Hematological and Immunocompetence Parameters ...

9 th International Poultry Conference - Proceeding ==========================================================================================================================

Hematological and Immunocompetence Parameters Comparison between Two Crosses from Sudani Duck (Egyptian Muscovy) Makram, A., A. Galal and A. H. El-Attar Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Corresponding author: Amer Makram. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: This experiment was carried out at private farm in Egypt (Fayoum governorate). A total number 400 (150 Sudani, 125 Muscovy and125 Peking) one day old unsexed duck strains were used. At 32 wk. of age, the Muscovy (M) and Peking (P) males allow to natural mating with Sudani (S) female. The present results showed that negative heterosis for HCT, RBCs and thrombocytes in MS cross. The same trend noticed for Negative heterosis for HCT and RBCs was observed in PS cross, however, there was positive heterosis for thrombocytes. The cross PS and MS recorded Positive heterosis for CMI response and relative lymphoid organs. Concerning WBCs count, cross PS recorded negative heterosis for WBCs count, heterophils, H/L ratio monocytes and eosinophils; however, there was positive heterosis for lymphocyte, while, MS cross recorded negative heterosis for WBCs count, lymphocyte, monocytes and eosinophils; however, there was positive hetrosis for heterophils and H/L ratio. The MS cross recorded low mortality and defect compared to PS cross. Key words; Sudani, Peking Muscovy, duck, Cross, Immunocompetence, Hematological INTRODUCTION In the last 2 decades, the consumption of duck meat has increased rapidly, and it is expected that it will continue to grow in the future. Ducks are considered the second source of meat in Egypt. The Egyptian native breeds of ducks are able to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, which may be the reason for the increasing importance, and popularity of the duck industry in Egypt. Sudani duck one of the popular birds in Egypt. Sudani duck has many names in Egypt like native duck or Egyptian Muscovy duck. They have lower growth performance, although, Sudani ducks have higher carcass quality and immune response (El-Soukkary et al., 2005, Galal, 2011, Makram et al., 2014 and Makram, 2015). The genetic selection of poultry for superior growth rate has arguably been the primary method for increasing 7 – 10 November 2016, Hurghada, Red Sea – Egypt

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productivity. However, many studies have been shown that such selection may be coincidentally accompanied by decreased resistance to diseases or changes in immunological response (Li et al., 2001; Fathi et al,. 2003; Huff et al., 2005). Cheema et al (2007) found that genetic selection for improved broiler performance resulted in decreased antibody response and increased cellmediated and inflammatory response. Although, lower immunity has been predicated along with selection progress. This experiment was designed to evaluate the hematological and immunocompetence parameters between the two crosses from Sudani duck. .

MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was carried out at private farm in Fayoum Governorate. A total number 400(150 Sudani, 125 Muscovy and 125 Peking) one day old unsexed duck strains were used. They were reared under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions from one day old to the end of the experiment. The feed and water were supplied ad libtium .they were fed diet contained 22 % protein and 2900 cal for Peking strain (0-2 wk) and for Sudani, Muscovy and The two cross (0-4 wk), 16% P and 3000 Cal for Peking strain (2 – 8 wk), 20 % P and 2900 K/Cal for Sudani Muscovy and The two cross (4 wk – marketing age) .The high and low ambient temperatures and

relative

humidity recorded during the experimental are presented in figure (1) . At 32 wk of age, the Muscovy and Peking males (P) allow to natural mating with Sudani (S) female.

Fig (1): Ambient temperature and humidity recorded during the experimental period. 7 – 10 November 2016, Hurghada, Red Sea – Egypt

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Photo 1: Cross PS from Pekin male (P) and Sudani female (S).

Photo 2: Cross MS from Muscovy male (M) and Sudani female (S).

Measurements and observations. Blood constituents At 8 wk of age (16 birds from each cross were used), a 3.0 ml blood samples were withdrawn from the Jugular vein during slaughtering. A portion of the blood was used for hematocrit determination using heparinzed capillary tubs and a microhematocrit centrifuge. The hematocrit figures were measured 7 – 10 November 2016, Hurghada, Red Sea – Egypt

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after spinning microhematocrit for 12 min. The red blood cells count, haemoglobuline and thrombocytes were determined. Immunocmpetence measurements Phytohemagglutinin injection (In vivo cell -mediated immunity assay) Response induced in vivo by mutagens was evaluated by injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) into the web between the second and the third digits of ducks. 16 birds from each cross, at 8 wk of age were used. Each bird was intradermally injected in the toe web of the left foot with 5 g phytohemagglutinin-P (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO 63178) in 0.1 ml of sterile saline measured with a constant tension caliper before injection and at 24, 48 and 72 hr after PHA-P injection. The toe web swelling was calculated as the difference between the thickness of the toe web before and after injection. Relative lymphoid organs weight After completion of PHA-P, the ducks were weighed and slaughtered. The bursa of Fabricius and spleen were removed and weighed to the nearest milligram. White blood cells count (WBCs). At 8 wk of age, blood samples were obtained from each strain for WBCs count based on the procedures of Gross and Siegel (1983). Briefly, one drop of blood being smeared on each of glass slides. The smears were stained using Wrights stain. Leukocytes in birds blood include lymphocytes, Monocytes and granulocytes.

The

granulocytes

are

further

classified as

heterophils,

eosinophils, and basophiles (Terry and Ellis, 2007). Heterosis The crossbreed effect (Hybrid vigor) or hetrosis expressed as a percent was calculated as the superiority of the cross breed ducks over that of the pure bred ones for all growth, Immunocmpetence measurements.The heterosis was calculated as follows:

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Mean cross breed (XC) – Mean pure breed (XP) Heterosis % =

X 100 Mean pure breed (XP)

Statistical analysis: Data were subjected to a one -way analyses of variance with cross effect using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS User's Guide (2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Blood constituents Some blood constituents of MS and PS crosses duck is summarized in Table (1). No significant difference between the crosses was detected for hematocrit level and red blood cells. However, the PS cross had significantly higher thrombocytes compared to MS cross. Swathi and Sudhamayee (2005) reported that hematological parameters (HCT, Hb, RBCs) were higher in cross breed (Khaki-Campbell x Desi) compared to Nondescript (native to Andhra Pradesh) at 18-20 wk of age . Table (1): (Means ± SE) Blood constituent of MS and PS cross (offspring flock) Crosses

Level of

Traits MS HCT

PS

39.08±0.5

significant NS

7

40.75±0.56

RBCs

3.39±0.07

3.16±0.08

NS

Thrombocyte

46.08 b±2.0

50.50 a±4.40

0.05

s

2

a and b

Means within the same row with different letters are significantly

differed. NS = Non significant


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Immunocompetence parameters Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) Cell-mediated immunity of MS and PS crosses are presented in Table (2) and Figures (2 and 3), no significant difference between crosses of CMI response at 24 h, 48 and 72 h post PHA-P injection were detected. (Goto et al., 1978 and McCorkle et al., 1980). The increased infiltration by basophils and eosinophils 24h post- injection has been described as a cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response (Stadecker et al., 1977). The PHA-P intradermally reaction, a T-lymphocyte-dependent response, has been well researched and has been shown to be a reliable indicator of in vivo cellular immunity in poultry (Goto et al., 1978 and McCorkle et al., 1980). The skin response reflects a complex series of physiological events such as mitogen-receptor and lymphocyte-macrophage interactions, release of chemical mediators, cellular proliferation, and changes in vascularity (Chandra and Newberne (1977). Histologically,

PHA-P

is

strongly

mitogenic

to

T-lymphocytes, and

intradermali injections elicit macrophage infiltration and dense perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes 24h post-injection in chickens Table (2): Toe-web swelling thickness (difference) of MS and PS crosses (offspring flock). Tine (heure) D1

D2

D3

Crosses

Level of

MS

PS

significant

0.743

0.610

NS

±0.103

±0.076

0.475

0.356

±0.084

±0.101

0.230

0.182

±0.066

±0.088

NS

NS

NS = Non-significant. D1 = 24-0, D2 = 48-0, D3 =72-0


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Fig 3: Toe-web swelling (difference mm)of

Fig. 4: Toe-web swelling thickness of MS and PS

MS and PS crosses (offspring flock).

crosses (offspring flock).

Relative lymphoid organs weight Data showed in figure (4) showed that the MS cross had significantly higher relative spleen weight compared to PS cross. However, no significant different between crosses for relative bursa weight.

Fig 5: Relative lymphoid organs of MS and PS cross (offspring flock).

White blood cells count Data presented in Table (3) showed that WBC count heterophils, lymphocytes count and H/L ratio. No significant different between crosses for WBC, Monocytes and eosinophils. Heterophills percentage was significantly higher for MS cross compared to PS cross. Opposite trend was noticed for lymphocytes percentage, whereas the PS cross had significantly higher 7 – 10 November 2016, Hurghada, Red Sea – Egypt

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lymphocytes percentage compared to MS cross. With respect to H/L ratio, the current results indicated that the PS cross had significantly lower H/L ratio compared to MS cross. Prajapati (2009) observed that the hematological values like Hb, PCV, RBCs and WBCs counts were decreased in all low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) affected flock as compared to normal healthy flocks. There was relative heterophilia and lymphocytopenia which indicates lymphocidal effect of virus. An animal's Protection from disease is based, in part, phagocytic, cell-mediated, and humoral immunity. In birds, the heterophils are phagocytic cells whose main is protection against invading microorganisms, whereas primary functions of lympho-involve cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Heterophils increase and lymphocytes decrease when are stressed, so that the ratio between them is an index of response to a stressor (Siegel, 1985). There is a genetic component to heterophil and lymphocyte response to stressors (Gross and Siegel, 1985).

Table (3): (Means ± SE) WBCs and Heterophills / lymphocytes ratio of MS and PS cross (offspring flock).

Crosses Traits WBCs Monocytes Eosinophil’s

MS 13.29±0.49 4.00 ±0.38 2.31 ±0.13

Heterophills

33.62 a ±1.67

Lymphocyte

60.15 b ±1.71

H/L Ratio

57.21 a ±3.91

a and b

PS 12.19 ±0.62 4.00 ±0.38 2.63 ±0.26 25.125 b ±1.77 68.25 a ±1.66 37.418 b ±3.61

Level of significant NS NS NS 0.0004 0.005 0.003

M eans within the same row with different letters are significantly differed. NS = Non significant


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Mortality and Defects Date presented in Figures. (5 and 6) showed that the mortality rate and defects of MS (from 0-10 weeks) and PS (from 0-9 weeks). The MS cross had higher mortality and defect percentages than PS cross. Heo et al., (2015) found that there was no significant difference between either different crossbreds from native korena duck for mortality rates with increasing age (p>0.05).

Fig 6: M ortality rate of M S and PS cross (offspring

Fig 7: Defects of M S and PS cross (offspring

flock). Birds number: M S =115 and PS =74 M ortality number M S = 3 and PS= 0 74

Flock) Birds number: M S =125

and PS =74

Defect number: M S = 2 and PS = 0

Photo 3: Some defects in wings, neck and short beak.


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Hetrosis Effect of heterosis on Hematological and Immunocompetence of MS and PS cross is presented in Table (4). The present results showed that negative heterosis for HCT, RBCs and thrombocytes. The same trend noticed for Negative heterosis for HCT and RBCs was observed in PS cross, however, there

was

positive

heterosis

for

thrombocytes.

With

respect

to

immunocompetence, the cross PS and MS recorded Positive heterosis for CMI response and relative lymphoid organs. Concerning WBCs count, cross PS recorded negative heterosis for WBCs count, heterophils, H/L ratio monocytes and eosinophils; however, there was positive heterosis for lymphocyte, while, MS cross recorded negative heterosis for WBCs count, lymphocyte, monocytes and eosinophils; however, there was positive hetrosis for heterophils and H/L ratio. Wawro et al., (2000) observed favorable positive heterosis in hybrids in relation to the blood content of hemoglobin and total lipids, and the activity of amino transferases in the blood. Negative heterosis noted in relation to the cholesterol content and the activity of phosphates in the blood serum of Mullards seems to be desirable as well.


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Table (4): Effect of heterosis (%) on Hematological and Immunocmpetence

Hematological Cross

Traits HCT

RBCs

Thromb

MS

-38.88

-43.67

-4

PS

-20.81

-37.40

11.59

Immunocompetence Measurements Toe-web swelling (difference) Time (hr)

Cross 24

48

72

MS

53.25

43.30

93.70

PS

22.05

29.02

4.63

Lymphoid Organs Traits

Cross Bursa (%)

Spleen (%)

MS

9.76

30.95

PS

29.77

6.67

WBCs and Heterophills / lymphocytes ratio Cross

Traits WBCs

Heterophills

Lymphocyte

MS

-47.90

29.79

-59.55

PS

-39.43

-12.25

7.15

H/L

Monocytes

Eosinophils

MS

33.86

-12.76

-17.62

PS

-18.09

-2.52

-25.17


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