Healthy Society Healthy Nation

Healthy Society for

Healthy Nation Editor-in-Chief

Prin. Dr. Dnyaneshwar Suryawanshi Principal, V.W.S. College, Dhule 424001 (M.S.) Editors

Dr. Shubhada Rawal Dr. Sujata Gaikawad

Dr. Sunanda Thakare Dr. Santosh Khatri

Post-graduate Department of Political Science, V.W.S. College, Dhule 424001 (M.S.)

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Publisher & Printer: Rangrao A Patil | Prashant Publications 3, Pratap Nagar, Dynaneshwar Mandir Road, Near Nutan Maratha College, Jalgaon 425 001. Ph: 0257-2235520, 2232800. Web: www.prashantpublication.com Email: [email protected] Edition: Feb. 2018 ISBN: 978-93-84228-00-0 Price: ` 250 Cover Design: Swapnil Faltankar Typesetting: Prashant Publications, Jalgaon All rights reserved. No part of this publication shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying (zerox copy), recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.

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Acknowledgement There are two important components to visualize the edited book. one is funding agency and second is author. At the outset we would like to express our sincere thanks to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, for their financial help and grant. It gives us a great pleasure in expressing our sincere and heartfelt thanks to writers, who written the various chapter for our editing reference book. This work is an output of their valuable research and study material. Therefore we express our deep sense of gratitude to them. We very much thankful to Dr. Dilip Patil, Chairman of V.W.S. G.C., Shri Yuraj Aaba Karnkal, Secretary of V.W.S. G.C. and all the Members of G.C of V.W.S for giving us energy and encourage us and we also thankful to Vice-Principal Dr. Shubhada Thakare, Mr. V.K. Pawar Mr M.B.Patil and all faculties of V.W.S. College for giving their support and co-operation. We gratefully acknowledge my debt to all scholars whose works we have consulted to prepare the present volume. We grateful thanks to Prashant Publication for designing and published the present work. Prin. Dr. Suryawanshi D.S. Editor-in-Chief

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Preface Public Health and Public Administration are two aspects of the same coin. Stability of Administration depends on Public Health and the Public Administration responsible for the maintaining good public health. It is truly said, ‘Healthy society is the sign of Healthy Nation’ In this editing book, we studied and discussed about co-relation of public health and public administration. In India, since independence, Public Health has been remained core issue, during policy formulation for all national governments. One of the constitutional duties of the all Governments is to create and maintained the public health at better level. For the fulfillment of the purpose, all the governments established separate portfolio and Administration with Public Health department. Since then it also initiative particular administrative machinery which stood responsible for the implementation of various schemes related to the public health. In this context, it is necessary to study the subject of public health and public administration in current scenario. In this reference book, under the main theme public health and public administration, we discuss and studying the topics on History of Public Administration of India, Health in India, Relation between Mental Health and Social Health, Role of NGOs in public Health, Health problems of Tribal area, Yoga and Mental Health in various chapters. We hope this edited book important and helpful for students, Researchers & NGOs of Public Health and Public Administration areas. It is our hope and desire that this collection would meet the needs of them to enjoy the richness and variety of different papers on Public Health and Administration which is a never failing source of pleasure and refreshment. Prin. Dr. Suryawanshi D.S. Editor-in-Chief 4 | Prashant Publications

Contents 1. Public Health In India: A Critical Analysis...........................9 Dr Shikha Jain 2. Mental Health And Social Health - An Analytical Study........15 Dr. Noel Dan 3. Health In India....................................................................20 Dr. Raju Lotan Bhadane 4. Public Health Administration- A Historical Review............29 Dr. Jaishri Gavit 5. History of Indian Health Administration Up to..................36 Independence Mr.Umesh Ashok Gogadiya & Mr.Harshal Hiraman Patil 6. Burning Problem Of Health Personnel In Tribal Area........44 Dr. Dnyaneshwar S. Suryawanshi, Dr. Sandip B. Garud 7. Role Of NGOs In Public Health..........................................58 Dr. Dileep Jankiram Ghongade 8. History Of Public Administration In India..........................64 Mr. Pankaj Laxman Sonawane 9. Public Health Administration In Indian During..................72 British Rule Dr. Shubhada Rawal 10. Healthcare in India : Structure and Function. .....................78 Dr. Sunanda V. Thakare 11. Community Based Monitoring And Planning.....................90 For Public Health System In India Dr. Raghunath Mahajan 12. Impact Of Mass Media On Knowledge Attitude................95 And Practices Amongst The ANC Mothers Attending The ICTC At Tanda Medical College Mr. Sanjay Bhonge Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 5

13. The Role Of Public Health In Daily Life............................106 Prof. Dr. Sambhaji A. Sonawane 14. Relation Of Mental Health And Social Health..................109 Prof. Vaishali J. Korde 15. Philosophical Approach To Social & Mental Health.........116 Prof. H. D. Sawant 16. The Awareness Of Public Health And Administration........121 Prof. Dr. Amol Uttamrao Patil 17. Holistic Health Is A Today’s Need. ...................................124 Dr. Sudam Gemu Rathod 18. A Study Of Emotional Intelligence And Mental Health Among Indoor And Outdoor Sports Person......................128 Prof. Mahendra Satyavijay Wagh 19. Yoga Practices On Mental Health Of Adolescents. ..........132 Vijay Mahadeorao Bhujade 20. Social Health And Mental Health In ‘A Handful Of Rice’.....136 Dr. Hemant Sudhakar Dalal 21. A Study Of National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act........139 Pandurang R. Pawar 22. The Indian Administration : Federal Principle and...........150 Indian Constitution Dr. Santosh S. Khatri & Prof. Sujata Shirode


List of tables - Child Malnutrition..................................................................................20 - Threshold Population essential for each Health care........................47 facilities suggested by national Health Plan - Existing and required health care facilities and.................................48 Health Personnel according to population - District wise availability of facility and health personnel.................81 - Population per public health facilities across 1991, 2001.............82 and 2011 - Population per Public as well as Private Bed (2009-10)................83 - Population per Doctor/Nurse in the Public Sector............................84 - Antenatal Care By District: Percentage of women (aged................85 15-49 who received any antenatal check-up (ANC) by districts, Maharashtra, 2007-08 - Percentage of women (aged 15-49)4 who received.......................86 different types of antenatal care (ANC) by districts - Institutional deliveries............................................................................87 - Maharashtra Across DLHS Surveys.....................................................88 - RCH OUTCOME INDICATOR..............................................................89 - Demographic distribution of respondents..........................................99 - Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge........... 100 regarding prevention Measures about HIV - Association of Source of information and correct......................... 102 knowledge about prevention about HIV amongst the respondents - Distribution of the respondents according to.................................. 103 Misconceptions about HIV AIDS - Association between Source of Information and........................... 103 misconception about HIV amongest the respondents - Distribution of respondents Attitude towards HIV.......................... 103 positive person - Distribution of the respondents according to their practices........ 104 pertaining to voluntary testing and prevention of HIV Practice (n-181) - Mean and SD score of Indoor and Outdoor sports Person.......... 130 in Emotional Intelligence - Mean And SD score of Indoor and Outdoor sports Person.......... 130 in Mental Health - Funding................................................................................................. 143 Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 7

List of figures - Location Map..........................................................................................46 - Lab Technicians.......................................................................................50 - Junior Assistant.......................................................................................53 - Distribution of respondents Knowledge about mode..................... 101 of transmission of HIV - Distribution of the respondents according to the........................... 101 Source of Information about HIV - Determinants of Health Components................................................ 110 - Determinants of Health...................................................................... 111 - How can improve the mental health accessibility? :........................ 112 ‘Think outside the Box’ - Ways to Improve Your Social Health............................................... 114


Public Health in India: A Critical Analysis - Dr. Shikha Jain Dept. of Political Science, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee. (Utharakhand).

There have been important improvements in public health since 1950. India at present suffers from the triple burden of disease as communicable. Non-communicable and emerging infectious diseases. The health infrastructure is already overstretched and needs to be strengthened to enable it to confront these challenges in the 21st century. 1) Investing more in health and recognizing disease prevention. 2) The system should be strengthened to improve the process of service delivery. 3) Focusing on evidence, excellence and equity. 4) Leveraging technology to transfer public health. 5) Finally empowering health leadership and governance. Public health intervention is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviours, communities and environments. Many diseases are preventable through simple, nonmedical methods. In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others, either during an outbreak of infectious disease or through contamination of foods of water supplies. Public health is the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities and individuals. It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis.The dimensions of health can encompass a state of complete physical mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the United Nation 'World Health Organization'. Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 9

Public health involves the application of many different disciplines: »» Biology »» Anthropology »» Public Policy »» Mathematics »» Engineering »» Education »» Psychology »» Computer Science »» Sociology »» Medicine »» Business »» Others Modern Public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of public health workers and professionals including the following physicians specializing in public health, community medicine, or infectious disease, psychologists, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, medical assistants or Assistant medical officers, public health nurses, midwives, medical microbiologists environmental health officers or public health inspectors, pharmacist, dentist, dietitians and nutritionists, veterinarians, public health engineers, public health lawyers sociologist, community development workers, communication experts, bioethicists and others. Public health is defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education policymaking and research for disease and injury prevention. The definition of public health is different for every person. Being a public health professional enables you to work around the world, address health problems of communities as a whole and influence of communities as a whole and influence policies that affect the health of societies. To improve populations health through the implementation of specific population-level interventions, public health contributes to medical care by identifying and assessing population needs for 10 | Prashant Publications

health care services including: • Assessing current services and evaluating what are they meeting the objectives of the health care system. • Ascertaining requirements as expressed by health professionals, the public and other stakeholders. • Identifying the most appropriate interventions. • Considering the effect on resources for proposed interventions and assessing their cost-effectiveness. • Supporting decision making in health care and planning health services including any necessary changes. • Informing, educating and empowering people about health issues. Public health professionals will be trained to perform one or more of these 10 essential services: • Monitor the health status of a community to identify potential problems. • Diagnose and investigate health problems and hazards in the community. • Inform, educate and empower people about health issues, particularly the underserved and those at risk. • Mobilize community partnership to identify and solve health problems. • Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. • Enforce laws and regulations that protect the health and ensure safety. • Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. • Ensure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce. • Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health. • Research new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 11

Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and undeveloped countries, through local health systems and nongovernmental organizations. The world health organization in the international agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. For example, in the United State, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments.The United States Public Health service led by the Surgeon General of the United States and the centres for disease control and prevention, headquartered in Atlanta, is involved with several international health activities, in addition to their national duties. The public health system in India is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state-owned healthcare facilities. Some programs and policies associated with public health promotion and prevention can be controversial. One such example programs focusing on the prevention of HIV transmission through safe sex campaigns and needle exchange programmes. Another is the control of tobacco, smoking, changing smoking behavior requires long-term strategies, unlike the fight against communicable disease which usually takes a shorter period for effects to be observed Many nations have implemented major initiatives to cut smoking such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all taxation and ban on smoking in some or all public places. In real smoking is one of the major killers and that therefore governments have a duty to reduce the death rate while this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility but the state may be removed more and more choice of better population health overall. No doubt is one of the most polluted countries in the world. India has become a veritable gas chamber with denizens finding it difficult to breathe. Air pollution during winter months has become a catastrophe for large parts of north India. Air pollution increases in the lead up to winter as at this time of year farmers in the neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana burn their post12 | Prashant Publications

harvest crop stubble, plus the cooler air traps pollutants near the ground. Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and water-borne diseases, zoonotic diseases and antibiotic resistance leading to the reemergence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis antibiotic resistance also known as drug resistance was the theme of world health may 2011. This public health problem of stove piping is thought to create a lack of funds to combat other existing diseases in a given county WHO reports that at least 220 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes and the number of diabetes deaths will double by the year 2030. The work of Public health is very important because public health initiatives affect people every day in every part of the world. It addresses broad issues that can affect the health and well being of individuals, families, communities, populations and societies both now and for generations to come. No doubt, Public health focuses on improving and protecting community health and well being with an emphasis on prevention among large groups of people. According to doctors, consistently breathing in the microscopic particles can be seriously detrimental for one health, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. According to a 2015 study conducted by scientists from the Chittaranjan Nation Cancer Institute, half of Delhi 4.4 million school children have diminished lung capacity.

Reference:

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https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu>careers https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wikipublic www.eurowhoint?healthsystems>pu https//www.ncbi.nim.hih.gov.pubmed www.ijph.in>article https//www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov>pubmed www.indushealthplus.com>publichealth www.monstercrawler.com/public+health www.livemint.com>Sunday App www.info.com/ Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 13

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www.irjms.com>files planningcommission.gov.in>bkpap2020 www.questia.com/onlinelibrary www.preservearticles.com>health.probl www.share>youressays.com>1150 words http//www.imf.org/extenal/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/ dikid T, jainsk,sharma A., Kumar A, Narain JP, emerging and remerging inflections in India : An over view Indian med Res 2013, 138 19-31. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sh.xpd.oopc.zs www.monstercrawler.com/public Health…


Mental Health and Social Health : An Analytical Study Dr. Noel Dan Head Department of Philosophy, Mankunwar Bai Govt. College, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Mental Health includes our emotional, psychological and social well being. It affects how we think feel and act. It also helps to determine how we handle stress. Mental health is very important at every stage of life from childhood to adult hood. According to world health organization “Mental health … is a state of well being in which the individual realize his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” During the course of life if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Good mental health is integral to human health and well being. A person’s mental health and many common mental disorders are shaped by various social, economic and physical environments operating at different stage of life. Many problems contribute to mental health including1) Biological problems such as genes or brain chemistry. 2) Life experiences such as trauma or abuse. 3) Family history of mental health problems. Early warning signs for mental health problems1) Eating or sleeping too much or too little. 2) Pulling away from people and usual activities. 3) Having low or no energy. 4) Feeling helpless or hopeless. 5) Smoking, drinking or using drugs more than usual. 6) Feeling numbs or like nothing matters. 7) Feeling unusually confused, forgetful, angry, upset, worried or upset. 8) Yelling or fighting with family or friends. 9) Experiencing severe mood swing that causes problems in relationship. Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 15

10) Having persistent thoughts memories you cannot get out of it. 11) Hearing voices or believing things that are not true. 12) Thinking of harming yourself or others. 13) Inability to perform daily task. Mental health problems may cause poor memory impaired concentration and fatigue. If an individual is on medication to treat the mental health problems, it can make problems worse. Depression which is very common mental health problem, in all over the world, was found to have greater impact on productivity and time management than any other health problem. Mental health can cause problems that can act as barriers to jobs.

Causes that affect mental health– There are many causes that affect mental health. 53% of people said their financial problems were having an effect on mental health. The pressure that career face can have an impact on their mental health and physical health. 92% said that caring has affected their mental health. These impacts worsened due to career do not have time for checkups or treatment. Social exclusion and relationships– 75% of careers found it difficult to maintain social relationship. Responsibility brings them to isolation.The problem occurs because they do not understand their role in society, which results in losing touch with colleagues, friends or even with family members. This state of mental health is not normal. Homelessness and mental health– The percentages of homeless people with mental health problems double than any other problem.The percent of depression is much higher amongst the homeless people. Nearly 12% of people with mental health problems are prone to drug and alcohol. 41% of people said that the used drugs and alcohol to cope with not getting the right support for their mental health problems.

Concept of social wellbeing and its relationship to mental wellbeing–

Social wellbeing, or the lack of it, is familiar to public health


professionals in the context of social and income equality, social capital, social trust, and social networks. All these aspects of social wellbeing are known to have a profound effect on mental health and wellbeing individually and collectively. Mental wellbeing includes the capacity to make health and happiness enhancing relationship with others. People with mental wellbeing are also generous, wise, and compassionate. They make good decision on behalf of others. Mental and social wellbeing are thus closely interrelated but distinct concepts, which often appear muddled together in the literature. Mental wellbeing includes the capacity to realize our abilities, live a life with the purpose and meaning, and make a positive contribution to community. Form positive relationships with others, and feel connected and supported experience peace of mind, contentment, happiness, and joy. Capacity to cope with life’s ups and downs and be confident and resilient take responsibility for oneself and for others. Social wellbeing is the basis for social equality, social capital, social trust and the antidote to racism, stigma, violence and crime.

Mental health and wellness– Positive mental health always people to realize their full potential, cope with stresses of life, increased work capacity and pro ductility, and make meaningful contribution to their community. Individual mental wellbeing is personal and therefore unique. It is more than the absence of mental illness/ disorder; it repents the positive side of mental health and can be achieved by people with a diagnosis of mental disorder. Ways to maintain mental health– a. Getting professional help if you need it. b. Connecting with others. c. Staying positive. d. Getting physically active. e. Getting enough sleep. f. Developing coping skill. g. Expose yourself to your loved ones. 8. Develop the capacities to experience happiness and contentment’s or life satisfaction. Healthy Society for Healthy Nation | 17

Difference between Mental health and illness– Both words being used as they mean the same thing, but they do not. Everyone has mental health as we use the word for physical health. But mental illness is something other. Illness means not to be mentally fit. A mental illness is an illness that affects the way people think, feel, behave or interact with others. What is social Health Social health is how you get along with other people, how other people react to you, and how you react with society. It can be difficult for someone with Autism to establish relationship and make friends, due to difficulty with social skill. Some topics that might have an effect include the lifelong importance of health determinants in early childhood, and the effect of poverty, drugs, working conditions, unemployment, social support, good food and transport policy. Poor economic and social circumstances affect throughout life. Social relationship and health– Social relationship- both quantity and quality- affect mental health, behavior, physical health and mortality risks. Sociologists have played a central role in establishing the link between social relations and mental health. Social environment affects the mental health– There are some people from certain backgrounds and social situations who are prone to mental sickness. Most of the social reasons which affect the mental health are employment, healthcare, family, community in which they live. Social exclusion has everlasting and reverberating effects in certain individual and groups in society. The mental health problems are more prevalent in socially deprived areas of the country. Workers who suffer mental illness do not often work at full capacity. Prenteeism– Where an employee attends the work but is less productive can be caused by poor mental health. 60% of this kind of sickness is related to costs to business. This kind of people does not want to show their sickness publicly. 18 | Prashant Publications

Treatments of mental illness– There are many treatments that are available to people who suffer mental illness. A Talking therapy can help people in overcoming mental health problems. Common forms of Talking Therapy are1) Cognitive Behavior Therapy. (C.B.T.) 2) Cognitive Analytical Therapy (C.A.T.) 3) Creative Therapy. 4) Counseling and Psychotherapy.

References:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Leonard P. Ullman: Case studies in Behaviour therapy Modification, Holt Reinheart and Winston Inc. London. Fred Luthans: Organizational Behaviour, Mcgraw Hill, Inc. New Delhi. Herbert Herari, Robert M.Kaplan: Social Psychology, Books/Cole Publishing Company Monterey California. Edward E. Samoson: Approaches, Contexts and Problems of Social Psychology. Xavier Amador: I Am Not Sick I Don’t Need Help,Vida Press 2010. Kim T. Mueser, Susan Gingerich: The Complete Family Guide To Schzophrenia, Guilford Press. Cecil Murphy: When You Love Suffers From Depression, Or Mental Illness, Beacon Press Of Kansas city.

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Health In India Dr. Raju Lotan Bhadane Department of Sociology, C.H.C. Arts, S.G.P. Commerce & B.B.J.P. Science College, Taloda.

Introduction: The Constitution of India makes health in India the responsibility of the state governments, rather than the central federal government. It makes every state responsible for "raising the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties".The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in 2002. The National Health Policy is being worked upon further in 2017 and a draft for public consultation has been released. There are great inequalities in health between states. Infant mortality in Kerala is 12 per thousand live births, but in Assam it is 56. According to World Bank, the total expenditure on healthcare as a proportion of GDP in 2014 was 4.7%. Malnutrition: According to a 2005 report, 60% of India’s children below the age of three were malnourished, which was greater than the statistics of sub-Saharan African of 28%. It is considered that one in every three malnourished children in the world lives in India. The estimates varies across the country. It is estimated that Madhya Pradesh has the highest rate of 50% and Kerala the lowest with 27%. Although India’s economy grew 55% from 2001–2006, its child-malnutrition rate only dropped 1%, lagging behind countries of similar growth rate. Malnutrition can be described as the unhealthy condition that results from not eating enough healthy food.

Child Malnutrition: Condition

Unit Urban

Chronic energy deficiency (BMI