ri al T he gas w h i c h is de v e l op e d in t he pro du ce r n ot sho w n in t h e fig u e e nt e rs t hro ugh t he flu e a i n t o th e v e rti cal sh aft 6 at t h e u pp e r e n d of w h i c h it is b u rn t by m e ans o f h ot air t h ere i ntrodu c ed from t h e ou tsi de th rou gh th e fi n e s l Th e q u an ti ty of air c an b e re g u l at e d by m e an s o f dam p e rs k at t h e m o u t h o f th e l at t e r T hrou gh t he fi n es l t h e air p asse s i nt o t he flu e c an d f om t h e l att er th rough ( 1! i nt o 6 The fl am e ri se s fi rst t o t h e o of an d th en re tu rns e sc api ng t hrou h ap e t u re s e i n t o t h e fl u e g f t h e nc e th rou gh t h e v e ti c al fl u e 9 i n t o t h e l arge horiz ont al flu e h andf omt h e l att e r i nt o t h e flu e 73 l e adi ng t o t h e st ac k I n it s p assage t hrou gh t h e fl u e h th e front in t he
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Longi t u din al se c t ion on 0 0 -
FG I
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.
1280
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A N D 12Sb
.
prod u c ts of c o m b u sti on su rro u n d t he air flu es Z and t hu s h eat t he ai t o be u se d for c om b u st i o n T he se furn ac es c on t ai n 5 0 to 5 5 m u fll es an d are in u se in t he Rh i n e P ro vi n c e s T he c o nstru c t i on of a fu rnac e o f t h e m ost re c e nt typ e wit h o v al m u flfle s su c h as are at p re se n t in u se in t h e Rh i ne P ro vi n c es is sh o w n in Fig s 12 8 m t o 12 8 e Fig 12 8 a b e i ng a l o ngi t u di n al sec t i o n o n c d Fi a fro n t e l e v ati o n Fig 12 80 a c ross sec ti on on ef Fig g 12 8 03 a se c t i onal pl an o n a b and Fig 12 8e o n T h e m uffles are git o f t h e p att e rn n o w g e n erally u se d in t h e Rhe n i sh and We stp h ali an zi nc w ork s ; th ey are o v al in c ross se c ti on and a e m ade by m ach i ne y
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2 0 7, L e
ipzi g 1896 ,
.
M E T A LLU RG Y
15 6
l
y
as a re ad
de sc rib ed in t h i s fu r nac e t h e y
are arran
ge d in t hre e ti ers
,
th e re b ei ng 108 in e ac h si de of th e fu rnac e bl ock or 2 18 in al l The adap t e rs are sh o w n at r Fi 1 2 8 h T a Fi e re is a s p ro du c e s g g g 12 8 a an d 12 8 ] at e ac h f t he sho t si de s o f t he fu nac e ; t he air fo r ,
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Cross S ec t ion
.
.
A N D 128
0
at
.
b u sti o n o f t he p rodu c e r gas u n de rg oe s p re vi ou s h eati ng in t h e w all s o f t he p rodu c e r as i ndi c ated in t he fi gu e s T he p rodu c t s of c o m b u sti o n aft e r h e ati n p v e ti c al h e t h ro u g h t h e t e m ffl s e sc a e u g fl u e s i nt o t h e m ai n flu es z whi ch c o m m u n i c at e wi th th e st ac k s th e
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M E T A L LU RG Y
15 8
p ri nc ipl e
is sho w n in
G t h e gas
re
Fi gs
ge ne ato rs r
12 9
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re
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n e rat o rs e g
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af te r
b e i n g h eat ed p ass J J i n t o t h e m ixi ng ,
gh fl u es c h am b er F T he flanre asc e nds fi rst in one h al f o f t he h e at i n g c h am b e r 7) u t o t he ro of N , t h e n p e nte s w he e it t h e o t h er h al f de sc e nds p assi n g fi n al l y t o t he re ge n e rat o s w h i c h it t rav e se s an d th en e scap es t o t he stac k T he dis t il l at io n re sid u e s f m t h e m u ffle s a e dro pp e d t h rou gh t he i n c li n e d sh aft s a i n t o t h e v au lt s R S is a p oc k e t for t h e c oll e c ti o n o f flu e du st b a e i o n fram e s w h i c h re F pl ac e t h e p artiti on til e s o f th e re c e sses T he y w ere desig ne d by Cochl oviu s and are sh o wn o n a l arg e r sc al e in Fig s 13 1 an d 13 2 a c h p ai r o f e ec e ss s i e s ( t h ro u
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therw i se se p a at e d by fi rec l ay til e s 2 i nc hes t h i c k k now n as p arti t i on t il e s) T he front si de a b of t he fram e is se cu re d to t h e bu c k st ave s o f t h e fu rnace w h il st t h e b ac k p o rt i o n c d se t s D R P t t N o
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IN C
15 9
arch
is
i
c arr e
d by t he
pp e r p orti on th e p orti on 03 e u
fram e Of t he l ow er p orti on of t he fram e is l e t i n t o th e fu rnace whil st e f li e s agai nst th e fl oo r o f th e fu rnac e A c ross bar h 7} se rv e s t o sti ffen t he fram e An i o n ail lyi ng u p on
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h t e n f r o o o n h f r o h t e c n p j ti pl t p p whi t p ti o u h e a ce s t e n 7 c r s ro o e a ec adapt er rest s t a s e na c f u r o n a d s n c t ti l r zi i till ti d e h o The c on s ru c o n o f t e Fre iberg is show n in Fi gs 133 t o 137 The re g e n e rat ors l ie u n de r i r a t h e f o n e i s o L n a a s p l l l gi i l xi u d t n i t o s t h e fu rn ace and ara l e t o f o r a r t h e o Th e r r s n e a o g t re g e t p i G on e o f t he gas re e ne ra ors .
.
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M E T A L L U RG Y
16 0
g e n e ato rs lyi ng b e ne ath t h e o t he hal f o f t he fu nac e is n ot vi sibl e in th e figu e W is t h e e v e rsi ng v alv e for th e gas and W X a e t he gas fl u e s Y th e ai fl u e s Th e gas for t h e air c u e n t p asse s t h rou gh X i nt o t he re ge n e rat or G the air t hro ugh Y i nt o t he At t h e u pp e r p o rti on o f t he re g e n e rat o r the gas e g e n e rat or L flu e s i n t o o rre sp o n di n v rti c al sl o t s e sc ap es he at e d t hro u g h 3 e g w hil st th e air e scap es at t h e u pp e r e nd of t he air e ge nerator t hrough At an e q u al n u m b e o f fl u e s U in t o it s c orre sp o n di ng v e ti c al sl o t s t h e t o p o f t h e se sl o t s t h e air an d gas m ix t h e fl am e t h u s p ro du ce d fi st su rro undi ng 2 ti e rs o f m ulfl e s o n on e sid e o f the fu rnace and th e n p assi ng i n to t h e se c o n d h al f o f t h e f urn ac e w h e re it su rro u n ds th e m u flfle s t he e i n c on t ai n e d an d t h e n esc ap e s t h ou g h t h e six air an d gas sl o t s in t h e fl oo r o f t h e f u rnac e i n t o t h e c o rre sp o ndi n g e g e nerat o s f om w h i c h it p asse s t o t h e fl u e F and t h e n c e t o t h e st ac k At de fi nit e i nt erv al s fro m h al f an h o u r t o an h ou r t he di re c ti o n o f t h e ai and gas c u re nt s is re v e rse d by m e ans of t he e v e rsi n g v alv e so t h at r
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fi rst h e at t he m u ffles c o nt ai n e d t h e re i n an d t he n t ak e t h e i r w ay t h ro u gh t h e fi st h al f o f t he fu rnac e t o t he fi rst p ai r o f re g e n e rat ors w h e nc e t h e y e sc ap e t o t h e st ac k T h e air Fm an d a s sl o t s a e ro l on ge d p g do w n w ards i n t o c h am b ers o r p oc k e t s B i n t o w hi c h any flu e du st dro p s do w n an d c o ll e c t s By m eans of th e c h am b ers P t he b i k work w h i ch form s t he ou t e r w all of th e re g e ne rat ors and p oc k ts is ac c e ssibl e s t hat th ese c an be re p ai e d and c l e ane d ou t w h e n desi re d N a e t h e m u ffl e s 0 are t he e c e sse s T he n um b er o f m u ffle s in si n l e fu rnac e s o f t hi s ki n d am o u n t s t o 2 8 t o 3 2 in g do u bl e fu rnac es t o 56 t o 6 4 A fu rnac e o f t hi s ki nd with se v e ral t i e rs o f m u ffl e s o n e ab o v e t he o t he r is a ran g e d si m il arly t o t h at desc rib e d u nd er G as F u nac e s w i t ho u t Re ge n e rat ors Fu nac es on t h e S i e m e ns p i nc ipl e h av e b e e n u se d w i th good e su l t s at t he P au l and Wil he l m i na Wo k s n e ar S c h oppi n i t z T he gas fu rnac e wi th air re e n e at o s o f Hau p t w h i ch are p ro vi de d wit h rege ne rat ors al o n g g e ac h si de o f t h l ngi tu di nal axi s o f t h e f urnac e do n o t se e m to h av e c o m i n t u s l R P t t N Z il l O l 188 1 p 3 36 sec o n
d h al f of t he fu rnac e
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M E T A LLU RG Y
16 2 t he
t tai n e d t he
fu rn ac e h as
a
re
q u i si te t e m p e
rat u re ,
t he m u tfl e s
w hi c h
v e b ee n rai se d t o a e d he at in t he ann e ali ng f u nace are se t in t h e i pl ac e s T he i nt e sp ac e s b e t w e e n t h e m u ffl e s an d t h e c ol u m ns a e fi ll e d in w it h b i c k s an d c l ay T he adap t e s are t h e n at t ach e d t o t he m u ffles an d t h e Op e ni n gs in t h e l o w e p o t i o n o f th e m u ffl e b e l o w t he adapte s a e l osed by t he til e s p e vi o u sly m e nt i one d T he h arg e s a e t h e n g adu ally i nt r du c e d t h u gh an Op e n i ng in t he b e nd o f t he adap te by m e ans o f a l ong sc o op w hi c h p asses th ou gh t he h o iz o n t al p T he c h arg e o f t i o n O f t h e adap te r i n t o t h e m u ffl e t he m u ffles sm all at fi rst is g adu ally i n c e ase d u n t il o n t h e se v e n t h day t he y a e t aki n g t h e i fu ll c h arg e T h e m u ffle s t h at l ie n e a e st t h e fi re a e m o e h e avily c h a ge d t h an t h o se fart he a way f m it A ft e t he m u ffl e has b e e n c h arge d t h e o p e n i ng in t h e b e n d O f t h e adap t e is c l o se d by m e an s o f a t il e l u t e d u p o n it ; t h e he e t i ro n do ors in f ron t o f th e e c e sses are c l ose d an d t h e t e m p e rat u e f t h e fu rn ac e i rai se d t o wh i t e n e ss S oo n aft e r t h e i n t o du c ti o n o f t h e c h a g e u nde r o d i n ary c i rc u m stan c e s c a b on di o xi de c a b on m o noxi de and w at e r v ap o u r a e e v o lv e d and zi nc fu m e is de p o si t e d in t h e adapt e s a s a r e su l t O f t h e ac t i o n o f c a b o n di o xi de and w at r v ap o u r u p o n t he zi n c v ap ou s as al s o o f t h e h i h de e e O f dil u t i o n o f t h e l att e r g g by t he ab o v e n am e d gase s ; in o de t o p e v e n t t he adap te r fro m b e i ng c l ogge d it m u st be re p e at e dly c l e ane d o u t T w o t o t h ee h o u s a ft e r t he c ha g e h as b e e n i nt ro du c e d c a b n m o n o xi de al o ne is c o n t ai n e d in t h e e sc api n g gase s A s th e e a e n o w n o o xi di si n g a e n t s p re se n t an d as zi n c v ap o u is c on tai n e d in l a g q u an t i t i es in g t h e gas c o n de n sat i o n o f zi n c c o m m e n c e s at tai n s it s m axi m u m aft e 6 t o 8 h ou s an d re m ai ns t at i o n a y fo an o th e r 6 t o 8 h ou rs It t h e n di m i n i sh es and is c o nc l u de d in a fe w h o u s l o n e r T h e t ot al g t i m e Of w orki ng O ff a c h a g e i n c l u di n c h a gi ng o c c u pi e s 2 4 h o u rs g \V h e n t he di st i l l ati o n is c o m pl e t e th e f o n t d o s O f t h e e c e sse s a e o p e ne d an d t he t il e s are A ny e m o v e d f o m t h e c hargi ng o p e n i ngs fl u i d zi nc t hat m ay st ill b e e m ai ni ng in t he ho iz on t al p orti on f t h e adap t e is rak e d do w n i n to t he c o nde nsi ng c ha m b e and t he m e t al t h at is s l i difi e d in t he l at t e r is m v e d Th e t il e w hi c h c l ose s t h e m u ffl e b e l o w t h e ste p su p o t i n h ap t e r is t e ad p g n w e m o v e d by m e an s o f t o ng s an d t h e re si du es O f t h e di st ill at i o n a e d aw n o u t by m e an s O f sc ap e s an a c c e ti o ns u p o n t h e si de s O f y t h e m u ffl e s b e i n M k n k f n i o n ba u ffl es t hat o c m a n s o a ff e d O b e g y h av e b e c om e de fe c t iv e a e c han e d and t h e rs w h i c h m ay ha v e b e e n g c a c k e d b t w h i c h a e st ill c ap abl e O f b e i n g e pai e d are l u te d wi t h l ay The m u ffle s a e t he n c ha ge d af e sh T he t w o w s o f m u fflc s a e e it he c ha e l se t he se c o nd ro w ge d o n e di e c t ly af t e r t he o th e r ha
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IN C
16 3
fi
iv
e t o 8 h o u rs, a ft e r t h e t r o t r i n or d e s , g p for a re st t h e at te r m e t ho d, t h e u n for m
u
,
w o k m e n ti m e By l i c o u rse o f t h e p ro c e ss and t h e o u tp u t o f zi nc are i n t e rfe re d wi t h T he p ro c e ss O f di st ill ati o n w he n B e l go S il esi an f u nac e s are e m pl oy e d ag e es w i t h t h e fo m e r e x c e pt as i nfl u e nc e dby t h e di ff e re nt s t he d i sp osi t i o n o f the m u ffle s c o nst ru c ti on Of t he se fu nace s as re gard a n dt he c harac t e r o f th e adapt e rs T h e f urn ace s a e h e at e du p by m e an s as p od u ce s o f a c oal fi e m ai n t ai n e d u p o n th e g rat es o r in t h e g Fu rnac e s o n t he S i e m e n s p ri n c ipl e are n o t h e at e du p by m e an s O f t h e p odu c e r but by m ean s of a fi e m ai n tai ne d u p on a p rovi si onal grat e i n si de t he furnac e i tse l f T he se grat e s are ar ang e d in t wo re ce sses lyi ng di agonally o pp osi te t o e ach o t he r w h il st th e o th er re c esses are l oose ly bri c k e d u p du i ng t hi s p eri od o f heati ng u p A fte r t h e e or f u r day s t he m u ffl e s a e pu t i n t o th e i r pl ac es an d ann e al e d in t h e f u rnac e it se l f A f te r t h e fire h as b e e n g radu ally i n c re ase d for an o th e t hre e or fo u r day s th e grate s are re m o v e d an d gas is i n trodu c e d from w hi c h has b e e n c ar e fu lly w a m e d u p an d fi e d t h e t he p o du c e r e qu i sit e q u an ti ty o f air fo r b u rn i ng t h e as b e i ng at t h e sam e ti m e g ad m i t t e d A fter gas fi ring has th u s b e e n c om m en c e d m u ffle s pre v iou sl y h e at e d t o a re d he at a e in t ro d u c e d i nt o t he t wo re c esse s whi ch h av e n o w b e e n se t f e e fo r thi s p u p ose ; t he m u flies a e th e n b ri c k ed in th e adapt ers a e att ac he d and t h e m uffl es c harge d I n t h e c ase Of adapt e s o f t h e b e lli e d form c h a gi ng t ak e s pl ac e t h rou g h t h e fro n t Of t he adap t e w hil st wi t h th ose havi ng t he sh ap e O f in c li n ed c yli nd i c al t u b e s o r O f b x h ec t an u l ar es t e fro n t O f o g w h i c h is c l ose d by a til e o r by a c l ay e d i on pl at e c hargi ng is p erfo m e d t hrough t he ap e rtu res l e ft w he n t h e se pl at e s a e e m o v e d I f t h e re a e se v eral t i e rs o f m u ffl e s t h e t op m ost t i er o f i n u flfle s is c h arge d fi st The fi rst c harges are v e ry sm all an d c on si st o f e adily re d u c ibl e m at e ri al fu m e and ri c h su c h as zi nc r e si du es t h e c h arge s b e i ng g radu ally i n c re ase d u t o t he n o m al p Th e ti m e o f w o rki ng O ff a c h arg e in t h i s f urnac e am ou n t s al so t o 2 4 h o u rs T h e t e m p e rat u re m rrst b e k e pt as u n i for m as p ossibl e d uri ng t he p roc ess O f di st ill ati on S hou l d it be t oo high u nc onde nse d zi nc e scap e s t hrou gh t he adapte s and b u rns in c ont ac t wi t h t he air ; if it is t o o l o w t h e zi nc c on de nse s as fu m e w h i c h p art ly e m ai n s in t h e adap t e rs an d p a tly is c a i e d O ff by t he c u re n t O f gas I n su c h a c ase t h e ad ap t ers in t he Ol dS il e si an fu n ac es m i gh t p ossibly b e c o m e s t o pp e d u by I f any O f t h e m u ffl es c rac k zi n c v ap ou r so li d zi nc p m ay e it he r e sc ap e f o m t h e m u ffl e s i n t o t he fu rn ac e or t h e fu rnac e g ases m ay e nte r t he m u ffl e acc ordi ng t o t he rati o b e t w e e n th e f er e u re t h m f e i i i i fl p iv ly A t ss s n s d h f u r n n d n s d e e u r ec t e t c s e a e a e e p t he
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16 6
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q u i re d f e v e ry 13 t o 14 m u ffl e s p e r 2 4 h o u s 4 t o 5 m e n pe t o n O f zi nc in t hi s p e i o d I n t he Ol de r fu n ac e s 6 t o 7 t o ns f c oal s u sed to be c on su m e d for e ac h t n o f zi nc p ro du c e d The l o ss Of zi n c v a i e s fro m 9 t o 15 pe c e n t A t t he H o he nl o he Work s in Upp e r S il esi a w he re si ngl e st ori e d f u n ac e sho w n ab o v e in Fi gs 124 and 12 5 wit h 3 2 m u ffle a e u se d e ac h 2 2 i nc he s hi h 6 i n c h e s w i de 4 i f n h s l o ng o v e r t h e gas t ee c e 9 g sh aft s t he o t h e rs b e i n g 5 fe e t 5 i n ch e s l o ng t he c h a g e c o nsi st s o f 17 c w t s o f c al i ne d bl e nde c o nt ai n i ng 4 2 t o 4 5 pe r c e n t o f zi nc, 5 c w ts o f c al am i ne in sm all pi e c es c o n t ai ni n 2 t o 3 2 pe r c en t of 6 g zi nc and 2 1 c wt o f c al am i n e sli m e s c on t ai ni ng 14 t o 16 pe c e n t of zi nc or al tog e the r 2 3 t ons of ore ; t h e yi e l d in 2 4 h o u rs am ou nts t o D u i ng t h i s p eri o d 3 t on s 7 c w t s o f c o al w e e c on 108 0 l bs o f zi nc su m e d in t h e p ro c e ss o r 6 8 3 l bs O f fu e l t o t h e lb O f c ru de zi n c At t h e S il e si a “ o k s t h e re are n e ar Lipi n e f ur 8 5 1 at p rese n t 9 ) ( w h i ch are n ac e s in u se b u il t w i th 2 gas Shafts t o c arry 3 2 t o 4 0 m u fli e s pm 16 o r 2 0 re sp e c t iv e ly o n e i th e si de T he e is a se p a at e p odu c e r t o e ach fu rnac e T he air e m pl oy e d fo r c om b u st i o n is bl o w n in by m e ans o f a fan and m ix e d wi t h gas 1 fo ot 8 i nch es b e l o w t h e u pp e r e dg e of th e sh aft s The di m e n si o ns O f th e m u ffle s and t h e i r t h i c k n esse s a e sh o w n in Fi s h n d 1 T e m ixt u re O f w hi c h t h e m u ffle s a 1 3 8 39 g are c o m p o se d c on si st s o f 3 7 t o 4 0 p arts o f raw c l ay and 6 0 t o T h e r aw 6 3 p art s Of f ag m e n t s Of m u ffles and b u rn t c l ay sh al e is Ob t ai ne d p artly f o m B i e se n in M o ravi a p art ly fro m c l ay S aarau in S il e si a T he c l ay Sh al e is Ob t ai ne d f o m N e u ro de an d M it te l st e i ne in S il e si a T he f ag m e n ts o f m u ffle s a e Obtai ne d by g i ndi ng o l d m u ffle s do w n t o a m e sh o f 0 2 3 t o 0 2 7 i nc h The c h arge c o n si st s o f 2 5 t o 45 p art s O f c al am i n e an d 7 5 t o 5 5 p art s o f c al c i n e d bl e n de ac co d i ng t o t he qu an titi e s o f the se e sp ec tiv e ores t hat m ay h app e n t o be av ail abl e T h e re du c i ng ag e n t c on si sts O f c n t o f t he C i nde s th e q u an t i ty o f w h i c h am o u nt s t o 45 t o 4 7 p e w ei gh t o f t he ore s T he c h a ge fo a m u ffl e am o u n t s t o 19 8 l bs T he p e i od o cc upi e d in di s till ati o n is 16 t o 17 h o u s t h at for th e i t d by t h f t y i p t S l l h i g f Lipi K dly mm c h ar
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m u ffl e will l ast b e tw e e n 3 5 p A rati o n s 7 t o 8 h o u rs e g an d 4 7 day s de p e n d i ng c h i e fly u p on t h e age o f th e furnac e an d l e sser so lidity O f t he m u ffl e seat an d t h e e fo e u p o n t h e g re at e r o e c o nt ai ne d in t he c h a u p o n t he rati o o f zi n c bl e nd ge zi nc bl e nde h h h T i re q u i ri n a r t e m p erat u re t han c al am i ne e o utp u t Of a e g g re m a n n
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16 8
pl oy e d wi t h p rodu c ers in w hi h t he ai is he ate d T he se fu rnac e s a e d u bl e f u rnace s c o n t ai n i n g n e ac h si de 3 t i e rs o f m u ffl es e ach t h at o w c o n t ai n i ng 42 m u ffl es an d e ac h si de O f t h e f u rnac e th e e n t i e fu rnac e t ak e s 25 2 m u ffles E ac h su c h f u rnac e h as 2 p o du c e s on e at e ith e e nd The m u ffle s are u p on t h e av e rag e 4 fee t and 7 i nc h es l o ng 6 9 ; i n c h e s b ro ad and 12 i n c h e s h igh in t h e c l e ar are m ad e Of a m ix tu re o f ab o u t 3 0 p a t s O f c al c i n e d B e lgi an c l ay 3 5 p a t s o f raw B e l gi an c l ay an d 5 p ar ts o f c o k e The c harge c o nsi sts T h e c h i e fly O f c al c i ne d bl e n d e c o nt ai n i ng 5 3 t o 5 5 e r c e n t Of zi nc p c o al u se d as a re du c i n g a e n t am o u n t i n 4 t 4 2 e c e nt o f t he t 0 o o g g p w e igh t O f t he c al c i n e d o re c o nsi s ts o f c o arse si ft i ngs from t h e l e an c o al o f t h e b asi n o f t h e Ru hr T he c ha ge fo r a m u ffl e c o n si st s O f 6 6 t o 7 3 p o u n ds of o e an d 2 9 p o u nds o f c o al as al so o f a sm all q u ant ity o f ski m m i n s an d e si du e s T h e t o t al c h a g e fo a o u bl e fu rnace c o n d g u es si st s o f 7 6 t o 8 t o n s o f o e e x c l u siv e o f t h e ski m m i n s and resi d g O f t h e p re vi o u s da i Th d still at i o n l asts 19 h o u rs 5 h o u s b e i ng e y f uel h f e m pl oy e d in C l e an i n a n d h a rgi n T e c o n su m pti o n u c g p g a m o u n t s t o 12 t o ns f u n ac e r 24 h o u rs ; t h i s f ue l is a c o al e e p p h W t o f ash fl i i g i S l ac k givi n g a l o n a m n n n 2 2 t e r c e nt e a d c o a n g p a g oo d q u ali ty o f c o al su c h as is b e i n u se d in o t h e r w o rk s in t h e g Rhi n e P ro vi n ce s and We stp h ali a o ne t h i rd l e ss c o al w o u l d b e re q u i re d Fo r e ac h t on O f zi nc 3 6 t o n s O f c o al are u se d for fu e l and 0 88 for re du c t i o n A m u ffl e l asts 3 0 day s on t he av e rag e 8 m u ffl e s b e i ng de st roy e d p er day pe r fu rnac e D u ri ng 6 h ou rs in w h i c h t he m u ffl e s are b e i ng e m p t i e d an d re c h arge d 12 m e n are e ngag e d du i ng t h e p e i d O f re du c t i o n 2 m e n w ho w o k a 12 ho u sh i ft e
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M E T A L L U RG Y
17 0
t hi rd s o f b urn t c l ay are i nc h e s hig h and 8 i nc h es wi de T h e c ha ge fo r e ac h m u ffl e am ou nt s t o 7 7 l bs ; t h e re duc i ng ag e nt The c o n si st s O f a m ixt u re O f c i n de r an d lig n it e fro m Fiin fk irc h e n f u e l is a m ixt u e o f c oal an d lig n it e T he e are t hre e p od u c ers t o e ach f u rnac e D i still at i o n l ast s 24 h o u rs and t h e zi n c c on t e n t s O f t h e re si du es am o u n t t o 4 t o 5 p e r c e n t At S tolb erg t he e are furnac e s w hi c h h av e rege n erat ors fo r air o n ly At t he Bi rk e ngang W ork s f urnac e s w i t h air e g e ne ators are in u se (in Lik e t he S i e m e ns f u nac e in u se in t he sam e pl ac e e ac h hal f Of t h e do ubl e f u rnac e c o n t ai n s t h e e t i e s o f 18 m u ffl e s e ac h T he c h arg e s t he p rac ti c al re su lt s and th e p roc e ss are t h e sam e as in t h e c ase O f t h e S i e m e ns fu rn ac e At t he M un ste rb u sch Work s ne ar S t olb e rg fu nac e s are al so at T o e ach fu rnac e w ork (in 18 9 5 ) p o vi de d wi t h air re ge n e rat o s bl o c k t he re are t wo p rodu c e rs on e at e i t he e nd T he e a e t hree t i e rs of m u flfle s O f 8 0 e ac h o r 24 0 al t o g e t he r Th e l at te r are 4 fe e t t o 4 fe e t 7 i n c h es l o ng and tak e a c h arg e o f 7 5 l bs o f c al c i ne d o re and 3 1 l bs Of c o al T hey a e m ade o f a m ixtu e O f 6 0 per c e nt o f b urnt an d 4 0 u st is add e d e r c e n t o f raw B e lgi an c l ay t o w hi c h c o k e d p T he zi nc c o n t e n t s O f t h e c harge a m o u n t t o 5 2 t o 5 4 p e r c e n t a l e an c o al b e i n g u se d as t h e re du c i n a e n t an d it s w e igh t b e i ng 4 0 p e r g g c e nt o f t hat O f t h e c al c i n e d o e The ti m e re q u i re d fo r di still at i o n i nc l u di ng t hat of c h a gi ng is 2 4 h ou s Eac h bl oc k will tre at som e 8 t o ns Of c al c i n e d o re in t h i s ti m e wi th a c o n su m pti on Of 8 5 t o 9 2 t ons Of c oal as fu e l For 1 t on Of zi nc ab o u t 2 5 t ons o f c oal a e u se d for f u e l an d 1 to n for re du c t i o n A m u ffl e wil l l ast ac c o di ng t o th e qu ant ity O f i ro n and c ok e c o n t ai ne d in t h e c harg e fro m 4 0 t o 5 0 day s A fu nac e bl oc k w i th 2 40 m u ffl e s e q u i e s 14 fu nac e rn e n w o rki n g fo 8 h o u s 2 fi e m e n w o rki ng fo 12 ho u rs 2 l ads w orki ng for 12 h o u rs and 1 l ab ou re fo w h e e li ng o re c oal and re si du e s a nd t w o -
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w he re bl e nde c ontai ni ng 3 0 to 3 1 e r c e n t O f zi nc is w ork e d in s m all S il e si a n m u ffl es t h e y am o u n t t o p The l o ss Of zi nc at t he w o rk s O f t he V i e ill e M o n t ag ne I S p e r c e nt at A n gl e u r in B e lgi u m am o u n t s t o 10 pe r c e n t ; at t he Bl e yb e rg w o rk s in B e l gi u m t o 13 t o 14 p er ce n t ; at M unst e b u sc h n e a S t o lb e g t o 10 pe c e n t ; at B e rgi sch G l adb ac h t o 10 t o 13 pe c e nt ; a t t h e Wil h e l m i na Wo k s in Upp e r S il esi a t 2 1 pe r c e n t an d at m any o th e r w o k s in t hat di stri c t t o 2 5 p e r c e n t T he se l osses a e du e t o t he p assag e Of zi nc i nt o t he m at e ri a l of w h i c h t he e t o t s t h e e sc ap e o f zi nc t h ro u gh t h e p o res Of t he c on si st an d e to ts th ou g h crac k s in t he re t ort s or fro m th e re t ort b re aki ng c om pl e te ly th ro ugh t h e e sc ap e Of u nc on de nse d zi nc o u t Of the adapt ers thro ugh zi nc re m ai ni ng b e hi nd in the re t ort re sid u e s an d t hrou g h the escap e O f zi n c v ap o u rs w he n t h e re si du e s are b e i n g re m o v e d fro m t h e re t o rt s Re t o rt s n e wly i n trodu c e d i n t o th e furn ac e o n ly giv e t he i r n o rm al o u tp u t O f zi nc aft er t h e l ap se O f se v e ral day s b ec au se t h e i r w all s T hi s m e t al c o m bin e s wi th ab so b a c ert ai n q u antity o f zi n c at fi rst t he c l ay o f t he e t o t t o fo m an al u m i nat e an art ifi c i al zi nc spi n e l T hi s c om p oun d giv es the m at eri al o f th e re torts the w e ll k now n bl u e The av e rage zi nc c o n t e nt s o f Ol d re t o rt s n o l o nge r fit for u se c o l o ur am o u nt s t o 6 It m ay how e v e r as has b e e n sh ow n at t he pe r ce n t B ethl e h e m W ork s in P e nnsylvani a ri se t o 2 1 p e r c e n t By t he diti on Of c o k e t o t h e m at e i al Of whi c h t he re to ts are m ade an d t o ad t he i r m anu fac t ure u nder h e avy p ressu e t he ab sorp t i o n Of zi nc has b ee n gre atly re du c e d at th e w ork s on t he Rhi n e and in B e lgi u m Re t o rts e sp e c i ally w h e n n o t m ade u n de r h e avy p re ssu re are p o ro u s p re s o wi ng t o th e an d all o w zi n c v ap o u r t o e sc ap e t h ro u gh t he i p ressure in t he e t ort du ri ng t he p roc e sse s o f di still ati on Th e se v a ou rs e sc ap e i n t o t h e fu rn ac e and p ass aw ay w ith t h e p o du c t s o f p c o m b u sti on If t he p ressu re in the re t o ts is l o w and that of t he b urn i n g gase s i nsi de t he furnace hig h t h ese gases an dair p en e trat e i n t o t h e re t o rt s t h rou gh t he w all s Of t h e l at t e r an d e x e r t an o xi di si ng ac t i o n u p on t h e zi nc v ap o u s in c o nse q u e n e o f t h e o xyg e n andc arb o n di o xi de w hi c h t h e y c o n tai n I n order t o av o i d t h ese de fec t s t h e re t o rt s h av e b ee n gl a e d bu t t h i s m e t hod has b e en S h o w n t o be l e ss e ffec tiv e t han I n fac t t h i s t h at O f m anu fac t u ri n g re t orts u nde r hy d au li c p re ssu re m e th od Of m an u fac tu ri ng re t ort s m u st b e l oo k e d u p on as an i m p ort an t i m p rov e m e n t in t he direc ti on Of di m i ni shi ng t he l osse s Of zi nc du e t o t h e p orosity of t h e re t or ts Gre at l osse s of zi n c are c au se d by t h e c rac ki n g o r b re aki ng o f t h e re t o rt s as in t h ese c ase s zi nc v ap ou rs e sc ap e fre e ly fro m t h e re t o rt s i n t o t h e f u n ac e an dw he re re ge n e rat o s Th e are u se d m a c au se t h e p assa e s in t he l att er t o b e st o pp e d u p y g c on e n s o f
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M E T A L LU RG Y
17 2
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zi nc due t o t h i s c au se is g eat e r t he l o w e r t h e durability f t he e to rt s Up o n t h e av e rage re t ort s as al so b o th sm all and l arge m u ffl e s l ast so m e 4 0 day s O u t o f 10 0 re to t s in u se 2 are b ro k e n A p i n m si n in B e lgi u m ; 2 (sm al l e r di e m at A ngl e u r in B e lgi u m 3 p m u ffles) at M unst e rb u sc h ; 2 5 (l arg e m u ffle s) at H oh e nl oh e ; 2 6 (l arge m u ffl e s) at t he S il esi a Wo k s in Lipi ne The fac t t hat re to t s a n d sm al l m u ffl e s m an u fac t u re d u n de r p ressu re in B e lgi u m and t h e Rhi ne di stri c t s a e n o t m ore du rabl e t han t he l a g e o n e s m ade by h an d in S il e si a is du e t o th e c i rc u m st anc t h at re t ort s an d sm al l m u ffl es are o nly su pp ort e dat t h e i r t w o e nds an d h av e t o re si st a v e ry i nten se h e at N e v e rth e l e ss th e du rabili ty o f e t ort s and sm al l l y in c on se q u e n c e o f t h i s m e th od o f m u ffles i i nc e a se d m a k e d m anu f act u re se e i ng t hat t h e i r av e age li fe u se d for m e rly o nly t o be 2 5 day s T h e l oss O f zi nc du e t o t h e e sc ap e o f its v ap o u f om th e adapt e r h as b e e n di m i ni sh e d t o so m e e xt e n t by i m p ro v e m e n t s in t h e l at t er su ch as t ho se of Kl e e m ann D ag ne r an dS te g er bu t is still ve ry T h e l oss du e t o th e esc ap e s inc v ap ou r f ro m th e r e t ort s c on si d e rabl e w h il st t he re si du e s are b e i ng re m o v e d f om th e l att e r has no t b ee n av o i de d u t It i o t he p re se n t s g e n e rally assu m e d t hat t h e l o ss du e p to v o l at ili sat i o n O f zi nc o w i ng t o t he ab o v e c au se s am ou n t s t o h al f O f t h e t o t al l oss T he l o ss o f zi n c du e t o t h e re m ai n i ng O f m e t al in t he di st il lat i on resi du e s in t h e re t or t s is al so v e ry high se e i n g th at t h e se c o nt ai n 2 t o 8 r c en t O f zi n c i r t he l e ss t h e Thi l g t e s os s s e a e p zi nc c on t e n ts Of the ore I n Upp er S i le si a w he re t he av erage p rop ort i o n o f zi nc in the ore t re at e d am ou nt s to 2 0 pe r c e nt th e re t o rt re si du e s are n o t all o w e d t o re t ai n m o re t han 3 t o 4 pe r c e n t O f zi nc ; w hil st in B elgi u m and t he Rhi ne P ro vi nces w h ere t he ores a v erag e 4 5 T he p e r c e nt O f zi nc it m ay av e rag e 4 t o 5 p e r c e n t zi nc w hi c h e nt e rs t he re t orts in t h e form of su lp hi de is n ot re du c e d an d t h ere fore i nc re ase s t h e zi nc c o n t e n t s o f t h e re si du e s D ead roasti ng o f zi nc bl e n d i sp e nsabl e c onditi on for e is t he re fo re an i nd I n S pi te Of t he v e y hig h l osse s o f zi nc w h i c h still go od w o rki ng O bt ai n t h e ad vanc es t h at hav e b e en m ade t ow a ds t he i r di m i nu ti on de se v e rec o g niti o n ; and it m u s t n o t b e fo g o tt e n t hat w h il st in t he Rhi ne P ro vi n c e s B e l i u m an d We stp h ali a w h ere re t o rts a nd g s mall m u ffl e s are u se d t re ati ng e s wi t h 4 5 p e r c e n t O f zi nc t he l ss of zi nc wi th go od w orki ng form e rly am o unt ed t o 18 t 2 2 p e at p e se n t it do es n o t e x c ee d 12 t o 13 c ent On acc o u n t o f p e r c e nt t he p o o e r o re t re ate d in Upp e S il e si a t he l o sse s in t h at P rovi n ce are nat u ally fa h i he r t h an o n t h e Rh i n e o r in B e l i u m I f th e g g zi nc c o nt e n ts in t he di still at i o n resi du e be assu m e d as av e agi ng 4 e e n c t as is t h e ase o n t he Rhi ne an d in S il e si a t he o re s o f t h e p o ss o
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M E T A LL U RG Y
17 4
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p roduc t s i c h in zi nc w hi h fo m t h e bj e c t o f zi nc Z i n c fu m e (p u ssie e) ; zi nc i fe rou s fl u e e xt rac t i o n a e t h e f ll o w i n g l u st ; re si du es f o m th e adapt e an d di still ati o n app a at u s so c all ed f u rnac e c al am i ne o r f u rnac e ac c re t i o n s an d de p o si ts c o n t ai n i ng zi nc w h i c h for m w he n l e ad c pp e silv e r an d i o n o e s c o n t ai n i ng zi n c are sm e lt e d; zi nc i fe ro u s ski m m i ngs an d c al c i n e d zi n c i fe ro u s silv e A m ong t he bye p ro du ct s m ay be nam e d zi nc silv e r all oy s zi nc o re s l e ad silv e al l oy s an d zi nc c o pp e l e ad silv e al l y s AS a u l e t hese s u b st an c e s w i t h t h e e x c e pti o n O f t h e v ar i o u s all oy s O f zi n c w i th l e ad f o m w h i c h th e zi nc is o b t ai ne d as a by e p ro an d t h e n o bl e m e tal du c t are adde d t o t he c h a ge du ri ng t he zi n c di still ati on if n e c e ssary T he ab o v e su b st an c e s are bu t aft e r u n de goi n g su i tabl e p e p arat i o n e t o t s o f zi n c di st ill at i o n f u n ac e s a e ly t re at e d by t he m se lv e s in t h e Z i n c f u m e is t re at e d in a l e ss p u re zi nc w o u l d t hu s b e p o du c e d t h e e x trac ti o n o f zi nc zi nc fu m e so m e w o k s in sp e c i al fu n ace s fo p ou ssi e e is p u lv e rul e nt m e t alli c zi nc w h i c h ge n erally c ont ai ns o 8 t o 10 p e r c e n t Of o xi de O f zi n c as al so c adm i u m c e t ai n am o u n t s l e ad an d o th e su b stan ce s v o l atili se d f om th e a se n i c an t i m o ny Th e zi n c Oxi d e m ix e d wit h cha e o f t he zi n c di sti l l at i o n f urn ac e g it is du e t o t he ac ti o n of ai and m oi st u re u p on t he fi nel y divi de d m e t al l i c zi nc at t h e c om m e n c e m e nt O f t he p ro c e ss O f di still ati o n T hi s zi n c fu m e is fou nd in t h e adap t ers n o zzl es and o the r c onde nsi ng It is g e ne ally adde d t o a an ge m e n t s o f t h e di st ill ati o n f u rn ac e t h e c h a ge o f t he di st ill at i o n fu rnac e in su c h p o p orti n t hat its i m p u iti e s m ay be di s t ibu t e d o v e r l a ge q u an t iti es O f zi nc and t h u s h av e a l e ss i nj u i o u s e ffe c t u p on t he p o p e r ti e s o f t h e m e t al On ac c o u n t o f its e a y e du c ibili ty it is t re at e d in t h ose v esse l s whi c h I f zi n c f u m e is t re at e d by a re l e ast e xp ose d t o t he ac t i o n o f h e at i t se l f in di st ill ati o n fu nac e s zi nc Of an i nfe ri o q u ali ty is Obtai ne d w h i c h is e i th e r m ix d in wi th l arge r q u an t iti e s Of p u e zi n c o is I n t h i s c ase t he se n t i nt o t h e m ark t as zi n c o f an i n fe i or q u al i t y zi n c fu m e is c ha ge d e i t he i nt o t he l e ss stro ngly he at e dv e sse l s in t he t h at is t o say in t h e c ase o f S il e si an fu nace s di still at i o n fu n ac e w i t h se v e al t i e s f m u ffl e s i n t o t h e l o w e rm o st m u ffl e s o in t h e c ase n ac e s i n to t he t o p m o st t i e or e l se it is t e at e d O f S i ngl e B e lgi an f w h e n c o nsi de abl e qu an t i t i e s h av e ac c u m u l ate d by i t se l f in o di n ary di still at i o n fu na e s t he v e sse l s in w h i c h in t h i s c ase a e c harge d fo r a c e r tai n t i m e w i th zi nc f u m e al o ne A cc o di ng t o Ma sa t at t h e w ork s O f t h e N o u v e ll e M o nt ag ne at Jl i l xxx p 20 1 l R U i T he fu rnace
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17 6
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17 8
A ccordi ng to t h e t e m p erat u re zi nc will tak e up di ffere n t qu anti t i e s O f l e ad Roe ssl e r an dE d e l n ann fo u n d th at it will t ak e u p 5 6 p e r c e n t w hil st it t ak es u p o n ly 15 pe r c e n t a t it s m e lti ng p oi nt at 6 5 0 C T h e l att er am ou n t c ann o t t he re fo re b e re m o v e d fro m t h e zi nc by all o wi ng it t o se ttl e A S m ost zi nc o res c o n t ai n l e ad zi n c c on t ai n i ng a c er t ai n am ou n t Of l e ad will t hu s al way s b e Obt ai n e d in spi t e Of W ork zin c Obt ai n e d in t he soli d stat e as in t h e c ase Of t h e e fi ni ng zi n c fu nace s and as u se d t o be t he c ase with t he Ol d S il esi an En gl i sh zi nc fu n ac es h as t o be re m e lt e d in o rder t o c ast it i n t o m o u l ds Du i ng t h i s re m e lti ng w h i ch is p e rfor m e d in p an s m ade o f T O p rom o t e c ast i ron o r c l ay t h e i m p u ri t i es o f t h e zi nc se p arat e o u t r
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t ti on of su c h a fu nac e is sho w n in Fig s T he i nc li n e d h o ll ow e d he arth is m ade O f l e an c l ay 14 2 and an d t e rm i n at e s in a am m e d u p o n t h e b ri c kw o rk O f t he f u rn ac e o or t hrou gh w h i c h t h e zi nc w h i c h is t o be su m p f ; g is t he c h a gi ng d m e l t e d is i nt ro du c e d i n t o t h e fu rn ac e ; h h a e t h e fi re g rat e s ; i is an o p e n i ng t h ro u gh w h i c h t h e p u ifi e d zi nc is l adl e d o u t T he fl am e t rav e rses the furnac e l ongitudi nally and i ses ab ov e the su m p p assi ng t he nc e t o the stac k The w ast e h eat is g e nerally u tili se dfor w a m i ng t h e c h am b e rs in w h i c h th e zi n c t h at is t o be ro ll e d is h e at e d c en
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furnace p rovi de d with only on e g rat e is sho w n in Fig 14 4 R is th e grat e s is t h e b e d o f fi re c l ay t is t h e su m p u is t h e door t hrou gh whi c h t he m e t al is l adl e d ou t o is th e fl u e w a e c h am b e rs h e at e d by t h e fl am e in whi c h z inc b ars an d sh e e t s c an b e h e at e d ; lo is a flu e l e adi n g t o t h e st ac k At th e flu e e nd Of the fu rnace t h e re is a p artiti o n w all de sce ndi ng i n t o th e b ath of m e t al in o rd er t o k e e p t h e air aw ay f o m t h e l att e r T h e O p e n i n g fo t h e i n trod u c ti on o f th e zi nc i n t o t he furnac e is at one si de of t h e fire b ri dge in a l onger si de Of t h e fu nac e The h e a t h is 15 fe e t 5 i n che s l ong and6 fee t 6 i nch e s wi de ; the l o w e st p oi n t of t he he arth is 1 fo ot 8 i nc h e s b e l o w t h e do or o u t Of w h i c h t h e m e t al is l adl e d S u c h a furnac e u su ally c o n t ai ns from 2 8 t o 3 0 t on s O f zi n c an d is c ap abl e O f efi n i n m f 1 8 c w ts of t o t wi n s u pti o n o a 9 1 0 o n i n 2 4 h t h c o s o u s g c oal A f u rnac e si m il ar t o th at fi rst de sc rib ed at the H oh e nl oh e Work s ne ar K att o w i t z su c h as is u se d in m ost o f t he w ork s B g d H tt Z tg 18 7 3; p 2 90 Of
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f of t h e fu nac e i n t o flu e s l e adi ng t o th e st ack E S uch a fu n ac e w ill c o n t ai n 3 0 t ons o f zi n c I n orde r t o av o i d o xi dati on t h e zi n c m u st be m e l t e d at t h e l ow est p o ssibl e t e m p e rat u re and v e ry gradu ally w hil s t t h e fl am e is k e pt as re du c i ng as p ossibl e Whe n t he furnac e h as e c e iv e d it s 2 0 t o 3 0 t o ns o f zi n c fu ll c harge o f m o lt e n zi n c w h i ch t ak e s pl ac e ay s t h e l adli n o u t o f t h e m e t al c o m m e n ce s as aft e r t wo o r t h re e d g m u ch f e sh zi n c b e i ng c h arg e d in as is l adl e d o u t say 9 t o 10 t o ns in 2 4 h ou s From th e m e tal b ath w h i c h is t hu s k e p t at a c on stant l e v e l t he l e ad fi rst de p osit s fo ll o w e d by the i ron w hi c h fo m s wi th t he zi n c and a p o rt i on o f t h e l e ad a di ffi c u ltly fu sibl e all o y w h il st t h e zi n c f o m s t he t op m ost l ay e r By m e an s o f a su i tabl e t ool t h e p u e zi n c t he h a d zi n c and t he l ead are e asily di st i ngu i sh abl e f o m e ac h o t he r I f an i ro n ro d is sl o wly l o w e re d i nt o t h e m e t al l i b ath in t h e fu n ac e t h e m ass fe e l s so ft as far as t he m olt e n in t h e
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M E T A L L U RG Y
18 4
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treatm e n t o f zi n c f um e h as b e en e xpl ai n e d on p age 17 4 I f it c on t ai n s c ad m i um in w o k abl e p rop orti on it is u se d for the e xt rac t i o n o f thi s m e t al It is al so e m pl oy e d u nder th e n am e of zinc gray as a p ai n t e sp e c i ally for i ron Fi nally it is e m pl oye das a re du c i ng ag e n t fo r t h e re du c t i o n o f su c h su b st an c e s as i ndig o n it ro b e n z o l and n it ri c ac i d in c h e m i c al fac t ori e s an d l ab orat o i e s I t is al so u se d for t h e p re p arati o n O f hy dro g e n by h e ati ng it with sl ac k e d li m e T he c h e m i c al c h an g e t h at t ak es pl ac e is sai d t o b e t h e fo ll o w i n g The
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M E T A LLU RG Y i ro n (t he l at te r b ei ng e du ce d al e ady in t he u pp e r hal f O f t he fu nac e by c a b on m o n o xi de an d t hu s p ro du c i ng c a b on di o xi de ) an d by t he e m pl oy m e n t o f h eat e d air t he se Obj e c ti on s c an n e v e rth e l e ss be c o n si d e rably li m it e d as is i nde e d al so t h e c ase in t h e p oc ess o f zi nc di st ill ati on in sm all e r v e sse l s Wh il st i t is t h u s i m p ossibl e t o p rodu c e soli d zi nc in shaft f u rnac e s it is n e v e rt he l ess q u i t e p ossibl e as H e m p e l h as sh o w n t o p ro du ce zi n c o xi de in su c h a fu rn ac e an d al so p u lv e ru l e n t zi n c q u ant iti e s o f oxi de The shaft c o n t ai n i ng o nly re l at iv e ly sm all fu nac e t h ere fo re p re se n t s a m e an s fo p rodu c i ng bye p ro du c t s ri c h in zi nc for di still ati on in re t t s I n t hi s esp e ct e sp e c i ally as regards it m ay b e w o t h w h il e t o t h e form at i on Of p u l v e u l e nt zi nc A c c ordi ng t o He m p el s e xp e ri m e n t fu rt h e r u p o n t h e sh af t f u n ac e by t h e u se O f h ot bl ast it is p ossibl e t o o btai n zi nc e xp e ri m e n t s fu m e v e ry i ch in zi nc in t h e sh aft f u rn ac e and t o se p arat e it by T h i s zi nc fum e c an m e an s O f c e n t i fu gal m ach i n e y fro m t h e gase s b e c om p essed i n t o a v e y sm al l v o l u m e by p re ssu re an d t h i s p o tec t s it fro m o xi dati on ; f o m t he zi nc du st S O t reat e d zi n c c an be Ob t ai ne d b ot h by di still at i o n wit h o u t t h e ad diti on o f c a b o n as al so by m e an s Of e l e c troly si s H e m p e l su b m itt ed t h e c o m p e ssed zi nc du st t o di st i l l ati on wi th o u t addi ng c arb on ac e ou s m att er an d s o f t he f u m e in t h e fo rm o f m e t alli c zi n O b t ai n e d t w o t h i d c o f g re at p u ri ty Th e re si du e c ont ai n ed o xi de of zi nc t og e the r w ith l e ad & c c o m bi n e d wit h o xyg e n and su lp hu r w h i c h h ad S ilv e r c o pp e r b e e n v o l atili sed t oge th e w i th t he zi nc in t he shaft f urnac e H e m p e l u se d z in c c ho fo r t he shaft f urn ac e ch arge t hi s m at eri al b e i ng p o du c ed by h e ati ng t oge th e 1 p a t of zi n c o xi de 3 p art s o f p art o f c au st i c li m e in a e t o t an d all o wi ng t he o al and Th e sh aft fu rnac e w as c ak e d m ass t o c oo l w i t h t h e e x c l u si o n Of air p o vi de d wit h an i on sto v e fo r h e ati ng t he bl ast and w as The gase s t og e t h er wi th t h e c on st ru c t e d lik e a S e fst Om f u rnac e zi n c vap ou rs p asse d f o m t he t h o at Of t he bl ast f urn ac e i n t o an i ron t u b e in w h i c h t h e y w e re c o o l e d do w n t o 3 0 C T he gase s w e e d aw n O ff f o m t h e fu nac e and t he zi n c fu m e se p a at e d fro m t h e m by m e an s O f a c e nt ri fugal app a atu s t h e c on str u c t i on O f w h i c h is It c o nsi st s O f a w he e l A wi th 8 v ane s sh w n in Fig 14 8 and 14 9 w h i c h is d iv e n by m e an s o f t h e gro o v e d p u ll e y a d iv e n by a st e am to e ngi n e t h e v e l o c i t y b e i ng f o m e v o l u ti ons e r m i nu t e p T he w h e e l o t at e s i n si de a c asi ng B w h i c h is agai n c o nt ai n e d in t he l a g e c yli nde r 0 The c asi ng w as O p e n b e l o w bu t c l ose d ab o v e T h e c yli n de r G w as c l o e d b e l o w by m e an s O f a c o n e an dp o vi d e d ab o v e wi th a re m o v abl e c ov e r b T he gase s and zi nc v ap o u r e n t e re dt h o u gh Of
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t u b e 0 ; w he n it re ach ed t he i n te i or O f t h e m ac h i ne t h e du st w as fl u n g by c e n tri f ug al ac t i o n agai nst t he p roj e c ti o ns o f t h e c asi ng B w h e nc e it dro pp e d do w n i nt o t h e c on i c al p orti o n o f t h e c yli nde r c w h e re it w as de p osit e d and w h en c e it c o u l d be re m o v e d by m e an s Of T he gase s e sc ap e d th ro u gh t h e t u b e d andw e re m ade t o t h e sp o u t e t rav e rse a bag in w h i c h t h e re m ai n de r o f t h e zi nc du st w as e t ai ne d so t hat t h e g ase s e sc api n g t he re f o m w e e p e fec tly f ee f o m fu m e T he p ro p orti on o f c ar bon di o xi de in t h e e sc api n g gases w h i c h as is w e ll k no w n de cre ases as t h e fu rnac e t e m p e rat u re i nc re ase s and w h i c h am ou n t s t o u nde r 1 pe r c e n t at a w h it e h e at had gon e do wn t o 0 7 p e r c e n t b e fore c h a gi ng t h e zi nc c o k e fu r nace and v ari e d du i n g t h e t hre e ho u rs t h at di still ati o n l ast e d b e tw e e n 18 and 4 per c e nt O f t h e g ase o u s m ix tu re It T he zi nc f u m e p ro du c e d c o n t ai n e d 7 2 t o 9 0 pe r c e nt o f zi n c is li abl e to o xi di se rapi dly in th e air and if c h a gedin th e p u lv e ru l e nt t he
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p u rp ose of di still at i on w ou l d diti o n Of c arb on fo r t h e re du c ti on o f t h e zi nc o xi de re q u i re t h e ad t og eth er with a v e y h igh t e m p e rat u re I n o de r t o av oi d t hi s oxi da ti n it w as c om p re sse d i nt o bl oc k s A c c o di ng t o th e e xp e ri m e n t s o f H arti g a p re ssu re O f 3 0 at mosp h ere s re du c ed it t o 13 3 pe r c e n t of 10 0 at m o sp h e re s t o 10 p e r c e n t an d 2 0 0 it s origi nal v ol u m e A c c o di ngly as a p re ssu re o f 100 atm osp h e res t o 8 7 p e r c e nt a t m osp he re s c an e asily be p ro du c e d by m e an s O f sc re w s l e ve rs o r h y drau li c p re sse s t h e re is n o di ffi c u l ty in c o m p re ssi ng zi n c f u m e t o one t e n th O f it s origi nal v o l u m e H e m p e l Obtai ne d by t he di still a t i o n o f t h i s c o m p ressed zi nc by it se l f wit h o ut any addi t i o n Of c arb o n t w o th i ds o f t h e w e ig h t o f t he f orm e r in t h e form O f v e y p u re I n t re ati ng a c harge t o w h i c h f e ri c o xi de an d m e t alli c zi nc
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18 8
g ti fe ou s l ead had b ee n add e d H e m p e l obtai ne d zi nc fu m e con t ai ni ng 8 0 pe r cen t of zi nc w h i ch c ontai n e d t he wh o l e of th e l eadand Th e i ro n w as o bt ai n ed in t he form o f w h it e pig i ro n ; t he silv er r e t sl a l f t n h n a i n d r c e n t of sili c a i f n e t u a c e c o e 5 8 e e 3 p g p c e n t of al u m i na 8 15 e r c e n t o f li m e 10 e r c e n t o f fe rri c o xi d e p p s zi n c du st w as Thi e r ce nt o f zi nc and 18 e r c e nt o f su lp hur p p al so c o m p re sse d and di still e d with o u t any additi on o f c arb onac e o u s m att e r T w o thi rds o f it s w e ight w e re o b tai n e d in th e form o f p u re zi nc t og e th er wit h a re si du e h av ing t he foll owi ng c om p ositi on : ar e n
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xp eri m en ts h av e b een p ubli sh e d wit h resp e c t t o t he It c ou l d be m ou l de d i n t o sol u bl e e l e c t ro ly si s o f c om p re sse d zi n c an o de s an d as t h e zi n c is c hi e fly p rese nt in t h e m e t alli c form a c on si de rabl e q u an t ity o f e l e c tri c al e n e rgy w o u l d b e de v e l o p e d by it s In so l u ti o n so t h at o n ly a l o w c u rre n t t e n si on w o u l d be re q u ire d p rop osed th e e x con se q u e n c e o f t h e ab o v e e xp e i m e n t s H e m p e l t rac ti o n of zi nc from ore s whi c h c on t ai n e d c onsi derabl e qu an titi e s of zi nc in additi o n t o l e ad and silv e r an d whi c h c anno t be se p arate d by d essi ng op erati on s i n t o zi n c ore s o n t h e one h and an d l e ad and Th e p ro ce ss is t o c om p ri se t h e f ol l ow in g silv e r o re s o n t h e o t h e r o p e ati on s 1 T he p o du c t i on o f zi nc fu m e in sh aft f u rnac e s 2 The co m p ressi o n o f t h e zi n c fu m e p ro du c e d 3 T he di still ati o n or e l e c t ri c al r e fi ni ng o f th e c o m p resse d zi nc fu m e Th e ore aft er h avi n g fi rst b e e n c al c i ne d h as t o be fritt e d or if c o ki ng c o al is av ail abl e g rou n d wit h o u t b e i n f ri t t e d wit h thi s c o al g I f t h e o re is ri c h in i ron t h e i o n m u st fi rst b e and th en c o k e d re d u c e d o t h er w i se zi nc v ap o u rs w ou l d be e o xi di se d by t h e c arb on di o xi de p ro du c ed in th e u pp e r p art o f t h e fu rn ac e as o c c u rs in i ro n bl ast furnac e s T he gase s e v o lv ed from t he fu naces afte r havi n g b e en f e e d fro m t he zi nc v ap ou r c onsi st e ssen ti ally o f c arb o n m on o xi de an d n it ro g e n and a e t o b e u se dfo r he ati ng t h e bl ast o r t h e dis t ill at ion fu n ac e an d f or fi ri n g b oil e rs O n e sc api ng fro m t h e f urnac e t h e gase s are fi rst p asse d i n t o i ro n t u b e s k e p t c o o l by e xp o su re t o t h e air in w h i c h t h e fo rm er are t o be c o o l e d dow n t o 5 0 C an d si m u lt an eo u sly t o de p osit a p o ti o n o f zi nc fu m e ; t h e y t he n e n t e a se i e s o f c e n t i f u gal m ac h i ne s w h i c h t h e t rav erse o n e aft e o ne o y t h e o t h er in w h i c h n e a ly t h e w h o l e o f t h e zi nc fu m e still re t ai n e d is se p arat e d ou t H e m p e l p o p oses the c e n tri fugal m achi ne s sh o w n N0
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M ETA L L U RG Y
19 0
b on di o xi de is p ro m ot e d by t h e fac t th at fe i c o xi de is re du c e d t o m e t alli c i ron at a l o w re d h e at by carb o n m on o xi de wit h t he form ati on o f c arb on di o xi de I n t h e se c ases t he zi nc w ou l d be re duced in th e l ow e p art of t he fu rnace by m eans of t h e c arb o n p re se n t T he e x c ess o f ai t oge th e with t he c arb on di o xi de p resen t in t h e u pp e r p ar t o f t he f urnac e w o u l d agai n o xi di se t h e v ap o u rs of zi nc as t h e y ri se u T i h s t ak e s pl ac e for e x am pl e p w he n o e s of i ron l ead c opp e or silv e c ont ai ni ng zi n c are sm e lt e d in fu rnac es o f c o m p arativ e ly sm all h e ig h t T h at t h e re du c ti on of zi nc t ak es pl ace with ou t any diffi cu lty in t he se c ases is p o v ed by the m e th od t o b e p resen tly e xpl ai n e d for t he p ro du c ti on o f zi n c w h it e di rec t from the ore s It is nec e ssary t o c oo l dow n t he zi nc fu m e and t o se p arat e it f o m t h e n e u t ral g ase s by m e ans o f du st c h am b e rs and fi l t e ri ng appli an c es O f th e sh aft fu rn ac e s t h at hav e b e e n p at e n t e d for t h e p rodu c t i o n o f zi n c o xi de n o t a si n l e o ne as f a as t he g au t h or k n o w s h as b e en u se d p rac t i c ally Z i nc o xi de i n t e nde d fo e du ti o n h as u p t o t h e p re se n t on ly b e e n o b t ai n e d as a bye p oduc t w h e n zi nc i fe ou s ores su c h as fran k li n it e are sm e lt ed in shaft fu rnac es or w h en zi nc Wh it e is p ro du c e d in fu rnac e s wi t h We th erill grat es (see t h e p rodu c ti on o f zi nc w h it e ) A s an e x am pl e o f a p at e nt e d sh aft fu r n ac e fo t h e e xt rac ti on of zi n c o xi de fro m o es t he fu nac e of H arm e t m ay b e m e n F t io n e d al t h o u gh it al so h as n ot b e e n u se d T h e fu rnac e Fig 15 2 h as p rac t i c ally a c l o sed t o by m e an s of t u ye res T T in t he u pp e p a t p a of t h e fu rnac e as al so by m e ans of t h e t u y e res T sit u at e d j u st ab o v e t he b o tt om of t h e fu rn ace h o t ai is fo c e d i n t o t h e l at t e Th e zi nc e du ce d f om th e ore s e sc ap e s in t h e form o f v ap ou t h ou gh t h e fl u e s i i nt o th e c h am b e rs D w h ere it is co m pl e t e ly o xi di se d by m e ans o f c o l d an d m oi st ai e n t e ri n g t hro u gh t h e t u b e s t an d is t h e n t o b e The e si du e fre e c oll e c t e d in th e fo rm o f zi n c o xi de in c ham b e s f o m zi nc is t o b e fu se d i nt o a sl ag in f o n t o f t h e t u y e e T an d t o u n o ut o f t h e f u rnac e Fo r t h e p ro du c ti o n o f m e t alli c zi nc w h i c h is h ow e v e r su bj e c t t o the ab o v e nam e d di ffi c u lti e s t h e fu rnac e is t o I n t h i s c ase th e zi nc v ap o u rs are t o be c o ndu c t e d be m ade hi gh e r at a c e rt ai n p re ssu e w h i c h p re v e nt s t h e e n t an c e o f at m o sp he ri c ai D R P t t N in
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fill e d wi th charc oal and t he n p assed i nt o c o n For t he ab o v e nam e d e ason s h e e al so zi n c fu m e al on e de nse rs Fo r th e p rodu c ti o n o f zi nc o xi de f u r nac es w i t h w o u l d be obt ai n e d W e th e ill g rat es are b e t t e su it ed than are shaft fu nac e s Ri e w e nd h as rec e n tl y p ro p o se d t h e bl ast f u nac e fo t he de c o m po T h e i on is t o be adde d sit io n o f zi n c bl e n de by m e an s o f i o n in t h e m e t alli c st at e o r e du c e d fro m o xi des c h arge d fo t h at e i th e p u rp ose Th e fue l an d re du ci n g age n t for the oxi de o f i ron is t o be T he zi nc se p arat e d ou t in th e g ase ou s form is t o c o k e o r c h arco al i nto c onde n sers fil l e d be c ondu c t e d at a h i gh t e m p e at u re 80 0 C wit h red h ot co k e or charc o al and c onde nse dth ere i n t o th e liqu i d st at e w h il st t h e su lp h i de of i ro n form e dby t h e d e com p ositi on o f t he su lp h i de o f zi n c an d t h e sl ags p o d u c e d fro m t h e ash es o f t h e fu e l an d t h e i m p uriti es o f t he zi n c bl en de form i ng a sili c at e of li m e and al u m i n a are t o be t app e d o u t o f t h e fu rn ac e in t he m o l t e n c onditi o n T he su lp h i de o f i o n c an b e c o n v e rt e d i nt o fe r i c o xi de by c al c i nati o n and aft e r b e i n g e du ce d c an t h e de c om p o si t i o n o f f e sh be u se d f q u anti t i e s o f su lp h i de of zi nc T he g ase s freed f o m zi n c in t he c o nde n se rs an d w h i c h c o n si st o f n it o g e n an d c arb on m on o xi de a e t o be u se d as f u e l T h e p o ssibility o f t h e de c o m p ositi on of su lp h i de o f zi nc by i ron in bl ast fu rn ac e s h as b ee n p ro v e d by t h e sm e l t i n g o f i ron ores c ont ai n i ng zi nc bl e n de As h ow e v e r t h e zin c v ap ou rs for m e d a e al so dil u t e d in t h i s c ase by v ap o u rs of n it og e n an d c arb on m o no xi de it is dou bt fu l w h e t he r t h e zi n c c an b e c on de n se d t o a liqu i d T hat e v e n by t h e e m pl oy m e n t o f c o nde nse rs fill e d wit h re d h o t c o al th e c on de nsati o n o f zi nc t o a liq u i d m ay b e p o ssibl e t o a c e rt ai n de g e e has b e e n p ro v e d by t h e p ro du c ti on of fl u i d zi nc in t h e so c all e d ink stu hl in t h e ol d sh aft fu rn ac es o f t h e l o we r H ar tz in w h i c h zi n c i fe ro u s l e ad ore s w e re form e rly sm e lt ed I f t h e c on de n sati on of zi nc in t h e liq u i dst at e is not fe asibl e it w ou l d be n ec e ssary t o be c ont en t with t h e p roduc ti on of ri c h bye p roduc ts H it h e rt o n o e xp e i m ents h av e b ee n tri ed on a l a g e scal e u p on th i s p roc e ss c h am
be
19 1
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M E T A LL U RG Y
19 2
b i c k s w hi ch h e b u il ds i nt o c o l u m ns in t he l ab o rat ory c h am b ers o f e v e b e rat ory f u nac e s h e at e d by p ro du c e r gas filli ng t he i nt e rsp ac e s b e t w ee n th ese c ol u m ns by b riq u e t te s o f c oal or o t he c arb on ace o us The p ro du c e r gas is t o b e b u rn e d by m e ans o f air i n t ro du c e d fu e l T h e fl am e s a e t o p ass t hrou gh e i th e b p e ssu re o r by drau gh t v ert i cal sp ac e s l e ft w he n t h e b riq u e t te s a e b u ilt u p fro m ab o ve do w n w ards i n t o a c on de nsi n g c h a m b e r b u il t b e l o w t h e l ab o at ory c ham b e r o f t he fu r nac e an d t h e nc e i nt o t h e gas p rodu c e r o f a sec o nd By m e ans o f t h e fl am e s t h ese b iq u e t t es are t o be he at ed fu rnac e t t h e t e m p e rat u re of e du c ti o n o f t he zi n c t h e e x c e ss o f c arb o n in t he fu rn ac e re du c i ng t h e c arb o n di o xi de t o c arb on m o n o xi de In t h e c onde n si ng c ham b e r bl o c k s o f m e t al c o ol e d by w at e r an d c o v ere d T he zi nc is su pp o se d t o c o ll e c t in t h e w it h fi re c l ay are di st rib u t e d liq u i d form u p on t h e b o tt om o f t h i s c o n de nse r an d t o be t app e d o ff N ot h i ng is k n o wn u p t o t h e p e sent as t o t he fro m t i m e t o t i m e E v e n th ou gh it m ight b e e m pl oy m e n t in p ac ti c e o f t h i s fu rnac e p ossibl e t o av o i d t he o xi dati on o f the zi nc t he zi nc v ap o u rs w ou l d be dil u t e d t o a v ery g re at e xt e n t by t he p ro du c t s o f c o m b u sti o n o f th e p odu cer gas an d t h e n itroge nof th e air so t hat it w o ul dbe i m p ossibl e A s in t h e c ase of t h e t o c o u n t u p o n t h e p ro du c ti o n o f liq u i d zi nc u c t i o n o f liq u i dzi nc shaft fu rn ac e zi n c f u m e w ou l dbe fo rm e d t h e p rod in re v e rb e rat o y f u rnac e s m u st th ere fore be l o ok ed u p on as h op e l e ss a s o n ly b e p ro d u c t s r i c h in zi nc c o u l d b e o bt ai n e d in t h e m y r
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w e ll k no w n in th e p rese nt m e thod of zinc e x t rac ti on t he p ro ce ss c o n de n sati o n o f t h e v ap ou s is t h e w e ak e st p o i nt o f th e Th e gre at e p art o f th e l oss o f zi n c is du e t o t h e fac t t h at a p o rti on f t h e zi nc v ap ou rs is n e v e r c o n de n se dat al l an d t hat an o th e r p orti on n accou n t o f it s l o w t e n si o n as c o m p ar d wi t h at m o sp h e ri c air is n o t e xp e ll e d fro m t h e e t or t s bu t b u ns w h e n t h e l at te r are e m p t i e d u t T h e c on de n sati o n o f zi nc v ap ou s is o n ly p e fe c t b e tw e e n t h e n arro w t e m p at u e li m i ts o f 4 15 an d 5 5 0 C I f t h e t e m p e ra t u e o f t h e t he adap t e r in w h i c h c o nd e n sat i o n t ak es pl ac e is l o w er t h an zi n p asse s f o m t he c ondi ti on o f v ap ou r di e c t to t h e soli d stat e and fo m s a fi n e du st w hi c h is in p art c a i e d o f by t h e n e u t ral gases I f t h e t e m p e at u e e x c e e ds 5 5 0 C t h e zi n c v ap o u rs e sc ap e wi t h o u t b e i ng c o n de nse d I m p e fe c t c onde nsati o n is du e t o th e i m p o ssibili ty f re gu l at i ng t he t e m p e at u re o f t h e sm all adap t e rs at p re se n t in u se w h i c h in c o n se q u e n c e o f t h e i c l o se c o n n e c ti o n wi t h t he fu r nac e As is
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19
M E T A LL U RG Y
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zi nc c an be t app e d off an d is al w ay s l e ft in t h e c o nde n se a b at h o f zi nc o f a de fi n i t e Fo t h e sam e p u p o se t h e re is a row t o r e g u l at e t h e t e m p e rat u re m it t e d i n to t h e c o n de n se r an d o f t u b e s c t h ro u gh w h i c h air c an be ad It is c on ne c t e d by m e an s of t h e fl u e f wi t h t h u s c oo l it if e q u i re d t h e du st fl u e s g an d w it h a du st c h am b e r in w h i c h any zi n c f u m e form e d is c o ll e c t e d Fro m t h i s du st c h am b e r t h e c u rre n t o f g ase s p asse s i nt o a st ac k c onn e c ted wi t h it I n c o nse q u e nc e o f t h e c o n de nse r du st c h am b e and st ac k it is c o n n ec ti o n of e t o rt s p ossibl e t o draw any zinc v ap ou t hat m ay be l e ft in t he e t ort at t h e e nd o f t he di st ill at i o n o u t o f t hat re t ort by m e ans o f a li gh t drau ght Th e t h i c k n ess o f t he w all s o f t h e c on de n se r t h e b ath o f zi nc at th e b o t tom and t he p assage of air th rou gh t he air t u b es in c ase t h e c o n d e n se r b e c o m e s o v e rh e at e d a e su pp o se d t o m ak e it p ossibl e t o k e e p th e t em p e at u re of the c onde n se r wi t hi n t he re q u i sit e li m i t s The b ath of zi n c n ot o n ly ac t s as a re gu l at or bu t p rom ot es c on Fi n ally it al so adm i t s o f t h e l e ad de n sat i o n by su rfac e at t ac ti o n se p a ati ng o u t in t h e l o w e p o rti o n o f t h e su m p an dt h u s fo rm s a p arti al Wh e n t he di still at i on is fi n i she d t h e sy st e m is t o re fi ni ng fu rnac e b e w o k e d w i t h a gen t l e drau gh t in o der t o draw ou t t he l ast t rac e s o f zi n c v ap o u r f o m t h e e t o t s ; as in t h i s c ase air has t o b e adm itt e d i nto t he e t ort s it is p ossibl e t h at a p ort i on of th e zi nc v ap ou rs m ay be c o n vert e d i nt o f u m e T he se p rop osal s o f Ly ne n w ou l d se e m t o de se rv e c o n si derati on alt h ou g h n ot h i n g is k n o w n u p t o t h e p e se n t o f an p rac ti c al u l t s o b t ai n e d f o m t he m e s y de n se r h as
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IN C
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fi ne s ( l T he p o duc ts of co m b ust io n e sc ap e t hro u gh sl o ts i nt o t he v e rt i c al fl u e e p ass at t he an d fi nally t h o u h u pp e r e n d t h e re o f i nt o t h e fl ue f g 9 t o t he H ereby t he b o tt o m as w e ll as t he t op of the m u ffles are st ac k T he re t ort s are c h a g e d and c o m pl e t e ly s u ro u nde d by t h e fl am e s w he e t h e y Op e n o u t i n t o a v e rt i c al e m p ti e d at t h e i r b ac k e n d T h e gases an d v ap ou s w h i c h e scap e du ri ng t h e c hargi ng fl ue p w hil st t he di still at i on e si du e s and d awi n g ri se u p in t h i s fl ue T h e adap te s i are at t h e f o nt e nds o f th e fall do w n w ards c h am b e r h t o t he b ac k w all o f w h i c h t he re t ort s in a v e rti c al Th e re a e no state m en ts regardi ng e t o rts a e se c u e d air tight T he i r siz e and t hi c k ness a e to be t he dim e n s1on s o f t h e re t or ts c al c u l ate d f ro m t he c o ndu c ti vity o f t h e m ag nesi a fro m t h e h e ati n g in t h e
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i l o f t h e c h arg e The adv an t ag es o f t h e m ag ne si a v esse l s w h ic h t he a e c hi e fly dwe lt u p o n by S t e g e r are t h e i r gre at du rability s m all l oss o f zi nc du i ng t he O e i at io n h t e p ossibility o f c h argi n g p t h e m wi th m e in t h e fi ne st st at e o f divi si o n t h e n on e xi st e nc e o f any n e cessity f o r e pl ac i ng e t o rt s g re at e r du rabili ty o f t h e adapt ers and l a ge r di me nsi o ns of the l att e m o re rapi d c hargi ng and drawi ng an d e asi e r an d m o e h e alt h y w ork Wi th resp e c t t o t he du rabili ty o f t h e se m ag nesi a v e sse l s S t eg e r is o f o pi n i o n t hat t h e y w ou l d l ast fo se v e ral y e ars wh il st c l ay m u ffl es and r e t ort s o n th e o t her han d o nly l ast o n t h e av e rag e so m e 4 0 day s S t e g e s fu rnac e h as b ee n p aten t e d in t h e n am e of his p ar tn e r Franc isci in S ch w e i dni t z E xp e i m e nt s wit h t h i s f urnace are n o w b e i ng t ri e d in S il e si a T he m ag ne si a b i c k s at fi rst u se d sh o w e d t he m s e lv e s t o be v e ry se n si t iv e D R P t t Pt t B it i h P t t N B l gi A ti Pt t Am i P t t ca
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M ET A L L U RHY
19 6
A c c o di ng t o c o m m u ni c at i o n s f om D r S t e ge t hi s di ffi c u l t y is sai d t o hav e b e e n o v e c o m e a t p rese nt N c o nc l u siv e o pi n i o n c an b e fo m e d o f t h e f u rn ac e s u n t il t h e y hav e b e n in w ork for so m e c onsi de rabl e t i m e w hi c h has n ot b e e n t he c ase u p t o t he p e se n t c han
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i nu te s H oe p fne c o nsi de s t h at an ac t iv e m ot i n o f t he e l e c t o ly t e by m e ans o f ro t at i n g c at h ode s is n ec essary f o r t h e p odu c t i o n o f de n se de p osi ts Myl iu s and F ro m m ag e e w i t h N ahnse n in asc ribi ng t he c au se o f t h e form at i o n o f sp o ngy zi nc t o t h e fo m at i o n o f zi n c ; o xi d e o o f b asi c sal t s I f t h e lc o ndit io ns are n o t fav o u r n O abl e t o t h e fo rm at i o n o f zi nc o xi de n o sp o n e is p rodu c e d g di sso lvi n g zi nc sp on ge in m e c u ry t h e y al way s Ob t ai ne d a re si du e h c o n t ai n i n n f c h w as l e ss zi xid b i l w i c o o a a t h m o u n t O e s c s a t e a g t h an 1 pe r ce n t of t h e w e i gh t O f t h e sp o ng e I f o xi di si n g ag e n t s w e re p re se n t du rin g t he e l e c t o lysi s o f a sol u t i o n o f zi n c su lp hat e zi nc sp o n g e w as al way s form e d w h il st in t he ab se n ce o f su ch b odi es de p osi t s o f sm o o t h w h it e zi nc w e e O bt ai n e d Fo r e x am pl e a 10 pe c e n t n e u tral so l u t i o n o f zi nc su lp h at e w i t h a c u rre nt o f 10 am p er e s w e r sq u a e fo o t f p g o m i n u t e s in t he r m d n a t t h e n d O f t o e s o e e p 7 p re sen c e Of 0 0 1 pe r c e nt o f hy d og e n p e oxi de “ h e n t he e l e c t ro ly t e c o n t ai ne d 0 1 p er c e nt o f zi n c ni t rate as an oxi di sing age n t a bl ac ki sh gray d ep osi t o f zi nc c ont ain i ng o xide fo m e d at t he e ndo f o ne m i nu t e T hi s dep osi t c ont ai n ed zi nc n i t at e and e q u i re s fu rt he i nv est ig ati on A c athode o f sh e e t zin c w h i ch h ad b e en t ou ch e d in se v e ral pl ac e s wi t h t u rp e n t i ne c o nt ai ni n o xy e n sh o w e d at o n c e t he g g c o m m e n c e m e n t of t h e for m at i o n o f zi n c sp on e by t h e de v e l o p m e n t g o f g ayi sh bl ac k st ai ns at t h e sp o t s t h at h ad b e e n t ou c h e d F rom a 10 per c e n t sol u t i on o f su lp h at e o f zi n c i nt o w h i c h zi n c o xid e h ad b ee n sti rre d wi th a cu r e nt de nsi ty o f 10 am p ere s pe sq u are foot fi e m i nu t es aft e r t h e c om m e n c e m e nt o f t h e e l e c t o ly si s g ray sp o ngy zi n c w as de p osi t e d u p o n t h e c at ho de o f sh e e t zi nc in a st e ak al ong t h e su rfac e Of t h e T he p re se nc e of fo re i gn m e t al s in t h e so l u ti o n e l ec t ro lyt e p ro m o t es t h e o xi d at i o n o f zi nc an dt h e re fo re t h e f o rm at i o n o f sp on e t h e sp o ngi t h Al g t ib o u h l i n F h s c e M a u s a d r m m u s o g y n e ss O f zi nc t o zi n c o xi d e th e p ossi e t h e y do no t al t o e t h e e x clud g b il ity t h at hy droge n m ay pl ay a p art in its fo m at i on A ccordi ng t t h e i v i e w s sp on ge c an n o t be de p osi te d fro m ac i d sol u t i on s o f u lp h at e o f zi nc Th e e xp e ri m e nt s o f Myl iu s an d F ro m m h av e re fe e nc e t o so l u bl e zi nc an o de s A sh c ro ft fou nd in a l a g e n u m b er o f e xp e ri m e nt s that th e fo m a t i on o f sp o n gy zi n c w as al way s c onn ec t e d w i t h t h e e v o l u t i o n O f hy droge n an d t h at zi nc o xi de w as n o t de p osi t e d di re c t u p o n t h e c at h o d e s bu t w as o n ly p ro du c e d by t h e d e c o m p osi t i o n o f zi nc sp ong e a l re ady fo m e d by t he ac t i o n A c c ordi ng t o A shc roft s o f w at e r e xp e ri m e nt s t h e fo m at i o n o f sp o ngy zi n c is c o m pl e t e ly p re v e n t e d in E gli h P t 189 3 t N m
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l ti ons of zi nc ch l ori de w hi c h al so c on t ai n sodi u m sulph at e by t he additi o n o f c e rtai n o xi di si ng ag e nt s su c h as p o tassi u m pe r m anganat e p o tassi u m c hl orat e c h l o ri ne o r c h l o ri de o f li m e He al so fou nd t hat l e ss zi n c w as alw ay s de p o sit e df o m ac i d zi n c so l u ti o n s t h an is re q u i e d by t h e o y ( 18 7 g rai ns pe r am p e e pe h o u r) w h il st a l arg e r q u an tity t han t h e t h eore ti c al w as al way s de p osi t e d fro m b asi c sal ts I n so m e c ase s he o b t ai ne d fro m su c h so l u ti o ns 5 0 pe r c e n t m o re t h an t h e t he ore ti c al o u tp u t I n e xp e ri m e nt s o f t h i s ki nd whi c h t he au tho r had t he o pp ortu n i t y o f wi t ne ssi ng in L o ndon h ot so l u ti o ns O f zi nc c h l ori de sat u at e d wit h zi n c o xy c h l o r i de w e e u se d an d p ro du c e d fi rm w h i t e and c o m p ac t zi nc Afte 8 h ou rs t h e sol u t i o n had b e com e n e u t ral and h ad t o b e sat u ra t e d a ai n w it h zi n c g o x c h l or i d D u r i ng t h e e t o k e e p t h e de p osi t in t h e ab o v e c o nditi o n fi rst 2 hou rs o f t he o p erati o n th e e x c e ss of zi n c de p osit e d ab o v e t he t he ore ti c al q uantity w as 4 9 pe r c en t in t he ne xt 2 h u rs 3 7 pe r c e n t ; in t h e n e xt 2 h o u rs 14 r c e n t ; and in t he l ast 2 h o u rs t h e e p t heore ti cal q u antity o nly O n c o nti n u i ng t he e l e c t ro ly si s t h e q u an tity of de p osi t ed zinc fe ll b e l o w the t heore ti c al q u anti t y th e zi nc b e cam e sp o ngy and afte r a c om p arativ e ly sho t ti m e n o m o e zinc w as t hrow n do w n A c co di ng t o S i e m e n s an d Hal sk e t he form at i on o f sp o ngy zi n c is du e t o t h e p re se nc e o f s m all q u an titi e s of hydrog e n an d t rac e s o f zinc hydride (Za ) To avo i d t h i s o bj ec ti o n t he y p ro p ose t o fix th e hy drog e n by m e an s o f fre e h al oge n s o r by su ch h al o ge n c o m p ou nds as w ill c o m bi n e wit h t h e h y dro e n wit h t h e form ati o n o f t h e resp ec tiv e g hydri de s A m o n g su c h b o di e s appli c abl e t o a sol u t i o n o f su lph at e o f zi nc m ay be nam ed a w e ak sol u ti on o f c hl ri ne b ro m i ne o r i o di ne or a w e ak so l u ti o n o f f e e hyp oc h l oro u s or h yp ob ro m ou s ac i d o r c h l o i ne o r b ro m i n e f a s or h s o l i b i b ti ti p c o r n o d u c t e a n d r m n t u n r o e s u s o g o n a g i c b odi e s w h i c h are so l u bl e in w at e r and w h i c h giv e u p t h e i c h l ori n e o r b rom i ne and are t h u s re du c e d t o l o w e r com p o u nd s by n asc e n t hydrog e n as fo r i n stanc e t h e so l u bl e c hl o hydrine of Wh e n an e x c ess o f c hl ori ne is p e se nt gl yc erol an d o t he r gly c ol s in t he so l u ti o n o f z in c su lp hat e hy p oc h l oro u s ac i d alw ay s form s ; ac c rdip t o t h e fo ll o wi ng e q u ati on o g so u
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xt rac ted fro m o e s t h so l u t i on sh ou l d as a I n t h e m aj ori t y o f u l e b e p rodu c e d ap art fro m t h e e l e c t i c c i rc u it t h e prOc e sse s p re p ose d u p t o t h e p re se n t t he zi n c is di sso lv e d in t h e form o f su lp h at e o r o f a do u bl e su lp hat e as c hl ri de or a do u bl e e in c om bi nati o n wit h alk ali e s or alk ali n e salt s o r c om bi ne d c hl o ri d w i t h v e g e t abl e ac i ds t he m e t al b e i ng de p osit ed fro m t h e se so l u ti o ns by m e ans Of th e e l ec tri c c urrent U nl e s o th e m e tal s are t o be di sso lv e d fro m t he ano de s it is n e c e ssary t o w o rk wit h i n so l u bl e A n e v o l u ti o n o f gas is t hu s p rodu ce d an d a gre at c o n an o de s e l ec t ri c e ne gy is re nde re d n e ce ssa y At t he sam e s u m pti o n o f t i m e t h i s e v o l u ti o n o f gas t e n ds t o t h e fo r m at i o n o f sp on gy zi nc M u c h att e n ti on has b ee n giv e n t o o v e rc o m i ng t he se o bj e c t i ons as far as p ossibl e by m e an s o f ac i d de p ol ari si ng ag e n t s an d by e m pl o yi ng w h i ch are g o o d c ondu c t o s and in so m e i nstanc es e l e c t ro lyt e s goo d re su lt s h av e b e e n Obtai ned Th e v a i ou s de p ol a i si ng age nt s will be de sc rib e d u nder the i ndivi du al p roc esses to be m en ti on e d b e l ow A g e n e al m e th o d o f de p o l ari si ng p o p o se d by B orc h e s w h i c h h as not ye t h ow e v e r b e e n e m pl oy e d p rac t i c all y will al o n e b e e B o c hers p rop ose s in c on se q u en c e of c e rtam e x fe rre d t o he re i m e nt s c arri e d ou t by h im t o e m pl oy o xyg e n se p arat e d in t h e e p r ising ag e nt for c e rtai n o g ani c c om c o u rse o f e l ec t ro ly si s as an o x id p ou nds in pl ac e Of t he o xi di si ng age n t s su ch as p e ro xide s pe m an gan at e s c hrom i c ac i d arse n i c ac i d & c h ith e rto u se d and t h u s D R P t t K1 40 N 0p it p 9 8 r
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M E T A L L U RG Y
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bi ne t he e l e c t ro ly si s o f t he m e tal w i t h a p ro c e ss o f xi dat i on t o t h e adv an tag e o f b o t h o p e ra t i o n s T he m at e i al fo r h is o xi dati o n p oc e ss h e fi nds in v ari o u s di still ati o n p rodu c t s f c o al t ar su ch fo By m ixi ng and dige sti ng the se su b st anc e e x am pl e as t h e c re so l s w i t h c on c e nt rat e d su lp h u ri c ac i d t h e y are re adily c o n v e rt e d i n t o w h c e so l su l hio n ic ac i d i c h are g ood c o n du c t o s an d are re ad ily s p so l u bl e in w at e r I n t h e c o u rse o f a su ffi c i e nt ly l o ng c o n ti nu e d i se dt o c arb on di oxi de w at e and su lph uri c e l e c t o ly si s t h e se a e o xi d ac i d I f how e v e r t h e e l e c t ro ly si s is i n t e rru p t e d at a su i t abl e ti m e ac c o rdi n t o B orc he s t he w h o l e se ri e s o f t he t h e o re t i c al ly p ossibl e g i nt erm e di at e o xi dati o n p rodu c ts c an be o b tai ne d It is a n ec e ssary on di t i on for t h e c o m bi n at i o n o f e l ec t o ly si s w i t h t h e p roc e sse s o f xi dati on t hat the o xi dat i on p rodu c t form e dlshal l be re adily se p a abl f ro m t he so l u ti o n t hat h as t o be e l ec tro ly se d I n e xp e i m e n t s c ar i e d to am p ere s u t w i t h su c h m at e ri al s B o rc h e rs wit h a c urre n t o f n q u are foo t o bt ai n e d a b rilli an t an d c o m p ac t de p osi t o f zi n c I er p o rde r t o m ai n t ai n t h i s c u rre n t de n si t y a t e nsi o n ac c o di ng t o t h e p rop orti on of zi n c in t he e l e c t ro l y t e of f om 16 t 2 v o l t s w as re q u i re d Wh e n c urre nt s of 14 am p ere s pe sq u are foot and an i n i t i al t e n si o n f 3 v o lt s w e re e m p l oy e d B orc h e rs o bt ai ne d g o od zi n c bu t t h e b at h rapi dly h e at e d an d i n c re ase d t h e t e n si o n t o su c h an e xt e nt t hat th e w ork b e c am e u n p o fi t abl e The q u antity o f zi nc w hi c h c an be c al c u l at e d u p o n in t hi s m e t h o d o f de p o l a i sat i on is giv e n by B o c h e rs as at t he u t m o st 0 2) lb pe hou pe h o se p o w e N oth i ng is y e t k n o w n ab ou t t h e p rac ti c al e x e c u ti o n o f t h i s p roj e c t Wi t h t h e e m pl oy m e n t o f i nsol u bl e an ode s th e t e n si o n in t he b at h Whe n c al c u l at e d fo zi nc su lp h at e fro m t he av e age s 3 t o 4 v o l t s c al o rifi c e ffe c t Q an d f o m t he q u an ti t y o f c u ent e q u i e d ac c o di ng t h e de c o m p o si t i o n o f an e l e c t ro c h e m i c al t o F a aday s l aw fo m ol cu l e to
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p odu c ti on o f c om p ac t zi nc th e e se em s bu t li t tl e lik e li h ood o f it s i n t ro du c ti n u p o n a w orki ng sc al e in t h e i m m edi at e fu t u e T h e e x t rac t i o n o f zi nc from sol u ti ons o f su lp hat e a nd c h l ori de c o m bi n e d w i t h di sso lvi n g t h e zi nc o u t o f it s ore s w ithi n t h e e l e c t ri c c i rc u i t h ad b e e n p ro p o se d in 18 8 0 by L u c k o w b u t h as ne v e c o m e i n t o u se u p o n a l arg e sc al e T h e p at e n t c o v e rs t h e p rodu c t i o n o f zi nc by t he e l e c t oly si s o f c o nc e nt rate d sol u t i ons t h e ac i ds o t h e c h l o ri n e t h u s lib e rat e d b e i n g all o w e d t o ac t u p o n t h e zi nc o re s w h il st p ol a i si ng is p e v e n t e d by m echan i c al o r ch e m i c al m e an s T h e de c o m p osi n g c e ll s a e t o b e form e d o f w o od e n v at s ; sh e e t s o f zi n c are t o be u se d as c at h ode s an d wi re b ask e t s as an odes th e se c ont ai n i ng m ix tu re s o f c arb o n and zi n c ores or zi nc i fe ou s m e t all u gi c al p o du c t s o b ask e t s o r b o x e s m ade o f w i re and fill e d w i t h c a b o n o n ly The zi n c w h i c h is sai d t o se p arat e o u t at t h e c at h o d n s is t o be c au g h t o n f am e s c o v e re dw ith i e in t h e form o f a g c l o t h arran e d b e n e at h t h e c at h o de s By e m pl oyi n g a so l u t i o n o f g c hl o ri de o f zi n c o a fe e bly ac i d so l u ti o n o f c o m m o n sal t as t h e e l e c tro ly t e an d a m ix t u e o f c o k e and zi nc bl e n de as t h e an ode t he c hl ori n e e v o lv e ddu i n g t h e e l e c t ro ly si s w as sai d t o de c om p ose t h e bl e nde an d di sso lv e t h e zi nc Wh en t h e an ode c onsi st s of c arb on al o n e th e c h l o i n e p o du c e d w as e i t h e r t o be re m o v e d m e c h an i c ally by forc i n g in ai o c h e m i c ally by fo rc i n g in su lp h u r di o xi de T hi s Th e e m pl o y m e n t p roc e ss h as n ot b e e n e m pl oy e d o n a w orki ng sc al e o f o re s as an o de s o r th e di sso lvi n g of zi nc o u t o f t h e m in t h e b at h n o t c ap abl e o f e x e c u ti on C h l ori n e at t ac k s c al c i ne d zi n c ores n o t a t all an d bl e n de bu t sligh tly T h e zi n c is m o re o v e r de p osit e d in t he sp ongy fo m Th e p roc e ss o f L e t ran ge w hi c h w as t e st e d at S t D e n i s in France u p on a l ar e sc al e d e s u p on t h e t an sfo m ati o n o f zi n c bl e nd e p end g i nt o t he su lp h at e ou t si de th e e l e ct i c c i rc u it and t h e dep ositi on o f the I n t hi s z i n c fro m t h e su lp h at e by m e an s of t h e e l e c t ri c c u rre nt p roc e ss dep ol ari sati on w as not at t e m pt ed The ores at S t De ni s w e e bl en des w h i c h w ere e xp o se d t o a su l phatising c al c i nati o n in w e e b u n t in kil ns and t h en b rough t i nt o re v e rb e rat o y fu r nac e s o c o nt ac t di o xi de p rodu c e d d u ri ng c al c i n ati on w it h t h e su lp hu By m e an s o f t h e cal c i nat i on a p o ti on o f t he su lp h i de o f zi n c w as c onv e t e d i nt o su lp hat e an othe r i nt o zi nc o xide By m e ans o f su lphu r di o xi de t h e zi n c o xi de w as c on v e t e d i n t o zi n c l phit e w h i c h in t h e c o u se o f t i m e w as o xi di se d t o zi n c su lp hat e by c u l t ie s c o nn e c t e
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xp osu re t o t he ai T he bl e nd e t hu s p rep are d w as t ansfe r e d t o l eac h i ng v ats in w hi c h it w as t re at e d wi th w at e o wit h t he ac i d so l u t i o n s o bt ai n e d in e l e c t ro ly si s The zi nc su lp hat e sol u ti on t h u s o bt ai n e d w as u n fi rst i n t o a c o l l e c ti ng t an k and t h e n ce i n t o t h e bat hs T he se l atte r w ere v ats w it h do u bl e b o tt o m s ; the zi n c so l u t i o n w as i nt o du c e d i n t o t h e i n t e rsp ac es b e t w e e n t h e t wo b ot to m s and ose u p t h ou gh p e rfo rati on in t h e u pp e on e T he an o d e s c o nsi st e d o f pl at e s o f c a b o n t h e c at h ode s o f pl at e s o f b ass or zi nc As it sl o w ly asc e nde d t h e zi n c so l u ti o n g av e o ff a c onsi de abl e p orti on o f it s zi n c c o n t e n t s t o t h e c at h o de and t hu s re ac h e d t h e u pp e r p orti o n o f t he t an k w h en c e it fl o w e d th rou h an o v e r g flow t u b e i n t o a c oll ec ti n g t ank Fro m t hi s t ank it w as m ade t o p ass o v e r roast e d ore in o der t o satu rat e itse lf w i th zi n c and t o be
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l t lyse d T he arrang em e nt o f the pl an t is sh ow n in Fig A are t h e v esse l s fo r l e ach i ng t he c al c i n e d bl en d e ; B is t h e c o ll e c ti n n h re th e b at h s ; 0 are t h e pl at e s o f t a k f l ti t s o u n 0 a o o e g zi nc o r b rass pl aced op posit e t o t he pl at e s o f c arb on form i ng t h e an ode s ; 0 are t h e o p e n i ng s fo r t he o v e rfl o w pip e s ; a t are t he t u b es w h i c h c o n v e y t h e so l u ti o n t o b e e l ec t o ly se d u n de r t h e fal se b ott om o f t h e b at h s The ac i d e l e c t o ly si n g so l u ti on is li fte d by m e ans o f t h e p u m p P o u t o f t h e c oll ec ti n g t an k pl ac e d b e n e ath it i n t o t h e v esse l R f o m w h i ch it p asses i n t o the l e achi ng t an k s A T he zi nc is sai d t o hav e b e e n de p o sit e d at t h e c at h o de in t h e f orm o f sh e e t s and w h e n it s t h i c k n e ss re ac h e d t o 0 2 i nc h it w as st ripp e d off fro m the c ath o de by m e ans o f a k n i fe T he zi n c c o nt ai ne d iro n b e c au se ferri c su lph at e w as di sso lv e dou t f o m the c al c i ne dbl e nde The c u rre n t de n sity and t e nsi on e m pl oy ed in t h i s p ro c e ss are n o t st at e d as n o de p ol ari si ng t o o k pl ac e t h e se m u st h av e b een so high as t o a a n e ec ro
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b and onm e nt of t he p oc ess T he zi nc m ay al so hav e b e e n de p osit e d in t he sp o ngy fo rm I n t he li t e atu re on th e su bj e ct } t h am ou n t o f zi nc de p osit e d p e r h o u r ho rse p ow e r is gi ve n as e p 13 l bs w h i c h is far t o o h i gh a fi gu re I t p ro b ably did n o t am o u n t t o 0 4 lb T he c on su m p ti o n o f c o al s p e r hou r pe r ho se p o we r m ay b e assu m e d o n t he av e rag e as ab o u t 4 }; l bs It is the e fore re adily e xpli c abl e t hat w he n t he p o w e r re q u i e d fo e l ec t ro ly si s h as t o be o bt ai n ed by t h e c o m b u sti o n of c o al t he e xt rac ti o n o f zi nc in t h e d y w ay c o m e s c h e ap e r t h an t h e e l e c t ro lyti c e xt ac ti on o f zi nc fro m sol u ti o ns o f su lp hat e in t h e ab o v e fash i o n H e m ann has at t em pte d t o i m p o v e th e p roc e ss by the e m pl oy m e nt o f d u bl e sal ts of zi n c su lp h at e an d su lph at es of the alk ali e s o f m a n e si u m o r o f al u m i n i u m N h n h l a n se a s a r co m s o e g m e n de d t h e addi t i o n o f alk ali n e su lp h at es t o so l u ti o n s o f zi n c su lp h ate it is at any at e a fac t t hat zi nc su lp h at e c on t ai n i ng do u bl e salt s w as e m pl o y e d by N ah n se n in his e xp e i m e n t s for w o ki n g t h e zi n c o es at Lipi n e in Upp e S il e si a N ah nse n s p roc ess w h i ch is k e p t se c e t h as b ee n t i e d e xp e i m e ntally at th e w o k s o f the S il e si an C o m p any f zi nc m i n i ng and sm e lti ng in Lipi ne an d is sai d Th e c o m p osi t i o n f t he t o h av e b e e n p o v e d t ec h n i c ally fe asibl e It c an on ly be sai d th at it c onsi st s of zi nc e l e c t ro lyt e is k e p t se c re t su lp h at e in c o m bi nati o n wi th o t h e r sal ts w h i c h are n o t de c o m p ose d at A c c o rdi ng t o t he p roc ess t h e t e n si o n o f t h e c urre n t e m pl oy e d p at e nt e d by N ah nse n t he e l e c t o ly t e c o nt ai ns 7 t o I t o o f c ry stal l ise d zi n c su lp h at e an d 15 t o 3 l bs o f alk ali n e su lph at e in t h e ah n se n h as c o m N all o n ac c o di n g t o t h e st e ngt h o f t h e c urre n t g m u n ic at e d t he fo ll o wi ng t o t h e au th or re sp e c t i ng h is p o c e ss T he o e s (bl e n de )are fi st c al c i n e din t h e sam e w ay as fo di still a t i o n ; t he y a e t h e n b rou gh t i n t o c on t ac t w i t h h ot ac i d so l u ti o ns as The t he se l e av e t h e b at h s t h e zi n c b e i ng t h u s e x t rac t e d f o m t h e m zi n c sol u ti o n is n e u t rali se d and c l a ifi ed t re ate d in tan k s wi t h zin c du st fo r t he p ec ipit at i o n o f any e l e c tro n e gat iv e c o nst i t u e n t s t h at T h e esse n ti al m ay b e p e se nt an d t he n e t u n e d t o t h e b at hs app a at u s in t h i s pl an t is t h at u e d for t h e so l u ti o n o f t h e zi nc w h i c h is o ar an ge d u p o n t he p i nc ipl e of o pp o si ng c u e nt s t hat t he zi nc u es fre e f o m zi n c au t o e si d o es a e fe d in au t o m at i c ally and t h e m at ic al l y re m o v e d T he w h o l e p r c e ss c o n si st s o f t h e fo ll o w i ng t w o p hase s D e c o m p o si t i o n o f t he e l e c t o ly t e in t h e bath i n to zi n c of t h e su lp h u ri c ac i d o r o f t h e ac i d and su lp h u i c ac i d; ( 2 ) t an sf so l u t i o n i n t o t h e di sso lvi ng app a a t u s w he re it is sat u at e d wit h zi nc B g m l If tt Z tg 18 8 3 p 28 7 D R P t t N Ap il 24 1883 D It P t t N c om
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i nt o m agnesi c c hl ori de by t h e addi ti o n o f hy droc hl o i c acid N o th i ng is k no w n as t o t he appli c ati o n o f t h i s p roc e ss Fo r e xt rac ti ng zi nc fro m py rit e s resi du e s and f o m zi n c ife ro u s ore s t h e p ro c e sse s t o be desc rib e d b e l o w for c o n v erti ng t h e s ilv e zi nc i nt o c hl ori de an d t he e l e c troly si s o f t he sol u ti on of c hl o i de Bl as an d Miest hav e p rop osed t o c ru sh o res h av e c o m e i n t o u se a e c o nt ai n i ng su lp hi de o f zi n c and t o m o u l d th e m i n t o pl at e s u n d h i gh p ressu re o f ab o u t 10 0 at m o sp h e res w it h t he e m pl oy m e n t o f a t e m p e ratu re u p t o 6 00 C an d t o u se t hese pl at e s as ano des in th e e l e c t i c c ur re n t Fo r t h e e l e c t o ly te a so l u ti o n o f zi n c su lp hate n it rat e w as t o b e u se d c h l o ri d e o Thi s p oce ss w hi h w as b ase d u p on t h e c o n du c t ivity o f m e t alli c su lp h i de s for e l e c t ri c ity h as n ot b e e n fou nd sati sfac to ry ; t he pl at e s c o m p osed of n on hom og e n e o u s c on stit u e n t s m u st fall t o pi e c e s t o l e rably rapi dly in t h e c o u rse o f t h e e l e c t ro ly si s whil st al l ac ti on m u st c e ase as so o n as c o n t ac t w i th t h e c o ndu c t o is i n t e rr u pt e d by t he su lp hu se p a at e d o u t f ro m t h e p ar t i c l es o f o re n e are st t o t he c o ndu c to r
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ts o n t he o t he r hand e l e c trolyti c p o c e sse s h av e b e e n p rop ose d and h av e re c e n tly c o m e i n t o u se for t he re si du e s o f py i t es f o m M e gge n w h i c h c on t ai n from 5 t o 15 pe c e nt o f zin c L e ac hi ng t h e se e si du e s by su lp h u r i c ac i d w as fo u n d n o t t o b e p o fit abl e as it w as n o t p o ssibl e t o e m o v e t h e wh o l e o f t h e zi nc an d as t h e zi n c vi t i ol p ro du c e d fou n d n o m ark e t Th e zi n c w as t h e e fo e c o n v e te d i n t o c hl ori de e i t he r by a c hl o i di si ng roasti ng o f t he re si du e s ( se e p ag e 198) or by t re at i ng t h e m wi t h so l u t i on s c ont ai ni ng c e t ai n c h l ori d T h e c h l ori de o f zi n c w as t h e n di sso lv e d an d zi n c e x t ac t e d es f o m t h e sol u t i o n S e v e al w o k s h av e b e e n b u il t an d hav e s ta t e d o p e ati n s viz n e ar D u i s bu g at Fuh fu t o n t h e L ah n at We i de nau in S i e ge n andat H om b e rgo n t h e Rh i n e Th e D u i sb u gWo k s are sai d t o u se a m e t h o d de vi se d by Kittl e an d t h e Fuhrfu rt We i de nau and H o m b e g w o rk s a p oc e ss o f Hop fne r b o t h o f w h i ch are k e pt secret A t D u i sb u rg He r n ann s e l e c t ro lyt e n am e ly zi n c su lp hat e t oge t he w i th alk ali ne su lp h at es is sai d to b e e m pl oy e d At t h e o the w ork s c h l or i de o f zi nc is sai d t o b e p ro d u c e d by a c h l o r i di si ng ro asti ng o f t h e zi n c i fe ro u s e si du e s and t h e so l u ti on s c o nt ai n i n g c h l o i de o f zi nc t o be p u ifi e d an d t h e n e l e c t o ly se d T h e c h l ori n e at t h e an o de is e m o v e d by m e an s o f an air c u re n t an d p asse s i nt o c ham b e rs in w h i c h it is u se d fo r t h e p o du c ti on o f c h l o ri de o f li m e T he au t ho r k no w s n othi n g ab ou t th e de t ail s o f th e c on stru c ti o n or of t h e c om m erc ial e u lt s o bt ai n e d A di ffi c u l t y in t h e e m pl oy m e n t as i on o re s of t h e py rit es esi du e s fre e d f o m zi nc is oc c asi on e d by t h e i r fi n e st at e o f divi si o n Th e e xt rac t i on o f zi nc f o m arg e n t i fe ro u s l e ad ore s c o nt ai n i n g c o n si d e abl e q u an t i t i e s o f zi n c su c h as o c c u r for i n stan c e at B ro k e n H ill in N e w S ou t h Wal es has n ot ye t b e en p erfec t ed bu t is h o w e v er n o w b e i n w ork e d at f Wi p iv p x ti h r t r a n o w t h c m o t e o e e c o e a g zi nc from suc h ores e l e c tri c ally m ay p ro b ably be e m pl oye d with ad v an tage se e i ng t hat t he e m o v al o f zi n c f om th e se o es by m eans o f d e ssing is n o t p ossibl e wi th o u t gre at l o sse s o f l ead an d silv e r Fo a p o rti o n o f th e B ro k e n H ill o re s c on si sti n g o f i nt i m at e m ixt u e s o f arg e n t i fe ro u s gal e na an d a ge nt i fe ou s zi n c bl e nde a pl an t fo r th e A sh c oft p oc ess is at p re sen t b e i ng e re c te d at N e w c ast l e in N e w S o u t h W al e s The au th or h ad an o pp o rt u n i ty o f e x am i n i ng t h e e x p e rim e nt al pl ant fo r t h i s p o c ess at Gray s in E sse x Engl an d T he p roc e ss c onsi sts in c on v e ti ng t h e o xi de o f zi nc in t h e c al c i ne d ore s i nt o c hl ori de of zinc by m e an s o f fe rri c c h l ori de wh e re by th e i ro n is se p arat e d as fe rri c h y drat e an d m ix e d wit h t h e ore T he o es t h u s f e e d f om th e gre ate r p or ti o n o f t h e i r zi nc c on t e n t s a e sm e lt e d for a ge n t i fe ou s l e ad an d th e zi n c is p re c ipit at e d by t h e e l e c t i c c u rre nt t en
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l i l i de o f zi nc th e so l v e n t b e i ng at t h e sam e t i m e e ge n e rat e d S he e t zi nc is u se d fo r t h e c at h o de s pl at e s o f c ast i o n an d afte rw ards pl at e s o f c arbo n b e i ng u se d as an ode s The c h l o ri n e e v o lv e d du ri ng t he e l e c t ro ly si s c o m bi ne s w it h t h e c ast i o n an odes t o f or m fe rrou s c h l o ri de sol u ti on w h i l st w h e re c arb on an o de s a e u se d it c o n v e rt s fe rrou s c hl o ri de i n t o fe rri c c hl o rid e B ot h by th e fo m ati o n o f fe rrou s c hl o ri de s as al so by t h e c o nv e rsi o n o f t he l at t e i nt o fe r i c c h l ori de e l e c t ri c e n e gy is i nt odu ce d i nt o t h e c i rc u i t To p re v e nt t he de p o si ti o n o f i o n at t h e c ath ode s t h e sol u ti on s of fe rrou s and fe rri c c h l o i de a e se p arat e d fro m t h e zi n c c h l o i de by di ap h ragm s t h e zi nc c h l ori de sol u t i o n for m i n g a h igh e r c ol u m n t h an o f c o tton t h e so l u t i o n o f t h e i ro n sal t s F o m th e s ol u t i o n o f zi n c c hl o rid e t o be e l e c tro ly se d fi rst t h e i ro n is p e c ipi t at e d an d t h e n t h e o th e r m e t al s w hi c h a re e l e c t ro n egat iv e t o zi nc a nd t h e so l u t i o n is c o ndu c t e d fi rst i nto t he c ath ode de p a t m e nt an d t he n i nto the ano de de p artm ent o f t h e b ath p assi ng fi rst t o t h e i ro n an d t h e n t o t h e c arb on an o de s T he b at h s p ro vi de d wit h i o n ano de s fo m tw o th i rds th ose wi th c arb o n an o de s o n e t h i rd o f t h e t o t al n u m b e T h e so l u ti o n e sc api n g f o m th e l ast c arb on an o de b at h stil l c o n t ai ns a c e rt ai n q u anti ty o f zi n c and is u se d fo t h e so l u t i o n o f fre sh q u ant i t i e s o f zi n c o xi de from Th e b ath s are arrang e d in c i rc u it t h e e l e c t ro des t h e c al c i n e d o re s in t h e di ffe re n t b at h s b e i n g c o u pl e d in p arall e l T h e c u rre nt de n si t y am ou n t s t o 5 am p ere s pe r sq u are fo o t t h e t e n si o n in t h e b ath s wi t h i ron ano de s t o 11 v o l ts in t h o se wi t h c a b o n a no de s t o 2 7 v o l t s T he q u an t i ty o f zi n c de p o si t e d p e r am p ere ho u is e q u al t o at l e ast t h e t he o re t ic al am o u n t re c ipi tat e i n p i p w p a s t h n m t n f o r o e c o s u o e t o g ) o n e kil o o f zi n c am o u n ts t o 2 5 h o se p o w e h o u rs or if st e am is u se d t o 3 kil o s o f c oal s The zi n c is o b t ai n e d in c om p ac t fo rm an dis e asily s t ripp e d o ff fro m th e c at h o de sh e e t s I t c o nt ai n s an e x ce ssiv e ly sm all am o u n t of i o n an d t h e re fo re si m ply n e e ds re m e l t i n O f t h e zi n c g c o n t e n ts o f t h e o re 6 6 e m v by h i c e n t are o l u ti o n o f fe c e o e d t e s p chl o i d e w h i c h c on t ai ns 0 8 Fo r t o 1 o u nc e o f i ro n in t he gall o n 10 0 p art s by w e i gh t o f zi nc 66 p a t s by w e i gh t o f i o n a e c o nsu m e d t h eo y e q u i ri ng o nly 5 7 T h e fe i c c h l ori de w h i c h i l ost in t h e c o u se o f t h e p oc ess is re pl ac e d by t h e c o m bi n at i o n o f t h e c h l ori n e w i th i o n du i n g e l e c t ly si s o f zi n c c h l ori de Z i nc c h l o i de is o b t aine d by de c om p o si ng zi n c su lp hat e wit h c o m m on s al t t h e zi n c su l p hat e b e i ng p o du c e d by a sl o w o xi di si n g ro asti ng o f o es c on tai ni ng zi nc bl e nde T he adv ant age s o f the A shc roft p o ce ss are t he foll o wi ng 1 T he c al c i ne d o e is fre e d fro m t h e g re at e r p a t o f its zi nc fro m t h e
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b at hs and s ub m itt ed t o liq u at i on t o fre e t h e g rai ns f o m t h e c u st w h i c h onsi st e d o f a m i tu re o f l e ad an d silv e r an d t h u s t o o b t ai n a f e sh zi n c su fac e for t h e ac t i o n o f t h e e l e c t olyt e T he liq u at e d zi n c sc u m w as agai n sub m i tt e d t o e l e c t oly si s and t he n agai n liq u at e d Liq u at i on and e l ec troly si s t hu s al te rnate d u n t il t h e great er p ort i on of th e zi nc w as e m ov e d f o m t h e sc u m T he re si du al a w h i c h c ar i e d b ot h l e ad Th e zi n c e nt ife ro u s l e ad w as c u p e ll e d g A s st at e d t hi s de silv e ri si ng w ork l e ad an d sil ve r w as u se d fo p roc ess h as n o t c o m e i nt o u se At p e se n t at t em pt s are a ai n b e i ng m ade at t h e F e de ri c k w o k s t o e l e c t ro ly se all oy s o f zi nc silv e r an d l e ad w h i c h are fre e f ro m o xi de At H ob ok e n n ear A nt w e p u n til e c e n t ly all oy s o f zi nc and w hi ch w e e o bt ai n e d by desilv e i si n g w o k l e ad by m e an s o f silv e r zi nc c o nt ai nin g al u m i n i u m w e re su b m it t ed t o e l e c t o ly si s The an o de s c o n si st e d o f pl at e s o f t h e ab o v e all o y ; t he c at h o des w e e zi nc in t h e form o f di sc s o f 3 fe e t 3 i nch es in sh e e t s of T hi s w as di am e t e r w h i c h w e e fast e n e d t o a h o iz o n t al spi ndl e sit u at e d ab o v e t h e su rfac e o f t h e b at h an d w as re v o lv e d so th at h al f By o f t h e c ath ode w as i n si de th e so l u t i o n t h e o th e r h al f o u t si de it t u ni ng t h e c at ho de s th e so l u ti o n w as k e pt in m o v e m e n t T he e l ec t ro l y t e c o n si st e d o f a so l u t i o n o f c h l ori de o f zi n c in c h l ori de o f A fte t h e re m ov al o f m agne i u m o f a sp e c ifi c g avit v o f 2 2 t o t h e zi n c f o m t h e an ode s t h e se p ro du c e a m u d c on si sti n g o f 7 5 p e E t e ri e n c e u e r c e n t o f l e ad xp c e n t o f silv e r an d 12 p p o t h e p e se nt h as n o t sh o w n any adv an t age in e l e c t o ly si s as c o m p a e d t o o t he r m e th o ds o f se p a at i ng zi nc f o m silv e r an d l e ad At L au t en th al t he al u m i n i u m p oce ss h as b e e n giv e n u p an d di still ati o n is t o b e i n t ro du c e d At H o b k e n al so t h e ol d p ro c e ss (de silv e r isi ng w i t h t h e addi t i o n f zi n c an d di stilli ng o ff t he zi nc from t h e T h i al l o y e zi nc so o bt ai ne d is ag ai n u se d fo r s n o w b e i n g u se d ) desilv e i si ng w o k l e ad T he app a at u s o f B ri dgm an al so de p e nds u p n t he p i n c ipl e o f k ee pi ng t h e so l u t i o n in m o v e m e n t by m e an s o f e s ; it s c o n st r u c ti o n is sh o w n in Fi gs o tati ng c at ho d 15 9 t o in w h i c h A is t h e t an k c on t ai n i n g t he e l e c t o ly te Wi thi n it t at e s an d t o w h i c h t he c at h o de s E t he sh aft B p o tec t e d by an i n su l at o r s t h e se sc e w s fo rm i n a e se c u e d by m e an s o f sc re w s and w e d e a g g t t he sam e t i m e t h e c o nn e c ti on b e t w e e n t he c a t ho de s an d t h e c o n du c to s J) a e t h e an o de s w h i c h a e c u t o u t as sh o w n at u so as Th e de tail o f t h e n o t t o i n t e rfe e w i t h t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e sh aft 16 2 T h e sh e e t c at h o de s is sh o w n in Fig c o nst ru c t i o n o f t h e S pt m b 2 5 189 4 U S A P t t N V l i p 5 62 18 9 5 p 16 4 H ll A S h B El / Ch r
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li e r e xp eri m e nt s fo r e xtrac ti ng m e t alli c zi n c from th ese o re s fail e d o n ac c ou nt o f t he i r h ig h p e rc e n t ag e o f i ron an d m ang an e se by w h i c h t he re t ort s w e re de st roy e d O n t he o th e h an d t h e t re at m e nt o f t h e raw o res f or i ro n w as re n d e e d di ffi c u lt by t he am ou nt O f zi nc p rese n t An A m e ri c an S am u e l W e t herill w as t h e fi rst t o su c c e e d in t re ati ng th e se o res by e m pl oyi n g t h e m for t h e p ro du c ti o n of zi nc whit e by m ean s o f sp ec i al fu rnac e s de sign e dby h i m se l f T he resi du e s ri c h in i ro n and m ang an e se w h i c h w e re t h u s O bt ai n e d and w h i c h o n ly re t ai n a sm all q u an tity o f zi n c p ro v e d t o be a su it abl e m at eri al for t h e p ro du c ti on of spi e g e l e i se n whi ch is at p re se n t e x t rac t e d fro m th e m W e t he rill re du c e s t he zi nc o xi de o f t he o re s in fu rnaces lyi ng u p on a grat e d esigned by hi m se l f or u p on a be d o f anthrac it e resti ng u p o n t h e l att er zi n c b e i n g th u s p rod u c e d whi c h is b u rn t t o zi nc oxi de i m m e di at e ly u p on it s p rod u c ti on by th e air and the The
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b e i ng 0 4 i nc h in di am e t e whil st t he l ow e l arg er di am e t e r a m o u n t s t o 1 i nc h ; t h e at e 1s su pp o rt e d u p o n c ast i ro n b e are rs g O wi ng t o t h e c o n i c al sh ap e o f t h e h o l e s t h e y a e p re v e nt e df o m b e c o m ing st o pp e d u p U nde n e ath t he g at e t h e re is a c l ose d ashpi t i nt o w hi c h ai is i n t od u c e d bv m e an s O f l at e ral fl u e s c T h e ai is forc e d by m e ans O f a fan i nt o a flu e ru n n i ng u nde rne ath t he ash pits o f a w h o l e se ri es o f fu rn ac e s as sh o w n in Fig s 16 7 and 16 8 in w hi c h 0 sh o w s t h e flu e r un n i n F u nde rne at h t h e fu rn ac e a r o m thi s m ai n g fl u e sm all fl u e s asc e n d in t he b i c kw o k b e tw e e n t h e i n divi du al f urnac e s and t h e se are c o nn ec t e d at t h e i r u pp e r e n ds by m e ans of sm all h oriz o n tal flu e s with t he ash pit T hese ho iz on t al flu e s c ( in Fig s 16 5 an d c an b e c l ose d by m e an s o f dam p ers so as t o e nabl e t h e bl ast t o be c u t O ff f om an y F 7 p arti c u l ar furnac e if the c h a ge in it h as b ee n w ork e d o ff o r for I n t h e arc h ab o v e e p ai rs t he f u rnac e th e re a e flu es t h ou h w h i c h t h e a v a ou rs an d se s g p g flu e du st e scap e Wi th sm all e fu nace s th e e is on ly o ne fl u e g ( in Fig s 16 5 and 16 6) t o e ac h furnac e L arger furnac e s (Fig 16 7) hav e t w o fl ue s T he g ases an d v ap ou s p ass t h ro u gh t h ese fl u es e it h e r di rec tly i nt o a m ai n flu e h (Fig s 16 5 and o r as at t h e L e h i gh en
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gate d i ron an d t he fl o or w hi c h is form e d o f she e t s of i ron n sl opi ng t ow ard e ac h o t h er re st s u p on su pp orti ng w all s 3 a d s I n ) g 1 orde r t o re m o v e t h e o xi de o f zi n c de p o sit e d in t h e se c o oli n g c h am b ers t h e re a e sh oot s r in t h e b o tt o m p ro vi de d w i th sli di n g do ors ; cc is a d yi ng fl o or m ade o f sh e e t i ro n u p o n w h i c h t h e zi n c o xi de c o ll e c t e d in t h e c o oli ng c h am b e s is d i e d Fro m t he c o o li ng c h am b e rs t h e rre n t e n t e rs t h e c h am b e s in w h i c h t h e zi n c o xi de is c au h t t h e u c a s g g h I n th e se t h e c u re n t is di st rib u t e d t hro u gh am b e rs so c all e d b a c g At di st an c es o f a sy st e m o f h o riz o nt al pip es ru nn i ng n e ar t h e r oo f 3 fe e t ap a t v e rt i c al b ranc h es de sc e nd w hi c h h av e al so p rol o ngat i o ns T o t h e se t he e a e at t ac h e d b ag s o h ose 3 0 t o 36 fe e t u pw ards l ong and ab ou t 2 fe e t in di am e t e r m ade o f st rong c o tt o n w h i c h h an g T h e y are e i th e r o p e n b e l o w or e l se se v e ral su ch do wn v e rti c ally Th e sac k s are c o nn e c t e d t o g e t h e r at t h e b o t t o m in t h e fo m o f a U zi nc o xi de c oll e c t s i nsi de t hese b ag s whil st th e p e rm an e nt gase s e sc ap e t hrou g h t h e m esh e s Of t h e c l ot h and th u s i nt o t h e o p e n air T h e arrange m e nt of t h e se bag c h am b e rs at t h e L e hig h W ork s is sh o w n in Fi gs 17 1 and If is t h e t u b e w h i c h c n v e y s th e I t as fro m t h e c o o li n g c h am b e r J i n t o t h e b ag c h am b e r c u rr e n t o f g l at e ral O p en s i n t o t h e m ai n pip e L 6 fe e t wi de fro m w h i c h t h e b ran c h e s M op e n ou t N are th e b ags att ac hed t o t h ese b ranc h e s T h e t o p m ost p orti o n o f th e b ag s h as al so b e e n m ade o f w rre n e tti n g for a l e ngt h o f so m e 6 fe e t in o rde r t o av oi d any i nj u ry t o t h e u pp e p orti on Of th e bag by t h e gase s w h i c h are st ill hot The Op e n b ottom e nds o f t he b ags e st e it h e r u p on t he fl oor or o p e n i nt o cask s T here are in w h i ch t h e zi n c w h i t e is c o ll e c t e d by b e ati ng t h e b ags alt oge t h e 7 0 8 o f t h e se b ag s at t h e L e h igh Wo rk s The T h e o e an d an t hrac i t e a e e m pl oy e d c ru sh e d t o pe a siz e g rat e is fi st c o v e e d w i th a be d o f anthrac i te v aryi ng in w e ight b e tw e en 16 5 and 2 0 0 p o u nds ac c ordi ng t o t he a e a o f t he g at e T h e bl ast is t h e n t u rne d o n an d as soo n as t h e l ay e r o f c o al is t ho ou ghly ign i t ed a m ixt u e Of o re and an thrac i t e is pil e d u p on it A singl e fu nac e is c harged wi t h 2 5 0 t o 3 0 0 l bs o f o e an d a d ou bl e fu rn ac e wi t h 4 8 0 t o 5 2 0 l bs ant h rac i t e t o t he am o u n t o f 4 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e w e igh t o f t h e o re b e i ng m ix e d wit h it Wh e n t h e fu r n ace s are b e i ng e g u l arly w o rk e d th e y e m ai n su fli c ie n tl y h o t aft e t h e esi du e s fro m t h e t e at m e n t o f a c h a ge h av e b e e n re m o v e d t o i gn i te th e n e xt c harge The air e nt e i ng t h ro ugh t he h ol e s in t e T hi s on it s grate b u n s t he an t h ac it e p o du c i ng c a b o n di o xi de a sce n t t h ro u h t he l ay e r o f an t hrac i t e is p a tly re du c e d t o c arb on g m on o xi de by m e an s o f w h i c h gas as al so O f t h e c arb o n o f t h e i n t e r o f c orr u
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xi de Of zinc is redu c e d t o m e tal T he v ap o urs o f t he l att e r are c o n v e rt e d i n t o zi nc o xi de by t h e ac ti o n o f t h e o xyg e n in th e e x c ess of air as al so aft er p arti al c o o li ng by th e c arb on di o xi de c o n t ai n e d in t h e c u rre n t o f gas an d t h i s zi nc o xi de is c arri e dO ff by t h e gaseou s curre n t p asse s wit h the l at te r t hrough t h e ab ov e describe d app arat u s and is fi nal ly c au h t in t h e b ag s al re ady desc rib e d T he g o
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i i g o n t he g ate ge ne rally c o ntai n f o m 2 1 t o 4 p e r c e n t o f zi n c so t hat t h e l oss o f zi nc v ari e s from 10 t o 2 0 p e c e n t o f t h e p e c e n t ag e p e se n t in t h e o e The p ro p or t i o n of zi nc re t ai n e d by t h e re si du e s c ann o t b e di m i n i sh e d e it he r by i ncre asi ng t he q u an tity of c oal or by l e avi n g t he ch a g e for a l onge r ti m e in t he f u nac e I t de p e nds so l e ly u p o n t h e de p th o f th e l ay e o f o re an d is l e ss t he t hi nn e t h e c ha ge is sp e ad o u t u p o n t h e g at e Fo r i n t anc e in a se i e s o f e xp e ri m e nt s at t he N ew J e rse y Wo rk s w h e n t h e de p th o f t h e c h arg e ab o v e t h e g rat e am o u n t e d t o b e t w e e n 5 and 8 i nc hes and t h e c h arg e w as l e ft f o m 5 to 6 h o u rs in t he t o 4 per fu rnac e t h e p e rc e n tag e Of zi nc in t h e re si du e s was f o m w hil st w h e n t h e c h arge w as sp re ad in a l ay e r 12 t o 18 i n c he s c e nt t h i c k and l e ft fo r 13 1t o 2 8 h Ou s it am o u n t e d t o 8 t o 10 p e c e n t T he esi du e s p a tly f o rm t h i c k ness si n t e re d bl o c k s 2 i n ch e s in p artly sm all pi ec e s an d du st I n additi o n t o t h e c onstit u e nt s o f the o e t h at re m ai n b e h i nd t h e y al so c o n t ai n t h e ash e s ( 15 t o 2 0 p e c e n t ) O f t h e an th rac i t e w h i c h is in m any c ases as w e ll as li m e added A c c ordi ng to Dur e th e ir ch e m i c al c o m p osi t i o n v ari e s b e tw e e n t h e fo ll owi ng li m i t s t aine d
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l v at or A T he furnac e is he ate d by p ro du c er Th e o e e sc ap e s t hro u g h a s e n erat e d in T ayl o r a s p o du c e s D g g g t h e b o tt om e n d o f t he fu rnac e h e at e d to b ig h t re d ne ss whil st t h e p odu c ts of c om bu sti o n e sc ap e at the u pp e r en d i nt o t he stac k E Fro m t h e ro t at i ng fu rnace t he o re s e n t e r t h e ro t at i ng c o ol e r ( th rou g h whi c h a cu rre n t of c oo l air p asses w h il st w at er is all o w e d to ru n ov er t he ou t si de T h e c o ol o re is rai se d by m e an s o f t h e e l e v at o r E i nt o t he h opp e r Z an d c arri e d by a bl ast t h rou gh t h e p ipe J i n t o a se c ond e l e v at or w h i c h rai se s it o n t o t he si e v e L u p o n w h i c h t h e u n c on su m e d an t h ac it e is re t ai ne d T h e o re t h at p asse s t h o u gh t h e si e v e is t ran sfe e d t o t hre e m agne ti c se p arat ors N lyi ng o n e b e l o w t h e o th er T he n o n m agn e t i c p ort i on O f t h e o re s fro m e ac h se p arat o r en t ers t h e h o pp e r for zi nc o e s T he se p arat or w o rk s with a c u re n t o f 5 0 am p ere s an d a t e n si on o f 8 0 v o lt s re q u i ri ng 2 0 h o se p o w e r t o driv e it and t re ati ng 4 0 t on s o f ore in 2 4 h o u rs Th e c o nst u c ti o n o f t h e fu rnac e fo r t h e p ro du c ti o n o f zi n c whi t e is sh o w n in Fig s 17 4 t o 17 6 t h e pl an t for c oll e c ti ng t h e zi nc w h it e in Fig 17 7 Th e fu rn ac e grat e is 10 fe e t l on g an d 4 fee t w i de Fu rn ac e an dashpit s are p o vi de d at t h e i r sho t e n ds wi t h do o s w h i ch F rom t he arch o f e ac h fu rnac e are k e pt c l ose d du ri n g t h e Op e rati on t w o v e rti c al sh ee t i o n pip e s l e ad i nt o th e m ai n pip e V ; t h e l at t e o p e n s i n t o a c o o li ng c h am b e r w h i c h is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c o o li ng t o w e r W F ro m th i s t o w e the zi n c o xi de p asses i nt o th e pip e X and by m ean s o f a fan is fo rc e d i n t o t he c ooli ng c ham b e r I , w h i c h c om m u n ic at e s wit h th e bag c h am b e r S A ft e r t he g rat e h as b e e n c o v ere d with a l aye r Of an t hrac it e t h i s is ign it e d an d th e n a l ay er o f m ix ed o e and an t h rac it e 4 7 t o 7 i n c he s dee p is sp re ad o v e r it Th e bl ast is t h e n i nt o du c ed an d at t h e e n d o f 6 h o u rs 8 3 p e r c en t of th e zi nc o f t h e o re is c o n v e rt e d i n t o z irfc w h it e A sm all p orti o n of th e l att e is c o ll e c t e d in t he c o o li n g c ham b e r th e g re at e r p orti o n in th e b ag s o f t he bag c ham b e Fo r 10 0 p a t s o f fran kli ni te 5 6 p art s o f c oal a e e m pl oy e d fo r adm ixt u re an d 4 6 as fu e l t h e p ro du c t o f t h e ab o v e q u an tity of f an klin it e b e i ng 2 4 5 p a ts of zi nc w h it e c ont ai ni n g r c e n t o f o xi de o f zi nc an d 15 p ar t s o f i m p u re zi n c w h it e e p c on t ai n i n g e r c e n t o f o xi de o f zi n c t o g e t h e r w i t h p arts p o f resi du es The l att e r are t re at e d fo r spiegl e ise n and zi n c o xid e T hei r c om p ositi o n is as fol l ow s : B
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l t p At J Opli n J asp ar C ou nty Mi ssou ri the o re c o nsi st s o f bl e n d e c o nt ai n i ng i s l wi t h r c e n t o f l e ad It t a n o 73 e 0 e a 7 g p t eat e d in do u bl e h e a t hs c o o l e d by air and w at e r t h e c onstru c ti o n of w h i ch is sh ow n in Fi gs 17 8 t o 180 wi t h t he addi t i on o f 2 32 p er c en t o f li m e t h e fi rst p ro duc ts b e i ng l e ad zi n c i fe ro u s l e ad fu m e an d sl ag T he h e art h r est s u p on c ast i ro n c o l u m n s so t hat its l o w e r p o rti o n is c oo l e d by air T h e h e a th sp ac e is divi de d by a h o ll o w c ast i ron bl ock lyi ng on th e b o tt om i n t o t w o p orti ons e ac h of w h i c h fo rm s a se p ara te h e arth an dc an be w o rk e d i nde p e nde n tly o f t h e o t h e r T hi s B
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ix ed so as t o form a l ye o f 3 0 B c l arifi e d fre e d fro m i ro n and su lp h at e o f li m e an d t he n e v ap o at e d do w n t o t he c ry st alli si ng p o i n t w h e n t h e zi n c vit ri o l is all o we d t o c y st alli se o u t T h e sol u ti o n s are c l arifi e d fi rst in w o ode n t ou ghs 3 0 i n c h e s b ro ad and 2 2 i nch es dee p and th en in b i c k t an k s li n ed with c em e n t 10 fe e t l ong 4 fe e t 3 i nc hes b ro ad and 3 fee t 3 i nc h e s de e p T h e se t an k s a e p rovi de dwith a w ooden grati ng u p on w h i c h t h e re is a l ay e r Of t h e ri c h e st sm all o re T h e sol u ti o n is t hu s fu rth e r c o nc e nt rat e d by b e i n g all ow e d t o filt e r th ro u gh t h i s l ay e r T he c l ari fyi ng o f t h e so l u ti o n c on si st s in h e ati n g it fo r 24 h ou rs t o a t e m p e rat u re o f 8 0 t o 9 0 C in p ans m ade o f sh e e t l e ad 0 5 i nc h t h i c k 13 fe e t l o ng 10 fe e t b road and 2 fe e t dee p whi c h st an d u p o n a c ast i ro n pl at e an d a e su rro u nd e d with a b ri c k w all on e b ri c k in t h i c k n e ss Th e so l u ti o n is th e n t ransferre d t o w oo de n b ox es li ne d wit h sh e e t l e ad 10 fee t l on g 7 fee t 3 i n c h e s b road and 3 fe e t 3 i nc h e s dee p fo r a p eri od u p to 10 day s Th e i ro n is c on v ert e d by t h e h e ati n g i nt o a b asi c su lph at e an d se p arat e s ou t t og e th e r with t h e su lph at e o f li m e an d o t h e r d iffi c ul t l y sol u bl e b o di es in t he t an k s Ab ou t h al f a ton o f c o al is re q u ire d for t he c l ari fyi ng of 2 5 5 c u bic fee t of so l u ti on o f 3 0 B T he so l u ti on th u s p u rifi e d is e v ap orat ed in p ans si m il ar t o those u se d fo r c l ari fy i ng dow n t o 5 0 B andis t hen ru n o u t i n t o c o o li n g v at s m ade of w o od li ned wit h sh ee t l e ad i nc h t h i c k in whi c h t h e zi nc vitri o l is all o w e d to c ryst alli se o u t for 6 t o 8 day s Th e c o nc e nt rati on o f th e so l u ti o n fro m 3 0 t o 5 0 B l ast s ab o u t 2 0 h o u rs t h e c o n su m pti on o f c oal b e i ng from 17 t o 18 c wt s T h e c o o li ng t an k s are 3 2 fe e t 9 i n c h es l on g 5 fe e t b road 16 i nc h e s de e p at t h e sid es an d 2 0 i n c he s in th e c en t re T he c ry st alli se d vit ri o l is dri e d It has th e foll o wi ng c om p ositi on so u
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2 42
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At l o w e r t e m p e rat ure s it only de com p ose s in t he p re se n c e O f ac i ds It is sol ubl in hy d c hl ri c n it ri c s Z i n c p ec ipi t at es it f m it s so l u t i on s S u lp hu r and su lp h u i c ac i d ro g e n p re c ipi tat e s it f om m ode a te ly ac i d s l u ti on s as e t t e d hy d A c c ordi ng t o N ie de rl ander a su lp h i d e o f v ari o u s shade s o f y e ll o w m i u m su lp h i de f a p al e y e ll o w c o l o u r i p r du c e d fro m so l u t i on s c ad f t he c hl ori de o r t h e su lp hat e w h e n t he c u re n t o f su lp hu re tt e d hy d o g e n is i n t e rru p t e d aft e r h al f t he m t al has b e e n p re c ipit at ed w h e n t he gas is all ow e d t o c o m e i n t o c o n t ac t as littl e as p ossibl e w ith The t h e p re c ipit at e an d w h e n t h e l at t e r is w ash e d w it h ho t w at e dark y e ll o w su lp hi de is p o du c e d by c o m pl e t e p re c ipit ati on w i t h c o n s t an t sti r i n g and h e ati n g o f t h e p e c ipit at e du ri ng t h e w h o l e p e ri od A 10 per c e n t so l u ti on is b e st su it e d t o t he pro o f t h e O p e rati on du c ti on Of b o t h t he p al e and t h e da k y e ll o w su lp hi de O an g e y e ll o w c adm i u m su lp h i de is p ro du c e d w h e n su lph u e tt e d hydro g e n is p as e d i n t o a n e a ly b o ili n g 2 p e r c e n t sol u t i on o f t h e c e n t o f f e e hy d o c hl o ri c ac i d t he c h l ori de c o n t ai n i n g 5 e p pre c i it at e b e i n g c o n st an tly sti r e d th ro u gh o u t t h e p re c ipi t ati o n p Cadm i u m oxi de is re du c e dt o m e t al by c arb n an dc arb on m on o xi de in t h e sa ire w ay as zi n c t h e t e m p e at u re o f re du c ti on b e i n g h o w e v e r l o w e r t han in t he c ase o f t he l att e r m e t al As c adm i um al so v o l atili ses at a l ow er t e m p e rat u re t han zin c t he se m e tal s c an be se p a at e d in t h e d y w ay wi t ho u t any sp ec i al di ffi c u lty C adm i u m hy d at e is so l u bl e in am m o n i a bu t i nso l u bl e in e x c ess a o r am m o n i a O f t he c arb o n at e s o f p o t ash so d C adm i u m all oy s wit h m an y o f t he h e avy m e t al s ; it s all oy s w ith l pl ati n u m an d c o pp e are b i t tl e t h ose w it h l e adan d t in du c til e ; o d g ilv e and m erc u y are du c til e only in c e tai n it all oy s wi t h p op ti on s Z i nc is re nd re d b it t l e and fi ne l y g ran u l ar by a c o nsi de rabl e adm ix t u o f c adm i u m rac
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A D MIUM
2 43
B e l gian bl e nde s It al so o cc u rs in t he zi n c o e s o f Upp e r S il e si a t he H a z Fr ib e g De rby shi re and C u m b e rl and Whe n t he se e s a e t re at e d in t he d y w ay t he c adm i u m ac c u m u l at es in t ho e by e p ro du c t s t hat p ass o v e r fi rst on di still ati on n am e ly zi n c fu m e p ou ssie and fl u e du st The zi n c it se lf al so o ft e n c o n t ai ns c adm i u m T he se b odi e o f w h i c h p u ssi e e fro m B e lgi u m m ay c o n t ai n as m u c h as 30 p e r c e n t o f c adm i u m fo m t he so u rc e s fro m w h i c h t h i s m e t al is o bt ai n e d Cadm i u m is u se d for t he p ro d u c t i o n o f e asily fu sibl e all oy s o f a m algam u se d for st e i t i n e e t h O f c ad m m su lp h i de w h i c h serv e s u pp g as a y e ll o w Oil c o l o u r O f c adm i u m i o di de an d b rom i de for ph o t o g rap h i c an d o f t h e su lp hat e fo r m e di c i nal p u rp ose s O n ac co u n t o f its li m it e d appli c at i o n s an d o f it s l o w p ri c e du e t h e re t o o n ly sm all q u an titi e s o f c adm i u m are e v er e xt rac t e d
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bt ai ne d by b o th dry and w e t m e t hods ; n o att e m pt s hav e y e t b ee n m ade t o p ro du ce it e l e c t ro l yt i c ally It is as a ru l e obtai n e d at p resen t in t he dry w ay T he m e t hods t hat have b ee n p ro p ose d fo it s w e t e xt ac ti on hav e n ot as ye t b e en p u t i n t o p ac ti c e O
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xtrac ti on o f c adm i u m in t he dry w ay de p ends u p on t he p ro p erty o f cadm i u m o xi de o f b e i n g re du c ibl e t o m e talli c c adm i u m v ap ou by t he ac t i on o f c arb on an dc arb on m on o xi de at a t e m p e at u e b e l ow t hat at w hi c h zi nc o xi de is re du c ibl e t o m e t al and u p on t h p rop e rty Of m e t alli c c adm i u m O f v o l atili si ng at a l o w er t e m p e rat u re t han m e t alli c zi n c I f a m ixt u re o f zi n c an dc adm i u m o xi de is ac c ordi n gly e xp o se d t t h e ac ti o n o f c arb o n in e t o rt s at a c om p arat iv e ly l o w t e m p e at u re ab o u t ed n e ss c adm i u m is re du c e d fi rst an d v ap o i se d an d c an t h ere fo e be c o n de n se d in rec e iv e rs an d t hu s se p arat e d from t he zi n c \V li e m a m ixt u re o f zi nc o xi de zi n c c adm i u m o xi de an d c adm i u m w i t h a c om p arativ e ly l o w p e c e n t ag e o f c adm i u m su c h as form s t he u su al m at e r i al for t h e e xt rac ti o n o f c adm i u m is e du c e d by c a b o n a p u lv eru l en t m ass is o bt ai ne d in t he rec e iv e c on si sti n g o f c adm i u m o xi de c ad m i u m zi nc o xi de and zi n c c o nsi de rably ri c he r in c adm i u m t han w as t he origi nal m ixt u re Cadm i um c an t h e n be e xtrac t e dfrom t hi s m ixt u re e it her di rec t or aft e an ot he r fu t he r e n i c h m e n t b\ a re p e titi on o f t h e p roc e ss o f di still ati o n The o igi n al m at e ri al is as al e ady st at e d Ob t ai n e din t he p ro c e s T he
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M E T A L LU RG Y
2 44 of
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2 46
yi ng
b e s w i t h c ast i ron adap t e r a n d sh e e t i o n n o zzl e s t h e p o du c t b e i ng du t w i t h 6 f p er c e n t c ad m ium I n 12 ho u s 2 c w t o f du t a e t re at e d in 11 t u b e s T h i e l di n g 28 t o 3 2 l bs o f e n i c he d du st e l att e r is di still e d ag ai n y in t he sam e pl an t p ro du c i ng m e t alli c c adm i u m 2 8 t o 3 2 lbs b e i n g T h e c adm i u m c o ll ec t s in t h t e at e d in 12 ho u in f u r t u b e s adapt e r wh en c e it is d aw n o ff at i nt e val s o f 1 h o ur so t hat it It is t he n c ast i nt o s hall b e as fre e fro m zi nc an d i r n as p o ssibl e m o u l ds The re si du es fro m t he di still ati o n c o n t ai n 0 3 0 p e r c e n t o f c adm i u m ; f t he c adm i u m c o n t e n t s o f t h e o rigi nal du st 3 0 12 pe c e nt is sav e d 2 11 7 e r c e n t is l e ft in t he resi du es and 4 8 7 1 p e p c ent is v o l atili se d T h e e g ades o f c adm i u m are p ro du c e d; t he p u rest ki nd w hi c h is e adily b e n t am o u n t s to ab o u t on e half o f t h t o t al ; t h e n e x t c o n tai n s 7 5 p e c e n t o f c adm i u m and c an b e b e n t w i t h di ffi c u l t y b u t y e t w i t ho u t b re aki ng w h il st t he p o orest q u ali t y c ont ai n s o n ly 4 0 o f c adm i u m an d is v e ry b rittl e h e er c ent T p i nfe i o q u aliti e s are p u rifi e d by frac ti onal di still ati on A c c o di n g t R Wag n er a sam pl e o f S il e si an c adm i u m had t he fo ll o w i ng c om p ositi on t h re e
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A no the m e t hod f r o btai n i n g cadm i u m su lp hi de or oxide has b e e n p op o se d by Kosm ann fo t he flu e du st o f t he zi nc e du c ti on a n d bl e n d c al c i nati on fu rnac e s o f Upp e r S il esi a The flu e du st f o m t he zi nc fu rnac e s t he c o m p o siti on f w hi c h has b ee n giv e n on p ag es 18 3 and 184 is t o b e t eat e d w it h n e u tral am m o n i u m c arb o nat e whi c h di sso lv es t h e zi n c w h il st t h e c adm i u m re m ai n s a s i nso l u bl e c arb o n at e T he so l u ti o n is h e at e d w h e n am m on i a and a p art o f t he c a b on di o xi de are driv en off w hil st b asi c zi nc c arb onat e Th e is form e d w h i c h c an b e c on v ert e d i n t o zi n c o xi de by h e ati n g e re si du e is h e at e d t o c on v e t t he c arb o nat e o f l e ad p re se n t i n t o o xi d and is th e n dig est e d wit h so l u ti o n o f l e adac e t at e w h i c h di sso lv e s t he o xi de o f l e ad Carb on di o xi de is p asse d i n t o t h e so l u ti on p rec ipitat ing t he l e ad as w h it e l ead T he resi du e t hat w as l e ft c o n t ai n i n g t he c ad m i u m e ith er as o xi de or as c arb onat e m ay be t reat e d w ith dil u t e su lph u ri c ac i d t o di sso lv e t h e c adm i u m w h i c h m ay be th row n do w n as su lp h i de by m e an s o f su lp hu re tt e d hy dro g e n I f c adm i u m o xi d e is t o b e p ro du c e d t h e r esi du e is t re at e d with n it ri c ac i d t h e so l u ti on o f c ad m i u m n it rat e is e v ap orat e d and t he salt h eat e d w he n b row n c adm i u m o xi de is l e ft b e hi n d T hi s p ro c ess has n e v e r c om e i n t o u se Fl u e du st o bt ai n e d in c al c i n i n g bl en de f om Upp e r S il esi a al so c o n t ai n s c adm i u m ; it is p art ly so l u bl e an d p ar tly i n so l u bl e in w at er Th e c o m p ositi o n f t w o sam pl e s fr o m t he S il esi a an d G odu l l a w ork s r e sp e c tiv e ly is sh o w n by t h e su bj o i n e d an aly se s I F U DU T M H A ‘V K S r
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q u i c k silv e r is t he o nly m e tal fl u i d at ordi nary t e m p e rat u re s I t has a silv e r whi t e c o l o u r w i t h a slig ht bl u i sh ti n g e A c c ordi ng t o N e l se n s it is t ran sp a e n t a n d a p e fe c t m e t alli c l u st re in t hi n l ay e rs sho w i n g a bl u e c o l o u w it h a so m e w hat vi o l e t t in g e A c c ordi ng to Cav endi sh it soli difi es at C : ac c o di n g t o H u t c h i n s at C and ac c o di n g t o M all e t at I t c o n t ac t s u p o n so li difi c ati o n and fo rm s a w hit e v e ry du c t il e an d it h a k n i fe It rai se s bli st e rs m all e abl e m ass w h i c h is re adily c u t w n t h e hu m an ski n o n c on t ac t j u st lik e re d h ot m e t al I t s sp e c ifi c g avi ty w he n fl u i d at 0 C is 13 5 9 5 9 ac c ordi n g t o Re gn au lt an d 13 5 8 9 13 5 9 5 ac c o rdi n g t o K o pp ac c ordi n g t o Bi o t an d A ag o The sp e c ifi c g avity o f soli d m e rc u ry is 14 19 3 2 It T he sp e c ifi c h e at o f ry st alli ses in t h e fo rm s o f t h e c u bi c al sy st e m 7 8 and 4 0 C is 0 0 24 7 th at o f t he fl u i d s li d m e c u rv b e tw e e n I t s e l e c t ri c al c on du c tivi t y m t al , b e t w e e n 0 an d 100 C is 0 0 333 ac rdi n g t o M att h i e s e n at 2 2 8 C is 16 3 silv e at 0 b e i n g t ak e n I t s the rm al c o n du c t ivity ac c o rdi n g t o C alv e r t an d J o hn son as 100 is 6 7 7 c o m p a e d t o t hat f silv e t ak e n as M e rcu y is v o l at il e t a slig ht e xt e n t at o di na y t e m p at u re and acc o rdi n g to 44 C He g e t v e n b e l o w T hi s m ay b e p ro v e d by s u sp e ndi n g g l d l e af ab ov e a v e sse l c on tai ni ng m rc u y w he n it w ill b e c om e c o at e d at o di n a y t e m p e at u re s w i t h a w hit e l ay e r o f am algam T h b o ili n g p o i n t o f m e c u y ac c rdi n g t o Du l o n g an d P e ti t is a c di n g t o Re g nau l t it i c o n v rt e d i n t a c l o u l e ss v ap u t he de nsi ty o f w h i h is giv e n a b e t w e e n 6 7 and 7 0 3 The api di t y w i th w h i c h m e c u y v o l a tili ses n b o ili n g de p e n ds t a g re at x t en t u p o n its p u i t y I t is m ai nly di m i ni sh d by l e ad an d zi n c an d n t he c o n t a y i n c e a e d by pl ati n u m Mill n sho w e d t hat in t h e sa m t i m and u nde t h e rw i e si m il a c on di t i o n s t h i rte e n t i m e s m u c h p ur a m e c u y w as v o l atili e d as f m e rc u y c o n tai n i n g f l ad Pl a t i n u m i nc e a s t he api dity o f e v ap o rat i o n if or
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y s wi t h m e rc u ry at a t e m p e at u re f 5 0 t 80 C I i di u m g ol d silve r c opp er n i c k e l cadm i u m and arse n i c hav e n o i n fl u e n c e u p on t h e api dity o f e v ap o at i o n At ordi nary t e m p erat u e t he c o hesi o n of p u re m e rc u y c on id a bly su p asse s it s adhe si o n t o lig h t e r b o di e s W he n t he re fo e it is a ll o w e d t o r un o v e r an i n c li n e d su fac e o f p ap e it fo m s or gl ass p heri c al m asse s or gl ob u l e Wh e n it is i m p u re it l e av e s a fil m u p on t he ab o v e n am e d su rfac e s an d doe s n o t ru n in sph e i c al o b u l es b u t in p e a shap e d o nes Whe n agit at e d w it h ai it t h n l g l eav e s a bl ac k p owde ; by vi o l e n t agi t ati on o f m e c u ry wit h v ari ou s fl u i ds as al so by ru bbi ng it u p with c e rtai n b odi es su c h as su gar an d ease it i s c on v e r t e d i n t o a fi n e d ark g ray p o w de r p f V a u r s o g m e rc u ry h av e a m ost i nj u ri o u s e ffec t u p on t he an i m al sy st e m In a ll o p e ati on s in w hi c h m e c u ry v ap o u rs a e e v o lv e d it is th e re fo re n e c e ssary t o t ak e e sp ec i al p e c au ti o n s t o p ro t e c t t he p e so ns en g ag e d t here i n on e o r
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P u re m e rc u ry is
g e d in d y air at ordi nary t e m p e rat u re s ; n e ith er is it affec t e d by l on g c on ti n u e d agit ati on wi t h air o xyg e n n it ro u s o xi de n it ro u s ac i d o r c arb on di o xi de I n dam p air h o w e v it gradu ally b e c om es c o at e d with a t h i n fi l m o f m e c u ro u s o xi de m rc u r c m s m u r e e e o e c o at e d wi t h a fi l m o f o xi de e v e n I p y b O (n ) in dry air I f m e c u ry is h e at e d for a c on si de abl e ti m e u p t o 3 5 0 C in t h e air it o xi di ses t o m e rc u ri c o xi de ( HgO ) w hi c h a c c o rdi n g t o Fe l o u z e is c ry st alli n e T hi s g adually dec om p oses in t h e su n lig h t i n t o m e rc u ry and o xyg e n Whe n he at e d it is api dly dec o m p ose d t he m e rc u ry b e i n g v o l at ili se d Whe n agai n c oo l e d do w n it is p a tly re c on v e rt e d i n t o m e c u i c o xi de M e rc u di still e d by h e ati n g t h e l at t e r is th e e fore re nde e d i m p u re by o xi de a n d is ac c o di n gly so m e w h a t p asty M erc u ri c oxi de p odu c e d in t h e w e t w ay by p e c ipit ati on fro m m e c u i c salt s has a b rig ht oran g e y e ll o w c o l o u w h i c h ac o di n g t o Fe l ou z e is an am o p h ou s m difi c ati o n o f m e c u ri c o xi de D il u t e su lp h u i c ac i dhas n o ac ti on u p o n m e c u y C on c e n t at d b o ili n g su lp hu i c ac i d di sso lv es it w it h t he e v ol u ti on of su lp hu r di o xi de W h en me rc u ry in e x c ess is p rese n t t he m erc u ou s sal t is p rodu c ed; wit h e x c e ss o f su lp h u i c ac i d on t he o t her hand t h m e rc u ri c salt is fo rm e d H y dro c hl ori c ac i ddo e s n ot att ac k m e rc u ry Nit ri c ac id e v e n w hen dil u t e di ssolv es m erc u ry f rm i n g a n it rat e u n c han
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M ET A LL U RG Y
l t b e i ng fo m e d in t he p e en c e o f an e x c es o f m e c u y and w he n c o l d ac i d is e m pl oy e d b u t m e rc u ri c t he l l t w h e n h e at e d w i t h an e x c ess o f ac i d o r w h e n s t ro n g ac i d i
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Aq u a re gi a di sso lv e s m e c u ry w it h c o m p arativ e readi n es m e rc u i c hl ori de ( HgC l ) b e i ng form e d C hl ori n e in t he g ase o u att ac k s m e rc u ry at o dinarv c n di t i on o r in so l u t i on in w at e r t e m p e at u es m e rc u ro u s c hl ori de b e i n g fo m ed an d g ray p u l ve rn l e n t m e rc ury b e i ng p rodu c ed B o ili n g m erc u y b u rns in c hl ori n e f i h a y e ll o w i sh re d fl am e a w t o rm i n g m e c u ro u s and m e rc u ri c g c hl i de s M e c u ri c c h l ori d so call e d c o rosiv e su bli m at e is p e p are d by di s lvi ng m e rc u ry in aq u a e gi a by di ssolvi n g m e rc u i c o xi de in hy d c h l o i c ac i d o by t he addi t i o n o f c o m m o n salt t o m e rc u ri c M e rc u o u s c hl ori de k n o w n as c al o m e l is p rodu c e d by su lp h at e m e rc u ri c c hl ori de wi t h m e rc u ry or by p re c ipi t ati n g t e at i n g m e c u ro u s salt by m e an s o f hydro c hl ori c ac i d B o t h c h l ori de s hav e a w h i t e c ol o u and are v o l atili se d o n h e ati n g m e c u ro u s c h l o ri de u bli m i n g w it ho u t p re v i ou s fu si on M erc u ri c c hl o i de is re adily so l u bl e in w a t e r ; m e rc u ro u s c hl ori de is so l u bl e n e it he r in w at e r in dil u t e ac i ds no S u lp hi de o f m e rc u ry ( HgS ) t h e m o st i m p ort an t c o m p ou nd o f m e rc u ry fo i n g n ativ e a c i nnab a t he m e t all u gi s t occ u c an b p odu c ed as an am orp hou s bl ac k m ass by u bbi n g t ge t h e fl o w e rs o f su lp hu an d m e rc u ry an d by g e n tly he at i n g t he m ix t u re o f t he t w o b o di e s If t h i s m ass i he at e d t o it s m e lti ng p i nt m e rc u i c su lp hi de v o l atili se s and m ay be c onde n se d in t h fo rm o f a b o w n i sh re d c y st alli n s u bli m at e T h i s o n g i ndi ng b e o m es sc a l e t and fo m art ifi c i al C in nab a Whe n g e n t ly heat e d u b e i ng e x c l ude d it is eadily e c on v e te d i n t o bl ac k am o p ho u s n c u i su lp h i de bu t if h e at e d m e st ro n gly it agai n su bli m e s as d u lp h i de N ativ e C i nnab ar b e gi n t o da k n at 2 00 C and t o v l at ili e at 3 5 0 it v l atili s t a v e g e at e xt e n t b ut fo its o m p e t e v o l atili sati o n a l o w i s re q u i re d e d h e at 5 0 t o 6 00 C 0 l \Vi t h e x c e of ai it b u n s at 3 5 0 C w it h a bl u e fl am e o f l ph u f rm i ng u lp h u di xi de m e t alli c m e u y e p a ati n g o u t n n l v l a tili si ng T h e e d s u lp h i d o f m e c u y dark e ns u nde t he a t i n o f lig h t ti m e it b e c m es bl ac k and aft e a c n si de abl s,
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M ET A LLU RG Y
254
y se p arat es ou t and v o l atili e sulp h i de and u lp hat e o f c al c i u m b e i ng p o du c e d a ho wn by t h e foll o w i n g e q u ati o n m e rc u r
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i ndivi dual gl o b u l e so l arg t hat t he m e c u ry c an be c o ll e c t e d f o m t he m C onsi de rabl e q u an t i t i e s o f nativ e m e rc u ry di se m i nat e d t h ou gh serp e nti ne hav e b e e n f u nd for i nst anc e at t he o u t c rop s o f va i o u s de p osit s o f c i nnab a in Cal i forni a ( S ono m a Mi n e Rat t l esnak e Mi ne Wall S t re e t Mi ne ) It is sai d t o o c c u r in a de o m p o ed g a n it e u nac c o m p an i e d by c i nnab a in t he ne ig hb u ho od f Li m og e s e p e c i ally at Mel in o t n ear S t L6 an d al so ac c o m p an i e d by c al o m e l in t he s t rat a u p o n w h i c h t h e t o w n o f M o n tp e lli e r tand I t oc c u rs all oy e d wit h silv e r in t h e fo rm o f n ative am a lgam w hi c h c o n t ai n s 2 6 5 t o 35 p e r c en t o f m e rc u ry an d is l oo k e d u p o n as a s ilv e r o re T hi s m i n e al has b e e n fou nd at Mosc he llandsbe rg in t he Rhin e P ro vi n c e s at Ro se n au in H u n gary All e m an t in Fran c e an d Ar u e o s in t h e p o vi n c e o f C o q u i m b o in C hili g t he
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Al m ade n on t he no the rn l op e s f t he S i e rra M o re na b e t w e n B adaj o z and C i u d ad Re al c i nnaba o c c u rs t g e th e r w ith nativ e m erc u ry in an a e a 10 m il e s l on g an d 6 m il es b r ad in S il u ri an and f sl at e q u a tzi t e sandst on e and D e v n i an st at a c on si sti n g m all q u an ti t i e s o f li m e st o n e form i n g t h e al m o st v e rti c al t ab u l ar I n t he e de p osi t s ab o u t 6 0 0 fee t in l e n gt h and 12 t o 2 5 fe e t w i de de p o i t s it o c c u rs b o th in m asse s and di se m i n at e d T he c o n t e n t f m e rc u ry o f t he diff re n t g rade s o f or e s v a y fro m 0 7 5 u p t o 2 5 0 5 e r c e nt I n t h e y e ar 1893 ai d t o av e rag e 8 t 9 e r c e n t ; it is p p t he p ro du c t i o n o f m e c u ry w as 7 8 2 p e r c e n t o f t he w e ight o f t he T he se de p osi t s w e re k n w n t o es and in 18 9 4 8 1 9 p e r c e n t T he op hrast u as early as 3 00 B C and t h ey are still t dav t he m ost i m p ort an t m e c ury de p osi t s in Eu ro p e At I d i a in A u st ro H u n ga y c i nn ab ar h e p ati c o re and c oralli ne e g u l ar de p osit s in T ri assi c s t rat a o e o c u r w i t h n ativ e m e rc u y in i The de p o sit s are p a tly o f t h e nat u e o f a st oc k w ork p artly c on t ac t v e i n s b e t w e e n li m e st on e an d dol om it e t he v ari ou s grade s o f o re o n t ai n i n g fro m 0 2 t o 3 0 p e r c e n t o f m e rc u ry t h e av e rag e o f t h e c e nt T hi s de p osit w as k no wn e s b e i n g f o m f om 0 5 t o 0 8 p e in t h e y e a 14 9 0 and is aft e Al m ade n t h e m o st i m p ort ant in Eu op e A t Nikit o wk a a st ati on o n t he K u rsk Charkoff Az o v railw ay li ne in t he di st ri c t of B achm u t of t he go v ernm en t of Ee kat e rinosl av in t he S o u t h o f Ru ssi a c i nnab a oc c u rs i m p re gnati n g san dst on e st rat a Th a v e rag e ro e o f c a b o n i fe r o u s a e h avi n g a thi c k n ess o f 4 6 fe e t g p p o ti n o f m e rc u ry c on t ai n e d in t hi s i m p ortan t dep osit is giv e n as As is sh o w n by ol d e x hau st e d sp o il h e ap s thi s de p osit 06 p c ent has b e e n w o k e d in an c i e n t an d as y e t u n de t e rm i n e d ti m e s O pe m m e n c e d o n ly in t h e y e a 1886 an d at p rese nt o es t i o n s w e re e a e p o du c e d in su c h q u an ti t i es t hat t h e m e rc u ry p odu c e d at t h e w ork s att ac h e d t o t h e m i n e n o t o n ly su ppli es t h e de m an ds o f Ru ssi a I t m ay be c on si de re d as b u t is e xp t e d in c o n si de rabl e qu an ti t i e s f t h e m ost i m p o t an t de p osit s o f t he w ho l e w o l d Re ga de d on e a wo k it is t he m ost i m p o rt an t in E u ro p e aft e r a s i n gl Al m ade n and I d i a A m on g t he t he o c c u r e nc e s o f c i nnab a in Eu o p e t h at p o e ss a c e t ai n i m p o t an c e t he e m ay al so b e m e n ti o n e d V all alt a n e a Ago da in t he n rt h w e s t o f t h s t at e o f V e nic w h e c i nn ab a in t he f o m ccu f i m p re gnati ns w h il st t he a e e e l at iv ly p o r ; as al s o t h e de p osit s in t he di st i c t o f M n t e A m i ata in T u c an y t he p ri nc ip al m i ne s b e i n g S al ve na P i C astagnaj o an d D iac o l c t t o n t h e S i e l e n e a C ast e ll azz a a T he w o rk f M n t e A m i at a are st ill in o p e rati n f V all al ta and t h s At
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lph u r {t ri o xi de in t he gases ca yi ng t he m erc u ry and its ac ti on e nse rs are u p on t h e m e rc u ry as al so u p o n t he m e t al o f w h i c h t h e c o n d c o n st r ucte d; t o g e t he r wit h t he f u t h e r c i rc u m st an c e t hat m e rc ury w ou l d form am algam s with su c h m e tal s as a e l ittl e or n ot at al l o t he rwi e b e aff ec t edgb a c i d w at e rs an d w h i c h w o u l d t h e e fo re y e n se rs an d t h e fac t t hat t h e su it abl e f o r t h e c o n st ru c t i o n o f c o n d v ap ou rs m ust be e xt rac t e d from t he furnac es and c ondense rs by m e ans o f fan s in o de r t o p ro t e c t t h e w o rk m e n as far as p o ssibl e The l o sse s o f m e rc u ry w h i c h form e rly am o u n t e d t o 5 0 p e r c e n t and e v e n m ore at so m e w ork s h av e re c e n tly by a su it abl e c o nst ruc ti o n o f fu rnac e and c are in c ondu c ti ng t h e p ro c e ss by li n i ng t he w all s and fl o ors of t hec on de nsers and by su it ably c o n st ru c ti n g t h e l att e an d by p ro p e r re gu l ati on o f t he gase ou s c u rre n t b ee n re du c ed t o 8 pe and e v e n l e ss o f t he m e rc u ry p rese n t in t h e o res C on si de ri ng c en t t h e sm all p ro p orti on o f m e rc u y p rese n t in t h e ores av e ragm g 1 t o 3 p e r c e nt t he u n av o i dabl e e t e n ti on o f sm all q u antiti es o f m e rc u ry in t he re si du es o f t he l att e r t he u nav o i dabl e fo rm ati on o f s o t t he rc u y ac ti on o f ac i d w at e rs u p on t h e m e rc u ry an d t h e v o l ati l i t y o f m e rc u ry in at ordi nary t e m p e rat u re s t h e p ro c e ss o f t h e e x t ac t io n o f m e it s p rese n t st ag e o f de v e l op m en t m u st b e l oo k e d u p on as l1av i n g b e e n v e y w e ll w o rk ed ou t wh en t he l oss 1s on ly from 6 t o 8 per c ent and it n o l on g er deserv es t o be c onsi de ed as an i m p e rfe c t or cru de p o As re gards m e r c ess as c o m p are dwit h o th e r m e t all u rgi c al op erati o n s c u ri al p o i son i n g att e m pt s hav e b e e n m ade t o p ro t e c t w o rk m e n by t h e pl oym en t o f su i t ablyarrang e d fan s i n fron t o f t he c on de nse rs so em as t o draw o ff all t he gase s whi ch form e rly e sc ap e d fro m t he f urnac e s and c onde n sers and by c arryi n g al l t h e gases e v o lv e d i n t o st ac k s wh ereby a v ery m ark e d di m inuti on of m e rc u i al p oi son i n g has b e en s v o l atil e e v e n at o di n ary t e m att ai n ed As ho w e v er m erc u ry ac c ordi n t o B ram e u o t h e h e ight o f e rat u re s it s v ap ou r ri si n g t p p g it will p rob ably n e v er be p ossibl e t o av oi d ab o u t 3 f8 e t at 15 C al to e t h e i t h e i n h al ati on o f s m all q u an titi es o f m e rc u ry w h i c h a e g th u s c on v e y ed t o t h e bl oo d t hrough t he l u ng s M erc u ry v ap ou rs p rodu c e di st u rb anc es o f t he n erv ou s sy st e m t he dig esti on t he m ot or fu n c ti on s and o f t he l u n gs di se ase o f t he t e e th p o v erty o f bl o od W e n b re ath e d in h l a ge r q uan titi es th e i r sc u rv an d sc ro fu l a y A m on g t he p rop hyl ac ti c m easu re s t hat h av e b e e n e ff e c t is f at al re c o m m e n de d a gai nst m ercu rial p o i soni n g a1e t he fo ll owi ng z C l ean l in e ss op e n air ac i d fo ods an d m o de rati on in t he u se o f al c oh o l Me l se ns re c om m ends th e em pl o y m e n t o f p o t assi u m i odi de T hi s is said t o re nder t he i nsol u bl e m e rc u ri al c o m p o u nds th at h av e b e e n B g d H tt Z tg 18 7 7 p 2 36 su
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M ETA LLU RG Y
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k e n i nt o t he sy st em ol u bl e and c ause t he i r se p arati on in the u ri ne A sol u ti on o f p otassi c c hl orat e is u se d at N e w Al m ade n The pl an t in whi c h t he ab o v e p roc ess is c a ri e d o u t c ons is t s o f v ari o u s di still ati on appli anc es w it h c on densi n g attac h m en t s D is t ill at io n appl i anc e s m ay b e h e ap s st all s re v e rb erat ory fu rnac e s h aft fu rnace s an d m u ffl e fu rnac es Di still at i on in co v e red he ap w i t h alt e rnat e l ay e rs o f fu e l and o re and t h e c oll e c ti on o f t he m e rc u ry in t he u pp e r l ay e rs and in t he c o v e r o f t h e h e ap a p o c e ss is a w h i c h w as for i nst anc e c arri e d o u t a l ong w hil e ago at Id ri a m ost i m p e rfec t p roc ess o wi ng t o t he v ol atili sat i o n o f m e rc u ry t o t he re t e n ti o n o f a c o m p arativ e ly l arg e p ro p orti o n o f t h e m e t al in t h e At o re and t o t h e p e n e t rat i o n o f t he m e t al i n t o t h e g ro u n d p rese nt it o n ly p ossesse s hi st ori c al i n t erest Fo r t he sam e reason e xt rac ti o n o f T he y are st all s are u n su it abl e fo r t h e m e rc u ry u se d e x c e p t i onally in t h e c al c i nati o n o f m e rc u ri al fah l o re s fo r t h e I n thi s p roc e ss t he m e rc u ry i e x t rac ti o n o f c o pp e r an d silv e r u c t in t he u pp e l ay ers o f m i neral and is c o n d e n se d as a by e p ro d At t he S t e ph ans Works in U pp e o bt ai n e d by w ash i n g t h e l att e r H u ngary m e rc uri al fahl ores are c al c i ne d in c i rc u l ar st all s in h eap s o f 5 0 t o ns u p o n a b e d o f w o od with a l ay er o f c harc o al ab o v e it The : m e rc u ry e xt rac t e d by w ash i n g T he c al c i nati o n l ast s 4 w e e k s t h e u pp e r l ay e rs o f ore is p u rifi e d by di still a t i o n S h aft and re v erb e rat ory fu rnac e s are u se d b o t h fo r l u m p o re and Ext e rnally fi re d sh aft fu rnac e s for l u m p o re e n for sm all ore s i st o f an e m pty sh af t whil st for sm all ore s t he sh aft is fitt e d Fo rm e rly al l o f th ese fu rnac e s u se dfo r w ith i nc li ne d sl ab s or pl at e s l u m p ore w ere w ork ed i nt e rm itt e n tly At p resen t at m ost w ork s int e mn itt e ntl y w o rk e d shaft fu rn ac e s o f thi s t yp e in whi c h s m all o res p rop erly aggl om e at ed c an al so be t re at e d h av e b e e n re pl ac ed by t he m u c h m o e e c on o m i c al c o n ti nu o u s ac ti ng fu rn ac e s A s a ru l e sh o u l d b e u se d e x t ern ally fi re d sh af t fu rnac e s w orki n g c o n ti n u o u sly fo sm all s th at do n o t form dus t o n ac c o u n t o f t he c h eap n e ss w i t h w h i c h th e y c an b e w ork e d T he o re sli des dow n u p on i nc li ne d sl ab s in t he i nt e ri o r o f t he sh aft whil st t he fl am e m o v es in t he o pp osi t e Ext e rnally fi re d sh aft fu rnac s di e c t i on f o m b e l o w u p w ard s w u l d b e u se d fo r l u m p o re s if c he a p u nc arbo n ise d fu e l s are av ail W he n c h eap abl e w hil s t p u re c arb on i se d f u e l e g c ha c oal is de ar in w hi c h a b n i se d fu e l s a e o bt ai nabl e t h e sha ft fu nac e p ro p e t h f u e l is in di e c t c o n t ac t w i t h t he s u b st an c es t b e h e at e d w o u l d b p re fe r e d t o t he c o n ti n u o u s w o rki ng haft fu rnac e e xt e rnally fi re d Re v e rbe at o y f urnac e s n ac c o u n t o f t h e s m all e r form a ti o n o f so o t t Mi t t l Kl g w f 1893 g f dm B y m y ta
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q u i re m e n ts Of t he su b stan c es u se d u p t o t he p re sen t i on is t h e e asi e st t o m o u l d and t he b e s t c ondu c t or f h e at b u t doe s n o t ri c kw o rk r e si s t t h e ac ti o n o f ac i d v ap o u rs for an l gt B n h of t i m e e y ab sorb s m e rc u ri al v ap o u s is a b ad c o n du c t o o f h e at an dis att ac k e d by ac i d liquors \Ye e d has su ffi c i e n t resi sti n g p rop e t i e s bu t is a bad c o n du c t or o f h e at G l ass has n o t b ee n fo u n dappli c abl e by it se l f b u t o nly in c o m bi n at i o n w i t h w o od T he m o st su i t abl e m at e ri al u p t o th e re se nt has b e e n fou n d t o b e s t o n e w a e T hi s is c ap abl e o f resi sti n g :m e c u ry an d ac i ds an d m a b e m ade so t h i n t hat it s l o w y c on du tivity for h e at n ee d n o t b e t ak e n i n t o ac c o u n t o n e w are is t S c u se din t h e fo rm o f pip es I n additi on t o st o n e ware al l t he ab o v e n an e d su b st an c es are u se d as al so are v ess e l s o f b u rn t an d gl az e d c l ay I ron is p ro t e c t e d by a c oati ng o f c e m en t against t he ac ti on o f ac i d v ap o u s an d w at e s Th e form w h i c h c on de n se s assu m e is e it h e r t hat t u b es or o f c ham b ers C l ay an d of a se i es of s t o n e w are u s e d in are t h e fo rm e r sh ap e i ron and w ood in b t lr form s b i c k w ork an d gl ass in t he fo rm o f c ham b e s I n m any c ases c o nde n sati on in t u b es is c o m bi n e d wit h c on d en sati on in c ham be s T he di am e t er o f t h e t u b e s an d t h e di m e n si on s o f t h e c ham b e rs m u st b e c on fi ne d withi n defi n i t e li m it s as t u b e s w h i c h are t o o sm all i n t e rfe re with t h e drau g h t whil st c h am b e rs whi c h a e t o o l ar e hav e bu t littl e c o o li n g e ff e c t u p o n t h e i nn e r p orti o n o f t he g u re n t o f g ase s t rav e si n g t h e m By a su itabl e c om bi nati on o f t u b e s an d c h am b ers o r by c h am b e s o f di ff e re n t m at e ri al as al so by m ean s o f b i c k c ham b e rs c oo l e d by c ast i o n b o x es t hro u g h w hi c h at e r c i c u l at es t h e l osses o f m e c u ry by i m p e r fec t c o nde n sati o n ha e r ecent ly b ee n b o u g h t dow n t o a v e y sm all am ou n t A g oo d d au g h t n t he fu n ac e s an dc on de n se s w h i c h i s q u it e i n di sp e n sabl e m ay b e o bt ai n e d e it h e by m ean s o f p o w e fu l st ac k s h eat e d by se p arat e fi re pl ac e s o e l se by e x hau st i n g rn ac hin e v o f v ari o u s ki nd s T h u c h as w at e r bl as t C a niarde ll e bl o w e o r fan s e drau g h t m u s t g b e su ch th at t he p ressu re o f t he c u rre n t o f gas in t he fu rn ac e and ssu re o f t he at m o o nde nse s m u st b e b o u g h t do w n b e l o w t he p p h e e so as t o p re v e nt t h e m e c u ri al v ap o u s e sc api n g f om t he app a at u s Re c e n tly d au g h t p du c e d by st ac k s has b e e n re pl ac e d w i t h adv an t ag e by t h e s u c t i o n o f p o w e fu l fan s M e c u y is t ransp o t e d in fl ask s o f w rou g ht i on l e d by a sc re w h T s t pp e w e ig h t o f m e rc u y in a fu ll b o t tl e a m o u nt s in I d i a e I n t he sm all e r bs in Cali forn i a t o 7 6 5 l b an d Al m ade n t o 7 6 1 E u o p e an w o k s m e c u y is sh ipp e d as w as fo m e rly do n e al so at I d i a in b ag s o f she e p ski n c o n t ai ni ng 5 5 l bs T he v a i o u s di st ill ati o n fu n ac e s an d t he c o nde n si n g appli anc es t h e se
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b ri c k c h am b ers T he fue l u se d nru st be u nc arbonised suc h as b u hwo od w oo d or c oal T he drau gh t is p odu ce d by stack s or b e t t e r still by fans The wh ol e am ou nt o f o re t o be t reat e d is u ntil c ha g d at o n e ti m e i n t o t h e f u rnac e and is h eat e d by fi ri n g u p it c o n ti n u e s t o b u rn by it se lf o w i ng t o t he h eat d e v e l o p ed by t he o xi d ati o n o f t he s u lph u in t he c i nnab ar ; aft e r t he fi re h as b u rn t o ut t h fu rnac e is l e ft for sorire ti m e t o c o ol w he n t h e di still at i on r esi du e s are re m o v e d and a n e w c h arg e i n t ro du c e d or o r
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h argi n g d o rs are c l o sed and t he fu e l in t he fi ri ng ham b e r is ig nit e d F o rm e rly b rushw o o d w as u se d as fu e l b u t n o w oal is e m pl o y e d w hi c h is b u rn t u p o n a g at e A ft e r 4 to 5 h o u r t he fi rst m e rc u ry sh o w s in t he fro n t al ude l s A ft e r fi ri n g f o m 10 t 12 h o u rs t h e c o l u m n o f o e has b e e n he at e d su ffi c i e n tly t o b e abl t o s u pply t he h e at re q u i re d fo r t he c o nti n u anc e o f the p roc e ss by t he c om b u s ti o n o f t he s u lph u r in t he c i nnab ar fi ri n g is t he re fore dis c o n ti n u ed The air whi c h serv es t o o xi di se t he s u lph u r is h e at ed by it s p assag e th ro u gh t h p e rfo rati ons o f t he arc h and o f t he b arre n o re lyi ng u p on it t o a t e m p e rat u re o f 2 0 0 t o 3 00 C T he ore s b u rn fo r 4 3 o r 44 h o urs d u ri n g w h i c h ti m e m e rc u ry di stil s u n i n t e ru pt e dl y A ft er the e nd o f t hi s se c ond st age ( brasa) t he resi du e s in t he furnac e a re all o w e d t o c o o l fo r so m e 18 h o u rs t o p ro m o t e w hi c h t h e doo r o f t h e fi e pl ac e s an d th e c hargi n g doors are o p e n e d At t he e nd o f t hi s t i m e t he di still ati on resi du es are draw n fro m t he fu rnac e w hi c h o cc u pi es so m e 2 h o u rs aft e r whi c h t h e fu rn ac e is re c ha g e d Eac h c am p aig n l ast s u p o n t h e w h o l e so m e 3 day s o f 2 4 h o u rs o f t hi s ti m e 10 h o urs are o c c u pi e d in fi ri ng 4 4 in t he di st ill ati on and 18 in t h e c o oli ng Fo rm e rly a c harg e c o nsu m e d from 2 2 t o 2 5 t ons o f fu e l N ow aday s owi n g t o t he e m pl oy m en t o f c oal a l arg e f urnac e t aki ng a c h arg e o f 13 t o n s o f l u m p ore and 15 t ons o f o re fi nes req u i re s 18 c wt s o f c oal s whil st a sm al l furnac e t aki ng 9 t ons o f l u m p ore and t ons o f fi n e s re q u i re s 14 c w t s o f c oal As r e g ards t h e t em p erat u re in t he c onde nse rs it has b e e n fou nd ac c ordi n g t o K u ss t hat t h e high e st t e m p e rat u re in t he fi st al u de l s is fro m 2 4 5 t o 2 6 0 C w hi c h is att ai ne d aft e r 4 0 h o u rs I n t he t e n t h al u de l fro m t h e furnac e it re ac h e s 10 5 C at t he e nd o f 4 8 h o u ; in t he m i dm os t al u de l o f t he ro w it am o u n t s t o 5 0 at t he e nd o f 5 2 h o u rs ; w h il s t in t he l ast al u de l o f e ac h ro w it ri se s t o Th e al u de l s w h i c h l ie o n t he sl o p e n e x t 2 9 at t he e nd o f 5 2 ho u rs t o t he f u rnac e a e c l e an e d o u t e v e ry m o n t h t hose on t h e o t he r sl o p e e v e ry t w o m o n t hs t o r e m o v e t he m e rc ury and soo t c o n t ai n e d in t he m F0 1 thi s p u rp o e t he l u ti n g is re m o v e d and t he a l u de l are hol d o ne by o n e v e rti c ally o v er t h i nc li n e d g u tt e rs o f t he sl e p e u p o n w hi c h t he al u de l s lie in ord e t hat t he m e rc u ry c on t ai ned in t he m m ay ru n i nt o t hese g u tt e rs T he soo t is t he n re m o v e d fr m It is c oll e c t ed in h e ap s and t re at e d in t he m by m e ans o f b ru sh e s T he r e si du es re su lti ng fro m t he m ann e r t o be d e sc rib e d l at e r o n its t reat m e n t a e m o u l de d i n t o bl o c k t o g e t h e r w it h o re fi nes and t reat e d in t h e fu rnac e j u st de sc rib d Opi ni o ns v a y a t o t h e l oss o f A c c ordi ng m e rc u ry whi c h is giv e n as b e tw e e n 4 4 1 and 2 5 pe r c e n t fu rnac e , t he t w o
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T h i s ou tp u t was sm all er th an in t h e o n t h e o th e r h an d t he w o rk At p resen t t here are t w o I drian furnac es ing e xp en ses w e re al so l e ss Eac h o f th e m is 2 5 fee t high an d is c i rc u l ar in in u se at Al m ade n pl an with a diam e t er of 10 fe e t A s in t he case of t he Al u de l fu rnace th ere is h ere on ly on e si ngl e b ri c k arc h with p erforati on s c on a n n
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2 76
T he re are fi e o p e ni ngs o n e i t h e r si de in t he u pp e r p art o f t h e sh af t t h o u g h w hi c h t h e g ases an d v ap o u rs e scap e i n t o t he c ondens i ng ham b e rs o f whi c h th e re are six on e it he r si de A s in t h e fu rnac e at I d ri a t h e l ast c ham b e r is high e r t han t h e o t h e rs and ac t s as a s t ac k T he o t h e r de t ail s o f t h e c ham b e rs t h e si de s an d fl o or o f w hi c h a e c oat e d w i t h P ortl an d c e m e n t are si m il a t o t h ose at I dri a The c harg e o f t h ese fu rnac e s is t w i c e t hat o f t he B u st am e n t e fu rn ac e viz 2 7 2 t o 2 8 5 t o n s o f o re The l ab o u r e m pl oy e d fo r c hargin g t h e fu rnac e is t h e sam e as for t h e B u st am e n t e fu rn ac e ; it o c c u pi es o n e d T h e fu rnac e is t h e n fi re d for a day t h e h e at ay n e c essa y fo r di still ati on b e i n g m ai n t ai n e d du ri n g t h e t w o fo ll o win g Th e p e ri o d o f c o o li n g day s by t he su lp h u r c on t ai n e d in t he o re w h i c h l ast s fo a day n o w fo ll ow s an d an o th e r day is oc c u pi e d in wi t hdraw i n g t h e resi du e s aft er di still ati on and t he ash e s o f t he fu e l I n c l u din g c hargin g an d c l eari n g six day s are t h e re fore re q u i re d for di st ill ati o n T he c on su m pti on o f w o o d fo r e ac h di still ati on am o u n t s t o 4 2 t o 4 5 t on s T he soo t is fre e d by ru bbi n g in t h e c o n de n si ng c ham b e rs fro m t h e gre at e r p ar t o f t h e q u i c k silv er c on t ain e d in it Th e esi du e s th u s o bt ai n e d are aggl o m e rat e d t o g e t h e r wi t h ore fi n es i n t o l u m p s and t re at ed in th e di still ati on furnac e A c c ordi n g t o e xp e ri m e n t s e x ec u t e d at Al m ade n t h e l osse s o f m e rc u ry in thi s f u rn ac e are high e r t han in t h e B u st am en t e furnac e t h e rati o b e i n g i n t h e l att e r iv e n as 6 2 i n h e fo rm er t o T h r e su lt s t ese g hav e h o w e v e r b e e n o bt ai n e d by t h e ol d m e t h o d o f ore assayi n g in r e t or t s wi t h t h e ad diti o n of li m e an d c an th e re fore n o t b e t ak en as r e li abl e On t h e o t h e r h an d it is p e rfec tly c l e ar t hat t he w ork in g o f t h e I drian fu rnac e is c h e ap e r th an th at o f t h e B u st am e n t e fu rnac e I n I dri a w h e re t h e fu rnac e s had don e b e tt er w ork th an t h e B u st a m e n t e fu rnac e e sp e c i ally for ore s p o ore r in m e rc u ry t han th ose o f Al m ade n c arryi ng 3 t o 4 pe r c en t o f m erc u ry as agai nst 7 t o 10 at Al m aden t hi s fu nac e has b e e n t h ow n ou t o f u se si nc e 18 7 0 and h as b e e n e pl ac e d by c on ti n u ou s w o ki ng fu rnac es and m ode rn sh aft v
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a t e r se al Th wi h w t e v ap o u rs esc ap e t h o u g h t he pip e p e i n t o c o n de n se rs The T he g at es are arran g e d fo w o o d fi i ng in t he u pp e r p art shaft i 13 fe e t h igh 6 fe e t 3 i n c h e s in di am e t e an d 4 fe e t 3 i n c h es in t h e l o w e a t h T e g rat es are e ac h 3 4 i n c h e s p l o ng and 12 % i n c h es w i de The c onde n si n g ar ang e m e n t c ons i st s O f c ast i o n Y shap e d pip e s 19 i n c h es in di am e t e fo ll o w e d by c on de n si n g c ham b e rs t he arran g e m e n t o f w h i c h is sho w n in Fig s 19 6 an d 19 7 in w h i c h 9 are t he pip es t hre e rows O f w hi c h l ie si de by si de T he y t e rm i nat e b e l ow in sh o rt v e rti c al b ran c h e s w h i c h are o p e n an d dip i n t o b o x e s h 19 i nc hes w i de fill e d w it h w at e r I n th ese t he c onde n se d m e rc u ry c o ll e c t s and fl o w s O ff i n t o an iro n v esse l w h i c h is k e pt l oc k e d T he t u b e s are c l e an e d fro m soo t by m e ans o f di scs at t ac he d t o ro ds i nt duc e d t h ou gh t he u pp er p o ti on o f t he t u b es by m eans O f w hi c h t he soo t adhe ri n g t o t h e i nsi des O f t he t u b es is p u sh e d do w n i n t o t he b o x es h T hi s fu rnac e t re at e d ore s th at w ou l d n ot p ass t hrou gh a si e v e of 08 i nc h m esh and w hi c h c on t ai n e d f o m 0 2 t 0 8 p e r c e nt o f m e rc u ry I n 2 4 h ou rs 142 t ons O f o e w e e t re at e d w it h a c on su m pti on O f 10 2 c u bi c fe e t O f c ord w oo d T he di still at i on r e si du es c o n t ai n e d 0 00 2 e r c e n t o f m e rc u ry t he t o t al l oss o f m e t al p am o u n ti ng t o 8 9 e r c e nt p By b u il di ng u p t he fi e sp ac es th e se fu nac es w ere aft e rwards c o n v e r t e d at I d c harc o al r i a i n t o t ru e sh aft fu rn ac es in w hi c h t he fu e l w as i n t ro du c e d t og e t h e r w ith t he ore s i n t o t he sh aft T he E x e l i c o nden se r w as Op e n t o t h e O bj ec ti o n th at in c on se q u e n c e O f t h e in c l in e dp ositi on Of t h e c ast i ro n pip e s t he ac id w at e t hat c onde n se d in t h e m an dow n i n t o t he l o w e r p orti o n an d rapi dly dest ro y e d t h i s p art C z e rm ak th e re fore e m pl o y e d i n st e ad o f t h e i n c li n e d pip es v e rti c al pip e s li n e d i nsi de w ith e m e n t t he l ow er p orti ons of w hi c h t e rm i nat e d in I ron b ox es w h i c h w e e al so p rot e c t e d by a l ay e r O f c e m e n t Thi s c ond e nse r has b e e n m o de n C z e rm ak c onde nse r e pl ac e d by t h e w h i c h e ffe c tiv e ly e m pl oys t he p ri n c ipl e o f su fac e c on de nsati on by su b divi di n g t he m e rc u i al v ap o u s am o n g se v e ral ro w s o f n a r w flat st o n e w are pip e A t p e se n t t he e fo re as fast a t he i on pip e s b ec om e destroy e d t he y are pl ac e d at I dri a by pip es o f gl az e d st o n e w a e T he e are t w o E x e li fu rnac e s at w ork in N e w Al m ade n whi c h w e re b u il t in t he y e a s 18 7 4 an d 18 7 5 Th e c onst ru c t i on O f t he fi rst b u il t fu rna e is sho w n in Fig s 198 an d 199 The shaft is al to g e t he r 2 0 fe e t hig h in t he c l e a ; t h e di am e t e in its u pp e m ost w i de st p art am o u n t t o 11 fe e t 6 i nc h e n arro w i n g do w n t o 5 fe e t 6 i n c h es it l Egl t cu
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i nn er li n i n g shaft p op e r o f fire b i c k se p arat e d from t he form er by a sm all i nt e rsp ac e T he l ow er p orti on o f th e furnac e in whi c h t he fi e pl ac e s an ddi sc h argi n g doors are sit u at e d is su pp ort e don c ast i ron pl at es The furnac e stan ds u p on a pl at e Of c ast i on form i n g a v e ry flat c o n e so t hat any m e rc u ry c o ll e c ti ng in it r u n s i n t o a v e sse l pl ac e d u n d er t h e ap e x o f t h e c on e Th e fu rn ac e t op is c l ose d by an ann u l ar l a t f t i r on a l l x c e pt h e e o c a s e t p t hroat w h i c h is fit t ed with a c h argin g app a rat u s si m il ar t o th at al re ady desc rib e d Wh e n t he furnac e is c harg e d a h e ight o f 3 fe e t is l e ft e m pty in t h e u pp er p art In thi s t he v ap o u rs e v olv ed du ri n g distill ati on Fm 7 c oll ec t an d e sc ap e th ou g h c ast iron pip e s 1 fo o t in di am e t er o f whi c h th e re w e re 6 in t h e e arli er fu rnac e bu t On ly 3 in t h e l at e r on e i n t o a m ain 2 1 inc h e s in di am e t e r i nc li n e d at an an gl e Of th rou g h w h i ch t he y p ass in t o th e c on de nsi n g c ham b ers All th ese t u b es are fitt ed with c l e ani ng an
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v e t he so ot S O as t o be abl e t o b serv e the p rog e s o f t he di still at i on t here are 12 p e e p h ol e s a The c ondensi n g appli anc e s di ffe re n t h e igh t s arran g e d at fo u a Fi e dl er c o nde nse r an d c ham b e rs of b i c k c o n si st e d form e rly ,
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gl ass and w o od c ondense rs T he b ri c k c h am b e s o f w h i c h t here w ere 2 t o e ac h furnac e w ere 2 8 fe e t hig h 2 8 fe e t l on g an d 18 fe e t b ro ad Eac h O f t hese w e re divi de d int o t w o halv e s by m eans o f a p artiti on From t he se c h am b ers t he gases p a sse d i nt o a Fi e dl er c onde n se r t he c on st ru c ti o n o f whi c h is sh o w n in Fig s 200 an d 2 0 1 an d whi c h c o n si st e d o f rec t an g u l a b o x es o f c ast i ron 10 fe e t 6 i nc h e s l on g and 5 fe e t 6 i n c h es high and b road t h e c o v e r o f w hi c h is shap ed lik e a flat ro of I t w as divi de d i n t o 4 divi si o n s Z by m e an s o f 3 h o ll o w i ron w all s W in w hi c h w at er c i rc u l at ed e ac h divi si on havi n g an i nc li n e d b ot t om Th e fi rst and l ast Of th ese i ron w all s w e re O p e n ab o v e Throu gh the pip e R t he wat e r e n t e re d t he ho ll ow wall s w hi c h c om m u n i cat e d with e ac h oth e by m e ans Of a sm all pip e c c an d aft e r fl ow i n g t hro u g h t h e se it e sc ap e d t hro u gh t h e o p e n i n g t r
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throu g h t he pip e 9 A c c ordi ng t o Egl est on thi s arrang e m en t w as don e aw ay with in spit e of t he g oo d re su lt s o bt ai n e d from it b ec au se it i n t erfe re d with t he drau ght o f t he gases an d v ap ou rs and b ec ause t he i ron of whi c h it w as m ade w as st ron gly att ac k e d by t he c on den se d v ap o u rs Th e o l de r c on de nse rs o f gl ass and w ood i n t o w h i c h t h e g ases p assed from t he Fi e dl e r c on d en ser are shown in Figs 2 02 t o 2 04 T he y c onsi st e d Of rec tan gu l ar w ooden b ox e s in t he w all s of w h i c h a l arge nu m b er o f sh ee t s o f gl ass are i nsert e d bu t n ot p u tti e d in Th ese b ox e s w e re divi de di nt o fou r divi si ons by m e ans o f p a titi ons so t hat t he gases had t o trav e rse t he m en t eri n g at A an d esc api n g at B The b ott om was i nc li ne d t ow a ds t he t wo l on ger si des in order t o all o w t h e c on de nse d p rodu c t s t o ru n Off re adily T he se Conde nsers .
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b e e n di sconti nu e d for t he Ex e li fu rnac e bu t h av e b ee n re t ai n e d for t h e fu rn ac e s w h i c h are t re ati n g o re fi n es At p rese n t t he c onde nsi n g pl ant c onsi st s o f b i c k c h am b e rs an d O f c oo l e d i o n pip es F o m t h e ab o v e m e nti on e d b ri c k c h am b ers t he gase s e nt er t w o sy st em s o f c o o l e d i ron pip es and t he n agai n a seri e s O f b ri c k c h am b ers F o m t he l ast c h am b er th e y are c o ndu c t ed by a w oode n bo x i nt o a t ow e r an d th e n t hrou gh an o t he r w oode n flu e i nt o t oo
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furnac e s th ro u g h w h i c h th e y The c onst ru c ti on O f t h e v e ry e ffec tiv e are d raw n by a G u ibal fan i ron pip e c onde nse s is sh o w n in Fig From t he b ri c k c ham b e rs c onne c t e d w ith th e se c onde n se rs t he gase s and v ap ou rs t hrou gh t h e e pip es m ade Of w rou ght i ron 0 18 i nc h esc ap e t h i c k i nc li ned at an angl e o f ab ou t Th ey are 2 2 i nc h es in F o m th e se th e y p ass in t o th ree di am e t e r an d 19 fe e t l o n g c o rre sp o ndi n g sy st e m s o f t u b e s whi c h h av e t h e shap e sho w n in t he E gl t i p a
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g u l ar o p e rat i n it is c h arg ed and draw n e v e ry t w o h o urs e v e ry e m ain s abo u t 2 c harg e 4 day s in t h e fu nac e A p ai r o f fu nac es i e w ork e d by t w o m e n o n t h e sh i ft 10 t on s o f o e ( gra nz a) b e i n g t re at e d in 24 h o u rs t h e fu nac e b e i n g c ap abl e o f p u tti ng t hro u g h a l arge r q uan ti t y o f p oore r ores T he c on su m pti on Of fu e l am ou n t s t o 8 5 c u bi c fe e t O f c o d w o o d er 2 4 h o u rs A i g gl t c c o r d n t o E es on in t h e p y ear 18 8 8 on e o f t he t w o furnac es at N e w Al m aden w as in o p erati on fo r 3 4 5 day s an d t reat e d t o n s o f gran z a ore s T he p ro du c t w as fl ask s e ac h c on t ai n in g 7 6 5 l bs O f m e c u ry or a p rodu c ti on Of 8 4 8 e c e nt A sec o n d fu rnac e w as o n ly in o p e rati on 15 7 d ay s p an d t reat e d t o n s O f o re p ro d u c i n g fl ask s o f m erc u ry or an o u tp u t o f 7 8 4 p e r c e n t o
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wat er runni ng o u t at t he u pp e r p art t hrou g h t he t u b e i and t he gu tt e r k and th e nce i n t o the su m p m The p rodu c t s o f c on de nsa ti on c oll ec t in t he box G from w h i c h t he m erc u y w it h a p orti on o f .
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t t h e re fo e p ese n t s in th e se furn ac es a re c t an gl e O f 7 fee t by 2 fe e t At t he Op e n i ng for t h e e m o v al of t he resi du es t h e c ross se c ti on dec e ases ag ai n do w n t o 2 fe e t by 2 fee t T h e arc h es T form t w o c h am b e rs R and S t he fo m e r o f w hi c h c on t ai n s t he fi re pl ace w hil st t he escap e pip e for t he gases an d v ap o urs li e s in t he sec on d The fi ve arches T of w hi c h t he t w o t op o n es are are sp ac e d so m e di st anc e ap art sm all er t han t h e re st l e avi ng op en i ngs t hrou gh whi ch t he fl am es ent er t he shaft at one si de an d e sc ap e at t he o pp o sit e si de i n t o t h e c ham b e r S By m eans o f thi s ar an g e m e n t t h e fl am e s a e fo rc e d t o t av e rse t h e c o l u m n in t he sh aft in a h o iz on t al dire c ti on and t oge t her wit h t he p rodu c t s Of o xi dati on o f the su lph u r an d t h e m e rc u ri al vap o urs are drawn by m eans Of a fan i n t o t h e c o nde n se rs Th e th re e l o w e rm o st arc h es are st e pp e d b ac kw a d s so t hat t h e sh aft p op e r wi den s o u t a t thi s oi n t wi g n O t o t hi s p w i deni ng t h e c o l u m n o f o re is re n d ere d l o o sest o pp o sit e t h e fi re pl ac e in o de t o p rom o t e a b e tt er c i rc u l ati on of t he fl am e th rou gh t he ore and al so t o av o id an or e d r o ppi n g th rou g h y t he sl o t s i n t o t h e ab o v e m e n t ion e d c h am b ers The fi re h e at s t he ore t o su c h a t e m p e rat u re th at it will c on ti n u e t o b u rn by it se lf in t he ? l ow e r p art Of t he sh aft ; z is t he op e n in g t hrou gh whi c h t he resid u e s o f di still ati on are d rawn ou t T h e t hre at is c l o se d by a c over 7) in t h e sh ap e Of a se g m en t o f a sph e re w hic h iis p u sh e d t o on e si de by m e an s o f a p roj e c ti on o n t h e ore w agg ons Th e b o tt om of the c h am b er 8 is c ov e re d wit h st ou t pl at es o f ir on whi c h are t o p re v en t t he p en e t rati on of t he m erc u ry i n t o the bri c k w o k From thi s c ham b er t he gases and v ap ou rs p ass by m eans of a c ast ir on pip e 1 fo o t 6 i n c h es in di am e t e r in t o K n o x Osb o rn e c on de nsers T h ese c on si st o f a seri es of 16 t o 19 b ox es of c ast i on and wood rec t an gu l ar in horiz on tal sec ti on and with an i n c l in ed fl oor whi c h are u n it ed by m e ans of c ast i ron e lb ow pip es Th e c onstru e ti on is sh ow n I n Figs 2 13 t o 2 15 ; t he b ox es are 8 fee t l on g 2 fee t t he
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t p titi rav e l t h i s p art i c u l ar p at h by p a r h h e t a e n e n r a e b i k m h e g t lyi g b t p ti ro t f f fi r r c m a d e o e : and ti on i n t he y e nt er t he sp ac e g and t h e n t rav erse t he l ow e st t hird o f u n r s o m ) r i l git i lly B i g p v t d by f i i g e n e n r e e n a r n a c o n u d e t he fu p w ards in the c ham b er g th e y are c o m p e ll e d t o t rav e rse t h e sec ond thi rd Of t he furnac e i n t o t he c ham b e r 9 and from it h av e t o t rav erse t h e re m ai ni n g thi rd e n t e ri n g t he pip e r w h i c h l e ads t h em i nt o t he Eac h sh aft is 2 7 fee t 6 i nc h e s high 2 fe e t c o n de n si n g appli an c e s el led
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t oge th er pu t th ro u gh 18 t ons Of ore with a consu m pti on o f c ord o f w ood th ree m e n b e i ng engaged on t he furnac e pe r shift I n 18 88 thi s furnac e was in Op erati on for 12 8 days at N ew Al m aden and pu t th rou g h t ons o f ore p rodu c i ng fl asks o f m e c ury e q u al t o an ou tp u t o f 19 9 5 r c ent e p T he c o nde nsi ng appli anc es are c ham b ers b u ilt p ar tly o f b ri c kw ork p artly of gl ass and w o od The c onde n sers Of gl ass and w ood form t he l ast c h am b ers i nt o whi c h t he gase ou s c u rren t e n t e rs aft er it has b e e n c oo l e d The const ru c ti o n o f t h e b ri c k c on d e nse rs is sh o w n in Fig s 2 19 t o 22 1 Th e y c onsi st o f c h am b ers ,
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t rav e se it ande sc ap e at it s u pp er e nd i n t o a sec on d c onde nser w h i c h t he y t rav e rse in t he sam e di re c ti on p ass t h o u gh t he foll owi n g c on de n se s and fi nally re ac h t he fan The m e u ry is de p o sit e d u p on t h e i n c li n e d fl oor o f t h e c ham b e rs an d fl o w s t h o u g h a g u tt e r in t h e m i nt o an e xt ernal g u tt e m ade o f b ri c kw ork and li n e d wi t h asp hal t fro m whi c h it ru ns i n t o t he c o ll e c ti n g p ans Q u it e re c e nt ly t h e w all s o f th e se b ri c k c o n de n se rs h av e b e en p ro vi de d w ith so c all e d w at e r b ack s c o nsi sti ng o f cast i ron b ox es 4 3 i n c he s l on g 16 i n ch e s w i de T he y are p rovi de d and 14 i nc h es de e p in whi c h w at er c i rc u l at e s with an e xt e rnal fl an ge 8 i n ch es broad t o w hi c h t he c ov e r lin ed with w ood is b olt e d Th ere is a p artiti on in t he m w h i c h forc es t he at e n t e ri n g w at e r c old t h e b o tt o m by m e an s o f pip es t o c i rc u l at e fou T he se w at e r b ac k s are ap pli e d t o t he fi rst t w o c ham b e s ; t he y hav e giv en g od an d c om p e l by far r esu lt s t h e gre at e r p o ti o n O f t h e m e rc u ry t o c on den se in t he fi rst b ri c k c ham b er w hil st it u se d form e rl y t o b e de m A p osit e d in t he fou rt h t o t he fi f T he i r c ham b e rs se v e n t h li fe is u p t o fou r y e ars C h am b e rs p ro vi de d w i t h FG t he se w at er bac k s are c on side re d at Al m ade n t o b e t h e b e st o f al l c o nde n si n g appli an c e s an d h av e t o a g re at e xt e n t r e pl ac e d gl ass an d w o o de n c on de n se rs de T h e a an g e m e n t o f t h e m ost m o dern typ e o f c on de n se r m a o f gl ass an d w oo d o f w hi c h t h e re are 12 t o 15 f ll o w i n g t h e b ri c k c o n de n se rs is sh o w n in Figs 2 2 2 t o 2 2 4 T he y are c onn ec t ed wit h e ac h o th e r alt e rn at e ly ab ov e and b e l o w an d c on si st o f t ow e s 2 5 fe e t high an d 4 fe e t sq u are T he y are b u ilt o f gl ass pl at e s l e t I n t o w o o de n fram es an d c o n t ai n n o i ro n w hat e v e r T h e flo o c o n sist s o f pl at es f gl ass l appi n g o n e o v e r t he o t he r lik e t h e sl at e s o f a roo f an d it i n c li n t o w a ds t he si de at w hi c h t h e re is a g u tt e fo t he e m o v al o f t h m e rc u y T hi s g u tt e r t e m i nat e s in an e art he n w are o t fo h s t e c o h fl u e ll e c t i o y f a n d t e n o f t h m rc r T o o e e u h e p u n iti n g t he t o w e a e al so b u i l t o f gl ass T he g ase s an d v ap ou s are forc e d t o al t e n at e ly ri se an d de sc e n d in t he se c n de n se rs Ve y littl e m e c u y bu t a g e at de al o f ac i d w at e is de p osit e d in t he se r
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t hat am ou n t I n t he y ear 1888 t hi s fu nac e w o k ed for 2 00 t ons o f ti e ras and p rodu c e d fl ask s of day s t re at e d N o t hi n g is sai d with re gard t o m e rc u y e q u al t o 13 6 p er c en t t h e l o ss o f m e rc u ry Th e m erc u ry is c onde n se d in b ri c k c h am b e rs so m e O f w hi c h are fit t e d with w at er b ack s A p orti on of t he hot gase and v ap ou s ryi n g kil n fo t he dam p sm all s an d is aft e rw a ds su rro u nds a d i n t rodu c e d i n t o c onde nsi n g c ham b ers T hese sh e lf d yi n g kil n s are fitt ed wit h i nc li n e d til e s lik e t he Ti e ras and G ran zit a furnac es T he y are fu lly describ ed in Egl e ston s w ork V ol II p age 8 7 1 B o th t he Gran zit a and Ti erras furnac e s d e scrib ed giv e e x c eedi ngly g oo d re su lt s b ut n o thi n g is k n ow n as t o t he l oss o f q u i c k silv e r in Op erati n g t h e m Of
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Thi s furnac e w as i n trodu c ed by C E Liv erm ore at the Redi n gt on Mi n e Kn oxvill e Cali forn ia It c onsi st s o f a row o f narrow c hanne l s lyi n g si de by si de and i nc li n e d at in w h i c h t he fl am e asc ends whil st t he ore t he desc en t Of whi c h is re p eat edly i n t erru pt ed sli de s do w n u p on t he fl oor o f t h e c h ann e l s dro ppi n g at l ast i n t o a c oo li ng c ham b er T h e p ri n c ipl e u p on w h i c h t h e c on st ru c ti o n o f t he fu rnac e de p en ds is th at o f t he o l de r zi nc bl e n de c al c i n i n g furnac e s o f H ase n T he c on st ru c ti on o f t h e fu rnac e is sh o w n in c l e v er ( se e p ag e Fig 2 30 S is on e O f t he i nc li n e d c hann e l s t h e l e n gth o f whi c h v ari es from 30 t o 3 5 fee t ac c o din g t o t he nat u re of t he ore ; t he width is 6} i nch e s and t he he ight from t he fl oor t o t he c o w n o f t he T here are 11 t o 2 0 o f t hese c hann e l s si de by si de arc h 12 i n c h e s and th e y are h e at e d by m e ans o f t h e g rat e R w h i c h is c o m m o n t o 10 I n t he c hann e l s t h ere are nu m ero u s p roj ec ti on s 1 o r 11 O f t h e m bu ilt Of fire b ri c k and m ad e roof shap ed runn i n g ac ross t he c h ann e l s th e ir Obj ec t b e i ng t o p re v e n t t he ore from sli di n g dow n t oo q u i c kly T hese p roj e c t 5 4 i nc h es ab ov e the fl oor an d are 12 i n c he s ap art from e ac h ot h er I n t he arc h o f t he c hann e l s t he re are al so p roj e c ti ons bu ilt o f fi re b ri c k 4 i nc h es in de pt h pl ac e d h alf way b e tw e en eac h p ai r of p roj ec ti on s from t he fl oo t he i obj e c t b e i n g t o p re v e n t t h e fl am e fro m fo ll o wi n g st raight al o n g t he arc h and t o forc e it do w n u p on t h e ores T h e fi re g at e s R are 2 4 i n c h es h ig h an d 2 6 i n c h e s b road; t h e i r l e n gt h de p e n ds u p on t h e n u m b e r o f c hann e l s lyi n g si de by si de S e v e ral fi re pl ac e s are r e q u i re d fo r a l arg e nu m b e r w h il st o n e fi re pl ac e fi red f om b o th si de s su ffi c e s fo T h e fi rebridge is 2 0 i n c h es ab o v e the g at e an d 10 t o 11 c hann e l s it s t op e dg e is 18 i n c hes b e l o w t h e c ro w n Of t he arc h o f t h e c hann e l .
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g e d t hrou gh t he ho pp e r n t he l w e e nd o f w hi c h is 2 i n hes q u a e I f it sh o u l d b e c om e st pp e d u p it is c l e a e d by m e an s o f i ron b a s i n t o du c e d i n t o t h h o pp e r T he di still ati on idu es p ass at t he l o w e r e n d o f t he c hann e l s th o u g h fl u e s u in t t he c o o li n g c ham b e r B in w h i c h t he y are all o w e d t o c o o l f aw h il e an d are t h e n re m o v e d in w agg o n s t h e c ooli n g c ham b e r is c onn ec t e d The
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it h a c onde n se r T by m e ans o f fi ne s w h i ch c o ll e c t any v ap ou rs e sc api n g fro m P is an au xili ary fi re pl ac e f r t h e h o t re si du e s h e ati n g t h e fl oo It has ho w e v e r b e e n fou nd O f t he c hann e l s u nn e c e ssa y and it has b e e n o m i t t e d in t h e m ore m o de rn fu nac e s The oo fs f al l t h e c hann e l s ar e c o v e re d w i t h ashe s in o de r t o k e e p t he he at t og e t he T here are sig ht ho l es in t he l o w e r p orti on f t he sh aft s in o de t e nabl e t he p c e ss t o be w at c h e d T he v ap o u rs and gase s esc ap e fro m t he fl u es y i n t o t he c onde nse r
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f o rm e r u u h e t In d es f r o w r o s m o t o h e t n u o d p p t i g a re so di sp ose d t hat t h e o re c h arg e m t o o h e t h es a c r e d a n s c li g lly t i i li n e d fa e b t n c r h e w n d o a d a u d s e s .
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n e by m e an s d o i s n fi i g o f t h e fu rn ac e free f o m a u xili ary i a n e a n m a h e t i s t i i g t i of w h ch o f t he g a e s h i i a Th e u S fl e h e t n i e n fl b t fi pl u it c e s a e o h am e s fro m Th o ne on o f d a o h e t r f o s o a a s q i ti f u e l l xi ti h e t o f e d for t h e c o m bu s o n re u r o n s a a c t c e h n t i h o t lp i t b llip i l t i d f m e c u y is h e a e t h e su h de t h e a es h e m t r F r s r m e h a ip l l t l b pip c a i r s a as a so in t h e a e ra p
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p asses i nto the air c ham b e r ill and from t he l att er by m eans o f i nt o t h e flu e S in w hi c h t he gase s v e rt i c al o p n i n g s in it s roo f Ab o v e t he shaft S t he re e v o lv e d fro m t he fu e l are c o m pl e t e ly b u n t is a se c on dair c ham b e r w i nt o whi c h air p asse s b ot h fro m t he c ham b e r and t hro u g h t h e o p e n i n g s 9 Th e air c o n t ai n e d in t h i s c ham b e e n t e rs t he flu e S t h o u g h o p e n i n g s in t h e fl oo r o f t h e c ham b e r ; f o m t hat flu e t he p rodu c t s of c om b u sti on wit h t he e x c ess of ai e n t e r t he fu rnace t hrou g h t he o p e n i n gs y y B e l ow t he se op e ni n gs t here ti e r o f sm all e r op e ni n gs n o t sh o w n in the fig ures t hrou g h w h i c h t he fl am e s p ass b en eat h t he l ow e rm ost ow of ri dg es The fl am es and air asc e n d in t he shaft in t h e i n t e sp ac e s b e t w e e n t h e ri dg es an d fi nally e sc ap e l at e ally th rou gh t h e op en i n g s y w hi c h c o re sp ond t o t h e sp ac es b e ne at h t h e t op m ost row o f ri dg e s w h e n c e t h e y p ass i n t o t he fl u e T w hi c h c arri es al l t he g ases and v ap o u rs e v o lv e d f o m t h e fu rnac e t hro u g h t he pip e U t o t he c on de n se r T he fi n e o re falli n g dow n in t h e fu rnac e fi nally dro p s t hro u g h t h e sl o t s 8 s in t he fl o or furnac e i n t o t he she e t i ron hopp er Q and t h en c e i n t o t h e Of t he sp aces b e tw ee n t h e c o l u m n s N T he wh o l e fu rnac e st an ds u p on a di sh m ade o f iv e t e d sh e e t i ron w h i c h is su pp ort e d by m e ans o f T he se pill a s are l e t c e m e n t p ill ars p o t e c t e d w it h c ast i ron pl at es i n t o t he fl oor w h i c h is c are fully c em e n t e d and in w hi c h t he re a e c ast i ro n t an k s so t hat an v esc ap e o f m e c u ry is at onc e p e rc e iv e d T h e resi du e s ar e d aw n ou t an d f esh o e is c harg e d at i n t e rv al s o f a ir
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b o x e s f fill e d w i t h w at er i nt o w hi c h t he e nd 5 f Y sh ap e d pip e s dip Th ro u g h t he se b ox es m e c u y fl ow s ff i n t o t he c ast i on p ans h ; t he gase s and vap o u r p ass f om t he onde nse rs d i nt o t he du st c ham b e s e w h i c h a e p ro vi de d w it h p artiti o n w all s an d f o m B e l o w t he du st t h e l at t e r i n t o t he so c all e d c e nt ral c ham b e s b i c k su m p s S i n t o w hi c h t he c onde nsed wat e r c ham b e rs t he re a J are the b ri c k pill ars a nd w ash w at e r fl w t hro u gh t he g u t t e rs 1 o
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3 10
The A l ber ti Fu r nace
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t h e h e art h 13 fe e t 6
i n c h es l on g an d 7 fe e t 3 i n c h es b road; p is t h e w orki n g door 0 a c h am b e r i n t o w h i c h t h e di still ati on r esi du e s c an b e e m pti e d ( l t h e c h argi n g h opp e r p ro vi de d T h e gases an d v ap ou rs fi rst w i t h a sli de p ass i n t o t h e b ri c k c h am b e s g t h e n t hrou gh t h e i on pip e h 2 7 3 i n c h e s in di am e t e r i n t o t h e b i c k c ham b e rs i aft e r w h i c h t h e y 3 l in p ass fro m t h e t av e rse t h e c ham b e s 1 l at t e by m ean s o f t he i ron pip e s n i n t o t he In an d l astly i n t o t h e s t ac k c h am b e s 0 t h e e a e c om p a t m e n t s p g t h e l att e are c o m p e ll e d t o t rav e rse w h i c h t h e g ase b e fore b e i n g all o w e d t o esc ap e w hi c h t he y do t h ou g h t he o p e n i ng s 8 “l at e r is all o we d t o t ri c kl e u p on t h e i o n pip e s ; t are m an The q u i c k silv e r c o ll e c t s in re se v i rs hol e s b u ilt in t he b i c k w ork o f t he c ham b e rs T he so o t d p sit s in t h e i o n pip es a nd in t h e fro m t h e m e m ov e d is an d c h am b e s f o n c e e h 1 n e ti ti i o r e fi wit t n a c e m I n h f u m o e t s e t fro m p m e rc u y an d al so so o t w e e t re at e d T he fu nac e e c e iv e d c harg e s ,
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3 11
t ons t hre e o f whi c h w e e always in t he fu rnace at t he sam e ti m e T hese c harg es w e re d awn and p u sh e d forw a d e v e ry 4 hou I n 2 4 h o u rs 6 6 t o ns o f o re w e re t reat e d with a fu e l c o n su m pti on f w o o d o r O f f o m 0 6 t o 0 7 t o n o f lig n it e T he O f 106 c u bi c fe e t of
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l oss o f m e rc u y am o u n t e d t o 14 80 p e r c e n t w he n t reati n g c oarse sm all o re c on t ai n i n g 0 4 t o 0 6 h e re w e re 12 T e r c e n t o f m e rc u y p o f th ese f urn ac es in I dri a whi c h h av e b e e n as m e n ti o n e d ab o v e re pl ac e d by t he i on c l ad c al c in e rs 1
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I r on cl ad Rever beratory Fu r n aces -
th e se i ron c l ad l on g b edde d c al c in e rs w e e b u ilt I n 18 7 1 by Exe l i and t h e y w e re u se d u p t o 18 7 7 for t re ati n g t h e r i c h soo t resi du e s an d ore s T h e c o n st ru c ti o n o f t h i s fu rn ac e is sho w n in Figs 2 3 8 an d 2 39 in w h i c h 9 is t he g rat e ; t h e fl am e t rav e se s fi rst t h e fl u es a b e n e ath t he b e d o f t he h e art h an d t h e n p asses t hro u gh t h e ap e rt u re 0 an d o v e r t h e h e art h b 2 0 fe e t l o n g an d 7 fe e t 3 i n c h es b road A ft er havi n g p assed o v e r t he l att er t he p odu c t s o f c om b u stio n t o g e th e r wit h t he o t h er g ases and v ap o u rs e n t e r t h e c ast i ron box h c o ol e d by a stream o f w at e r t he fl oor o f w h i c h is st e e ply i nc li n e d and c o v e re d with c e m e n t The q u i ck silv e w h i c h c on de n ses in it in c o n si de rabl e q u an tity c oll e c t s in t h e pan is The gases an d u n co n d e nse d v ap o u s p ass i n t o 3 r o w s lyi n g s i de b si de o f c ast y i ron Y sh ap ed pip es 18 % i nc hes in diam e t e r w hi c h are p ro vi de dwit h c ast i ro n b o x es S for t he c o ll ec ti o n o f so o t an d m e rc u ry F o m t he pip es t he gases e n t er 2 b ri c k c on de nsi n g c ham b e rs and f o m t h e l att e r t he y p ass i n t o a syst em o f fi ne s c om m on t o all t he c ham b e rs and t h e n c e i n t o t h e st ac k 0 is t h e r w ki n g d oo s ( l n r o r an d a e ; ; c ha gi n g h o pp e r Th e di still ati o n resi du es are dro pp ed th rou gh t h e o p e n i n g 0 i n t o th e p oc k e t z and d aw n o ff at c T h i s fu rnac e w hi c h t reat e d r i c h m at e ri al s nam e ly ores c on t ai n i n g 3 t o 10 pe r c e n t o f T he
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3 12
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to 5 t re si du e s pu t t h ou gh in 24 h o u s f o m t o n s o f o e ac c ordi ng t o t h e i r c o n t e n t s o f m e c u ry w i t h a c o n su m pti o n f w o o d T h e l oss o f m e c u ry am o u n t ed t o 10 t o o f 106 c u bi c fe e t 12 p e r c e n t T hi s fu rnac e w as su p e rse de d in 188 8 by t he C z e rm ak fu rnac e as w h i c h is t he fu rnac e n ow e m pl oy e d I t s c on alt e re d by S pi re k st u c ti o n is sh o w n in Fig s 2 4 0 t o 2 4 3 Fig 2 4 0 sh o wi ng a l on git u a pl an 2 4 1 a c ross se c ti on o n t h e li n e A B and di nal s e c ti on
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M E T A LLU RG Y
3 14
fi re m an one l ab o u rer for wh eeli ng in ores and on e for rem ovi ng t he resi d u e s ; w ag es v ary f om 2 03 t o 22s p e r 10 t o ns o f o re T he p ro d u c ti on o f soo t am o u n t s t o 19 per c e nt The l oss o f m erc u ry on e
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vid en t f o m t he se fig u es t hat t hese re v er m re e xp e n siv e t o w o k t han t he I d ian h o w e v e r o f t he reaso ns ab o v e giv e n t he i r di sp e nse d w i t h r
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p rop e r or th ose fu nac e s in w h i c h o e and fue l c o m e i n t o di ec t c o n t ac t w o rk c o n ti n u o u sly and w h e n c arb o n i se d f u e l is e m pl oy e d hav e t he adv an t ag e as c o m p are d with e xt e rnally fi e d fu rnac e s th at t he p rodu c ti on of m e c u ri al soo t ( on ac c ou n t o f t he re b e i n g n o c arb onac e ou s soo t p resen t in t he p odu c t s o f c om b u sti on ) i a v e ry sm all o n e in c o nse q u e n c e o f w h i c h t h e di re c t p rodu c ti o n o f m e rc u ry is c om p arativ e ly high Th e y shou l d th e re fore be u sed as a r u l e fo t h e t re at m e n t o f l u m p o re s in t h o se c ase s in w h i c h c arb on i se d r
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p ec i ally c harc oal can be c h eaply o bt ai ne d Th e y are su it abl e b oth for l u m p ores and for b ri c k s m ade o f sm all ore ; th e y are u se d w it h sati sfac t ory r esu lt s at Id ri a wh e re t h e e xt e rn ally fi re d fu rnac es O f Ex e l i an d L an g er h av e b e e n c on v e rt e d i n t o t u e sh aft fu rn ac es by b ri c ki ng u p t he i r fi re pl ac es I n additi on t o t hese shaft fu nac es hav e b ee n u sed at Rip a Cast e l l az ara and V al al ta in Italy as al so at S t A nnat hal near N e u m arktl in Carn i ol a At Al m aden th e y hav e o n ly b e e n u sed e xp eri m en t ally ( P e ll e t furnac e ) T he ol de st shaft furnac e is t he so c all e d H ah n er fu rnac e whi c h w as i n t rodu c e d in t he y e ar 18 4 9 in I dri a w h e e it w as in o p e rati o n u p t o 18 5 2 T he c onst ru e t i on of t h e I drian H ahn e r furnac e is sho w n in Fig s 2 4 6 t o 2 4 8 in ,
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M E T A LLU RG Y
3 16
i c h 7; i t he shaft 3 6 fe e t high and 4 fee t in di am e t e r ; on is an i nc li n e d m o v abl e g rat e u p o n w hi c h t he c o l u m n o f o e rest s I n o de t o re m o v e t h e di st ill ati o n esi du es a c e rt ai n n u m b e r o f t h e fi re ba s c an b e w ith draw n so t hat t h e form e r c an dro p i nt o w agg o n s pl ac e d b e l ow t he grat e ; 72 is t he c hargi ng h o pp e r ; 0 a e b ri c k c onden si n g c ham b e rs with c o n c av e fl o ors i n c li n e d t o o ne s i de in o rder t o e nabl e t he m e rc u ry t o ru n o ff The c ham b e rs are p ro vi de d with a roo f f c ast i ron c oo l e d w it h w at e r ; t h e y are 18 fe e t 6 i nc h e s h igh 6 fe e t b road and 4 fee t 3 i nch e s l ong ; 1) and Q are se c t i ons o f t he stac k w hi c h is 6 fe e t 3 i n c h e s by 4 fee t in pl an Alt e rnat e l ay e rs o f ore A t i n t e rv al s o f 15 h o u s a n d c h arc oal are c h arg e d i n t o thi s furn ac e t h e di s till ati on re si du e s are re m o v e d and a c orre sp ondi n g q u ant ity wh
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3 18
F I G 25 1 .
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3 19
ME T A LLUR GY
3 20
T hree o f th e e furnac es are t h e o p e n i n g s fo r draw i ng o ff t he resi du es Z is a roo f sh ap e d i dg e o n t h e b ott om pi e c ed wit h n u m erou s sm all o p e n i n gs Th rou g h t he l att e r air e nt e rs fro m t he b o tt o m o f t h e furn ac e and t hu s h e at e d p asses i n t o t h e fu r n ac e t hro u g h t h e ab o v e n am e d h o l es ; 0 is t he c hargi n g h o pp e r ( Z t h e e sc ap e pip e for t he gase s and v ap o urs w hi c h t h e n c e e n t e r t h e st on e w are c onde nse rs and p ass o n w ards i n t o du st c ham b ers I n t h i s fu rn ac e p oor o re do w n t o 0 6 7 i n c h m e sh is t re at e d t o g e th e r w ith F p resse d soot t he fu rnac e w hi c h is c harg e d e v e y t w o h o u rs w ill p u t t hro u gh 12 1 t o n s o f ore in 2 4 h ou rs For 10 t on s o f ore 16 t on s o f c harc oal are c on su m e d 4 2 m e n are e m pl o y e d for t w o shaft fu rnac es o n T h e c o st o f w ag es p e r an 8 h o u r shi ft 10 t on s o f ore am o u n t s t o 13 s 4d Th e p odu c ti on of soo t am ou n t s t o 0 5 pe r c en t t he l oss o f m erc u ry t o 7 t o 8 p e r c e n t T he c on de n se rs as in t he o t h e r I drian fu rn ac e s c o n si st of Y shap e d t u b e s o f st on e w are c o o l e d by w at e r T h ey are obl on g in c ross se c t i o n are 0 8 i n c h t h i c k an da e s u pp o t e d in w o ode n fram e s Th e v ari o u s pip es are j oi n e d t o g e t he by m e ans o f c e m en t The l o w e r c on t rac t e d b an c he s dip for ab o ut 2 i nc h es i n t o w at e r c o n t ai n e d in c ast i o n b x es w hi c h a e li n e d w i t h c e m e n t Fo r e ac h fu rnac e t h e e are 4 o w s o f t u b es wit h The g ase s and v ap ou rs 6 t u b e s in eac h t o 3 00 C e n t e r at a t e m p erat u re o f 2 0 0 an d fi nally e sc ap e a t a t e m p e ra t u re o f 8 to 12 C F o m 4 4 t o 6 6 g all o ns f wat e r a u ed e ho u r p e fu rnac e fo c o o li n g p u p p ose s “7 he n p oor c oa se o e i b e i ng t reat e d t he c onde n se d m e rc u ry is s w e p t o u t e v e y 14 d ay s f o m t he c on de n s i nt o m A ND t he b o x e s lyin g b e ne at h t he m bu t e v e y 4 r 5 day s w he n p es e d so o t is b e i n g t re at d The m e c u ri al v ap o u rs di m e n si ons are sh o w n in Fig s (c are u n it e d t o fo rm a bl oc k
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ME T A LLU RGY t b ranc h pip e in w hi c h a g o l d l eaf is u sp ende d n n orm al w o ki ng t h i s m a ti g n o t sho w an a m ry ; 75 is a sh o t n c o o f e r c u y y b ran ch in t o whi c h a t herm om e t er c an be i n se rt e d T he air re qu ir e d fo r o xi dati on is i n t ro d u c e d t hro u gh op e n i ng s a T he c harg e o f t h e m u ffl e is sai d t o hav e am o u n t e d t o 1 c w t o f o re T he o u tp u t w h e n o re s c o n t ai n i n g 15 t o 3 6 e r c e n t o f m e rc u ry w e re t re at e d is sai d p t o hav e am ou n t e d t o 9 0 p e r c e n t w hil st in t h e fu rnac e s at p re se n t in u se at Id ri a t he ou t p u t am o u nt s t o 9 17 5 p e r c en t At t he Mi sso u ri Mi ne n e ar P i ne Fl at and at t he L ost L edg e M in e in C ali forn ia re t ort fu rnac es w e re u sed The f urnac es at t he Mi ssou ri Mi ne c on t ai n e d e it he r t w o or th re e c ast i ron re t ort s 9 fee t sh o r r
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ME RC U RY F RO M ME TAL L U RG I CA L P ROD U CTS The c hi e f m e t all urgi c al p ro du c t s c on t ai n i n g m e rc u y are so o t a nd t h e am al gam s Obt ai ne d in t h e c o u rse o f g o l d an d silv e r e xt rac ti n Th e p roc e ss Of so ot t re at m e n t has al re ady b e e n desc rib e d T he e x t rac ti o n O f m e rc u ry from g o l dan d silv e r am alg am s w h e n t h e s m e t al s are O b t ai n e d by am alg am ati on has b e e n f ully c on si de re d in V o l u m e I p ag e s 7 0 3 and 8 0 2 M e rc u y is al so Obt ai n e d in sm all q u an t iti e fro m t h e flu e du st resu lti n g f om t he c al c i nati on o f bl en de ri c h in m e r c u ry as al so f o m t h e sli m e s o f t h e l ead c ham b e s in w h i c h t he su lp h ur di o xi de e v o lv e d on cal c i n i n g t he se bl e nde s i c on v e r te d i n t o su lph u i c ac i d T he S w e di sh bl e nde c al c i n e d at O b e rhau se n c on t ai ns 0 2 p e c e n t O f m e c u ry ac c o di ng to B e lli n T h e fl u e du st w h i c h is de p osit e d du i ng t he c al c i n ati o n in gro dt t h e du st c h am b e rs n e arest t h e c al c i n i n f u n ac e c o n t ai n s 6 7 p e g c ent O f m e rc u ry t h e s li m es O f t h e l e ad c ham b e s i n t o w h i c h t h e p o du c t s Of c al c i nati n are c on du c t e d 4 p e r c e n t of m e c u y Bo t h t he e by e p rodu c t s are t re at e d for t h e m e c u ry t h e y c n t ai n T he m o de o f t e at m e n t i not m e n t i o n e d b u t it is p ob ably by di still ati o n OF
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i nt roduc ti on S ie ve king p rop o se s t o t re at o res c ont ai ni ng alt in t h e p e se n c e c i nnab ar wi t h a so l u ti o n O f c u p ro u s c h l ori de in o f a g ranu l at e d all o y o f c o pp e r andzi n c in e v o lvi ng b a re l s C i n nab a is th e re by de c o m p o se d wit h t he lib e rati o n o f m e rc u ry and t he fo rm ati on O f c u p r i c su lphi de and c u p ri c c h l ori de as sho w n by t he e q u ati n HgS C u C l C u Cl Cu S H g M talli c m e c u ry am algam at es wit h t he c o pp e r zi nc all oy and c an b e re m o v e d from t he l att e r by di still ati o n T hi s p roc e ss do e s n ot w a ound s d se e m t o hav e b ee n s at isfac t o h o e f c u p r i c c l i f t h e u se o y; t o b e e q u ally u nsati sfac t o y Alk ali ne su lp h id es c o nt ai n i n g c au sti c alk ali e s ( see p ag e 2 5 3 S o l u ti o n s O f rabl e re su lt s l g v v a so a e u n f a o u ) b rom i ne in w at e r and o f b rom i n e in c onc e n t at e d hydro c hl ori c acid whi c h had b ee n p rop ose d by R Wagn e hav e no t c om e i n t o u se M e rc u ry c an be e xt rac t ed from su b st anc es c on t ai n i ng m erc u rou s c hl ori de by so l u ti o n s Of hyp osu lp h it e s Of
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l oss in c onv e r s i o n w o u l d yi e l d n o t 7 3 5 b u t 6 5 0 Wat t s and s i n c e t h e l oss o f c u rre n t by c on v e rsi on i nt o h eat by s h rt c i rc u i t i ng 81C am ou n t s t o 2 5 p er c e nt As 2 kil o g ram m e s f c oal w o u l d b e re q u i re d pe r h orse p o w e r e r hou m m e o f m e rc u ry w o u l d l pti kil g t h e c a c o n s u o n e r r a m o o p p c om e kil o g ram m es With t he m ost m ode rn st eam ou t at e n gi n e s t h e l o ss o f p o w e r in t h e c o n v e rsi o n f m e c h an i c al w o k i nt o e l ec t ri cal e n e rgy am o u n t t o 9 p e r c e n t an d in t he dy n am o t o 6 p e r c e nt m aki n g a t o t al o f 15 p e r c e n t w h il st t he l oss O f c u re n t in t h e c o ndu c t o m ay b e t ak e n as 10 p e r c e n t and t h e c o n su m pti o n O f c oal in t he b est st e am e n gi n es am o u n t s t o 1 t o kil ogranrrn e s pe horse p o w e r p e ho u r U n de th ese c i c u m st an c e s t he e xt rac ti on Of m e c u ry in t he ab o v e m an n e r w o u l d s e m t o b e n o t alt og e t her w it ho u t h o p e fu l p ossibili t i e s and s nc e
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y e x t rac t ed is c on v e t ed i nt o artifi c i al c i nnab ar as for i nst anc e at I dri a in Carni ol a A sho t ac c o u n t O f t h e p re p arat i o n o f c i nn ab ar a t t h i s pl ac e as fa as it is n o t k e pt sec re t will ac c ordi n gly be giv e n A rtifi c i al c i nnab ar c an be p rodu c e d b o t h in t he dry and w e t w ay I n t he dry w ay t he su lp hu r is c o m bi n e d di re c tly w it h m e rc u ry For t he p rodu c ti o n o f c i nn ab ar in t h e w e t w ay m e t alli c m e rc u ry o r c o m p ou nds o f m e rc u y t og e th e r w i t h su lp hu r are t re at e d wit h so l u ti on s o f c au sti c soda or p o t ash w i t h p o t assi c or so di c p o ly su lp h i de s with am m o n i c su lp h i de or w it h so di c hyp o su lp h i t e at su it abl e t e m p e rat u re s P roc e sses for t h e p ro du c t i on O f c i nnab a in t he w e t w ay hav e for e x am pl e b e e n de vi se d by Ki chhoff B ru n ne Firm en ic h Li e big M art e n s Fl ec k Gau ti e r B ou c hard Hansam ann andJean M ai re At I d i a c i nn ab ar has b ee n p o du c d in t he dry w ay for a l ong t i m e S i n c e 18 8 0 it has al so b e e n m an u fac t u re d in t he w e t w ay su c c e ssfu lly n o t hi n g ho w e v e r c an b e sai d ab o u t t h e l at t e r p o c ess as it is k e pt se et C i nn ab a is p ro du c e d {in t he d y w ay at I dri a by m ixi n g t o g e t he m c u ry and su lp hu r in re v lvi ng b a e l s h e at i n g t h e m ixt u e p o du c e d in i ro n re t o t s so as t c m pl e t e t he c o m bi nat i o n an d f s u lp h u r w i t h m e rc u ry v o l at ili si ng t he e x c es f su lp h u fi nally su bli m i ng t he c i nnab ar t hu s f rm e d w hi c h is t he n gr o u n d and re fi n e d by b e i n g b o il e d w it h a The fi rst o l u ti o n o f p t ash p ati o n t h e m ixi n g o f u lp h u and m e rc u y i k n w n as am al am at io n r t h e p e p a ati o n o f t h m T h e ec o nd p e rat i on o r o g h ati n g t he m ix t u e in e t o t i k n o w n as su bli m i n g t he m oor or a
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v e sse l pl ace d b e neat h it I f a lig h t e r shade O f c i nnab ar is re e d it m u st b e g ro u n d r e p e at e dly u At u ve t i m e s e ac h t o fi q p f e sh g i n di n g t he di st anc e b e t w e e n t h g i n dst o n e s is dec re ase d T h e e g ades o f v e rm ili on are m ade viz b ig ht ed da k and T i m p o v e it s c o l ou v e m ili o n is su bj ec t e d C hi n ese v e m ili o n t o w hat i k n ow n as re fi n i ng T hi s c on si st s in b o ili n g t he v e m ili on w i t h a s l u ti o n o f p o t ash o f 10 t o 13 B in c ast i o n k e ttl es Th e c h arg e for e ac h c o n i st s O f 2 c w t o f v e rm ili o n an d 4 8 t o 5 0 lb s O f lye T he b ili ng l ast s for t e n m i n u t e s At the end Of t hi s ti m e t h e v e rm ili o n is all w e d t o se t t l e and it is t he n l adl e d i n t o t an k s The l y e t hat is l e ft in t h e k e t t l e is u se d t o t re at t w o c ha g e s m o e T h e v e rm ili o n is re p e at e dly w ash e d w i t h ho t w at e r in t he t an k s and I t is t he n f e e d from e x c essiv e w at e r by filt e i n g t hro u g h c an v as fi nally dri e d in c l ay p an s at a t e m p e at u e o f 6 2 t o 88 C T he dry v e rm ili on is c ru she d u n de r w o ode n hand oll s an d is t he n e nt i n t o t h e m a k e t p ac k e d in sh e e p ski n s o in b ag s The p rodu c ti on O f i nnab ar in t he w et w av as al eady m e n t i on e d is k e p t se c re t c l av
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BI SMU TH P H Y S I C A L P RO P E RTI ES
B I SMU TH has a c harac t e ri sti c re ddi sh w hit e c ol o u r and hig h l u st re It cry stalli ses in t he he x agonal svstem in obt u se rhom b o w hi c h h av e t h e app earan c e Of c u b es h e dra wit h an angl e O f 8 7 I t s hardn ess is l o w b e t w e e n I t s frac t u re is c oarse ly c ry st alli n e M olt e n 2 an d 2 5 and it is so b rittl e t hat it c an b e p o u nde d bi sm u t h e xp ands on soli di fyi ng by 2 3 5 per c e nt A c c o di n g t o Ro b e rt s t he sp e c ifi c g ravity o f so li d bi s m u t h is o f fl u i d bi sm u t h Th e m e lti n g p o i n t o f bi sm u t h is giv e n by B u db e g and 10 0 5 5 Rie rn sdijk as L e de b u r fou nd t hat C ; by P e rson as C A c c ordi n g t o C l asse n p u re c om m e rc i al bi sm u t h m e lt s at 2 GO C bi sm u t h p rodu c e d by e l e c t roly si s m e lt s at 2 64 C At a h ig h t e m e rat u re m o lt e n bi sm u th v o l atili ses ; it s b o ili n g p o i n t has n o t b e e n p it li e x ac tly de t e rm i n e d bu t acc o rdi n g t o Carn e ll es b e t w e e n y Bi sm u t h has t he l ow e st t he rm al c ondu c tivity Of any an d C o f t h e m e t al s ; it am o u n t s t o 18 c o m p are d t o t hat o f silv e r t ak en as Re gnau lt giv e s t he sp e c ifi c h e at o f bi sm u t h b e tw e e n 0 an d 100 C as 0 0 30 8 T he li ne ar e xp ansi o n O f bi sm u t h by he at b e tw e e n -
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l e ad and silv e f bi sm u th all y e d wit h t he se m e tal s are e xt ru de d Pu bi sm u t h do e s n o t sho w t hi s p he nom e n on It dep ends u p on t he fac t t hat t he all oy s O f bi sm u t h w i t h b o di es o t h e r th an l e ad and s ilv e r e xp an d o n s o li difi c ati o n and th e re fo re e xp e l t h e bi sm u t h o r t h e all oy s o f bi sm u t h wit h l e ad an d silv e r w h i c h w ill still b e fl u i d o n ac c ou n t o f t h e i r l o w m e lti n g p o i nt T h i s p h e n o m e n o n m u st b e b orn e in m i nd in t aki n g sam pl e s o f bi sm u t h r, o
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Bi sm u t h i n t affe c t e d in t he ai at o di nary t e m p e rat ures H eat e d in t he air it is c ov e re d sho tly b e f re m e lti ng wit h a g rayi sh bl ac k c oati ng O f bi sm u t hou s o xi de ; if t he h eati n g is c on ti n u e d u p t o e dn ess a fi l m Of bi sm u t h i c o xi de form s w h i c h is y e ll o w o gre e n in t he c ase o f p u re bi sm u t h b u t has a vi o l e t or bl u e c o l o u if t he m e t al is i m p u re At b rig ht re dne ss it b u rns with a bl u i sh fl am e t o bi sm u thi c o xi de w h i c h app e ars in t h e form O f a y e ll o w sm o k e Wat e r f ee from air does n ot affec t bi sm u t h at ordi nary t em p e rat u res ; w he n c ont ai ni n g air it affe c t s it sl o wly c o nv erti ng it i n t o a b asi c c arb o n at e Wat e r v ap o ur is dec om p ose d by bi sm u t h o nly a t a w hit e he at an d th e n bu t sl o wly Bi sm u th c o m bi ne s di ec t ly w it h c hl ori ne b o m i n e an d i o di n e Nit ri c ac i d an d aq u a re gi a di sso l ve bi sm u t h re adily D il u t e su lp hu ri c ac i d and c o l d su lph u i c ac id do n o t att ac k it ; it is h ow e v e di ssol v e d by h ot c o nc e nt rat ed su lp h uri c ac i d wit h t he fo m ati o n o f bi sm u thi c s u lp hat e an d t h e e v o l u ti on o f su lp hu r di xi de Dil u t e hy d o c hl ori c ac i d doe s n o t att ac k it ; h ot c o nc e n t at e d ac i d di sso lv e s it bu t wit h di ffi c u lty Bi sm u th is p rec ipitat e d a m e t al fro m so l u t i on s O f it s salt s by m e t al s O f t he alk ali e s an d t he alk ali ne e arth s zi n c m ang an e se i ro n n i c k e l c adm i u m c o pp e r t in and l e ad s
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M ET A LL U RG Y
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Bi m u t hi c c hl ori de ( BiC l ) is Obt ai ne d by he ati ng bi sm u t h in hl o ri n e gas by h e at i n g p u lv e i se d bi m u t h with m e rc u ri c c hl o i de md by di sso lvi n g bi sm u thi c o xi de in hy droc h l ori c ac i d It fo m s v ol atil e at 42 7 t o a w h it e m ass de liq u esc e n t in air w h i c h is 4 39 C I t is de c m p o se d by w at e r an d if a su ffi c i e n t q u an tity O f w at e is e m pl oy e d t h e w h l e o f t he bi sm u th p re se n t is p rec ipit at e d as o xy c hl o i de in ac c o rd an c e wit h t he e q u ati o n s
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Bi sm u t h fo m s t w o c m p ou nds w ith su lph u r vi bi sm u t hou s Bi sm u t ho u s su l u lp h i de ( B i S ) an d bi sm u t h i c su lp h i de ( Bi S ) h i d e ( Bi S ) is o b t ai ne d in c o m bi nat i o n w it h w at e r o n t re at in g t h e p o l u ti o n o f a bi sm u t ho u s salt w it h s u lp hu re tt e d hy dro g e n in t he a b se n c e O f ai A bl ac k p ow de o f t he c o m p ositi n Bi S 2H O t h u o bt ai ned I II t he d y way bi sm u t h u s su lphi de is p odu c ed by m e l t i ng t oge th s u lp h u r and bi sm u t h in t he p o p o r ti o n o f t he i r at o m i w e ig ht s At a st on g heat it is de co m p o se d i nt o bi sm u th u s l ph ide an d m e t alli c bi sm u t h Bi sm u t hi c sulp hi de ( Bi S ) w h i c h is fo u nd in nat u e as bi sm u t h gl anc e an b e Ob t ai ne d in t h e fo m o f a bl u i sh gray fo li at e d m as by m e l t i ng bi sm u t h w it h an e x c e ss Of l phu r ; in t h w e t w ay it is p ro du c e d in t he form f a bl ac ki sh b o wn p e c ipitat e by p as i ng su lph u re tt ed hyd og e n i nt o a sol u ti o n o f bi sm u thi c salt s It is s l u bl e in b o ili ng c onc e nt rat ed hydroc hl ori c o
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i d and in n itri c ac i d If w at r v ap o u i p asse d o v e red ho t bi sm u t hi c su lphi de ac c o di n g t o Re g nau lt su lp hu re tt e d hy droge n bi sm u thi c o xi de and a sm all q uantity o f m e talli c bi sm u t h are p rodu c e d By p assi ng hy dro g en o v e r ed ho t bi sm u t h i c su lp h i de bi sm u t h are Obt ai n e d Bi sm u t hi c su lp hu re tt e d hy dro g e n an dm e t alli s u lp hi de h e at e d in t he air is c on v e t e d i n t o bi sm u t h i c o xi de and bi sm u thi c su lp hat e su lph u r di o xi de b e i ng e v o lv ed The su lp hat e is n ly i m p e rfe c t ly dec o m p ose d by i n c re asi n g t he t e m p e at u e A m ixt u re o f bi m u thi c o xi de and su lph at e are th e re fo re al w ay s o bt ai n e d as t h e p o du c t s o f t he o xi di si n g ro asti n g o f bi sm u t h i c Bi sm u t hi c su lp h i de can be m e lt e d wit h m e t alli c bi sm u t h su lphi d e in all p rop orti ons It is sai d t hat at v e ry high t e m p e rat u res t he su lp hu r c an b e v o l atili se d al m o st c o m pl e t e ly The c o m p o u n ds O f bi sm u t h w it h ph o sph oru s and a se nic are dec om p ose d on h e ati n g Bi sm u t h p hosphi de is c om pl e t e ly de c p osed i n t o p hosp horu s and bi sm u t h Th e l ast p orti ons of a sen i c c an h o w e v e r o n ly be re m o v e d w ith di ffi c u lty from arse n i de o f bi sm u th ac
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Bi sm u t h all oy s with a nu m b e r Of m e t al s and causes t he re su lt in g All oy s w hi c h are u sed in t he all oy s t o m e lt at a l o w t e m p e at u re art s on ac c o u n t O f th e i r l o w m e lti ng p o i n t s a e t h o se o f N e wt on Th e i r c om p ositi ons and Rose Li c h te n b e rg Woo d an d Lip o witz m e lti n g p o i n t s are S ho w n in t he fo ll o wi n g t abl e ,
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T he se are u se d fo light so l de s for st o ppi ng t e e th for t aki ng i m p ressi on s O f w oodcu t s and c o i n s and fo r safe ty pl u gs for b o il e rs Z i nc will on ly t ak e u p 2 4 p e r c e n t O f bi sm u t h w hil st bi sm u t h will t ake u p as m u c h as 14 3 pe r c en t o f zi n c A n ti m on y all oy s with bi sm u t h in all p rop orti on s I f an all oy o f l ead and bi sm u t h is h e at e d in t he air t o re dness t h e l e ad o xi di ses fi rst an d aft e it s re m o v al t h e bi sm u t h On ac c o u n t O f t he easy fu sibility o f l e ad o xi de it is th e re fore p o ssibl e t o se parat e l e ad fro m bi sm u t h by an r
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M E T A LLU RG Y
3 52
xi di i n g fu si on O f t he all oy \Vlre n su c h an all oy is t e at ed by t he P at t i n n p o c ess t he bi sm u t h m ay b e c o ll e c t e d in an all oy ri c h in bi sm u t h w hil st t he b u lk O f t h e l ead is Obt ai ne d f e e f o m bi sm u t h t he bi sm u t h foll o w i ng t h e silv e r i n t o t h e e n i c h e d l e ad I f an all o y l O f l e ad and bi sm u t h w it h silv e r o d i s h e at e d in t he air t h e l e ad o g is fi st o xi di se d an d t h e n t h e bi sm u t h t he silv e r o g ol d re t ai n i n g a s m all p ro p or ti o n o f t h e bi sm u t h F ro m all oy s o f g ol d and bi sm u th c o n tai ni ng bu t m all q uantiti es o f go l d t he g ol d m a y b e re m o v e d by m e an s o f zi nc a sm all p o ti o n 3 o f t h e bi sm u t h b e i n g h o w e v e r re t ai n e d in t he zi n c an d g o l d all o y s
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w hi c h fu rn i she s t he g re at est q u an tity o f bi sm u t h is m et alli c bi sm u t h It is fou n d in Eu op e in t he E rzg e bi rg e O f S ax ony ( S c hn e e b e rg J Ohann G e org e n st adt S c hw a z e n b e g Alt e n b e rg Z i nn w al d) ; in B o h e m i a ( J o ac h i m t hal ) Car i n t h i a S ty i a ( S alzb u g ) t he B anat e ( C ikl o va); S w e de n ( Fah l u n ); N orw ay ( Bl e k a); En gl an d ( Re d u t h C o n w all an d C arri c k Fe ll C u m b e r l an d) S c otl and ( Alv a S ti li n g sh i e ) Ou t si de O f Eu rop e it oc c urs in t h e U n i t e d S t at e s o f N ort h A m e ri c a ( Ut ah ) in P e u C h il i ( S an A nt on i o de l P o t rero Gran de ) an d m ore p arti c u l arly in B olivi a ( I ll i n ani Tasn a C ho o lq u e O u o G u ai na P o t osi S orat a) and in A u strali a (Q u e e n sl and and N e w S o u th Wal e s) Bi sm u t h oc hre ( Bi O ) c on tai n i n g 8 9 7 pe r c en t O f bi sm u t h an d g e n e rally i n t e rm ix e d wit h i o n c o pp e r an d arse n i c oc c u rs in B ohe m i a S ib e ri a C orn w all (S t Ag ne s) Franc e ( M ey m ac De p T hi s m i ne ral is O ft e n m ix e d wit h bis C o rrez e ) an d in B o livi a Bi sm u t hi c c arb onat e 0 1 hyd o m u t hic c a b o n at e and hy drat e c arb o n at e o c c u rs by it se l f in C orn w all Franc e ( Mey rn ac ) B o livi a U nit e d S t at e s o f N o t h A m e i c a (A riz ona) and A u st rali a ( Q u e e ns l and) Bi sm u t h gl an c e or b isrnu thin e ( Bi S ) c on t ai n i n g e r c e nt p in C u m b e rl and C o rnw all S ax ony S w e de n B o livi a o f bi s m u t h occ u C o l rado an d Q u e e n sl and The o t he r m i n e ral s c o n t ai n i ng bi m u t h i m p ortanc e for t he e x trac ti on O f t hat m e t al A m on g t he e a e Of n l an c e witti c h e n it e ) silv e r m ay b e e n u m e rat e d c o pp e r bi sm u t h ( g bi sm u t h gl anc e bi sm u t hi c c o b alti c py ri t e s bi sm u thi c n i c k e l pyri t e bi sm u t h i c ili c at e ( e u lyti ne ) t e ll u i de o f bi sm u t h (t e t ady m it e ) an d u lp ho t e ll u ri de O f bi sm u t h an d n ee dl e o e ( aiki n it e ) s e l e no V l i p 50 3 R y l S i ty l iii p 8 9 M tth y P T he
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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p anyi ng m i neral s or Of a fu si on o f t he bi sm u th an d aec om p anyi ng m i ne ral s with t he fo m ati on Of a sl ag Bi sm u th is e xtrac t e d fro m bi sm u t hi c o xi de by a re du c i ng fu si on wit h c arb on t he o th er c on stit u e n t s b e i n g sl agg e d Off From bi sm u t hi c su lp hi de bi sm u th c an b e O bt ai n e d e it h e r by an o xi di si n g foll ow e d by a ro asti n g re d u c i n g fu si on w ith c a b on or by m e lti ng wit h i ro n wit h t h e form ati on O f ferrou s su lphi de and se p arat i on o f bi sm u t h From its all o y s with l e ad bi sm u th m a be e xt rac t e dby c u p e ll ati on Of t h e l att e r y u n t il t h e l e ad h as b e e n re m o v e d in t h e fo rm Of lit harg e From all o y s o f t h e p re c i o u s m e t al s bi sm u th m a b e xt rac t e d by c u p e ll a e y ti on and redu c ti on o f t he bi sm u t h i c o xi de th u s Obt ai ne d by m eans o f c arb on We h av e ac c ordi ngly t o di sti n g u i sh ( 1) The e xt rac ti on o f bi sm u th from ore s 2 ( ) T he e xt rac ti on o f bi sm u t h f om m e t all u rgi c al p ro d u c t s ac c o m
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U nder t h i s h e adi ng w e h av e t o di sti n gu i sh a T h e e xt rac ti on o f bi sm u th from ores c on t ain i n g it in t h e ( ) n ativ e st at e ( b) T he e xt rac ti on Of bi sm u t h from bi sm u thit e ( c) Th e e xt rac ti on o f bi sm u th from ore s whi c h c ont ai n it in an o xi di se d st at e .
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Bi sm u t h m ay be se p arat e d from ores c on t ai ni ng it in t he form of m e t al e it h e r by a p ro c e ss o f liq u ati on or by fu si on in w h i c h t he T he Obj e c ti on t o t h e p roc ess o f liq u ati on is e n ti re m ass is liq u e fi e d t hat t he bi sm u th is o nly i m p e rfec tly e xt rac t e d by it and t hat ot her c om p ou n ds o f bi sm u t h w h i c h fre q u e n tly oc c u r i n t e rm ix e d with t he F u si on n ativ e m e t al are n ot e xt rac t e d an d re m ai n in t h e re si du es p roc e sse s p rop er on t he o th er hand n o t on ly yi e l d on ac c ou nt of the liq u e fac ti on of the e n ti e m ass a m u c h b e tt e r o u tp u t of nativ e bi sm u t h bu t al so adm it o f t he additi on Of desu lp hu ri si n g or re du c in g age n t s t o t he o re s w h i c h will si m u lt an eou sly e xt rac t t he bi sm u t h from t he su lph u r or o xyg e n c om p ounds t hat m ay be c on T he e xt rac ti on t ain e d in t h e ores t o g e th er wi t h t he nativ e bi sm u th t he e fore p re fe rabl e t o e m o f bi sm u t h by t h e fu si on p roc ess is pl oyi n g liq u ation ; for w hi c h reason t he l att er p roc e ss whi c h w as form e ly e m pl oy e d has n ow b e e n repl ac e d e v erywh ere by t he form er m e th o ds ,
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Thi s p roc ess was form erly in u se in S ax ony I t w as carri ed ou t in i n c li n e d c ast i on pip es fro m t h e l o w e r e n d o f w h i c h t he bi sm u t h fl ow e d ou t as soon as it had re ac he d its m e lti n g p oi nt w hil st t he diffic u l t ly fu sibl e g angu e re m ai ne d b e hi nd Th e o l der liq u ati on fu r n ac es w e re de sig n e d by P l att n e r an d h av e b e e n aft e r wards su it ably P l attner s fu rnac e is sh o w n in Fig 2 7 3 in m o difi e d by Gunt he r whi c h r is t he g rat e E the furnac e b ody f f are st ac k s s s are t he i nc li n e d c ast i ron pip e s w h i c h e l e v en in n u m b e r are arran ge d in T hey are 4 fe e t l on g 10 t o 12 i nc he s h igh and 6 t o t w o ti e rs .
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i nc h es b road eac h h o l di ng u p t o 83 l bs o f ore Th e y are c h arge d from t he upp er e nd whi c h, du ri n g t he c ou rse o f t h e o p erati on is k e pt c l osed by a she e t i ron c o v er The liq u i d bi sm u t h fl ow s ou t from the pip es th rou gh a sm all op e n i n g 0 at t he i r l ow er e n ds in t o t w o g u tt e rs a i n c li n e d t o w ards t he c e n t re o f t h e fu rnace W hi c h di sc h arg e i n t o a m o vabl e k e ttl e b whi c h is k ept h eat e d M ou l ds sup ort e d u p on a c arri ag e are r un u nde rn e at h t h e lip o f t h e k e ttl e p and t h e fl u i d bi sm u th c o ll e c t e d in t h e l att e r is p ou re d i n t o t h e m T h e resi du es fro m t he liq u ati on are d aw n o u t at t he u pp er e nd of t he pip es and fall i n t o a bo x p ro vi de d with a p e rforat e d b o tt om an d st andi n g in w at er whi c h c an b e li ft e d o u t from t h e t an k in w h i c h it By droppin g t h ese resid u es i n t o w at er th e y are at onc e rest s c o ol e d an d th ere is no thi n g t o p re v e n t t h e pip es b e i n g i m m e di at e ly 8
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M E T A LLU RG Y
h arg e d with f e sh ore I n a fu rnac e o f t hi s ki nd at S c hn ee b e rg in S ax ony bi sm u thi c c o b alt and n i c k e l o re s c on t ai n i ng u t o 12 er p p c e n t o f bi sm u th w e re liq u at e d T he c harg e fo a t u b e am o u n t e d t o 2 2 t o 3 1 l bs t he liq u at i on o f whi c h t o o k f o m 15 t o 2 0 m i nu t e s ; t he fu e l c o nsu m pti o n o f su c h a fu rn ac e w as e q u al t o 5 90 c u bi c fee t o f fi re w oo d in 2 4 h o u rs T he re si du e s still r e t ai n e d on e thi rd o f t he bi sm u th p rese n t in t he ore and w e re sm e lt e d fo rm i ng a bi sm u thi c sp e i ss fro m whi c h an o th e r p orti on o f bi sm u th w as e xt rac t e d by liq u ati on u p on liq u ati on he arth s T he fu rnac e as m odifi e d by G u n th er is sh o w n in Fig Th e
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i du e s can be m ore e asily re m ov e d fro m thi s fu rnac e th an from t he P l att n er fu rnac e T he t u b e s are fu rn i sh e d at t h e i r l o w e r e nd with a grati ng g 9 m ade o f 7 c ast i ron b ars u p on w h i c h t he ore rest s T he t u b es a e c h arg e d f om th e i r u pp e r e n d afte r t h e c o v er n 15 re m o v e d T he h e at g n e rat e d u p on t he fi e g rat e B m e lt s t he bi sm u t h whi c h fl o w s th rou gh t he sp ac e s b e tw e e n t he b ars o f t he g rati ng g g t o t he o p e n i n g f t hro ugh w h i c h it un s o u t i n t o I ron m o u l ds l st an di n g in fron t o f it The re si du e s are re m ov e d from t he l o w e r e n d f t h e t u b e s Fo r t h i s p u p o se t h e c o v e r w h i c h is m o v abl e ab ou t a hi ng e g is li ft e d u p and t he re si du es are drawn o u t o v e r t he g rati n g o n t o an i ro n pl at e lyi ng in fron t o f t h e t u b e P l tt H at t h d p 23 K ] Ill t tl h titt nk d p 5 30 re s
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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bi sm u t h w as k no c k e d off f om t he sp e i ss and freed f o m any adh e ri n g sp e i ss an d o th e r diffi c u l t l y fu sibl e i m p u riti es by liq u ati n g in i ron t u b e s T he bi sm u th c ont ai n e d l e ad an d w as fre e d f om t hi s m e t al by c u p ell ati on T he sl ag c on tai ne d u ran i u m an d w as t re at e d for t h e p ro du c ti o n o f c m p o u n ds o f t h i s m e t al S i nc e t he y e ar 18 6 8 t h e ores f o m J o ac him st ah l h av e b e e n t re at e d at t h e s m e lti n g w o rk s in S ax on y r
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Bi sm u t h gl an c e is g en erally fo u nd i n t e m ix e d w it h nativ e bis It bu t rare ly oc c urs in su c h q u an titi es as t o form t he m u th Thi s m at e ri al o f a se p arat e p roc ess for t he e xt rac ti on o f bi sm u t h Wh e n is h o w e v e r t h e c ase wit h bi sm u thi n e oc c u rri n g in B o livi a it oc c u rs i nt e rm ix e d with nativ e bi sm u th t he ores in q u esti on are sm e lt e d e it h e r raw o r aft e r p e vi o u s c al c i nati on with a c e r t ai n q u an tity o f i ron as has b e e n e xpl ai n e d u n d er t he e xt rac ti on of bi sm u t h from t he o es o f S c hn ee b e rg an d J oac him st ahl whi c h c on t ai n O e s c on t ai n i n g bi sm u t h i n e al on e c an e ith er b e n ativ e bi sm u t h t e a t e d by c al c i nati on an d fu si o n wit h c ar b on o r in t h e raw st at e by fu si on with i ron I n t he o n e c ase t h e c h e m i c al p roc e sse s ar e t h e sam e as in t h e e xt rac ti o n o f l e ad from g al e n a by t h e p roc e ss o f c al c i n ati o n and r e du c ti o n ; in t h e o th e r c ase t he sam e as in t he e xt rac ti on o f l e ad by t he p e c ipit ati on p roc e ss It m u st b e n o t ed t hat w hen bi sm u t h i c su lp h i de is c al c i n e d a c e rtai n q u an tity o f su lp h at e is alw ay s form e d an d t h i s salt is o n ly i m p e fec tly dec o m p ose d wh e n t h e t e m p erat u re is rai se d so t h at t h e re is alw ay s a c e r t ai n q u an tity o f it p re se n t in t he It is re du c e d in t he fusi on t o bi sm u t h i c su lphi de whi c h c h arg e p asses i nt o t he m att e or i n t o t he sl ag if only v e y sm all q uantiti e s Whe n ore s c on t ai n c o nsi derabl e q u an titi e s o f m att e are p ro du c e d t h e bi sm u t h i n e m ay b e se p arat e d fro m it by a si m pl e o f g an g u e fusi on w ith ou t t he addi t i on o f i ro n Val e nc i e nn e s has m ad e e x bi sm u thi n e fro m e im e n t s u p o n t h e e xt ac ti o n o f bi sm u t h from p B olivi a w hi ch is at p re se n t b e i ng t re at e d in Engl and The ores w h i c h o c c u r in B o livi a in c o nsi de rabl e q u an titi e s c on si s t o f a m ixt u e o f su lp h i des o f bi sm u t h c opp e r i o n an ti m on y and l ead wi th m all q u an titi e s o f su lp h i de o f silv er T he am ou nt of bi sm u th in t h e m v ari es f o m 15 t o 3 0 p e r c e n t T he b est p roc ess for t h e i r t e atm e n t has b ee n fo u n d t o b e c al c i nati on an d re du c ti on The c ru sh e d re s w e re c al c i n e d fo r 2 4 h o u rs in a re v e b e rat o ry fu rn ac e w it h f e q u e n t rabbli n g and i nt e rm ixt u re fro m t i m e t o ti m e wit h and w e e t h e n sm e lt e d in a re v e b e at o y sm e l t i n g c rus h e d c o al N t el t iv al Mé t ll gi d Bi m t h B l l S Chim 1874 r
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ix e d wit h 3 pe r c e nt o f c oal li m e soda an d flu orspa I n orde r t o assi st t he re du c ti on a re du c ing fl am e w as k e pt u p fo t he fi rst t w o h o u rs t he t e m p e rat u re b e i n g a re d h e at whi c h w as su b se q u en tly aised t o w hit e n e ss T he o p e rati on w as fi n i she d as soon as t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e fu rnac e w e re T og e t her with m e t alli c bi sm u t h a c opp e m att e c o m pl e t e ly fl u i d T h e m o lt e n c o n t e n t s c o n t ai n i n g bi sm u t h and sl ag w e re o bt ai n e d w ere t app e d o ff at t h e l ow e st p o i n t o f t he h earth and ru n i nt o in whi c h t h e y c on i c al i ron m o u l d s pl ac e d in fro n t o f t he fu rnac e se p arat e d ac c ord i n g t o t he i r sp ec ifi c g ravity t he b o tt om m ost l ay e r c o nsi sti n g o f m e t alli c bi sm u t h t h e n e xt o f bi sm u thi c c o pp e r m att e a nd t h e t o p m ost o n e o f sl ag c on si sti n g c hi e fly o f fe ro u s sili c at e The m e t alli c bi sm u t h still c on t ai n ed l e ad an ti m on y an d c o pp e r and had t o b e p u rifi e d b e fo re it c ou l d be u se d for ph arm ac e u ti c al pu r T he c o pp e r m att e o bt ai ne d c o n t ai n e d 5 t o 8 p er c e n t o f p ose s bi sm u th It w as crush e d c al c i n ed an d t he n sm e lt e d in t h e sam e way as t h e c al c i n e d ore t he p rodu c t s b e i n g m e t alli c bi sm u th an d a u re c o pp e r m att e whi c h still re t ai n e d 2 t o 3 P n t o f bi sm u th er c e p bi sm u th c ou l d n ot be o bt ain e dfrom the l att er in t he dry w ay an all o y o f c o pp e r an d bi sm u t h b e i n g alw ay s p ro du c e d so t hat t he bi sm u t h V al e n c i e nn e s had t o b e e xt rac t e d fro m t h i s m att e by w e t m e t ho ds e m pl oy ed p re c ipit ati on p roc esse s in re v erb erat ory fu rn ac es e x e ri p m e n t ally u p o n th ese o re s w h i c h h e had fre e d from th e i r gan g u e by a p re vi ou s fu si on T he ores t hu s p re p ared whi c h c onsi st e d on ly o f su lphi de s o f bi sm u th i ron an d c o pp e r W e re c ru sh e d m ix e d with 12 e r c e n t o f i ro n t u rn i n g s 3 0 n t sl ag and a c e rt ai n q u an tity er c e o f p p A ft e r heat ing for o f so d a an d th e n fu se d in re v e rb erat ory fu rn ac e s 4 h o u rs u p t o whit e n ess t h e m ass w as c om pl e t e ly fl u i d and was t app e d o u t i nt o c on i c al c ast i ro n m o u l ds th e p ro du c t s b e i n g m e t alli c bi sm u t h a m att e c on si sti ng of t he su lphi des o f c opp er an d i ron and s l ag s The bi sm u t h c on t ai n e d l e ss c opp er th an t hat o bt ai n e d by t h e oce ss o f c al c i nati on an d re du c ti on b u t c o n t ai n e d an ti m o n y T he r p p roc ess w ork ed w e ll and w as m u c h m ore rapi d t han t he p re vi ou s o n e b u t had t h e v e ry g re at o bj e c ti o n t hat t h e su lp h i de o f iron rapi dly d e st ro y e d t h e h earth o f t he r e v e rb erat ory fu rnac e in c on se u enc e o f whi c h it w as giv e n u q p fu rnac e
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t he y are m ix e d w it h nativ e bi sm u t h an d are t reat e d t oge th er w it h it Th e y c an b e t reat e d by b e i n g fu se d in c ru c ibl e s o e v e rb e rat o ry fu rn ac e s m ix e d with c harc o al S haft fu rnac e s c ann o t b e re c om m e n de d on ac c o u n t o f t h e e x c e ssiv e l oss o f bis m u th du e t o sl aggi ng an d v o l atili sati o n C on si derabl e q u an ti t i e s of hyd rat e d c arb onat e o f bi sm u t h h av e b e en fo u n d at M e ym ac in F ran c e T he se h av e h ow e v er b e e n t eat ed by m ean s o f th e w et m e t ho d If t h e ore s c on t ai n i n g n ativ e bi sm u t h c o nt ai n at t h e sam e ti m e o xi de s o f bi sm u t h a c orre sp ondi n g q u an tity o f c arb onac e ou s m att er is adde d du i n g t he fu si on so as t o re du c e t h e o xi de o f bi sm u t h t h e c a b on di oxi de an d w at er b e i n g driv e n off from t he ab o v e n am e d c om p o u nd s by t h e ac t i on o f h e at .
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Bi sm u t h is at p resen t g ene rally obt ai n e d from m e t all u rgi cal p rodu c t s by m e an s o f t h e w e t m e th ods We m u st di sti ngu i sh in r e xt rac ti o n by t h e d y w ay (a) Th e e xt rac ti on from m att e s f m a xt ti ll y b T h e r a c o n o o s e ) ( .
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Bi sm u t h is e xt rac t e d from m att es by m e th ods b ase d on t he p rin c ipl e o f cal c in ati on an d redu c ti on T he m att e is c ru sh e d c al c in e d in r e v e rb e rat ory furn ac es u n til t h e bi sm u thi c su lp h i de is c o n v e rt e d i n t o o xi de an d su lph at e an d th e n sm e lt e d with t he ad di t i on o f c arb on an d su it abl e fl u x es in re v erb e at o y or c ru c ibl e fu n ac e s M e t alli c bi sm u t h is obt ai n e d and wh en c opp er is p rese n t in t h e m att e a c opp e r m att e c on t ai n in g bi sm u th t og e t h e r wit h As it is n o t p o ssibl e t o c o m pl e t e ly dec o m p ose t he fe rri fe ro u s sl ag su lp h at e O f bi sm u t h p ro du c e d du ri n g c al c i n ati on by an i n c e ase o f y t e m p e at u re a c e tai n q u an tity o f su lp h i de is al w ay s r e p rodu c e d du ri n g t h e re du c ti o n w hi c h p asse s i n t o t he m att e I f o n ly sm all q u an t iti e s o f m att e a e fo m e d t hi s t o g e t he w it h any su lp h i de o f bi sm u t h p asse s i n t t h e sl ag A si m pl e p e c ipitati on p oc ess is no t t o be e c m m e n de d for m att e e sp ec i ally w h e n t h e l att e r o n ly c o n t ai n sm all q u an t iti e s o f bi sm u t h The m e t ho d o f t re ati n g t he m att e p ro du c e d in s m e lti ng B olivi an o e s has al re ady b e e n e xpl ai n ed .
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p rese n t as m e t al or all oy by m e ans o f aq u a re gi a o r o f h o t c o n c e n t rat e d su lph u ri c ac i d Bi sm u th is p re c ipit at e d f om t he sol u ti ons e it h er di rec t l y or as a b asi c salt It is g e ne rally th ro w n dow n as m e t al by m ean s o f i ron As a b asi c salt it c an b e t hro w n do wn by dil u ti n g sol u ti on s o f it s c hl o ri de with w at e r w h en an o xy c h l o ri de is p r e c ipit at ed F rom th e o xy c hl ori de bi sm u th c an b e r e du c e d e it h er by fu si on with li m e an d T he additi on c harc oal o r by t re ati n g t h e m o i st salt with i ron or zi n c o f li m e is n e c e ssary wh e n t h e o xy c hl or i de is t re at e d in t h e dry w ay in order t o c om bi n e with t h e c hl ori n e Th e li m e m ay b e u se d e ith e r sl ak e d o r as c au sti c li m e M e t alli c bi sm u th th ro wn do wn in t he w et w ay is m e lt e d in g rap h it e or i ron c ru c ibl e s w it h t h e additi on in c ase o f n e e d o f alk ali n e fl u x e s far dearer ;
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T he w e t w ay has b e e n e m pl o y ed fo r o xi di se d bi sm u t h ores at M e ym ac and for cal c i ne d t in ores ri c h in bi sm u t h at Alt en b erg in
x y T he ore t re at e d at M e ym ac is a h yd rat ed c arb onat e o f bi sm u th in a q u artz ose gang u e c on t ain i ng sm all qu an titi es o f arsenic an ti m on y l e ad i ron an d li m e T h e c r u sh ed ore is t re at e d 3 ti m e s o v er in e ar th e n w are v esse l s with hy d roc h l ori c ac id at a g e n tl e h e at and u n de r c on st an t sti rri n g Th e n early e xh au st e d or e is t reat e d with f esh hy droc hl ori c ac i d whil st t h e al m o st sat u rat ed ac id is all o w e d t o ac t u p o n fre sh ore sat u rat ed sol u ti on s b e i n g t hu s O bt ai n e d w h il st t he b u lk o f t he bi sm u t h is r e m o v e d fro m t he o re The bi sm u th is t hro wn do w n fro m t h e sol u ti on in t he fo m o f bl ac k p o wder by m eans o f b ars o f iron I m m ediat e ly aft er its pr ec ipi t at ion it is se p arat e d f om t he so l u ti o n wash e d wit h w at e r p resse d in c an v as b ag s an d fi nally m e lt e d in g raphit e c ru c ibl es u n der a l ay e r o f c h a c o al an d c ast in i ron m o u l ds At Alt e nb erg in S ax ony c al c i n e d t in o res a e t re at e d wit h h y dro c hl ori c ac i d w h i c h di sso lv e s t h e o xi de o f bi sm u t h form e d du ri n g c al c i n ati o n Fro m t he so l u ti on t hu s o bt ai ne d basi c c h l oride o f bi sm u t h is t hrown dow n by t he additi on o f w at e r T h e p re c ipit at e is t e at e d for m e t alli c bi sm u t h Th e m e t ho d o f e xt rac ti n g t he m e t al is n o t i n di c at e din t h e lit e rat u re o f t he su bj e c t
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p e ll ati on re si du es c ont ai n i n g bi sm u t h su c h as are o bt ai n ed du ri n g t he c u p e ll ati on o f all oy s o f l e ad bi sm u th and Att e m pt s hav e al so b e e n m ade t o t re at all oy s of l ead s ilv e r bi sm u t h and silv e r di e c tly in t he w e t w ay When w ork l ead c o n t ai n i n g bi m u t h is c u p e ll e d lit harg e fre e fro m bi sm u t h is fi rst o bt ai n e d W h e n t he c u p e ll ati on is c on ti n u e d t he bi sm u t h is al so o xi di se d an d p asses i n t o t h e lit ha g e t h e l ast p orti on s o f t h e lit harg e b e i n g ri c h est in bi sm u t h w hil st a sm all p orti on o f t he l att e r m e t al re m ai ns in t h e silv er By sm e lti n g t h e l ast lith arg e w h i c h c on t ai ns b ot h bi sm u t h an d silv e r in shaft fu rn ac es with c harc o al bi sm u th c an be c onc e nt at ed in t he w o k l e ad th u s o bt ai n e d an d by c u p e lli n g t he l att e r lit harg e still r i c h e r in bi sm u t h is p ro du c e d The c on c en t rati on o f bi sm u t h in lit harg e m ay b e b rou ght ab ou t si m ply in c u p e lli n g l ead w hi c h is n ot t oo p oor in s ilv e r by n o t c o n ti n u i n g t h e c u p e ll ati o n u n til t h e silv er b right e n s b u t i n t e ru pti n g t h e p ro c ess w he n t h e silv e r c o n t e n t s o f t h e w o rk l e ad hav e b e en e nri c he d t o ab o u t 80 p e c en t I n thi s c ase t h e bi sm u th is c on c en t at e d in t he all oy p rodu c e d and wh en t he l att er is fi nally c u p e ll e d u p on a sm all e r h e a t h it p asses i n t o t h e lith arg e an d a p orti o n o f it i n t o t he t est B o t h lith a g e and t est are so r i c h in bi sm u th t hat th e y c an be t re at e d di ec tly by w e t m e th ods At F reibe rg in S ax ony arg e n ti fe ou s l ead c ont ai n in g m i nu t e q u an titi es o f bi sm u t h is split u by h t e P atti n son p roc ess i n t o l e ad r i c h in p s ilv e r ( c o n t ai n i n g 2 p e r c e n t ) and c arryi ng bi sm u t h and i n t o l e ad p oor in silv e r ( c on t ai n i n g 0 1 p er c e nt ) an d f e e f o m bi sm u t h t h e l att er o f whi c h is t h e n desilv eri se d by m eans o f zi nc T he l ead c o n t ai n i n g bi sm u t h is c on c e n t at e d in G e rm an c u p e ll ati on fu rnac es u n til t h e silv e r c on t e n t s re ac h 80 an d t h e n re fi n e d in e r c en t p s ilv er r e fi n i n g furnac es in q u an titi e s o f 0 9 t o 12 t on s for t he p rodu c ti on of fin e silv er l ead and bi sm u th b e in g th ere by o xidise d T he o xi des are p artly ab sorb e d by t he h e arth wh ic h is m ad e o f m arl an d p ar tly fl o w off as lith arg e c on t ai n i n g bi sm u th Th e l i th arge an d t he he art h ge n erally c on t ai n from 5 t o 2 0 p er c e n t o f bi sm u t h an d are c ru sh ed fi n e an d t h en t e at e d wit h hy d ro c h l o r i c a c i d in st on e w are p o t s 3 0 i n c h es hig h an d 3 6 i n c h es in di am e t er t h e c harg e for a o t am o u n ti n g t o 1 c w t T o t h i s are adde d 14 0 t o 15 5 p l bs o f hy dro c hl ori c ac i d an d 22 l bs o f w at e r t he ac ti on o f t h e ac i d b e in g p rom ot e d by gen tly h e ati ng and c on ti n u al stir rin g I n 6 h o u rs t he bi sm u t h i c o xi de t og e t h e r w i t h a sm all p orti on o f l e ad o xi de h as b e en di sso lv e d t h e resi d u e s c on si sti n g o f c h l or i de o f l e ad a n d m e t alli c silv e r Wat er is adde d u n til t he liq u i d b e c om e s t u rbi d V l i p 5 79 an d c u
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p arati on o f bi sm u thi c o xy c hl ori de T he sol u ti on is t he n all o w e d t o st and for 7 h o u rs in o der t o c l ea an d is drawn o ff bv m e an s o f l e aden syp ho ns i n t o w o ode n v at s 6 fee t h igh and 5 fe e t I n di am e t e in w h i c h it i dil u t e d w it h a su ffi c i e n t q u an tity o f w at e r t th ro w do wn t he b u lk o f th e bi sm u th as b asi c oxy c hl ori de As soon as t h e p re c ipit at e h as se ttl e d t h e so l u t i n is run O ff fi r st in t o se ttli n g t an k s an d t h e n i n t o a s u m p in w h i c h t he c o pp e r w h i c h it c o n t ai n s is t hro w n dow n by m e an s o f i ro n T h e p rec ipi t at e o f bi sm u th o xy c h l ori de is t he n w ashe d wit h wat e r in a w oode n vat p o vided wit h a l in e n filt e r in order t o re m o v e a p ort i on of t he c hl or i de o f l e ad It is t hen di ssolv e d in hydroc hl ori c ac i d in order t o e m o v e a fu r t he r p o rti o n o f c hl ori d e o f l e ad On dil u t i on o f t h e so l u ti o n w i t h w at e r t h e bi sm u t h is ag ain th ro w n do wn as o xy c h l ori de t h e l att e r b e i n g ag ai n t re at e d w it h h y dro c h l ori c ac i d in o rde r t o r e m o v e an p orti on o f c h l ori de o f l e ad t h at m ig h t be l e ft an d fr o m y t h e so l u ti on t hu s o bt ai n e d t h e o xy c h l ori de o f bi sm u t h is ag ai n t hro wn dow n with w at e T h e sal t is t h e n filt e re d o ff w ash e d and dri e d an d sm e lt e dwi t h li m e an dc h arc o al or w i t h so da gl ass an d c har c oal in a c ast ir on c ru c ibl e h e at e d in an air fu rn ac e c o k e b e i n g t h e fu e l The c ast iron The p rodu c t s are m e t alli c bi sm u t h and sl ag u ed c ru c ibl e is p ro vi d e d wit h a fo o t an d is 20 i n c h es h ig h in t h e c l e ar it s g reat est di am e t er b e in g 12 i n c he s The c harg e c onsi sts Of 2 8 t o 44 lbs o f bi sm u t h salt 16 p er c en t o f c au sti c li m e an d 6 p e r c e n t o f fi n e ly grou n d c harc oal A s soon as t he c on t e n t s are in a st at e o f t ran q u il fu si on t h e sl ag is l adl e d o ff an d t h e bi sm u t h p o u re d i n t o m ou l ds I t is p u rifi e d by re m e lti n g It t he n c on t ain s 0 3 t o 0 4 Th h c h re m ain i er c en t o f l e ad an d 0 0 2 5 o f silv e r e r esi du e s p w w h e n t h e lit ha g e an d t h e va i o u s p ec ipit at es of bi sm u t hi c o xy c h l i de are t eat e d w i th hy droc hl ori c ac i d are w ash e d w it h w at e r c on t ain ing h y droc h l ori c ac i d dri e d and adde d t o c harg e s c on t ai n i n g l e ad and silv er w h i c h a e b e i n g sm e lt e d fo w o rk l e ad At t he S t A nd e asb e rg W ork s in t h e Upp er H arz lit h arg e c o n t ainin g bi sm u t h is p rodu c e d w hic h is sol d t o F e iberg for t eat m e n t in t he w e t w ay At F an k fort on t h e M ai ne in t h e w ork s o f t he G e rm an G o l d an d S il v e Re fi n e ry bi sm u t h is p re p are d in t he w e t w ay f om bt aine d in silv e re fi ni n g ski m m i n g s c o n t ai n i ng bi sm u t h w h i c h are P oc e sse s for e x t rac ti n g bi sm u t h fro m all o y s in t h e w e t w ay hav e b ee n p ro p se d by M raz e k an d De L u yu e as t o t he p ac t i cal e x e c u ti on o f w hi c h n o t h i n g i k n o w n M ra e k p ro p ose d su lp hu i c ac i d as t he fo bi sm u t h c o n t ai ne d in arge n ti fe o u s l e ad an d bi sm u t h solv e n t Z it / l xviii p 193 ; B g l H l l Z l g 18 76 p 7 9 P ow n
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B orc h e rs m ay be o f i n t e re st The c o nst ru c ti on o f t he app a at u s is sh o w n in Fig s 2 7 5 t o 2 7 7 t h e fi rst sh o w i n g t h e pl an t and t h e e m pty b app arat u s w it h t he c o v er re m o v e d Fi 2 7 e i ng a v e rti c al c ross 6 g t he l e ft hand hal f in v e rti c al l o ngit u se c t i o n whil s t Fig 2 7 7 s h ow di nal se c t i on an d t h e rig h t h an d half o f t h e app arat u s in e l e v ati o n T h e fu si o n is p e for m e d in a v esse l o f c ast i ro n whi c h c on si st s o f t w o h oriz on t al se m i c yli n de rs a an d 7c and a h o ll ow i ron f am e 1) in t he T h e se m i c yli nde r a form s t h e an ode c o m p art sh ap e o f a se m i c i c l e m ent it s l e ft han d e nd is st e e pl y i n c li n e d Th e si de s of t he an ode c om art m e n t are p ro vi de d with a seri e s p st e p lik e p roj e c t i on s T he se m i of c yli n de r 7c form s t h e c ath o de c o m p art m e n t t h e right h and si de o f whi c h is T he h o ll o w i ron fram e al so i n c li n e d an o de r i n g 7) se p a at es t h e Or i ro n W at e r fro m t h e c ath o de dep a t m en t s c i rc u l at e s in it du i n g t h e e l e c t ro ly si s an d c o o l s it s w all s t o su c h an e xt e n t t hat t he y are c oat e d e xt e rnally wit h a l ay e o f so li difi e d alk ali n e c h l ori des w h i c h serv es t o i nsu l at e it T he anode an d c ath o de c om p art m e n t s are t hu s i n su l at ed f om e ach o th er by m eans i n g The wat er e n t ers t he o f t hi s ri n g t hro u gh t h e t u b e e and e sc ap e s x at S h o u l d anyt h i n g happ en t o p re v e n t t he c irc u l ati on an o v erfl o w is p rovi de d at s u n til it c an be pu t right Th e ou t e r c i rc u m fe re n c e o f thi s i ron is p o vi de d wit h h o ll o w pro ring F 7 e c t io n s w hi c h giv e it t h e fo rm o f an j in v e rt e d T in c ross se c ti on T he ho ll o w sp ac e b e tw e e n t h ese tw o se m i c i rc u l ar p roj e c ti on s is fill e d wit h an i n su l ati n g m at e ri al c on T h ese si sti n g o f c l ay fre e f o m c arb onac e o u s m att e r san d an d m arl p roj ec ti ons al so serv e t o carry t he fl an g es f f of t he t w o se m i c yli nders T he t u b e s an d t hu s t o u n it e t h e v a i o u s p o rti o n s o f t h e app arat u s r se rv e t o r e g u l at e t h e l e v e l o f t h e m o lt e n m ass an d t o r e m o v e a n d p By m eans o f t he t he m e t al s aft e th e i se p arati on fro m e ac h o th e r pip e r w hi c h o p e ns i n t o t he b ott om p o ti on o f t h e an ode de p art m en t t he bi sm u t h is t o b e re m o v e d w h il st t h e l e ad is t o fl ow o ff th ro u g h 18 9 5 p 168 h m El t J h b l 1
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t u b e 19 whi c h op ens i nt o t he l ow est p orti on of t he cath ode c om h e t r se s r e a f r o m s o o r f e ee fl whi h t b t t v u s m c m a e m n T h e part e t fi nes h w h i ch su rrou nd thi s v e sse l an d t hu s h eat it r o u h r i s o n e a h e o n a s t o p f ll w A s s w t fl wi g t gh s o i a s o r s The ocess t h e cooli n g ri n g o fi ri ng is c om m e nc e d an d su ffi c i e n t l ead is p o u re d in t he
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throu gh t he pip es 10 and r t o p artly fill t he an ode an dc ath ode de p art A m ixt u re o f alkali ne c hl ori de s in the ati o of th e ir m ol ec u l ar m en t s w e igh t s KC l N aCl is t hen c harg e d As t h i s m ixt u re m e lt s bu t sl owly it m u st only be i n trodu c e d in sm all q u an titi es at a ti m e It is b e tt er h o w e v e r t o fu se t he m ixt u re in a se p arat e pot and t o all ow t he I n or d e r m o lt en m ass t o ru n all at o n c e i n t o t h e de c o m p o si n g p o t r
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3 68
p re v e n t t he i ron o f thi s v e sse l esp e c i ally at t he anodes from b e i n g att ac k e d by t h e fu se d m ass it is n e c essary t o m ak e it b asi c by di sso lvi n g in it l it harg e o r b e tt e r still l ead o xy c hl o ri de T he se l ead s m u st h o w e v e r c o m p ou n d o n ly b e ad de d aft er t he p o t has b e en fill ed with t he fu se d m ass b e c au se oth erwi se l eadw ou l dbe de p osit ed u p on t h e m e t alli c p o ti on o f t h e an p e n e t rat e t hro u gh t h e i n su l ati o n p a nd th u s c au se sh o rt c i rc u iti n g A ft er t h e pot has b e en fill e dwit h t he m o lt e n m ass an d t h e e xt e rnal p orti on s o f t h e c o o li n g r i n g and t he i on in it s i m m edi at e n e ighb ou rh ood h av e b e c om e c o v e re d with a c ru st o f n o n c on d u c ti n g an di rre du c ibl e salt s th e n t h e l e adc o m p o u nds h av e a m ost b e n e fi c i al e ffec t u p o n t h e e l e c t ro ly si s an d it is p re fe rab l e t o re pl ac e t h e p o t assi u m c hl ori de th at is v o l atili se d by l e ad o xy c h l or i de As soon as t h e fi rst C harg e o f l e ad c o m p ou nds has b e e n adde d t he all o y o f l e ad and bi sm u th is i n t ro du c e d i n t o t h e an ode de p art m e n t by m e an s o f a fu nn e l an d a c u rre n t p asse d t hrou gh t he T he m olt e n all o y r u n s do w n o v e r t he st e p lik e m o lt en m ass p roj ec ti ons o f t he si de o f t h e an ode de p art m en t and t he l e ad in it is di sso lv e d an d re de p osit e d in t he c ath ode de p ar t m en t on t h e b o tt o m o f whi c h it c o ll ec t s On t h e o th er h and bi sm u th an d silv e r re m ai n u ndi sso lv e d as l o n g as t he c u rre n t t e n si on does n o t e x c e e d 10 0 am p eres e r sq u are foo t an d c o ll ec t at t h e b o tt o m o f t h e an ode c om p ar t m e n t p T he l ead th u s obt ai n e d is v e ry p u re and is t app e d O ff fro m ti m e t o ti m e t hrou gh t he pip e 10 The c ru d e bi sm u t h c on t ai ns 9 0 t o 95 p er T he u pp e r c en t o f bi sm u t h an d is t app e d o ff fro m t h e pip e r ap ert u re s o f t h e pip es p an d r m u st b e so arr an g e d th at t h e m o lt e n T h e salt s re ac h u t o t h e l in e 0 t h e m o lt en l e ad u t o t h e li n e n p p bi sm u th p rodu c ed c on t ai ns l e ad whi c h c an h ow e v er be re adily I n orde r t o o bt ain a g oo d r e m o v e d by m ean s o f an o xi di si n g fu si on se p arati on it is n ec e ssary th at t h e m o lt e n all o y sh o u l d c on ti nu ally p re sen t fresh su rfac es so t hat it is n e c e ssary for it t o trav e rse the an o d e c o m p art m e n t p re tty q u i c kly C o m pl e t e dec o m p o siti on is t h ere f ore o n ly e ff e c t e d aft er it has p asse d th ro u gh t h e app arat u s se v e ral ti m es S e v e ral of th e se app arat u s m u st t he refore b e e m pl oy e d pl ac e d st e pwi se on e b e l o w t he o th e r or e l se t he all oy m u st be c au sed t o p ass se v eral ti m e s t hrou gh t he sam e app arat u s Wit h a c u rre n t de n sity o f 100 am p ere s p er sq u are fo o t t he t e n si on re qu i re d is sai d t o am o u n t t o 0 5 v o lt A c c ordi ngly ab ou t 10 l bs o f l e ad c an be se p arat e d fro m t h e all o y As al ready p e r h orse p o w e r per hou r st at e d thi s p ro c ess w h i c h is sai d t o w ork with o u t an l oss o f m e t al y h as n ot y e t c o m e i nt o u se to
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xt ac t i on o f t he m e tal s c n t ai n d in t he m I f t he bi sm u t h is e q u i re dfor p harm ac e u ti c al p u rp oses liq u ati o n is n o t al w ay s s u ffi c i e n t an d t h e m e t al m ay e q u i e fu rt he r p u rifi c ati o n by m e lti ng o r by t he w e t m e t ho d T h e p u rifi c at i o n o f bi sm u t h by re m e lti n g in c ru c ibl es wi t h v ari ou s additi ons is m u c h m ore p e rfe c t t han t he p u rifi cati on by liq u at i on bu t e v e n t hi s is n ot su ffi c i e n t in al l ca es I t m u st t he n be The fl u x e s t hat are adde dde p e n d e p e at e d u n til t h e bi sm u t h is p u re A c c o di n g t o Q u esne u p on t h e i m p u i t i e s t hat hav e t o b e e m ov ed vill e a se n i c c an b e re m o v e d by m e ltin g bi sm u t h wit h n it re and T hi s p oc ess the o bj e c t o f w hic h is t o form alkalin e o m m o n salt A cc ordi ng t o W e t her arsen i c arse n it es al so e m o v es i o n an d l e ad m ay b e re m o v e d by fu si ng bi sm u t h with o n e e ig h t h o f it s w e ight o f I n b o t h m e th o ds a c o n si de r so d a an d o n e sixty fo u rt h o f su lp hu abl e l oss o f bi sm u t h is i n c u rre d by t h e fo m ati o n o f bi sm u thi c o xi de A c c o di n g t o T hurac h arse n i c an d m ore p art i c u l arly t he w ho l e o f t he i o n m ay b e e m o v e d by fu si n g bi sm u t h wit h c h l orat e o f p o t ash A c c ordi n g t o w h i c h fro m 2 t o 5 p e r c e n t o f so da h as b e e n adde d t o Mé hu arse n i c m ay b e e m o v e d fro m bi sm u t h by h e ati n g t h e l att e r c o n si de rably ab o v e it s m e lt in g p o i n t wit h e x c ess o f air in a v esse l p re se n ti n g a l arg e su fac e Th e g re at est p art o f t he arsen i c is thu s th at m ay be p re se n t is r e m o v e d as arse n i c ac i d an d an y su lp hu T he resi du e has t o b e re m e l t e d c o n v er t e d i n t o su lph u r di o xi de w it h so da c harc o al an d t a t a or so ap p rodu c i ng an alk al in e m ass w h i c h w h e n fu rt h e r h e at e din t h e air is fre e d fro m t h l ast p orti ons o f arse n i c an d su lp h u r w h i c h c o m bi n e with t h e alk ali I n t hi s p roc ess J oh nson M atth e y any c o pp e r an d l e ad will r e m ai n in t h e bi sm u th h e at bi sm u t h c o n t ain i n g arse n i c in q u an t iti es o f 10 t an d C O 12 t o n s t o a t e m p e rat u re o f 395 C for a c on si de rabl e ti m e in t h e air w h e e by t h e w h o l e o f t h e arse n i c is v o l atili se d w it h o u t l o ss o f bi sm u t h T am m re m o v es a se ni c by dippi ng thi n st ip s Of i ron in t o t he bi sm u t h f u e d b e n eath a l ay e r Of b orax at a b rig h t re d h e at T h e a sen i c is sai d t h e n t o c o m bi n e wit h t h e i ro n and t o b e c om h sm u th as a se n i de o f i ro n t l e bi A sm all e t el r e m o v e d fro m y p p o ti on o f i on is how e v e r re t ai ne d in t he bi sm u t h J ohnson M at t hey an d Co re m ov e an ti m ony by p oli ng t he bi sm u th w h i c h is h e at e d u p t o t he o xi dat i on p o i n t o f an ti m o ny by m e an s o f a pi e c e o f w oo d t h e sc u m p rodu c e d b e i ng re m o v d as l o n g as an y fo rm s u p on t h e su rfac e o f t he b ath o f m e t al Fo e x am pl e 7 c wt s bi t o f t he m o lt e n m e t al w hi c h c o n t ai n e d 9 6 2 e r c e nt h o f s m u p 0 8 pe c e n t o f an t i m o ny 0 4 p e c e n t o f i o n 2 1 p e r c e n t o f l ead M tt h y Ch m i l V w 189 3 pp 63 6 7 e
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whi c h t i m e t he bi sm u t h w as f e e from an ti m o ny The sc u m e c e n t o f anti m o ny as o xi de an d ab o u t 10 c o n t ai ne d 3 0 r c e nt e p p A n ti m ony m ay m ore o v e r (be c o m pl e t e ly re m o v e d by o f bi sm u t h m e lti n g bi sm u t h wit h bi sm u thi c o xi de in c l ay c ru c ibl e s T he q u an tity O f o xi de shou l d be from t o 3 ti m es t hat o f t h e an t i m on y T he bi sm u t hi c o xi de o xi di ses t he anti m o ny t o o xi de t o be e m ov e d b e i n g it se lf e du c e d t o m e t al T he o xi de o f anti m ony m ix e d w ith a sm all p o rti o n o f o xi de o f bi sm u t h ri se s t o t he su rfac e o f t h e b ath B orc he rs re m ov es arse n i c ( aft e r o f m e t al an d is ski m m e d o ff it l e ad has b e e n re m ov ed by m e lti ng with c austi c so da sodi c an d p o tassi c c hl o i des and bi sm u t h o xy c hl ori de ) by m e lti n g t he m e t al wit h c au sti c soda an d n it re care b e i ng t ak e n t o av o id o v e h e ati ng he on ly m e lt s wit h soda an d su lp hu r w h e n a c onsi de rabl e p o p orti on o f an ti m on y is p resen t A c c o di n g t o T am m c opp e r c an Fo r b e re m o v e d by m e lti n g bi sm u th wit h p o t assi c su lp ho c y an at e t hi s p u rp ose 8 p art s of p otassi c cyan i de are m ix e d w ith 3 p art s o f fl ow ers of su lp hu r and t he m ixt u re is t h ow n on t o t he m olt e n m e t al P o t assi c su lp h o c yan at e is fo m e d wi t h an e v o l u ti o n o f h e at so th at t h e c o m p o u nd b u rns in p art t hrow i n g o u t sp a k s t he C o pp e r bi an se p arati n g o u t in t h e fo rm O f su lp hi de sm u t hi c su lphi de th at y m ay b e fo m e d is re du c e d t o m e t al As soon as t h e e ac ti on is o v e r an d t h e m ass is in a st at e o f t an q u il fu si o n t he sl ag is all o w e d t o T og e t her w ith t he so li di fy and t h e still fl u i d bi sm u th is p o u re d o ff e m ov e d c opp e r a p orti o n o f t he l e ad an ti m o n y and arse n i c are C o pp e r is al so sai d t o be re m o v e d by m e l t i n g t he bi sm u th wit h bi sm u t hi c su lp h i de t he l att er b e i ng re duc e d t o m e tal The b e st m e t h od o f re m o vi n g t he Co pp er is sai d t o b e by sti rr i n g so di c su lp hi de i n t o t h e m o lt e n bi sm u t h w h e re by t h e c o pp e r is al so A c c ordi ng t o B orc h ers l ead c an se p a at e d in t he form o f su lp h i de be re m o v e d as soon as t he q u an tity e x c ee ds t he f ac ti on o f a p e r c en t by h e ati n g t h e m e t al with bi sm u t h i c o xy c h l o i de in q u an t ity c o re sp on di n g t o t hat o f t h e l e ad p rese n t in c ast i ro n k e ttl es u n de r a m o lt e n l ay e r o f t h e c hl ori des o f so di u m an d p o t assi u m for a p e i o d As so o n as a sam pl e o f t he m e t al se t s sho wi n g c oarse o f 3 h ou rs foli ati on t he re fi n i ng is fi n i sh e d A ft e r t he so li difi c ati on o f t he m e t al t he sl ag is r e m ov e d by di sso lvi n g in w at er B orc he rs c o nsi ders t he re m o v al o f l e ad by m e lti n g t he m e t al wit h c au st i c soda and as has o ft e n b e en re c om m e n de d t o b e de fec tiv e n it re b ecau se R y l S El t m t l l gi 189 5 p 32 8 P l xlii p 89 it p 32 8 T h Ch m J h b 189 0 9 1 Op
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pl u m b at es are form e d w hi c h b ei ng g oo d o xyg en c arri ers giv e ri se t o l osses o f bi s m u t h I f o n t he o t h e r h an d t h e bi sm u t h is free from l e ad bu t still re tai ns arsen i c and an ti m ony t h ese b odi es are t o be re m o v e d by m e lti n g t h e m e t al w ith c au sti c so d a andn it re A c c ordi ng t o P h illip s t h e P atti n son p ro c e ss is sai d t o se p arat e l e ad fro m bi sm u th with a c onsi de abl e de g re e o f p erfe c ti o n t h e l e ad p assi ng i nto t he c ry stal s A c c ordi ng t o Mé hu su lp hu c an be re m o v e d in g re at p art by he ati ng t he bi sm u th ab ov e its m e lti n g p o i n t wit h e x c e ss o f air w he e by t he form er is o xi di se d t o su lp hu r di o xi de The r e m ai nde r o f t h e su lp h u r m a b e e m o v e d by m e lti n g t h e m e t al y c o n t ai nin g o xi de o f bi sm u t h w ith so d a c h arc o al and t a t ar o r soap A c c ordi ng t o T am m it m ay al so b e e m o v e d by m e ltin g bi sm u th w i t h wr o u g h t i ro n G o l d m ay b e e xt rac t e d f o m m o lt e n bi sm u th by t he a id o f zi nc Th e S ilv e r c an b e re m o v e d in t he sam e w ay bi s m u t h m ay be free d f o m zi nc acc o di n g t o M raz e k by t he aid o f air I f c o pp e r arse n i c an ti m on y and su lp hu r are al l p rese n t in t he bi sm u t h T am m re c om m e n ds t o e m o v e fi rst t he c opp e r th en t he an ti m o ny an d fi n ally a se n i c and su lph u ,
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T hi s m e t hod is de arer t han t he dry w ay bu t yi e ld s on t he o th er hand a p u re r p ro du c t It is o nly e m pl oy e d wh e n a b asi c bi sm u th ni t rat e is re q u i e d fo r m e di c i n al p u rp o se s o r w h en t h e m e t al is t o be p re p are d for u se in t h e l ab o rat o y He rapath s p roc ess has for it s o bj e c t t h e p re p arati o n o f basic bi sm u thi c n it rat e free fro m arse n i c He di sso lv e s bi s m u t h in n it i c ac i d p re c ipit at es t he b asi c nit rat e by dil u t i ng t he sol u ti on wit h w at e r b oil s t h e r esi du e w it h c au sti c p o t ash o r so da t o e m o v e arse n i c o r l e ad w ash es t h e o xi de t hu s o bt ai n e d re di sso lv e s in n it i c ac i d an d ag ai n p re c ipit at e s t he b asi c n it rat e from t h e so l u ti o n by m e ans o f w at e D e sc h am p s p ro du c es p u re bi sm u thi c n i t rat e by di sso lvi n g t he bi sm u t h in n it ri c ac i d an y t in or t in o xi de t h u re m ai n i n g in t h e resi du e t re ati n g t he so l u ti o n with am m o n i a whi c h th ro w s do w n bi sm u t h w h il st c o pp e r an d silv er re m ai n in so l u ti o n b o ili n g t he p rec ipit at e wit h a so l u ti o n o f c au sti c p o tash w h ere by l e ad and a sen i c a e di ssolv e d and di ssolvi ng t he p re c ipit at e in n it ri c ac i d and p re c ipit at i ng t he b asic n it rat e by m e an s o f w at e S c hn e i de r di sso lv e s bi sm u t h in n it i c ac i d h eat e d t o b e tw ee n 7 5 and 90 C w h e e by t h e w h o l e o f t h e a se n i c p ese nt s e p arat es o u t in t h e fo rm o f ar e n i at e o f bi sm u t h wi t h som e b asi c bi sm u t hi c n i t at e ( Whe n c l d n it i c ac i d is e m pl oy e d arsen it e of d 189 1 p 6 14 E l m t f Ill t ll gy L ,
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it e n e ss wit h a slight bl u i sh ti n g e T he l att e r de p e n ds t o a l arg e e xt e n t o n t he and a b rilli an t l u st re t e m p e rat u e at w h i c h it is p o u re d; if t he t e m p e at u e w e re t oo hig h t h e su fac e w o u l d sh o w i i de sc e n t c o l o u rs w h il e if p o u re d at t o o l o w T he adm ixt u re o f sm all a t e m p e at u re t h e su rfac e w o u l d be d u ll q u an t iti es o f fore ig n m e t al s ( l e ad a se n i c an ti m on y i o n bi sm u th ) al so di m i n i sh es t h e l u st e o f t in It c y st alli ses in t he form s o f t he t e t rag onal T in is di m o p ho u s T he te t rag onal form is o bt ai n e dby re du c ti on an d rh o m bi c sy st e m s f o m a so l u ti on o f st ann o u s c hl o ri de o by c o o li n g m o lt e n t in at t he u su al t e m p e rat u e o f t he air Rho m bi c t in is p o du c e d by a v e ry g radu al c oo li ng o f m ol t e n t in at a t e m p erat u e slightly l o w e r t han it s T he st ru c t u e o f t in is di sti n c tly c ry st alli n e ; if t he m e ltin g p o i n t ti n foil b e e t c h e d wit h hydrochl ori c ac i d s u rfac e o f ti n n e d pl at e o w h i c h c o n t ai n s fre e c h l o i n e or with s t an n i c c h l ori de it b e c o m e s e se m bli n g f ost pi c t u re s o n wi n d w s m oi e c o v e e d w ith a p att e n ( A bar o f t in e m i ts w he n b e n t a c h arac t e ri sti c c re aki n g m eta lligu e) cr o f t in t he so c all e d T hi s is du e t o it s c ry st alli n e n o i se y t h e i n divi du al c ry st al s g ri n di n g ag ai nst on e an o th e r on s t ru c t u e b e ndi ng l d 2 0 C ) ac q u i re S o m e ki n ds o f tin w h e n e xp ose d t o se v e e o c o l u m nar st u c t u e At l o w e t e m p e rat u res still a o d lik e 40 t h e ro ds o r c o l u m n s b re ak u p i n t o g e y f i abl e g am s T h e se s m all g ai n s f o m t h e i r c harac t e i s ti c c o l o u r a e k n o w n as t h e y rey m odifi cation o f t in Th e e x ac t c au se O f t hi s m ol ec u l a c h an g e is n o t k n o w n ; u nde t h ese c nditi on s ( and p e su m ably as t he resu lt o f t h e m ) c e rt ai n ki nds o f t in b re ak u p w h il e o t h e rs a e n o t aff ec t e d I f a sm all q u an tity o f t he g e y m difi c ati on be ham m e e d i nt o so m e T I N has
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l att e r in a sh o t ti m e c hang e s i nt t he g re y m odifi c ati on T he S p e c ifi c g ra vity o f c ast t in is 7 2 9 1 o f ro ll e d t in 7 2 9 9 o f e l ec t ri c ally de p osit e d t in fro m 7 1 4 3 t o 7 1 7 8 T hat of t he g e y m odifi c ati on v a i e s ab o u t a m e an o f 7 19 5 ( Ram m e l sb e g ) w h il e t hi s v a i e ty afte r re m e lti ng has a S p e c ifi c gravity o f 7 3 10 Tin is ha de th an l e ad b u t so ft e r t han g o l d It is so e xt e nsibl e a t o di nary t e m p e rat u re s t hat it c an be b e at e n and ro ll e d t o t h i n l eaf ( S hee t t in and ti n fo il ) At hig he r t e m p e at u es its e xt en sibility di m i ni shes u ntil at 2 00 C it is so b rit t l e t hat it b eak s t o pi e c e s wh en ham m e red and c an b e p o w de re d I f t he t e m p e at u e at w hi c h t in is c ast b e e it he r t o o hig h or t o o l o w it will be S ho t i c b ittl e T he additi o n o f 1 pe r c e n t t o 2 p e r c e n t o f c o pp e r o l e ad i n c re ase s t he ha dn e ss and t e nac ity o f t in T in is du c til e b u t p ossesses littl e t e n ac ity ; it is m ost du c til e at a b o u t t he t e m p e rat u e o f 10 0 C ; a w i re 00 8 i n c h in di am e t e r b re ak s u nde r a l oad o f 5 4 lbs T he m e lti n g p o i n t o f t in is giv e n di ffe re n tly by diffe e n t o b se rv e rs P e rson K u p ffe r Ru db e rg C re ight o n an d It b o il s at a w h it e he at (b e tw e e n 1600 an d b u ns wit h a w h i t e fl am e in t he air at thi s t e m p e rat u e fo m i n g st ann i c o xi de I t s li n e ar e xp ansi o n by h e at ac c ordi n g t o Calv e t an d J ohnson b e tw e en 0 and 100 C is 0 0 0 2 7 17 its sp ec ifi c heat b e tw e en 0 an d 100 C ac c o di ng t o Re gnau lt is 0 0 5 6 2 ; its c on du c ti n g p o w e r fo he at is 14 5 t o 15 2 w he n S ilv e r is t ak e n as 1000 w e r fo e l e c t i c ity at Wi F z ti g p m a nn a n n o d e d e r n i c a d t s c o n u ; ( ) 2 1 C is 114 5 ( Mat hiesse n ) or 14 0 1 ( B ec q u e e l ) silv e r b e i n g t ak e n or
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lly c on t am i nat e d by i ron arse n i c an ti m on y l ead t u ng st e n m olyb de nu m an d st ann ou s o xi de T he c o pp er bi sm u th I ron if p resen t in c on si de rabl e e ffec ts o f t h ese i m p u iti es are q uan titi e s m ak es t he t in hard an d b rittl e ; a sen i c an ti m on y an d bi sm u t h if p esen t t o t he e xt en t o f 0 5 p e r c en t re du c e it s t enac ity ; c o pp e r an d l e ad ( 1 er c en t 2 e r c e n t ) m ak e it ha de r an d t o p p i nc ease it s st ren gt h bu t m ak e it l ess m all eabl e ; t u ngst en and m olyb de n u m re n de r it l e ss e asily fu sibl e ; st an n ou s o xi de re du c es it s t en ac ity ; su lp h ur is sai d t o re nder it S h ort T in is
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T HE C HE MI C A L P RO P E RTI E S
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C O MP O U N D S W H I C H ,
I MPO RTAN C E I N I T S EXTRA CTI O N at o rdi nary t e m p e ra t u re s is n o t ac t ed o n by e it h er air or I n air at t e m p e rat u re s ab o v e it s m e lti n g p o i n t it b e c om es Ch m Z it g 1892 pp 16 119 7 ; 1893 pp 17 1386 A RE O F
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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v e re d w it h a g re yi sh w h it e fil m a m ixt u re of st ann i c o xi de and t in w hi c h by c o n ti nu e d h e ati ng is c han g e d i n t o a w hiti sh gre y p o w der of st ann i c o xi de p u tty p ow de r o f c om m e c e T he t h e so c all e d c o m pl e t e c o n v e si o n i n t o st ann i c o xi de is ac c e l e rat e d by rai sin g t he t in t o a re d h e at an d al so by t he p rese nc e o f l e ad T in de c o m p ose s st e am at a e d h e at b ein g o xi diz e d t o st ann i c oxi de Tin disso lv es in hy dro c hl ori c ac i dw i t h lib e rati on o f h ydr o ge n an d form ati on o f a so l u t i on o f st an n o u s c h l ori de ; t h e c on c en t at e d h ot ac i d di sso lv e s it b i skly ; c o l d dil u t e ac i d on t h e o t h e r h an d ac t s v e ry sl o wly t he C o l d dil u t e su lp hu i c ac i d has v e y littl e ac ti o n on t in hot c on c e n t rat e d ac i d ho w e v e fo m s wit h it a so l u ti o n o f st anno u s su lp hat e with e v o l u t i on o f su lp h u r di o xi de o xi d iz e s t in t o Ordi n a y ni t i c ac i d o f sp ec ifi c g avity w hit e hy drat ed m e t ast ann i c ac i d i nsol u bl e in e x c e ss o f n i tri c ac i d; highly dil u t ed n it i c ac i d is re du c e d by t in w i t h t h e fo m at i on o f st an n o u s n it at e an d an am m oni u m salt Th e m ost c on c e n t at e d n it ri c ac i d has n o ac ti o n o n t in Aq u a re gi a di ssolv e s t in fo m i ng st ann i c c hl o i de ; if th ere be e x c e ss o f n it ri c ac i d p ese n t m e t ast ann i c hy d at e is p o du c e d Wa m c onc e n t rat e d so l u ti ons o f e it he r c au sti c p o t ash or soda di sso lv e t in wit h lib e rati on o f hy dro g e n form i n g st ann at e o f p o t ash
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bt ai n e d by t reati n g st anno u s c hl o i de wit h alk ali ne c arb onat e s and b o ili ng t he re su lti n g w hit e hy drat e d tann ou s o xi de wit h w at e r c o n t ai n i n g a v e ry sm all q u an tity o f p o t ash i n su ffi c i e n t t o di sso lv e T hi s o xi de t ak e s t he fo m o f sm all gli st en t h e h y d at e d o xi de ing bl ac k c ry st al w hi c h are n o t al t e re d by e xp o u e t o air at o di na y t e m p e at u re s t h o u gh w h e n h e at e d in t h e ai t h e y t ak e fi re an d b u rn fo rm i n g s t an n i c o xi de T he hy drat e d o xi de p asse s g adu ally in t he p re se n c e o f w at e i n t o hy drat e d stann i c x i de t h h w th t t R i d t t lp h t i f m d S C h m 1 d 18 9 8 p 2 14 J is
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T he m i n e ral tin p y rites o r bel l m etal ore m ay al so b e re fe rre d t o h e re as it c o n t ai n s t in t o t he e xt e n t o f 2 5 t o 28 I t e r c ent c o n si st s p o f an i so m orph o u s m ixt u re O f t h e s u lp h i des o f t in zi nc i ron and ~
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The dry m e t h od is p ri n c ip ally u se d for t h e e xt rac ti on O f t in b u t w e t m e th o ds are u se d in som e c ases t o assi st in t h e se p arati on o f ,
t i i nj uri ou s i m p u ri t i e s D i ffe re n t p op osal s for t he t reat m e nt of tin st o ne by e l e c t ro m e tall u gi c al m e t hods hav e b ee n m ade bu t t he y app e ar t o hav e n o p ro sp ec t o f su c c ess P ro p osal s hav e al so b e e n m ade for th e t e at m e n t o f t in sl ag s in t h i s w ay b u t it do es n o t app e ar t hat t he e has b ee n any p rac ti cal appli c ati on o f t he m so fa We t m e t ho ds as w e ll as e l ec t ri c al m e t ho ds hav e b e e n appli e d t o t he r e co v e ry o f t in f o m r e f u se e sp e c i ally f o m ti nn e d pl at e c u t ti n gs Th e m e t al o bt ai n e d from ti n st o ne is n e a ly alway s c o n t am i nat e d by fore ig n e l em e n t s and t he e fore n e e ds t o be p urifi e d from t he m T hi s p u rifi cati on t he re fi n i n g o f t in is do n e in t he dry w ay ; it c an ho w e v e r b e don e with t he assi st an c e o f w e t m e th o ds We hav e t he re fore t o di sti n gu i sh I Th e e xt rac t i on o f t in in t h e d y w ay su b divi de d i n t o A T he e xt rac ti o n o f t in f om ti nst on e an d from t he i n t er m e di at e p ro du c t s an d d o ss o bt ai n e d du i n g t he p roc e ss B T he re fi n i n g Of tin an d w o ki ng u p o f re fi n e ry dross C T he e xt ac t i on o f t in fro m S ki m m i n g s an d o t he r form s o f c er a n
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A T H E EX TRA C TI O N F RO M TI N S TON E Th e e xt ac ti o n o f t in from ti n st o n e de p n ds u p o n t he e du c ibility xi de by carb on and c arb on i c oxi de at a high t e m p e rat u re o f t in I f t h e t in o re b e The re du c ti on o n ly c o m m e nc e s at a w h it e he at ac c o m p an i e d by ox i des o f o th e r h e avy m e t al s e sp e c i ally fe ri c o xi de as is u su ally t h e c ase wit h l o de ore s t h e se are re du c e d at t he sam e ti m e p art o f t he re du c e d m e t al goi n g t o c on t am i nat e t he t in and p art form i ng fu rnac e sons an d bears F u rt her t he re du c e d i ron .
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il t hey a e b ri tt l e an d by t he o xi dat i on w h i c h t ak es pl ac e du i n g t h e oast i n g su lp hu r an ti m on y an d arse n i c o m p o u n ds in t h e o e are driv e n o ff f o m t h e i T h e i nso l u bility o f t in ore in ac i ds p e m i t s t h e re m o v al o f bi sm u t h and c o pp e r fro m t h e I n m any c ase s t h e t in ore c o nt ai n s o ast e d o re by m e an s o f ac i ds t ungst e n c om p ou nds u ch as w o l f am (Fe Mn)WO sc h e e lit e GawO Wh e n su c h o e is fu se d w it h alk ali n e fl u x e s e y or t u n g stit e VVO so d a o r so di c su lp hat e at fi st t u n g t at e an d aft e rw ards st ann at e By e m pl oyi ng a su itabl e q u an ti t y o f fl u x e s o f t h e alk ali a e form e d t he t u n g st en c an b e re m o v e d w hil e o n ly a t rac e o f t in is l o st as Thi s m e t hod for t he re m o v al o f t ung st e n from t in o es w as st ann at e t ri e d bu t has b e e n ab andon e d The c au se s o f it s ab andonm e n t are sai d t o b e t h e h ig h c ost o f t h e p ro c ess it se l f t h e rest ri c t ed m a k e t for alk ali n e t u ng st at es an d t he l oss o f t in by t h e form ati on o f so di u m st ann at e an d al so t h e di sapp e aran c e o f t u n g st e n fro m t h e A s t u ng st e n c o m p ou n ds o n ac c ou n t o f t h e i r h ig h o re in C o n w all c an n o t b e se p arat e d fro m t in o re by dre ssi n g t he sp ec ifi c g ravi t y se p a at i o n is e ffe c t e d i n m an y pl ac es by h and pi c ki n g an d c a e fu l sorti n g Wit h st re am t in a m e c han i c al d essi ng su fli c e s in m o st c ase s t o p rodu c e a p u e t in ore w ith l ode ores h o w e v e r roasti ng andin m any m u st b e u se d t o assi st t h e m e c han i c al c ase s so l u t i on p ro c esse s I f t he l o de o re c o n t ai ns m u c h q u a tz or g an g u e c al c i n i n g c l e an i n g t o re n de r it b ri t tl e an d t h e re fore b e tt e r fitt e d for c ru sh in g is fou nd u se fu l b e fo e t h e dressin g ( A l ten berg tin z w itter) By t h e m e c h an i c al dre ssi n g t o w hi c h t he ore is su bj ec t e d e i t he r wit h or wit hou t p re vi ou s c al c i nati on t h e gang u e e arths q uartz and t h e m ost p art e m o v e d whil e t h e o xi de s o f t h e h e avy m e t al s a e fo es an d t u n g st e n c om p o u n ds n e arly all re m ai n with su lp h i de s arse nid c in e
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lp hat e so th at t he l att er m ay be e xt rac t ed f o m t h e roast ed c ha g e by lixivi ati on AS t he resu lt o f t h e roasti n g t he re is o bt ain eda m ixt u re c o n t ain i ng t in ore o xi de s o f i ron c opp e an d bi sm u t h su lp hat e s o f c o pp e r an d i ron a littl e t in su lph at e fe ri c arse n i at e w ol fram c om p ou nd s and sm all q u an titi es o f u n alt e re d su lp h i de s an d arse nide s Fe rri c arse n i at e is m ode at e ly st abl e at h ig h t e m p erat u re s ; i o rd e t o dec o m p ose it it is w e ll t o m ix p o w de re d c o al or o gan i c aw du st o r pi n e n e e dl es with t h e c ha g e su b st an c es s u c h as The i ron is t h e e by c on v e t ed in t o fe rri c o xi de whil e t he arse n i c ac id is by m eans o f t he c arb on c on v ert ed i nt o arsen i ou s ac i d an d su b oxid e o f a se n i c c arb on di o xi de b e i n g p o du c e d Re v e rb erat ory fu rn ac es for roastin g are o f t w o kinds a th ose in wh i c h t he ro ast in g C ham b e r is fix e d an d b t h ose in w h i c h t he w h o l e o p ar t o f it is m o v abl e a e u se d in pl ac es w h e re t he l ab ou r is T he l att e of c os t h igh o w h e e t h e ore s c on t ai n l arg e q u an t iti es o f su lph u and arse n i c an d w h e re t h e re is a l a g e q u an tity o f o re t o be h an dl e d T hi s is for e x am pl e t he c ase in Co n wall w h e e fu nac es of t he form er ki nd hav e b ee n al m ost e n ti e ly r epl ac e d by th ose o f t h e l att e r M ost rec en tly fu rnac es w ith p artly m ov abl e roast in g C h am b e rs ( the B ru nt on c al c i n er) hav e gi v en pl ac e t o t he m ore e ffectiv e and c ap ac i o u s O xl an d furn ac e in whi c h t h e wh o l e c ham b e r m o v e s
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T hese p ossess e i t h e e llipti cal re c t ang u l a o r sq u are b eds with only The l en gt h o f t h e o n e w o ki n g do o r in t h e sh o rt si de Opp osit e t h e fi re h e a t h v ari e s fro m 7 fe e t 3 i n c he s t o 15 fe e t ; t he widt h ( in e llipti c al b eds t he w i dt h o f th e w i de st p art ) is from 5 t o 11 fee t ; t he he i gh t Th e c ha g e v ari es w it h o f t he roo f ab o v e t h e b e d is fro m I t o 2 fe e t t h e siz e o f t he furnac e f o m 5 t on t o 1 t on T h e a an g e m e n t o f t h e furnac e u se din S ax on y is shown in Fig s r
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q u i re from 6 t o 8 h o u s whil st t hose m ay re q u i re as m u c h as 2 4 h o u rs At T o st edt On e o t w o w ork m e n a e re q u i re d fo r e ac h f u rna c e ( Liinebu g H eat h ) fu rnac e s w i th t w o w orki n g do ors in t h e l on g e r I n 24 si d The c ha g e c o n t ai ns f om 16 c w t t o 1 t on e are u se d ho u s fro m 16 c w t t o 2 t o n s o f ore are roast e d ac c ordi n g t o t he am o u n t o f su lph u r p ese n t t h e c o n su m pti o n o f c oal is 16 c w t and o n e m an o n e ac h sh i ft is re q u i re d for t w o f u rn ac e s At P a in C o rn w all fu rn ac es w i t h e llipti c al he art hs a e u se d ; t h e b e ds a e 7 fee t 3 i n c h es l on g 5 fe e t wi de an d t he h e ig h t f om Th e be d t o o o f in t he m i ddl e o f t h e b e d is 1 fo o t 4 5 i n c h es fl u e s for c on de n si n g t he arse n i ou s ac i d m ore t han 3 0 0 fee t l ong are 6 fee t 6 i n c h es h ig h and 8 fe e t 2 i n c h es wide an d hav e c ross w al l s p j e c ti ng al t ern at e ly f om e ac h si de ; at t he en d of t he flu e is a hig h c h i m n e y Th e C harg e c on si st s o f 10 t o 12 c w t s an d re m ai n s in t he fu rn ac e 10 t o 13 h ou rs at a g e n tl e re d h e at b e i n g rabbl e d at i n t e rval s o f 20 t o 30 m i nu t es The c oal c on su m pti on v a i es fr om 2 to cw ts Ore s c on t ai n i n g e x c essiv e q uan titi es o f arse n i c a e w ash e d an d su bj e c t e d t o a sec on d roasti n g fo 8 or 10 h ou rs At T e l e ighw o od in C orn w all t h e fu rn ac e b e d is 10 fe e t sq u are an d t h e fi re pl ac e 2 fe e t 6 i n c h e s sq u are On e t o n o f o r e t h e re re q u i e s 3 c w t s o f c o al w
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A m on g fu rn ac e s o f t hi s ki n d m u st be m e n ti on e d t he B u n t on c al c i n e r w h i c h is u se d in C o nw all ; t he c on st u c ti on o f it is S h o w n in Figs 2 8 0 and 2 8 1 in w h i c h a is t h e re v o lvi n g be d c a i e d by a v e ti c al sh aft It c onsi st s O f an i ron fram e t he u pp e r surfac e o f w h i c h fo m s an i ron t abl e fit t e d wit h c onc e nt ri c ri dg e s ; b e tw ee n t he se ri dg e s a e c o u rse s o f fi re b ri c k T h e b e d has t he S hap e o f a flat c on e t h e S i de s o f w hi c h p o sse ss an i nc li nati o n o f gi nc h t o t he fo o t T he di am e t e r v ari e s b e t w e e n 8 and 14 fe e t I n t h e fu rnac e fig u e d in t he t e xt it is 12 fe e t The v e t i c al shaft o n w h i h a l a g e t o o t he d w h e e l is k e y e d is d iv e n by m e an o f t he w at e r w hee l A t hro u g h t he c og w he e l s k an d b v e l g ea i ng i T he be d m ak e s 11; r v ol u ti ons in an ho u r T he e is t he h o pp e r t hro u gh whi c h t he o f is 11 i nc he s ab v e t h e b e d P h illip 11 t ll gy p 5 13 L d 189 1 r
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tabl e and the in c li nati on of t he p ron g s of the rak es t he ore gradu ally w ork e d from the c en t e t o t he edg e o f t he t abl e and l ande d fi nally at t he di sc h arge op en i n g by t he m o v abl e shoot 9 H ere it is acc ordi ng t o t he p ositi on of t he shoot w hi c h is w o k ed by the h andl e l di sc h arged alt ernat e ly i nt o on e of t he t w o c ham b ers ,
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t hi s ki nd Of fu rn ac e t hat o f Oxl an d an d H oc kin g m ay be It is u se d in C ornw all and has p ro v ed it se l f t ak e n as a typ e oasti n g ore s ri c h in su lp h u r an d arse n i c s p e c i ally s u it e d fo T he arran g e m e n t ado pt e d in En gli sh t in w ork s is sho wn in Fig s 28 2 and 2 8 3 B is t he re v o lvi n g c yli nder f om 3 0 t o 4 0 fee t l o n g and from 4 t o 6 fe e t in di am e t e ; it is b u ilt o f b o il e pl at e li n e d wit h fi e b ri c k As t h e o e t rav e l s forw a d by t h e t u rn in g o f t h e c yli n de it m ee t s fou r p roj e c ti ng l o n git u di nal ri dg es O f fi ebric k ( se e V ol I Th e i nc li n ati o n o f t he c ylin der Fig 6 4 ) b e t w e en w h i c h it li e s de p e nds o n t h e n at u e o f t h e ore t o b e ro ast e d; wit h easily roast e d th an w it h th os e t hat re q u i e m o e t i m e The o e s it is g re at e is p o vi de d w it h 3 b e a i n g r i n g s w h i c h work on fri c t i on c yli n de M o ti on is c om m u n i c at e d t o t he c ylinder by t he ac ti on ro ll e rs 0 o f t h e b e v e l wh e e l Z o n t h e t o th e d w h e e l D w hi c h is b o lt e d t o t h e sh e ll Th e air w h i c h is n e c e ssa y fo o xi dati on e n t e rs t h e c yli n de r w arm e dby it s p assag e t hro u gh t h e fl u e i in t h e r oo f A o f t h e fi re pl ac e T h e ore is fe d i n t o t he u pp e r e n d o f t he c yli nder t h o u gh t h e h opp er T he l o n git u di nal ri dg es by t he h fi t t e d w it h an au t om ati c fe e der ro p t h e ore w h en r e v o l u ti on o f t h e c yli nde r alt e n at e ly rai se an d d T hu s t he ore is b ro u gh t i nt o re p eat e d it r e ac h es it s an gl e o f re p o se H avi n g arr iv e d c o n t ac t wit h t he h o t g ase s an d air in t h e c yli n de e n d o f t h e c yli nde r t h e o re fall s t hro u gh t h e o p e ni n g e at t h e l o w e i nt o t he a c h d c ham b e r F f om w hi c h it is re m o v e d t hrou gh t he The c yli nde r m ak e s fro m 3 t o 8 r e v o l u ti ons pe r m i nu t e do o f ac c ordi n g t o t h e n at u re o f t h e o re T h e ho t gases and v ap ou rs p ass from t he u pp e r e nd o f t h e c yli nde r i n t o t h e sy st e m o f c o nde ns i ng c ham b e s h l n o p in w h i c h t he arse n i o u ac i d is de p o sit e d and t h e n c e t o t he c hi m n e y T he de p osit I s re m o v e d t hro u gh t he o p e ni ng s whi ch are b u ilt Of
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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xp e nsiv e and t he re is so m e l oss o f t in c on se q u e n t on t he form ati on o f st ann at e s ; and fu r t h e r t he m ark e t for t u n g s t e n c o m p o u n ds is li m it e d an d th e i r p ri c e is l ow G l au b e salt or su lp hat e o f soda b e i n g c h e ap e t han soda ash is u se d in pl ac e o f it c oal b e i n g adde d t o de c o m p ose t h e su lp h u i c ac i d T he fu rn ac e is fi st w o k e d w it h a re du c i n g fl am e w h i c h w it h t he c oal p re se n t in t he c h arg e u c e s t h e su lph u i c ac i d o f t he gl au b e r ed sal t t o su lp h u ro u s ac i d whi c h e sc ap es ; t h e fu rn ac e is t he n w o k e d w i t h an o xi dizi n g fl am e by w h i c h t h e w o l fram is c o n v e r t e d i n t o s o di u m t u n g st at e an d o xi des o f i ro n an d m an g an e se The c ha g e is 9 c wt s and 4 c ha g e s are w ork e d in 2 4 hou rs T he m ass is lixivi at e d w h il e still ho t in t ank s fill e d w it h w at e r B oth sol u ti on and re si du e are t re at e d in t he sam e w ay as in t he soda ash m e t h o d T hi s p roc e s w h i ch de m ands gre at c are h as on t he a b o v e m e n ti on e d g ro u nds al so b ee n giv e n u p A m e th od has b e en p rop osed by Mi che ll for t reati n g ore s w hi c h e
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E U CTI ON O F T I N O RE Th e re du c ti o n o f t in o e is e ff e c t e d by sm e lti n g it with c arb on I n t hi s p ro c ess n ly j u st e n o u g h sl ag m u st be form e d t o p ro t ec t t h e re du c e d t in fro m o xi dati o n by t h e air u n l e ss additi on s are e q u ire d t o k e e p t h e c harg e Op e n o r u n l ess c o ns i derabl e q u an titi e s Th e re aso n for t hi s is t hat t in o f i m p u riti e s hav e t o b e re m o v e d o xi d e has t h e p o w er t o ac t e i t h e r as a b a e or as an ac i d and c o n Th e t in o xi de w h i c h se q u e n tly is v e ry e asily c ar i e d i n t o t h e sl ag is a i e d i n t o t he S l ag c an b e re du c e d t o m e t al by e m pl o yi n g a u ffi c i e n t ly h ig h t e m p e rat u re ; b u t t h e l att e r is alw ay s c o n t am i nat d by t he r m e t al s redu c e d at t h e sam e ti m e fr m t he i o xi de s in t h e l ag Thi s i e sp e c i ally t he c ase w ith i ron (and o pp e r if it be p re se n t ) Fu rt he r sh o t s o f t in or p ril l al way b e c m e e n tangl e d in t h e sl ag T he fi s t p i nc ipl e o f t h e re du c ti on o f t in ore t he re fore is t o k e e p t he qu an ti ty o f S l ag as sm all as p rac ti cabl e T hi s re nders it 2
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i n c li n ed fl u e The k e ttl e for rec e ivi n g t he m e t al w h e n t he furnac e The w e ig h t o f t he c h arg e o f ore for is t app e d is lin e d w it h fi re c l ay t h i s p att e n o f furn ac e v a i es ac cordi n g t o it s S I z e an d t he r i c h n e ss f t he ore b e tw ee n 15 c w t an d 4 t on s Th e o e b e fore it is c h arg e d i n t o t he fu rnac e is m ix e d with one .
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g en e ral o u tli n e t he p roc e ss is a de v e l op m en t o f t he A u st rali an b e en e m pl oy e d t o w ork ou t a on e ; A u st rali an sm e lt ers havi n g m e t ho d w hi c h w as adapt e d t o t he c o nditi on s p re v aili n g in t he S t rait s S e ttl e m e n t s The f urn ac e e m pl o y e d is l arg er t han t hose u su ally fo u nd in t in w ork s t he c harg e o f o e is 4 t on s and the siz e o f be d 16 fee t x 9 fe e t C harg e s o f 6 t on s h av e b e e n w o k e d bu t thi s w as o n ly p ossi a gas re g e n e rativ e fu rnac e in w hi c h t h e w o rki n g w as n o t sati sfac t o ry An i m p ort an t an d n o v e l fe at u re o f t h e S t rait s fu n ac e is t he w at e r vau lt I n o dinary furn ac e s t he l e akag e o f t in t h ou g h t he b e d i nt o t h e v au lt is c on si derabl e e v en w h e n t h e u t m o st c are is t ak en t o sec u e a tigh t job and t he m e lt e d m e t al has c on st an tly to be l adl e d o u t o f t h e v au lt S o m e ho w e v e r al w ay s p e n e t rat es i n t o t h e fou n dati on s b e l o w t h e fl o or o f t h e v au lt and i n t o t he g ro u n d still furt he r do wn ; it t rav e l s o n w a d and do w n w ard u n de r t he fl u i d p essure w h i c h is c on si de rabl e as l on g as t he g ou n d has T he b i c k a t e m p e at u e ab o v e t he m e lti n g p o i n t o f t in 2 60 C In
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M E T A LLU RG Y
400
i c h it is b u ilt r m o re for se v e al fee t a e c o n s t an tly at a t e m p e rat u re o f 2 60 C f o m t h e fu rnac e w al l s and ho t t in c an o n ly hav e t h e e ffe c t o f still f u t h e r rai si ng t h e t e m p erat u e O f t h e g o u n d i n t o w hi c h it p e rc o l at e s f t in w h i c h ac c u m u l a t e in an d u n de r a furn ac e The am o u n t w h i h has b e e n w o ki n g for s om e ti m e is v e y g e at and as it c an o nly b e re c o v e e d w h e n t h e f u n ac e is de m li she d t h e c h arg e for i nt e re st is h e avy c o m pl e t e ly o bvi at e s t h ese difli c u l t ie s The w at e v au lt f urnac e T he v au lt is de e p e r t han in t h e o di n a y fu rnac e an d c o nsi st s o f a t e tig h t t an k e xt e n di n g u nde r t h e w h o l e a e a o f t he b e d and It is fill e d wit h fi re b ri dg e so t hat all l e ak ag e shall d o p i n t o it w at e t o a de pt h o f at l e ast 6 fe e t and t h e re su lt is t hat t in dro p pi ng s a e at onc e c ool e d an d e t ai n e d in t he v au lt At t he e nd O f a w e e k or fort n ig h t t h e w at e r is p u m p e d o u t an d t h e g an u l at e d t in I f c are b e t ak e n t o m ai n t ai n a s u ffi c i e n t de pt h o f w at er re c o v ere d in t h e v au lt n o e xpl osi o n c an o c c u r as any re d h ot c ha g e falli n g i nt o t h e w at e r is q u en c he d Dan g er e xi st s w h en t he e is i n su ffi c i e n t w at er ; in t h i s c ase w h e n a e d ho t c h a g e fall s i n t o t h e v au lt i n st e ad y o f wat e it c on v ert s o f m e re ly rai si n g t h e t e m p e rat u r e o f a l arg e b o d t h e sm all e r q uan tity i n t o st e am with e xpl o si o n ; 8 fee t o f w at er has b een fou nd su ffi c i e n t in p rac ti c e T h e v ar i ati o ns in p ac ti c e in t h e S t rait s S e ttl e m en t s are su c h t hat t he S l ag from sm e lti n g ore s m oderat e ly ri c h in tin w h il e t h e T h e ore sl ag is sm e lt e d wit h c u l m an d su ffic i e n t m e t al is v e ry p u e i on t o di spl ac e al l t he t in from t he S ili cat e o f t in gl ass sl ag ) Th e r esu lt is a c l e an and p oor sl ag fo m e d in t he fi rst p roc e ss w h i c h c an be t hro w n aw ay an d a m e t al c o n t ai nin g c on si de rabl e q u an titi e s of iron T he l att er is re m o v e d by liq u at i o n an d re fi n in g an d is u se d for dec o m p o si n g fresh c harg e s o f S l ag S ili c at e o f t in ) (
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xt ac ti on o f tin in t hese fu nac es is p rac ti sed in S ax ony B he m i a B o livi a ; Billit on B anca and t he M al ay P e n i n su l a and t h e p a t s o f t h e Far East S haft fu nac es m u st b e l o w b ec au se o t he rwi se fo e ign o xi de s w o u l d b e re du c e d and t h e i m e t al s w ou l d all o y w it h t h e t in ; sow s w o u l d al so b e form e d in t h e fu n ac e T he y are t he e fore n ot b u ilt m ore t han 10 fe e t in h e ig h t AS t he re du c ti on o f t he o re de m an ds a hig h t e m p e at u re t h e shaft is c o n t rac t e d at t h e z o n e o f fu si on M K il l p d E lli l it L i Th hl i l I d t y l v 1896 S Th e
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4 02
t rap e z o id al in h oriz on tal sec ti on The bl ast e nt ers th rou gh t w o t u y eres in t he bac k w all of t he furnac e T he fu se d p ro du c t s p ass th ro u gh t he O p e n eye o f t he fu rn ac e i nt o t he vor tiegel w holl o w e d ou t of a sl ab o f brasq u e w h i c h form s t he fore h earth o f t he fu rnac e H ere t he t in and S l ag se p arat e from e ac h o th e r ; t he sl ag is all o w e d t o flo w o v e r t h e sl ag no t c h an d o v er an i ron pl at e u c onn ec t ed wit h it i n t o t he t an k g The l att e r is fill e d with w at er and by m eans o f su pply and disc h arg e pip e s c an be k e pt at a fix e d t em p erat u re T he S l ag whi c h c on tai ns t in m ec h anically e n c l ose d is c hill ed in t h e w at e r and is th e re by b ro u ght i n t o a do w n w ards is
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itabl e stat e for su bse q u e n t c rushi ng The t in is t app e d t hrou g h t h e t aph l e x f o m t he vor tiegel i nt o t he t appi ng p o t ( stechher d) s ; i ron t he t ap ho l e is 3 5 i n c he s w i de and p asse s t h ro u g h t he pl at e x w hi c h is 4 5 i nc h es thi c k The stechherd is m ade o f e ith e r g ran it e with a li n i ng of c l ay and is 1 fo ot 7 i nc hes in c ast i o n o di am e t e and 1 fe e t 4 i nc hes de e p B e y ond t he fu rnac e is a sy st e m o f du st c ham b ers n o t sh o wn in t he fig u re T he c o nst u c ti o n o f a fu rnac e at G rau p e n in B o h e m i a is show n in Fig 2 9 1 2 9 2 an d 2 9 3 O ne t u y e re o n ly i u se d an d t he sh aft is 8 fee t 10 5 i nc h e hig h su
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t rap e z o idal in horiz ontal sec ti on The sec ti onal area o f t he c avity is di m i n i sh e d from ab o v e d o w n w ards by t he con v e rg e nc e o f t he S id e wall s T he l e n gt hs o f t he p arall e l w all s at t he m o u th are t he fron t 1 fo o t 6 i nc h es and t he b ac k 1 foo t 8 i n c hes at t he t u y e re l e v e l t he l engt hs are t he front 10 i nc he s t he bac k 13 5 i nc he s The i nc li n e d so l e bl oc k is form ed o f a fine grai n ed sandst one ; fo m e rly p orphyry w as u sed for thi s p u rp ose The i nn e r li ni n g is b u ilt of a fi re re si sti n g st on e I n B an c a th ree t u y ere fu rnac es are u se d ( V l andee re n s furn ac e ) Th ey are w ork edon the sp ur p ri nc ipl e and are sq u are in sec ti on i nt e r n ally Th e y are 9 fe e t 2 i nc he s in h e igh t and t he bl ast is su ppli ed by a fan : t he c onst ru c ti on o f on e is sh ow n in Figs 2 94 and A is t he sh aft B t he o p en eye ( t aph ol e ) of t he fu rnac e C is t he sp it r tiegel ( c avity in whi c h t h e ru nn i n g s c o ll e c t ) E E are t h e t u y e re s T hese fu rnac es h av e re pl ac e d t he o ld er C hi ne se D is t he fan T he sm e lt e d t in is l adl e d ou t o f t he furnace with adv an t ag e sp urtiegel i n t o i ron m o u l ds an d se n t t o m ark e t t h e h ar d t in Fe S n [ g] w hi c h re m ai ns b e h i n d ( in t he sp il r tiegel ) b e in g fi rst liq u at e d Th e y h av e I II t he M al ay P e n i n su l a sh aft fu rn ac e s are al so u se d ho w e v e r v e y l arg e ly g one o u t o f u se at t he p re se n t ti m e esp e c i ally as re g ards t he o l der C hi n ese furnac e b u ilt o f w ooden stakes and c l ay The dre sse d ore s are n ow in p art sm e lt e d in re v erb erat or y w ooden f urnac es T he ol de r C h i n ese fu rn ac e w as b u ilt as fo ll o w s st ak es 8 fe e t l o n g w e re fix e din t he g ro un d c l ose t o g e th e r so as t o form an I n v e rt e d t ru n c at e dc on e 6 fe e t 6 i n c h e s h i gh with a di am e t e r at t he Th ey w ere th en t op o f 5 fee t an d at t he b o tt o m o f 3 fe e t 4 i n c h es b ound t og e th e r with flat ban ds o f ratt an and t he wh ol e of t he i n t eri or o f t h e c o n e fill e d with c l ay w e ll ram m e d t o g e th e r ; in t h i s t he fu rn ac e T hi s cavity w as 5 fee t de e p c avity p ro p er w as t h e n h o ll o w e d ou t and had a di am e t e r at th e t op o f 1 foo t 6 i n c h e s and at t he b o tt o m T he op en i ng by whi c h t he bl ast w as adm itt e d w as o f 10 in c h es pl ac e d 3 5 i nches ab o ve the l ow est p oin t of t he c avity The p ri m itiv e bl ow er w as m ade ou t o f a ho ll o w ed t ree t ru nk wit h 2 air e xit s and 3 s n w a l k v lv n d a pi t o whi c h a s m o v e d b c kw a r d w d c ac s an d for ar s a es a by a c ooli e T he sh aft fu rnac es in t he l arg e r w o rk s in th e st at e o f P erak in t he M al ay P eni nsu l a are b u ilt of b ri c k with an ou t er w all o f rou gh m asonry and are w ork ed on t he sp ur p ri n c ipl e with op e n eye Th e y and
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M E T A LLU RG Y
404
T h e c avi t y is o r o h e o f t e e f t i h high th l v l fl m e r o f n s c e e e 6 are 6 1 f f oo t o h e o r a t t e m a e i i l ti a d i t t a s n d h a o n sec c r oss c rc u ar in se m p 6 i nc h es whi c h di m i ni sh e s t o 6 i n ch es at t h e ye .
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M ETA L LU RG Y
4 06
A basi c i ron sl ag c oul d n ot be u sed for thi s p urp ose b e cau se Of t he sl aggi ng o f t in and re du c ti on o f i ron and c onse q u e n t form ati o n o f sows or bears whi c h w o u l dresu lt Th e fore ign c o n stit u e nt s o f t he ore p ass c hi e fly i n t o t he sl ag bu t p art o f t h e m e t al s u c e d fro m th e m re d e sp ec i ally i ro n and c o pp e r all o y wit h t h e t in I f t he o res c o n t ai n w o l f am p art o f t u n g st e n is fo u nd in t h e sl ag and p art in t he t in I n thi s c ase t he sl ag will b e l ess fu sibl e T in and sl ag t o g e th er r u n from t he fu rnac e i n t o t he fore h e arth and arran g e th e m se lv e s ac c o rdi n g t o th e i r de nsiti e s ; if t he t in c on t ai n i ron a diffic u l t ly fusibl e all o y o f t in and i ron t he so call ed har dhead fre q u e n tly se p arat e s o u t in t h e fore hearth The sl ag is e ith er lift e d o ff t he t in or all o w e d t o ru n o v e r th e sl ag n o t c h ( g e n er a lly i n to a t an k c o n t ai n i n g w at er) T he t in is u su ally t app e d from t he fore h ea r th i n t o a t appi ng pl t a c e d in fro n t o f it o p The am o u n t o f sl ag adde d t o t h e ore m ay be as m u c h as 5 0 pe r c e n t ; t he t o t al q u an tity w o rk e d de p e nds o n th e siz e o f t h e fu rnac e a nd am o u n t s t o u pw ards o f 3 t on s in 12 h o u rs 3 2 c wt s o f ore c o n t ai n ing from 5 0 t o 6 0 per c e n t o f t in will re q u i re n early 7 6 c u bi c On e o r t w o l ab ou rers are r e q u i re d for e ac h y ards o f w oo d c h arc oal furnac e T he l oss o f t in is 15 per c en t o f whi c h from 8 t o 9 per c e n t is c arri e d aw ay by v o l atili sati o n The p ro d u c t s are c ru d e t in s l ag and t he so c all e d h ardh e ad The c ru de t in fro m t h e bl ast fu rnac e is n ot y e t p u re and m u st be re fi n ed I t s c o m p os iti on ac c ordi n g t o an analy si s by v on Lill o f a sam pl e from t h e S c hl agg e n w al d in B o h e m i a is and as
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l g s are sili cat es o f the m e t alli c o xi des c on t ai ned in the ore p arti c u l arly ferrou s m anganou s and al u m i nou s o xides wit h sm all q u an titi es o f sili cat es o f li m e and m ag n e si a Th e y al so c ontai n t in o xi de p artly c o m bin e d with b ases p artly with sili c a and p a tly as Wh e n w olfram u n de c o m p ose d o xi de m e c h an i c ally h e ld by t he sl ag is p rese n t in t h e o re t he sl ag s will c o n t ai n al so t u n g st at e s o f i ro n T he y are ac cordi ng t o t he p rop o rti on of S ili c a and m an g an e se w h i c h th e y con t ai n a c o m pli c at e d m ixt u re o f m ono and bi sili c at e s T he
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bj ec t e d t o re p eat edsm e l t i n gs with c h arcoal in shaft furnac es in orde r t o e xt rac t t he t in it c ont ains The fi rst ti m e t hi s is don e ( t he so c al l ed sehl a clcenver andern) it p ro du c es S l ag t in sc h l a c l cenz in n a rg e l g whi h t i h a n i c a lly a l a n d a c c n n s m e c s a o a ( ) an tity o f m e t alli c t in d u a a n a n d e s T h i s l g i s m lt e d g i yi l s a s e q schl aclcenz inn anda se con d sl ag whi c h still re t ains m e t al m ec h an i ca lly T he se l att er sl ag s as w e ll as sl ags ri c h in t in from t he p rec e ding p roc e sses are su bj ec te d t o a p roce ss o f d ressing in order t o ge t a p rod u c t ri c h in tin w h i c h c an be adde d t o sl ag or ore c harges ; at t he s am e ti m e t h e r e fu ses o bt ai n e d in sm e lti n g an d re fi n i n g su c h as liq u ati on dross h ardh ead ski m m i ngs fu rnace dross an d flu e du st are w o rk e d u p T he sm e lti n g o f sl ag s is do n e e ith er in ore fu rnace s foll o wi n g im m e di at e ly u p o n t he ore sm e lti n g o r in sp e c i al sh aft fu rnac es o f s m all h e ig h t t o p re v e n t t he re d u c ti o n o f fe rro u s o x i de It freq u ently h app e ns in sm e lti ng ore s c on tai n in g i ron and m ore so in sm e l t i n g sl ag s t hat t in i ron all oy s hardh ead) are fo rm e d whi c h ( de p osit in t he fore h e art h Th ese all oy s w hi c h hav e a gre y or whit e c ol ou r and a c ry st alli n e st ru c t u re an d a e v e ry b rit t l e are form e d in c on se q u en c e o f t h e p ro p e rty o f t in o f u niti n g in al l p ro p orti ons w it h ir on t o form a seri es o f all oy s o f v e ry si m il ar p ro p erti e s All oy s o f thi s ki nd p ossessi ng t he form u l a Fe S n ( B ert hi er) Fe S n ( De vill e and C aro n ) and Fe S n ( N Oll n er) h av e b e e n i so l at e d The
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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Alt enb erg and Z i nnw al d in S ax o ny c all e d z innz w itter is c o n c e n t rat ed by dressi ng an d ro asti ng f o m 5 p e r c e n t u p t o 5 0 o r 60 p e r c e n t o f tin an d is sm e lt e d wit h w ood c harc oal in t he ab ov e de sc rib ed fu rnac e with t he additi on o f fro m 2 5 t o 50 p er c e n t o f sl ag fro m a p re vi o u s si m il ar p roc e ss 6 or 7 p e r c en t o f d re sse d fu rnac e dross an d v ari abl e q u an titi es o f w ash e d drosse s and h ardh e ad T he furnac e is w o rk e d with o u t a n ose on t he t u y e re T in and sl ag c o ll ec t in t he fore h e art h w h enc e t he S l ag is all o w e d t o fl o w i n t o a t an k c on t ai n i n g w at er whil e t he t in is t app e d at i n t e rval s o f 8 t o 12 h ou rs i n t o the t apping pot ; if t he t in re m ai ns l on g e r in t he fore he art h ha dh e ad se p arat es ou t th ere Wh e n t he fu rnac e is w orki ng p rop erly t he t in whi c h ru ns from t he fu rnac e S h o u l d be re d ho t an d t he c h arc oal vi sibl e th ro u gh t h e t u y e re h ol e sh o u l d be at a y e ll ow h eat ; if h ow e v er t he t e m p e rat u re r i se t oo h ig h b o th t he fu e l vi sibl e th rou gh t he p e e ph ol e and t he i ssu i ng t in will b e at a whit e h e at I n 24 h o u rs 3 2 c wt s o f ore an d 16 c wt s o f sl ag c an b e w o rk e d; f o m 7 2 t o 7 8 c u bi c y ards o f c h arc oal are u se dfor e v e ry 2 c w t s o f t in p odu c ed T he l oss of t in am o un t s t o 12 or 15 pe r c ent o f w hi c h 8 or 9 T he Cam p aign l ast s o n ly 3 or p e r c e n t are du e t o v ol atili sati on 4 day s A fter t he ore sm e lti n g it is u sual t o foll ow o n i m m e di at e ly in t he sam e fu rnac e with t he t reat m e n t o f ri c h sl ags an d o th e r i n t e r m edi at e p ro du c t s T he S l ag s c o n t ai n u nalt ere d t in o re as w e ll as t in in t he form o f p rill T hi s t reat m e nt yi e l ds sl ag tin (schl achenz inn ) and so call e d T h e t in
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M E T A LLU RG Y
4 10
i nc h es high desc rib edab o v e The sm e l ti n g c o nt i nu e s du i ng 12 t o 16 ho u rs b e i ng di sc on ti n u e d in t h e dayti m e o n a c c o u n t o f t he e x c e ssiv e h e at I n t he 12 t o 16 h o u rs 3 t o 4 t on s o f o e are t re at e d fo r w h i c h 3 0 t o 3 8 c w t s o f w o od c h arc o al are re q u i re d The fo ll o wi n g m ay b e q u o t e d as t he resu l t s o f se v eral n ight s w or k t uy e re d fu rn ac e , 9 fee
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X TRA CTI O N O F T I N F ROM T HE I NTERMED I ATE P ROD U CTS AN D D RO SS E S O BTA I N ED I N T HE T RE ATM E NT O F T I N O RE I n t he p ro du c ti on o f c ru de t in fro m t in o re t he foll o wi n g int e rm e di at e p ro du c t s an d dro sses are O bt ai n ed v iz c ont ai n i ng sl ag t in hardhe ad an d t he sc u m form e d o n t h e su rfac e o f t he b ath o f m e t al in t h e t appi n g p o t aft e r t he t in has fl o w ed fro m t he fu rnac e ; al o fl u e du st an d f u rn ac e re fu se ( cg o l d b ri c k s & c whi c h c arry t in ) T HE E
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Th ese w hi c h are describ e d on p age 3 98 are divi ded i nt o t h re e p art s on e o f w hi c h is t hrow n aw ay a no th e r is sm e lt e d t o e xt rac t it s t in and t he thi d is s t am p e d an d w ashe d and t he ri cher p o ti ons o f it th u s obt ai n e d al so sm e lt e d t o e xt rac t t he t in whi c h it c o n t ai n s Th e sl ag s whi c h are re m o v e d from t he su rfac e o f t he t in in t h e t appi ng pot in w hi c h no p rill is vi sibl e are t hro wn away Th ose in whi c h p ri ll is vi sibl e are stam ped an d washed an d t he r i c h h e adi n gs t h e re by o bt ai n e d sm e lt e d in r e v e rb e rat ory fu nac es yi e l din g S l ag t in and sl ag whi c h c an be t hrow n aw ay T he sl ag s whi c h re m ai n on t he be d o f t h e fu rnac e aft e r it has be e n t app e d sp on gy slag s) and are m ix e d wit h l arg e q u an titi es o f t in are u su ally sm e lt e d with C harg es o f ore bu t som e ti m es t h e y are sm e lt e d with t he ri c h h eadi ng s from t he st am pi n g an d w ash in g o f S l ag Th e se as has S l ags f r om shaf t f u rnaces desc rib e d on p ag e 4 0 7 a l re ad y b e e n e xpl ai n e d u nder t h e e xt rac ti o n o f t in are su bj e c t e d t o r e p e at ed sm el ti n g t h e so c all e d verdnder n an d tr eiben resp ec tiv e ly in t he shaft fu rnac e s The sl ag from the tr eiben if w o rt h it is dre sse d an d t he p rodu c t a sl ag ri c h in t in is fit t o b e aga i n sm e lt e d by addi n g it t o c h arg es of ore or sl ag The t in ob tai ned by sm e lti ng sl ag the so c all e dsl ag t in is at l e ast as p u re as t hat o b t ai n e d fro m sm e lti n g ore T he fi rst sm e lti n g o f slag ( ver an der n ) t ak e s pl ac e u su ally i m m ediat e ly aft er t he ore sm e lti ng and in t he sam e fu rnac e The s m e lti ng o f t he sl ag o bt ai n e d fro m t h e fi rst sm e lti ng t h e so c all ed t eiben is p e rform ed in t h e sam e fu rnac e i m m e di at e ly o n t h e c on e l u si on o f t he fi rst sm e lti n g o r in S p e c i al shaft fu rn ac e s k n o w n as t reibbf en Th e sl ag fro m t he treiben is e it h er th ro w n aw ay o r if s u ffi c i e n tly r i c h in t in su b m itt e d t o a d re ssin g p roc ess T hese fu rn ac e s are sp itr bf en an d are o f l ess h e igh t th an t he ore fu rn ac es in orde r t o p re v e n t as far as p rac ti c abl e t h e re du c ti on o f i ron T hose in S ax on y are 5 fe e t 6 i n c he s h ig h and hav e a de pt h ( i e fro m b ac k t o fron t ) at t he t op o f 2 fe e t 10 i nc h e s and at t h e b o tt o m o f 2 fe e t 4 i nc hes T he cross sec ti on of t he c avity is t rap e z o i dal in shap e t he fron t and b ac k w all s b e i n g p arall e l At t he m ou t h t he f on t is 1 foo t 6 i n c he s wi de an d t he b ac k 2 fee t 3 i nc h es at t h e b o tt om o f t h e c avity t he fron t is 1 fo o t 3 i n c h e s an d t h e b ac k 1 fo o t 7 i nc hes in wi dth O t h e r resi du es an d drosses f o m t h e t re at m e n t o f t in ore and f ro m t he re fi n i n g are adde d t o t he S l ag s w hen t he l att e r are sm e lt e d A high er p ressure of bl ast is u se d in sm e lti ng sl ag t han in sm e lti n g S l ags f rom
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M E T A LLU RG Y
4 12
ll e d h ardh ead t he t in i ron all oy re ferre d t o ab o v e is o bt ain e d in S l ag sm e lti n g in ad diti on t o sl ag an d t in T he c o m p ositi o n o f a sl ag p ro d u c e d by sl ag sm e lti ng at S c hl agge n w al d in B o h e m i a is giv e n in t h e foll ow i ng analy si s by Lill T he
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M E T A LLU RG Y
4 14 a
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liq u ati on p au schen or fl o wi n g ( fl ossen o f t in I s don e i m m e di at e ly aft e r it has b e en t app e d f om t he fore h earth I nt o t he t appi ng pot t he so c all ed p au sch heerd b e i ng u se d for t he p u rp ose Thi s is an i ncli n ed pl at e o f c ast i ron with ri dg es on it c o v e re d with c l ay ; it is 3 fee t 7 i nc h e s l on g an d 2 fe e t 4 i nc hes b ro ad re stin g o n m ason ry with a c ast i ron po t pl ac e d at it s l o w e r e nd Wh e n in u se thi s pl at e is c ov ere d wit h a l ay er of gl owi n g c h arc oal and t he tin is t ak en from t he t apping pot w it h a l adl e and p ou re d o v er it ; t h e l e ss fu sibl e all oy s r e m ai n b e hi nd whil e t he p u re r m e t al ru n s o ff t h e i n c li n e d pl at e an d c o ll ec t s in t he ot at it s l o w e r p It is again l adl e d e n d thi s b e i n g al so fill e d with b u rn i n g c h arc oal o t and p o ure d o v e r t he fu e l o n t h e pl at e thi o u t o f t he a n d s is p re p eat e d u n til it n o l o n g e r l e av e s a re si du e b e hi nd it in p assi n g o v e r t he pl at e Aft er thi s t he resi du e s on t he pl at e are all coll ec t ed t og eth er and b eat en wit h w ooden h am m ers by w h i c h p roc ess som e tin is lib e rat e d saiger an d ru n s i n t o t h e p o t w h il e t h e l e ss fu sibl e all oy s k n o wn as dor n er rem ai n b e h i nd The t in w hi c h h as c o ll ec t e d in t he p o t is all o w ed t o c oo l th e re u n til it sh o w s a bl u i sh b rilli an t su rfac e wh e re u p on it is at o n ce c ast It is e ith er p ou re d i nt o m ou l ds or on t o a l e v e l sm oot h p oli sh ed c o pp er pl at e fro m 4 fe e t 2 i n c h e s t o 5 fe e t 2 i n c h e s l on g 2 fe e t b road and 5 i nc h thi c k I n t he m ou l ds it tak e s t he form o f i ngo t s Th ese are o r b ars ; o n t h e c o pp e r pl at e t h at O f sh e e t s 5 5 i n c h thi c k t ak en wh en c ol d t o a roll ing ben c h wh e re th ey are ro ll ed t og e th e r The ro ll e d t in is kn o wn as an d t h en b e at e n with w oo d e n h am m e rs T he re si du es fro m l iqu ation c all e d z inn r ol l enz inn o r bol l enz inn sche o r z innkbrn er are e ssen ti ally a t in i ron all o y c on t ai n i n g v aryi n g a u p q u antiti es o f t u ng st en and c opp er T he y are u su ally w ork e d u p by T h e c o m p ositi on o f ad di ng th e m t o t h e c harg e in S l ag sm e lti n g liq uati on d ross from Alt e nw al d is sh own in t he t w o foll owi ng analy se s T he
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100 0 0 n by the E ngl ish JlI ethod i T f T he Engli sh m e t h od o f re fi n i n g c onsi st s o f a liq u ati on o f t he t in The a s u b se q u e n t boil ing o r tossing a re v e rb e rat ory fu rn ac e an
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4 15
furnac e u sed for liq uati on is e ith er t he ore sm e lti ng furnac e or on e o f si m il ar c onst ruc ti o n I n su c h a fu rn ace t he c h arg e w o u ld be 6 or 7 t ons The t in m e lt s sl o wly and ru ns th ro ugh t he t aph o l e o f the fu rnac e i n t o a cast i ron pot pl ac ed b e l o w it H Fig 288 w h il e t he l ess easily f usibl e m e t al s t og e th e r w it h so m e t in re m ain b e h i nd on t he b e d o f t he fu rnac e F resh i n got s are pil ed on t he bed as th ose p re vi ou sly c h arg e d are liq u at e d Wh e n no m ore t in ru ns from t he c harg e t he t e m p e rat u re is rai se d u n til t h e resi du e o n t he be d is m e l t e d aft e r whi c h it is all o w e d t o ru n i nt o a se p arat e o t ; h e re t he l e ss p fu sibl e m et al s se ttl e do wn t o t he b o tt om in t he form o f t in all oy s whil e t he tin w hi c h still c on t ains sm all q u an titi es Of arsen i c su lph u r an d i ron rem ain s liq u i d Thi s t in is cast in m ou l ds and as soon as a su ffi c i e n t q u an tity has ac c u m u l at e d is agai n liq uat e d The liq u ati on dross and t h e resi du e on t he fu rnace be d are once m ore liq u at e d aft er whi c h t he i n fusibl e p orti ons are e ith er ad de d t o c h arg es o f sl ag o r th ro wn aw ay T he t in w h i c h c oll ec t s in t h e re fi ni n g pot (kettl e) am ou n ti n g t o 6 or 7 t ons at on e ti m e is k e pt at a high t e m p erat u r e by m eans o f a st ro n g fire u nd ern eat h w h il e it is b e i n g boil ed or m ore rare ly tossed The b o il in g c onsi st s in i n t rodu c in g i n t o t h e b ath o f h e at e d liq u i d m e t al a l og o f gre e n ti m b er T he w o od at t he high t e m p erature u nde rg o es a d r d still ati on an d t h e g ases and v ap o u r giv en off se t i y u p a b u bbli n g ac ti o n in t h e b ath o f m e t al By t hi s m eans e v e ry p orti on of t he m ass is b rou ght i nt o c ont ac t with t he air t he fore ign m e t al s an d a p orti on o f t he t in b e i ng o xi di se d T he o xid es c o ll ec t t og e th er in a foam y m ass t he so call e d boil scu m on t he surfac e of t he m e t al T h e durati on o f t h e boil ing dep en d s o n t he st at e o f p u rity t o whi c h it is de sire d t o brin g t he tin ; if a high de gre e of p urity be It is c on re q u i re d t h e b o il in g m u st b e c on t inu e d fo r m an y h ou rs tinn ed till t he su rfac e of t he m olt e n m e t al aft er re m ov al of the sc u m is b right an d sh i n i n g aft er whi c h t he m e t al is all o w e d t o st an d q u i e t for som e ti m e ( 1 h o u r m ore or l ess) in orde r t hat t h e h e avy m e t al s in t he t in e sp e c i ally C opp e r an d i ron m ay h av e an opp ort u n i t y t o A ft e r t hi s th e sc u m is ski m m ed off an d t he se ttl e t o t he b o tt o m The u pp e r p o ti on s o f t he m e t al in t he m e t al l adl e d i n t o m o u l ds ot are t h e p u re st t he l o w e r l ay ers b e in g on ly o f c om m on q uality p ; t h e p orti ons at t he v e ry b o tt om are u su ally liq u at e d and b o il e d o v e agai n T he t in fro m t he u pp er l ay e rs in t he re fi nin g pot desc rib e d as re fi n e d t in g oe s t o t he m ark e t in t h e form o f i n g o t s or o f grain tin .
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M E T A LLU RG Y
4 16
T in
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p ure st bl oc k t in t he i ng ot s are h at e d t o a t e m p e rat u re o f 20 0 C wh e n it b e c o m es b ittl e an d is b eat e n w it h a heavy ham m e r or it is he at e d t o n e ar it m e lti ng p oi n t and t h e n all o w e d t o fall fro m a h e ig h t o f ab o u t 3 fe e t o n t o a flat st o n e Grai n t in is p ri n c ip ally u se d in t he dy e i n g and p ri n ti n g o f t e xtil e s Tossing is so m e ti m e s re sort e d t o in En gl an d i n st e ad o f b o ili ng T o do t hi s t he w o rk m an c on ti n ually t ak es u p a l adl e fu o f t he m e lt e d T h i s m e t h od m e t al an d p o u rs it b ac k from a h e ig h t i nt o t he p o t al so all o w s e v e y p o ti o n o f t h e m ass t o b e b ro u g h t i n t o c o n t ac t wit h T he p ro du c t s f o m tossing are t h e sam e as t hose fro m boil t he air Gr ain tin is m ade
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i m m e di at e ly aft e r t he m e t al is tapp e d t he fu rn ac e is o nly p rac ti c abl e w h e n t he t in is e x c e pti on ally it is done in t he Sam e m anner as t he b o ili n g o f liq u at e d t in
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p rop o sal t o p u ri fy t in by filt rati on h av e b e en m ade b u t s far hav e no t b e e n ado pt e d T he fi st p rop sal o f t h i s ki n d by Lam padiu s w a t o filt er t he t in t h ou g h q u artz san d o r fi n e ly divi de d S l ag w h i c h w as t o be p re vi o u sly h e at e d; t he resu lt how e v e w as m ost u n favo u rabl e Cart e r p o p ose d a filt e r o f t h i n ti nn e d S hee t i on t he sh ee t s b e i ng ab o u t 6 i nc h e s l on g and 4 i nc he b road Fiv e hu ndre d o f t he se sh e t s w e re t o be w e dg ed i n t o a sq u are f am e w h i c h w as t o b e fast e n e d in an o p e n i n g o f c orre p o ndi n g siz e in t he b o tt o m o f a Wh en m e lt e d t in w as p ou re d o n t o t hi s P a sau g rap h it e c ru c ibl e fil t e r t he t in c o ati ng o f t he t in pl at e b c am e fl u i d an d all o w e d a v e ry p u e t in t p a t he filt e r w hil e a p u lpy m ass o f arse n i c c opp e r i o n and t in e m ai n e d be hi nd Thi s prOposal has fou nd n o p ac ti cal h a t hat O f L ic hse nring by w h i c h t h t in w a a ppli c ati o n ; n e i t h t o b e a ll o w e d t o ru n t h o u g h si e v es o f c o arse and fi n e i ro n wi re s
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M E T A LL U R G Y
4 18
p
The dro ss fro m t h e p a nschen
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v e b e rat ory fu nac e is re m e lt e d in a S i m il ar fu rn ac e and ru n i n t o a sm all po t w he re a diffi c u l t l c on t ai n i ng i ll f sibl e a oy t n se p arat e s ou t a t t h u e y b o tt om T hi s all oy is su bj ec t ed t o liq u ati on at a hig he r t em p erat u e in a re v e rb e rat o y fu rnac e ; in t h i s w ay a p orti on of t he t in is e xt rac t e d w h il e h ardhe ad re m ai n s in t h e fu rn ac e T hi s h ardh ead if it c on t ai n m u c h arse n i c is n o t w o rk e d u p any fu rth e r ; if fre e fro m arse n i c it is adde d t o c harg e s o f S l ag Th e c om p ositi on o f t he h a dhead c on t ai n i n g arse n i c is Th e
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b oili ng w h i c h c onsi st s of oxi de s of t he fore ign m e t al s o igi n ally p re se n t in t h e o re wit h a l a g e p ro p or ti on o f t in o xi d e an d m e t alli c t in is sm e lt e d wit h c arb on in a e v e rb e rat o r y fu rnac e T hi s yi e l ds t in an d a bl ac k sl ag w hi c h c on t ains p ill m ec han i c ally e n c l o se d Th e u pp e r l ay e rs o f t in c o l le c t e d in t h e t appi n g pot are sen t i n t o t he m a k e t ; w hil e t hat in t he l ow e r p o ti on of t he pot is agai n liq u at e d and b o il ed The S l ag c on t ains b e si de s p rill only ab ou t 5 per c e n t o f c om bi n e d t in and aft e r b e ing st am p e d an d t h e t in pi c k e d o u t is t hro w n aw ay The
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F RO M S K I MMI N G S A N D OTHE R RYE P RO D U CTS A m ong t h se bye p odu c t m ay b m en ti on e d t he d osse f om m e lti n g ti n t h e so all e d t in ashes and t h ski m m i ng s f m t he f re fu se t in Of th e fo m e fi n i n g o f c u de l e ad w h i c h c o n t ai n t in pl at e u tti n g s m ay b e qu o t e d as a typ e e D oss p du d in the fu si n f tin is adde d t o c h a g e s o f w h n m lt d in t he e fi n i ng ; sh u l d t he y b e h ow e v e in c on q u an tity t he y a som e ti m e sm e lt e d by th e m se lv e s in side ab l v e b at y fu nac e t h e sl ag o bt ai n ed shaft fu n a e s e it he b e i ng stam p d an d w a h d t o e xt ac t t h p ill B fo b e i ng t eat e d in e v e b e at o y fu nac es t he d osses a e l u m p s w hi h a e fi t liq u at e d The esi du e f om fo m e d i n t t h i s o p e ati on is i e v e d t se p a at e t he p u lv e u l e n t p o ti on an d th en I
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T IN m e lt e d in
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4 19
v e rb e rat o y fu n ac e on a san d be d T he tin dr ss t in ) T he Obt ai n e d in t h i s w ay i k n o w n as aschen z inn ( ash o i c h e r p orti on s b e i n g s m e l t e d sl ag s are s t am p e d and w ash e d t h e aft e r t he re m o v al of p rill by s i e vi n g L ead ores c ont ai ni ng tin a e w ork e d at Fre ib e g The t in coll e c t s wit h t he S ilv e r in t he l ead and is se p arat e d duri ng c u p e ll at i on in T he se are w ork e d u p by a p oc e ss t he e arli e r l e ss fu sibl e sc ori ae d e vi se d by P l attn e r The c om p ositi o n o f t he sc o ri ae whi c h c on t ai n t in is as fo ll w s sm a
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fi n e d ( f rischen) in S haft furnac e s with one and a h al f ti m es t he i r own w e ig ht of sl ag c on su m in g 2 5 p er c e n t o f c o k e an d yi e l di n g t in l e ad c o nt ai n in g Sn 118 p e r c e n t are
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M E T A LLU RG Y
420
T hi s p rodu c t k n ow n as inny rischbl ei is c on v e rt e d by an o xi di si n g r oast i n g in a re fi n i n g fu n ac e i nto sc o i a w h i c h c on t ai ns t in an d an ti m n y l e ad c o n t ai n i n 1 e c en t n ti m n y t i 5 a o T h e b e d f h s O g p fu rnac e is 5 fe e t 9 i n c he s w i de 11 fee t 6 inc h es l on g and 14 i nc h es de e p and t he c ha g e s are e ac h 2 t o n s in w e ight T he sc o i a se p a at e d in t hi s p ro c e ss k n o wn as erste z in np u der fi rst t in do e s n ot m e l t and has a y e ll o w c o l ou r n ac c ou n t of t he l e ad c on t ai n e d in it I t s c om p ositi on is t h e fo ll o w i n g 6 8 8 3 p er c en t ’
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t ons o f t h i s z innf ischbl ei are w ork ed u p in 24 h ou rs c on su m i n g 2 0 p a t s o f c o al an d 15 p art s o f lig ni t e p e r 100 o f z innf r ischbl ei T he er ste z in np u der is sm e lt e d in a shaft f urnace wit h twi c e it s w e ight o f sl ag from t he sam e p roc ess or with sl ag from t he fi rst fi n i ng p roc ess The c ok e u se d is 60 per c en t of t he w e igh t of z inn u de a n d t h e p ro d u c t is c all ed secon d z in ngrischbl ci ; e ac h p fu rnac e sm e lt s 7 5 t on s pe r day T hi s secon d z innf rischbl ei is furt her c on v e rt e d in t o antim ony l ead an d secon d z innp u der by an o xi di si n g roast ing in a re v e rb e rat or y fu rn ac e Th e se su b st anc e s c on t ai n 35
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M ET A LL U RG Y
422
Tin Cu ttings
C u t t i n g s fro m ti nn e d pl at e w h i c h c o n t ai n fro m 3 t o 9 p e r c e n t m o st u su ally by w e t m e t ho d s t o e xt rac t t h e t in o f t in are w o rk e d u p Dry m e t ho ds hav e b e e n p ro p o se d by ( 1) G u t e n so hn t h e y c o n t ai n ( 2 ) L aro q u e an d ( 3 ) Edm u n ds ,
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b e e n p p ose d for t hi s p u p ose o f t he se w e shall on ly m en ti on t h e m o st i m p o tan t M u i r di sso lv es t h e t in from t he c u t ti ng s in hydrochl ori c ac i d an d p e c ipit at e s it fro m t he s l u ti on by m ean s o f zi nc ; st e am is l e d i nt o t he sol u ti on du i n g t he p e c ipit ati on Milk o f li m e p re c ipit at es fi rst t h e zi n c and t he n t he i ro n f o m t h e re s i du al liq u or S c hu ltz e t re at s t h e c u tti n g s with ac i difi e d fe rri c c hl ori de so l u t i o n an d filt e s t h e re su lti n g o l u ti o n w h i c h c o n t ai n s st an n o u s an d fe ro u s c h l o i de s t hro u g h a m ix t u re o f st ann o u s an d fe rro u s o xi de s till it is sat u rat e d; aft e t hi s t he t in is p re c ipit at e d by m eans Of T hi s is o nly p ossibl e if t he so l u ti on be c om pl e t e ly m e t alli c i n n e u t rali se d an d c o n t ai n st ann o u s salt s M ou li n and D o l es m e t hod c o nsi st s in all owi ng gase ou s hydro ro
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T IN
423
l i i d t o ac t on the c u tti ng s u n til t he i ron is attac k ed The e su lti n g salt s are di sso lv e d o u t in w a t e r an d t h e t in t hr w n do w n by zi nc ; t he p re c ipitat e is w ashe d wit h dil u t e su lp hu ri c ac i d d i e d fuse d an d c ast in m o u l ds The so c all ed argen tin u se d in c l o t h p ri n ti n g and in t he m anu fac t u e o f silv e p ap e r is p e p are d by p e c ipit ati n g t in f o m an ac i difi e d sol u ti on o f a t in salt by m ean s o f sh e e t zi n c The t in sp o ng e w hi c h is obt ai n e d is w ash e d an d dri e d an d t he n g ro u nd t o fi n e p o w de r u nde wat er and p assed th ro ug h a si e v e o f hai r S ilk Re in e c k e n P On sge n an d K o pp t re at t he c u t t i n g s in re v o lvi ng b ar e l s wit h soda l y e lit harg e and st eam ; sodi u m stannat e is form e d wit h t he se p a ati on o f l e ad ac c ordi n g t o t he fo ll owi n g e q u ati on c h or c ac
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it he r e vap orat e d t o dryn e ss and so l d as e a r ing sal t or t h e so l u ti o n o f it is p rec ipit at e d by a st re am o f p p c arb on i c ac i d an d t he resu lti n g o xi d e sm e l t e d wit h c ha c oal and c halk in a re ve rb e rat o ry f u rn ac e T he sp o ngy l e ad w h i c h se p arat e s out d u ri n g t he p roc ess is h e at e d in a c u rre n t o f air an d c on v e rt e d i n t o lit harg e whi c h is u se d o v e agai n It has al so b ee n p rop ose d t o t e at t he c u tti ng s in re v o lvi ng c yli nde rs wit h q u i c k silv e an d t o se p arat e t h e l att e r from t he t in a m alg am by di still ati on H u n t e r of P hil ade lp hi a p op osed t o t eat t he c u tti ngs wit h a warm so l u ti on o f c opp er s ulp hat e The tin is di ssolv e d as su lp hat e a nd m e t alli c c o pp e r is de p osit e d When t he tin is all di sso lv e d and t he i o n is e xp ose d t h e l att e r p re c ipit at es t h e t in f om so l u ti o n and is di sso lv e d wit h t h e form ati on o f fe ou s su lph at e T he de p osit of c opp e r an d t in t hu s o bt ai n e d is m e lt e d u t o g e t h e r fo m i n g an all o y p o r it is t re at e d by w e ll k n o w n m e t ho d s t o se p arat e t h e m e t al s Waste Waters of Dye Works T in in th e se is p rec ipit at ed by m e ans o f g ran u l at e d zi n c or zi nc p o w de r an d t h e re su lti ng sp on gy t in d r i e d an d fu se dwit h b o ax at a whit e h e at by thi s t re at m ent t he zi nc is v ol atili se d M any p rop osal s hav e al so b e en m ade for t h e p rep arati on of salt s o f t in fro m ti nn e d pl at e c u tti n g s T in c hl ori de is p re p are d at U e tik on p n t he L ak e o f Z u ri c h 1 by T he
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M ul l eru s Chem iker Z eitu ng D er M a sc hinenba u er 187 9 -
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.
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Z u r ich, 1883
.
Z u r ich , 1884 ,
.
p
.
.
29
.
.
.
M E T A LLU RG Y
424
t reati ng t he c u tti ngs wit h d y c hl ori n e gas T he p roc e ss is c on du c t e d in a fix e d i ron c yli n de r 13 fe e t hig h an d 3 fee t 3 i n c he s di am e t er fitt e d wit h a p e forat e d fal se b o tt o m o n w hi c h t h e c u tti n g s a e pl ac e d t h e c h l o i n e b e i n g i n t ro du c e d b e l o w it The t in is c o n v ert ed i n t o s t ann i c c h l o ri de w h i c h c o ll e c t s as a fu m i ng liq u i d in a e c e iv e u n de r t h e c yli n de r By cau ti ou s additi on o f w at er solid tin chl or ide is p re c ipit at e d w hi c h is so l d in th at fo m and i u se d in d y eing Donat h s p roc ess is o n e in w h i c h t h e c u tti n g s a e b o il e d w ith c on c e n t rat e d sod a l e andpy ro l u sit e ; t h e so l u ti o n o f so di u m st annat e y w hi c h is o bt ai n e d is t re at e d with ac e ti c ac i d t o p re c ipit at e st ann i c ac i d S c h e u re r K est n e r p re p a e s so di u m st annat e by m oi st e n i ng t he c u tti n g s in a c u rre n t o f air w ith so d a l y e o f 18 t o 2 0 B Ca e s m e t ho d is t o ac t on t h e c u tti n g s wit h a so l u ti on o f alk ali n e p o ly su lp h i des c on t ai n i n g sal am m on i ac Th e so l u ti on is fro m Any l e ad w hi c h m ay b e p re e nt 3 0 t o 50 o r 60 B in st re n g t h is se p arat e d as l e ad su lp h i de an d t he t in is di sso lv e d b e i ng aft e w ards p re c ipit at e d by h y d o c h l o ri c ac i d as su lp h i de o f t in Lam b ott e p ro p o ses t o e xp ose t he c u tti n g s at a t e m p e at u re O f 10 0 C t o a st re am o f C hl ori ne an d air an d c o nde nse t h e e sc api ng v ap o u r o f st ann i c c hl ori de or t o l ead it i n t o a dil u t e sol u ti on o f t in e c hl o i d K u nz e l t re at s t h e c u tti n gs with hy droc hl o i c ac i d or n it i c ac i d p re c ipit at es t he t in from the so l u ti on by zi nc di sso lv e s t he re su lti ng ro c h l or i c ac i d an d all o w s t he st ann o u s c hl ori de t o sp on gy t in in hy d Th e re si du al liq u ors are w o k e d up for t he p o du c ti o n c ry st alli se i ron o f g e e n v it ri o l o r
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METH O DS The p ro p osal s whi c h hav e h ith e rt o b e e n m ade for t he appli c ati o n s t o o re s an d sl ag s do n o t see m t o e l e c t ro m e t all u gi c al m e t ho d B g Z t g 18 74 p 5 7 dH tt .
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M o i n Minot S m it h and V o tm ann an d S pitz e r T he se fo t he m o st p art ho w e v e r do n o t app e ar t o hav e c o m e i n t o u se B ot h b asi c and ac i d e l e c t rolyt e s hav e b e e n su gg est ed B o c he s has p rop o e d to u se fo t hi s p u p o se as an e l e c t roly t e a 12 t o 15 e c e n t s l u ti o n o f c o m m o n sal t c o n t ai n i n g 3 t o 5 p er p c e n t o f s od i u m st annat e I n c onse q u e n c e o f t he high c ondu c ti n g p o w o f salt so l u ti on t hi s e l e c t rolyt e se v e s m u c h b e t t e t han p u re s di u m s t ann at e fo t h e p u rp o se Wit h a c u rren t o f 5 0 t o 15 0 h e am p e es e r sq u a e t a p ti a l f 2 t o 3 v o lt s m e r e a n d o t e n o p O b t ai n e d f o m c u tt in s fre e f o m so l de p gy m e t alli c p re c ipi a o n s ) g ( t at e t he t e m p e at u re o f t he b at h b e i n g from 4 0 t o 50 C ; t he p e c ipi t at e aft er w ashi n g an d dryi ng c ou l d be m e lt e d and c ast T he b at h m u st b e k e pt di sti n c tly alk ali n e ; as t h e q u antity o f t in xi de in t he b at h i n cre ases alk ali m u st b e adde d T ow a ds t he e nd O f t h e p o c e ss t h e so l u ti on b e c o m e s so c on c e n t rat e d t hat it is m o re p ro fitabl e t o w o k it u p for p p ar ing sal t by e v ap orati n g it t o dry n ess t han t o c o n ti n u e t he e l ec t ro ly si s The adv an t ag e s o f t hi s p oc e ss are stat e d by B orc he rs t o be t he possibili t y o f c o m pl e t e ly e m o vi n g t he t in from t h e c u tti n g s t h e p rod u c ti o n o f a re si du e o f c l e an S h ee t i ro n t h e p o ssibility o f p o du c in g a t in q u it e fre e f om i o n t he p rac ti c ability O f u si n g an i ron v e sse l w hi c h it se lf fo m s t he c at ho de an d t h e u se o f an i ro n b ask e t as an ode K e i t h u se s as e l e c t rolyt e a so l u ti on o f c au sti c soda and se a salt The m ixt u re is pl ac e d in an i ron p an and t h e c u tti n gs w hi c h are c o n n e c t e d w it h t h e p ositiv e p o l e are h u n g in t h e e l e c t o lyt e in a b ask e t T he w all o f t he v e sse l ser v es fo r a c at ho de B eat son u se s a hot sol u ti on o f soda t o whi c h p ot assi u m c y an i de has b e e n adde d I ro n pl at e s are u se d as t h e an ode o r t he w all o f t he v e sse l if it i m ade o f i ron se v es t h e p u rp o se It m u st b e o i n t e d o u t t hat a so l u ti o n o f p o t assi u m c y an i de is rapi dly dec o m p p osed w h en k e pt at t he b oiling poin t A c c o di ng t o a n e w p at e nt t he i n v e nt u ses a so l u ti on Of alk ali n e hy drat e as e l e c t ro lyt e an d t he de p o si t o f t in O b t ai n e d is e l ec t rolyti c ally p u rifi e d in a so l u ti o n o f t in c hl o i de to ; in o de O b t ai n t h e t in in a c o m p ac t fo rm it is de p osit e d o n e v o lvi n g ro ll P i ce u e s so da l e as e l e c t o ly t e t h e e are o t he s w ho do t h e y P ri c e Fe n w i c k
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v e ry o f t in from c u ttings The c on v ersi on o f t in i n t o s o di u m su lp h ost annat e w as t b e e ffe c t e dby h eat ing t he c u tti ng s with hal f t h e i r w e ig h t o f a m ixt u re o f su lp hu r an d soda ash Su lp hide of Tin w h i c h is a by e p rodu c t in t h e p re p arati on o f som e o gan i c c o l o u rin g m att e rs c an b e c on v e rt e d i n t o sodi c su lp h o st ann at e by b o ili n g it with a sol u ti on o f o di c p olysu lphi des Th e au t h or is n o t in a p osi t i on t o say if any o f t h e ab o v e m en ti on e d m e th o ds h av e b e e n ac t u ally pu t i n t o o p erati o n on a w orkin g scal e A c c ording T he Refin ing of Tin by E l ectr o m eta l l u rgica l Methods t o t h e e xp e ri m en t s o f A B an d t h e re fi n i ng o f t in by t h e e l e c t ri c c urre n t w ou l d se e m t o h av e som e p ro sp ec t o f su c c e ss T hese e s an d e xp eri m en t s sh o w e d t h at t h e t e n s i on in a b at h w it h t in an o d a sol u ti o n o f st ann o u s c h l ori de c on t ai n i n g 5 0 4 0 g rai n s e r g all on an d p 2 5 p er c e n t by v o l u m e o f c on c e n t at e d hy d oc h l o ri c ac i d am ou n t e d t o 0 0 5 8 v o lt am p eres) ; wi t h 7 5 e r c e n t o f hy dro c hl o i c ac i d p it w as on ly 0 0 3 1 v olt A c u rren t of 1 am p ere de p osit s gram m e s o f t in per hou r am p eres ar e t h e re fore n e c e ssary for t he de p ositi on o f 1 kil o er h ou r T h e e n e rgy re q u i re d fo r t he e xt rac ti o n o f 1 kil o o f t in p er h o u r m a p y b e c al c u l at e d as t he
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A NTI MO N Y is c h arac t eri se d by it s great b rilli anc y an dby its c ol ou silv e r w h it e wit h a slig h t ti n g e o f bl u e ; t h e l att e r is i n c e ase d by th e p re se n c e Of i m p u riti es in t h e m e t al W hen de p osit e d f om a so l u ti on by zi n c it t ak es t h e form o f a bl ac k p o wde r Wh e n m e lt ed an ti m on y is all o w e d t o c oo l sl o wly it e x hibit s a c oarse ly foli at e d st ru c t u e rapi dc oo li n g m ak es it g ran u l ar an dc y st alli n e A n ti m ony c ry st alli se s lik e t h e i so m o ph o u s m e t al s bi sm u t h arse n i c an d t e l l u riu m in t h e form s o f th e h e x agonal sy st e m I t s S p ec ifi c gravity has b ee n de t e rm i n e d t o l ie b e t w e e n 6 6 an d 6 8 S c hrOde r has giv e n it as 6 69 7 c om p are d wi t h wat er at 4 C A nti m on y is brittl e and can be easily p o w de re d in a m ortar I t is h arde r t han c o pp er I t s c oe ffi c i e n t o f li n e ar e xp an si o n by h e at b e tw e e n 0 and 100 C is ac c ordi ng t o Calv e rt an dJ ohnson It m e lt s b e tw ee n 440 and 4 5 0 C ( P i c t e t ) I n p assi ng from t he liq u i d t o t he soli d stat e it do e s n ot e xp and lik e bi sm u th does C arn e l ly an d Ca l e t on Willi am s st at e t hat it s b o ili n g p o i n t is b e tw e en 10 9 0 an d 14 5 0 C A c c ordi n g t o De m arc ay it b oil s in a v ac u u m at It b u rns in t he ai form i ng o xi des bu t t h e t e m p e rat u re o f 2 9 2 C c an b e di st ill e d in a st re am o f hy d o g e n W hen p u e m o lt e n an ti m ony is all o w e d t o so lidi fy sl owly and wit hou t di st urban c e u n de a l ay e o f sl ag a fern lik e app earanc e o f ifi e d su rfac e rai se d li n es radi ati n g f om t h e c e n t re app e ar on t h e so li d T h i s is t he so c all e d anti m ony star o re g u l u s o f t h e m e t al an t im o n ii st e ll at u On m all c asti n g s t h e re will be o nly on e su c h c asti ng s will sho w m an o f t h e su rfac e bu t l a g e s t a in t h e m i ddl y i n t e sec ti n g o ne T hi s app ea anc e is n o t p rodu c e d in i m p u e an ti m ony nor in t he p u re m e t al u nl e s it is k e p t v e y still and c v e re d du i ng c ooli ng by a l ay e o f sl ag As it is g e n e rally re garde d as an i ndi c ati on o f t h e r,
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P RO P E RTI E S
A NT I MON Y A N D O F I TS CO MP O U N D S WH I C H A RE O F I MP O RTAN C E FO R I TS E X T RA C TI O N A n ti m ony is n ot affe c t ed by e xp osu re t o air at o di na y t e m p era t ure s bu t at t e m p e rat u re s ab o v e it s m e lti n g p o i n t it o xi di ses rapi dly M e t al w hi c h has b e e n redu c e d from t he o xi de s by c harc oal in p rese nc e o f alk ali es f e q u e n tly t a n i she s in t h e air T he c au se o f thi s is sai d t o b e a sm all q u an tity o f alk al i w h i c h is e t ai n e d by t h e m e t al an d ab so b s m o i st u e w it h lib e rati on o f hy d o g e n Whe n an ti m on y w hi c h has b e en rai se d t o a re dhe at is all o w e dt o fall from a su ffi c i en t h e ig ht on t o a pl at e it is di ssip at e d in a m ass o f b illi an t sp ark s fo m i n g a de n se w h it e c l o u d o f o xi de An ti m ony is att ac k e d by hydro c hl o i c ac i d only w he n it is in t he st at e o f v e ry fi n e p o w de r hyd o g e n is t he n lib e at e d S u lph u ri c ac i d does n o t att ac k it w he n dil u t e t he hot c onc en trat ed ac i d h ow e v e r form s wit h it an ti m on i ou s su lp hat e su lp hu r di oxi de b e ing at t h e sam e ti m e lib e rat e d Nit i c ac i d att ac k s an ti m on y p rodu cin g ac c o rdin g t o it s t e m p e rat u re an d de g e e o f c on c e n t rati o n a m ixt u re o f t he t ri o xi de an d t e t ro xi de o f t h e m e t al in di ff e re n t p ro p orti on s T hese o xi des are i nsol u bl e in t he ac i d Aq u a re gi a in t he c ol d di sso lv es an ti m ony e asily form in g t he p enta c hl ori de I n a c u rre n t o f st e am at a re d h e at an ti m on y is S l o wly c on v e rt ed i n t o oxi de W hen ign it e d with n itre and soda it e xpl ode s form i ng an alk ali n e an ti m on i at e with a sm all er p o p orti on of n it re it al so form s so m e t ri o xi d e T he m e t all o i ds wit h t he e x c e pti on o f b oron c arb on and sili con a l l form c om p ou n ds wit h an ti m o n y OF
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M ETA LL U RG Y
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A n tim ony Hydr ide S hH3 ,
A nti m ony form s o nly one c om p o u nd wit h hy drog en anti m on T hi s is a c o l ou l e ss im flam m abl e gas w hi c h b urns u e t t e dh y d o g e n w i t h a g ree n i sh fl am e p odu c i ng a w h it e sm k e o f st e am an d an ti m o n y t ri o xi de It is form e d when hy drog e n is g en erat e d in t he p ese nc e o f a sol u bl e an t i m ony c om p o und or w he n all o ys of an ti m ony w i t h t h e alk ali m e t al s are de c om p ose d by w at e r or w h e n an an ti m ony zi n c all oy is t e at e d wit h su lph u ri c or hy drochl ori c ac i d Wh en t h i s as is l e d t hro u g h a h e at e d gl ass t u b e an ti m on y is de p osit e d in t h e g I f a m ixt u re o f t h i s c o l d p art o f t h e t u b e in t h e form o f a m i rro as w it h hy d ro g e n be p asse d th ro u g h a so l u ti on o f silv e r n it rat e a g bl ac k p ec ipit at e o f S ilv er ant i m on i de S bAg an d silv er is de p osit ed ,
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X I D E S OF ANTI MO N Y A n ti m ony form s th re e oxi des ( 1) A n ti m on y t ri oxi de s O ( 2 ) an d (3 ) A n ti m on y p e n t o xi de Sb O An ti m on y t e t o xi de s O The p e n t o xi de form s t w o ac i d hy drat es A n ti m on i c ac i d HSb O f 2 H O an d m e t an ti m on i c ac i d H Sb O7 O
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A n tim ony Tr ioxide
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A n tim oniou s Ox ide, SbZO3
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by he ati ng an ti m ony or su lphi de o f an ti m ony in t he air it is a w h it e p o w de r w h i c h b e c o m e s y e ll o w w h e n h e at e d re g ai nin g it s w h it e ne s o n c oo li n g I t m e lt s at a da k re d h e at form in g a y e ll ow liq u i d w hi c h so li difi es t o a gre y m ass re se m bli ng asb est os It is v ol atil e and can be su bli m ed If heat ed in t he air it is c o n v e r t e d i n t o t h e t e t o xi de w h i c h is n o t v o l atil e If t h e vap ori se d t ri oxi de an d air be p assed o v er ign it e d fi ne ly divi de d o xi des o f th ose m e tal s w hi c h form c om p o u n ds w ith an ti m on i c ac i d t he l att e r is fo rm e d and c o m bi n e s wit h t he o xi des p ro du c i ng an ti m on i at es I t is i nso l u bl e in w at e r su lp hu ri c ac i d or n it ri c ac i d b u t is e asily di sso lv e d by hy d o c h l o ri c an d t ar t ari c ac i d and by c au sti c alk ali e s Wi t h anti m ony su lp h i de it m e lt s wit ho u t de c om p ositi on fo m i n g t he o c all e d an ti m o n y gl ass T he t ri o xi de is p o i son ou s e p ec i ally in t h e form o f v ap o u r is form e d
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A n tim ony Tetroxide -
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A n tim on ic A n tim on iate,
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w hit e p ow de r w h i c h is n e it her fu sibl e n or v ol atil e It can be p re p are d by he ati ng t he t ri oxi de in t he air or by ig nitin g t he p e nt o xi de H ydroc hl o i c ac i d di ssolv es it re adily It is a m e tal l u rgic al p rodu c t b e i n g k n o w n u n d e r t h e n am e o f an ti m o n y ash or is
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M E T A L LU RG Y
43 4
t ri c hl ori de is form e d w he n an ti m ony t i su lphi de is b o il e d w it h c on c e n t rat e d hyd roc h l ori c ac i d al so w h e n t h e m e t al o r t he t ri s u lphi de is h e at e d w ith c o rrosiv e su bli m at e It is sol u bl e in hy dro c hl ori c ac id is v o l atil e and c an e asily b e di still e d W hen t he so l u ti on o f it in hy droc h l ori c ac i d is dil u t e d w ith w at er w h it e b asi c C hl orid e o f an ti m o ny is p rec ipit at e d thi s is k no wn as p ow der of Algaro th and w as form erly u sed in m e di c in e T he p e nt ac hl ori de is form e d wit h e v o l u ti on o f lig h t wh en c hl ori n e ac t s o n an ti m o n y A c c ordin g t o G ore an ti m ony in t he form of a gre y am orph o us m ass is de p osit ed w h e n a st rongly ac id so l u ti on o f t he p e n t ac h l orid e is e l ec t ro ly se d T hi s c ont ai ns in addi ti o n t o sm all q u an titi es of free hy droc hl ori c ac i d from 3 t o 2 0 per c e n t o f an ti m on y p e n t ac h l ori de an d e xpl o d e s if h e at e d t o 2 00 C T he
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U LP H I D E S
OF
ANTI MO N Y
p ou nds of su lp hu r and an ti m ony V I Z A n ti m ony t ri su lp hi de s s and A n ti m on y p en tasu lp h id e S b S The t ri su lphi de is k n o w n in b o t h t he c ry st alli n e an d t he The c ry st alli ne form is fo u n din n at u re as an t i am o rph o u s c o nditi o n m on y gl an c e or stibn it e ; it p osse sse s a g reyi sh bl ac k c ol ou r m e t alli c l u st re and c ryst all in e st ru c t u re It c an be m e lt e d ou t o f c on tac t with t he air at a red h eat and v ol atili se s with ou t dec om p ositi on at a st ro n g whit e h e at The am orp ho u s t ri su lphid e c an be p re p are d artifi c i ally and p ossesse s ac c ordi n g t o the m e th od o f its p re p arati on a red or orang e c o l ou r The re d t ri su lphi de whi c h form e rly w as u se d in m e di c i n e u nder K erm es m i ne ral can be p rep are d by b oil in g an ti m ony t h e n am e o f gl anc e wit h carb onat e o f p o tash or soda T he an ti m on y su lphi de is de p o sit ed fro m t he so l u ti on o n c oo li ng as a re ddish b ro w n p o w de r I t alw ay s c o n t ai ns v a i abl e q u an titi e s o f an ti m o ny t ri o xi de and alk ali T he o an g e c o l o u re d t ri su lp h i de c an be o bt ai n e d by p ec ipit ati n g a so l u ti o n o f an an ti m on i ou s salt wit h su l ph u re tt e d hy d o g e n : t h i s p e c ipitat e al w ay s c on t ai ns w at er T he so call e d antim ony cinnabar is a re d am orp hou s t i su lphi de c on t ai n i ng t he t ri o xi de it is p re p are d by t re ati ng a sol u ti on o f anti m ony in hydrochl ori c ac i d with thi o It is u sed as a pig su lph at e o f c al c i u m or thi o su lph at e o f sodi u m m e n t in O il p ain ti n g o n acc ou n t o f it s fi e ry re d co l o u r Wh e n an ti m o ny su lp hi de is c al c i n e d in a c u rre n t o f ai an ti m ony t i o xi de and s ulp h u r di o xi de are form e d t he form e r b e i ng p artly are
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A N T IM ON Y v ol atili se d
43 5
p a tly c onv e rt e d i nt o t he t e t ro xi de t he su lph at e is T he t i su lp h i de is easily fu se d an d t he re fore t he roasti n g n ot form e d o f it is di ffi c u lt A m ixt u re o f air and st eam wh e n p asse d o v e r t he t ri su lp h i de form s t h e t ri o xi de with lib erati on o f su lph u re t t e d hy dro g e n in thi An ti m ony i c ase al so t he su lp hat e does n o t app e ar t o be p rodu c e d r e d u c e d fro m t h e t ri su lphid e at a r e d h e at by t he ac t i on o f hy d o g e n A c c ordin g t o K arst e n c h arc oal has t he hydroc ar bo n s i ron and zi n c sam e e ff e c t b u t o n ly at a t e m p e rat u r e ab o v e t he b o ili n g p o i n t o f t he m e t al T he t ri su lp h i de is so l u bl e in ho t c on c e n t rat e d hy droc hl ori c ac i d form i n g an ti m on y t ri c hl ori de If it be tre at e d wit h a so l u ti on of a c au sti c alk ali o r an alk ali n e c arb on at e o r o f an alk ali n e su lphi de o if it be fu sed with th ese b odi e s in t he solid st at e su b st anc es c all ed su l han tim onites are p ro d u c ed e g p and
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Th e se su lp hantim onites are sol u bl e in w at er wh e n th e y c on tai n a l arge p rop orti on of basi c su lp hid e s bu t a l arge p rop orti on of an ti m ony i nsol u bl e T he t ri su lp hid e and t he tri o xide do no t re nde rs th e m m u t u ally dec om p ose e ac h o th e r as is t he c ase wit h gal e na and lith arge bu t fu se t oge th er und ec om p ose d t o form t he so call e d “
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Wh en
t ri su lp h i de is fused with t he p en ta or t e troxi de sul ph u r di o xi de an d t he t ri o xide are form ed the l att er tak es up som e o f t he u ndec o m p ose d t ri su lphi de and form s wit h it an tini any gl ass Th e p e n t asu lphi de o f an ti m on y s S is an o ran ge c o l ou re d p owder k nown in m e di c i n e as golden su lphide of antim ony It can be obtai ne d by t h e ac ti on o f su lph u ri c ac id on t he so c all e d su l phan T he se l att er su b stanc e s are p rep ared by b o iling an ti m ony t im on iat e s gl ance wit h a sol u ti on of an alkali ne p oly su lphid e or by fu si n g t he t w o su b st anc e s t o g e th e r in t he soli d st at e Schl ipp e s sal t Na3 S b S 9 H 0 is on e o f t he se su l ph ant im oniat es T h e p e n t asu lp h i de wh e n t re at e d in t he ab senc e o f air yi e l ds t he t ri su lphide su lph u r b e i ng se p arat e d H ydroch l ori c ac id c on v e rt s it i n t o t he tri c hl oride with sep arati on o f su lp h u r I n o th e r resp ec t s the p en t asu lphi de b e h av es lik e t he t ri su lphi de It is u sed p rinc ip ally at t he p re sen t ti m e as a re d pi gm en t and for v u l can i si n g i ndi a ru bb er t he
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ALTS OF ANTI MO N Y T he m ost i m p o t an t o f th ese is ta tar em etic or p o t assi u m t a trat e C H K(S bO)O u se d in m e di c i ne OX Y - S
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M ET A LL U RG Y
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A L L O Y S O F ANT I BI O N Y A nti m ony all y s wi t h m o t m e t al s m aki ng t he m b rittl e It i adde d t o l e ad t o ha de n it Whe n all oy e d w i th t in it re nders it silv e y in app e a an c e i nc e ase s it s h a dn ess and ai es it s m e ltin g s
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ll oys o f anti m o ny are typ e m eta l w h i c h c o n si st s o f l e ad t in and anti m on y o r o f o n ly l e ad and an ti m on ; ha d l ead p ro du c e d by w orki ng l e ad o e s w hi c h c on t ai n anti m ony and whi c h c on si st s o f l e ad and an ti m o ny in v ery v arying p rop orti ons ; britannia m eta l andwhite bea ing o r an tif r iction r i eta l w h i c h c on si st p ri nc ip ally o f an ti m ony and t in w i t h additi on o f l ead c opp er zi nc bi sm u t h and n i c k el B ritan nia m eta l w hi c h is u se d for the m anu fac t u re o f t e ap o t s sp oo ns pl at e s & c c on t ai ns ac c o rdin g t o L ede b u t in 8 5 t o 9 3 p e r c e n t an ti m on y u p t o 10 p e r c e n t an d Copp e r u p t o 3 p e r c en t Engli sh p la te p ewte an d Q u een s m eta l are si m il ar all o y s a
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A NTI MO N Y
O RE S
A n tim ony Gl ance S b S 3 ,
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A nti m ony gl an c e is t he m ost i m p ort an t ore o f an ti m ony : it i al so k n o w n by t h e fo ll o wi n g n am es grey antim ony or e an tim on ite It c on t ai ns 7 17 7 p er c en t o f an ti m ony and 2 8 2 3 p e stibnite It oc c u rs in l on g rod lik e or n e e dl e lik e rh om bi c c e n t o f s u lp hu r c ry st al s o r in t h e m assiv e st at e or di sse m i nat e d in fib ro u s o r c o m p ac t p a ti c l e s I t fre q u en tly c ont ain s g ol d and silv e r and u su ally arse n i c al so ; it s m o re c o m m o n ly assoc i at e d m in e ral s a e q u artz c al c sp ar h e avy sp ar an d sp at hi c i on o re ; zi n c bl e nde and gal en a fre q u e n t ly o c c u r i n ti m at e ly m ix e d w it h it I t o c c u rs in G e rm an y ( A rn sb e rg E zg e bi rg e F ic ht e lge birge t he H arz ) in B oh e m i a ( Mill e schau H ate B odko wic P r ibram S c hOnberg Mi c hae l sb e g ) in H u nga y ( K re m n itz T opl it ka S che m nitz F el sO b anya N agybanya D o b schau Rosenau Gisno Gross G Ol l nit z M agu k a) in S ervi a in B osn i a ( S e raje w o ) in Franc e ( A u v e rgn e Ly on nai s H au t e L o i re Bo ne G a d A dec h e A u de V e ndee n e ar M arse ill e s) in It aly ( T u sc any ) in Engl and a n d S e pt em e ( C orn w all ) in S p ai n ( Est re m adu a an d B adaj o z ) in P ort u gal o f C o n s tanti n e Algi i n e rs ( P ro vi n c e n a n n r a a p a d B g z o or t O ) ( ) i C anada in t he U n it e d S t at e s ( A k an sas N e v ada U tah C ali forn i a and M ntana) in Ni c a ag u a and in M e xi c o ; in A si a it o c c u rs in B orn eo I ndi a J ap an and A si a Mi nor ; in A u st ali a it is fo u nd in N e w S o u t h Wal e s V i c t o ri a and N e w Z e al and The g re at est p o rti o n s
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M E T A LLU RG Y
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h av e b e e n m ade for t h e u se o f w e t p roc e sse s and al so o f p th e se hav e as y e t n ot fo u n d e l e c t ro m e t all urgi c al m e th o ds b u t p ac t i c al appli cati o n A n ti m o ny o bt ai ne d by dry m e t hods is al w ays c on t am i nat ed by fo ig n m e t al s and ac c ordi n gly has t o b e re fi ne d thi s is u su ally don e o sal s
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ti m ony is u se d t o a l arg e e xt e n t e sp e c i ally as a p ai nt for S hip s b o tt o m s it is t here fore t he o bj ec t o f p re p arati on in a sp e c i al i ndu st ry w h i c h c on si st s in si m ply liq u ati n g it f o m t h e o t he r m i n e ral s an d roc k s whi c h ac c o m p an y it in its ore s T he p od uc t o f thi s p roc ess is call e d cru de an tim ony ; m e talli c an ti m o ny is k no w n as an tim n y r egu l u s T he liq u ati on o f an ti m on y gl an c e is al so som e t i m e s t he fi rst st e p in t he e x t rac ti on o f t he m e t al b u t at p rese n t is se l do m re sort e d t o alt ho u g h t he resi du e s fro m it are w o rk e d u t o e xt rac t t h e m e t al t h e y re t ai n W e h av e th e re fore p t o desc rib e 1 T he e xt rac ti o n o f anti m ony in t he dry w ay 11 The p o p osal s for e xt rac t i n g anti m on y by w e t m e t h ods III T he p rop osal s for e xt rac ti ng anti m ony by e l ec t ro m e t al l u rgic al p roc e sse s an
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I T HE EX T RA CTI O N O F A NTI MO N Y I N T HE DRY WA Y T he t re at m e n t O f o re s c on t ai n i n g an ti m o n y gl an c e m ay h av e fo it s Obj e c t as al ready e xpl ai n e d e it he r th e p re p arati on o f c ru de I n t he l att er c ase an t i m o n y o r t h e e xt rac ti on o f an ti m o ny r e g u l u s We m u st t here fore di sti ng u i sh t h e p ro du c t w ill n e e d t o be re fi n e d b e t w e en A The t re at m e n t o f anti m ony gl anc e fo t he p re p arati on of c ru de a n ti m o n y B T he t eat m en t o f an ti m ony gl an c e and o t he r ores o f anti m ony fo r t he e xt rac t i o n o f t he m e t al C T he re fi n i ng o f an ti m ony .
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A NT I MO N Y G LAN C E FOR T H E P ROD U CT I O N O F C RU D E A NT I MO N Y O e s c on t ai n i ng m o re t han 9 0 p e r c e n t o f an ti m o ny su lp h i de are d a c ru de an t i m o ny aft e r b e i ng g o u nd wit ho u t fu rt h e r t re at u m e nt O e s c o n t ai ni n g l e s t han 9 0 p e r c e n t and as l o w as 4 0 o r 5 0 r c e n t are s u bj e c t e d t o liq u at i o n if t he pi ec es are o f t he right s iz e p l a g e r t han haz e l nu t s b est ab ou t w al n u t siz e S m all g rain e d ic e s wi t h a l w p e c e n t ag e o f an t i m o ny su lp h i de are o e an d as A
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p oi nt ed o u t ab ov e w ork ed u p for t he p rod uc ti on of t he ll g m a rai n ed o re c ou l d b e w o rk ed for c ru de an ti m o ny by S ( ,
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liq uati on o f anti m ony su lp h i de from its acc om p anyi ng m i n e ral s and roc k is p ossibl e o n ac c ou n t o f it s c om p arativ e ly l ow T h e m ai n t e nan c e o f t he p ro p er m e lti n g p o i n t b e l o w a re d h e at t em p e rat ure is of t he great e st i m p ortan c e for at t e m p e rat ure s ab o v e a re d h e at t he su lp h i de is v o l atili se d an d at t oo l o w t e m p e rat u res T he siz e o f t he t he resi du es c on t ai n l arg e q u an titi e s o f an ti m ony pi ec es of ore t oo has c onsi de rabl e effe c t on t he re su lt ; t he sm all e r th e y are t he l e ss c om pl e t e is t he liq u ati on and t h e r i c h e r are t he re si du e s an d fu rt h e r fin e ores l ie S O c l ose t o g e th e r t hat t h e fu se d T h e b e st siz e is p ro v e d t o b e t hat o f s u lphi de is u na bl e t o esc ap e wal nu t s Fi ne ore s with l ow p e rc en t ag e of m e t al giv e a b e tt er re su lt if treat e d for t he p rodu c ti on of re g u l u s I n c o m m e rc e great i m p ort an c e is att ac h e d t o t h e radi at e d s t ru c t u re o f t he p rodu c t : thi s is Obt ai n e d by sl o w c oo li n g o f t h e liqu at ed su lphi de if it is rapi dly c ool ed thi s stru c t u re is ab sen t T he liq u ati on c an b e don e in c l osed or in o p e n (re v e rb e rat ory ) fu rnac es: I n c l ose d furnac es t he ore is c on t ai n e d in p o t s or t u b e s whil e in the re v erb e rat ory fu rnac e it li es e xp osed on t he be d T he c l ose d fu rnac es u se m ore fu e l and c ost m o re for l ab o u r th an t he o p e n e th an t h e on e s bu t t he y e xt rac t a l arg e r p ro p orti o n o f t he su lphi d l at t e r w hi c h l ose c onsi de rabl e q u an titi e s by v ol atili sati on and ati o n o xi d T he
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ATI O N I N CLOS E D F U RNA C ES I f p o t s are u se d th e y T he m e lti n g is do n e in p o t s o in t u b e s o u n de d by t h e b u n i ng fu e l o r a e h eat ed by a e e ith e di rec tly su T h e l att e m e t hod is alw ay s ad opt e d t h e fl am e fro m a fi e pl ac e P o t s a e w o k e d i n t e m itt e n tly bu t pip e s w h e e t u b e s a e u se d p erm it t he adopti on of c on ti n u ou s w ork with c orresp ondi ng ec on om y in fu e l 1 LI Q U .
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W o lfsb erg in the H arz , at M agu rk a Rose nau and Gross G Oll nit z in H u n gary at Mill esc hau in B oh e m i a an d at M alb osc in F ranc e Thi s m e th od re q u i res a high c on su m pti o n o f fu e l bu t has t he adv an t ag e th at it c an be c on du c t e d at t h e m i n e on acco u n t o f t he S i m pli c ity o f t he fu rn ac e It is t he re fore u sed w he re t he ore s are ri c h and fu e l ( w ood o r co al ) is c h e ap at t h e m i n e P ots dir ectl y in
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M E T A L L U RG Y
440
p ot s are m ade o f fi e c l ay and ho l d f o m 11 t o 5 6 lbs I n t he b ot t m o f e ac h th ere a e 4 or 5 ho l es 0 4 t o 0 6 i nc h in di am e t e r T he se re st o n re c e iv e rs t h rou g h w h i c h t h e m e lt e d su lp h i de e sc ap e s The ec e iv ers o f b u rn t c l ay w hi c h c o ll e c t t h e liq u i d c ru de ant i m ony in o rde r t o e ns u e t he sl o w c oo lin g o f t he c o n t e n t s are b e d de din and The p o t s a e pl ac e d in a row t h e e b e i n g som e ash e s o r b re e z e ti m e s se v e ral o f th e se at re g ul ar di st anc es ap art ; 2 0 o r 3 0 p o t s for m Th e sp ac e in w hi c h th e y are pl ac e d is e n c l o se d by a l ow o n e ro w The sp ac e b e t w e e n t he c ru c ibl e s an d b e t w ee n w all o f dry m ason ry th e m an d t h e w all is fill e d w ith fu e l c oal or w ood b e i ng u se d The liq u ati o n t ak e s from 2 t o 12 h ou s ac c ordi n g t o t h e siz e of t he c h arge The
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l i he p o t s are li ft e dOff t he re c e iv e rs e m pti e dandagai n The r e c e iv e rs are in so m e pl ace s c ha g e d and pl ac e d in p ositi o n e m p t i e d aft e e ac h c h arg e and in o t h e rs l e ft till t h e y are fu ll Th e re si du e s c o n t ai n as a ru l e n o t l e ss t han 12 e r c e n t o f su lp h i de p Fig 2 9 8 show s t he arrang e m e nt o f an earli e r liq u ati on pl ant at Wo l fsb e rg in t he H arz H ere a is t he pot with h ol es in t he b ot t om for t he e sc ap e o f t h liq u i d sulp hi de b is t he rec e iv er su ou nded wit h a be d o f non c on du c ting m at e i al t o p re v e n t t he api d c oo li n g o f it s c o n t e nt s m i t he w all w h i c h in t hi s inst anc e e n c l oses on ly on e row o f p o t s ; it is b u ilt o f dry m aso n ry and is p o v i de d wit h draft ho l es T he he ig h t i o f t he o t s ab o u t 12 i n c h es t h e di am e t e r 8 i n c h e s and it ho l ds p At it s
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4 40
p o t s are m ad e of fire c l ay and h ol d fror 11 t o 5 6 l bs I n the b ott o m of e ac h th ere are 4 or 5 h ol e s 0 4 t c i nc h in di am eter th rou gh whi c h t he m e lt ed su lphi de e scap es h ese rest on rec e iv ers T h e re c e iv ers o f b u rn t c l ay whi c h c o ll e c t th e liq u i d c ru de an t i ony in orde r t o e n su re t he sl o w c oo l in g o f t he c on t ers are b e dde d in sand The p o t s are pl ac e d in a ; w t h e e b e i ng s m e ash es or b re e z e o ti m e s se v e ral of th e se at re g u l ar di st an c e s ap 2 0 or 30 p ots form The sp ac e in whi c h th e y are pl ac is e nc l ose d by a l ow on e ro w w all o f dry m asonry The sp ac e b e tw e e n t he ru c ibl e s and b e tw een th e m and t he w all is fill e d with fu e l c oal or 3 d b e i n g u se d The liq u ati on t ak es from 2 t o 12 ho u rs ac c o rdi n g t t he c h arge T he
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At it s c onc l u si on t he p ot s are lift e d off t he rec e rs e m p t i e dandagain c h arg e d and pl ac e d in p o siti o n T he re c e iv are in so m e pl aces e m pti e d aft e r e ac h c h arg e and in o th e rs l e ft 1th e y are fu ll The re si du e s c on t ai n as a ru l e n o t l e ss th an 12 e e n t o f su lphi d e p Fig 2 98 sh ow s t he arran g e m en t o f an ea er l iq u ati on plant at W o lfsb erg in t he H arz 1 H ere a is t he pot with h ol es in t he bot t on or t he e scap e of the liq u id su lphi de b is t he re c e iv e r su rrou nd ed th a bed of non con du c ti n g m at eri al t o p re v en t t he rapid c oo li n of it s c on t e n t s m is t he w all whi c h in thi s in st an c e e n c l ose s or on e r ow o f p o t s ; it is b u ilt o f dry m asonry and is p rov i de d with c aft ho l e s The h eight of t he p ot is ab ou t 12 i n c h es t h e di am e t e r i n c h es and it holds ,
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At M alb osc ( Ar( she ) in F ranc e t he c h arge pe r pot is 33 l bs A ft er 4 c harg es ( 4 ( hou rs) t he re c e iv er b e i n g fu l l is e m pti ed I n t he 4 0 h ou rs 2 0 I t s p rodu c e l bs o f t he su lphi de with a c onsu m pti on o f fu e l l bs o f c oal an d 44 8 l bs o f b ru shw ood P ets heated by a l am e p e rm it o f r e at e r econ om y o f fu e l and g al so fac ilit at e t he vs ki n g o f p o or er or e s b u t t h e l ab o u r is m o re se v e re o n t h e w orki an th an in t he m e th o d p re vi o u sly desc rib e d These p ot s are p l ac l in a fu rnac e on eac h si de o f t he fire or are arrang e d in a c i rc l e u n d it t he rec e iv e rs for t he m e lt e d su lp h i de are e ith er pl ac e d be l v t h e be d o f t h e fu rn ac e su rro u n de d by san d and o u t o f c on t ac t w i t h e fl am e o r th e y are pl ac e d e n ti re ly o u t si de t he fu rnac e b e i n g c n ec t e d with t h e liq u ati on p o t s by a c l ay pip e Thi s l att er arrange r nt is m u c h m o re sati sfac t ory th an t he form er b ecause it do es n o t 1 z e ssit at e t he i n t erru pti on of th e p ro ,
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Th ese fu rnac e s n be arran g e d with v erti c al or h oriz on t al t u b e s bu t t he l att e r arra e m e n t do e s n o t app e ar t o h av e b ee n ado pt e d The v erti cal arran m en t is u se d at M alb osc in F ran c e and at B anya in H un gary nd with it m ore fav ou rabl e resu lt s h av e b e en o bt ai n e d in re g ard 0 fu e l c o n su m pti on q u antity t reat ed an d cost o f l ab ou r t h an w it l :h e o t fu rnac e s p ,
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M E T A LLU RG Y
4 40
p ot s are m ade o f fi re c l ay and hol d f om 11 t o 5 6 l bs I n t he b ot t o m o f e ac h th e re are 4 or 5 h ol e s 0 4 t o 06 i nc h in di am e t er t hrou gh w hi c h t he m e l t ed su lp hi de e scap e s T hese rest on re c e iv e s Th e rec e iv e rs o f b u n t c l ay w h i c h c o ll e c t t h e liq u i d c u de an ti m o n y in orde r t o e nsu re t he sl o w c oo li n g o f t he c on t e n t s are b e dde din sand Th e p o t s are pl ac e d in a row th e e b e i n g so m e ash e s o r b re e z e ti m e s se v e ral o f t he se at e g ul ar di st anc e s ap art ; 2 0 or 30 p ot s for m Th e sp ac e in w h i c h t h e y are pl ac e d is e n c l ose d by a l o w o n e ro w The sp ac e b e tw e e n t h e cru c ibl es an d b e tw ee n w all o f dry m ason y t h e m an d t he w all is fill e d wit h fu e l c oal or w ood b e i n g u se d T he liq u ati on t ak e s from 2 t o 12 h o u rs ac c o di n g t o t he siz e o f t he c harge T he
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f wh ere th e y are c l o se d w hi] w orki n g with a c ov e r and are 3 fee t 3 i nc h e s high 10 i nc h e s di am e r at t he u pp e r e n d an d 7 g i nc h e s di am e t e r at t h e b o tt om t h e i w all s b e i n g 0 6 t o 0 8 i n c h thi c k Th e y re st o n a fi re c l ay sl ab pi oe d w ith ho l e s for t he e scap e o f t he liq u id su lphi de a in t h e fi gu r is a h o l e in t he si de o f t he t u b e at it s l o w e r e nd th ro u gh whi c h t l re s i du e is c l eare d o u t : th e se h o l es are 2 7 i n c h e s in width an d 4 7 1c h e s high an d d u r i n g t h e w o rki n g e is pl g o r with a l u t e d pl at e o f a c h arg e are c l ose d w ith a l a u y Th ese carri e d t he rec e iv e r 1 fo o t 4 i nc h es hig an d 10 i n c h e s wid e on s m all w agg ons are int rodu d t hrou gh t he o p e n i n g s with tight fitting do ors i n t o t he c h am 3rs sho wn in t he fig u re : w h e n fu ll th e y c an be re pl ac ed by e m pt re c e iv e rs wit hou t i n t erru pti n g t he o p e rati on The doo rs are p vide d with p ee ph o l es th ro u gh whi c h t he p rogre ss o f t he liq u ati on c a b e o b serv e d The fl am e s pl ay ro u n d t he t u b es and esc ap e th ro u gh t l 3 e o p e ni n g s h i n t o t he c hi m ney ; t he fl u es are p ro vi ded with dam pei by w hi c h t he i n t ensity o f t he fire c an b e re g u l at e d P art o f t he ire p asse s th ro u gh t he h o l e s b b 4 i nc h es sq u are in t he w all s o f 1e re c e iv e r c h am b ers and m ai n t ai n th e m and t he c oll e c t ed su lph e at t he p ro p e r t em p erat u re The o p e n i ng s se r ve fo r t h e re m al o f t h e re si du e s fro m liq u ati o n an d for re p ai ri n g any d am ag e t o t h t u b e s D u ri n g t he w o rki n g th e se are c l ose d by c ast i ro n pl at e s n e w ly b u ilt fu rn ac e re q u i re s t o be h eat e d t o a b right re d h e at f r 8 h o u rs b e fore a c h arg e is i nse rt ed T h e re g u l ati o n o f t h e t e m perat e is adj u st e d ac c ordi n g t o t h e c o l o u r o f t he p ro d u c t whi c h o u ght t l bl u i sh a re d c ol ou r is an i ndi c ati on th at t he h eat has b e e n t oo gre The c h arg e for e ac h t u b e i 5 c w t s o f o re an d it t ak e s 3 h o u rs for c om pl e t e liq u ati o n t he yie is 5 0 per c e n t o f su lphi de For t h e p ro d u c ti on o f 100 c w t s o f su l rid e 6 4 c wt s o f c oal are ne c e ssary ; t he t u b e s l ast 2 0 day s e ac h th e c o st o f p ro du c i n g 10 0 kil os o f su lphi de is for l ab o u r f nc s n d for fu e l er a p franc s ( 6d per i il e t he c ost in o t fu rnac es is fo r p l ab our francs and for fu franc s p e r 10 0 kil os roo
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« cc Ch i i an M l l l h c e , p rc adw e l l 11, Do u g as I s an d, s t a m 1111 s at , 11111 1 7 8 7 ; c a c ina t io n o f go d o re i 8 11 8 c h l m ina t io n o f go d o re 1 8 12
ra
r ‘
i
Vl
on ,
-
.
s
,
.
a
;
G EN E RA L
Vi M ill I d h l i p t i 69 7 m lt i g p i t f pp i 2 ; V i ll m l t i g p i t f g ld 1 752 ; m lti g v l t ili t y f zi ii 2 ; p i t f pl t i m ii 6 14 Vi i l g d i h p ti g f pp fi i 3 7 5 2 2 13 V ivi W k Sw C pp f m l t i g i 15 2 ; m th d v t p i t i 16 6 ; im p i t i i zi f m ii 3 f d by ii zi di t ill t i f 116 ii Vl m lt i g f d ti 4 0 3 4 04 4 12 ti g i V m t h d f pp h p 34 i 3 5 1 3 64 V gl f f ilv V gl A ti hl id 1 46 1 462 ; A g ti p 1 t h m th d f t im y 7 09 t ti t L ix P t g l ii 4 7 0 V l t ili i g ti g f t im y gl ii 449 V tm b lt xt ti m th d f ii 608 V tm d S pi t z xt t i f ii 4 25 426 t i by l t ly i e nna
a
o
a
,
on
on
n
e
o n
re e n ,
ne s,
er
co
’
an s
o
nc ’
an
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con
.
,
.
,
u r n ac e s
.
,
o n u se
u rnac e ,
n
e
.
,
.
,
,
e
.
,
.
,
rac
ons o
o n r e ac
e
e
er c
or
e,
n
ro c e ss,
o
o
an
on
a
or u
n
ro as
s
us
a,
on a
s n
.
,
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on
on
n
ro as
-
,
.
,
ea
er
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o
o
u r n ac e ,
o a
n
s
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an se a,
n e ar
n u se a
n
e e re n s
”
e
a
s
n
ro as
-
,
s,
nc
n
ea
or
s
n
e
.
,
ro c e ss
es
or
e
o
s
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ur
.
on
on
n
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on
.
.
,
.
,
u se
e r,
co
o
o
nu
a
o
o
nc ,
o
o n
tr o
o n
n
e
o a
e
am a gam at
,
e,
o
an
o,
-
an
o
,
.
ex
.
on
an c e ,
.
an n ,
or
e
o
o
a
co
rac
e
on ,
.
ann
or
n
an
er, o n
s s,
e e c ro
rac
e
.
on o
,
INDEX
7 29
l t i g i 35 8 36 1 3 63 W t h i g pp f f m t ti f lp hi d i t lp h t i 2 10 W b t p f l mi m f t 6 40 W b t M i i g d M illi gC M y m bi ti vl p f ilv xt t i t i 674 W ddi g i k l fi i g 1 5 96 W ddi g d U l i h p d ti f hl i d f pp i d y w y 22 1 W il l l ti d t ivi t y f zi ii 2 W i gl m f t i 387 W ld m g t l t i m hi d i xt ti pp f m it f ll y 1 260 W ld p f m ki g h1 i d f li m ii 5 7 9 ; p f hl i m f t ii 640 64 1 W ll t ll f pp ti g i f l d t i g i 32 8 3 88 f ti g l dm tt i 383 4 08 W ll V gl f f m ly d t F ib g i 365 366 W l h f f pp m l t i g i 138 li i g m t l i i 139 14 0 ; m lti g m t l i 14 1 ; f m l t i g w h i t m t l 1 144 l 4 5 14 6 15 1 W kbl i W k l d d L d W l bili t y f p zi i id i 5 W th p ifi t i f bi m t h f m i ii 3 7 0 W t i gh St L i W k gi f i h d w i t h i 874 W tm p p l f imp v m t i zi x t t i ii 185 W t h ill g t di t t di t ill ti f zi ii 103 111 t q 12 8 ; hi f d m th d f p d ti f zi w hit ii 229 t q W t zl h i Ti m hi f g l d S w hi g i A g i 7 63 ; i 7 08 p Wh t hi p f i k l fi ig ii 5 92 Wh l p di W h p i 65 7 d i g ld m lg m ti My i 7 96 Whit f th f pp ti i t 82 f t i gl d i 339 f h l i di i g t i g ilv i 698 Whit m t l i pp fi i gp d ti f i 18 t tm t f i G m p f pp m l t i g i 24 ; m l ti g m t l f p d ti f i 14 0 m lt i g f sm e
*
n
.
,
,
“
ea
er n
co
on o
su
s er s
e
e r o re s
a e,
n o su
e
e
a e,
e
n
e
n
c
on a
o
n n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
-
.
.
.
—
.
—
.
—
.
—
.
—
.
.
.
-
.
—
.
.
.
.
V OL
.
II
o
s
s
er
co
uc
ro
on
o
n
er
a
r
nc ,
o
uc
1
,
.
an u ac u re ,
as
e ss
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e
n
o
s,
on
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on
rac
e
a
ro ce s s
’
n er s
s a
.
ea
-
o r ro as
o
co
o
n
ea
n
erre n ,
or
,
or
en
ro
osa
rac
on,
e
ea
nc
u re
s
u
n
ro
or
s
.
or
ro
en
e
n
71
.
n re or
.
e
,
an
e
se
o
e,
a
s
-
.
,
o
ro
.
.
erra
s
n
ou s
.
nc
se
ec a
ne o r
ac
on
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o
u st n
u
1
r oc ess ,
ar o n ,
e a
n
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on o
,
on o
as
.
c o arse
e
un
ne ,
u rn ac es
e
,
.
nc ,
ar ,
e
ca
ur
on o
*
n
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n
s
ea
-
ra e s, u se
uc
a
u se
.
nc e
s
,
c o ar se
o
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.
—
so u
an n ,
e
,
,
,
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u rn s
es
or
see
s, i
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s
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arse n c ,
es
.
,
.
er
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*
e r, o n
er
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,
.
on
ac
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o r ne
,
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or
,
in,
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e
c
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.
,
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01
s
*
u rn ac e ,
er
c
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u r nac e ,
e
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u se
,
or
,
or
re
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.
n e r-
ne ,
n
a
or
an u ac u re ,
e
co
o
ac
.
e,
e
.
a n e o -e e c r c
e s
e a
l by i i li p i i ii il i i ii x i y ii i i ikl ii ll i x i by l ii ll i li i iv y ii l k k p T iz p l x i i lz i i x i l by i p ilv x i i i i p p i p i l i l l i ifi i p j k i A i i p v by i pi by i A iz xi l
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1
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an
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on
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,
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na
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n n
s er
e a
5 99 , , of b ro , go d m ne , 8 2 7 ; o n t h e m e t n g o nt 24 1 o n S e s an of c adm u m , 2 46 c adm u m , o n e t rac t o n o f m erc u r in t h e w e t w ay , 34 3 o n re f n n 5 42 g n c e m at t e , Wa r dge , o n e t rac t o n o f t in e ec t ro l y sis, 4 25 , 4 2 6 Wa S t ree t M n e , t h e , Ca forn a, n at e m e rc u r in , 2 55 W a t he r Kron e c W o r s, t h e , at Sc h o arn o w t ro c ess o f e ad p in it z , e t rac t o n at , 303 , 3 06 W a raff mad, 194, 197 W ash n g, e t rac t on o f go d , 7 60 76 3 W asho e ro c e ss o f s er e t rac t o n , 6 4 7 6 7 3 ; c ru sh n g o f o re s, 64 9 6 5 4 t re at m e nt o f o w de r e d o re in an s , 654 66 2 ; se ar at o n of am a gam , 6 6 3 6 65 ; t re at m e nt o f am a ga m , 1 66 5 6 7 0 ; t re at m e nt o f o re s af t er am a gam at o n , 1 6 7 0 6 7 3 m o d c at o ns o f W ash o e ro c e ss, 1 6 7 3 e t seq W at e r ac et f u rn ac es, 9 0 ; m e r c an , 1 9 2 , 10 1 103 ; m ro e m e n t in He rre sh o f, 92 c o nsum t on o f w at e r 102 ; in u se in r o na , an d N e w M e c o , 1 16 8 ; f o r ead
.
u re , 1L
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a
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; ca c n n
W ad oc c u r re n c e o f ii W agn e r o n e x t rac t i o n
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on i n
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,
ro c e ss o
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s
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3
3
7 30
NER A L I N D E X
GE
pp i 143 146 by “ l h p i 144 14 6 mp i f i 146 ; mp iti f p i l ti i 15 0 ; ll y i 4 36 tim ti 5 06 W h i t l g m t l i 15 0 V l t P i Mi t h N v d B p f ilv x t t i t i 675 L iv p l C l Wid dt p t i 7 39 h m l “i dm d t ivi t y f ilv i 45 6 f g l d i 7 5 3 ; f zi ii 2 VV i d m dF z th m l d t i it f l d i 2 75 ; f t i ii W i ggi d C i k l fi i g by ii 5 95 W il h l m i Zi W k S il i D g d pt t ii 136 t q f t i i 160 ; Si m g h g f di t ill t i ii 16 1 ; l i di t ill t i ii 17 1 ; z i f zi fi i g ii 182 W ill m i t l li t i f ii 15 ; W hit p d d f m ii 2 26 VViLli m th p C i t hi f l d x t t i i M i i i 2 95 l d Am i h t h o th w t f l d x t t i i 3 14 \V i k l b l m l g m t i i 689 t i 84 6 692 m t ti q t li t i lp h id f f m l i t i f zi bl d ii 59 ; hi m th d f xt t i f i l p d t f m id f l t l ii 4 95 m p d f pl t i m ii 6 15 l Vit t i h it B i m t h gl C pp W h it ii 6 34 W oh l x t t i f l m i i m ii 63 7 W hlf h t h mi l f zi ti xi d ii 8 W hl w ill m t h d f x t t i pp f f m it ll y 1 2 60 V lff l t ly i f d i gi zi ii 2 16 W l f m i ti ii 382 392 W l f b gi t ii 43 7 W ll t x t t i f pl t i m ii 62 1 W d th m lt i g p i t f dm i m i 24 1 ; ll y f bi m t h ii lV dw t h M ill “ h p t i 6 7 1 672 W t G ld Mi i g C T v l M A th F t g ld x t ti t i 8 39 p “ lf b tt l d i x t ti f zi x id i 5 5 8 55 9 W il l p ifi d B tt d fi h t f i ii 4 7 1 '
c o arse c o
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li k T l li p i i v lp ilv i i i k p i i i pp i p lp i i p i lp i p l i i pi l i i p pp py i li i i i l li pp i i l ly i pp li i d ff t th ti g i l d m l p i 320 d ti p i l 1 3 4 1 34 3 3 4 6 i gp l d i h i i 354 f f l d i 386 t q i v i li m i t i f i fi i g l d i f l d 43 1 t q ; d ilv i t i by i 434 d ilv ll y f il v d i 4 65 f i 5 19 5 22 ; p i i g by m l d i ll y f il d ti l d i 5 22 60 1 f m g tif i 5 2 8 5 33 ; d ilv i i g p m 1 5 3 3 5 38 ; li q t i f z i f d ilv i d l d 1 t t tm p d ti ih l d f 5 38 5 39 ll y i 5 39 l q di i f m m i 5 4 0 548 f zi t il l t i m i 5 4 8 5 49 m lti g i h p ll t i i h m i 549 ; f m i 5 49 xi d t i m l t i g zi by t m 1 5 5 0 5 5 2 l i i i f zi i 552 5 53 x t f xi d ti xi d by m m i m f zi b t 1 5 5 3 5 60 by lp h i i d 1 5 6 0 5 6 1 m bi d p t t i 1 d ilv i i g p d zi
Z e e h an an d D u n das Sm e t n g W o r s, a sm ani a , e ad sm e t n g ro c e ss the, at , 4 12 15 3 , r o c e ss o f de s e r sat o n , Z er o ge 7 40 7 4 9 o f u f er sc h e fe r , 15 4 , 155 , 182 , 19 7 er , 3 ; 0 11 c u ro u s Z n c , ac t o n o n c o h de , 11 o n c u r c su h at e , su 12 ; 12 ; o n c u ro u s c h o r de , 12 , 13 ; re se n t o n c u r c c h o r de , 2 6 , 2 9 m u ffl e f u r in co er r i t e s, 85 re n ac e s fo r c a c n at o n o f , du c t o n o f in sm e t ing o f c a c n e d co e r o r e s, 87 , 88 , 9 1 ac t o n in 2 62 , er s m e s, s s o f co e ec tro ’
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H y d zi i t b t h mi l f ii ti 12 ; xt ti f Z ii f m 19 7 hl i d h mi l ti f ii 12 ; x t t i f zi f m ii 19 7 l t ly i f ii 2 15 2 19 ii 6 13 g xi d h m i l ti f ii 6 8 ; w i t h zi ti lp h i d ii 10 ; x t t i f zi f m ii 196 ; p ti f ii 2 35 2 3 7 p d zi it Zi ili t h m i l ti f ii 11 El t i C l m i ( ) p C l mi lp h t h m i l ti f ii 12 ; d ti f i zi ii di t ill t i o o m , see
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N E R A L IN D E X
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