health benefits of olive oil

0 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Feb 4, 2011 - respect to meat and meat products, the coefficient was lower at. +0.39 (p=0.08). ..... then pressed. Hot water was poured over the pressed bags to wash ..... frequency analysis revealed a bimodal distribution of genetic distance among .... refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value and.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF OLIVE OIL

"……And the dove came back to him in the evening, and behold, in her mouth was a freshly plucked olive leaf (Genesis 8:11).

Medical Research in Biblical Times Examination of Passages from the Bible, Exactly as Written

Liubov Ben-Nun

NOT FOR SALE

This research deals with the health effects of olive oil. What is the history of olive oil? What is its composition? The mechanisms of its action?

What is the Mediterranean diet?

What are its health

effects? Can olive oil be recommended for use by humans? The Biblical texts related to olive oil were examined from a contemporary viewpoint.

Author:

Liubov Ben-Nun, Professor Emeritus

Ben Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences, Dept. of Family Medicine Beer-Sheva, Israel. B.N. Publication House. Israel. 2018. E-Mail: [email protected] The Author gains no financial or other benefits. Technical Assistance: ILana Siskal

NOT FOR SALE

CONTENTS MY VIEW

4

FOREWORD

5

INTRODUCTION

7

BIBLICAL VERSES

9

HISTORY DOMESTICATION

10 17

GENETIC DIVERSITY

19

GRADING

23

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

24

PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS

29

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES HUMAN HEALTH MEDITERRANEAN DIET BENEFITS ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION LIPD LOWERING EFFECT CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CORONAY ARTERY DISEASE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION HYPERTENSION STROKE DIABETES OSTEOARTHRITIS/RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS OSTEOPOROSIS PLATELET FUNCTION LIVER DISEASES NEPHROTOXICITY SKIN COSMETICS ANTI-AGEING NEUROPROTECTION CANCER MISCELLANEOUS

SUMMARY

34 36 36 48 52 54 58 61 67 69 74 76 80 85 92 93 97 99 104 106 108 113 121

124

3 L. Ben-Nun

Olive Oil

MY VIEW MEDICINE IN THE BIBLE AS A RESEARCH CHALLENGE This is a voyage along the well-trodden routes of contemporary medicine to the paths of the Bible. It covers the connection between body and soul, and the unbroken link between our earliest ancestors, accompanied by spiritual yearning and ourselves. Through the verses of the Bible flows a powerful stream of ideas for Medical Research combined with study of our roots and the Ancient texts. The Bible exists as evidence in the Book of Books, open to all humankind, the text that has been translated into hundreds of languages and dialects, and remains our eternal taboo. Many people ask me about the connection between the Bible and medical science. My reply is simple: the roots of science are buried deep in the biblical period and I am just the archeologist and medical researcher. This scientific medical journey to the earliest roots of the nation in the Bible has been and remains moving, exciting and enjoyable. It has created a kind of meeting in my mind between the present and those Ancient times, through examining events frozen in times. Sometimes it is important to stop, to look back a little. In real time, it is hard to study every detail, because time is passing as they appear. However, when we look back we can freeze the picture and examine every detail, see many events that we missed during that fraction of a second when they occurred. The Book of Books, the Bible, is an essential source for the whole world.

4 L. Ben-Nun

Olive Oil

FOREWORD Worldwide dietary data for nutrition monitoring and surveillance are commonly derived from food balance sheets (FBS) and household budget surveys (HBS). Food supply from FBS and food availability data from HBS among eighteen European countries were compared and the extent to which they correlate was estimated, focusing on food groups which are comparably captured by FBS and HBS and for which there is epidemiological evidence that they can have a noticeable impact on population mortality. Spearman's correlation coefficient was +0.78 (p1 tablespoon (>8 g) of total olive oil per day compared with those who never consumed olive oil was 0.90 (0.820.99). The corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 0.95 (0.87-1.04) for salad dressing olive oil and 0.85 (0.74-0.98) for olive oil added to food or bread. Substituting olive oil (8 g/d) for stick margarine, butter, or mayonnaise was associated with 5%, 8%, and 15% lower risk of T2D, respectively, in the pooled analysis of both cohorts. In conclusion, higher olive oil intake is associated with modestly lower risk of T2D in women and that hypothetically substituting other types of fats and salad dressings (stick margarine, butter, and mayonnaise) with olive oil is inversely associated with T2D (2). Dietary polyphenols come mainly from plant-based foods including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, coffee, tea, and nuts. Polyphenols may influence glycemia and T2D through different mechanisms, such as promoting the uptake of glucose in tissues, and therefore improving insulin sensitivity. This review (3) aims to summarize the evidence from clinical trials and observational prospective studies linking dietary polyphenols to prediabetes and T2D, with a focus on polyphenol-rich foods characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. The metabolic biomarkers related to polyphenol intake and genotype-polyphenol interactions modulating the effects on T2D were described. Intakes of polyphenols, especially flavan-3-ols, and their food sources have demonstrated beneficial effects on insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Several prospective studies have shown inverse associations between polyphenol intake and T2D. The Mediterranean diet and its key components, olive oil, nuts, and red wine, have been inversely associated with insulin resistance and T2D. To some extent, these associations may be attributed to the

67 L. Ben-Nun

Olive Oil

high amount of polyphenols and bioactive compounds in typical foods conforming this traditional dietary pattern. Few studies have suggested that genetic predisposition can modulate the relationship between polyphenols and T2D risk. In conclusion, the intake of polyphenols may be beneficial for both insulin resistance and T2D risk (3). EVOO improves post-prandial glycaemia in healthy subjects but it has never been investigated if this can be detected in pre-diabetic patients. If EVOO affects post-prandial glucose and lipid profile was investigated in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Thirty IFG patients were randomly allocated to a meal containing or not 10 g of EVOO in a cross-over design. Before, 60 min and 120 min after lunch a blood sample was taken to measure glucose, insulin, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Apo B-48. The meal containing EVOO was associated with a reduction of glucose (p=0.009) and DPP4 activity (p