Hemoptysis After Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation

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Nov 7, 2014 - Hemoptysis After Cryoablation for. Atrial Fibrillation. Truth or Just a Myth? To the Editor: Cryoballoon is a novel tool for a pulmonary vein (PV).
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Correspondence

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Hemoptysis After Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation Truth or Just a Myth? To the Editor:

Cryoballoon is a novel tool for a pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, having unique advantages compared with conventional radiofrequency catheter ablation.1 Complications of cryoenergy ablation may be due to damage of structures close to the application site, resulting in phrenic nerve paralysis, gastroparesis, atrioesophageal fistula, or esophageal lesions as collateral cryoablation damage.2 Until now, a few authors reported on hemoptysis after cryoballoon ablation but without regular follow-up or a definite etiology. Cryoablation causes

vascular injury through multiple factors, including ice formation within the vasculature. The ice during expansion causes the formation of tears, clefts, leakages, and stases postreperfusion.3 The interruption of vascular integrity is the reason for intramyocardial hemorrhage as well as for hemoptysis associated with cryoinjury to the lung tissue. A few reports on the effects of freezing have described acute lung injury due to cytokine release in about 35% of animal subjects.4 Previously, we summarized the relationship of cryoablation with hemoptysis with evidence ranging from several animal studies traced back to 19745 and later clinical evidence.6 This motivated us to retrospectively collect data on such patients at Maastricht University Medical Center and to attempt to paint a clearer picture.

Figure 1 – Time course of hemoptysis in six patients. Hemoptysis occurred during the procedure in patient 2. For patients 1 and 5, hemoptysis started the day after the procedure (d 1) and continued for 2 and 7 d, respectively. For patient 1, acenocoumarol was immediately stopped on the day of hemoptysis and restarted 7 d after the procedure. In patient 5, oral anticoagulation was not interrupted. Hemoptysis developed in patient 3, continuing for 7 d after the 3 days of cryoablation. Acenocoumarol was interrupted only 5 d after the ablation for 7 d and replaced by LMWH. Patient 4 presented the next day after the ablation due to hemoptysis; on the same day, acenocoumarol was interrupted but restarted the next day. Hemoptysis developed in the last patient on d 5 after pulmonary vein ablation and continued for the next 2 d. D 5 day postprocedure; LMWH 5 low-molecular-weight heparin; PVI 5 pulmonary vein isolation.

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One number indicates one application; two numbers indicate two applications. D 5 diameter; F 5 female; LIPV 5 left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV 5 left superior pulmonary vein; M 5 male; RIPV 5 right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV 5 right superior pulmonary vein; T 5 minimum temperature during a cryoballoon application of the pulmonary vein.

RIPV

Not clear 270, 264

268, 259 20

20 256, 263

252, 264 21

19

18

256, 258

17

262, 265 19 23

23

63 6

M 63 5

M

18

266, 264

257, 257

RIPV 245, 253 20 247, 254 19 19 255, 247 28 60 4

M

21 23 63 3

M

19

21 28

23 F 51

M 53 1

2

D, mm Balloon Size, mm Sex Age, y Patient No.

19

264 18

247, 248

RSPV

LIPV, RSPV 271 14 255

RSPV, RIPV

271

19

250, 245

265 16

19 267

257, 260

259

22 275, 245

16 264

T, °C

261

17

D, mm T, °C D, mm

22

Culprit Vessel T, °C T, °C

D, mm

RIPV RSPV LIPV LSPV

] Procedural Parameters of the Six Patients With Hemoptysis TABLE 1

e174 Correspondence

Hemoptysis occurred in six of 283 patients (200 men; age, 58 ⫾ 10 years) who underwent PV isolation for symptomatic atrial fibrillation (Fig 1, Table 1). To investigate the etiology of hemoptysis, a chest radiograph, contrast-enhanced multidetector-row CT scan of the thorax, and bronchoscopy were performed with a 1-year follow-up. A random control group of 20 patients with similar clinical characteristics was selected to compare the procedural parameters that may predict the etiology of hemoptysis. Right-sided diaphragmatic paralysis was observed in two of five patients undergoing chest radiography. CT scans did not reveal any PV stenosis but did show ground glass opacification in the right inferior PV of five subjects and in the right superior PV of two patients presenting with hemoptysis. The intensity of ground glass opacification is also related to the temporal delay of CT scan.7 Furthermore, right superior PVs showed ostial in duration in two patients. Hyperemic mucosa and erosion were discovered using bronchoscopy in two patients. The statistical analysis revealed lower temperature of the right inferior PV (265 ⫾ 7°C) compared with that of the control group (257.5 ⫾ 21.0°C, P 5 .025) and deeper positioning of a smaller cryoballoon among patients with hemoptysis. Thus, hemoptysis is an uncommon side effect associated with cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation in 2.1% of patients and attributable to lower temperature and deeper positioning during cryoablation. Narendra Kumar, MD Carl Timmermans, MD, PhD Marco Das, MD, PhD Willem Dassen, PhD Suzanne Philippens, RN Jos Maessen, MD, PhD Harry J. Crijns, MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands From the Department of Cardiology (Drs Kumar, Timmermans, Dassen, and Crijns and Ms Philippens), Department of Radiology (Dr Das), and Department of Cardiac Surgery (Dr Maessen), Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht. FINANCIAL/NONFINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: The authors have reported to CHEST that no potential conflicts of interest exist with any companies/organizations whose products or services may be discussed in this article. CORRESPONDENCE TO: Narendra Kumar, MD, Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, PO Box 5800, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected] © 2014 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CHEST PHYSICIANS. Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians. See online for more details. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1600 AFFILIATIONS:

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References 1. Neumann T, Vogt J, Schumacher B, et al. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation with the cryoballoon technique results from a prospective 3-center study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(4): 273-278. 2. Guiot A, Savouré A, Godin B, Anselme F. Collateral nervous damages after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23(4):346-351. 3. Hoffmann NE, Bischof JC. The cryobiology of cryosurgical injury. Urology. 2002;60(2)(suppl 1):40-49. 4. Blackwell TS, Debelak JP, Venkatakrishnan A, et al. Acute lung injury after hepatic cryoablation: correlation with NF-kappa B

activation and cytokine production. Surgery. 1999;126(3): 518-526. 5. Kumar N, Timmermans C, Pison L, Crijns H. Hemoptysis: déjà vu for cryoballoon use for pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation ablation. Chest. 2014;145(6):1435. 6. Ferrero-de Loma-Osorio A, Izquierdo-de Francisco M, Martinez-Brotons A, et al. Medium-term results of cryoballoon ablation of the pulmonary veins in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. First experience of a Spanish center. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2013;37(2):189-196. 7. Kumar N, Timmermans C, Das M, Pison L, Maessen J, Crijns H. Re: CT imaging of complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Clin Radiol. 2014;69(8):e367-e368.

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