The Very Beginning â The World's First Fuel Cell Car. The 1966 GM Electrovan ... More than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell handed over to customers ...
A GM perspective on
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells The propulsion system of the future Dr. Ulrich Eberle H2 & Fuel Cell Research Strategy GM Fuel Cell Activities Stuttgart / Graz (Sept. 2007)
Global Realities – Time to Act Now North America
Global Warming
Latin America
West Europe and Africa
Middle East
East Europe
Far East and Pacific
Global Warming
Produced Reserves Source: Comité professionel du pétrole
Dependency on Energy Imports Total oil consumption 2004: Fraction for road transport:
Natural Gas Natural Gas Dispute Dispute
14.5 41%
20.0 53%
100
5.3 30%
7.0 14%
Mbpd
99%
90
Oil consumption / %
80 70
77%
60 50
54%
40
35%
30 20 10
Domestic
0
Imported
EU-25
US
Japan
China
About 98% of the energy used for transport is based on oil Sources: EU Energy and Transport-statistical pocketbook (EU), GM-GMIA (U.S., Japan), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn (China)
Rise of New World Powers
China China
Pain at the Pump
Fuel Prices China
The Current Situation Total oil consumption 2004: Fraction for road transport:
14.5 41%
20.0 53%
100
5.3 30%
7.0 14%
Mbpd
99%
90
Oil consumption / %
80 70
77%
60 50
54%
40
35%
30 20 10
Domestic
0
Imported
EU-25
US
Japan
China
About 98% of the energy used for transport is based on oil Sources: EU Energy and Transport-statistical pocketbook (EU), GM-GMIA (U.S., Japan), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn (China)
GM Europe‘s Alternative Propulsion Strategy
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric
Hybrid Gasoline Electric Improvements on Internal Combustion Engines and transmission
Short-term
Mid-term
Energy diversity to displace petroleum
Long-term
The Very Beginning – The World‘s First Fuel Cell Car The 1966 GM Electrovan
The Very Beginning – The World‘s First Fuel Cell Car The 1966 GM Electrovan
on display at the GM Heritage Center, Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
1966
2007: Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
Pursuing a Large-Scale Fuel Cell Program
Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell § Power: 73 kW § Maximum speed: 160 km/h § Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH2 (700 bar) § Range: 320 km
Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
„Project Driveway“ § More than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
handed over to customers beginning in fall 2007
§ Global demonstration project to gain
comprehensive learnings on all aspects of customers experience § Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell: § Developed for an operational life time
of 80,000 km resp. 2.5 Jahren
§ Sub-freezing temperature start and
operating capability
§ Meets all applicable 2007 U.S. Federal
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
The Case for 70 MPa Compressed Gas Storage R. von Helmolt, U. Eberle / Journal of Power Sources 165 (2007) 833-843
Minimal heat inflow (300 K
Optimization of volume-surface ratio
20 K)
Mechanical stability at 70 MPa
Optimization of geometry
Ø Both LH2 and CGH2 tanks base on a cylindrical shape Ø Boil-off and filling losses unavoidable for a LH2 system
Operating Regimes for Various Hydrogen Storage Technologies
B. Bogdanovic, U. Eberle, M. Felderhoff, and F. Schüth / Scripta Materialia 56 (2007) 813-816 R. von Helmolt, U. Eberle / Journal of Power Sources 165 (2007) 833-843
Potential Paths A)
C)
B) 77 K
+
What could Couldbe Bedone? Done? What A) Development of De-Stabilizers for Storage Compounds ØB)Development of De-Stabilizers Storage Compounds Cryo-Adsorption on High-Surfacefor Materials ØC)Cryo-Adsorption on High-Surface Raise Operating Pressure and UtilizeMaterials Room Temperature Hydrides
Technology Materials Science Phase TechnologyMaturity: Status: Basic Research Phase J. J. Vajo et al. / J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 3719–3722 M. Felderhoff, C. Weidenthaler et al. / PCCP, 2007, DOI: 10.1039/b701563c
Hydrogen Capacity
Specific Example: Cryo-Adsorption
Rule of Thumb: System storage density is about two times less than the material storage density
Caused mainly by containment (pressure vessels, thermal insulation) and heat management systems Memo:
10 wt.% hydrogen on a material level is required to build a competitive solid state absorber tank system.
Assessment of Hydrogen Storage Systems Benchmark System 70 MPa CGH2 Capacity:
6 kg H2
Volumetric energy density: Gravimetric energy density: Form:
260 Liter / 0.023 kg /Liter 125 kg / 0.048 kg / kg Cylindrical
Production cost @ large volumes Boil-off losses Extraction Efficiency Max. Extraction Rate Refilling Time Refilling Efficieny
2000 Euro 100% 2 g H2 / s 3 Min. >95%
Heat Exchanger Requirement
0 kW
How does CGH2 compare to batteries? CGH2 (70 MPa): 1600 Wh / kg Li-Ion Battery: 120 Wh / kg
Generic CGH2 Tank Generic Solid State Absorber Tank
Energy Density Tech Limit
Exposure
Functional Performance
Cost
H2 Efficiency / Losses
What about „simply“ re-inventing the automobile?
The Chevy Sequel and the Skateboard Concept Chevrolet Sequel (Drive-By-Wire Technology)
Chassis & Body
3 Carbon Composite Pressure Vessls 8 kg H2 @ 700 bar / Range 480 km 73 kW 65 kW
Fuel Cell Lithium-Ion Batteries
65 kW Asynchronous Motor 2 x 25 kW Wheel-hub motors________ 115 kW Total Power
GM Sequel Chevy Sequel Hummer H2H Skateboard Chassis
Chevrolet Sequel 300 Mile Drive
From suburban Rochester (Honeoye Falls) to suburban New York City (Tarrytown) Chevrolet Sequel (Drive-By-Wire Technology)
Tarrytown, New York
3 Carbon Composite Pressure Vessls 8 kg H2 @ 700 bar / Range 480 km 73 kW 65 kW
Fuel Cell Lithium-Ion Batteries
65 kW Asynchronous Motor 2 x 25 kW Wheel-hub motors________ 115 kW Total Power
GM Sequel Sequel Chevy Sequel 300 Mile Drive, Ithaca, New York
Skateboard Chassis
May 15, 2007
Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
E-Flex Fuel Cell-Electric Variant Based on GM‘s Global Compact vehicle architecture
Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
GM E-Flex n
Flexible electric drive system enabling variety of electrically driven vehicles – Common electrical drive components – Create and store electricity on board – Engine-generator – Hydrogen fuel fuel cell – Advanced battery – Plug-in capable
n
Electricity and hydrogen can be generated from a wide range of energy sources Production Engineering of E-Flex has been initiated and is underway
Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
80 kW 8 kWh (total) 50 kW 320 bis 350 V
Hydrogen
Motor
PEM Brennstoffzelle: Max. Leistung (Peak): Li-Ionen Batterie-System: Energie: Regenerative Braking Max. Leistung (Peak): Spannung: Ladegerät: FC Typ: Battery Wasserstoff-Speicher: Kapazität: Elektrisches Antriebssystem: Antriebsmotor (Front), max. mech. Leistung / Drehmoment: Radnabenmotoren, max. mech. Leistung / Drehmoment (x2): Reine elektrische Reichweite: Plug-In Beschleunigung 0 to 60 mph: Höchstgeschwindigkeit (kurzfristig) (mph):
Onboard plug-in
4 kg H2 bei 700 bar 70 kW / 250 Nm (Motor) 25 kW / 500 Nm (am Rad) 20 Meilen 8 bis 8.5 Sekunden 120 mph
Chevrolet Volt Fuel Cell and the E-Flex-System A revolutionary concept for Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
PEM Fuel Cell: Max. Power (Peak): Li-Ion Battery system: Energy: Max. Power (Peak): Voltage: Charger: Type: Hydrogen Storage: Capacity: Electric Traction System: Propulsion motor (front), max. mech. power / torque: Wheel hub motors, max. mech. power / torque (x2): Range on electric energy stored: Acceleration 0 to 60 mph: Max speed (burst) (mph):
80 kW 8 kWh (total) 50 kW 320 bis 350 V Onboard plug-in 4 kg H2 at 700 bar 70 kW / 250 Nm (Motor) 25 kW / 500 Nm (at wheels) 20 miles 8 to 8.5 seconds 120 mph
The Road Towards Commercialization A „What If“ scenario for the introduction of hydrogen-powered vehicles
Major hurdle: Early capitalization of vehicles and infrastructure
Common Position Paper
Next Steps for the Development of a H2 Infrastructure for Road Transport in Europe
Joint approach of energy companies and vehicle manufacturers in defining a near and mid term action plan for the introduction of hydrogen-based mobility in Europe Roll-out of hydrogen vehicles anticipated to happen in three phases: §
Phase I (until 2010): Technology Development and Cost Reduction
§
Phase II (2010 until approx. 2015): Pre-commercial Technology Refinement and Market Preparation
§
Phase III (starting around 2015): Commercialization
Identification of locations for European Lighthouse Projects (LHP): §
LHP for cars and city buses in Berlin (D)
§
LHP for city buses in Hamburg (D), Brussels/Rotterdam (B/NL), Madrid/Barcelona (E), South Tyrol (I), London (UK), North Rhine Westphalia (D) and other locations
Conclusions Ø Time to act on sustainable transportation is now Ø Novel energy carriers will displace petroleum Ø The electrification of the automobile will continue and intensify Ø Project Driveway will yield relevant real-world experience on vehicles and infrastructure Ø 300 mile (480 km) range is doable using 70 Mpa CGH2 (proven by Chevy Sequel 300 mile drive in May 2007) Ø The development of pure battery electric vehicles is very challenging due to energy density reasons Ø An intelligent combination of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries will provide the ultimate ZEV vehicle Ø These vehicles will remain at significant incremental cost, support from all relevant stakeholders is needed.