Hydrogen & Fuel Cells

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The Very Beginning – The World's First Fuel Cell Car. The 1966 GM Electrovan ... More than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell handed over to customers ...
A GM perspective on

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells The propulsion system of the future Dr. Ulrich Eberle H2 & Fuel Cell Research Strategy GM Fuel Cell Activities Stuttgart / Graz (Sept. 2007)

Global Realities – Time to Act Now North America

Global Warming

Latin America

West Europe and Africa

Middle East

East Europe

Far East and Pacific

Global Warming

Produced Reserves Source: Comité professionel du pétrole

Dependency on Energy Imports Total oil consumption 2004: Fraction for road transport:

Natural Gas Natural Gas Dispute Dispute

14.5 41%

20.0 53%

100

5.3 30%

7.0 14%

Mbpd

99%

90

Oil consumption / %

80 70

77%

60 50

54%

40

35%

30 20 10

Domestic

0

Imported

EU-25

US

Japan

China

About 98% of the energy used for transport is based on oil Sources: EU Energy and Transport-statistical pocketbook (EU), GM-GMIA (U.S., Japan), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn (China)

Rise of New World Powers

China China

Pain at the Pump

Fuel Prices China

The Current Situation Total oil consumption 2004: Fraction for road transport:

14.5 41%

20.0 53%

100

5.3 30%

7.0 14%

Mbpd

99%

90

Oil consumption / %

80 70

77%

60 50

54%

40

35%

30 20 10

Domestic

0

Imported

EU-25

US

Japan

China

About 98% of the energy used for transport is based on oil Sources: EU Energy and Transport-statistical pocketbook (EU), GM-GMIA (U.S., Japan), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn (China)

GM Europe‘s Alternative Propulsion Strategy

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric

Hybrid Gasoline Electric Improvements on Internal Combustion Engines and transmission

Short-term

Mid-term

Energy diversity to displace petroleum

Long-term

The Very Beginning – The World‘s First Fuel Cell Car The 1966 GM Electrovan

The Very Beginning – The World‘s First Fuel Cell Car The 1966 GM Electrovan

on display at the GM Heritage Center, Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA

1966

2007: Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell

Pursuing a Large-Scale Fuel Cell Program

Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell § Power: 73 kW § Maximum speed: 160 km/h § Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH2 (700 bar) § Range: 320 km

Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell

„Project Driveway“ § More than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell

handed over to customers beginning in fall 2007

§ Global demonstration project to gain

comprehensive learnings on all aspects of customers experience § Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell: § Developed for an operational life time

of 80,000 km resp. 2.5 Jahren

§ Sub-freezing temperature start and

operating capability

§ Meets all applicable 2007 U.S. Federal

Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

The Case for 70 MPa Compressed Gas Storage R. von Helmolt, U. Eberle / Journal of Power Sources 165 (2007) 833-843

Minimal heat inflow (300 K

Optimization of volume-surface ratio

20 K)

Mechanical stability at 70 MPa

Optimization of geometry

Ø Both LH2 and CGH2 tanks base on a cylindrical shape Ø Boil-off and filling losses unavoidable for a LH2 system

Operating Regimes for Various Hydrogen Storage Technologies

B. Bogdanovic, U. Eberle, M. Felderhoff, and F. Schüth / Scripta Materialia 56 (2007) 813-816 R. von Helmolt, U. Eberle / Journal of Power Sources 165 (2007) 833-843

Potential Paths A)

C)

B) 77 K

+

What could Couldbe Bedone? Done? What A) Development of De-Stabilizers for Storage Compounds ØB)Development of De-Stabilizers Storage Compounds Cryo-Adsorption on High-Surfacefor Materials ØC)Cryo-Adsorption on High-Surface Raise Operating Pressure and UtilizeMaterials Room Temperature Hydrides

Technology Materials Science Phase TechnologyMaturity: Status: Basic Research Phase J. J. Vajo et al. / J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 3719–3722 M. Felderhoff, C. Weidenthaler et al. / PCCP, 2007, DOI: 10.1039/b701563c

Hydrogen Capacity

Specific Example: Cryo-Adsorption

Rule of Thumb: System storage density is about two times less than the material storage density

Caused mainly by containment (pressure vessels, thermal insulation) and heat management systems Memo:

10 wt.% hydrogen on a material level is required to build a competitive solid state absorber tank system.

Assessment of Hydrogen Storage Systems Benchmark System 70 MPa CGH2 Capacity:

6 kg H2

Volumetric energy density: Gravimetric energy density: Form:

260 Liter / 0.023 kg /Liter 125 kg / 0.048 kg / kg Cylindrical

Production cost @ large volumes Boil-off losses Extraction Efficiency Max. Extraction Rate Refilling Time Refilling Efficieny

2000 Euro 100% 2 g H2 / s 3 Min. >95%

Heat Exchanger Requirement

0 kW

How does CGH2 compare to batteries? CGH2 (70 MPa): 1600 Wh / kg Li-Ion Battery: 120 Wh / kg

Generic CGH2 Tank Generic Solid State Absorber Tank

Energy Density Tech Limit

Exposure

Functional Performance

Cost

H2 Efficiency / Losses

What about „simply“ re-inventing the automobile?

The Chevy Sequel and the Skateboard Concept Chevrolet Sequel (Drive-By-Wire Technology)

Chassis & Body

3 Carbon Composite Pressure Vessls 8 kg H2 @ 700 bar / Range 480 km 73 kW 65 kW

Fuel Cell Lithium-Ion Batteries

65 kW Asynchronous Motor 2 x 25 kW Wheel-hub motors________ 115 kW Total Power

GM Sequel Chevy Sequel Hummer H2H Skateboard Chassis

Chevrolet Sequel 300 Mile Drive

From suburban Rochester (Honeoye Falls) to suburban New York City (Tarrytown) Chevrolet Sequel (Drive-By-Wire Technology)

Tarrytown, New York

3 Carbon Composite Pressure Vessls 8 kg H2 @ 700 bar / Range 480 km 73 kW 65 kW

Fuel Cell Lithium-Ion Batteries

65 kW Asynchronous Motor 2 x 25 kW Wheel-hub motors________ 115 kW Total Power

GM Sequel Sequel Chevy Sequel 300 Mile Drive, Ithaca, New York

Skateboard Chassis

May 15, 2007

Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

E-Flex Fuel Cell-Electric Variant Based on GM‘s Global Compact vehicle architecture

Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

GM E-Flex n

Flexible electric drive system enabling variety of electrically driven vehicles – Common electrical drive components – Create and store electricity on board – Engine-generator – Hydrogen fuel fuel cell – Advanced battery – Plug-in capable

n

Electricity and hydrogen can be generated from a wide range of energy sources Production Engineering of E-Flex has been initiated and is underway

Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

80 kW 8 kWh (total) 50 kW 320 bis 350 V

Hydrogen

Motor

PEM Brennstoffzelle: Max. Leistung (Peak): Li-Ionen Batterie-System: Energie: Regenerative Braking Max. Leistung (Peak): Spannung: Ladegerät: FC Typ: Battery Wasserstoff-Speicher: Kapazität: Elektrisches Antriebssystem: Antriebsmotor (Front), max. mech. Leistung / Drehmoment: Radnabenmotoren, max. mech. Leistung / Drehmoment (x2): Reine elektrische Reichweite: Plug-In Beschleunigung 0 to 60 mph: Höchstgeschwindigkeit (kurzfristig) (mph):

Onboard plug-in

4 kg H2 bei 700 bar 70 kW / 250 Nm (Motor) 25 kW / 500 Nm (am Rad) 20 Meilen 8 bis 8.5 Sekunden 120 mph

Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

PEM Fuel Cell: Max. Power (Peak): Li-Ion Battery system: Energy: Max. Power (Peak): Voltage: Charger: Type: Hydrogen Storage: Capacity: Electric Traction System: Propulsion motor (front), max. mech. power / torque: Wheel hub motors, max. mech. power / torque (x2): Range on electric energy stored: Acceleration 0 to 60 mph: Max speed (burst) (mph):

80 kW 8 kWh (total) 50 kW 320 bis 350 V Onboard plug-in 4 kg H2 at 700 bar 70 kW / 250 Nm (Motor) 25 kW / 500 Nm (at wheels) 20 miles 8 to 8.5 seconds 120 mph

The Road Towards Commercialization A „What If“ scenario for the introduction of hydrogen-powered vehicles

Major hurdle: Early capitalization of vehicles and infrastructure

Common Position Paper

Next Steps for the Development of a H2 Infrastructure for Road Transport in Europe

Joint approach of energy companies and vehicle manufacturers in defining a near and mid term action plan for the introduction of hydrogen-based mobility in Europe Roll-out of hydrogen vehicles anticipated to happen in three phases: §

Phase I (until 2010): Technology Development and Cost Reduction

§

Phase II (2010 until approx. 2015): Pre-commercial Technology Refinement and Market Preparation

§

Phase III (starting around 2015): Commercialization

Identification of locations for European Lighthouse Projects (LHP): §

LHP for cars and city buses in Berlin (D)

§

LHP for city buses in Hamburg (D), Brussels/Rotterdam (B/NL), Madrid/Barcelona (E), South Tyrol (I), London (UK), North Rhine Westphalia (D) and other locations

Conclusions Ø Time to act on sustainable transportation is now Ø Novel energy carriers will displace petroleum Ø The electrification of the automobile will continue and intensify Ø Project Driveway will yield relevant real-world experience on vehicles and infrastructure Ø 300 mile (480 km) range is doable using 70 Mpa CGH2 (proven by Chevy Sequel 300 mile drive in May 2007) Ø The development of pure battery electric vehicles is very challenging due to energy density reasons Ø An intelligent combination of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries will provide the ultimate ZEV vehicle Ø These vehicles will remain at significant incremental cost, support from all relevant stakeholders is needed.