A Programmed Course in Modern Literary Arabic Phonology and Script.
Michigan ... contrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce itin a manner
easily.
ED 028 443
DOCUMeNT ResUP111 48
AL 001 845
By-McCarus, Ernest; Rammuny, Raji A Programmed Course in Modern Literary Arabic Phonology and Script. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research.
Bureau No- BR -61 784
Pub Date 1 Feb 69 Contract OEC -3 -6-061784P.0508 Note-202p.; Text included in Studies in Language and Language Behavior, Progress Report VIII: EMS Price MF-S1.00 HC-S10.20 Descriptors -*Arabic, Contrastive Linguistics. Graphemes, Handwriting Instruction, Handwriting Skills, *Language Instruction, Pattern Drills (Language), *Phonology, *Programed Materials, Programed Texts, Pronunciation, Supplementary Textbooks, *Writing, Writing Skills
Identifiers *Modern Literary Arabic
This course is designed to teach the non-Arabic speaker to read printed Arabic. to write Arabic with a pleasing hand," to distinguish accurately the phonological
contrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a manner easily
comprehensible to Arabs. Dialogs and proverbs are included for reading practice; grammatical structures are not dealt with. The course may serve as an introduction to, or be used concurrently with, a basic course. Typical lessons present a set of letters related in form. plus certain auxiliary signs. For each letter or sign there are three sections: (1) its pronunciation value, with explanations and drills if it differs from or is lacking in English; (2) the various shapes of this letter in its printed form and drills in reading it; and (3) the written forms of the letter, also with _practice drills. At the end of each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole. The material is presented usually one small .feature at .a time, and the student proceeds at his own rate. Pronunciation features are recorded on tape as well as desCribed phonetically. Answers to oral drills are on tape; written answers are given in the left margin of the following page. For information on the tapes, write to the authors at the Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior; University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Mich. 48108. (AMM).
U.S. DEPARTMENT -OF
HEA-Lii, EitleATIONi WAFARI
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
ge--s-/7/y
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
iPERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.
POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
eg-ia
STITIP00.101 NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE riDUCitTION ,POSITION OR POLICY.
,
A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT
Ernest McCarus and Raji Rammuny
Introduction
This course is designed to teach the non-Arab to read Arabic script with Specifically, its goals are the ability to read acceptable pronunciation.
printed Arabic, to write Arabic with a pleasing hand, to distinguish accurately the phonological contrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a manner easily camprehensible to Arabs.
Although same dialogs and proverbs are
included for reading practice, grammatical structures are not dealt with. This course may well serve, however, as an introduction to or be used concurrently with a basic course.
The language of this course is contemporary Literary Arabic, the literary language that differs from all spoken dialects of Arabic and yet is the only It is the most
form of Arabic that is written throughout the Arabic world.
universally understood form of Arabic, being used not only in publicationg but
also on the radio, on very formal occasions, etc. There are only superficial variations in script and pronunciation over the Arab world; where a choice had to be made, as, for example, in the pronunciation of
,
the authors have
followed Jordanian usage. * * * * * * *
This course is a refinement of an earlier non-programmed set of materials, also done at the Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior; those materials were based on a contrastive analysis of English and Arabic phonologies (tempered with the authors' collective experience in teaching Arabic to nonArabs); an analysis of the MLA writing system; and a frequency count of vocabu-
lary used in the leading Arabic textbooks currently in use. The typical lesson 4, d. c. of this course presents a set of letters related in form, e.g., plus certain auxiliary signs, e.g. the vowel points, nunation, etc. For each (a) its pronunciation value, with letter or sign there are three sections:
explanations and drills if it differs from or is lacking in English; (b) the various shapes of this letter in its printed form and drills in reading it; (c) the written forms of the letter, also with practice drills.
At the ehd of
each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole., 39
AL 001 845
2
* * * * * * *
proceed at his awn rate of speed. The individual taking this course may small feature at a time; certain matters The material is presented usually one well as described phonetically. After of pronunciation are recorded on tape as presented, it is tested in a drill, which may be oral a given feature has been The answers to oral drills are on (marked "on tape"), or written, or both. always given in the left margin of the tape, while the written answers are following page.
errors in any given drill, he should If the student makes more than three section and repeat the intervening drills; if return to the beginning of tnat he the review drills at the end of the Unit, than ten errors in he makes more should repeat the entire unit. *
* * * * *
the kind help afforded by The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks and gave valuable sugProfessor John C. Catford, who read the entire course, in addition to drawing the gestions, in particular on the phonology portions,
illustrations of Arabic consonants.
40
3
A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT
(..
UNIT 1
The letter
I
The letter
J
aa d
The letter
The vowel sign
.0
a
The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters plus a number of wIxiliary signs written above or below the letters.
Arabic is written from
right to left.
1. The letter J
ter
a- the let-
aa and the short vowel-sign
1
d,
Pronunciation
A.
Arabic has three vowels, each of which can be long or short. This unit will deal with the first pair of long and short vowels, I
aa and
/
a.
There are no exact English equivalents, and
at the same time there is variation within the Arab world in their pronunciation; imitation of your teacher is the best approach. However, the following observations should be useful. 1.
From the Arab's point of view, the difference in these two
vowels is length, the amount of time used to pronounce them. careful reading, stressed long stressed short
/
a.
I
In a
aa will be twice as long as
In most of the Arab world
1
aa is pro-
nounced roughly like a in English "bad", but much longer in duration. 41
4
The short vowel as a matter of fact.
a is much shorter, normally about half as long, Its quality ranges between the vowel a in.
in English "but" English "bat" (but much shorter in duration) and u illustrates (but again shorter in duratiOn). The following drill
the difference between Drill 1.
I
and
(On tape) Listen. to the following pairs but do not repeat.
To Americans, who are not accustomed to distinguishing quality is far differences in vowel length, the difference in vowel However, the Arab more striking than the difference in length. also reacts to the difference in quality, since in normal reading 2.
or speaking
unstressed long vowels tend to be shortened and vowel
quality b(acomes the key distinctive feature.
To illustrate:
1.3
dam 'blood' daam 'it lasted' sounds like English "dam", while f drill, pay close atsounds like English "dumb". In the following tention to the quality and quantity of each vowel and imitate as s:.$
--
accurately as you can. Drill 2.
(On tape) Repeat on signal.
Another important feature of Arabic vowels is the effect drill, note that of long vowels on word stress. In the following long vowels, the long vowels attract word stress; if there are no 3.
first short vowel in the word is stressed. Drill 3.
Drill A.
(On tape) a.Lfsten , but do not repeat. b Now, repeat read (On tape) Indicatewhether the pairs that will be to you are same or different. Check the proper block. from Note: Drills are set up in Arabic order, proceeding
right to left.
Different
Same .
Example:
o o D
1
L]
2
El
3
0
4 5
42
Drill 4. (Cont.)
Drill 5.
Same
Different
pairs contain (On tape) Indicatewhich of the following Check the proper block. the long vowel 1
Example:
.
2
1
0
gil
El
0 El El
n
0 LI
0 0
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
r:i
0
0
r:1
0
two-syllable words. Now, do the same with the following .
8
.
9
1=1 Drill 6.
(On tape) a.
length of vowel. Listen to the following words, noting Say the mode word, and then repeat it changing the short or short to length of the vowel (i.e., long to long).
b.
Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c.
Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d.
Listen to the correct answer again.
6 a.
Example: Drill 6. (Cont.)
Answers
B.
Tape:
daam
Student:
daam - dam
b.
Tape:
daam - dam
c.
Student:
daam - dam
d.
Tape:
daam - dam
a.
Reading
Drill 1.
represented by the The long vowel aa in Arabic is called 9alif; see box at right. , letter Find the same letter below and circle it. I
6
.
8
.
Drill 2. 9
daal represents the consonant d The letter J letter.as in English "dandy".* Find the same below and circle it.
.10
Si
J combined The consonant j and the long vowel combinaare pronounced daa. Read the following of each word.) tions. (Stress the first syllable 1
Drill 3. 2
.
IJIJ
3
.
ISi -
IJ
=1*
.
5
.
6
Drill 4.
called fatba in Arabic, represents , The sign placed over a the short vowel a; it 1771ways of the letter J letter. Thus the combination pronounced da. Find the com'5 is plus below and circle it. bination :P.) ,
LC-X
7 Si
Lci,]on
.8 Si
1111111.1I,
Drill 5.
Read the following:
n
fi =8. 1XX
.12
*Technical description:
J
d is a voiced dental stop. 44
Answers A.
Pronunciation
C.
Writing
Drill 1.
Drill 6.
Check tape
B.
pronounced aa, is written from , I The letter top to bottom as indicated by the arrow. Make the same letter belowtfollowing the guidelines first and then independently, sounding out the value aa of the letter as you make it. Start at the right and work left.
Reading
I
1
I
Drill 1.
You should have circled six items including the first one given as an example.
Drill 2.
Drill 2.
You should have circled five items.
is pronounced 1 and This combination of Copy the same combination below, daa. 1.) paying special attention to spaces between letters of the same syllable as well as spaces between the syllables nemselves.
40,1)
4-
Drill 3.
Check tape Drill 4. From now on we shall give you numbers only. Seven Drill 5. Check tape.
Drill 3.
The combination of J and ths.short vowel , pronounced forms the syllable da. Note how in writing the short vowel sign we start from the top slanting diagonalis added after ly to the left. The sign the completion of the letter J . Copy the model below, following previous instructions.
sign
4-'011
4'
,g=;')
Drill 3.
Continued
Drill 4.
Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the model pattern, then turn to this section and make the model once. Now, turn to Drill 3 and do the same with the model pattern. Repeat these two models one after the other three times, keeping in mind space relationship between the letters and syllables.
The letter A.
h.*
j
Pronunciation The letter
has the value of th in English "this", "either",
j
and "bathe"; the phonetic symbol used to transcribe,this consonant is
B.
The Arabic name of this letter is
Nal.
Reading
A special feature of the Arabic alphabet is the use of dots to distinguish letters from each other. is equivalent to Drill 1.
Drill 2.
J
Thus, j
plus a dot above.
Give the names of the following:
J
does
enters into the same combination with vowels as Read the following: J .
JJ 4
JIJ
*Technical description:
j
51j
51J
1j
1J
JJ
JIJ
JIJ
JJ
voiced interdental fricative.
9
Writing
C.
Drill 1.
is written the same as J plus a dot above. As indicated by the numbers, the dot is written last. below.
Drill 2.
Practice the model
This word is pronounced b,sada. In copying the model, pay special attention to space relationship between the letters of the word.
J '13i Drill 3.
9
ft
4
I
I
ift
Read the following items from right to left. Then copy the items following the guidelines. Say each item as you make it.
)
Drill 4.
ec-
.
I
4114.n
ef
I
aroi
Which are the correctly written words?
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
47
Answers Part C. Drill 4.
Numbers: 2, 4, and 8.
3. Stress
pronounced If a word has two or more syllables, one syllable is louder than the rest; this loudness is called "word stress", or,
There are three simple rules for determining the the last sylplacement of stress in Arabic. The first rule is that only two lable of the word is not stressed. Thus, if the word has simply, "stress".
syllables, the next to the last one is stressed. V stands Compare the following (C stands for any consonant, for short vowels and VV for long vowels):
CagCaa
CagCa
IJIJ
5IJ
Drill 7. a.
b.
CgCa
CgCaa
JJ
1,35
(On tape)
Listening
Imitation
IJIJ
5IJ
IJ5
JJ
IJIj
.51j
IJj
JJ4
U.)
51.)
US
J4 J
1,31j
ilj
1,31
4! JJ
IJIJ
5IJ
IJ5
JJ
1J1j
5IJ IA
JJ1
IjIJ
4
JIJ
I J .5
..J JI
IIj j
ilJ
1.11
#.! JJ
than two syllables, The second rule is that in words of more stressed. Compare: if the second last vowel is long, it is
CaaCgaCa JIJIJ
CaCagCa 51J:3
CagCa(a)
5IJ
11
Drill 8. a.
(On tape)
Listening
SIJIJ
filJJ
5IJ
SIJIj
i1.3.3
Lilj
JIJJ/
5IJ
jljj
5Ij
3
.
4/->
4
1'
)
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9
.>
10
.10
Drill 3.
JJ. /A
Jr.)
JJ
4
JJJ.,
,J )0' Jj1)
J1J
62
The letter The vowel-sign The sign
1.
A.
The letter a
and the vowel-sign
Pronunciation Arabic) represents the short The vowel sign, (called kasra in
vowel i, pronounced like i in English "fit. the long vowel The letter a (yaa/ in Arabic) represents in "seed". This letter roughly like i in English "machine" or ee in English "yes"); this also represents the consonant y. (like will be explained below under B. Reading. and between long ii a At the end of a word the distinction roughly like ee in is neutralized: they both sound short i and JJ dadi are both pro. "beet", but shorter. Thus, ks JJ dadii This is true of all pairs of long and short nounced the same. aa represents a dual form it is provowels, except that when I
nounced somewhat longer than
#
a, e.g.,
5Ij
but 1J1.3
aadaa 'the two of them defended'.
Drill 1.
(On tape) a.
Listening; b.
aada 'he defended'
Imitation.
the difference in length and The following drill illustrates Pay special attention to the shifting and quality between 4.5 the second last syllable in each of stress from the third last to .
pair.
Drill 2.
(On tape)
a.
Listening, b.
Imitation.
27
Drill 3.
Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following pairs are same or different.
Different
Same
El
El
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
ID
.
9
p
.
10
El
0 0
El El
El El
ID
O O O O El Drill 4.
.
0 0 0
Check the proper block for the short vowel long vowel a ii. /
61
[C]
El
0
O O O O I7-]
O
0
I:]
El
0 0 r3
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
i and the
8
65
28
Answers Drill 5.
Part A.
Place a check in the column that corresponds to the vowel in the word you hear.
Drill 3.
.
2
2
4
3 .
5
6 5
7
8 9 7
.10
9 B.
Reading
Drill 1.
This is the letter L5 yaw?. Find the same letter below and cir.Cle it.
Drill 2.
Give the names of the following letters.
Drill 4.
1 2 3
4 5
(.5
6
Drill 3. 7
J and the long This combination of vowel cs is pronounced dii. Read:
Ii
8
lj J,J
66
29
Answers Part A.
Drill 4.
Drill 5.
The combination of J plus the short vowel ,is di. Read: sign . / s
J
J
..:J _
dr)
)1 _t
dl
JJ .
3
)-$
.
4
.. .J.9
/JIJ
L.)
LS J
!
J
9j
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
letters that are connected to both preceding and
.
9
following letters; and non-connectors, letters
.
10
9
.e
d.
JJ ...
d connectors,
Arabic letters are of two kinds:
J
sF
Independent
Joined to fo lowing lette
4.4
which are connected to preceding but not to following letters.
Part B. Drill 1.
All letters studied so far--that is, are non-connectors.
We now take up a
,
1
J
j
9
and
)
which is a connector.
A special feature of connectors is that they assume abbreviated of shapes when joined to other letters. Thus, the independent shape Drill 2.
Check model tape. Drill 3.
Check model tape.
yap-the shape of the letter when not connected on either side--is When joined to a following letter it takes the shape ;
.
you will see that the abbreviated Alapes contain the most characteristic features of the full letter, in this case the short vertical line plus the two dots below the letter.
when
(The shape of ts S.
it is joined on both sides and its final joined shape will be given in a later unit.) Drill 5.
The letter cs represents the consonant y when it follows or precedes "a vowel, but represents the vowel ii in all other cases. Read:
,
.9 -
.-
/
J1.4,4.3
.rd.'
1.4At.
rat ..0.0
a , ftle.j
,
°.d J.) J4.
67
-
Answers Part B.
Drill 4.
C.
Writino
Drill 1.
Check model tape.
This is the Arabic letter c.5 yae. Look at the model above, then say the name of this letter as you make it below.
Drill 5. Check model tape. I
Sf
1116
(5
(5
cs SOP
Drill 6. Check model tape. Drill 7. Check model tape.
J ....111 OSP IF
Drill 2.
Drill 3.
Trace over the following, then copy them saying each item as you copy it.
This is the shape of C5 when it is joined to a following letter. Practice the model below.
)0
4=='
4°- a
"^ ,
31
Drill 4.
Trace over, then copy the following as usual. Notice that the two dots of ..J are added.after the completion of the first non-connector, as in
3
J
Drill 5.
Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the first three items, then turn to this section and write them (one at a time). Do Check your the same with the last two items in Dr1114 answers by going back to both Drills 2 and4 .
.
Drill 6.
This is the short It is written the except that it is letter instead of the model below.
/Drill 7.
kasra. fatha, written below tfie over it. Practice
vowel-sign same as 0'
.°
Trace over the following, then copy them below, pronouncing each item as you copy it.
...4111;01LII-.°
6
4
4
69
39 Trace over, then copy the following.
Drill 8.
2.
The sign
0
sukuun.
followed by a vowel or Every consonant is, of course, either . 9 J J , vowel sign, e.g., , If it is, it receives a it is not. There is a special sign, called sukuun, which denotes and /J 01 9/ but JJ dad. You might the absence of any vowel, e.g., JJ dadu o as a small zero indicating the absence of any remember sukuun .
vowel.
Drill 1.
Read:
9,
JI5J
t5
4.'"/
JJI
9D1
.
J5J
J5J1J
Drill 2.
9
0 sukuun is a small circle written The sign above a letter, as you see in the model. Practice writing sukuun below.
0
0
0
Z.41.3
0
70
33
We have seen that if the second last syllable of a
3. Stress.
word contains a long vowel, that syllable is stressed.
We now see
that the second last syllabel is also stressed if it ends in a con, .4. sonant--that is, a letter with sukuun over it. Thus: wadádwa. Stress-summary.
If the second last syllable is long (i.e.,
contains a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two consonants), that syllable 'is stressdd.
Otherwise, the third last syllable is
stressed.
Drill 1.
Read the following, paying attention to the placement of stress:
4.. ."Revievi',Drills
Drill 1.
Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following statements are true or false.
True
False
1.
-^
2.
3. I
the letter a functions Like ) both as a vowel and a abnsonant. ,
There is no difference between fattia and kasra in writing and placement. 1
and
but a
are aon,connectors, is a connector.
4.
Long vowels at the endiof words are usually shortened in Arabic, when it represents except for a dual form.
5
The sign ° shows that the letter over which it is placed is not pronounced. 71
34
Answers
Drill 2.
Review Drills
(On tape) Each word read will contian one of the vowels indicated at the head of the columns. Write the correct vowel in the appropriate column.
Drill 1.
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9
.10
Drill 3.
Pronounce the following words, and then circle items that are the same. ? JJ
JJ
2
"
J
/ CS -111.
-
j
3
aI/ 4.4j
'2 J/J)
J/J,
Oe
J
LS 4t
a 4e.
J
ji;f
.35
1
tS5 41. .
5
J J5
6
j
7
45 .35
/
4
0, 8
72
35
Five items will be read to you, each (On tape) Dictation. Write them below. one twice.
Drill 4.
Answers
Review Drill Drill 2.
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
1 2
1
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
IP
Drill 3.
.41.1
-
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
73
36 Answers
Review Drills Drill 4. .
:31, .,.").9
1 2
:3
4 11,
Jar
5
74
37
Unit 4
The auxiliary sign
Double cosonants:
shadda
The letter The letter The letter
1.
Double consonants
A.
Pronunciation
0
Any Arabic consonant can be doubled, i. e., prolonged in its pronunciation.
The sign
")
indicates a doubled consonant.
called shadda, written above a letter, For example,
9 /
wadat 'she paid blood-money' w/
waddat 'she wanted'
The difference in pronunciation between short and long consonants produces different words, as in the examples above; therefore, when a consonant is written double (i.e., is written with
Id*
over it) you
must be careful to pronounce it double, or you will produce the wrong meaning.
English does not have double consonants (in spite of such
spellings as butter, amle, hissing, etc.) within a word, but may get them when two words succeed each other, as in "night-time", "bad debt", or in compbund words such as "bookkeeper", "penknife", etc. Drill 1.
(On tape)
a.
Listening, b.
Imitation.
In Arabic, any consonant in the language may be pronounced double, and examples of each are easy to find.
In English, double w and z do
not occur even in word compounds or when two words come together. Compare "How will he go?" and "When will he go?"; the double ww that you would expect in the first sentence (MOW will) sounds like the single w in the second sentence.
In Arabic, however, double ww and double
are pronounced approximately twice as long as single w and
In
pronouncing ww, as in dawwa, keep the lips tensely rounded for an extra second or so.
Likewise, in pronouncing yx, as in danra, hold _
_
the tongue and jaw steady for an extra second or so, prolonging the)! sound. 75
38
Imitation.
Listening, b.
Drill 2.
(On tape)
Drill 3.
(On tape) Listening. Check the block that corresponds to the word with the doubled consonant.
Example
Drill 4.
a.
2
1
El
El
D
LI
O
0
D
O
4
El
CI
5
O
U
6
El
El
7
El
El
8
2
3
.
(On tape) Identification. Indicate whether the item read on tape has a doubled consonant (yes) or does not (no). No
Example
ID
Yes
Ig
1
El
0 0 0 0
El
0
.
6
1:1
El
.
7
EI
0
.
8
.
9
El
0 O
O O
l=1
LI
2
.
3
.
4 5
.10
76
39
Answers
B.
Part A.
Reading The symbol
40 ,
called shadda in Arabic, is placed over a con-
sonant letter to show that the consonant is pronounced double, as in
Drill 2.
Check model tape.
wadda 4-5-1
Drill 3. Drill 1. 2
1
bawwaba
(On tape) You will hear two possible readings for each of the following items; check the box for the correct reading: B
A
. 2 .
1
.
2
.
3
JI)J
.
4
J Ito
.1)
. 3 P
gi
5
g
.
6
0.1
5 'a! .
.
7
e .
6
.
7
.
8
8
Drill 4.
No
w
Yes
g El
1
n _rill 2.
Read the following:
;AZ
/ J1,4J
tS,
C. Writing 6
The sign
shadda is composed of two "teeth";
it is always placed above a consonant letter.
It is
written from right to left, as illustrated above.
77
Answers
Drill 1.
Part B.
.
B
A XX XX
XX XX XX XX
XX XX
.
Follow the model as you write shadda below.
40
LA)
to
up)
4A)
41)
1 2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
Fatha and damma are written above shadda, as in: t.0
_A)
r
budda buddu
Kasra may be written directly under shadda, or under the letter itself, as in:
Drill 2.
o
.)5.)
Practice the following.
ot to, :.) 4.4
am/
2. The consonant , b A.
Pronunciation The letter
,
called baa/ in Arabic, represents the consonant
b, like in English "bat".
Arabic b is pronounced like English b;
unlike English b it is often pronounced double in the middle of words, as in: it J
dabbara tabbat
Drill 1.
(On tape)
a.
Listening, b.
Imitation.
41 B.
Reading
has four different shapes, depending on what kind of letter, if any, precedes or follows it. The independent form is used when the letter is not joined on either side. Drill 1.
/
e
See model:.
below.
Circle the letter
Li
Drill 2.
Independent
'
41
Give the names of dm following: 4.
Drill 3.
Underline
in the following words:
ee .
4,
w
S 4 I
4°.
1./4
Drill 5.
Irl, 4»
When s- occurs joined to a following letter, it takes the shape Underline this joined form below. .
)I
%r,
J
r 1)
--4ic-..-1#
A
Independent
Joined to a following letter
CT: I:
J
,
4
79
9111.0.4
42
Drill 6.
Read:
ft/
Drill 7.
le 5
occurs joined When the letter to preceding and following letas in ters, it takes the form the model above. Underline the in the words medial form of below:
Independent
Joined to a following letter ,Joined on both sides
10.9.
, Drill 8.
Read:
)÷4
/ 1T-)1e.
Drill 9.
In its final joined form, Undertakes the shape line this shape in the follow.
Independent ,
=11
i
...:..
ing: 5,-1-
Joined to a following letter Joined on both sides
Finalioined
-Stkr.
s
4 .
C.
3
2
7
6
.
I
.
5
e/
Writing
Drill 1.
Notice This is the independent form of (,) the similarity between the letter _) and the See how the model letter first part of (.0) is written, then'copy it below as usual. .
.
t
(4 80
43
Answers I _1
Part B.
Drill 8. Check tape. Drill 9.
Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7.
re
.
.
them Pronounce the folloahg wOrds aS you copy
Drill 2.
4)3
.0.916°
Drill 3.
The letter CIA is a connector. The model shows you the shape it takes when joined to a following letter. Note that this joined shape consists of the most characteristic part of the independent form of the letter; generally the characteristic part is the first part of the indepanaent form plus whatever dots it has. Copy the model below.
I.
Drill 4.
Remember to add Trace over and then copy the following. the dot of L.) after the completion of the first non4 connector. 9
GS"'")---"6:11
LJ
/ 0
81
44
Note that the characteristic part of is slightly modified when joined on both sides.
Drill 5.
CT)
-.1.0111111.1
Drill 6.
Trace over and then copy.
Drill 7.
Finally, when (.I)
Drill 8.
Trace over, then copy.
. is joined to a preceding letter only, the independent shape is linked to the preceding letter. Practice this shape below.
,*
41.
-/ ) .
Drill 9.
.00
5
L-4-)
e
e
The shapes of CI) you have already practiced are used in printed There are some native Arabic. speakers, however, who also use Usually, written them in writing. for Arabic uses the variants (1.1 and ..ts for .4 as shown above. Practice the models below.
Independent
Joined to a following letter
82
-.rade
Trace over and then copy.
Drill 10.
3.
A.
11 &-le1101110.4
45
The consonant
c"..-
t
Pronounciation (teat) AW:13U1fiCierit1y like* English to cause no-proble'm in
Arabit:-
pronunciation.
Like all other Arabic consonants, it can be pronounced
doubled in the middle of a word, as in: fattara
kattaba
B.
Imitation
Listening, b.
(On tape) a.
Drill 1.
Reading The letter
is exactly like
tr.
in its various shapes except
that it has two dots above instead of one below.
Compare the follow-
ing two charts with each other, then do the dtills. 4-
lExample C.4..1.3
Shape, c..
c-4
Shape
- : ..'
4..:
-:-
.1.4.
. ,
. 4,.
: .
Exam le
Independent
Joined to a following letter Joined on both sides
.
Final joined
83
Answers
Drill 1.
Underline both the independent shape of joined to a following letter.
and the shape
Part A.
Q.13 . ).11;
Drill 1. 9
Check tape.
L1-1.3
i)
Drill 2.
I
ue Jw
Read: /
1/ 1/21
Drill 3.
..0
Underline the shapes of c% when it is joined on both sides and when it is final joined. c:p
/ I
Drill 4.
lc
Read:
f
LI
ci"-
C.
Writing Like 4..)
,
C.) is a connector.
It is written exactly like
(1)
dots above instead in all its shapes except for the placement of two dots printed (") are replaced by of a dot below. Note that the two then do in handwritten Arabic. Study the chart below, the sign the drills.
Independent
1 Joined to a following letter
Joined on both sides Final joined
47
Answers
Drill 1.
The diill provides you with practice in writing words containing the independent shape of 4:j .
Part B.
Drill 1. c%
1,
:
4, 7, and 8.
2,
1
3, 5, and 6.
Drill 2.
Drill 2.
Practice the following words, which contain the shape of jbined to a following letter.
CD
Check tape Drill 3. .. :
1,
5, 6, and 7. :
2,
3, 4, and 8.
joined on both sides.
Drill 3.
The words of this drill include (.)
Drill 4.
Here are five words which include the shape of C.J when it is joined to the preceding letter only.
Drill 4. Check tape,
48 Drill 5.
Drill 6.
Trace over and then copy the following, paying special attention to the variant shapes of c.:)
word and Turn back to Drill 4, page 47. Look at the first the space below. then turn to this section and copy it in Drill 6, page 44, the Do the same with the third word in second word in Drill 2, second word in Drill 10, page 45; the page-47; and the last word in Drill 4, page 47.
i=111111
The letter
4.
%!.=
8.
Pronounciation
A.
The letter
th 4. (called Ciaa? in Arabic) represents the sound
as in English "think".
It is transcribed with Greek theta: 6.
6, Notice that both Arabic and English have the consonants 4. ether, bath", as well as j i.e., thias in English "thin, theme, English unfortu1..e., th as in English "this, them, either, bathe".
th, while Arabic uses nately spells both consonants the same way with might remember a special symbol for each. As a mnemonic device you the th in three, while that 4.. has three dots and is pronounced like j
has the other pronunciation. The consonant
pronounced double:
be may, of course, like any other consonant,
..
kaeeara ma0eala
Drill 1.
(On tape)
a. Listening,
b. Imitation.
86
49 8.
Reedit% The letter 4:
those of letter.
has fo.r shapes, which are exactly identical to except that 4%
and c:
4..
above the
has three dots "
Compare the following charts, one with the other, before
you do the drills that follow. yams.
Exam le
Shape
Example
d. ---
'c...lj
d..11;
. , '14
Shape
Shape'
Independent .1
44
..
A.
.4.
4..h.
......
xamfile
c...
.16
4.
4-11
'
Joined to following, -letter Joined on both aides
-:
%IA;
-1.-
4
,
Final joined
4".
4
Drill 1.
Give the names of the following letters:
Drill 2.
In the following, underline the independent shape of its bhape joined to following letter.
b d.11,3
and
4,1
o'
1t
UV! Drill 3.
Read:
,
Drill 4.
Underline the shapes of %!= when it it joined on both side's and when it is final connected.
e,
dr, 10
, Ltc
t ./ C4r4
'me/
Drill 5.
/
4444 60/,
4/
a7"Iteo
Read:
9/ 40141.
87
50 C.
Answers
Writing
like is a connector and is written, in all its shapes, Note that in handwritten and 4:J except for the three dots above. See chart is used in place of the three dots. Arabic the sign
Part B. Drill 1.
Check tape below. Drill 2. Shape
Example
1,
:
/ de
3, 4, and
ok
Cm) C201
8.
C-4 3
A: 29 3, 5, and
a Ls 7/4
A
Drill 4. 1,
A
2, 4, 7, and 8. :
/
-4.
Cw02,1d,
e4'°
Check tape
Joined on both sides Final joined
with practice in writing The following four drills provide you the four shapes
3,
5, 6, and
1 Joined to a following letter
7.
Drill 3.
Independent
Drill 1. L..)
of U . in its independent shape.
7.
Drill 5.
40.
t
Check tape
A Drill 2. .J joined to following letter.
88
51
A Drill 3.
joined on both sides.
Drill 4. 60.0 final joined.
I.,(
A
29)
Drill 5.
(La.
.
A
Variant shapes of (..)
Ti
.
e
5.
RevieW Drills
Drill 1.
If you hear doubled consonants in the following words write 44 over the doubled consonqnts. Otherwise, leave the word as it is. 4 1
Example:
2
3
dItt
.
4 5
44;
6 7
8 c..44
.
9
.10
89
Answers
Drill 2.
(On tape) CircIethe words read on tape. .,
Review Drills. Example:
.,,J
c.1..)
....lj
. b
' .L r-
c.t.,
Drill 1. .
,r-r
.,.
, .
1
r.)..J
.
A
A
-...."...t.
%....
.
4
.
5;
,.
t.
%,:.) 4
C.
Ert
.
Read:
/.0/,
IS.
L.-÷:.
%-...1-
.
.
.
9
.
..
. cr
-...-)
k.....4..
, -
re4
cs; im . io
, cft-te. 0
..
:-.) Drill 4.
.
%-.- yt
(On tape) Dictation.
6
.
7
.
8
7
A
-,
8
.
`-",
- .
7 Drill 3.
4
5
.f..
I.
6
./
.0
;
A
4
7.146:.
4.4 L
'
2
0p
9 4. r.1-" 9
1..:-. L
.
t....1160
c..);
3
1
. -,
.
/
4. ci
.
. 1,
5 3
Answers Review Drills. Drill 2. c.1.3
4 uelP
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
czL
6
8
c4m1.
Drill 3.
Check tape Drill 4. 1 2
3 4 5 6
9 1
54
Unit 5
The letter The letter
The letter
1.
A.
J
1100
Pronunciation raa? represents the consonant r as pronounced in Spanish or It is entirely unlike American English r, which in
Italian caro.
reality is more vowel than consonant:
what, for example, are the In
vowels that are pronounced in "bird", "burred" and "berg"?
spite of the spelling, all these words are pronounced brd or brg, the r being the vocalic element.
Indeed, if "berd" were a word,
it too would be pronounced brd. Arabic
j
It is a flap-
r by contrast is a true consonant.
consonant produced by rapidly tapping the upper gum with the tip of the tongue.
Listen to the following Arabic words that have
r
between two vowels, as read in Drill 1. Drill 1.
(On tape) Listening.
This sound is found in many languages, such as Italian, Japanese, etc.
Spanish,
It is also found in American English oc-
casionally, as in the pronunciation of "three" = Orli, where r is a flap rather than a vowel: and normally in the pronunciation of t That is, t in words such as "letter", "biting",
between vowels.
"Otto", etc., is in reality a "flapped r" like Arabic pare to pronounce
j
.
Pre-
by first practicing words like "oughta" in
("I ought to go"); "gotta" (in "I gotta go"); "lotta" in ("A lot of time").
Drill 2.
While
(On tape) Imitation. j
r is a flap, double r - that is,
trill (a rapid succession of several flaps).
oi
rr-is a
This is like rr in
Castilian Spanish carro 'car' or perro 'dog'. 92
Drill 3.
Listening. Listen to the following pairs of Arabic words in which the only difference is the presence of rr as oposed to r. (On tape).
a.
5
If you have difficulty in producing a good trilled rr
,
first try to get a "feel" for it by making the flap several times in
rapid succession, e.g., ra-ra-ra-ra; then curl the tip of your tongue upward until it touches the gum; holding it there gently, blow air forcefully across it, making little adjustments in the precise location and muscular tension of the tip of the tongue, until you get it flapping vigorously.
At first, you may have to use considerable
You may find it useful first to pronouce sh (as in
breath-force.
English "shoe") to position the tongue properly; then, holding the tongue firm, bring the tip of the tongue up to the gum, almost to
A forceful expulsion
the point of blocking off the stream of air. of air should produce a trill. Drill 4.
(On tape) b.
Drill 5.
a.
Imitation.
Say each word, then Listen to the following words. j repeat it doubling the consonant .
B.
b.
Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c.
Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d.
Listen to the tape again.
Reading
Drill 1.
This is the independent form of the letter raa7 Circle the same letter below. j
J
)
J
J
J
A %.
Drill 2.
Underline the letter
/j11
s
-32J
.
4
.
8
'rJ j
rJr
j
3
7
in the following.
/ ..0)
.
2
.
6
ejIj .
5
56
Answers
Drill 3.
Read.
Part B.
Drill 1. 9 t.5 J9J
Drill 4. Drill 2. Initial: 2, 8
The letter j may occur joined to a preceding letter, but not to a following one. Look at the model avoe then underline the similar form below.
Medial:
Joined to letter preceding.
1
3, 5, 6
.
I
3
.
.0/
Final:
8
7
.
2 6
1, 4, 7 Drill 5.
Read. .;)
C.
Writing
Drill 1.
Drill 2.
Drill 3.
we Note how in writing the letter start above the line and curve downward moving towards the left as you see above. Practice the model below.
111r
Trace over, then copy the following.
This is the shape of ....,/ when it combines with a preceding letter. Note that the combination is written in one movement. Copy the model below.
-710111e.
94
517
Drill 4.
Practice the following:
/
; IpIh
* `a):P.L1.°4
2. The letter A.
z.
Pronunciation The letter
zayn represents the consonant z, as in English
;
Arabic
zero, vocalize".
j and English z are similar enought to
permit the substitution of one for the other without problem. ,
Arabic
like other Arabic consonants, may of course be doubled, as in:
bazara "
B.
bazzara.
Readirla
The letter
j
has two shapes which are exactly like those of See charts below.
except for the dot above.
61)
Independent
Joined to preceding letter.
Drill 1.
*/ 4tx
.
4
./
JJJ
Drill 2.
in the following.
Underline the letter
8
J )5)1
7
Alt
e
4
6
Read:
/ .
Ji I .t
JtJ
JJ1.
41. ja..
95
...,,,
58
Answers
C.
In writing, the two shapes of
Drill 1.
Independent: 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8.
Nriting
of
J are exactly identical to those
except that the former have a dot above.
This is illustrated
in the charts below.
Joined: 4, and 6.
Independent
Joined to preceding letter Drill 2.
Check tape Drill 1.
The following words include the independent shape of Trace over, then copy them.
).3
Drill 2.
Practice the following words which contain ./ preceding letter.
joined to
I .0
4
Review Drills Drill 1.
If the word read is the same as the one (On tape): written, circle the word; if not, circle the check mark. / 0, 1 X r: $i) 6 X .
.
X
J
.
7
X
.4 ft
.
8
X
Led J
.
9
X
.10
x
P
X
J5J9 p
X
X
....1-
.- P' ts.0)5
f.
.
.At J
2
3 .
4
.
5
. _4 )5)-:
IP
96
Drill 2.
Read. I
.fre
.
'.111 J
1
e/
.
Ate
2
3 4 5 .
6
.
7
.
8 9
.
10
Drill 2. Check tape
Drill 3.
(On tape) Dictation.
ajr
I -- J"'
JJJ
Unit 6
The letter
Li
f
n
The letter Nunation 44-un,
A.
4' -an,
-in 4%
Pronunciation It
The letter Li (faa7)is pronounced like f in "fat, roof". may, of course, be pronounced double.
B.
Reading
Drill 1.
faa? is a connector and has four shapes. The model on the right shows the independent shape. Circle the same shape below. Li
J
Independent
;
,
J Drill 2.
.
3
.
7
LiJj
2
.
Read:
JJ
iLiJ
Drill 3.
The letter 4-3 takes the shape -.0 when it is combined with a following letter. Underline this joined shape in the following.
A af. A
.
4
Li
er As
3
s'
8
Independent
.
7
iLi5
Joined to following letter.
SI
.
2
6
1
.
6
()lc
5
I.
61 Answers
Drill 4.
Read:
Part B.
liL
Drill 1.
Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8. Drill 2. Drill 5.
Check tape
When joined on both sides, i takes Underline the same the shape .i. shape below. .
Drill 3.
,
....
Independent
i
c.S Li
,0
Joined to follow letter.
,
...
,
4...:4;
Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
.9
i
4....9 J
Joined on both sides "
.."...,
.
9 4
3
2
8
7
6
Drill 6.
Read:
Drill 7.
Here are the four shapes of
Lj
.
k:. ).;:;
.
,
5
Independent
c...9
Joined to follo ing letter. Joined on both sides. Final joined.
.9
A 4. ...
/.
:
.
Li
2
.? .
7
1
.
%
c...9 J
3
ye;
5
6
99
va
fw,
P21,
62
Answers
Drill 8.
Read:
Drill 4.
Check tape
.;
Drill 5. Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Drill 6.
Check tape
C.
Writing
Drill 1.
Drill 7.
Numbers: 1, 2, 5, and
C.) the letter (..., 4..., Like CI) is written on the line(unlike../ft.diand which go below the line.) Note ..., the similarities between the circle ,
,
of
(...9 and the circle of ....9
Independent
.
Practice the model.
7.
C__9
Drill 2.
t 4
C__9
Copy the following, tracing over the dotted lines first.
.1) . c
_9
I
1
Drill 3.
Only the characteristic part of (.29 --the circle plus the dot, as in the box at right--is used when this letter is joined to a following letter. Copy the model below.
9
-.9
Joined to following letter.
9
100
63
Answers
Drill 4.
Part B. Drill 8.
In copying the words below, remember to add the dot of a0 well as other dots after the completion of the first non-connector (or the last letter of the word if there are no non-connectors).
Check tape
cLi 1 4
ti
Drill 5.
Follow the model as you write joined on both sides.
Joined on both sides.
Drill 6.
Copy the following in the usual way. .0
Drill 7.
When joined to preceding letter only, c, takes the shape on the right. Make this shape below.
Final joined. 440
101
64
Practice the following.
Drill 8.
011
The letter 0 n. A.
Pronunciation
The letter 0 (nuun)has the value of English n as in
B.
u
no, moon
.
Reading
Drill 1.
0 nuun is a connector. Here is the independent shape. Underline this shape in the words below.
071j1;
Drill 2.
.
4
.
8
31.1
:
Independent
3
/ 41
7
Give the names of the following. J
Drill 3.
Read: ..
The shape of 0 when it is joined to a following letter and the and shape connected in both directions are exactly like those of except that the 0 shapes take a dot above. See chart on next I.:page.
102
Answers Part B.
followilla_lmtLkEusE
Joined to
Joined on both sides
Drill 1.
c..
... .:;,..
Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7.
.
.
A
...
.0
Star
'''S
a 0
I
C)
..;
J...
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 4.
joined to following letter and its shape joined on both sides.
Underline the shape of 0
a J1;
Drill 3. .
Check tape
.0., Drill 5.
3 7
1
.
5
2.
. / / C)r-:
A final joined 0
A'
..
ce
/ .41
t:04t
Cr)
Writing 4.
'A
Drill 1. Ndte thht unlike Cr:I} L1, Le4 and which are all written on the line, 0 goes below the line. Practice
J
.1
ts.
takes the shape as
Read:
the model below.
.
OP
1)19.
shown in the model.
C.
.
Read:
.; c.. L.
Drill 6.
2
.
cr
66
Answers
Drill 2.
Trace over, then copy.
Part B. (
Drill 4.
II
E44.1L2
Numbers: 1,
2,
3, 4,
6, 7, and 9. 5,
a
Drill 5.
Check tape
Drill 3.
The followingwords include the shape of 0 joined to following letter. Pronounce tach word as you write it.
Drill 6.
Check tape
6
Drill 4.
Here are words with u joined in both directions.
Drill 5.
is a descending Note that final letter; that is, the preceding letter is joined to it at the top rather than at the bottom as with C:01
) .
)
C..
.
Final joined
Compare OS7and
Practice the following.
104
67
Drill 6.
The independent shape C) as well as the final joined or may have the variants shown above. These variants are used in written Arabic only. Make these variants below, following the directions shown by the arrows.
Independent Final joine
e.)
c-.;)
Drill 7. 9
Trace aver, then copy.
"'
U.01 a/
er4944
Jo
I
...
The chart below contains a summary of all the written shapes of
Exan_ jkleL_pla e Independent (1)1r
11_.. /Joined to following letter (....4
s
4
... Joined on both sides
a
4 `...." .
C..r.
iFinal joined.
4 OA*
.........
105
68 3.
Nunation (in Arabic,01.}1:: tanwiin) is the adding of an n (Arabic
0.).;
nuun)at the end of a word which is not definite in meaning.
For example: chlbaabu 'the door'
baabun
'a door'
This final -n, which always follows one of the short vowels, is written in a very special way:
it is symbolized by the writing of
")
the short-vowel sign twice, thue(an abbreviation of for -in.
for -an, and
for -un,
The Arabic names for these signs are
dammataan (literally, "two dammas"), fathataan ("two fathaq) and kasrataan ("two kasra's") respectively. These will now be dealt with individually. .90
dammataan A.
-un.
Pronunciation The ending
9,
-un is pronounced,as would be expected from the
spellingllike u in English "put" plus n.
Remember that Arabic u is
a short vowel, and must always be pronounced short and clipped; it
is never drawled or prolonged as English vowels may be.
B.
Reading,
Drill 1.
This is the tanwiin sign -un written over the last letter of the word. Point to each of the following words as you listen to then as, they are read on the tape. ul;
Drill 2.
0/
9. #.
J.» A
4.44 j
IJ
Read: JO as.
C.
daarun
1
19
CO;
J:19
C'
JIJ
Writing
Drill 1.
The tanwiin sign -P.' is composed of double combined and written in one stroke. .9 Copy the model below.
-44?)
106
69
Drill 2.
Trace over then copy the following.. oNote that above the final letter in each word.
4%
fathataan A.
'As
is written
-an
Pronunciation,
-an is pronounced like -one in English "done",
Fathataan or -un in "pun".
Remember that Arabic short a is never lengthened
or drawn out in pronunciation.
B.
Reading as indicated earlier.
Fathataan consists of two fatha's normally written over
1
,
It is
which does not affect the pronunciation.
In a sense, fathataan could be defined as the combination of ?alif plus two fatha's which has the pronunciation value of -an: Drill 1.
I°
The following pairs of words contrast Listening (on tape). dammataan and fathatdan; read them silently as you listen to the tape. o
, 1
J34
.
'
LiUS
,
..3
.......
C:91.
A
V
APP P f
P.1
Z Drill 2.
--
,.,
cltw
1
.4;
9 , _ 4,,
Read: 1
I
Jj; a_f
14e: C.
Writing 4!
Drill 1.
we write In making the tanwiin sign parallel to each other. doubled Practice the model below.
am/ one
1.0-1 0.1
' 107
70
Drill 2.
Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.
lir
-in
kasrataan A.
Pronunciation -in is pronounced like -in in English "tin"i it
Kasrataan
is a short vowel, of course, and is never lengthened in pronunciation (or drawled) as is often done in English.
B.
Reading
Kasrataan is written below the last letter of
daarin the word, as is illustrated at the right. 1
Drill 1.
Listening (on tape). Read silently the following words as they are read on tape.
I
01
..
Give the names of the following signs:
0
ge.
Drill 3.
I
1E4 MI
.
.
Drill 2.
0'
Read:
0
C.
):1'144:
.r J *-1
Writing
Drill 1.
The tanwiin sign 0 is written exactly like
4
except that it is written below the final letter in the word. Practice the following. See next page.
1.0 8
J
A.
Review Dtills
Drill 1.
Identification
on teTe).
Example .
2
.
3
.
4
X .
,111111...
Drill 2.
5 6
.
7
.
8
If the word read is the same as the word written, circle the word; if not, circle the check mark.
X
A
X
X X
t jowl
, .' (:).ted, A
5
X
41 ..".;
6
X
li:i..)
,
X X
.,
Drill 3.
Read:
7
0 C'
, ! A, .
X
.
.10 0-,J;
72
Drill 4.
Answers
True or false: False
Review Drills
True 1.
The letter faa? is an extension of waaw plus a dot above it.
2.
The position of the dot(s) distinguishes the forms of 41.. 0 , a , and when connected to following letter or joined on both sides.
Drill 1. of%
40 4
-
XX
XX
1
XX
2
,
,
XX
3
XX
.
XX
4
3.
i is a connector.
5
XX .
XX
we
4
In wtiting the syllable start with the dot.
5.
The tanwiin signs -'94've pro-
6
XX
,
).;
7
8
nounced with the consonant 0 added to the short vowels
Drill 2. Drill 5.
Dictation (on tape).
X
X
8
X
9
X
10
Drill 3.
Check tape
110
IVVIMIWW.47.4=1.1=111,1111V0
*M.
do
73
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 4. F
T
I21)§
D D
2
1#1 Ll
4
3
5
Drill 5. .1111-)
.
1.
. 2
(..)64-
3 . 4
eeCix.r
. 5 . 6
111
Unit 7
1.
A.
The letter j
The letter
J
1
The letter
L'3
k
The letter
11.
;--)54
Of
Drill 4.
(On tape) Dictation.
Arabic sentences for reading. 1.
Riad is a Lebanese friend.
2.
He is studying in Beirut.
3.
I visited Riad three years
0 0, ;".,,,kti
/ e/
C1,Aat ,C°1114° `41°11
,lDL,oLj 0 cs; 0;1:
Oak J `1.-J.;
I"
woo
t
ago. 4.
My friend Riad was hospitable
tja.1.4)
cias,
to me. 5.
I thanked Riad before my departure. 153
116
Vocabulary
Answers
t
Drill 2.
C
0.1
Riad (boy's name)
0"I
Review Drills
'
friend
Lebanese
. I
1 tx)-14. .
crwIr"
2
in
3
Beirut
? "7) 5
Jaz"'
p.
LP4
visited
before, ago
X
.
6
three
X
.
7
years
s
o=1;
x
JL
he studies, he is studying
JA0)
.
8
456
9
014° , .
.10
he acted hospitably toward he was hospitable to me departure
'irkam
Drill 3.
j,11.w
my departure
Check tape Drill 4.
.4 2
3 4
../Ce.) 5
.
6
0.054.)a,.A..02.
7
154
117
Unit 10
The letter
1
The letter
1
t
WIMP
1.
A.
1
The letter
t
Pronunciation J. (taa7)0 constitute the third pair of front
(taal).:2 and
and velarized consonants.
however, differs from 1.
C. is quite like English t
;
I,
t
it in four ways:
The tongue is quite tense in the pronunciation of t
1,
WIMP
as opposed to C.. 2.
For
1*
t.
t the back part of the tongue is in position
for the vowel of ligood", so supplying the velar effect. c%
3.
t and English t are slightly aspirated--that is,
pronounced with a little burst of air;
1,
t, however, is un-
aspirated. 4.
c"..
vowels, while Thus,
takes the fronted pronunciation of adjacent .6
t is accompanied by the backed variety.
c".. b taat sound like English "tat" and 1,1J6
taat sounds
like English "tot".
Listen to these differences in the following words:
155
118
The following diagram illustrates the differences in tongue shape and tongue placement.
CL.
As with the other velarized-plain pairs of consonants, the quality of the adjacent vowels is your clue as to their identity, and your best aid in pronouncing them properly.
Technical Summary t voiceless dental stop ip
t unaspirated voiceless velarized alveolar stop.
Drill 1.
(On tape) Listening-, and imitation.
Drill 2.
(On tape) Identificatfm.
Check the proper block.
Different Same
2
3 .
4 5 6 7
.
8 9
.10
119
Drill 3.
Answers
(On tape) Identification. Check the block which corresponds to the word that contains 1* .
Part A.
Drill 2. .
Dif. Same
Pg
2 3
.
4
D
2
5
6 7 .
1:1
5
8
B.
ig
gi
.
Reading
8
Drill 1. 9
This is the letter Circle the same letter below.
Independent
.10
ID
Drill 2.
#
ID
0*
)
ID
ID
4...i
J
Le
I,
C..
4.
C."..
1-
1
Give the names of the following. a'
q Drill 3.
Li
f
ki
ID
ID
cr
j
J
j
J
5
0
J
el
4.5
i
I
-12'
I
tr
tiz
in the following words.
Circle ID ,,
/1
.0
0
ID 1j....
.
3
titAt
.
2
O. Itii
.
1
.
6
/ .9
...!
lyLr .10 Drill 4.
Lite
.
9
,
vi..7 V
Read: A
ez.
1st;
1;1 0
SY;
1
157
120
Answers
Drill 5.
Part A.
Drill 3.
When joined to a following letter, is simply linked to it with1, Compare both indepenout change. dent and joined forms (right),then circle the joined form below.
1
Independent
Joined to following letter.
Ls6L.
5
o 2
.10
Cr416
"jib
9
2
16
7
tpoj
.
8
.
1
.
6
3
4
Drill 6.
Read:
/
e 5
121,:4
6 7
8
Drill 7. Part B.
Drill 1. 1
71
The shape of -6 is the sate in all positiOns,:being.terdIy"lInked directly to the preceding or following letter; see'box..' Circle the wbrds below that contain the last two shapes.
Independent
,
it
e
..12;
Joined to a following letter Joined on both sides
I
jzio jai.,
Final joined
Drill 2. Y. *.
Check tape so
/. 1'
Drill 3.
.
Numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 10.
4
ItLes Drill 8.
.
;,J6:
7
3
liza6 J'IL;
.
2
.1:115I;
6
S
Um; .
5
Read:
Drill 4.
PP
L51. j1)
-611A°
Check tape
ti.11" C.
'1;1f .;14
Writing
Drill 1.
The letter ,J, consists of two parts: which resembles the first part of(j00 °, and i is added next, written from top to bottom. Practice the model below.
J,
Independen
b 158
121
Answers 1
Part B.
Drill 5. Numbers: 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10.
Trace over and then copy the following.
Drill 2.
Drill 6. Check tape.
Drill 7. Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7. Drill 8. Check tape.
Like Eit.0, the letter
JP
is a connector.
Joined to following letter
Note that Le when joined to a following letter must not. must have a tooth .4.40, whereas There is no need to give instructions for connecting
J.
with spre-
given for ao ceding and following letters. The same instructions but not apply here, except for the tooth (ir) which is added to to
.14,
The following two drills are given for practice.
.
This drill includes the forms of .19 when joined .to a following letter and when joined in both directions. Trace over the model line, then copy it below.
Drill 3.
o
Drill 4.
This drill reviews all the shapes of
J,
159
%, 12?
1 *
1. The letter A.
Pronunciation
The letters j(aal) and 1 Jr(aad)represent the last set of plain/velarized consonants. they."
j
is the same as th in English "this,
in pronouncing
1 )' is the back variety of
On the other hand,
sound the same.
and English "that"
lj
This th is a front consonant; Arabic
j
;
1 the tongue is further back in the mouth than for
and the back part of the tongue is in the same position as The muscles are held tense as in the case for the vowel in "good". Again, if you pronounce the of the other velarized consonants. j
,
vowels correctly your consonants will be understood. Drill 1.
(On tape)
a. Listening.
b. Imitation.
One final comment on the velarized consonants is that they affect not only adjacent vowels, but other consonants as well. That isoa velarized consonant requires the back p-onunciation of vowels Thus the word and also transforms plain consonants to Velarized. " Pr e whip" is also pronounced c-r° J4)}. is pronounced sawt 'voice 1,
-
tio ) and sawt; '14 "middle" is pronounced wasat;"Ao (the letter (the letter LO ) are pronounced 41:rad-Tand oao respectively; and
Ai**
so forth.
Technical Summary
voiced interdental flat fricative 1;
Drill 2.
* voiced velarized alveolar flat fricative*
(On tape) Identification. Check the block which corresponds to the word that contains
1
0 0
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
L:1
.
6
El E]
.
8
.
9
I:::
LI
LD El * Some Arabs pronounce
1
as z, a voiced velarized alveolar sibilant. 160
123
Answers
(On tape) Listen to each of the following words.; if the write the letter J in the word contains the sound leave the block provided, but if it contains the sound i block blank.
Drill 3.
Part A.
Drill 2.
LI
El El
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9
.10
B.
Reading The letter .1; *as? is made of the letter
Drill 1.
plus a dot. following. 1,
ula
E
Give the names uf the
Independent
tio
loJO
tr
I
I
lhas four shapes which are exactly like'those Of .6
except
-Study the following charts, then do the drills.
for the dot above.
Independent
Joined to a following letter Joined on both sides Final joined ,
Drill 2. juw,
Circle the words which contain the independent shape of as well as the shape joined to a following letter.", ')..' 5.1 . 1 . 2 L.9 5 .
lb
6.
1
...
)j.;LCD
.
9
-.4
6
8
liti
7
L.P-ii.
. 6
161
1
Answers
Drill 3.
Read:
Part A.
Drill 3.
n
Ei
4j1j1;
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
Drill 4.
Ijoined Circle the words below which include the shape of on both sides and its final joined shape. 3
mi
J
0 El D
.
6
D
.
7
ID
.
8
M
.
Drill 5.
Drill 1.
1,10 ;;Iii
Writing
is a connector and has four shapes which are See charts on p.123. written like those of ..,10p except for the dot. with practice of the various The following drills provide you 14 shapes of ,
Part B.
, -, A44; 04 4.
C.
El
Read:
.
9
.10
. 6
elit.
like _1)
,
Check tap Drill 1.
Independent.
:
Drill 2.
Independent: 1, 3,
Joined to following letter: 2, 4, 6, 9.
Drill 2.
:
Joined to following letter.
*,,,,
7.,..714NTA-"An
t,3 Answers
.
.
125
Joined on both sides.
Part B.
Drill 3.
Check tape 9
Drill 4. 4,
1, 5
:
Final joined.
(final joined) 2,
6
Drill 5.
Check tape
RevieW Drills Drill 1.
/ in the 2 ID 2 2 (On tape) Listen to the sounds following words,,then write the letter that represents the sound you hear in the appropriate column below.
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9
AO.
.10
163
9,4
126
Answers Review Drills Drill 1.
Drill 2.
(On tape) If what is read corresponds to 'what is written, check mark: circle the latter; if it does not, circle the 1 2
1 2
xx, 4
XX
5
.
7
6 7
XX XX
Drill 3.
Read:
1LL.Lz
cs"
8
LAO
9
XX\
414
KX
10
Drill 4.
True or False. .1
Do
.2
.3
and L have .6 The letters identical shapes; the only difference between them is the dot. 9 The letters Le , are all connectors.
J, ,and
When connected to a following letter, 00 and LP behave like
1, and 1
.
.4
The dot of 1 is added after the stroke of
.5
The strokes'of bOth IP and are wtittenrfroni bbttom-to'top.
Arabic sentences for reading. 1.
Lutfi's doctor arrived.
2.
Riad is a tall student.
3.
Dhafir is a patriotic officer.
4.
Dhafir traveled by train.
J.;
tytjaJ'
1 2
.1° i"' t?.)1).
0' e &.1))
Li'
LE
3
4 )112'
164
127
vocabulary
Answers
e e'e
he arrived
Review Drills doctor
411;
Drill 2.
X
.
1
.2
(ALI
Lutfi (boy's name)
ird6
student tall
.3 0'..41Jb .
4
.
5
.6
Dhafir
1446
officer
7'64;
patriotic in train
Drill 3.
Check tape Drill 4.
false True
Drill 5.
Lk;
.1 .2
165
128
Unit 11
The letter
The letter
1.
A.
The letter
Pronunciation The consonant
miim is pronounced like Englis,h m in
u
man,
It may be pronounced double, as in oLdf rummaan.
hammer, ram".
B.
-at-
marbuuta
TaaP
Reading
Drill 1.
This is the letter ( miim in its independent shape. Underline the same letter in the following.
.
5
r
Drill 2.
3
8
.
.
Independent
.
f5t
1.3
1
7
L9u. 6
J
c.1
Read: )14.4:
J6 f Drill 4.
r
Give the names of the following.
Tri Drill 3.
2
9/
.. rY4.
is the The loop of the letter part of the letter that is used when , is connected to a folRead: lowing letter.
CY')
Independent
Joined to following letter
129
Answers
Drill 5.
Part B.
Drill 1. Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10.
When joined on both sides, f is joined to the preceding letter with a line that descends from above; note in the illustration in the box that the preceding letter Or letters are written above the line in anticipation of the line descending to conUnderline in f nect with f the following the shape of joined on both sides. M. t . 4
,1 . -3 ,
Independent
. '
1
%S.I.
Joined to followi letter. Joined on both sides.
....
4"
Diot
.
Drill 2.
Check tape e
t
91.,al
1
3141
Drill 3.
Check tape Drill 4.
nit:, Drill 6.
.10
/. .
f
9
kr.-14a
.
8
Qrue.
6
7
Read: I
0.»
Check tape
Drill 7.
0,1
c."
f is When it occurs final joined, connected to a preceding letter from above. Note that the full Circle form of f is used here. the words including the final joined forms only.
'1 r 4
!
Independent
ty
;
c.-..
Joined to follow ing letter. Joined on both
'0'4
Cy
,/s
r
:
sides. Final joined.
r
0
f..,
.
:,) ....,r
3 .
Drill 8.
1
5
Read:
eft;
erg
/
.3.;
v
rt
167
130
Writing
Answers
C.
Part B.
Drill 1.
Drill 5.
Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10.
In writing independent fro we begin with the loop first, thell leftward and downward below the line. Unlike the loop of c:9, which is circular and written above the line, the loop of' ro is on the line, and smaller.1
Independent
Drill 6.
Check tape
1
r
2
3
4
Practice the following.
Drill 2.
5 W .
/
9
6
Drill 8.
Check tape
Drill 3.
is the most characteristic The loop part of the letter es' 2 and it alone : is used when joinedito a following let-
Joined to following letter.
ter. 0
AaP
8
Drill 4.
Trace over and then copy the following. ,
6.14P
-
168
131
Drill 5.
While most letters are joined to a preclpding letter on the line, e.g., etc., fa, is joined , frOm above as indicAted in the Practice the shape of model. (0° connected on both sides
Joined on both side
below.
, Drill 6.
Practice the following.
Drill 7.
is similar The final joined shape of to the independent shape eCpt for the preceding part which should be raised above the line as in the shape connected on both sides.
Drill 8.
The following drill contains all shapes of
Final joined
-'"
7:17-4;rj
4?
169
132
The letter
2.
A.
4
h
Pronunciation (haa?) corresponds to English h as in "hot".
Arabic
are, however, three important differences.
First, Arabic
There h
d
can be pronounced double, as in the following drill. Drill 1.
a.
Listening.
Note:
Words will be read in pause form. sahhal fahham.
mahhad -ahhaz
tamahhal e
z ee
re9 .71?
b.
..,
e
re
In pronouncing double h, be sure to proRepetition. long it two or three times as long as you would for English.
Second, while English h can only be pronounced with a following vowel or a consonant. vowel, Arabic d h may be pronounced before a 0,
Drill 2.
a.
Listening.
Contrast between a vowel and ah
. /
sahl 'easy'
nahr 'river'
fahm 'understanding'
94
sahr 'month' b.
4
JL
saal 'it flowed'
L
naar 'fire'
1r;
fam 'mouth'
garr 'evil'
h before conRepetition. As an aid in pronouncing, sonants, pronounce-A double, e.g., j4 :.1, sahhl. This exaggerated pronounciation is preferable to not pronouncing it at all, and with additional practice you will ultimately achieve a balanced pronunciation of it.
h can also come as the last sound of the word, as in the
following. 170
_
Drill 3.
133
Listening.
a.
ILL
db
saah 'shah'
taah 'he strayed'
gibh 'resemblance' miyaah. 'waters'
baladuh 'his country'
Again, exaggerate a at first by prolonging
Repetition.
b.
it.
The other important difference is that Arabic a is pronounced
more forcefully than is English h; this would seem to be necessary in order to pronounce it double, for example, or at the end of a word.
English h seems by comparison more relaxed and less tense,
even being dropped by some people in certain words, e.g., "mayhem," "herb," "humor", or being slurred over in expressions like "Let (h)er go!"
In pronouncing Arabic a be sure to articulate it with force,
making a special effort to pronounce it as audibly as possible when it is not followed by a vowel. Drill 3.
(On tape) a. Listen to the difference between English h in the following similar words.and Arabic
English
Arabic c.isb Lcb
CAA
410.
'
ive'
hat
'important'
ham
'he became thirsty'
half
'terror'
howl
'anxiety'
hum
rb.
Drill 4.
Imitation
(On tape) This drill includes 4 before a consonant or at the end of the word. a. Listening.
171
134
Imitation.
b.
Drill 5.
B.
a.
4
(On tape) Doubled
Imitation
b.
Listening.
Reading
Drill 1.
This independent form 4 haa? occurs only word-final or after a non-connector. Give the names of the following.
J
J
j
..
Lb
.b
5
)
0
Drill 2.
4
w
4
Independent
Lig
Since English h does not occur in word-final position, be careful to pronounce Arabic 'fully as you read the following wordst(read in pause form). 9.2, Lt
Drill 3.
takes the shape -44 when it is joined to a following letter. Circle this joined shape below. 4
/ .
J /2 Drill 4.
Psa
/
1.;
to
9
PA
. 5
d
. 10
jilsb
.
9
Independent
Joined to following letter. 0
_
3
alSel
.
2
8
jsb
.
7
Read: .1
d
j
0
172
135
Answers
Drill 5.
Part B.
has When joined in both directions , which goes below the the shape .0e Circle this shape below. line.
a
Independent
Joined to a fol lowing letter Joined on both
_A
c....6 .....
, -i,
Drill 1.
sides.
Check tape
rpti;
5
0))
2
044.--4.4
7
Check tape Drill 6.
Read:
Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9.
9
or-ul L
Lr;u1.8 Drill 7.
usA)v
oliffea,;
in, These are the four shapes of cluding the final joined shape 4. Circle words below that include the last shape.
'ILL
.
ta
tto-w "'Le
43)4.
.
4.1
Drill 8.
Le
514/
9
Independent
...t
Joined to following letter. Joined on both
4.
sides. Final joined.
2
9
de, /12i
-
I
4
3
Read:
>1'
AA
eaL
A
411:44
# 6:;.)4.44'
A71"."14/
t4A)
OA .0
es/ 4,1 ).4o
4,1r4)
I
S.
3.
; taa? marbuutah ; is a special way of writing c.
t when it is the last letter
In most cases these words (nouns and adjectives) It is called taa? marbuutah ("tied t"). It singular.
of certain words.
are feminine
dots; it is is the same in shape asr but with the addition of two Listen to the following on the tape. . always preceded by 173
136
'Sami's car'
'Lebanon's embassy'
Answers
'the city of Beirut' Part B.
'the Queen of Britain'
Drill 5.
Drill 1.
Read:
Numbers: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. Drill 6.
Check tape Drill 7.
The nunation forms of .
1
.
2
madiinatun
41-t)i-te, ./ 7,..
4.45,
/9
44
;are illustrated by:
.
3
.
4
madiinatin 'city'
IA
Drill 8.
Check tape
madiinatan Note that Ilalif is not used to spell out fatha plus nunation. The pause form of ; is -a (occasionally -ah for some speakers) for all possible readings.
Illustration:
Pause form
Full form
madiinatu madiinati madiina 'city'
madiinata madiinatun madiinatin madiinatan Drill 2.
Read:
A
to
1
.44.*6
/ e I' 415
). /
. .1.1 14 0.0
Note:
Final
A".
is often_written without the two dots, e.g.
madiina
174
137
Writing
Answers
C.
Part A.
Drill 1.
Drill 1.
The letter 4) is more triangular than round, and is written in a clockwise direction. Note that it rests on the Practice the model below. line.
Independent
Check tape Drill 2.
Check tape
L Drill 2.
Pronounce the following as you write them. I I'
.
Drill 3.
It The letter4 is a connector. takes the shape as in the bm' when connected to a following
.
Joined to follminf letter.
letter.
Drill 4.
Practice the following.
a
175
138
Drill 5.
The model shows you how 4 is written when it is joined in both directions. Note that this shape is written below the line.
Joined on both sides.
V. IWO
Drill 6.
Trace over and then copy.
po 0 n
Drill 7.
When Ois final joined it takes the shapect.which is similar to the
,... Final joined
printed shape. The variant/4-0 is also common in handwritten Arabic. Practice both shapes below.
eL.
Drill 8.
Trace andlthen-.copy the following.
ago
176
139
Drill 9.
Say each of the following words aloud as you write them.
La
4.
f eL,41,
ow.
ReviewiDrills
Drill 1.
True or False. True
False
on
1.
Both the letter haa? and the sign sukuun have the same shape.
2.
only occurs in final The shape position of the word.
3.
The loops of the letters waaw and miim are written the same.
4.
occurs combined in both When directions, the preceding and following letters should be raised above the line.
5.
The only difference between haa? and taa? marbuuta is the two dots which are added above the latter.
6.
These two words have the same pronunciation and meaning,
s bs
7
Al
.. L.)
The pause rorm of words ending in taa7 marbuuta is pronounced. C% .
177
140 Answers Review Drills
in the following,circle the hear the sound Drill 2. (Op tape)Ifyou the sound, circle the number of the word; if you do not hear check mark on the left.
Drill 1. T F
.
1
. 2
X
. 3
X
. 4 . 5 . 6
X
7
X
X
. 8
X
. 9
X
.10
the same as the.phrase or (On tape) If what is read is if not, check under written check under "yes";
Drill 3.
sentence n no n
No
Yes
Drill 4.
Read: 4f.
I.
ttt; LI e
.01,*
0>
/0
4:
4064/) 01.
t.r.;14-
;
51..6
444:44."A.1°
,...
L ,
0.
,P°
9 "" .....,.
.
Ji'J
'
,
I .P
J
4.«. «to °a
eSktb
9 DA
.011'40 cr.:11h°
'.111.ta ....44,4,,d ,
..1-071J
44A: 4".;
Eta
178
141
Answers
Drill 5.
(On tape) dictation.
Review Drills Drill 2.
2
Arabic- sentences for reading.
.-,p
4
.
t.r:Llea rgbi
Zuhayr is a famous engineer.
.1
7
2
He went to visit the city of Tehran. .00
X
There, he met his girl 'friend
X
Suhayla. .
10
Suhayla studies in a secondary
11114:6.11°666
eak.3.40 iLJ.L
ti el
4,4;1:
.
3
.
4
.
5
vs 4P
`41cr.i`r;
school.
Drill 3.
No
He who endures, overcomes. (Proverb)
Yes
XX
.1442
1
XX
2
XX
3
Vocabulary Zuhayr (boy's name)
engineer XX
4
famous 5
XX
he went XX
.
6
XX
.
7
XX
.
8
in order to visit city
Tehran Drill 4.
Check tape
he met there
girl friend Suhayla (girl's name) she studies school
secondary
he who, whoever he endured he won, overcame 179
nswers
Review Drills Drill 5.
. . (4) 49,)
A.)../.+
Unit 12
The letter The letter The letter
lc
c,
h
4
1. The letter A.
C.
A"
Pronunciation
The pronunciation of the Arabic letter c jiim varies over the Arab world, but this does not create a problem because all pronunciations are found in English: j as in "judge", z as in "azure" or s as in "pleasure," and 11 as in "game".
The "judge" pronunciation is
found in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, the Sudan, most of Egypt and certain rural and desert areas of Syria and Jordan. It is pronounced
like s in "pleasure" (or lin French "jour") in the Levant and North Finally, in Cairo and Alexandria it is usually pronounced Africa. like 11 in English "game", but oczasionally like j in "judgE".
is not a problem for the Arabs, who:iil fatt, prob-ably usual* do not notice the difference.
pronunciation las in "judge".
E.
'-
In this course we have chosen the You may also use this value, or that
of your teacher if it is different. that the letter
This
In any case, you should expect
will be pronounced in any of these three ways.
may of course be pronounced double regardless of which value it has. Drill 1.
B.
On tape.
a. Listening
b. Imitation.
Reading
Drill 1.
This is the independent shape of Give the names of the followjiim.
Independent
ing:
.3
J
W.
Li
1
1
u°
v°
a
9
0
f
J
I.
4
...^
.:.
S-
1
a.'
(..r
J
J
0
J
.
144 Read:
Drill 2.
e/!
I
J:
retains its characNotice that when._ it is teristic part joined to a following letter.
Drill 3.
Lc;
Independent
.=?..
04'
Joined to following letter.
:
Read:
364e.
Drill 4.
has the shape 4111 when it is
connected to preceding and following letters. Note that this shape is open whereas the first Circle the same two are closed. shape in the following.
.
caelb;
5
.
4
/
ta
. 3
.10
Drill 5.
Read:
9
J;"'
I
E.W
1
___rJ
Zo.
:
......
'
Independent
Joined to a following letter. Joined on both sides.
4..0%.;
.
2
.
7
?"
/.
e
e
8
J
6,7;
6
J.
Drill 6.
is The final joined shape of similar to the shape joined on both sides plus the tail that goes below the line. Compare this shape with the others, then circle words that Contain the same shape.
.
.
c
I
z ...1.-
Independent
Joined to following letter.
:
...".....
e...1
--c....11
Joined on both sides
Z.-- Final joined
2 ftlf.
/
e EhA Lt.
.
182
r+7,7c7
4
145
Drill 7.
Answers
Read: 2
Part B. 4
Drill 2.
Check tape
C.
Writing
Drill 1.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Unlike the characteristic parts of _IP , and ...lb , are oblong, the characteristic part of 5 is rather trianguPractice the model below. lar.
Independent
RI:
Drill 4. Numbers: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10.
Drill 5.
Check tape
EE
r-
1
4
Drill 2.
Drill 3.
Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.
When joined t a following letter, the characteris tic part _C> is used, written almost straight on the line rather than slanting as in the independent
E; is a connector.
Joined to following letter.
shape.
"..,
183
r
146
Drill 4.
Practice the following.
dr/
.16,
Check tape
Drill 5.
When joined on both sides, looks like an acute angle; it is joined to the preceding letter from above. Note that the preceding letters are written above the line in anticipation of it.
Joined on both sides ----L1:211=1211
Drill 6.
Trace and then copy the following.
Drill 7.
This final joined shape starts like the previous shape, but instead of resting on the line it slants down then goes- below the line like the independent shape. Like the shape connected on both sides, this shape is also joined to the preceding letter from above. Copy the model below.
Final joined
184
TO
Practice.
Drill 8.
n 4
12!
.
Review of all shapes of
Drill 9.
2. The letter A.
E
.
x.
Pronunciation Arabic
e. (Kaa?)x has no English equivalent; it is a voiceless
uvular fricative produced by raising up the back of the tongue close The air stream is forced to the uvula (the top of the soft palate). through this constricted passage, so creating the desired fricative noise.
differs from k in that k is pronounced by completely blockvelum and the back of ing the passage of the air stream between the e.
the
tongue (see illustration).
11111111110,
,prwpmr
148
You can practice t by first saying aka several times, then drawing the tongue down from the velum, so creating
e
.
As a
matter of fact, this sound is sometimes heard in English in the name "Bach" and the newly-coined word yech (or yechch). It also is found in many European languages, such as the ch in German ach or Scotch loch, Russian X, etc. Note that Arabic t x is always a uvular fricative regardless of the following vowel, never beSome coming palatal as, for example, German ch does after i or e.
students tend to substitute k for t which words contain
e.
,
; make an effort to remember
and to pronounce it when required.
Technical Summary x voiceless uvular fricative Drill 1.
(On tape) a. Listening
Drill 2.
(On tape) Identification. Different
al
and t
b. Imitation.
Check the proper block.
Same 1
[:]
L:1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
6 .
7
.
8
F-1
F-]
Drill 3.
(On tape) Identification. sound. the
Check the block that contains
,:.
O O El
0 Li
0
1::1
ID
0 0 0 0
.
1
.
2
.
3
. 4 .
5
.
6
.
7
17_1
0
186
149
Say the model word, to E or
a.
Listen to the following words. then repeat it changing 0 to
Part A.
b.
Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
Drill 2.
e.
Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
h
d.
Again, lipten to the correct answer on the tape.
Drill 4.
Answerp
D
1
.
o g o
1:1
(On tape) Identification. If the word read contains a sound place a check mark in the block provided; if not, leave the block blank.
2 Drill 5. .
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
2
.
7
3
.
8
o .
o o
Drill 3.
gi
g D Vs-21
g El
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
5 6 7 .
B.
.
6 7
8
Reading
Like .
4
is a connector and is identical to
the letter
,
it in all its four shapes, except for the dot above.
Compare the
following charts with each other before you start the reading drills. E.
0J
C--
____C.
0 L.:,-
.
..:,
.
...,..
At( co
.
:
E
.
Independent
Joined to following letter
t
Joined on both sides Final joined
Give the names of the following:
Drill 1.
J
J
[..111
Li 4
187
....4.4%qm=er...71.---vamrAMIMMT40.41PFIVNI
150
Answers
Underline the independent shape of t below.
Drill 2.
5
C.),"
./ ,w.
.
4
.
9
el
3
&ulo
8
uye-
0A!
e Lo
& .10
Drill 4.
eo,
.../
91
Part A.
1.40
2
.
C
IJ
7
6
.
Check tape Read:
Drill 3.
Drill 5.
o
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
7
.
8
L.
C.
Underline the following:
Drill 4.
5
4.?,-)
joined to a following letter in the L.
.
.
(...4
4
j..4.J
9
itt.,..i t I'
(14 J
Part B.
Drill 1.
3
P.4.,-
.
2
El
))*i; ,......."-
.
7
jUi.
.
1
.
6
Jo
.
J1.44.
Jeri> f
Check tape
Underline the shape of t
Drill 6. P
/ 5
4....%.,
.
4
joined on both sides.
rL O
LI
"m
J4.°
111.
to' CL
10
(.5.0"*
9
.0.' 3
.
f
7
041;0
8
%ea.; .0
60
J.4.P.4
2
.
1
.
6
e
J.ww.
Read:
'31(
Drill 8.
.
Read:
Drill 5.
Drill 7.
,
.0 .
j)1:,..
j.....> .10