Ileal amino acid digestibility in high protein sunflower ...

Animal Feed Science and Technology 221 (2016) 62–69

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Ileal amino acid digestibility in high protein sunflower meal and pea protein isolate fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase supplementation J.C. Dadalt a,b , D. E. Velayudhan a , M.A.Trindade Neto b , B.A. Slominski a , C.M. Nyachoti a,∗ a b

Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-015, Brazil

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 3 May 2016 Received in revised form 7 August 2016 Accepted 20 August 2016 Keywords: Enzyme High protein sunflower meal Ileal digestibility Pea protein isolate Pig

a b s t r a c t Amino acids are the second most expensive nutrients in practical pig and poultry diets after energy. High protein sunflower meal (HiPSF) and pea protein isolate (PPI) are potential alternative protein sources for soybean meal and there is a great interest to explore their utilization as dietary ingredients for swine. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 23.5 ± 0.9 kg) were used to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in HiPSF and PPI with or without multi-carbohydrase enzyme (MC) supplementation. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a replicated 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design to give 8 observations per treatment. The experimental diets consisted of HiPSF or PPI as the sole source of protein with or without MC and a low-protein diet (5% casein) used to quantify endogenous AA losses. All diets contained titanium dioxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker. Pigs were given their daily feed allowance at a rate of 4.5% of BW determined at the beginning of each experimental period. Each experimental period lasted for 7 d and the ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7. In general, AA digestibilities were higher in PPI than in HiPSF, with the exception of Met and Cys. There was no effect of MC on AA digestibility except for Lys, Ala, Cys and Pro in PPI. The AID and SID of essential AA in HiPSF and PPI (without MC) were, respectively: Arg, 0.86, 0.90 and 0.92, 0.95; His, 0.45, 0.54 and 0.58, 0.67; Ile, 0.78, 0.83 and 0.86, 0.90; Leu, 0.77, 0.81 and 0.86, 0.90; Lys, 0.71, 0.77 and 0.89, 0.92; Met, 0.85, 0.88 and 0.84, 0.87; Phe, 0.79, 0.82 and 0.86, 0.88; Thr, 0.68, 0.77 and 0.77, 0.85; Val, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.82, 0.87. The MC increased (P < 0.05) the AID of Lys (0.89 vs 0.91), Cys (0.59 vs 0.62) and Pro (0.79 vs 0.85) and SID of Lys (0.92 vs 0.94), Ala (0.88 vs 0.91) and Pro (0.89 vs 0.95) in PPI. Compared to HiPSF, PPI had better digestible AA profile for growing pigs. However, no differences were detected for the digestibility of most AA when diets were supplemented with MC. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations: AA, amino acids; AID, apparent ileal digestibility; SID, standardized ileal digestibility; HiPSF, high protein sunflower meal; PPI, pea protein isolate; SBM, soybean meal; SFM, sunflower meal; BW, body weight; MC, multi-carbohydrase enzyme. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: martin [email protected] (C.M. Nyachoti). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.015 0377-8401/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

J.C. Dadalt et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 221 (2016) 62–69

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Table 1 Composition of experimental diets (g/kg diet)a . Item Cornstarch Dextrose Pea protein isolate High protein sunflower meal Casein Solka-flok Canola oil Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Salt Vit-min premixe

HiPSFb (−) 534.5 50.0 – 320 – 40.0 25.0 11.0 2.5 4.0 10.0

HiPSF(+) 534.5 50.0 – 320 – 40.0 25.0 11.0 2.5 4.0 10.0

PPIc (−) 525.7 50.0 320 – – 40.0 25.0 7.8 14.5 4.0 10.0

PPI (+) 525.7 50.0 320 – – 40.0 25.0 7.8 14.5 4.0 10.0

LNDd 594.0 252.0 – – 50.0 40.0 20.0 4.0 23.0 4.0 10.0

a

As fed basis. HiPSF = high protein sunflower meal; +/– represents presence or absence, respectively, of 0.05% multi-carbohydrase enzyme (MC). c PPI = pea protein isolate; +/– represents presence or absence, respectively, of 0.05% MC. The MC used in the present study was a mixture of carbohydrases (Superzyme OM, Canadian Bio-System Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Enzyme complex supplied 1700 units of cellulose, 1100 units of pectinase, 240 units of mannanase, 30 units of galactanase, 1200 units of xylanase, 360 units of glucanase and 1500 units of amylase. The rate of inclusion of MC was according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. d Low N diet. e Supplied the following per kg of finished feed: vitamin A, 2000 IU; vitamin D, 200 IU; vitamin E, 40 IU; vitamin K, 2 mg; choline, 350 mg; pantothenic acid, 14 mg; riboflavin, 7 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; niacin, 21 mg; thiamin, 1.5 mg; vitamin B6, 2.5 mg; biotin, 70 mg; vitamin B12, 20 mg, Cu, 25 mg; Zn, 150 mg; Fe, 100 mg; Mn, 50 mg; I, 0.4 mg; Se, 0.3 mg. b

1. Introduction Many protein sources are currently used in animal nutrition. Peas are a good source of crude protein (Bandegan et al., 2011; NRC, 2012), however, AA digestibility in peas for non-ruminants is limited by antinutritional factors such as fiber, trypsin inhibitors, and tannins (Gabriel et al., 2008). According to Valencia et al. (2008), the use of raw pea protein concentrates high in trypsin inhibitors should be restricted in diets for young pigs. To make pea proteins more acceptable for use in non-ruminants, pea protein isolates (PPI) are almost devoid of antinutritional factors (Fredrikson et al., 2001). According to Le Guen et al. (1995), diets containing PPI, showed a higher digestibility of nutrients when compared to diets with field pea. Sunflower meal (SFM) is an important co-product obtained after the extraction of oil from sunflower seeds and has been used as a protein source in animal nutrition (Sredanovic´ et al., 2012). Sunflower meal with 44% of crude protein can be fully compared to soybean meal (SBM) by its protein content. But, it contains considerably smaller amounts of Lys, Leu and Tyr than soybean meal (NRC, 2012). The concentrations of Met, Cys and Arg are higher in SFM compared to SBM, while those of Trp and Val are comparable (Delic et al., 1992; Fredrikson et al., 2001). According to González-Vega and Stein (2012) AID and SID of most AA in sunflower seeds were not different from those in SBM. However, similar to peas, these ingredients contain a variety of antinutritional and antiphysiological factors promoting a negative effect on AA digestibility (Gilani et al., 2005). The sunflower protein isolates from hydrolytic treatments have shown to improved functional and nutritional properties (Villanueva et al., 1999). The main antinutritional factor in sunflower and pea affecting piglet diets are the high content of mucilaginous non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), which could increase digesta viscosity and thus impair nutrient utilization (Bhatty, 1993). However, supplemental carbohydrase enzymes, which have long been recognized as effective in hydrolyzing NSP in feedstuffs for swine (Kim et al., 2003; Omogbenigun et al., 2004), may allow inclusion of sunflower and pea in piglet diets. Furthermore, Vahjen et al. (1998) has suggested that carbohydrase enzymes may partially hydrolyze NSP in the intestinal tract to yield substrates capable of modulating microbial activity. Therefore, the objective of the current experiment was to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP, AA, DM, GE, P, Ca and fat in high protein sunflower meal (HiPSF) and PPI with or without multicarbohydrase enzyme (MC) supplementation in growing pigs. 2. Materials and methods All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Manitoba Animal Care Committee, and pigs were cared for according to the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC, 2009). 2.1. Protein sources and diets The HiPSF sample used for the current study was obtained from Bunge Global Innovation, Spain and the PPI from Parrheim Foods, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Each test ingredient was included (32%) in a cornstarch-based diet (Table 1) as the sole source of protein with or without 0.05% multi-carbohydrase enzyme (MC) and a low-protein diet (5% casein) used to quantify endogenous AA losses (Yang et al., 2010; Heo et al., 2012). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012)

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nutrient specifications for growing pigs. All the diets contained titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) as an indigestible marker. The MC used was a mixture of carbohydrases (Superzyme OM, Canadian Bio-System Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada). 2.2. Animals and sample collection Eight barrows (Yorkshire × Hampshire × Duroc; Genesus Inc., Manitoba, Canada) weighing approximately 18 kg were obtained from the University of Manitoba Glenlea Swine Research Unit (Winnipeg, Manitoba) and individually housed in plastic covered, woven metal floor pens (145 cm × 113 cm) in a temperature-controlled room (23–24 ◦ C) and managed as described previously by Opapeju et al. (2006). After 5 d of adaptation to the new environment, pigs underwent surgery to install T-cannulas at the distal ileum as described by Nyachoti et al. (2002). After a 14-d recovery period, pigs were assigned at random to the dietary treatments in a 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design to give 8 observations per treatment. The first four periods corresponded to test ingredients and the last period to the casein-based diet. Each experimental period lasted 7 d and the ileal digesta were collected continuously for a total of 12 h (0800–2000 h) each on d 6 and 7. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of each experimental period and provided with feed equivalent to 4.5% of BW. Daily feed allowance was offered in two equal portions offered at 0800 and 1600 h and pigs had unlimited access to water via a low-pressure nipple drinker. Ileal digesta were collected into Whirl-Pak bags containing 10 mL of 10% formic acid to reduce microbial activity. The bag was inspected at 30 min intervals and changed immediately as needed. Digesta samples were pooled per pig and per period, sub-sampled and frozen immediately at −20 ◦ C for later analyses. 2.3. Sample processing and chemical analyses Digesta samples were lyophilized and, along with diet, HiPSF and PPI samples, ground though a 1 mm screen and thoroughly mixed before analyses. Dry matter (DM) was determined using AOAC (1990); procedure 925.09. Nitrogen was analysed using a combustion analyzer (Model CNC-2000; LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA) and crude protein (CP) was calculated as N × 6.25. Amino acid contents were determined according to AOAC (1990); procedure 982.30. Briefly, 100 mg sample was hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl at 110 ◦ C for 24 h, followed by neutralization with 4 mL of 25% (wt/vol) NaOH and cooled to room temperature. The mixture was then equalized to 50 mL volume with sodium citrate buffer (pH 2.2) and analyzed using an AA analyzer (Sykam GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany). Methionine and cysteine were oxidized with performic acid prior to hydrolysis. Tryptophan was not determined. All analyses were done in duplicate. Gross energy (GE) was measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (model 6400, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL) using benzoic acid as the calibration standard. Crude fat was determined after hexane extraction using AOAC (1990); procedure 920.39. Ca and P were analyzed according to the AOAC (2005); procedure 985.01 and read on a Varian inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA). Titanium contents were determined according to procedures described by Lomer et al. (2000) and read on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA). The ADF and NDF contents in diets were determined according to the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970) and ash content was determined according to AOAC (1990); procedure 942.05. 2.4. Calculation and statistical analysis Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was calculated using the following equation: %AID = 100 − {[(Nd /Nf ) × (Tif /Tid )] × 100} Where Nd , nutrient concentration in ileal digesta (mg/kg DM); Nf , nutrient concentration in feed (mg/kg DM); Tif , TiO2 concentration in feed (mg/kg DM); Tid , TiO2 concentration in ileal digesta (mg/kg DM). Standardized ileal digestibilities (SID) of AA were calculated using the following equation: %SID = AID + [(EAL/AAf ) × 100] Where EAL, nonspecific endogenous loss of AA at the distal ileum (mg/kg DMI); AAf , dietary content of the AA mg/kg DM). Nonspecific endogenous loss of AA was measured at the distal ileum after feeding low casein diet and calculated according to the following equation. EAL = AAd × (Tif /Tid ) Where AAd , concentration of that AA in ileal digesta (mg/kg DMI); Tif , TiO2 concentration in feed (mg/kg DM); and Tid , TiO2 concentration in ileal digesta (mg/kg DM). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS software 9.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Homogeneity of the variances among treatments was confirmed by using the UNIVARIATE procedure and this procedure was also used to test for outliers, but no outliers were identified. The model included diet as the fixed variable and animal and period as the random variables.


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Table 2 Analyzed chemical composition of high protein sunflower meal (HiPSF), pea protein isolate (PPI) and experimental diets (g/kg, as-fed basis). Item

Dietsa

Ingredients HiPSF

PPI

HiPSF (−)

HiPSF (+)

PPI (−)

PPI (+)

LNDb

Nutrients DM GE, MJ/kg CP Total Ti Total Ca Total P Total ash NDF ADF

912 17.5 487 – 3.6 14.9 92.4 150.2 91.4

918 18.4 491 – 1.3 6.9 47.4 79.6 47.2

921 16.6 153 2.8 5.2 6.9 41.1 87.2 48.1

927 16.5 153 2.9 5.3 6.4 41.1 86.7 42.7

928 16.7 155 2.8 5.7 5.2 34.4 59.5 29.7

930 16.6 154 2.8 6.3 5.0 35.3 58.9 24.1

926 15.5 48.7 2.9 4.4 4.6 27.3 13.5 12.5

Indispensable AA Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Valine

40.4 13.4 16.0 28.5 17.4 8.2 20.3 15.9 20.5

42.6 12.6 17.4 32.7 35.1 4.6 22.4 17.8 20.2

13.9 4.3 4.6 10.5 5.9 3.9 6.9 4.5 7.1

14.0 4.3 4.9 10.8 6.0 4.0 7.2 4.5 7.7

15.3 4.4 4.9 12.6 12.6 2.3 7.9 4.7 7.4

15.3 4.4 4.9 12.4 12.5 2.3 8.0 4.7 7.3

1.4 1.5 1.8 4.4 3.7 1.2 2.6 1.5 3.0

Dispensable AA Alanine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine

20.7 42.1 7.7 93.8 25.3 28.6 22.9 10.4

18.3 53.1 5.9 76.9 19.6 22.3 23.9 14.9

8.2 13.8 2.1 30.1 6.8 16.2 7.6 2.7

8.1 13.9 2.2 30.0 6.8 16.3 7.5 2.7

7.5 18.3 1.7 26.0 4.9 15.5 8.7 3.8

7.4 18.1 1.7 25.7 4.8 15.4 8.6 3.8

1.2 3.7 0.3 9.3 0.6 8.9 2.8 1.6

a b

HiPSF, high protein sunflower meal; PPI, pea protein isolate; +/– represents presence or absence, respectively, of multi-carbohydrase enzyme. Low N diet.

3. Results All pigs were healthy throughout the experiment and consumed all feed provided. Analyzed chemical composition of test ingredients and diets are given in Table 2. The GE and CP for HiPSF and PPI were very close, according to results: 17.5 MJ/kg and 487 g/kg and 18.4 MJ/kg and 491 g/kg, respectively. However, the respective values for Ca, P, DM, NDF and ADF were higher for HiPSF (3.6, 14.9, 912, 150.2 and 91.4 g/kg) compared to PPI (1.3, 6.9, 918, 79.6 and 47.2 g/kg). Digestible energy and other nutrients in HiPSF and PPI are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of DM, GE, CP and Ca were higher (P < 0.05) for PPI compared to HiPSF, while for P and fat, they were similar between the two ingredients. Similarly, the AID and SID for most of AA of PPI were higher (P < 0.05) than those from HiPSF, except for Met and Cys. Moreover, PPI had a higher standardized ileal digestible AA content than HiPSF (Table 5). The MC did not affect the digestibility of energy and other nutrients in HiPSF and PPI, with an exception that it improved the AID of Lys (P < 0.05), Cys (P < 0.05) and Pro (P < 0.01) and SID of Lys (P < 0.05), Ala (P < 0.05) and Pro (P < 0.05) in PPI. 4. Discussion There is only limited information about the nutritive value of HiPSF and PPI in growing pigs. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine AID and SID of AA in HiPSF and PPI with or without enzyme inclusion using pigs as an experimental model. Regardless of HiPSF and PPI exhibiting similar CP amounts, variation in AA composition and digestibility are related to intrinsic characteristics of each ingredient, crop kind, processing method, protein fractions and also differences in AA profile (Zˇ ilic´ et al., 2010). The highest digestibility coefficients of GE and nutrients found in PPI could be related to its lower NDF and ADF content, compared to HiPSF. Studies associated with energy and AA digestibility of PPI and HiPSF in pigs are limited, restricting the comparison between these ingredients. According to Parera et al. (2010), the substitution of soybean protein concentrate by PPI in young pig diets reduced nitrogen digestibility, but did not affect energy utilization. Also the inclusion of PPI in substitution of soy protein concentrate or SBM in the diet reduced the AID of CP and of most AA in 21-day-old broilers (Valencia et al., 2009). Grosjean et al. (2000) indicated that differences in trypsin inhibitor content in peas were the main factor contributing to differences in ileal digestibility of AA in pig diets. According to Green and Kiener (1989), SFM is an important protein source with AA availability similar to SBM, but with a higher amount of fiber and lower levels of ME

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Table 3 Coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nutrients in high protein sunflower meal (HiPSF) and pea protein isolate (PPI) fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase supplementation. Item

Dietsa

P-values

HiPSF(−)

HiPSF(+)

PPI(−)

PPI(+)

SEM

Carbc

Dietsd

DM GE CP P Ca Fat

0.631 0.698 0.646 0.429 0.254 0.842

0.626 0.704 0.651 0.425 0.267 0.843

0.731 0.770 0.779 0.480 0.579 0.845

0.746 0.777 0.794 0.463 0.594 0.877

0.011 0.008 0.014 0.011 0.031 0.008

ns ns ns ns ns ns

**

Indispensable AA Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Valine

0.857 0.450 0.778 0.771 0.713 0.848 0.792 0.681 0.747

0.855 0.449 0.796 0.771 0.729 0.849 0.774 0.682 0.768

0.915 0.584 0.857 0.859 0.891 0.837 0.856 0.768 0.824

0.923 0.584 0.861 0.867 0.912 0.842 0.869 0.789 0.835

0.006 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.017 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.008

ns ns ns ns

**

Dispensable AA Alanine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine

0.668 0.725 0.661 0.852 0.534 0.539 0.670 0.722

0.682 0.734 0.682 0.852 0.554 0.560 0.665 0.711

0.794 0.865 0.593 0.896 0.761 0.791 0.795 0.848

0.819 0.877 0.623 0.905 0.782 0.848 0.808 0.854

0.013 0.013 0.010 0.006 0.022 0.025 0.013 0.013

** **

ns **

ns

** * **

*

**

ns ns ns ns

ns

ns ns

**

*

*

ns ns

**

**

**

ns ns

**

** ** *

**

**

**

ns

P>0.05. * P 0.05. * P < 0.05 ** P < 0.01. a HiPSF, high protein sunflower meal; PPI, pea protein isolate.

5. Conclusion Compared to HiPSF, PPI has better digestible AA profile for growing pigs. However, no differences were detected for the digestibility of most AA when diets were supplemented with carbohydrase enzyme.

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Conflict of interest statement I (Martin Nyachoti, Professor) hereby confirm that there is no conflict of interest to declare for any of the co-authors of this manuscript. Acknowledgements Financial support from CAPES program, Brazil (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) is greatly appreciated. For animal care and management and technical support the authors thank Robert Stuski (T.K Cheung Centre for Animal Science Research) and A. Karamanov (Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Canada). References AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Association of Analytical Chemistry, Washington, DC. AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th ed. Off. Assoc. Anal. Chem., Arlington, VA. Adeola, O., Cowieson, A.J., 2011. Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. J. Anim. Sci. 89, 3189–3218. 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