Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina Storm Damage Survey

[On the cover: Record storm surge swept away the lowest 20 feet of this steel-formed house in Waveland, Mississippi during Hurricane Katrina.]

Please Note: Values of wind speed and storm surge herein are point measurements and may or may not be representative of the winds and storm surge that occurred in other locations, even within the same city, town, or community.

First edition. Published October 2005.

©Copyright 2005 by Haag Engineering Co. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from Haag Engineering Co., 2455 McIver Lane, Carrollton, Texas 75006. This report addresses the results of work completed to date. Should additional information become available, we reserve the right to amend, as warranted, any of our conclusions.

Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

Table of Contents Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey............................................................................................................

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Appendix A- The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale........................................................................................ B- Hurricane Katrina Wind Reports.............................................................................................. C- Wind Speed Damage Correlations............................................................................................ D- Still Water Levels......................................................................................................................

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Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey Photos Slidell, LA...................................................................................................................................... 27 Waveland, MS................................................................................................................................ 34 Bay Saint Louis, MS...................................................................................................................... 42 Pass Christian, MS......................................................................................................................... 50 Long Beach, MS............................................................................................................................ 72 Gulfport, MS.................................................................................................................................. 77 Biloxi, MS...................................................................................................................................... 86 Ocean Springs, MS........................................................................................................................ 94 Gautier, MS.................................................................................................................................... 98 Pascagoula, MS.............................................................................................................................. 100 Bayou La Batre, AL....................................................................................................................... 108

Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey By Tim Marshall Haag Engineering Co. Haag file: 1057000-120 Hurricane Katrina will go down in the record books as the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history to date. The hurricane caused widespread devastation from Florida to Louisiana making a total of three landfalls in the U.S. before dissipating over the Ohio River Valley. At one point, the National Hurricane Center rated Katrina a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale (see Appendix A), making it one of the most powerful hurricanes this century. The storm went on to destroy much of the Mississippi coast and levee breaches caused the inundation of a large potion of New Orleans. This hurricane was monitored closely by Haag personnel in the days leading up to landfall in the U.S. and a decision was made to intercept the storm in Slidell, Louisiana to experience the storm first-hand. Within days after the storm, Haag personnel conducted aerial

and ground surveys of the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf coasts. The purpose of the survey was to document the extent of damage to buildings, determine the height of the water level from the storm surge, and to acquire wind data from various sources. This report presents our findings to date. Additional information will likely be obtained in the future; thus some information herein is subject to change.

Weather Background Katrina initially formed from a tropical wave that traveled westward across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa (Figure 1). A cluster of thunderstorms organized forming a tropical depression about 175 miles southeast of Nassau in the Bahamas on August 23rd. Katrina became a tropical storm the next day. Katrina

Figure 1. Track of Hurricane Katrina color coded with category numbers on the Saffir-Simpson scale.


moved northwestward through the Bahamas, then turned westward toward south Florida. The storm gradually strengthened while over the Gulf Stream on August 25th. Katrina became a Category 1 hurricane a few hours before making landfall on the Miami-Dade/Broward county line around 6:30 pm. The 25-mile wide eye traveled southwestward traveling across Miami-Dade county and passed directly over the National Weather Service (NWS) Office in Sweetwater, Florida. The maximum reported sustained wind over the south Florida was 75 mph measured atop a building at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) on Virginia Key. This wind value was determined by adjusting the actual wind speed to the standard anemometer height of 10 meters (33 feet) above the ground. This same site recorded an unadjusted peak wind gust of 94 mph. The anemometer atop the Miami Weather Forecast Office in Sweetwater measured a sustained wind of 69 mph. Maximum sustained winds measured at NWS Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) sites included 60 mph at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, 50 mph at Tamiami Airport in West Kendall and 48 mph at Miami International Airport. The maximum measured peak wind gusts included 82 mph at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, 78 mph at Miami International Airport and 76 mph at Tamiami Airport in West Kendall. Other unofficial wind gust measurements included 97 mph at Homestead General Airport, 92 mph at Port Everglades, 87 mph at the Miami NWS Office in Sweetwater, 77 mph at Marco Island, 76 mph at the NOAA Facility on Virginia Key and 64 mph at Boca Raton Airport. Rainfall amounts were extremely heavy across portions of south Miami-Dade County causing flooding of structures, vehicles and cropland. A cooperative observer in Perrine, Florida measured a maximum storm total amount of 16.33 inches. Other heavy amounts in south Miami-Dade County included 14.04 inches at Homestead Air Reserve Base, 12.25 inches near Florida City and 11.13 inches near Cutler Ridge. Most of the remainder of Miami-Dade and all of the metropolitan areas of Broward and Palm Beach counties generally received amounts of two to four inches. Rainfall over in

terior south Florida ranged from one to three inches with mostly less than one inch over coastal Collier County. Mostly minor beach erosion and isolated incidences of coastal flooding occurred. The maximum storm tide was estimated at three to five feet along the southwest Florida coast of mainland Monroe County. This caused damage to homes, trailers and vehicles at Flamingo early on August 26. Other maximum storm tide values included 3.0 feet at Naples Pier along the southwest coast and 2.1 feet at Virginia Key on the southeast coast. Katrina weakened to a tropical storm before exiting the Florida peninsula into the Gulf of Mexico early on August 26th just north of Cape Sable in mainland Monroe County then quickly regained hurricane strength in the southeast Gulf of Mexico. The distribution of winds and rain near the center of Katrina while passing across the south Florida peninsula was asymmetrical with the strongest winds and heaviest rain located to the south and east of the center. On August 27th, the National Hurricane Center upgraded Katrina to Category 3 intensity (major hurricane) and at 12:40 a.m. CDT (0540 UTC) on August 28th, Katrina was upgraded to Category 4. The hurricane then began turning northwestward toward the Louisiana coast. Large wave swells already were reaching the northern Gulf Coast. Later that morning, Katrina went through a period of rapid intensification when it crossed a warm pocket of water, reaching Category 5 strength about 250 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. Katrina’s winds reached their peak intensity of 175 mph and the barometric pressure fell to 902 mb, the fourth lowest pressure reading on record. The hurricane appeared symmetrical on satellite (like a donut), a sign of a powerful storm (Figure 2). Around midnight on August 28th, the hurricane began taking more of a turn to the northwest. At the same time, dry air from Louisiana and Texas began to infiltrate the west side of the storm. As a result, the west side of the cloud mass began to erode away and the barometric pressure within the eye began to rise, indicating the storm was filling/weakening. The National Hurricane Canter reduced Katrina to Category 4 strength with winds to 140 mph prior to making its second landfall in Plaquemines Parish just south of BuHurricane Katrina Damage Survey

Figure 2. Infrared satellite views of Hurricane Katrina during the evening of August 28th and morning of August 29th. Note dry air intrusion eroding away west edge of cloud mass as it approaches the Mississippi coast. Red color indicates the highest cloud top or most intense convection. Source: National Hurricane Center.


ras, LA at 6:10 a.m. on August 29th. Meanwhile, storm surge continued to rise quickly all along the northern Gulf Coast as waves greater than 50 feet began breaking in the shallow waters on the continental shelf. In addition, as the hurricane continued north, a “squeeze play” occurred where winds out of the southeast kept piling up water on the coast in advance of the approaching storm. The result was a record storm surge along the Mississippi coast. Katrina traveled northward across the Louisiana delta and the eye passed east of downtown New Orleans. Lake Pontchartrain and eastern portions of New Orleans experienced strong north winds in the west eyewall. Still water levels rose greater than six feet in the lake compromising the 17th Street canal levee in New Orleans. Meanwhile, the wind field continued to weaken as dry air eroded the south eyewall and the National Hurricane Center reduced Katrina to Category 3 strength with

maximum winds near 125 mph. Katrina made a third landfall at the mouth of the Pearl River on the Louisiana and Mississippi border near 10:00 a.m. (Figure 3.) Katrina was a relatively large hurricane. The large size of the storm coupled with a long fetch of wind over shallow water resulted in a catastrophic storm surge. Over 200 miles of coastline, from southeast Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and even the Florida panhandle experienced ten to thirty foot seas. A 30 foot plus storm surge recorded in Mississippi was the highest ever recorded in the U.S. since records began 150 years ago. Coastal communities of Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, Gulfport, Biloxi, Ocean Springs, Gautier, and Pascagoula were devastated. Casino barges in Gulfport and Biloxi broke apart and were pushed inland. The storm surge in Mobile, Alabama was the highest in that location since 1917, besting the Category 3 Hurricane Frederic that hit the city directly in 1979.

Figure 3. Radar views of Hurricane Katrina from Slidell, LA morning of August 29th. Red color indicates the heaviest precipitation and the most intense convection. Blue and black colors indicate little precipitation. Source: National Weather Service and Weathertap.


Figure 4. Peak wind velocities in miles per hour obtained from various sources for Hurricane Katrina. Wind velocities were estimated for coastal areas from Waveland to Ocean Springs. Lower wind speeds occurred inland in forested areas.

Wind Data Wind data was assembled from a number of sources including the National Weather Service, National Ocean Service, Texas Tech University, and the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program. The list of wind reports appears in Appendix B and reports nearest the coast were plotted in Figure 4. Wind records were typically obtained at 10 meters or 33 feet above the ground in open, unobstructed terrain. However, anemometers on buoys 42007 and 42040 were 15 feet above the water. Unfortunately, several of the standard reporting stations were not operational during the hurricane due to the loss of electric power. This includes the Gulfport/Biloxi airport. However, Texas Tech University Wind Engineers obtained complete records from deployed towers in three locations: Vacherie, LA, Slidell, LA and at the NASA Stennis Space Center northwest of Waveland, MS. Also, the Florida Coastal Monitoring Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

Program obtained records from deployed towers in five locations: Belle Chasse, LA, Galliano, LA, Bay St. Louis, MS, Gulfport, MS, and Pascagoula, MS. However, they experienced problems with the wind equipment at Bay St. Louis and Gulfport, MS locations and data from these sites were not useable. The maximum wind gust reported closest to the eye was 118 mph with the Texas Tech tower at the NASA Stennis Space Center near Waveland. This wind gust occurred in open terrain. A wind gust to 114 mph was recorded in the middle of Lake Pontchartrain and a wind gust to 114 mph was recorded in Grand Isle, LA. Both these stations were located west of the eye. A wind gust to 105 mph was measured in Belle Chasse, LA located just southeast of New Orleans and a wind gust to 100 mph was measured in Slidell, LA. Dauphin Island, AL reported a 102 mph gust and Pascagoula, MS had a 93 mph gust. (Refer to Figures 5 through 8.) Generally, coastal and

Figure 5. Wind trace at Belle Chasse, LA. Source: Florida Coastal Monitoring Program.

Figure 6. Wind trace at Pascagoula, MS. Source: Florida Coastal Monitoring Program.


Figure 7. Wind trace at Slidell, LA. Source: Texas Tech University.

Figure 8. Wind trace at NASA Stennis Space Center. Source: Texas Tech University.


5:30 a.m.

6:32 a.m.

9:42 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Figures 9a-d. Numerical analysis of near surface wind fields in Hurricane Katrina as it approached the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts. These maps show sustained (one-minute) winds of 110 knots (127 mph) in the open waters near Venice, LA at 1030 UTC (5:30 a.m.), and again at the mouth of the Mississippi at 1132 UTC (6:32 a.m.). These winds continue offshore of Waveland, MS at 1330 UTC (8:30 a.m.) then reach the coast between Waveland and Pass Christian, MS at 1442 UTC (9:42 a.m.).Source: Hurricane Research Division.


open exposures received the highest winds closest to examples of such roof damage in our survey. However, the eyewall. In contrast, forested areas would receive we saw few roof structures that were completely reless wind due to frictional effects, especially beneath moved from the building. This would indicate an upper tree canopies. Therefore, correction factors must be bound wind speed in the survey area. McDonald indiemployed for variations in height and terrain exposure. cated that large sections of the roof removed with most Such correction factors can be found in American Na- walls remaining would indicated an average wind speed tional Standards Institute (ANSI) wind load priorities. of 122 mph (at 33 feet in open terrain) with variance The Hurricane Research Division (HRD) has between 104 and 142 mph. Refer to Appendix C. From generated a series of wind maps for the hardest hit ar- our analysis of the damage and the work by McDonald, eas. (Refer to Figures 9a through 9d.) The wind maps we believe that the maximum wind gusts at 33 feet in were derived from a numerical simulation using actual open, unobstructed terrain may have reached 120-125 data. These maps show sustained (one-minute) winds mph in the Waveland to Bay St. Louis area where the of 110 knots (127 mph) in the open waters near Venice, east eyewall passed. Wind velocities were lower east LA at 1030 UTC (5:30 a.m.), and again at the mouth of and west of this area. Estimated maximum wind speeds the Mississippi at 1132 UTC (6:32 a.m.). These winds of 110 mph occurred in Pass Christian, Long Beach, continue offshore of Waveland, MS at 1330 UTC (8:30 and Gulfport. Winds near 105 mph likely occurred in a.m.) then reach the coast between Waveland and Pass Biloxi, and 100 mph in Ocean Springs. Peak wind gusts were corrected to 3-second Christian, MS at 1442 UTC (9:42 a.m.). The greatest southeast fetch occurred at St. Louis Bay. We believe gusts in order to compare Katrina’s winds to those listed these numerical values were more like gust values based in ASCE 7-95. It should be noted the affected areas by on wind speed-damage correlation. Katrina below the wind load provisions by ASCE 7-95 Another way to determine the strength of the (see Figure 10). wind is through wind speed-damage correlation. Wind increases with height above the ground. Thus, items on the roof are usually most susceptible to wind damage. Wind damage begins with such items as television antennas, satellite dishes, unanchored air conditioners, wooden fences, gutters, storage sheds, carports, and yard items. As the wind velocity increases, cladding items on the building become susceptible to wind damage including vinyl siding, gutters, roof coverings, windows, and doors. Only the strongest winds can damage the building structure. McDonald (2003) assigned various wind speeds to degrees of building damage. For example, McDonald states that the loss Figure 10. Three-second gust speeds in miles per hour at 33 feet (10 of less than 20 percent of the roof covering meters) above ground for Exposure C (open, unobstructed terrain) used in would indicate an average wind speed of 79 design (black lines). Source: ASCE standard 7-95: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Also shown are estimated three-second mph (at 33 feet in open terrain) with a vari- gust speeds for Hurricane Katrina (red lines) along with the path of the eye ance between 63 and 97 mph, depending on (blue line). Wind speeds would be lower in forested areas. the type of roof covering. We saw numerous Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

We also compared Katrina’s winds with past hurricanes that have struck the northern Gulf (Figure 11). Hurricane Katrina was not the strongest windstorm to strike the northern Gulf Coast. Hurricane Betsy (1965) had stronger winds than Katrina from New Orleans to Slidell, LA. Hurricane Camille (1969) had stronger winds than Katrina from Waveland, MS to Ocean Springs, MS. Hurricane Frederick (1979) had stronger winds than Katrina east of Ocean Springs, MS and Hurricane Elena (1985) had stronger winds than Katrina east of Gulfport, MS. Hurricane Katrina had winds comparable to Hurricane Betsy (1965) from Waveland, MS to Pass Christian, MS.

ring in the building. The list of storm surge measurements appears in Appendix D and reports nearest the coast are plotted in Figure 12. The highest still water height measured was 31 feet 7 inches at the Waveland School in Waveland, Mississippi. This area was located just to the right of where the center of the eye had crossed the coastline. Other measurements include 27 feet at Bay St. Louis, 25 feet at Pass Christian, 22 feet at Gulfport, 20 feet at Biloxi, 19 feet at Ocean Springs, 17 feet at Pascagoula, and 15 feet at Slidell, Louisiana. Waves would be superimposed upon the storm surge. Ebb and flow movement of the storm surge was detected around St. Louis Bay where houses were transported both north and south. We also noticed that floating debris had scraped the bark off trees Storm Surge Storm surge data was assembled from a number at 17 feet above the railroad tracks in Pass Christian. We of sources including the National Weather Service, and compared Katrina’s storm surge with past hurricanes National Ocean Service. We also utilized a surveyor’s (Figure 13). Hurricane Katrina had the highest storm level and rod to measure still water heights in buildings surge in recorded history for the Mississippi Coast. along the coast from Slidell, LA to Pascagoula, MS. In Only Hurricane Camille (1969) had water levels near each instances, the water left a mark similar to a bathtub Katrina from Pass Christian to Biloxi, MS.

Figure 11. This illustration shows that Hurricane Katrina was not the strongest windstorm to strike the northern Gulf Coast. Hurricane Betsy (1965) had stronger winds than Katrina from New Orleans to Slidell, LA. Hurricane Camille (1969) had stronger winds than Katrina from Waveland, MS to Ocean Springs, MS. Hurricane Frederick (1979) had stronger winds than Katrina east of Ocean Springs, MS and Hurricane Elena (1985) had stronger winds than Katrina east of Gulfport, MS. Hurricane Katrina had winds comparable to Hurricane Betsy (1965) from Waveland, MS to Gulfport, MS.

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Figure 12. Storm surge heights along the Gulf coast obtained from various sources and measured by Haag Engineers.

Figure 13. This illustration shows that Hurricane Katrina had the highest storm surge in recorded history for the Mississippi Coast. Only Hurricane Camille (1969) had water levels near Katrina from Pass Christian to Biloxi, MS. However, Katrina was more devastating than Camille due to the increase in coastal development since 1969.


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Figure 20. Flood map of New Orleans. Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

However, Katrina was more devastating than Camille due to the increase in coastal development since 1969. Water forces will attack the base of the building with a tendency to undermine foundations and destroy the support walls, thereby leading to collapse of part or all of the building. Water also can lift wooden buildings on pier and beam foundations as they are buoyant and will float. Moving water possesses a much greater force than that of air. One square foot of water traveling at ten miles per hour possesses as much kinetic energy as a 280 m.p.h. wind. Thus, homes at low elevations along the coastline were at greatest risk from being destroyed by the storm surge.

19 (see pages 14-19). These data show that water levels began to increase as much as 24 hours in advance of the hurricane and water rose quickly within 12 hours of the eye making landfall. Surface winds were initially from the east-northeast (blowing along shore) before the eye made landfall then switched to the south as the eye came ashore and then switched to southwest or west as the eye moved inland. Comparison of the wind and water data indicated that the highest water levels occurred with the highest winds. Storm surge is rise in the ocean water level that precedes and accompanies a large storm or hurricane. It is not a wave but rather a piling up of water on the coast. Waves are actually superimposed on the storm Timing of Wind Versus Water surge. The height of the storm surge is dependent on We were able to obtain wind and tide gauge data many factors including the velocity of the wind, dufrom various locations along the Gulf Coast from Grand ration, fetch, and area covered. Also, surge and wave Isle, LA to Pensacola, FL. Refer to Figures 14 through heights on shore are affected by the configuration and 12


topography of the ocean bottom. A narrow shelf, or one Mississippi where the National Hurricane Center that drops steeply from the shoreline and subsequently rated it a Category 3 storm. produces deep water in close proximity to the shoreline 2. The highest wind speeds were associated with the tends to produce a lower surge, yet a higher and more eastern eyewall and occurred over the southeast powerful wave. In contrast, shallow topography of the Louisiana coast near the town of Venice and along ocean bottom can create a high surge. The ocean botthe southwest Mississippi coast from Waveland tom off the Mississippi coast is relatively shallow, thus to Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Maximum wind the coast was susceptible to a greater than normal storm gusts appeared to be around 120 mph at 33 feet in open, unobstructed terrain and were significantly surge. Areas where the land was only a few feet above less under forest canopies. Common wind damage sea level experienced the full fury of the storm surge. included the removal of roof shingles, and broken In contrast, buildings elevated on bluffs above the surge windows from flying debris. Wind damage was experienced very little damage. typically worse at the top of buildings since wind velocity increased with height. New Orleans Flooding Much of New Orleans was below sea level and 3. A record storm surge had occurred on the Mississippi coast where a still water height of 31 feet protected by earthen and concrete levees. The city was 7 inches was measured in Waveland, MS beating literally squeezed in between Lake Pontchartrain to the Hurricane Camille levels occurring in 1969. Movnorth and the Mississippi River to the south. Levees ing water completely swept away buildings at low were designed for a slow moving Category 2 hurricane elevations nearest the ocean and formed a debris or a fast moving Category 3 hurricane. Unfortunately, pile island. Surge damage was generally worse at a few weak levees had collapsed during Hurricane Kathe base of the building where the force of the movtrina leading to the inundation of large portions of New ing water was greatest. Orleans. Within days after the storm, floodwaters had reached the roof tops in several neighborhoods includ- 4. The storm surge preceded and accompanied the strongest hurricane winds. The storm surge ining the 9th Ward. Figure 20 shows the level of highest creased gradually at first and became noticeable in floodwaters in the city. tide gauge data 12 to 24 hours before eye made land fall. A “double whammy” effect occurred along the Summary Mississippi coast where water was driven ahead of Ground and aerial surveys of the Gulf Coast the storm then squeezed by the approaching higher were conducted after Hurricane Katrina in an attempt to winds that impinged on the coast. Comparison of assemble wind and water data. The meteorology of the the wind and water data indicated that the highest storm also was studied. We have made the following water levels occurred with the highest winds. Howobservations from the analysis of this information to ever, many low-lying structures were submerged or date: destroyed well in advance of the strongest winds. 1. Hurricane Katrina formed in Atlantic from a tropical depression and made three U.S. landfalls. The first landfall was along the east coast of Florida along Written by: the Miami Dade/Broward County line where it was Tim Marshall, P.E. rated a Category 1 storm. The second landfall was HAAG ENGINEERING CO. along the southeast coast of Louisiana near the town Meteorologist of Buras where the National Hurricane Center rated it a Category 4 storm. The third landfall was at the mouth of the Pearl River between Louisiana and Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

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Figure 14.

Figure 14. Wind and tide gauge data for Bayou Gauche located south of New Orleans. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) 14


Figure 15.

Figure 15. Wind and tide gauge data from Dauphin Island, AL. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

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Figure 16.

Figure 16. Wind and tide gauge data from Grand Isle, LA. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) 16


Figure 17.

Figure 17. Wind and tide gauge data from Ocean Springs, MS. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

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Figure 18.

Figure 18. Wind and tide gauge data from Pensacola, FL. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) 18


Figure 19.

Figure 19. Wind and tide gauge data from Waveland, MS. Source: National Ocean Service. (To convert meters to feet multiply by 3.2, and to convert meters per second to mph multiply by 2.237.) Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

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Appendix A

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (From the National Hurricane Center) The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane’s present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall. Wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf and the shape of the coastline, in the landfall region. Note that all winds are using the U.S. 1-minute average. Category One Hurricane: Winds 74-95 mph (64-82 kt or 119-153 km/hr). Storm surge generally 4-5 ft above normal. No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage. Hurricane Lili of 2002 made landfall on the Louisiana coast as a Category One hurricane. Hurricane Gaston of 2004 was a Category One hurricane that made landfall along the central South Carolina coast. Category Two Hurricane: Winds 96-110 mph (83-95 kt or 154-177 km/hr). Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door, and window damage of buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of the hurricane center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. Hurricane Frances of 2004 made landfall over the southern end of Hutchinson Island, Florida as a Category Two hurricane. Hurricane Isabel of 2003 made landfall near Drum Inlet on the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane. Category Three Hurricane: Winds 111-130 mph (96-113 kt or 178-209 km/hr). Storm surge generally 9-12 ft above normal. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Damage to shrubbery and trees with foliage blown off trees and large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly constructed signs are destroyed. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by battering from floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5 ft above mean sea level may be flooded inland 8 miles (13 km) or more. Evacuation of lowlying residences with several blocks of the shoreline may be

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required. Hurricanes Jeanne and Ivan of 2004 were Category Three hurricanes when they made landfall in Florida and in Alabama, respectively. Category Four Hurricane: Winds 131-155 mph (114-135 kt or 210-249 km/hr). Storm surge generally 13-18 ft above normal. More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failures on small residences. Shrubs, trees, and all signs are blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Extensive damage to doors and windows. Low-lying escape routes may be cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore. Terrain lower than 10 ft above sea level may be flooded requiring massive evacuation of residential areas as far inland as 6 miles (10 km). Hurricane Charley of 2004 was a Category Four hurricane made landfall in Charlotte County, Florida with winds of 150 mph. Hurricane Dennis of 2005 struck the island of Cuba as a Category Four hurricane. Category Five Hurricane: Winds greater than 155 mph (135 kt or 249 km/hr). Storm surge generally greater than 18 ft above normal. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. All shrubs, trees, and signs blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Severe and extensive window and door damage. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 ft above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5-10 miles (8-16 km) of the shoreline may be required. Only 3 Category Five Hurricanes have made landfall in the United States since records began: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Hurricane Camille (1969), and Hurricane Andrew in August, 1992. The 1935 Labor Day Hurricane struck the Florida Keys with a minimum pressure of 892 mb--the lowest pressure ever observed in the United States. Hurricane Camille struck the Mississippi Gulf Coast causing a 25-foot storm surge, which inundated Pass Christian. Hurricane Andrew of 1992 made landfall over southern Miami-Dade County, Florida causing 26.5 billion dollars in losses--the costliest hurricane on record. In addition, Hurricane Gilbert of 1988 was a Category Five hurricane at peak intensity and is the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record with a minimum pressure of 888 mb.


APPENDIX B HURRICANE KATRINA WIND REPORTS Location

Wind Speed and Direction (g = gust)

Source

SW Pass, LA – 100 feet in air Grand Isle, LA –GDIL1 New Orleans, LA Lakefront Airport Belle Chase, LA Naval Air Station Belle Chase, LA Stennis NASA, LA Lake Pontchartrain- middle Slidell, LA Vacherie, LA (west of New Orleans) Galliano, LA (south of New Orleans) Pascagoula, MS Biloxi, MS - Keesler Laurel, MS Hattiesburg, MS Meridian, MS Columbia, MS Meridian, MS Columbus, MS Jackson, MS Evers Intl. Airport Starkville, MS Vicksburg, MS Regional Airport Greenwood, MS Airport Greenville, MS Mid Delta Airport Bay St. Louis, MS Gulfport, MS Pascagoula, MS Dauphin Island, AL Mobile Airport, AL Mobile Bay Brookley Airport, AL (BFM) Pensacola, FL Pensacola, FL (NPA) Pensacola, FL (PNS) Destin, FL (DTS) Eglin AFB, FL (VPS) Mary Esther, FL (HRT)

74 g 102 E 71 g 114 NE 69 g 86 NE 76 g 105 NE 70 g 102 NE 67 g 117 S 90 g 114 NW 69 g 100 NE 55 g 74 S 65 g 98 NE 60 g 93 S 54 g 90 E (i) 110 mph gust 100 mph gust 90 mph gust estimated 81 mph 81 mph 74 mph 74 mph 76 mph 55 mph gust 53 mph gust 51 mph gust 68 g 95 E (i) 94 g 100 118 gust 76 g 102 SSE 66 g 83 SE 104 mph gust 67 g 84 SE 58 mph gust 56 g 71 S 56 g 69 SE 35 g 51 SE 38 g 53 S 44 g 60 SE

NOS buoy NOS buoy NWS NAS FCMP TTU NWS TTU TTU FCMP FCMP AFB EOC EOC MEI WCO Marion EOC NAS WCBI-TV) NWS MSU Climate Lab NWS NWS NWS FCMP EOC CD NOS buoy NWS USS ALABAMA NWS WEAR-TV NAS NWS NWS AFB AFB


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Location

Wind Speed and Direction (g = gust)

Source

Mary Esther, FL 6 West 42007 – offshore Fort Lauderdale (FLL) Fort Lauderdale (FXE) Miami -Dade (MIA) Miami -W. Kendall (TMB) Miami-Opa-Locka (OPF) Pembroke Pines (HWO) Pompano Beach (PMP) West Palm Beach (PBI) Naples (APF)

59 g 69 SE 69 g 85 E 60 g 82 E 47 g 66 E 48 g 78 S 48 g 76 S 45 g 66 NW 45 g 65 NW 47 g 62 E 32 g 40 SE 28 g 41 E

AFB NOS- buoy NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS


APPENDIX C WIND SPEED-DAMAGE CORRELATIONS (after McDonald, 2003)

ONE-AND TWO-FAMILY RESIDENCES (1000 – 5000 sq. ft.) Typical Construction · Asphalt shingles, tile, slate or metal roof covering · Flat, gable, hip, mansard or mono-sloped roof or combinations thereof · Plywood/OSB or wood plank roof deck · Prefabricated wood trusses or wood joist and rafter construction · Brick veneer, wood panels, stucco, EIFS, vinyl or metal siding · Wood or metal stud walls, concrete blocks or insulating-concrete panels · Attached single or double garage

Wind speed – damage correlation (3-sec gust in miles per hour) DOD* 1 2

Damage description EXP LB UB Threshold of visible damage 65 53 80 Loss of roof covering material (20%); collapse of chimney; garage doors collapse inward; failure of porch or carport 5 Entire house shifts off foundation (unanchored) 121 103 141 6 Large sections of roof structure removed; most walls remain standing 122 104 142 7 Top floor exterior walls collapsed 132 113 153 8 Most interior walls of top story collapsed 148 128 173 9 Most walls collapsed in bottom floor, except small interior rooms 152 127 178 10 Total destruction of entire building 170 142 198 * DOD is degree of damage, EXP is the expected value, LB is the lower bound, and UB is the upper bound.


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MANUFACTURED (MOBILE) HOMES (after McDonald, 2003) Typical Construction · Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers · Metal straps and ground anchors (Frame and/or over-the-top strap anchors) · Asphalt shingles or one-piece metal roof covering · Wood roof joists · Metal, vinyl or wood siding · Wood roof joists · Wood stud walls and partitions · Better construction in post 1974 models in coastal areas

Wind speed – damage correlation for single wide homes (3-sec gust in miles per hour) DOD* Damage description EXP LB UB 1 Threshold of visible damage 61 51 76 2 Loss of shingles or partial uplift of one-piece metal roof covering 74 61 92 3 Unit slides off block piers but remains upright 87 72 103 4 Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing 89 73 112 5 Unit rolls on its side or upside down; remains essentially intact 98 84 114 6 Destruction of roof and walls leaving floor and undercarriage in place 105 87 123 7 Unit rolls or vaults; roof and walls separate from floor and undercarriage 109 96 128 8 Undercarriage separates from unit; rolls, tumbles and is badly bent 118 101 136 9 Complete destruction of unit; debris blown away 127 110 148 *DOD is degree of damage, EXP is the expected value, LB is the lower bound, and UB is the upper bound

Wind speed – damage correlation for double wide homes (3-sec gust in miles per hour) DOD* Damage description EXP LB UB 1 Threshold of visible damage 61 51 76 2 Loss of shingles or other roof covering (20%) 88 75 108 6 Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing 93 77 110 7 Unit slides off CMU block piers 94 78 109 8 Removal of entire roof structure leaving most walls standing 97 80 117 9 Complete destruction of roof and walls leaving undercarriage in place 113 93 131 10 Unit rolls, displaces or vaults 114 82 130 11 Undercarriage separates from floor, rolls and tumbles, badly bent 127 109 145 12 Complete destruction of unit; debris blows away 134 119 154 *DOD is degree of damage, EXP is the expected value, LB is the lower bound, and UB is the upper bound 24


METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS (after McDonald, 2003) General Description · Examples are warehouses, industrial facilities, small arenas · Metal panel walls and standing seam roof · Nearly always have a gable roof and relatively tall walls · Large overhead doors · Large-span single bay rigid frames · Z or C-shaped purlins and girts span between rigid frames · Lateral loads resisted by x-bracing in direction parallel to ridge · Relatively weak end-wall frame

Wind Speed – Damage Correlation (3-sec gust in miles per hour) DOD* Damage description EXP LB UB 1 Threshold of visible damage 67 54 2 Inward or outward collapsed of overhead doors 89 75 3 Metal roof or wall panels pulled from the building 95 78 4 Column anchorage failed 117 96 5 Buckling of roof purlins 118 95 6 Failure of X-braces in the lateral load resisting system 138 118 7 Progressive collapse of rigid frames 143 120 8 Total destruction of building 155 132 *DOD is degree of damage, EXP is the expected value, LB is the lower bound, and UB is the upper bound

83 108 120 135 138 158 168 178

FREE-STANDING LIGHT POLES Wind Speed – Damage Correlation (3-sec gust in miles per hour) DOD* Damage description EXP LB UB 1 Threshold of visible damage 81 67 100 2 Bent pole 102 85 120 3 Collapsed pole 118 99 138 *DOD is degree of damage, EXP is the expected value, LB is the lower bound, and UB is the upper bound


25

APPENDIX D HURRICANE KATRINA – STILL WATER LEVELS

26

LOCATION

HEIGHT

SOURCE

Slidell, LA Ponte a la Hache, LA Grand Isle, LA Port Fourchon, LA Lake Pontchartrain Lake Maurepas, LS Waveland, MS Hancock County Bay St. Louis, MS Pass Christian, MS Gulfport, MS Biloxi, MS Ocean Springs, MS Pascagoula, MS SE Pascagoula, MS Pascagoula (PSCM6) Green Pass, MS Mobile State Docks Mobile Bay – USS Alabama Dauphin Island, AL Dauphin Island, AL Perdido Pass, FL Pensacola, FL Destin, FL Santa Rosa Sound

15 ft. 14.14 ft. 12 ft. MLLW 8 ft. MLLW 6.8 ft. NGVD 3.05 ft. 31 ft. 31 ft. 27 ft. 25 ft. 22 ft. 20 ft. 19 ft. 17 ft. 15 ft. 12.16 ft. 11.27 ft. 11.45 ft. 12 ft. 6.63 ft. 6.23 ft. 5.81 ft. 5.37 ft. 4.52 ft. 4.10 ft.

HAAG – Rt. 433 and Hwy 90 NWS NWS NWS NWS NWS HAAG – Waveland School EOC HAAG – Post Office on Rt. 90 HAAG - House on Rt. 90 HAAG – First Baptist Church on Rt. 90 HAAG – Grand Casino HAAG – House on Beach Blvd. HAAG – House on Beach Blvd. HAAG – House near ocean. NWS NWS NWS NWS estimated NWS NOS – tide gauge NWS NWS NWS NWS


Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey Photos Slidell, Louisiana

1. SLIDELL - Storm surge passed beneath home on Lake Pontchartrain in north shore subdivision.

2. SLIDELL - Broken OSB sheathing from floating debris passing underneath home. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

27

3. SLIDELL - Large boat deposited on dock by surge and wind damage to roof shingles.

4. SLIDELL - Storm surge damage to first floor and wind damage to roof on condo building. 28


5. SLIDELL - Home where still water line was measured.

6. SLIDELL - Still water line in home was about three feet above the floor. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

29

7. SLIDELL - Home at Rt. 433 and Highway 90 where still water line was found in second floor.

8. SLIDELL - Still water line was 6.5 feet above second floor or 15 feet above water. 30


9. SLIDELL - Storm surge damage to elevated home on Lake Pontchartrain.

10. SLIDELL - Power poles lean to the northeast on Rt. 433 southeast of town. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

31

11. SLIDELL - Trees fell to the southeast onto home.

12. SLIDELL - Wind removed roof shingles. 32


13. SLIDELL - Wind removed portion of roof on home. Note minimal bracing.

14. SLIDELL - Storm surge damage to first floor. Wind removed shingles and roof deck. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

33

Waveland, Mississippi

15. WAVELAND - Wind damage to roof shingles on poorly anchored home.

16. WAVELAND - Storm surge damage to church. 34


17. WAVELAND - Elevated homes near coast were removed by surge leaving pilings.

18. WAVELAND - Top story of steel-framed coastal home remains. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

35

19. WAVELAND - Church elevated on pilings was removed by storm surge.

20. WAVELAND - Storm surge gutted school. Note lack of wind damage to metal roof. 36


21. WAVELAND - Still water mark was found in this school.

22. WAVELAND - Still water line above doorway in school. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

37

23. WAVELAND - Still water line was 8 feet above floor, or 31 feet above the Gulf of Mexico.

24. WAVELAND - Church was destroyed by surge but historical marker from Camille remains. 38


25. WAVELAND - Complete destruction of coastal homes by surge. Note trees remained.

26. WAVELAND - Homes between railroad track and Gulf were destroyed by surge. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

39

27. WAVELAND - Homes between railroad track and Gulf were destroyed by surge.

28. WAVELAND - Only third story remains on steel-framed home along oceanfront. 40


29.

WAVELAND - Homes northwest of debris line remained intact.

30.

WAVELAND - Church elevated on pilings was removed by storm surge.


41

Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi

31. BAY ST. LOUIS - Still water line was found in post office building next to church.

32. BAY ST. LOUIS - Still water line in post office about half way up the wall. 42


33. BAY ST. LOUIS - Gouges in gypsum board from the impact of floating debris.

34.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Highway 90 was washed away along coast.


43

35. BAY ST. LOUIS - Highway 90 bridge deck was removed by storm surge.

36. BAY ST. LOUIS - Second floor of steel-framed house remains.Surge damage was below roof. 44


37.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Picnic table floated and was deposited on roof.

38.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Debris line on roof indicated flood level.


45

46

39.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Wind damage to metal roof.

40.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Wind damage to metal roof. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

41.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Removal of Highway 90 along oceanfront.

42.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Surge damage to buildings along Highway 90. Wind damaged roofs.


47

48

43.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Water line was half way above elevated walkway in front of school.

44.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Surge damage extended two blocks inland. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

45.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Surge damage extended two blocks inland.

46.

BAY ST. LOUIS - Steel-framed home with second story remaining.


49

Pass Christian, Mississippi

50

47.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Two-story home moved northward off foundation by surge.

48.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Cupola with wind vane remains atop roof. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

49.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Boat deposited on jeep.

50.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to elevated two story condominium on coast.


51

52

51.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Water mark was found in back of this coastal home.

52.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to front room involved the removal of flooring. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

53.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Erosion of Highway 90.

54. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge pushed home off pilings. Note lack of wind damage to roof. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

53

55.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge pushed home off pilings.

56. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge pushed home off pilings. Wind damage occurred to shingles. 54


57.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge pushed home off foundation. Refrigerator floated onto roof.

58.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Homes removed from foundations by surge.


55

56

59.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Homes floated to the north end of canal.

60.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Debris pile along railroad tracks. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

61.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Leaning columns are all that remains of this two story home.

62. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge reached roof on two story steel structure. Note door in tree. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

57

58

63.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge removed lowest two-stories of boat storage facility.

64.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Boats stored on third story remained intact. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

65.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to church.

66.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Hanging light fixtures still remain inside church.


59

67. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge removed lowest two stories on this building. Wind damaged roof.

68. 60

PASS CHRISTIAN - Pitched down home from being undermined by surge. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

69.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Scrape marks on trees near railroad track due to floating debris.

70.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Scrape marks were 17 feet above railroad track. Rod was 8 feet tall.


61

62

71.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Fourth story cladding remains on metal building along coast.

72.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Gable end was pushed inward by wind. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

73.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Roof shingles were removed from south rake by wind.

74. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to gas station. Wind damaged cladding on canopy. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

63

64

75.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Flipped home due to combination of wind and surge.

76.

PASS CHRISTIAN - In general, metal roofs performed better than asphalt shingle roofs. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

77. PASS CHRISTIAN - Zipper damage pattern on roof from wind. Surge line is exposed deck.

78.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Tree impacted second story on this home.


65

66

79.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Homes near coast were removed by surge.

80.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge removed hotel and apartment buildings. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

81.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to two-story elevated condominium building.

82. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to three-story building. Roof was damaged by wind. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

67

83. PASS CHRISTIAN - Relatively little damage to coastal homes that were on higher ground.

84. PASS CHRISTIAN - Relatively little damage to coastal homes that were on higher ground. 68


85.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge and wind damage to older portion of town.

86.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Complete destruction of homes to railroad tracks.


69

87. PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge gutted Wal-Mart but light standards remain upright in parking lot.

88. 70

PASS CHRISTIAN - View of Henderson Point looking west. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

89. PASS CHRISTIAN - Complete destruction of condominium buildings and erosion of slabs.

90.

PASS CHRISTIAN - Surge damage to marina. Note lack of damage to metal roofs.


71

Long Beach, Mississippi

72

91.

LONG BEACH - Homes built on grade were no match for 20 foot plus storm surge.

92.

LONG BEACH - Entire neighborhoods were swept away near the coast. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

93.

LONG BEACH - Concrete slabs are all that remain south of debris line.

94.

LONG BEACH - Concrete slabs are all that remain south of debris line.


73

74

95.

LONG BEACH - McDonald’s sign stands above surge damage.

96.

LONG BEACH - Surge reached roof level of this K-Mart. Wind damaged units on roof. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

97.

LONG BEACH - Waffle House sign stands above surge damage.

98. LONG BEACH - Surge damage extends almost to railroad tracks in this neighborhood. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

75

99. LONG BEACH - Surge damage to apartment complex. Wind damaged roofs and gable ends.

100. LONG BEACH - Complete destruction of homes within two blocks of ocean due to surge. 76


Gulfport, Mississippi

101. GULFPORT - Surge damage to First Baptist Church on Highway 90. Wind damaged roof.

102. GULFPORT - Mat of debris within northern portion of church. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

77

103. GULFPORT - Copa Casino barge had floated into parking lot.

104. GULFPORT - First story of this building was damaged by surge. Note lack of damage to roof. 78


105. GULFPORT - Building where still water line was found.

106. GULFPORT - Still water line on wood paneling was six feet above floor, 22 feet above ocean. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

79

107. GULFPORT - Casino barge had floated north of Highway 90 and impacted building.

108. GULFPORT - McDonalds sign remains undamaged adjacent to shopping mall. 80


109. GULFPORT - Surge damage to first story of coastal home. Wind damaged roof coverings.

110. GULFPORT - Surge damage to three-story elevated condominiums. Wind damaged roofs. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

81

111. GULFPORT - Billboard remains above surge damaged neighborhood.

112. GULFPORT - Surge damage to condominiums/apartment buildings near air base. 82


113. GULFPORT - First Baptist Church. Surge damaged lowest stories, wind damaged upper story.

114. GULFPORT - Copa Casino as viewed from air. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

83

115. GULFPORT - Casio barge moved across Highway 90. Note lack of damage to metal roofs.

116. GULFPORT - Barge deposited on land by storm surge. 84


117. GULFPORT - Large rolls of paper and truck containers came off barges.

118. GULFPORT - Barge deposited on street. Note rolls of paper and truck containers. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

85

Biloxi, Mississippi

119. BILOXI - Storm surge removed lowest two floors on condominium building.

120. BILOXI - Casinos along shoreline. 86


121. BILOXI - Sunken barge adjacent to damaged parking garage.

122. BILOXI - Barge apparently rocked back and forth striking parking garage. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

87

123. BILOXI - Surge damaged lower portion of building, whereas wind damaged upper portion.

124. BILOXI - Large barge floated across Highway 90. 88


125. BILOXI - Another barge impacted building.

126. BILOXI - Surge damaged lowest stories at Beau Rivage. Note lack of damage to palm trees. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

89

127. BILOXI - Surge greater than 20 feet struck the Beau Rivage.

128. BILOXI - Complete destruction of casino barge. 90


129. BILOXI - Surge in excess of 20 feet demolished front building and damaged second building.

130. BILOXI - Destruction of homes near coast from storm surge. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

91

131. BILOXI - Surge destroyed homes within one block of coast.

132. BILOXI - Surge damaged lowest two stories of this building. Wind damaged roof. 92


133. BILOXI - Casino ship broke away from moorings and was grounded on beach.

134. BILOXI - Lowest two stories of this steel-framed building was damaged by surge. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

93

Ocean Springs, Mississippi

135. OCEAN SPRINGS - Surge damaged first story. Wind damaged roof covering.

136. OCEAN SPRINGS - Location where still water line was found in back of house. 94


137. OCEAN SPRINGS - Wave damage to front of house involved removal of gypsum board.

138. OCEAN SPRINGS - Still water line of 11.5 inches above floor was 19 feet above ocean.


95

139. OCEAN SPRINGS - Elevated homes were no match for 19 foot plus storm surge.

96

140. OCEAN SPRINGS - Surge damage to boat storage facility. Note lack of roof damage from wind.


141. OCEAN SPRINGS - Destruction of this apartment building due to storm surge.

142. OCEAN SPRINGS - Buildings closest to the ocean were destroyed by surge. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

97

Gautier, Mississippi

143. GAUTIER - Sharp gradation of building damage along coast.

144. GAUTIER - Surge was less in this area destroying on coastal homes. 98


145. GAUTIER - Light house destroyed and moved north.

146. GAUTIER - Considerable surge damage to remaining building. Note lack of roof damage.


99

Pascagoula, Mississippi

147. PASCAGOULA - Home where still water line was found.

148. PASCAGOULA - Gypsum board in lower half of walls was removed by water. 100


149. PASCAGOULA - Surge damage to coastal home.

150. PASCAGOULA - Surge removed home on grade and deposited it in backyard. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

101

151. PASCAGOULA - Only flagpole remains in front of home removed by surge.

102

152. PASCAGOULA - Elevated two story home was removed by surge leaving columns and stairs. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

153. PASCAGOULA - First floor damage by surge. Note shutters and balcony remain.

154. PASCAGOULA - Still water line was found in garage of this home. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

103

155. PASCAGOULA - Still water line was three feet above floor or 15 feet above ocean.

156. PASCAGOULA - Wind damage to EIFS cladding on shopping center. 104


157. PASCAGOULA - Coastal homes at higher elevations escaped surge. Wind damaged roofs.

158. PASCAGOULA - Coastal homes at lower elevations were damaged or destroyed by surge.


105

159. PASCAGOULA - Removal of railroad bridge across the Pascagoula River.

160. PASCAGOULA - Wind damage to metal building at Ingalls Shipyard. 106


161. PASCAGOULA - Damage to cooling towers at refinery.

162. PASCAGOULA - Surge damage to metal buildings at refinery. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

107

Bayou La Batre, Alabama

163. BAYOU LA BATRE - Ships aground including ferry.

164. BAYOU LA BATRE - Closer view of ferry. Note cars remained on ship. 108


165. BAYOU LA BATRE - Surge damage to metal buildings at port.

166. BAYOU LA BATRE - Homes destroyed adjacent to homes left intact. Hurricane Katrina Damage Survey

109

167. BAYOU LA BATRE - Homes destroyed adjacent to homes left intact.

168. BAYOU LA BATRE - Kelp line denotes extent of surge in remote area west of Mobile Bay. 110


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