IN THE NAME OF ALLAH
THE COMPASSIONATE, THE MERCIFUL
USE OF BRACKISH WATER FOR SUSTAINED CROP PRODUCTION WHILE MAINTAINING
SOIL I{EALTII
BY NAZIR IIUSSAIN M.Sb. (Hons.) ACTi'
A thesis submiited in partial fulfilment of rhe rcouirements for thc degrce ot
Doaor of PhilosoPhY n
SOIL SCIENCE I,INIVERSITY OF AGRIUCLTURE' FAISALABAD' PAKISTAN
lwl
To
//Tbe CoDrollcr of ExrniEriotre,
Uniw.sity ol A8rtu|l!l|!,
F.is.lrb.d.
lh
{ncft.Dd forn of |!6i. s$oi[.d by l&. Nen Husrtu hve hc.d fo|ud s{bfi.tory |[d W..
r.coDnend thn ir
the S\pcrvilory
lc
CoDnil|c., ccnit
proccss€d by
rh.
E{rerul BxrmirEn ior
the aw$d of ph.D.
Dcg.c.
)t {z -
Chairn tr
"Dt 0 urx,a6; !
(Dr. T.hir Hursain)
in'-
ul Ghafoor)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
€xpress
ny
Depaimc of soil Sci.nc!
gratitude to
Proi Dr.
Ta,bir Hussiin. Chaimd,
Commitle for his
and Sopervi$ory
guida$ce
mainBininS a keen sins€ ol disiplinc in the quality ol laDontory and field
ald
worl
Dr. Abdul Ghafoor, Associare Professor, Depardnent of Soil Sciencc aM Profssor Dr. Nan Ahnd, Cbaimd, Delonment of Crcp PhysioloSy for thcn timely hclp, vibl i$tructioru ard Heani€st rhanks are exlended to
th@ghrtul to
come
s as Membes
Proi D.. Rjz Ilus$in
of Superyisory Comtrittee. I lrn abo gratetul
Qureshi for
exr.ding
ard .nctJmgened durinS ttese sodics.
Co
aU
son of guidrnce, c@penlion
ributiod of Dr-
Mulnnrad Aslam,
Associatc Professor is also menoEble.
I
am extem€ly thanktul to Hanz Ghulam I{ussan, Dir€cbr, Soil
Salhity R€s€!rch Iradn e, Pbdi Bhatirn, for bis utmost courr.sy. coope.arionand
tehniel dvi@ duriry lhe write up of lhis maneript. I gBtly owe lo Slalinity Res€arch ro @.ry out
th*
I6litut€, Pindi Bhauian, Punjab, Pakisinn for
usinS tbe faciliri€s
studics.
Speial thaDts
e
extended to
G.D. Khan, Ghulan Satre, Rri
Rustam AliJhaknar, Abdul Rnsool Naseem, Muhamnad A^had Ullah ald all
other
Soil
collcagues Soil Saliniry
Research lnstitute, Pindi
lh.
Bhattie lbr then
@pcntion, @oceptul di$usion, t.cmcdG h.lp ad .rc@htd|lcntThe author is grat!tuI lo hb in
ltuir pByeB
fanily
members who r€memb€red him
and extended whole heaned ercouragem€nt thrcughout the @uBc
of the sudy. May Alhn blss rtem. 'Aamin'.
t Nazn
Hussain )
rABLE oF
coNrENr';k".,. lovaNcED Sfuotar,
a,nlr.t s-ity ot Ag,E,.nara
Tide
I
Introduction
2
Review of Literatule
2.1
Groundwater Resouces
))
brigatio! water classificatioo
F-atsy'fliAD.piia
7-to-f7
{"'o\
o usar.ay i
al
Q,,.,..ri
I 6 6 8
a1l
Panmeters for Classificatiol
9
2.2.2
Standards for Classification
t2
2.2.3
E
uatioDs and Modes for Prediction of Wate.14
Hazatd
2.2.3.r
Salination
l4
2.2.3.2
Sodication
2l
The Quality of Groutrdwater in Pakistan
2.3 Effects of B.ackish Water 2,3.1 Soil Properties 2.3.2 Crops
33 35
Amelioration of Brackish water Effects
2.4
Leaching Fractions
(LD
Gypsum Bed and Gypsum Stone
42 42
Liting
44
2.4.3
IDorganic ard Organic ArDendmeats
2.4.4
Conjunctive use of CaMl and Brackisb WaEr47
2.4.5
Cyclic use of Canal and Brackish
2.4.6
Agronomic Practices
Water
45
47 49
puposes
2.5
Use of Brackish waler for reclamarion
J
Mat€rials and Me$ods
5d
Experime[al Soil
5ll
55
Study l: Managing brackish water for $ustained 60 rice and wheat production.
3.2.1 3.2.2
Treatments
60
Methodology
62
Study 2: Sustainable wheat and fodder productivity 63 with brackish water.
f .3 .2
3.3.
Treatinent!
63
3
Methodology
64
3.4
Sfrdy 3: Soil health care durlrg g.oudwater 65 irigation of .ice-wheat systom.
3.4.1 Tre{tnents 65 3.4.2 Me6odolo$/ 6 3.5 lrrigarion Waters 6 3.5.1 Quality of war€r 6 3.5.2 Quantities of canal and brackish water 69 3.6 Crops,Cuo[al Practices,Fertiliz€r atd Crop Data ?2 3,1 Arulytical Procedure 75 3,7.l Soil Analysis 75 .7 .2 Warer Analysis 7E 3.8 Stati$tical Analysi$ 79 Results 80 4 4.1 Snrdy l: Ma@ging backish wate. for sustain€d 3
EO
rice ard wheat productio!
4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3
Yield ComponeDts and Yicld of
Soil Chemical Propenies of Soil Physic.l P.op€.ties of
Crops
80 87
n
Study 2: Sustainable wheat and fodder production 105 with brackish water
4.2
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3
Yield compone s aDd yield of crops
105
Soil Physic.l Properties
109
Chemical Properties of Soil
ll9
Sordy 3: Soil heal6 care during groutrdwater
4.3
ln
irrigation
4.3.1 4,X,2 4,3,3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Crop yield!
tn
Soil Physical Properties
130
Soil Cberdcal Properties
Discussion
t44
Ralionale for Selection of Crop Rotations
144
Physical Propenies
145
Soil Chepical Properties
157
Crop Yields
t7l
Economics of Variou! Field Treatuents
176
SutDmary end Conclugions
181
citld
192
Literadrie
App€ndices (1-15)
223-237
LIST OF TABLES Tabb # 3.1
Title An lysis of Exp.dmcnbl Soit(s) Aoalysis of Crop
4,1
Page
ad
59
higarioEl Wd.(s)
68
f€nilizcr dr|! of diff€rcnr snldica.
Till.lirg of
crop6 (No.
Prildy/gnin yi.td of
cropN G
pt
4.5 4.7 4.E
4.9 4.10 4.t
I
4.t2 4.13
Soil poroafty Soil void
i! .l!dr_t .
,
cm.r)
i!
s0dy_1.
tr)
in snldy_l
soil Eq (ds m!) in study-I.
j)
.
94 96 98
.
ro1
L)D. of 6op!
E5
v2
Chy diecniotr (X) h srrdr-I.
Soil SAR (e not
E3
90
soil Hydnutic crnducrtviry (cm
soil plr, b sMy-l
.
88
(r) ir $r,ry-I.
rltio (cnr
Yicld G ptrDt
a2
r') in !My-l
soil drt bulk deAity (Mg m.:) in sMy-l 4.5
74
pterr) in study-I.
Sraw yicld (ovcD{ricd g pr.d.) of cmp. 4.3
I
lo,r
i!
stldy-2.
soil dry hnk deosity (M8 m.r) in !irdy-2.
107
ll0
'
(*)
in smdy-2.
t12
study-2.
ll4
4.14
soil poroaity
4.t5
Soil void ratio
4.16
Soil Hydradic cooductivity (cm
4.t1
clay Disp€ ion
4.lE
soil Eq (ds on) h stdy-z.
4.19
Soil
+m
Soil SAR
4.21
Crq yickt! (t o.. .r) ondcr s!dy-3.
4.n
Bulk ddairy (Mg io ssdy-3.
4.2X
Hyd.aulic Co6duclivity (cm hr') of soil profilc
l14
4.U
Eq
t37
4.25
pH, of loil profile iD sidy-3.
4.
SAR (ln mol L
5.1
pE
h
(*)
br') ir 3ndy-2.
llE
in rnrdy-2.
12r 123
in sndy-2.
(n mol Ln)D
nJ
in sody-2.
of srrfrcc leycr (Gl5
r2E
cn)
(dS mr) of soil profie in study-3.
r)', of loil p.ofile in sMy-3.
ConelatioN bctw€€d quntitid of bracbsh w.re., a l soil pmpcrd€s.
EcoM|ks ot
hc.
E -8"mpr
l3l
139
crop yicld
5.2
ll6
tr..rE . in $dy-i.
142
IrtE
t77
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
3.1 3.2 5.1
/
Tide
Page
study-I. Canal ard brackish water used h sntdy-2. Soil bulk deosity after harvest of crops in Canal ard brackish water used itr
f
7l 7l 150
study-l.
5.2
Soil bulk deDsity after harvest of crops
in
150
in
150
study-2.
5,3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Soil bulk density aft€I harvest of crops s0dy-3, Degree of clay dispersion aft€r of crop6 in stldy-1.
harvest
152
Degee of clay dispersion after of crops in s$dy-2.
ha.vest
152
Soil hydraulic conducrivity after of qops itr s$dy-l.
barvest
155
Soil hydraulic conducrivity after of crops in sMy-2.
barvest
155
Soil hydraulic coDductiviry after of crops ill study-3.
harvest
155
5.9
Soil EC, after harvest of crops in 3$dy-1,
5.10
Soil
Eq afur brnest
5.1I
Soil
Eq
5.12
Soil pH, after barvest of crops
5.13
soil
5.14
Soil
5.15
Soil SAR after haryest of crops itr sMy-l
r60
of crops itr strdy-2.
160
after harvest of crops in sMy-3.
160
h sndy-l
.
159
pll
after harvest of cropa itr sMy-2.
169
pq
after harvest of clops ia sMy-3.
t69 .
t6
Soil SAR aft€r barvest of qops in 8My-2.
166
5.17
Soil SAR after haraest of clops in sMy-3.
166
5.lE
Yield coDparison of crop6 itr sfudy-I.
175
5.19
Yield comparison of crops in s[rdy-2.
175
5.m
Yield coEparisoo of crops in st!dy-3.
115
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION water is a basic necaerity for susbining life in the unive
e.
Functions of water in plants are manifold and diveFiircd. ADong thc vcFalile
turctioru sronata,
jtilt
a fcw aE;
upt*e
atrd
Mi
en
M
of firgidity, opedrg a.rd closing of leaf
tanslocaliotr of nu6ie r and mcrabolircs. 8rlthesis ofproleint
ard oth.r Elarcd p.oductst $gucsrarion of .rc.ssiv. s{tr5 ard todc mrt rials
vaoole .nd
out of
tjssB
and scrving as a nedium for all biocheinical
Warer exi.st3 oD rhis eanh rnainly in the
*"tcr, .ain-eat r ard
caD.ot bc us€d for agri@lruEt
purpss
.coronic iq'ortance_ TtEEfor€, nins
ald bio-
fom of s€awater. tercsrrial
grouDdnarcr atd in brat covcrs alnocr
pl@t. A hajor ponion (97%) of n occuE ar
ilro
thr.. f@rih of tt s
scawar€r \rvhich is bnckSh and
excepr for a f€w speciat Dlanrs of tintc
are lbe orly souc€ of ftesh warlr.
are well distribured aftt sufficient 10 m€er crcp ne€ds
litc
If lEi[s
humid and $b-hwnid
rcgont m .xpendirui! is incun€d on consduclion of dans, diversioN and ca!.h. Cotrrarily, secaDty
raiDs do not tutfiU the
requircmc
s
ofagricultu
e
crops in arid
ard
idi-arid rcgion!.
G@graphi@llv, Pakistan is sinEted nostlv in arid rcgioos
FEqu€ncy and inrensity unluckily in Plkislan, in moBoon
of miB ar€ tie oth€r factors to be coNider€d bul
$es
are not favourable
sasn (July. Augul).
le.ying rcst of the
yd
tm' Mosr of
rhe rains
often devastating agriculorrc
dry He@, Binwar.r
alone
ar' receival
tuou8i noo&
cd d Ever mctr
wat€r
Equiremcnts of crcps ,n t oeeds altenutive armngenenrs of anificial irriSationlargcst caMl This situation nec€ssitat€d inigared agriculure for which vorld's syst€m was builr uP.
INpitt of
rhe volune and length of canal
copc wilh th. denands of cultivated crops and
svs$m' it failcd ro
soils According to rcpons' a lide
elparsion in irrigated agiculturc with canal water is Possible b€cause suisbl€
*
.n
have alrBdy
betr tullv dcv.lopen (Anonvmou'
lya)
An incrssinS poPulaion at the rate of three p€rceol per v'ar tn p€r acrc vield Pakhr.n demands an increN in cropping inremnv, el4atioN in ar€ alwsvs ard hodzontal sPread in arable land. Canal *sler supPlies al the farm
towd than by 30%
the acrual netds. It
cvd for
hr! been csdmated thal tll€ water suppliec arc shon
lhe cxistirg croppitrg
wi .r and 25% in smcr
se3sons
im.sirv
Tbis shortatc h abolt
(Badruddin l9E3) So' thcre is a
lit
35t in
'
scope
plough vith Ue of incrcasinS crop intensiry or bringing nole acres of land uder
existing surface
{atet supPti€s Thus, water
has alwavs been and
will
remain a
This scarce input itr crcP busb&dry utder .groclinatic condiliotrs of Pakista! unplcalanl sibadon
and groundwater
Mesarily
b
1he
demands an cxPloration dr
odet watlr resources
only subslilute available ar PEs.nr' According lo the
estinales (Ahmad, 193), aboul 2 biliion acre'feet of groundwater is stor€d in the
alluvial deposits of Pakht2n. The count"y would have q{raliry of this Sroudwat
has a
vcrv fonunate if the
r was sunabb for susuin€d yields ad mainttn,@ or
soil h@lth. Bur wfth rcsPcc( to qualitv,
c:ial @mmfll
t..n
sltcoDcentratior
grordMter in dlc 401[ der wi{hir
>
l0OO ppm
tbe
(AlEad, 1993) Accnrding
io mother sufley, t*o third of this waler i! not rEble dnecdv.od r€qunes sp..ial nanagement pracrices or Prior amelioration (Hussain el
al
l99l). H€nce'
the poor quality of groundwaler is the major reason for low€r pumpagc.
Brackjsh water ha! b.eD regaded/tE
mh eus
of
acaelerated
salinfty in Pakistln. It is urSenrly need€xl thal cost effectivc and lite sp€cific technology for safe usc of bacldsh waters be generated. The exis$ng tecbnologv
for use of g.ound*aler iNolves $e use oi costly inpuis like gvpsurD, nanurcs, acids and other
rel.irndt!. other
leachitrg fiactioN or
tehniques conventioMlly und.r us. de
bleding of groud ad can l wacrs APplicstion of lacbing
h.3
hiSh SAR
becsN of inpairnent in fte physical propertjes of De soil. Blending
is also not
facrios often fail io produe desired 6ults whet the wst€r
vcry us€tu!phcdce b.ca$c it do.s nol
d.cr.:s.
th€ tolal salt load ofpoor quality
watq aid plad hav. ro speod mtabolic e$r!y itr citllcti'8 Frc war€r fton th'
blad (MiDI2! d al., r9E9). Moreovcr, i( is tot c4ily pncticable urder lh'
.
sting
qn
l
wat
r
supPly
sysr.n The cvclic u!. of saliE snd €ntl v/dtr
proposcd by Rhoad€s (1983) fitr. undcr this sihration Under this smrcgv' laline
wat€r is
lubtdMld for
rolerant c.op in
rostion His work provcd that soil sali tv developi!8 in thc root
co inous
zone fmln
the good qualitv water when irriSating a reladvelv salt
usc of brackish water did no!
ocsr
in cvclic usc besus€
salim Mter was u!€d for a lihired tim.- S/hrtevcr salts .ccumulat€d in tb' soil
pofl.
hotn bnckish
r low salirity eatlr
wi.r
(canal) w.5 us.d.
The prcsent
t chmlosy
so
w.re dilu&d duritg $bs.quclt soppinS Friod whe!
sMi.s werc pladed
t[.r br.ckish Srouldw.Er
10
work out a low cost pracricable
may Bafcly be used for s$iaired crcP
prcduction eirhour affering thc soil halth advers€ly. For thi! pupos., cyclic use of
ca..l ad bmckhh wal.r w.5 conparcd with th.
.!d .pplietion in
c
lting pr.ctic6 likc mixinS
of areadnmt!. T[€ cmcicncy of thjs tehriqu.
s'l!mer, win r ..d ehole of tb.
ye3r
(sesoEl .nd
what, ri@ rid fodder wcre iDcluded inro study so a to
rie are
ydly).
wa r!...irin d Major
doF lite
suir th€ cmp rotations
of
(ri@whcao and c€atral agroclirmtic zon€6 (whcarsuDtr. foddcr) of
rlc
Punjab Prcvince. Producrion of lhese crcps is nol possible with
cel
wat
r
or y duc to its ssrcity- Supplde ari;n wilh ground{,ater is a m!st. Th. cyclic
u.
strategy can irt the prevailing conditioN of dle area!. Hos|.ver, some
oller
nlmgcment Echniques like crop €srablishnenr qith canal wat€r. burrying-in tle
ri@ straw and inorpohtio! of $sbania wcre repon€d herc wcre
l)
ds
invstiSatcd. Snldi$ being
carrid out wirh the ioUowing obj€ctives:
To ddise low-cosr and Gadily practicabl. kchnology for we
of br&kish groudwaEr which asslr€s sustain€d yields and does nol impair soil propenies advcrsety.
2)
Tl'e g€Erarcd t@hniqud shoutd bc cqualy efienvc
O. conventioMl onc
l)
bur
trommically more b€@ncia.
P.evailing condilions of rhe present farming systems a.c nor siStrificantly disturbed Farmers
5)
a de
}ale
*ith
rhe evolved Echniques.
nor !o ircur extra noncy.
ASricul0trlt envircment is nor polur.d apprecirbty when the tecnnobgi€s arc pur ino pmcricc.
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Agriq turisrs
in arid
rcgioDs
e€rc foE€d io us. bnclh!
groundwnen in tie pa$ drc to scarcity of surfac.
mr€ aftrs uider plough. 8ur wih
*"cr
and
dcnald ro bring
rhc proSressive i[crc€!€ in
groudwal.I u!€
divc$c pmblcos spfdr.cd. To overcodc vadous prr.ticd problcos frced by lh. m€ls, rctalchotr
dt u.
of br.ctish waLr wa3 iliai.rld ald
pal|rg. of nDc by rhe scie isrs. Conmedable work otr car.icd our iD Pltjsbn aDd thc
*orld uptit
nou/
afll
!
sr.rJ
oi!
up witb rlre
$p€si h$ bccn
volumilorB iDfomadoD
,l
In fte talt dc.adc, cropFd a..3 incr€alco ar a lrowcr rat€ thaa rh. popor*ion gro$rh
i! Pati!@.
Tt
grp in dcn
d
ald proou.uon
ei! quic ctc.r
wnich might eid€n turuler with thc passagc of
tinc (Malik,
1990). Onc of thc
biggest coctraints to crop producdon was, rhe limit€d supply of irrigation wal€r
(Malik ,r 41., 1984). Water rcsource, prelent as well as tunrre, wd inadequar to mcet llle rcedr of the cultivated area alr€rdy und€r
mrlpowcr
is evid.
i
cBity vhich is abod lm % for fte coulrry, wh.r.3s clinrt.
@
cmble !o produ@ at lcst two crops a ye3r (Mi.tr, 1992).
from tle croppiDg
ad
id8.tion. T[ft
According to amther cstin
b' pGcnr warlr suppli€s were about 30
rhon on
16
rnnual basis even for lhe pr$eft cropping inrensity (Baddruddin, 1983).
Avail.bl. rcn€srriil warc. ha al@dy beer tuUt dilcrt€d irlo @[als ard disrribulorie. Can l withdrawls for Punjab Provi@ iD rhe ycar 199G91 wcrc
56.699 MAF while irdicating a n t
in
1994-95,
derc.lc. Hdce
rh$e w€re 52.705 MAF (Anonymou!, Sroutrdwsrcr h.3 ro bc punp.d
pst€r suppry. Croppiot iniffBity could b. .nlalcql by 2 ro 3
1995)
lo iftrcase tttc
ritc if 2 bi[ion
rcre fc.r of groud waier soor€d in rluvirt d€posiB wrs nor lefr utapp.d. Sate punpagc of 40 million
ad. fc.r
but also rew hnd! could
b.
w@td brvc mt only imr.3sed croppinS
broughr
uder
ptough (Armad. 1993). Thc watcr
rcquir.meDt of lhe country was tl4.rl4 MAF in rhc
ro
120.32
MAI in 19+95 ard
irre$ny
would go
yd
io
l99G9l phich incresld
126.40 MAF
in
200(X)l
(Mohradullah
..
aL,
193). Th. estinared d.ficir would
bc 40.3
MAF et
r[!
crd
of 20rh ccrtu.y (Mohradullah, 1997).
Etrofls were nade of tubeweUs itr public
as
o
make
up
thi! deficidcy through irsElarion
well es private secror. Ir was €stimted lhar 43.79 MAF
ot Sroundwarer was being purnped by 0.32 (Anonymous. 1995). Therc was a need
o
n
$bewcth upto the year l99t
pump morc wa&r under sci.ndfic
2.2
stand.rds ro be .doprcd for ctassificadon of irigarion very difficulr ra!k. If srticr standaids
rE iDpos.d,
a
vart
ewoir
may obviously be etimin r.d and ifsome$hat lib€rat st rdards are hazards
m.y oFrae io aff€ct soit rs vell
agree ro use word suitabiliry
as crop tealrb.
mr.rs is
r
of groudw.rer
fix.d, pocltial
Mmy aufton do
nor
of wareB.
[email protected] !o then, no w.ter h
uisuilable for att sinrations bur onty selecrion of a sel of cotrdirioru tike ryp€ of soil, oops to b€ g.own
ad
manag€ndr practies a.e imponafl (Rloade€. 1964.
Xnrn, 1977 ald Fus.in, l97E). Ctay nia€rrtoSy (ctay ryp6 and concno, climatology (leDpcnturc. lairfall ir!€Nity
lrd
ftcquency) ald
draidg. arc of
pdrc be
imponance
b malc
dccision on us. of a wat€r, Livc airh bad waErs should
fte stEicgy iD thc light of limired walcr r€sourca. MuScmenr practiB likc
frequent irrigation, use of extE water for leaching, d€ep tiuagc, addirion of
Etnedmc s ad
orSanic matc.
My b.
hclptul (Rho6.l€s, 196E, Jilani ., aL, 1990
and Snarma, 1989).
2.2.1
Eve! thc pararnctcB
unifom every whcre. SAR has on
eils
and
u.d fo. dsip
nS
cat4oriB
ro
w.lcr. arc
nor
b€€n cl.im€d the bes! single predictor of effccrs
crQs followcd by TDS (HBeir a af.,
l9r.
Th. pr.dicrion did nor
inprove whcn RSC \r"r included in rte modcl. Probl€m of RSC i! rctn€d wirl Iow
slitritt
(Chauhan
"r
al.,
199,0). U.S. Salinhy
r$or
ory Gi€hards, 1954)
u$d only EC ald SAR qnl @nrirucld a diaSm for pr.dicnon O. eff@r of irrigalion wat€r. However. rhc app@h h nor adaptabl€ univ€$auy affl
a
the
lh@ factoEi TDS, SAR &d classitrcation crireria, as any of these sinSty did nor suffic.
and Sabir, 1976 a
& b).
Cupta (1990)
claind
ite purpose (eayyum
rhar usc
of rhis diagram for
classifistion of waier is obsot.te due to ib various linitalioG e.g. C, ard
C?
t
ar€rs never havc high
(S, or very high (s) sodiun. sd4ndly, c,
class warer
may crcare Permelbility problcm.
i!
Al(aliniry
mother inportanr harlrd ard relared !o quanriry of
catio$ (cal+ + Mg,.) and anioff (COrl ard HCO],). To indease in soil pH, rh€ pdam€ter of RSC calolated ir
as
(COi + HCqL)
it is bcing calculatcd bicarbonares could thar RSC should
as
- (Ca,+
wa
assess the possibl€
suggelted (Eabn, 1950). He
+ Mg1'). Bur, pr&ticaly in nany
cases
(HCO,!) - (C!r. + Mg,') when COr:.are abs€nr. Since
preipit$e Mg,+
ro a
b. simply der€rmincd
minimm.nenr, cupta
s
(1984) suggesred
(HCO3) - (Cah) ard callcd it
as RSBC
(Residual sodium bicnrboD4e). This pa.a{Eer should bc derermincd in waers
nalint
Lr
EC less dan 3 dS
nr.
The pennissiblc timil ofRSBC fired
ea! 10.0
nte
provid.d SAR value ws l€$ than 10.
For cla$ificrion of \']/alels havinS EC nore orn 5 dS
Mt+/Cah ntio
hiSher thrn
I, amrt€r
,efm SCAR (Sodiun
10
mi
and
calcium a.tsorpdon
ral|o, was sugg€sted (cupta and Abichan&ni. 1970) which proved usetut for $e Indian loils for th€ Aecific condirio$ and can simpry he appli€d elsewhere in
similar cass. The SAR can sinply h€ @lcular€d as Na,+/Car+ hiShly
witl
th€ observ€d vatues of soil ESp (erchan8eabte
ed
sodim
corcsDonds
p€rceDtage).
Ay€rs ani Wcsrcor ( 1976) ftcommeded srother paraftrer .adj6red
SAR' (adj. SAR) to n€asure truc sodicity hazard of irrigation waler, as
i
ha!
nore clos. relalionship virh soil EsP. Tne Imits for rhb @mpurcd ch.racrerisric
of
utc. ar9l6
thrn 6.0, 6.0 lo 9.0
ad
morc thrn 9.0 inporins no problem.
ircreaing problen .nd severc problem, rep@lively (Wesrcor and Ayes. 1975).
Berides
t€
major consrihenrs
of iaigarioD
warer and d@idin8
panDeler comput€d rhere of, some ninor eleneDrs are also of specific inportance
oc.siomlly. Occ1lneme of chloride
ions in inigarion water
beyod linile is roxic
to plar$, rlthough hrve rlo dclerincnial effect otr soil prop€rti€s. Chloride
io$
ar€ morc hamtul lhm sulphares, especiaUy for strsitiv€ ptanrs e.g. cirrus root stocL.
Il
has
ben rcporcd tlur cNoride conr.nt
less rhan
tolicity, 4-10 iffrs!€d thc problem ad more thd l0 citrus (Ay€F and W€srco! 1985). Doneen (1963)
i
srlinily of inigation and suggcsr.d itri deteminadon
Poedial Salinity limits
arc,
5-20, 315
p€rmeability, respccdvely.
ad
= Cl
3-7 ne
4 me Lj c.used no
has rhe lcvere problen for
roduc€d the es
tem polenrial
shom below.
+tn so;. Rec.mncnded p.nnissible L'
for soils of 8ood, rncdium ard low
NitEte iotrs are anolhcr conrdluent which are b.neficial in loeer quantiti.s urually 2 to 5
L' d hclp pardy iD tbe subcdnnion of nirogen
nc
fe.rilizcrs. Howcvcr, excessive amour6. cause specific
toic
10
th.n l0 m. Lr t nd lo the
plsnls lliehdy above the optimum concentration
mdy iEigarion \ratert
devclop on more s.tuftive
cont6t,
gre3ter
ion toxicity on pllnr growth (GuPta. 1990). Boton is
characreriltic el€m€nt is trot present in
lt{rly
plm$
and safe upto
when crceeds
tn€ safc timits Ecomctrd€d for
B
bu injury nav
3 ng Lr(CuPta, l99O) ln
ssitive
salinily bboratory staff (Richard, 1954) were 0
I mg L' of
ll
and
3 and
tol.nnt crops bv u s-
2.0 Ing B Lr respectivelv '
2.2.2
variable stadlrds hav€ b..n adoPted for cat gorization ol wate6 in
difi.reni
mhly
DAns of the world and by dificr€nt
orgdizadoB in Pakktan Thse are
duc to speific let of condidons, i.e. peroidog to soil' clirote and
maraSdcnt, c.g. urder oprimum managemc cotrditions ald farm nanrgemen9
(196) aftcr licld invcstisatios. &llowing limib wec fornuraicd by Hutsain
Limill of waEr qudiry sbrdards (HlNitr, lErS)
Tablc 2.1
r) b) r) b)
Good
Y..r'r.l
a)
Illardol$
TDs (ppm)
SAR
uplo 1000 upro 750
uplo
uFo 7
upto 2.5 upro 2.5
lqx!2000 75Gl5m
lo15
2.5-5.O
7-t2
2.5-5.0
> 2m0
>15
> >
b) > l5q)
RSC
l0
>t2
Crit ria st [dardized ondcr anothcr si[iarioo 195)
.r.
a5
uder
5.0 5.0
(Qayyuxo and Sabir,
Wrllr Qu.liry
TDs opm)
Safe
uplo
Marginal
100G1500
lGlS
2.5-5.0
>
>18
>
lom
15@
SAR
upro
RSC
l0
lniSalion {,rtcr of elts upro 860 ppn (ECu ?.5IRSC 1.25
bc Lr dil
Dot raiNe thc ECc
upto 2.5
l
5.0
23 dS
mj} SAR upro
or SAR of normal soils ud€r
pr€vailing managcnEnt crndilions (Yunu!, 1977). Hoir€v€r, manag.dcnt,
EC
upto 1.5 dS
nl,
u
er
good
SAR l0 atrd RSC 2.5 was safc. Evcn RSC
bcrwen 2.6
ro
4.0 was not hurdous on mod coarse and nedium texturcd soils
(Hussin, 1979).
2.2.3 variou prcdictoD curva, cqualroN Dy
scic
ists r€cently
a|d
and
hodelt blve ben d€v€lop€d
beinS used widcly alongwith comPuler
Progrunms for
pr€dicdng hazards ot different naturc attached with brackish water'
2.2.3.l lrrigation water is a major source of secondarv salitrity The degree lo which slirutiotr wilt
i)@r dePe h
itsclf and the balarcc bcrw.en rhe
uPoD the @mPosition
qulily
of inigalion lraler
supplied to th. soil surface end r.tnov€d
from the lower boundary of the protile. Salimtion of a 8iv€n profil€ might o..ur
if EC.. r D., < EC,. x Dn wherc EC anl D itrdicate Elecri@l Conductivitv and d.ptrl of irneatun water (iw) and draiBge {aler (dw) The nte of salimtion this situation can bc express€d as Oe
incrs* IAECJ in the fom
of cquation-l
(Xmphorst ard Bolt, l97E).
A
(EC,"rD,,)-(EC&rDd.) EC. D soil x SP x BD/100
ir
(t)
in shich D soil is thc dcplh of thc profile utd.r consid.rarion (cm), SP b oe avengemoi$urcco .ntof th.s.ollaLdpasE(96)adBDisavcrag.bultdcnsitv of tne pmfile (Mg mJ).
Un ter laycr,
Dd=o
st!8@t high
and €quatioFl
will
ground
be
Mt€r level or impcrn€tble sub'sil
cltng.d to
BC' x Dk .....(2)
A EC. = D soil x SP
r BD/100
concentadon of dlaimge wat€r renovcd n ith.r c5n
b. conlrolled under na0ral conditiou but
'
at mojstuE cotri.dtjustabov€ field
viu
graduaUy comc io
EC,
-
x
h can
fir6t approximario\it h soil solution
spaci9 (FC).
Hen
!
ECd,
=
F,cnSalinadon
to!
ECr
- SP (KrDphoBt
crsily no.
stqdy st t€. So s,h.tr A EC. = 0. soil salinity will rcrch
a cor$ant lcvcl accordirS
FC
as
be mcasurcd
FC D_ x EC$ sP - Dd
......(3)
rld Boh, lt8).
Nct cft.ct of
s.li!.
lr,:a.r in
rcfiftd Lms
could be
crlc l.red giving
allowancc !o all the
!oil, witll ard
balaNc (SB) k ro bc rak€D
i
eDvironmcnral hclors. For this purpdc, satr
o accounr_
SrltbailDb'|FiDmri .la&.ofproductivityofaoirrigadonrr&r aDd avoidinS
b
a built-up of lolubb rdts
rhe soil. Wilcrx and Re!.h (t%3)
{ialc'rht€d salr b6lam! (SB) $lues for irrigition projccts or lpeclfic
SB -
VfrCn-VnCb
!o avoid salt
w.cr, r6pcctiv.ly. A posiriv.
iw
indicite draimgc
value s/a! sggcsred mc.ssary
lccumlrdor ad rcducdm h crop producriviay. Scva"l sci.trli.i3
h.vc nodifi.d ihc salt bolasc cqustion Caner (19?5) c,rp"d.d thc cq. 4
++S,+S,+Sd+$ -
$ Sr =
as:
.....(4)
where V desiSoat€s volunc, C conccntration and dw and
w.ter ald iniSation
sils
0o
ro
rccood for odEr faclots
giv€.
Sd+S.+SF
sal6 h Binfall falling upon &c a.c8. Sdls
h
inigation
rd
w.!a divcrtcd ro thc arc.
.....(5)
Foccss6.
s. S. S, ss, S-
= = = = =
Rdidual soil{8lb
Sila dislv.d fr@ .d/on e€s&.riry of Sllts
!9plid.s feniliz.r
Srlis
ir dniuSc s.rer lclyilg tb. .rca
sil ni,mls
Srlts removcd in the hrv.sted crop
S.lB PrcciPittLd.
Numb6 of inigatioru vnh sdie w.t r d.p.ods upo lhc nbfall during crop Erowlh. Normdly equilibrium salinily lev€15 arc obtdn d with four
!o fivc irrigalioE. Salidty win D€com. st{dy when lh. slQc of rcgrcsrion exceeds
'
0.5. Wh€n leachlng ftactions arc rcaricted, ihc salinity lcvels will
codiflr. to ris. liHrly wirh cycry iniSatbn. A nuli-line$ rcgGsion cqMtun wls dclelop.d by Gupta (1985) for s.ndy loan soil which
Eq =
-2.26
+
Dumbcr
0.904 BCh
+
is
0.235 n
of itrigdiotr
Th. avmgc Eq c/ilhi! lh. crop rcoaorc r.$ldng ftom lory t
iri$rion with
a water of BCn ca! be pr€dict€d from
l1
rrl
Eq =
Fc
. ECi
.....(6) (Rhmills, 1984)
vhere Fc is lhe r.lating corE nration facror appropriac for teaching requiremetu
!!,
(LR). Fc car be cllcular.d
Maximum p€rmhible salinity EC.
Fc=
.....(7)
The valuc of EC,
'
|l!.d
€quatiotr-7 viU be that Siven in crop rolerence tabl€s
of
'n Maas O9E6).
taching rcquirqncnt (LR)
can be calculared as;
D,,
ECn
Di
EC&
Tonl
(8)
lrNtrl
-
ir |?in
${.r
and
-
1954)
of inigrlioo wrtcr for thc Eowlh of a crcP can be
Dr+D-=D&+Dwhde
(Ri:[rflL
.....(e)
i. c4drutnptive u!! of croP (cvapooanspinrion). Rain
mrlI
nay
usirS
difrcmt cq!!doB
of
r
dt r
rhc
.fr.cls of salinc l|lr.r lrd ofrm prldicr.d vrlucs of soil Eq do nor
mrch th. .tsolu@
oa.
TD.r.forc.
as
,n rvcnS€
long tin€, the coductivity of irrigation water uscd shoold be a *eiShtcd
rvcrage for thc cooductivilid of
Ec
whcrt D
c,
r)
idbr.s
-
|!ir !r|!.r (EC;) ard iniS.don D- EC- + D- EC-
Dd+Di
th! d.plb ot w|lrrs
(Rhbd,
wrtcr (ECi,)
i...
.....00)
1954).
According lo vaD Schilfaarde and Hoffrnan (197?), the equation'7 ovcr €stirnaaed tb. LR 3 lo 4
tind. A ntio
for LR
ctlol.lior proF6.d
by $€m
oJq wb.r€ Qr rrd
q .It voluncEic srE corllrt at ficld c.lociiy ,id sauttion.
19
fold
ro
For !try succcatioa of croF, Ua Drximun filclioo of 3aliit warcr rlrar must
De
Th. ECdr wsr dro pldbtld llling following cqution! md bc
v.ry clo6! !o rhc obacncd o!€. (Muhr
EC-
-
Eo '
|!rd
nd.t
al., l9?).
(slsumirS no pr.ciDir.tion or solubiliarior of loil rnb€mh)
LF clfr
Ece
cli
PreiPirtion or solurior of soil mincrah)
co0ld bc rtltcrnio.d by
ci
l-
LF =
.....02)
db
whcr. a vrlu6
fifil
nfd
ro tD. dlo'rrDlc EC of dE driinage (saliE)
$tl!r
for dlc
crop. a rnd s.cord crrp, b (Bcnu&in, 1966).
Pr.dicliDg yi.ld. ofrtifbaDt crcpc Drackish
w|cr ini$tion
.stin&d usirg M|||
rd
Y E
is
lmlhr
HoffiDt
rnlI &bicving
3!.ady-statE urdet
chsllcr8c, Rclrlivc crop yicld! (Y) catr b.
(lgt)
loGB (BC.-A) 20
cqudon
.....o3)
Itr wNch
A = B =
Thc aaliDity lhrtshold in dlt Pe.cent
nt
yi.ld d€ccase per unit salinity
soil BC. c.r be P|tdiclcd tt|ing vriou. cqualiodi rlrady
ii.r.$c
discu&rcd or siEPly
fron trc cqodior .5 uldcr.
EC. =
.....(14)
1.5 ECn
(cuFa. 190)
2.2.3.2
Sodicrtion
A!1& from s.liEtioo, tbc &nltr cm|tocitim of ttc aoil iolution
folowi4 bractish wLr irrignior i! |ho ycly ingontnt. IlEa.rl.3 in quurity of Nat* on lhc
cxcbaDgE cor0pler
coffi{im
sodication. Th€
rvcnS.
c.pr.ity My
cctiodd by
q
!
bc
beyod thc p.rmissiblc limitr
of m im (,ay Nr) in lhe pronb
is called
n
Db
l.5
r-xc. Dd
.....(15) (Km0boIsr
ad Bo[, r98)
tolal
field
in which C. ir &e concc ratio! of an ion spccie io the soil solution and C* is ils conc€ntratiori
h
irrigation water.
A
good a8@mDt beiwecn tbe GaPotr\ empi.ical approach and
tbermodyMmic approach was obsrv.d by Pmtria and Pal (1979) for four soils varying in te'(nre ard CEC. It
wer€ ebs.nt
w
NaI'
indicat€d lbal sPeitic exchange sh.s for
blt $ere wa! a little morc
Prefereo.. for
Ca" ovcr M8'*
Indepcndent verificalion of CapoD equNtion at low to noderaE ESP valucs
providcd by U.S. Salinity l-ab. Slaff (Richards 1954), who tes&d lhc regression
b.twen
exchangeable sodiun .ario (ESR or
(Nax + Mgx),
and
wa
linqr
sodiu
adloQtion ratio (SAR). Tlis relatioNhip was
ESR
=
.0.0126 + 0.01475 sAR
.....(16)
The rclatioNhip bet'rl€€n ESP (erchanScablc sodium percqtage) and soil SAR vas
rm (.0.0126 + 0.014?5 sAl)
ESP =
I ESP
+
C0.0126
+
.....(l?)
0.01475 SAR)
of four soil prolilcs co[eled from
22
differenL locadon5 ard
inigat d with differc
$rlity
wab:n, 1{as found
following cquation iDvolvinS EC as wcU as SAR,
ESP
=
14.2
@.ly
dE s€re
....(l7a)
(Paliwal and Maliwal,
l97l)
Although. under prcvailing codirions ol steady sbre, a5
vell
in sodic iftigalior Mtcr
as
ad
obiaiEd by
Imely.
+ 0.23 EC + 0.18 SAR
calio$ in solution
6
exchaBe phase are al equilibrium
Nlr
witi
and other
that present
erchangc .quations hold Sood !o predict Nah ha?ird
but extent of developnc of erctatrgqble
Na'' in ioilr
depends primadly on
SAR, pH., l€achh8 fraction (LF) and nin€ralogJ ot thc soils. Bower r, al. (1966)
includ.d solne of the* hctors
h
an empirical model dcveloped by them for
predicion of SAR of draimge water SARiv from SAR,-
tF
snC'
t'
+
(8
4
PHJI
.
(18)
whcr€ pH. is rhe @lcularcd pH of warer in equilibriun with soil
lim€. Thc rmdel of Bow.r was rcftn d by Rhord.s (196E) whcn hc includ€d aoother compomnt known as weatbering c@ffici€nt (Y) indicative of th€ changes
thit occur in SAR of the wallr applicd to roil by the proc€sr of soil nirenl
wearhedng and fte Dodel becom€ a5
sA&.
=
tl + (8.4 - ptul
,FsARii
Sham {1980) t€ vaiue of 0.75 for waters of
.....09)
ed rhis model on alluvial soils
pE =
ofKarnllusing Y
?.50 and Y value of0.80 for wat€r of pH.
>
7.50. Good agreenent betweetr the obscry€d and pr€dicated SA&" was obs€ned. However, @l@lated SA&" were slightly hieher tlnn obsefle! on
s
in upper
l0cn
soil depfi. Muhamrmd er ar., 1983) in por srudy usd diffcrent equations for prediclion ot SAR6. Thcy foutrd (ha!
of irriSalion waler, c.lculatcd
a
use
EC-/EC&,
deFding
of LF and pH. rb€
tem
(Ec./Ec-t4
=
r/
sell bur.
wh€n LF was
pr.di€rion wa rhc bcar.
ofsAR (xJ
GF)'?, accordin8 to
Y=x,& The nigh valuc ofdle
lte cb.mical compos'l'on
worked
cupr, (1987) reponad tlar SAR of correlaled with the producr
upon
rhe
inisaLd soils (Y) is hishy
znd salt concenrration faclor
(&
=
tte following €quifon.
.....{20)
c!.trici.ot ofcoEelation (r = 0.99) idic{ted $at
Drocs
such as
preipibtion, dissolution
and inineral wearhering did noi play a signincant
role undcr tte prevaili||g cordftions. This showcd dnt ar inigarion valcr after
.ntering the soil becom€s more @ff.&lated, the SAR value increased in proportion ro rhe square roor of rhe conc€nnarion facror,
ln a deailed alscssnent of validity of SAR, ditinction pracocat SAR (SARJ nor con€c€d for ion complex€s and
cone.t€d for ion pair complexer, w6 made by Sposno relatioNhip found affer an lyzing tO5 wale. sanpls
SA& = 0 08 + L115 SAR!
(/
= 0.9)
ad
between
'True SAR
,SAR,,
Manigod (1977). The
wd;
.....(21)
The valid gen ralizalion made wat
sA& > sA$
Effort! wcre trEde to corrclate SAR of waler directly to ESP of soil In ihis r.gard, Rrootlca
09/2)
equatioN rcladng pH! and
added son€ usctul refmemdfs, s'ho Prc$nted two
SAR'
to equilibrium soil ESP likely !o develop uPon
inigation wih that waer. EsP,
= SA&,
(l
+ 8.4 - pHJlr
It i! u!.d to predict surhc.-soil ESP.
.....Q2)
.....(21)
whertY= €mpinauy
It
is
detennined mineral w.3then g
@fficicnt.
ussl lo estimate ESP rlEt will develop in deeper soil profile near rbe bottom
of the
mt anc.
The nnt equation is thc nor€ practical of thc two.
Pal ?t al. (1984) formulat€d a model bascd on simple and easily delerminrblc pard€ters to prcdicr $c dislrib tion of solublc and errchangeable
l*+ ,d
in
a
soit profite, using capon equrtion for Na'r -
tested validity
ofdiffcrc
cn" + Mg" exchanse
models under irrigation \rith hign SAR w.ters. One
of lhesc models is as under.
Y,+X
=& Y,+X Yr = Y, = X =
In ial
t XyFC I(W.C, +wlc, t X)zFCr'|4 (W"C,+W,C,
adsorbed Nal+
(melmsrsoil)
Infti.r adrorted Ca" + Mgl' (hc l0O gr soil) Thc mount of carior which gocs on or comes from comptex from or to solution (me 100 g I soil).
w" =
....(24)
Initial moisture
con&
(% by l{l€igltt).
lh.
.xchange
Wr = Cr = q -
Amou of elurion
receiv€d by a
sil
bycl (m. l0Ogrsoil).
Coacc rglion ot Nar' in inirial soturion in a soil layer (me L'). CoEcrb"don of Ca:+ + M8,+ in inirial loludon in
a
soit layer
(nc
L).
Ct C" Fc Ko
= = = =
Conccntnrioo
ofNa* h i@ning
soturion (me
L,)
[email protected] of Ca', + M8,+ in incotniry elurion
(mc
Lj).
Fi€ld cipocity (% by \'/!i8hr) Capon
s.letivity @fficicnt.
A$mptioD! to lhe nodel plac..l we.c;
l.
Only thal a'tloonr of irigalior wal.r diered inro a taycr which
moi$.rd layd |o field clpacity.
2. 3.
Conplct€ mixing of original and imominS soluriotr.
lBr.lletEous clclargc cquilibrium bcrwc.o rlE c.rio$! ir etution ard tb06e on th. .dsorb.d phr!..
4.
No pr.ripihtion, tydrolysis or dissoludoo of minerats in soil.
The agr€emcDt b.avroen ob!€rv€d
ad
predicr.d valucs of ESP aft.r rhe s€cond,
third, founh rnd fifth irriSation *2s fair.
27
!di-.rid
The valers ftom arid and
and a few conlains high concc rstions
r6p.ct of CsCOr prccipiat. io
HCOi a
t*
soil on cl'tE4mdon.
Wilclt
would pEcipiEt€ e! C.COr io tta
!.cod
ord€r r.gr€$ion line G
tunctiotr of (Ca1+) ?O water typ€s
reSiom, nc.rlv sdurated with
Gq!)
=
(194E)
of SO.'. TlEs. could
Poi
cd ool
eil- Ost r ard Rtloada
(
tur Cr!'
and
1976) P.oposed
0.8) for predictinC Pr€cipitation of C.r+
as
product in inigation water. The equadon was appli€d to
e,hd (HCOrt) wd
Rclnive Ca:+ ppt = -
ld
lhan Car+.
o.ml l(C!*) (SO.,l
t
0. 13
(Ca*) (SO11l + 44.3 .....(25)
ConctntntioN wcr. in mc Lr.
It wrs
noriced lhat for conc.nrnriotr producr
of lm. 50% of
Car+
vould precipitatc wbich vould increa$ ro 75 and EO% al comenrarion product
of 300 and 550. respectively.
bngelier
(
1936) dcviscd an iodex to prcdicl
pncipiorion ad r.m€d
it rs tbe Sanlration lnder (Sl). The cxGnr of CaCq precipilation or dissotution
sI =
PH. -
pH"
.....A6)
p4 b ihe lh.orctical pH lhlt
wh.rc pH. is ecrul pH of a water and
would have at.quilibrium with soil C.Cor. Positiv. vahes of the lhat CaCq
w
the
$'.al
lricx itdi@te
l pr€cipii.le Aon the {,4!er lt]/h€r€ai ieSativc valus irdicac *a1cr
will dissolve CaCOi. r.ngeli.r equation for catdlaliDg pH. fron wal''r analvsis
pt{
"r,-"
(,k; - pkJ + P(ca'?:) + p(Alk)
pd'una p
en
".
*g"tive logirhum ofnolar corcc
equivale corc.ntration of litrable ard pK
e
base
ralion or
sftrgth. Patt rr al. kDseli.r .quarion
and
(COi + Hco3'). respectively TrE P K
rhc regativc loSrirhlln of s@rd dissolution conssnts of
solubility product @nsrant
cf
tlcor
rd
of CaCOi r6pcctivcly, both con.ct€d lor iodc
(1960) and Bower
by .epl.cing
pll
a al.
(1965) suggcsM nodincadotr
of
by E.4 (pH of hi8hly buffered soil) md pAlk
by p(HCO:r) bccaule Ucy foond that
ftution of appli.d HCO,I
to the acni.l pEcipftation. Thc abovc two .quatioE thB
was more ctos.
b@D.
st
8.4 -pltr
.....128)
pt{
(p& - pKJ + p(Cah) + p{HCO,r)
.....(29)
trtcr, Bow.r in p(Cal')
at
4r. (196E) suSaBtcd thd bou
l.rm. AycB
and Wlst
dt 09O
Ca"
and
Mdh shdld
uscd pH. io d€t
tmi[c adlSAR'
.....(30)
sAR t(r + (8.4 - PtUl
rdlsAR
be irctudcd
Adjuslcd valu6 wcre supposed to b€ eery clo6e io
c:n b. made using
l.bl4
.qlilibriun
pr€parcd by
E,sP of
wilmx
irliSeLd soil- C'lcddiols of PIr.
(1966).
In atl th6. c{bd!tio6, a soil souce of cdciun from toil line (CaCO) or ofter mine.als such as silicaEs \]va! assuncd ard ro 9r€cipilation of corrccdv potcntid 'Ilorc bfilintion problcm due io rclatively high sodiun (or low calcium) in irriSalion
m|g!6ium wa! co$i&rcd vbich could h.
o.s.d !o pr.dict
warlr ruppli€s (S!!@, 19E1). compedson of sAR shovD out SAR valu.s fall wilhin
SAR (Ayers and w€stcot, 196).
i
.d
adj. sAR valu.s n d
l0 perccnt of ll€ valucs obtaimd throuSh adi
l4cl
in nv€r
Quahy of
eBl
w.an @
far b.low
watel is excelletrt in Palistan, as salinitvhodicitv
tll. limi6 @sid*€d hlzardN for iFitrlion.
frcn
salt concentration of riv€r wat€rs varics
ad
RSC
d. from
105
io 345 ng Lr whereat SAR
0 to 4.3? (m mol Lr)1': and 0 !o 1.2 me
L',
respectiv€ly
(IbEhiD and Hunain, 1988). Bul unluckily, qualily of 8.ou$dwacr is in @ntr6t to it. Groundwater m 60% of ar.a eithin thc
coMdratiotr
less
$an
1000 ppm
Sdmlly,
elal @onatrd hrs a salt
(ECh L43 dS mr) at d.Plh ol 100'400 f€€! In
ab@t 15% area sal6 vari€d from IOOO-2000 ppm (ECo 1 43 to 2.86 dS mn), 5% of tbir
t6
200G3mo ppn (EC& 2.66 to 4.28 dS
salls above 3000 ppm
Gq!
nr) $lls
and 20% are3
ed wiih
4.28 dsmi) (Alunad, 193).
It war dsessed ftal aveBge
elt
colcentration
*6
1252 PPm (EC,"
l.?9 dS ma) vhilc SAR ard RSC sao8.39 (m mol Lr)rz atd 3.42 me Punjab grourdvaters rgp@nvely. Thirty percdtr or th.s. wat B w€re as
C, S, (hish salinity,low sodium) while 20%
d c1s,
Lj
car.gortcd
(mediun salinny and low
sodiun) under UsDAclassification systlm (Rich.rd, 1954). RenaininS 50 occupicd othcr classcs. Two
tlird of
scietrtific manaSemenr (Husain
in
%
rhes€ wat€rs wcre not lssble wirho{t
.r 41., l99l). GrMdwateE of sindh Provincc
werc charactcnzcd in C,S,, C,S,, CaSr, C.Sr, C.Sr,
ad Clq
@upying C:S, Sindh
rd
chsscs. Quality is delcriorsting
snd CaSa, mrjoritv
Am
thc sP!€r to lowcr
worsl in Karuhi are3 (Choudharv, l9?7) WaeB of NVFP Provirc'
were cldsified in C,S,,
qS,
and ClS, categories indicaling only salinitv probl€m
In somc of tcsrcd samplcs, Mgt+
lfi
qsr,
s"t
found
.vm morc lhd ca'1 (ltamtA tt al '
rnd Sadcr 4 al- , l98l). BorcD coddr rnoctlv vdicd ftoo 0.39 to 0 96 PPn
lisi6 (MuIMad .r at '
sho*ing good to pemissible
1966)
Quality of groudwale. hrs also b.c[ found to be s.3son depcDdent'
The
Ec, SAR
and RSC w€rc significandy higher in surnner thar d|at during
wintcr, mo6t probably due to co&entration effcct. Thc wat€r table was deepcr
dubS
preoonsoon pan (Kh.n
of groundwtEr in tpccifi€d bctw.cn
imr.rs.d
Rati
and
ar€as under specinc cotrditions. SuNev
Ih.!8 eMl
away from both lh€
mi) in shallo', as well
(Aldtlr .r at.,
a ai., l99l) vrri.don.lso €xisLd ir t!! $alttv
a
c
of area in
uPto river Chcoab rcveal€d dEt salt conreDr
rls, lveragc beirg > 3000 pPI[ (ECn 4 28
dcep sater. Its quality improved towards
1966). Anothq study
of
dS
fte river
Faisalalad distrlct classificd $c
S.oordwat r as 23.8 1[ fit, 7.6 % Eargi.aly fit atd 68 6 % onlit for iEiSation (sh3h 4r 41..
lgrl).
Bhard er
4l., (199)
also notic.d alrnost
sirilar
paoem
of
qudity of Faisalabad groun rat€r, dccp water awat fron c43h being adjldged
ar mostly unfir. Thc EC and SAR of nodced
*thin permi$ible limits
Rsc was fairly high except
a
Pidi Bhanid Srouldw.t r
(ECi" 0 22 to 2 5 dS
(lrne dal '
few siles
m'
was g€nerallv
and SAR< l0)
vh.r6
1992)- Adopling somcwhal
libeEl slalxlards of WA?DA (Seclion 2.2.2), qualitv of SCARP ntewell walert of lhe Iftlus Plain
(Yunus, 1977).
w6
A
claim€d lo bc 8ood, 63 %
study
unden ken for 8 ycas. rubewelts while
ll.l
11*s
a
usabl.
% by
war
no$ced $at 79.5 % salts wer€ conributed bv the
clints
and 9.2 % due to drv Pcriod cnpilary ris.. I
a lrlly which w.s @lculatal to be 0 04
or the roral rec€ived thoush various sources(Aoan et
2.3.
regarded
of hydro{alinity systen of Pujab P.ovire
There was a net additiotr of 0.63 I ha 96
*lrlcB being
at.' {992).
Effects of Brackish water
2.3.r
krigadon wirh p@r quality watd tcnd lo disnd phvsical and chemical properties slowly at first, coNequendv crop MaMgement of
$il
is as important as lhe quality of water
yields stan declininS. itseli
Hazardous wateB
in the absnc. of prcpcr ttrsdgenent could isreasc ECr atd SAR of
noml
soils.
CondnuoN cullivaion of low detra croPs wil,hout organic naner .ddition did not permit prcper leaching of salls and favoured elination (Uussain' 1977) Soil EC'
may incl.3s€ upto 300%
i! oG
ycar ody
s/ib irrigatioN of wacr of EC 4 0 dS
iniF'don rate (Bauafiardt 'r 4' ' nitand sAR of 3-97 mair y duc to rednc'd 2 8 ds dn and sAR 2 E to 4 6) lo (Ec l 05 wales salirc Bowcver' 1992).
de
increased infittradon
t
vins salt! of 2700 mg
of loam soil (Chaudh!ry dt al
Lr
(3 s? dS m
Hydr lic
"
(Yousaf' snrdi€s. Soil slructurc det€riorated
ESP (t21
'rd
Sngh
'
'
Ec of water in the above
199) wh€n el€'trolvt€s of low
pH conc! raiior (0, 2.5. 5.0 m mol L)'r higb
clav
o salin'-sodic
al lgmlclav disp€riion positivelv
with correlated with SAR an't RsC and negadvely
anal
i
coDductivirv of nornal soil
r"ull of i*r'ascd
l9?3, Yousafafil Rhoades, 1988 and Yalin
clav
1986) Irngalion waer
)c'nventd Domal soil
up to a d.pth of 30 cm (BtaBi, 1986)' d.cr.:s€d du€ to clav djspet$ion as a
'
(8 0 and 9 0) 'r/€rc rpplied
+ sit cont'nt of soil ae dir@tlv
corrclatcd with salt
1989 and chaudhry and R'nq' acruhulalion (singh and Nanin, l9?9, Timer' 4 ntd elcvated to 3 5 and 2 6' 8 6 ad 8 ?' l8 1983). Soil EC., pH
ad
F,sP were
21.4, rcsp.ctively whcn waErs of
(3.2 erd 1.6 ds
ms
2240
ald 1l2o mg
hr) ald SAR 12 atd 25
L'
werc us€d (Arawi
"
di '19801
appli@tior' soil EC' ard ESP D.p.flring upo! lcaching ftactioos and tinc of (Haider with increasing EC, SAR and RSC of iEigrtion wat'n ircr€as.d Sr.dualy
et al.,
1975,
\asin et al-,1988, Khandcwal4
4i.
1990 and
Ali
"
41'1991)
Kilds of anioN @nt
in
l|Jater ar€
inpoiaat too Vcry I'igh
in low salidtv w:t€r or
mre qumtiliB of chlorid.r
n in irrigation
@Ecnddion ol bi@bon t
s
in high salinity watcn increas.d soil EC. and pH (Glpta et 4,., t9E9). Similarlv' !/atErs with high SAR SAR (Qayyum, 1973)
(> m)
ad
L'l'z
Im mol
caus€d irEr€jsed soil
wcre regaded mor! barmtul for crops
bigher srlinitics (1.89 to 3.68 ds
mr) IHaider
t
al.,
pn'
tld
19731.
EC. ard
wate6 with
A proponional
imres€ in soil SAR was noticed when SAR of inigaaion waler ircrerscd from 5.93 to 23.58 (Haider and Huc$in, 1976). When high Ms?+ water Mg1+ accunulated in soil (Chafoor
Higb salinity wat
gemilatiotr
r,
al,
rt Ec
\r?l
used,
1992)
(7.5 to 10.0 ds
ad grc*tb of plants lcttpt^ et aL,
ni)
hav€ bad eff@t on
1989) and reduced root
developnenr as well as cvapotra$pintion (ET) (Minn
t "t 41 ,
1989) The
reduced ET was at$ibuted to less vatcr absorptiotr caused by osmotic strcsl
(Akbsr, 1975). Crop senotypes respord diff€redy io
spante ic.ollnt of various crops is pre{.
€d.
laliff
inigation and drus a
2.3.2.1
Wheat
whcat yield is rcladv.ly less affcct€d by saliE inigtion 6|licr
iniialy
upto
ltarc 7,5, 1
EcL of 2.4 ds m; it incrca$.d (KDanak
13{@tuc
aL, 1t3)- uDdcr stcadv'
in grain yicld of wheat was .ccorded wher EC of walcr w4s
.5, 2.0 ald 2.85 ds m-r (Chaudh.ry
pla
er
heigh! root lerytn and wa&r
Lrs€
a al ,
1986)
a! r€6ult of reduc€d tillerirg,
cfiicicncv (Hollowav and Alstan'
19E2 and
zahid .r 4r., l9E6). Statistical relationships indicated that 50% reduction in Srain
yi€ld occuned at EC,, of 12-16 dS mr. Thc conespondi4 salinlv hazards or wat€r werc d€siglAt€d
l6s tbrn
a5
E, 8- 12, 1216
low, n€dium, hiSh atd verv high al resp€ctive valucs ot
ad lllorc Oan
16 dS
mr for Asn region of India (Pal ard
Tripathi, l9?9). The critic.l limiB of ECi for yicld r€ductioD of 10, 25 ad 50
reg€d ftom 2.7 !o9.0, ?.4 to l3.0 and 13.I to l8.0 lrwer valu6 for sardy soils and higher lalues for
lomy
sih
(Cupt!
a
Yad.v, 19E6). The ESP limits for
sinilar yield decr€ases wer€ 22. 33 and 46 (Cupta, 1990). Biomals and grain yield
ol wh€ar decrear€d us€d oo
s
h high
Mg: wal.r (CaI-: Mgr'
salicsodic soil. lti8h Mgt' wrer
Gnded to
1:4 and I:61
decr4e nutieDt (N,P,K 3nd
Mgt+) abcorptioD. Tle abaorption was ilnpmv€d when FYM was applicd.
IrclE3.i. of ECn fiDm
l
O
to 2.0 dS
dj
or RSC of wat r iotn 2.5
to 5.0 m. Lldecrcascd whea! yield but uptake of Na'+ by grain ald stlaw was
enLnc.d (Yalin.r ar., 198?I Decr€.s€d
8ru
and straw vield a! wcll
6 l{'
comclradon ot whcst lsv€s was r€co.ded with irErt:sing sodicity (ESP 20 to 60). Wh@t variety Pak-El perfomed betler than Rtwal
(Ysin' l99l)'
Variety LyalPu_?3 Pcrform.d @nparadvelv beuer at EC. of7
ad
15.0 dS
ni
follo*ed by Chenab'?9 ald v5444 (Ehsan
Nunb.r of tilers, planr height 16 and 24 dS
LU4l ind
2.3.2.2
and yield of !r/he3t dccl'rscd
m'. Pedornance of sA42,send.l atd
PARI-73 (zahid er
4l
" 'r"
5
1966)'
si8lificrndv ar Eq
Puniab-76
*d
lower than
1986).
R!!9
Ri@
!a!
beetr found hiShly
cxchanscable rl'i(Abroland
toletlnt whilc whcat *"s modcrrnty lo
Bhmbla t99) Elrly
seNitiv€ to EC ard SAR of soil
ad
stagB ofthis crop wcre moR
irrigation wa&r oun later so8es
lEt2). S.€dling €merScrc€ of rice cultivars was dclavcd ro a great extent
wirh incrcasing water salinity (EC
12 dS
ric! s..dlin86 ws signific.ntly reducld (Almad ,,
and
nj
al,
(Juil'
re$tivcly affeted
onwards) Height
of
l99O) Pl'nr heignq
tilL..,
numb€r
of graii! p€r poicle
and sll.aw
ald paddy yiel&
ritninca[tly a! salinity/sodicity of soil incre*ed (l .9,
30.!d
64).
ftc
6 and 12 dS
mi
decrea$d or ESP 9,
ctrccts s/.re norc merLcd v/her both hclors combin d. No
fomflion occun€d
ar EC 12 dS
sAR 20 (m mol L
r)'' did Dt
mi with
EsP 64 (Javid .r
8r.ir
4I, rg8q.warer ',/ith
provc usetul for rice productioD evcn
if anended
wilh gylnm (Hunai4 l9A2). Vari.tiesnines IR6, V 44935 and Y,146?? were nor€ tolcrant !o salinity (Kbm gr at, 1988). Thc tillcring ard grain and $Ew
lield det%e! while a positive correladoD crisLd betweo paddy yield ad K pcrccntage
h ric! slrrw whd
(Muhafturl d al., l99l).
Sroen or talilc soils with EC 5.E
to Zn, Fe, Mn ard
mt rccorded undcr crrEl w.tcr iriSatioo (Iahn a
linit! for
the
In'
B applicalion which war
al,
ECi" for yicld rcductions of 10, 25 and 50% werc found
ESP
l2.O dS
Brackish water irrigadon changed thc nurient
rcquircm€nts of ricc and res?oded
dS mn wher rice was
o
b
lgq2}Cntical bc
l.q
linls of
4 0 and 7.5
SroM iD he.vy lcrNred soil (Cupta and Yad.v (1986) while
dtr.
yi.ld dercai.s l|€rc 38, 54 atd 72, r€sT.ctivcly (GuPt
1990).
l3
,
2.3.2.3
Growth d.v€lam€nt and bionass significandy in lhe was
fiFt y.!r
of
cotton
ws
not aff@ted
lal.r gemiEtioo ed stald
of brckish img3tion Drt
.eftccd. TrE K'*:Na'* Etio in lcaf tissues chtu8cd and vield decrd€d wirb
wat r of EC 9
ed
12 dS
mi (Ralston .r ai., 1986) SubliutioD of wat'r witb
EC
atur crop establisbmenl did not afred ii€ cooon yi€ld sigDific'dv wbilc
4 dS
Ej
sole
ue of
this *ater caused a subsbntial loss (Rhoades
'r
al'
l98E)'
2.3.2.4
An isrca!€
h
waGr EC r.dD€d devclopnent of roots' 6p@iallv
in deepcr layers. Evapotraospintion (ET) was cunailcd and erghurn Pluts sPcnt
morc ind morc mdaDolic uplak€ of
4rsl
in all.viating thc adv€rs€ cffc.t of dcessiv€
ioB, othe.wisc this emrgy hd
Re$ t ntly, dry mner d€cr€as€d by 6.4 dS rni,
b@tr
utiliz.d in biomass Ptrduction
18, 32 aDd 68%
rapetivcly (Minba ., dr', !989) High
played a similar role
(Ya!i r, a/.,
rt water EC of2.5' 4.7
ad
SAR and RSC of weters also
1985) due to incrc$cd soil EC and ESP which
c@ld panially be @Dtroll€d by providing lercbitg ftactions
(Ydir ,t aa., 1988).
The SAR more $an
l0
(m mol
prored detrirnental (ttaider ald Hussarn'
L)1'
25 ard 5Or werc I9?O. Thc crilical litnits of EC. for vicld rcduction of l0' repon€d as 8 3, l2.S and
textllr€d soib (Cupta
ad
l?
8 dS
n'
in loaE soil ard 2
4
6
5ad
13 4
fo' h'3vv
YadaY' t9E6)
2.3.2.5
Maic
is nore
s.$itivc to iniSatiotr
watEr ard thc soil
higher salinitv al lat€r growrh stagc but can wilhstand relalivcly
yicld d€crcascd with increding EC," (Sherazi
(Sh'kit
nir significaDt at \ atcr EC of 2.16 dS
"
'
€arlv
st!86 Dry mancr
,' al (l9l)
4t
EC
s/hich becane
(1990) However wder wi6
20 was safc and did not arcct TsS l5m pPm (Ecn 2.r4 dS mj)ard sAR 20 d€c@s'd naizc (Qa}}!m, lt3) The SAR t5
'td
germnEdon sigtrificandv
had a po6itive fodder yield whil€ $tpsum application
(Ali
er dI
'ff€c!
'
19191)
bv passtng sodic water througn conparablc yiclrtt to c.nrl water \rlcrc obtain€d SDsutn
$oe plac.d
in thc wallr cham€l
limits of Ecr* for yield reduction of
nrfor
s.ndy loim soil and
(Gupa and Yadav, 19E6).
1
2, 3
l
l0'
(Munaffnd d al" lCl5)
25 atrd 50% w€rc 2
and 9 5 dS
nn'
m' critic'l
? 5'5ald10'3ds
r€sp€ctivcly for clay soils
Gemimtion of lentil was
co@dnrion (ECn 25.5 @Ci 29.0
dS
#)
dS
n)
mt
atr€ct€d uP
to 40%
,h.rpty wilh >
but dectased
and compleiely inhibit€d above
70t
s€a
5e3 walcr
5Ot6
wat€r i.c.
sa Mt r
Ec
40 ds
mr (Bukhtiar ad Sbaln, 1990).
All thc t$tcd
ir
Sram varieli.s
colld mt surviv€
at
EC
above 4 dS mn
stxlics of Ktldewal er a4., O99OI U.der a difrercDt sct of cotrdiliotrs
chickp.a
*i!
foud norc
sus@ptibl. 10 NaCl
wate., a! incrersing RSC up to 10 mc
L',
at
dh
NaHcor sllB tn inigation
fxed EC aid SAR in rea!€d dla
yield (shama et a!., Da9r. Yield of bErsc.m dcclioed significrn0y wilh increasing RSc aom
Nil to
.xe.ding l0
[email protected] bcn
2.3.2.1
.tD fodd.r
Li
(chauhatr
d al., 1989) Warer
ctBidcEblt (Haid.r ad llussain,
SAR
1976).
Sutrarcane
Uder optir war€r
15 me
bving salidty up
ir
[email protected] conditions, inigation for
to 2400 ppm ard sAR lcs, lhar 4 did
mt
3 years
wilh
atr€ct mcdium
textured soil higher ECi
dr,
anl sugerca!. growth. Higfu. SAR vrs Bore
(Ari .r al., l9E). Sugarcdc
crop duc lo ils
r€aron, is adversely affcctcd whcn hrigalcd
baDf
lhar with
8rc*'ti period itr bot and
witn elin€ water comparcd !o
ofter kharif crops Eown in rainy s.-a!on (Rchman 4 a/
,
1978)
2.4
E&essive sdls mav accumular. ifotrly consumptive requircnents
of
@ffllmPnYe crops are met with bractish water. TI|e exlra quantitv of waLr over
llle is c.lled LachioS ficdon (LD ard applied lo chect acqmulatioD of salls Th' LF will
de?dvl
uPon th. quality of brackish water
ald lolcnIcc of crop to be
growr. lrrigatiotr $/iti wat r having $lls up to 26m PPm (ECSAR l0 did @l aff€c!
adv.&ly
I
?
I dS mi ) and
the soil ard croP yiclds whcn 3G40% eJ(tra wat€r
(LF = 0.3 - 0.4) ws povid.d (Hridcr end Huss.in' 197E). acEficial eff@ts of LF in t€€ping $alt build-up low ald obtaining sllslain d yields of l'heat,
miz.
affaff.,
and sorghum when nrigaled wilh biackisn
record€d
(Muhninad .tal.,1977,Ytfiltd
et
ol.,1972 afil^snret
al
1987).
But it has also been observed that teaching fractions did not nateriallv help !o
lech dom
th€ salts whe!
ECi wd
3.87 dS mr snd
SAX' was
12.78 (Bhrtti,
l9E6).
Sbort but heavv monsootr
rais in
surnmc. in Pakistar ald otnel
couotrid oay caus. signific.nt lqchiDg of salts anar saliDc irigadon RtinfqU mol|nring to 35-45
@
largely rcduccd initial hiSh salt @Mrtation {hic't!
ocruned during inigation with salin€ water. Rains convert€d '10 cm of lhc soil surface non-salin .
r.Is
It
of soil fron wbich thc solublc
lr/as g€Emliz€d |hat d€ptD
(80 pcrce ) may bc Lached durinS nonsoon s'asoD' ctn€spold'd
witn tolal lainfall duling da season {GuFaand
Abicha ni
balaB€ studier of soils inigated wirh srlinc water
(Eci
l90) F
2 ? ro t2 ds
roug v
e vears
3!lL
mj) in rour
difrcrcrt crop s.quqccs' haYe shov,m thc salt concc r.don incr€artd during inigatiotr cyclc, s/hcr€a! moEoon lains prev€rt€d sdt rccumulador in surfacc bver of
$il. only 23-27%
r€st 8ol l@h€d
of added
M.nd ci
sal|J accmula!€d in the goil whilc
doM duii$g crop s.rsoo itsclf.
EC. aDd EsP of so s
ftcrely
The LF
wd corduciv' io lox/'r
r€sultinS higbtr yields of ctops (Jain.
r98l)'
G]?sum Bed and Gypsum Stone Lining
The SAR and RSC of tubewcll waters was brought down bv costncdon of 8)?sum bcd using differ€nt sizes (5 to 20 kg) of g'?sum Thc rae ofdissolution ofgJpsum stoncs
wlt
stone
found proponional to lhe squate rco1
of velocity of flowing wster and invcrsclv Proponional to the size of the siorc in the b.d (Armad
concentrrtiotr
preipirado!
decr6.d lir.d
ofcacq
vs
tub€w€ll The
L'
b.d (P.l
and Poonia'
199) Simildlv RSC arso
by Palsing th. slitb'sodic s/rtcr brouS[ $tP$rn siorc
a a/., 1984. soil infiltrilion
applicd
t{.
.tur palring tbmugh gnstlm
w$ si8lificandv highcr whcr
lincd cltarEl a! cotnpar€d !o Pure
{,.!cr of rnargiml qudity (Ech 1 14 ds mn' SAR 5 and RSC
Eci,
throogh
nc
in g)?$m
Do
@urs. 138 D lotrg. Ar iocrss. in solublc Ca'* + M8'* *as ob6efled
too (chsfoor
*atcr
of calbotrac and bic:rbonaa rcmei!€d uncbanged' snoving
by 2-3
vr'arer
PSC of 3.dic water d'creased from 5 57 to
afte. passinS througn E gvpcum bed of mixcd fragments The
Lr
o.?5 me
,t ai., lqtg) Tllc
5 me
L'
SAR atld RsC v/.r€ 1.48 dS mr,6.E and 0, r.sp.ctivelv afreT Pasing
$/psu
slom b€d (Ctaudhry affl
Hmid,
l9E4)
2.4.3
Advene effect! of sodic watlrs can b€ minimiz.d by soil application of inorganic and organic
cm
u.ndmc
s. Tobl volwnc of
l.ichir8
wat€r tbrough 30
soil columtr incr@sed when line grade gypsum was mixcd in soil (Ghafoor
et al., \988). Good ueliorative effecrs of gypoum were notic€d when i|s qumtiti€s wer€ workcd out on water rcquircment basis of the toral consurnprivc usc of inigation watcr for
ditrerc
crop6. It was possible !o
k
ep soil SAR at a
d€$ired level but EC. inscased over a p€riod of rim€ for which leaching fiicrions
w.rc also to bc iEluded (Salem er ai., 1992).
lf $?srn coltrolled
ad
is appticd
crops crn bc
.4ivat.d to tm
G.R. of soil, ESp caD bc
grom succeicfrrlly (Sh.ma e,
at,
1989). Soit-
applic*ion of $tpsum w.s digndy superior ro rhal dislolv€d in lrarer bur with
lo!-sigdficlDl ditrer..c.s, borh su..r.ding h cootroling ESp buitd up irrigatior of *aref hAvirS RSC t4 nc
t;t (p.[1ia a
solubl€ salt but irs solubility incrcasdfour
s:trral.d resh conpared ro purc wlrcr. of $/p6urn iDcfcrscd linearly
lrih
at_, 1990).
ad a lrtf timcr iD rh.
h
C,"su
utrdcr
i, a tcss
pr.s€nc€ of Na,+
lhc soil sysr.m, th. di$olved quadity
incrcasilg Esp (Abrot
",
a/.,
lr9).
Atr incr€a!€ in EC., pH and ESP of soil du€ to saline-sodic wa&r use
was damg€d
by the addition of gypsun and H'SO. (Alawi d, a?.,
Sinilarlygypsun, FYM, sulphor aId
ad r..ult
prcpcni4
indicat€d
sret
imProvenent in soil
ntly whc.! ard @tloo yi.lds s@ slso irErcas.d (Bhasi,
1986). High soil infiltr.don to 7. I E me
Hfq
Ll prolided U.t
I!l.
*as laiDtain d witb inigation wat r of RSC 2.07
|he grp6um requircmenl of Boil was
Haidcr, 1979). Howevcr, gylsus r.quircnent of botl the soil
b. tulfiltcd u!d.r amrhcr
s€i of
Hwin,1978). Usen effets
coditios
of
$/psu
Soil lime cruld b€ solubiliz€d and
iriFrior
nel (Hussain and
ad
waler was !o
to achicvc similar r.sulls (Haidcr and
wcre also mticed in otler studies {Hanif
and Jabb&, 1974, Haider and Farooqi, 1972 and Chaudtary
lpplicd dolg wirh
l9E0).
ad R.fiq,
ca1' + Ms:* cod!trts iacr.ased wh.n
warer (AluDrd .r
al.,
1985)- Soil
1985).
HC I was
crrdirio!.n induc.d
aggreSatioD and prcmoted bydraulic condwtivity of soit (Yousaf, 1991).
Crop production was
o!rurc
(Jilani
favoud with soil
.t 41., 1990) .nd h.lpcd a lot ir nititarir8
poor qudity water (Cbludh.Iy and R incEas.d
wifi
applicarion of
ni,
dlc advce
1975). LJiltr.tion
tutn
yard
.ffcc6 of
rar! of
warer
organic mallcr whercas very liBle wat€r p{ss€d in irs ablence
(Allnad, 19?8). High.r EC of lechac wrs r.cordcd idisriDg rcmoval or morc sal6 in rh. pEscrc of orgadc matrlr (Maqsud, 1982). Af'pr@bbtc
lecling of
ctr_and
Nar'
v6
Mcndmenl. Soil which
t
obsened wl,en E\i
(GtonoPslt tettuSo@toPa) was used
C!" + Mg1+ co ent ii.r6cd
@nfid.d dbsolutio!
thtougn ircorporation of alfalfa
of CaCO, bv the evolutiotr of
improve{t and ESP of soil was
[email protected]
(ttq
6
and
COl Soil sttucture wa!
Dabin l9El)'
2.4.4.
intemitv @n be Water suppli€al at farm-ga€ and croPping
if canal znd bmctish wat€r aE
used
@fljnt$v'lv With
the
crop intensity can and Sroundwaier r€lources, lhe present
increstd
uliliation of surfae
!e almolt
doubled in
and lloo't water has been proPosed tor Pakistan (Ahmad, 1987) Use of salire
witb (BaLhsh and Hussain' 1975) occasional irrigatiotrs desen land! developnent
higlly
safe for wheat vield and soil saline sodic water were rega'ded
(Qureshi
"t
af, l9?7
and
*aler \tas also found ro
Aslan
dr
be usetul to
al
nai
lg?7) Mixing of backish
prope
es
and canal
ain soil propeni€s (Bba11i' 1985)-
2.4.5.
When bnckish croP and @nal/good qualrty
for irriSating a ElaliY€ly salt tcierant subseque crop, il is called !s cvclic
(19E3) Work in USA use. This strst€8y was proDos€d by Rhold€s brackish and Sood quality wat€r can t!€ us.d in
a
idicat'd
$'r
cvclic manner without signiticad
redlction io ticlds of what, slrgarbels, caDtaloupe' cotton
dd
alfalfa while salt
(Iuoad6 acsrmulation in soil rcDrin€d within pcrrfssible limits for tb€s' croPs er 41.. 1988). Acclhulat€d salts
in
$rhc.
ard $b-$rfac€ with bracLish waler
inigation le5.hed ino dowtr laycs !o . gr..tcr extent durinS thc subceqMt cvcles of good qudily watcr
{Sd
and BsndvoP:d[va 1979) Ir was porsible io use
salin€ wal€r for crop productioa
with good quality cEt€r
srlin Dilinum yi.ld
(DiE
e&.pt crop cst btsbm.nt which could z,
t.,
.lsto! .t al-,
wh€t lnd batlev
zcro) in Rabi
ed @Miaurirslhanf
c-a!!€d
Dtlagsn'nt
1986). UDd.r lh€ PreuilioS
co..litioN in Prtista!, supply of dtcwell wat r (EC up to 3.0 12 and RSC
bc obtailed
1986).
water uslir for a singl. se3son for
locs (R
odv
dS mr
'
SAR up to
produccd no adv€rsr effect! on
Irlmal soih. Th. LF ard nrnuring provcd favourable for lnliat 'r@e of soil proFnics (Yuus, l9?7). SoiI EC, ald SAR was sig ficadv ircrt !€d up !o 90 crn soil depth wher. nrbewell
w4
used continuously.
w.tcr of EC 2.6 dsmr. sAR 9 rnd Rsc 2
Ody sliSht inc.cas€ in
these Parameters
v.r
8 me
L
I
obsened
wb€re tubcwell and canal water wcr€ used in cycl€s for cach cmp or mixed.
SorShh fodd.r
ad whal 8nh yicld nthcr
incre.se! in Ocsc tre$meots
co'!P.nd !o bn
lllb v|t r rloE. ftDr hmltt
coDlroll.d .vcn oo loD8 t
nrfiSaocot ldrtcsf
ini8rtilg ric, rld
cffccrs of
rD b.!ir (Ctndtrry
vith brscti3b srrcr
3igri6c.al crop yicld rcductiod w€r. oD.crv.d
r9O). $cccssftl
crop robtioo! wis
rDd vb.ar with crral
rd
lh|n coDtilro{s usc of bra.5rlt wilcr or rnirnllt of
l9l
a al,
ud.r d.c-eL{.d aoalocrr!.lt
cocoD
bnclllh g3er wcE
mt r. No
rdt! in roil rtdriD.d lowcr boab
(Hu!s.ir a ar.,
1990.
r,b,cd).
2.4.6
M|ngcncn! of bmctirh wilcr priEirily .ims rt irlprovcortrt of soil-u/dcr
lin
.v.iLbility io sops. Malic pot otid is
ly iniSrtioo, !o
thl wrt.r
is
m iF rt d by adlqun .nd
mt rcd.nd Dhyriolqic.Uy u.v.ihbb.
2.4.6.1
Slrficc inignion Dttod. irvc
|r ovll:ll
loc/€r cfAcicEy rcsdtinS
in qgnvrtion of roil s.IDity
.!d alt litrjty. Itrcirc lcvcli4
,pplic|tior |[d .Io\l.lci.
ofipplictrion, wbict ml.Is
dcpth
Flrlrolr, irigador FrmiB oDly w€tring of rid8c. rnd hcb6
lc5s
t
lFiD untlom
dditioG ofsdr!.
ir b.o.r Scrniurioo
of seens, particularly of crops salr blcrant at lat€r gro*,th srages (Gupta, 1990).
Alplicadon of saline water (EC
=
t
I dS mr) throu$ sprinkler, reduced whcal
yield by only 3 % whilc watcr of EC 6 dS accumulatioo war 30 to 40 %
application (ASarwal
,t al.,
l.$
in
mj wa!
safe for pearl millet. The sall
sp.intl.r iri8.tiotr
compared with surhc€
1982). Drip irriSation has givetr good reitulrs eveD
whetr using relatively nore salinc walcrs. High salt conc.ntr.tion which would
built-up eitn conve ional irrigation va! avoided. To obtain similar yield6, drip irrigation re{uired 50 % lcss water |an tunow irrigation (Gu a, l99o). Mean
Ec. was found a! 6.0 dS m" uder sprinller inigation with salim 5.0 dS
mj urdcr drip iFiSaiion vhnc
wa@r agahsl
respectiv€ yicld dccremenis were 60
ald
3o%,rcrp€ctivcly (PasErDat, 1984).
2.4.6.2
Sdhily of soil-v,/atlr changB fieqErt nrigltion with decr.:!€d
continuously afier iniSalior. More
deptn of watcr w.re suppos€d ro maintain b€fier
water availability in thc uppcr p€n of
tlc root zonc if lhe lolrl amoufi of wale.
applied was almost tn€ same a! in cas€ of lcss
Freque inigation favoured plant height l%9).
ftin
ft€que
bul morc de€p inigations.
and €ars in barley (Patel ard Dasrare,
and frequenL irrigation with saline war€r gave highrr wheal yield.
FrcqueEy of t0 days g.ve q
h!'
3l q har vhdt 8Eirs .rmpr|d
ro
21,23.6.!d2r
wiih rJ, 20 and 25 days frequcrcy, rgpedvely (Statu et al., 191).
Daily inigation stor€d 6E% of applied water in th€ top 30cm deFh conparcd to 59% itr two .lays frcqudcy. Th€ rcsp.ctive aod 7.1% (Gupta
ad Tyagi,
los of waLr bclow
60
m wd z.rc
1964).
2.4.6.3
Adoption of suitlbl€ crop rotaliol' croppin8 system and fallowinS, helps in economicll
ad
sutained yields. Two .otations, fallow-wheat'
Ll-5"J
'! ald fruow'wh€.1-millccbarley-grc! E noringg@n muring-whca./ what w@ foud Yields of
whst
suitable ulder
afr€r
hllow,
sline
s/ater irrigadoo (Mchte
legr)me, scsamum or miuet wer€
a dL, 1973).
mt siStrificantly
different 6howin8 th.r crop rotation would be Soven d by rct profit. Cuar-whc3t crop rootion prov.d ro be
(Jab ,r
rl,
ahe
no6t economical for sslitrc *1rt r ar€as of Rajasdr|n
1976). Saline wat€$ could b€ us€d morc ratiomlly by growing t{,o
diffcrcnt crops simulbneously in strips. The irrigation of main crop helped to the uriniSated intercrop and tbus both th. crops played
w{.r ad aMulatio!
a
conpl€mcrtary role !o iavc
of salt6. bt€r{rop of uninigated g|!m or nllslard could
51
b€ mis€d succcsslllly u/irh
wt€tbcinS irriga|€d
through satim warer (coyal,
t98r''\.
Ir hr b€low
thc
soDre sillarions or in sol[€ y@rs
avd8e. Fallowing
of lh€ lands itr
ninf.I
$ch
may be unduly low
evcnr fo
in did or s.mi-a.id regios,nay be a b.n tcial pracric. in regeneradng
bnclisl wai.r inigated
rd rhc
soils. Soih irrierted with war.rs b€low EC 5 dS mn may
be doubl. cropp€d wher€as rhoac
wirl ligte. sdirity Eay
bc
u!.d in roatior wirh
a fallow period for mtural ametioEtioD @hn ald Bh.trir, 19?5). The
huge
salinity build-up during tlE inigarion cycl€ h rakcn carc of by one above yearly
Eidau or nro subnormal raiDy s€aso'ls. (Dbn, 1t?). Soit EC. duriDg bhcti.sh war.r irigatio+car bc brougti
at suifacc lay.r (Jain, 1981). N.turuI prefcrnbly more
cfknve
do*!
and ESp incrssed
by mo$ooD ranxt es?@'a
rainjil or iDi.rmicr.
y
pording prcv.s
bccause tlle lcrching occurs pr€dominanrly in uisa$rated
soil at a slow rat. which alovs
glarcr
exchange by dilurion
of
salrs berwe.n
Eglors of va.ying velaili€s @iggar end Nielsor, 1962).
2.4.6.4.
Phc€m. of
s€.d5, highe.
s..d nte, dccp rilla8., eviDg insid.
rhallov turrows or double-rovr rais.d or slopiDg b€(!t
iri$tioqaEc1 ural
ad
ard plaDdDS pr.cticcl mst appropriale
ole (Erovic ,, al., 1982 and
K!rn,
lt7).
Sowitrg of
Btl.y
hcivy Prsowilg
udcr br.ckish waler by
ridt. ..d turow
Bettod at high sced nte in saline,wat r-loSgcd soil gave a yield of22.2 q ha' compared !o 1?.1 q har by crop was so\ra
ftar
rhe
fllt
as
$owing with lower seed ratc. Itr thh ncthod, the
botlom of thc ftrmw otr borh
!id6 of
thc rid8c. Thc sal$
moved on rl|€ rop of rhe ridSc r€suldng in lower salt conceo@tion ncar rba bottom
ofth. rid8. Naluwar ard Das|aiE,
1966).
orie
ation ofridS€s in th. lonh-€ast
to south-vcat dircction on saline soil inducC dcsalin tion oD thc
d a rsutl
m
h-west slope
of salr movement of sourh -wdt slop€ re.tiving Sreater
i
€Nity
ad
duntion of solar ndiatioD. Ttc ridg6 lvere 25 cn high, crNtructcd with a bas€ alsle of 60 erd spacrd 60 cn apan. Eq of 15.5 wr$ihlls,Educcd io 6.7 dS mr
o! ttc nonh-w€st slop. (Bairs fid Singh,
1966).
The ch.mical, physical and aSro-physical treltmmls of s.€ds s..dlings inducd salt tol@ncc (Sorgonov, 1964). On€ of dle rmin poor 8€rmbation o.
sadof
rhe crop in sodic
(Mang.l
ios
for the
cotrdirio$ of soil is ilt. disruprion
in dle pemabiliry of roors duc ro which it hils ro conrrol absor ion. Calciu
caus
ad
balanced ion
hav€ been rcpon€d to nainrain Inmbrane irregrity
ad Kirkby, 1979 , Cla.kson
an
l Barson, 1980).
Sc€d rr€arhetrt with
calcim salb incrq!€d s.lt lcllerrnc. of i/heat (Chiudhuri and Wicbe, Wheat
s..d soating in
3%
NaSq soludon eave highe$ yi€ld und.r inigarion \rirt
saliE w.t r (PunrrrDkar ., ai., saed
l9l)
bor no good r€sToDsc wes obliin€d whcr
so.kiq of wtet ald badcy was carri.d our
(Mmbarda .nd Bh.ndari, 1976). Hoecvcr, water, usually rcsulted
1968).
i!
pFwld.g
in higher gnin yield tbrn
c,o.r sat elutions
in loe saliniry tubeweU
seeds prcsoak€d
in NaCl or
2.4.6.5.
MarnB
aDd
fcrtiliz.rs cnhrlce the suilability of bnctirh wal€r for
inigatior. Drerring of FYM anil fcnilizers showed b.n ficial cfecl on wh€at minelS.ovn under slire SAR (Malival
Mtd
ad Paliwal,
berlcy (Paliwal
irrigarion, up to a modcrd,. lcv.l of 3alility ard
1971a, 1972). Similar v,/as rhe respo$c of maize and
.rd Maliwal. l97li Maliwlt ard Paliwrl,
paricl.s, scaw ad p.ddy yi.lds
|!ru
i[crc.ld
with
cmbind
1971b). Plad hei8ht,
appticnriors of po'dry
ald f.niliz.r undd brackilh groud waler irri8arioa (Hueir ?r
l99te). Wheal yield also incftased by tle addiiion of 5 to 20 t sandy clay loam soil irigared with ttCOrL
feflilizer decreied :s
$.
ad
h|i
at.,
of dung io a
domi[alr warlr. Ho\rcvd, respotr!€ of
l€vcl of EC ard SAR of
\l"Lr i*.c.!.d 0d
ald Sileh,
192) and $erc war no (Sharma and
l2l,
response of wheal and bartey al EC 6.3 dS mr or SAR 32
1975). Application of N beyond 90 k8 ha" did not incrcase Srain
ald srover yield of Mizc to my appmiable
al., l97l ). Application of q
h.r
on
noml eil
.ie
undd $lirc
*!cr
(vertu 4,
ZD (20 kg har) inffeased wn€at yield from 28 6 io 33
idigated
si$
saliE sodic walcr
Cre€tr matruring is also one of the useful
(kl
4 ar',
1
1980).
practiG in the manageme
of saline *aler and therefore. it should find an inponant place in crop rotation S6bania
grw
lN€U
ard Prcvidcd complec coler to thc loil compar.d to other
green manuf€ crop6 even wilh
fron
higlly
salin€ waler irdgation. wheal yield
15.7 to 20.8 q h?raffer Ploughing und€r sesbania
gEn
incrded
nanurc wDen
ini8rrion water h.d EC 10.5 dS nr (Gupt!, l9E5)
2.5.
R€cldation of salt afteted soil requires
a
lo! of wa&r for
l"chirg
qua ities of Sood of salt!. lf bBckish Sroundwater is ussl for tbis Purlose, huge quality water can be $v€d lor crop produdion from normal gy?sum ald limc in
sih,
soil For solubilizinS
salire water vould b€ very much helPtul A salinc-sodic
roil with ECe of 25 dS mr alrd ESP 60 % w6 relailn€d when simplv irrtgated
and
l..ch.d with saline
mtural gypsum and lime
*n h
r duc to sohbili2atiotr of subsiadial qu: iti€s of
the soil prcfile. HiSh Pem€abilily duitrg l€aching
eil
w.s maidaimd (Jury a a/.,
eil
rcduc€d to
rql9. Tte
sAR, ESP and pH of r saliFsodic
laf€ limits by eddition of orSdic nattcr and 8Jr'sM
slbsequent leaching wilh salinocodic
to r€.laim the soil (Khan
,t at,
(Muhamsad
1990). Combination of sub"soilirt. SJp6urn rnd
ir .€cbining
art.,
and
*[ter. I-..chitr8 with distiU.d *ate. hil€d
laching with b.ackish ercudwa&r (Ec I 8 dS nr', sAR 9 prolcd efi€.tive
of
E
and RsC 7 2 me
th€ "Khunirnwda' atrd 'Galdllra'
Ln
loil seri.s
1990).
Growing salt tol€rant grarse.vgecn manur$ with saline *ater and
iMrpor?tion hto
tb€ salt
r€clanadon. Surlan Sor8huln
ad
afrcicd soils is amlhcr $.v of uing brackish water for
grN,
Rhode.e
gnss, Bermuda grass, Sesbdit' lrplochloa'
Bajra Mplcr hybnd erc' werc 0le por.odal biotic oat riels which
nr)
Incoryoration
of thcsc into sodic soils imProved physic.l lnd cbcmic.l Propeni6
(ALei tr ai.,
were groM witl| saline or sodic watcrs (ECh 0 55 to 3 2 dS
l9EO,
AlMd
.r 4t.,
glscs wa' hclptul
Lg%lim,
d
a a!., l9E4 and AnDad ,r aa, lt90). Growing
iD an increase of organic maner
contdt, inPmvene of
infiltr.tion ratelsadrat€d hydnulic coductivity ard reducdon in EC., pH, SAR and EsP of a satt ar@ted soil (Akhrarur
al., l99o).
I4ptehloa l6ca
k t \..s,,jle
hdophvtic' Prinrry coloDizcr'
cas y propagabblc, P.rEnnid, thctDopbilic, nnrinvc spociec which @n be
c.'
dd p.lalrble forage pl'nt
growr with Poor qulity waer otr soils ratgiflg in pH 3'0 to
from 11.0, nay bc salim, sodic or salinc-sodic or wat'rlog8'd' It depl€t$ salis root zoo. and Provides bcn
r rool cnviroDn
!t
for dlc 8mw$ of o&€r Plara
(Abdurlah ,r 41., 1989, Sid{tiquc st a/., 1990. Abdullah improvenent brougnt by the growth of
gnlss,
.'
r(
'ras
obGer€d that
alhlh
89* of lotal slts wlt
'
l99o) 4ftlr
the
subs'quent cropt of ricc ald wh'3t
cvcl€ of tieldcd satisfactorilv. $hscqu€nt !o ricc-v'/hat fodders such as r€ociDt , naize anir
al
5
vcars' less tolen
could abo b€ gto\tm
(K|ll!ar'
add€d bv poor qualiiv
w!t'r
1990)'
'!!licd
le'ch€d down b€low 2m soil layer!o grow L€ptochloa ald 96% of total ouFut
Th. role ol
roots
of bi5 Pla
i!
aff€ctiDg pbvsr2l ard cheolcal prcp€nies'
(Akhtar al €speially lrydraulic Propcnics,\ras vcry itnporunt 'r
'
1990)'
.,. '.: ..:' ,,,.[}ffp,' .:,, '::. .,,..
l::,.
,,.,
-: :.:,
r:rti., .,t:,ttrr ,.l:,,-
::::litr .. ltltli:'rl
I ., r,
f,i,;1;; ,,t;;,;
::-t,, .
.:,,1
-- -,'
i:i'i.tl:.,rii:l:l::
.r. rirr.+irilirl;:::,r,:,:lrli:r r:, r.rir METHOgg,::l',,',i"
::' a:a: :t': : ::: :::l):.: :..:: ,.,:l:,r-. 'l::tii r' r:tllt.' li:i:liar' 1,. .. .:...': .... :.t:. ..tt,. :::::: :::;:::, .,::::,:::,:'.al .:
CHAPTER-III
MATERIALS AND METHODS R.sarch sodies rePoned in this mano$ripr Salinity R.s.arch
*'r'
@dud'd
at soil
lstitute Piidi Bhanian Disrrict H'nzlbad P'listrn with
lhe
Universilv of Ag'iculhrre' official approvat of Direcbr, Advanced Studi€s' experme s studics comPdsed of otre field md two lvsimetcr Fasalabad. Thc
Various smtcFes on uE Details of each cxPerinetrt are dscribed rcpantelv
of bnckish
v.l.r
ue
for crcp production werc inv€stiSat'd Lysimel'r exPerimeots
were plam€d to invesdgate a long lht ol
ftahcnts while rclettcd t€chniqu6 *erc
verifi€d under fi€ld @ndi1io6
3.1
two
Bulk soil was collccted from rhc turfacc (Glscm) or out in th€ diff€rent fieldr for sludv 1 and 2 studv 3 was carried
field ( PdsulPur soil series ). Chcmical by
tmlvsis
obBining rcPreidlldYe emplcs ( Tlble 3 l 5E
of soil wd
omp|eted
) Th€ Pnysicd
TJ}
'.I
lr.ti. a.ryb-d d
C)
t s.N
Nlr
Nil
Nil
5,b
afi
t.35
*
r ,h
,
x,/,
59
1,6!
propertics wete determin d fiom the undistubod
loil corc dEwn simulta&oalv
(Table 3.1). Values of Eq, and Sodim Adsorptiotr
sMy I &
ktio
of
2 bad Do salinity/sodicity problcm- Soils had a m.dium t.xnre (sarry-
clay loam) and Sood hydrsulic conducrivitv similarlv.
3dlr, msrodic wi$
Study
l:
sil
TcxtuE Sood hydraulic coDductivilv
clay loan) itr surface O-15
3.2
indicrt€d fiat lhc soil
m sil
of trudv 3 *a!
non_
s/r! nediun (sandv
dcP$ snd lieht (sandv loam)
h
15-30 cm
Managing hackish water for sustained rice ard wheat Droduction.
ror'tion for lwo This snrdy was conducied in lvsim€ten on rice-wheal
3.2.1
Trcametrs of |hb er(periElnt vcre:
Tr = 'fz =
Canal watcr
alon for all
tDc cmpc in dle
btaiion
Bnc*ish waar alorc for a[ tbe dops b dE rotadon'
60
Tr =
Blending of canal and brackish waer
T. =
Altemte irigation
cach oi
(l:l)
tor all the croPs in lhe
caBl and br&kish warer for atl thc ctoPs
in rhe rctatioD.
Tr =
Ri@ idgaied wilh bractish waler ard elE2t witb canal
(s€iloul
To =
Mt'r
cYcle)
Fi.sr two c.ops
irri8lt d *irh
brackish water and subs€qu€nt rwo
with caMl water (Yeady cycle).
Tt =
crop esbblishment with canal
wa1er (liret two
inigatioru) in v€arlv
cYcle (T6)
Tr =
Btutish
$il
Tc =
water (T,)
+
rice straw {@ l0 t har) iicorpont'd ino
0l.
at hawat of €ach rice cmP.
Brscxish waLr
(T,)
+
SyPsum cdculatcd bv
E3tont formuh on
ro dE soil Sypsuln r€quiEn€nt basb ol wat€r used and added
afi.r
the hrwest of €ach crop,
To -
Brackish water
(T) + H1sO4 added to the soit (with
equivale lo mtralize COrt + HCOi of waler
T,' =
Y€srly cyclc (TJ
+
each ndBation)
us€d
grcen mnurc (Ssbania) @ l0 I
beforc.ice tntrpladarion.
6l
har
3.2.2
Soil in bulk
%
brouglt to
greeGhous. atd Packcd in cemenl
tlne
lysin.ters wirhout grinding and sieving Dinensios of lysimrcrs were I x 0 m. Unifom packing of soil columG
(disrilled water)
ad
(9r0
l
cn) were ach'evcd through allernate vel
ad
dry cycls. Occdional wa
drv cycl6 w€r. follo*.d
uril
well developed soil colum$ werc oblained. Experinent was start.d after oh'inin8 a bulk density
of 1.5 Mgni (n@rer
10 the
oriSiml otre) The tvsimelers were
arnnS€d accordiry to Complet ly Randomi4d D6i8n (CRD) with thre€ rcpeals al|d irrigation tr€atmed! wert imposed durirS growth of crops The cxp€nment
was started wirh rice transpladatiot and followed by wheat' other derails regsdin8 crcps ar€
nc
ioncd in seclion 3 6
1
Tlvo crops of ric. as weu .s wheat were
nhed Soil wplcs (Gt5
cn) *.rc obhiDed for aEtysis of chemical md phvsical PrcPcnies ar han€$ of ric. ald
*hst,
whole ol tie ly3iwters *G@ s.mPl€d $ tlE
€d
(4th crop). Lysimcte6 lrerc oPcn for leching at the bottom
I
of th'
w'U
o$cnmnl
as 1o
rainfall
$$ughout th. cxperimental P€riod R.infall data w€rc rccorded scpanrclv (APp'
l5).
62
3.3
SustaiDable wbrx and fodder productivity brackfuh w.ter.
Surdy 2:
Thir stlldy was dso
ud.rt*cn h lysimetm or
v/h.n-.orghum
(fodd.r>whc.r-Daie (ftdd.r) rot rlod for two yc{rs. The 3!rdy lrr!
wla! i[ wier s.$or
3.3.1 Tr = Tr = T, T. -
which
C{nal water aloE for all th. crops
Bnctbh v{€r .loE fo..ll tb
*a. snrud b alen ..
h ttc rot tioL
crop6
ir th.
roa.tioD.
Bk djrg ot c.El !!rt bnctid x,rt r (r:r) for rll th. cnp. io rh.
Alcmar€ inigador csch of c|n|l ard bractilh $&cI for
rll
rh. cropt
rcs{io[
W).ar irrig$cil wi6 brrcldlh
,rl
To =
stdy-l
itirind fi![r
TreaErcnts
in rh!
Tr -
itr cooF.sr ro
l,ith
neizc) witt
nrcr
aod &|mm!f
foddl(| (rorghum
c.el rrt r.
Finr tm cro!6 iniSd.d yidr bn tieh wirh ca[al war.r (Y..rty cych).
6l
etl.r.rd
$!.cqu!Dr
tm
Tt =
Crop €srablishlDcnt with canalMlcr (fint
tm irigtionr)
in
v..rlv
cycl. (T6)
Tr =
AncEsh
Tr =
Snckish wacr (T:)
tt.t r (Tr) +
+
Ferm vard nnnrr€ @ 20 t
htr an€r wEst
gvpcun crlculat d by F'ton's formula on
gypton r.quircment besis of {'.lcr ulcd ald rddcd to thc aoil rftcr lhc harcst of crch crcP.
To = Trr =
Brlckish war.r (T,) + H,sq addcd to th. ioil with cach iniS.tion
cquivaldt !o tr.utnliz.
COi + HCqL of !t:t€r ul.d'
Y€$ly cyclc (TJ
Srccn manuI! (s€sbrnia) @
+
lo'rh'n rfr'r
hrrvat of wh..l.
3.3.2.
Melhodology Almo.t
slE
mcthodoloty !5 dcsribcd
utdd snldv-l
was tdoPted
wnh chanSc of crop rotniotr to wl|€.t-sotglNm (fodd.r)'wh.al-st!izc(foddc.). variour
irrillion
trcstrEnB alonSwith anendrn.nts (wh.r€ nc.dcd)
wct apllicd
ar daailcd abovc. Thc flrm yrrd manur. (FYM) appli.d in Tr $/.! 'rEll dccomposcd and K ehich
sd
collcct d ftoln mircd aninds. lt hrd 0 6, 0.4 ard
l
wc€ countcd in fcniliz€r elculations for lhis tr.ament.
g
3
*
N. P
3.4
Sndy
3:
Soil herlth care duriDg groudwater inigatiod of ric€-wheat system.
A
filu crFrilaoa
oo rtcc-wh..! roaali@
of Soil s.lid(y R...d.h
l!.th.,
'I!b ,t
&r.
dy cortinFd for
3.4.1
s|!
cooins.d |t lh. Frtu
Pidi 8brh4 Dildica Hrftrb{d, I'*irar'
ycaE.
Tr€rm€m
Ifd, crpcdd wi! c.nicd art wflt lh. 6lovl4
Ea@ fiw lyli@r
!.lcccd
crpcrhc.!.
Tr - crd wu.f itdgd@ to ri..!d {,n n T, = ftb.wll w.ar inigrtid to ricc id *n .a. Tr - S..6@il Cyclic ur€: ltballcl ruat fot rica ald calal ertar for Tr -
S.rond Cyclis u!. ricc
+
S€b.dr Crcn Duu! @
l|ntphothS,
6J
r0
a
!. r) b.forr
Tub.e€u vater
T,
(T, +
thc balis of delta of
rucwaf4sq
T6
Cypdun (c5lothLd
vr|.r
tv Eabn's
formoln on
for crops adil added beforc lowing of ealh
cai'"renr to cq! + Hcorr of
v/ .r
(applicd
with cach inigalion).
3.4.2
Methodoloqy
Ficld
$!
pEparld by plougbirg !!d
F
ldliDg
$
t!qui..d for low
land rice. sesb€ni. was ircorporated 30 days blforc s|3nhg $llag. op€mtions in
ihc
plo{s
ofT.. All r.aments
wcrc lrraogcd in
rccoid.e
compLL Block D6igD (RCAD) cobprbing of4 rtplicatic E
x3
as
ni Recombeded culNral praclices
with R
[email protected]
td
sub-plor siz.
of
and fertilizer applicatioN wcrc followed
d6.rib€d in lh! lder s€dioo on croF.
3.5
IRRICATION WATERS:
3.5.r
Cs||!l .5 q€ll a! br.cthb ivater wcr! u.td to ilrigetl diffcr€n crops.
66
calat water had etecrical cotrductivilv (EC) 0 21 ds mr and sodiun Adsorptpn Ratio (SAR) O.t (
n
(RSC) (Tablc mol L')rn and no r$idu,l sodium carboM€
3-2). Bnckish water us.d iD
.t!dv I & 2 was prcPared bv
dissolving NaCl'
an EC Na,sor. Caclr and MgsO. salls into distill€d t aer in Proponions to attain
of2.0
dS
sAR,Rsc
mr ad SAR of 180 (nnol
a
ni,
warer
15.s8(m mol
ws
Characteri4tion criteia lik€
(Table 3 2) t adjusted SAR (Adj sAR) were $en compuied
Deternin€d vltues ds
L)''
Li)r',3.3
of Ec. SAR, Rsc me
and 30 33 (m
Lr
and Adj sAR wete
1 99
nol L)rn (Table 3 2) This
Relrmation adjudged untit in @tlSoriz2don bv Dircctodte of Mona
(Haider and Farooqi. 1974) and narginal under libelal clssification
ofwAPDA'
(YuNs,1977). Thc gadc altotEd to lhis warer undcr FAo classification 'ra! "increasing problems (Westcot and
oi salinily and spccific ion toxiciry Nar+ and HCOi)
Aye6, 195, AveE
and
w6t@t,
The suiobility for iniSation
1985)
uder U S' Salinily t'ab (1954)wasCt
S, ftigh saliniry ald high sodicitv) The mgniudes of adjusted SAR for nixture of synlhetic
8.39 (m mol
L')'2,
2
5
me
Lr'
ltd
SAR RSc
caml wat'r ( l : I ratio) wec
14 44 (In mol
category Cr S, (bigh salinilv, medium
Ec
L')r"
I
aDd
l I dsm
which Placed
it
"
und€r
todicitv) margiml with moderaE Por'Dial
problem of salinity^odicity. Similar was the qMlny of ntbewetl
61
*'ter
(EC =
I 43
^dra
'
^d
SrR
_ p4 -
-
.r
SAR"
ld.ro. w&
ll
(r)
+ (3.4-Dg,}|
o(-p{) + plo+M,
a p(^lL)
6E
iniSate tte field dS mr. SAR=6.50, RSC=5.70 md Adj SAR 15 86) applied to crops
undd slu(ty 3. Th. values of
water wcre nore thatr 9
Mi
sAR for svnthctic' nirt'lrc ard tubew'll
0 (criiical) which uder classification of
Wesrcor ard
Aye6 (19?5) could rmpoF were prcbl.m of sodicitv if nol managcd-
Ouantities of canal and brackish water. Study- I
Totd volumc of cinal and brackish water
used
$lelv
to grow cfops of tb. rotadon under v&ious trcattmnts {Fis. 3.1). Only €nal and brukish watcr @mparc thcir inPact also lpplied
*4
us€d in
ves kePt utrifo'm
T, and T: tespecdvelv to
eilh other inigtion st€r.gics. Bmcrth eater alorc
h T!. T, and Ttu bul it
.qul
was
effbd was countemcted wilh rice straw
tEd 50% stEre in rypsum and H,SOI rcspecively Both w.lers mix€d in
or conjunctivelv
T,6
dtese wcre
ratio. Alternde nritation with each water was donc
in
T. bv
urilizing 53% caDal and 4?% brackish water. In seasonalcvclic use (Ttonlv 12% @tr,l wacr vas suPpli€d wheres its share wa! nised
&T,').
When crcP establishme
t() 50 496 in
w$ obtaired wnh canal water i!
CIr). its proponion was increased
10 51
6%
69
vorlv cvclc T. 'bc
verlv cvcl'
3.s.2.2
str.&gies of water usc in T,' Tr, Tt' T., Tr' T, and Tre sanc
r!
clrborrtEd sboYc
(st$t-l). h s.a$Ml cvcL Or)
onlv
38
*qc
canrl
u'
wdlr
in ttris crop roarlon !va! ulcd whilc it! volune v,/as reduced to 36% in ycarly cycle
(Fis 3.2). wrEo 3t'!d e.tablishEd \t/at also cyclc (T'), its shflc was rabed
to4l%
Stid
with c$al
w'lq
in
lc{rlv
Thus' 62,64and59% brackish water
udlizal for crop ProduclioD udcr thc.. lhr€€ iniStlion
tam€
w$
s'
Thc c.ops wer€ iniglt€d wirh canal ard tubewell water alom trouShout ir
Tr rid T, r.spaivclv. Unds s"soBl
cyclic ulc
Or)
rice ctop
shffing 24 % and was growD with bra.Xith \rater a!)d \^'h.ar wilh canil watrr, €ach 7696 of dE rot l dcta in
.rch croppinS v@r of tl|c vhoL
Friod
ln dE reo'ining
high re.rEmnrs, only orbew€ll !r/st r was u!.d. To neutrdize the €ffect of
sypsum.qu.l
10
warer rcquir.ment was
Rsc'
applid io T5 Whcr'zs fl,SO. ald Srtt|r
rn€rurt (s.sbcdr) {l€re addcd in T. md T' r.spcctivelv b€forc rice trll$Pbnlltion to s.t aside the ill eff€cts
?0
500
Ec.n.t w.ld
EBrlckrsh
w.t.r
p *: 300
t
E 200 E
9 100 T1
12
lll
f4
T5 T'
T7
T8 T9
TIO
T11
T16atm6nts
Caial and brackish water uscd in sMy-l
Fig.3.ll
120
Eced
wabr ABr.cklsh wat.r
t0o
E
460 E10
E 20
f2
T3
T4
T5 i6
T7
m
Tl, Tto T11
Tr6atm€nts
Fig.3.2:
CaMl ald brrckish wa@r u!.d iD sMy-2
1l
Crops. Cultural Practices. Fertilizer and Crop Data
3.6
Seven seedlings of ricc \l€re
but
fou
ww
transpla
ed
were mintained ait€r establishm.nt. Inigation with resp@tive wares
given daily to kecP th€ lysim€ters Perln neniy
uprmt€d
in@ch lvsineler ofsfidv_l
mmutly, Ri@ \tas
after h@ing the
sil
harv€sled at
wet Weeds' if
maurity wheat
were
s€eds were PlaDted
in lysimel€rs upto l0 cm- Four wheat Plant! \rere Mhciined
in e2ch lysimercr. Uniform quantitv of l|alcr 1ras aPPlied one week. Crop was hrvestcd
anir T,0
uy'
l
4
per r€amelts atur
maturhv. Gvpcum atd H,SO. *€re aPPlied in Te
rsp€.rively, while !i@ smw ad s€sbrnia were imorponred i! T! ard T,I
lysineters- Subs€que rice and wtEal croP! weE grown accordine to |be
tebniquB explained abolc. Itrfomatio. on v.ricti€s' sowing aid hanstins dats and
qwlily of feniliEls apPli€d has b€en prcsenk'd
anat
talf N
was applied at sowing and half
in Teble 3
N wa!
3 All P a t K
loPdressed 25
d'vs atur
traNptandng of dce. S4ond dosc of N to wl€at wG added afler 20 d'vs of
swing. Das on fenile liller6
plant hcight and vield was r@rded at
12
mluritv of
3.6.2
This
s
dy was skrred
f.on
wheat in winter season BeiDg aho ihe
lysiner.ric sMy, almost similar, pr@cdure on crops ard cultunl pr&rics oas .dopted as under study-l Whea! sotBhutn
dd maiz
crops were Smwn
n
rnc
seqMce of wbear-sorghum (fodder)-wheat'maize (fodder) FYM, Svpsum and H,SO. wcrc aPplied in Tr,
T' ad Tn rcsPccqvelv ehilc *sbania w$ i@rPora|al
in T1, lysinel.6. Th€ information on varietios swing $€ll
6
fcdilizer ha5 b€en presenGd in Table
3-l
ed
harvesting dat$ as
Wbcat crop6 w'r€ harvArcd at
mandty and dalA on tertile 1ille6. plant hei8h1, 8r'in a d straw vield were recorded. Dry
3.6.3
biona$ of sorgbum
and maize wa! rccorded
Study-3
This study was staned b ueld tiom rice
Thie
crops each of rice and whar *ere grown in 3
l99l
yars
and followed bv wheal'
The cmp rotation wa5
ptoughing and Puddling for rice-wheat as under siudy_I. Field was prcPared bv plots d@. Sesbatria was ircorporat€d 30 davs before $aning tiUage op€rations in of T.- Cypsun ald HrSOr wcre applied h T, and Td rcsPecdvelv Per requirmcnl prcpared of rh6e rreatrnents. Rice c.oP was haivested al maturity Seed bed was
7l
Cr.g
otl
tF|& rb
h.of Sdtld
or
dttr.- d.
Dr.
ofxrt
tdta
E
duElfr-ldl
&l 10
t2.t2,tgx
20.It,lrl
g|&2
&&:r 23,ll.t99l
22A,t9t1
14
or subs€qued whe-at tbmuSl plougling ard
pla*irg .!d
croP
*"r
sovn
!t
dE
moisur€ of field qpacity. lnfo@don on varieli.s, sowing and hflesliDg dat€s and fenilizer
i!
8iv€n in Table 3.3- TiUcrs and pltnl heignr of rice ard whear were
.ecord€d
iom I x I
hnnested
dd
m nndon at 3 places
ftoh sch !lo1 wbile
whole plot vas
tharhed for srlaw atd grain yield dall.
3.7 .1
Soil sarnpl.s w.rc @Ued.d fron G15 cln (lyslneter expc.irne s) after ftc
hd.st
study
-l
and 2
of scb crop. At rhc eni of expcriEe s,
whole of tne soil colurms wcre sampl€d ar deprh! of
$npling at trcc depinr (0-15,
h
Gls,
15-30 and
30{0 cn.
15,30 and 3G6O cm) al prc-sowing ard pcsr
harv$t of @cn crop was complet€d in sMy-3 (fi.Id experim€ot). Th6e sarnltes
wcre
airtied aid
par!€d tbrcugh 2nu[ sicv.. Utrdishrbed s1mpt6 wdc
simultan€ously obtlined using sp€cially derigmn cnre augcrs ald analysed for
physicrl p.op.niB. An lysis woik was
clrrid @t ir
thc labontorics of Soit
salinity Research hsrinrte! Pindi Bhr ian, Disr. HatEabad, pujab, pakisran. M€6ods enployed were thos€ d€scrib.d by the U.
75
S_
Satinity lrborarory
S6ff
h 6e text. All t|i€ calculadoN soil
werc
*!i8l
3.?.1.1
z.
rt p|r rod ol s.tunred sol Fstq (Method 2). pll ol lrlur cd loll lanc (pIIs): By PH mct r Mod€l Orion Rc$rrch Microprocc.rsor
3.
q) usins combimdon clecuodc (M€Ood 2l)
ELctricrl conductivlty ot srturation Bridg. Modcl XARL KOLB WTW
ellr*t
LFl9l
(ECJ: with th. h€lp of s,olu
cottducrivitv m€tcr using 0 01
N KCI for $andardiation (Method 3a and 4b) Sohble cqlcium
+
|nrgE€slum: By lhtadon against slardad EDTA usin8
Ntt CI+NH.OH b{tf.r ald Eri6hrcmc Black T indistor (Medod ?). 5.
Soluble sodiud. From s.$ration exmcl bv
naN-
pholotnctcr (Mcthod
rra).
6.
Cerbor.le
.
bk!.bon{e: By itration vitn
slatdard HrSO. utittg
phcmlphtlnl.h ad mcthyt ormgc itxlic4oE rarpeclivelv (Method l2)'
?.
Chloridc: By timrion
wift stad.rd AgNO'
using K:COI indicator
(Mdhod l3).
8.
Sulphrt : By differcirc.. tTSs TSS
usin8 gnph
fl
= Torll
soluble
page 12 of USDA
inmcl-r-(CO; +HCO1r+cl'l slt5 in mc Lr oblaircd from EC. in dsnr
H!fllhx)k No 60
9.
SAR: Nar'(Ca + Mg)'2. wh.n the concentration of soluble cations is giv.n in m
10.
ml Lr
(M.thod 20b).
GyDrutr rcqoh.ment (GR): By Sctoomver\ m.lhod (MctIDd 22O.
3,7.1.2 P[ysicnlPrcpetia!
l.
PardclFsiza sD.sbBis: Ilydrometer mclhod as d$crib€d by Moodie er ar. (1959). rnrc@doMl riarglc
2.
wa us.d for d€sigutitrg EJ(fur.l class.
Burr tleDsig (d!)r By obbinins @rE $npl€N, ovcn dryrng and weighinS (Mcrhod 38).
3. 4.
Pdlde
det|slly (d!): UsinS pycmrnd.r (Method 39).
Porstty (r)r &lculat€d from bolt
dcDsity
.!d panicb ddrsity (M.thod
40). D
5.
= dF:-d!
Itydndic corductivity E): Fron Modcl DIK-4050 (Method 34d.
6.
vold rdio
(c): c = qt'L
77
soil corer in
r
hlling-b€3d penncator
3.7.2
Ele{rricEl conductlvlty: With the help of Solu BridS€ Model KARL
l
KOLB WT\v LF
l9l
CoDductivit, neler uing 0.01 N KCI soldion for
staldardizltion (Mcthod ?2)Calclum + magn€slum: By titralioD with EDTA using NI{.CI+ NHpH
2.
buffer ard Eriockome Block T idicator (Mebod 7).
Sodirm: By Flamc phototut r (M€tbod
3.
C.Ibomtes
rrd
8Ob).
bicarbonater: By litratiotr t{ith standard H$O. using
phenolphthalein and methyl orang€ idicators respectively (Method 82).
illdi.ator (Mettod 84).
5.
chrortirc: By dratiotr wift ABNoj ushg
6,
SAR: Na/(Ca + Mg)ra. WLn thc coocedrtioD of €IPnss€d in
n
mol
+
RSC: (CO,
7.
Lr
&cro.
soluble etions i5
(Melhod 20b).
HCOJ
- (Ca + Mg).
corc€ntrador beiry
i!
mc
(Esron, 1950).
E.
Adjusted SAR
(rdi. SAR): Qlculated uins
Adj. sAR
wlercpH" =
pfr 's
pK-pri
obraiad frorn
p(Ca,+
+ Mg,+)
+
=
SA&"
thc followins
tl + (8.4 - pHJ
p(cf* + M8,) + pAlk_
Ca r M8F + NaF.
is obrained Aom Ca,+
p Alk is obtained rrom
+
Mg1+.
COI + HCoJr (wil@4
?8
1966).
forlular,
Ll
9. Gnm ttSrrh.!.d of eda! OR ofv.lcr - A + B + C wt.Ic A = Nr't X 0.43 - (C.,+ + lrs+1h@ I'r, B-(Cq'+HCO,'.)X0.7 C = 0,5 (Brron, l95()).
3.8
STAflI'UCALANALYSIS:
fh! &!r of
vrbD
coucct d
(ANOVA) (SEd
t|a@b *!rr
|bot rolt |Id crt0. slfc nbitLd b
id
Drd. rlcoitfbS!o
Tdtir,
1960)
DlM'.
n
ely.ir
ldividld c{D|rlbol bcwc.r
MultiobR.!8.T.!t(DuDr, 195t.
CHAPTER - IV
RESULTS
crenhoue sudi6 cohprissl of two pot expe.imenq wh€3t and the other on wheaHorglum
continued for two
ye6. Ther.
ih. @mpt€tio! of om
$,ere
(foddet-whe3t-mi4 (foddet rotations and
cl.v.n t@tments i! pot exPerimcnt
c crop6
but after
crpcrim.nEtiotl, six tr.a6€ors w.r. s€lect d for
'€.
v.rificaior ulde ttc fEH coDditions. Th.
rlll
onc on ncc-
fiGld trial
contioed for 3 vcats atd
ach of rie ald vb.at q/er. 8mM in rice-wb€at oration. Th.
results
obbincd aE pEseDted under difrcrent s.ctions.
4.1
Study-l:
Managing brackish water for sustained rice and wheat production.
4.1.1
4.l.l.l
ruers Tillerin8 of
bBckbh w.ter
te
apdi@non
(Tl to T,,).
80
waler enhanced it a
lil
(s@ond crcp of rctation) were almGr |he
siSnifica! difrer€,aA *.re ot6.Ned in
54e
lM
ol
in all rhe ireatdeols Howevcr'
s@|d .ice coP
robrion). Canal iriSanon G,), alrcmt€ krigalion gypsum (T,), H:SOI
fiat whsr
c bur non-siSnilicandy (Table_4.l) Tiue6 of
(ahi.d crcp of
(Tr, s6ond
th.
cvcle (TJ'
(Tr) attd geen manuring (TL') werc sinilar soislicallv while
mixing (Tr), yearly cycle (T.), slatd establishnent (T') atrd rice sra* itr@rporation
Co
inuous
(\)
ue of
were at par among dremselves brackish water
(T,
was at lhe
blt inferior ro lhe tbmer gloup' bolbm wi$
wheres yearly cycle + green manuring (T, J surnout€d
a neatr value of
c.anal water bv
53
@rding
8,3 tille6. This par-.meter was not found to be siSniircant a82in in s€cond wheat
(fdrl
crop)
allh@$ rrE numerical
valucs werc lower @DPated t(,
nut whcd
4.1.1.2 sraw Yield: The differences in various trestncnis were mn_significa for rhe
fisl
rice crop (Table 4.2). Hol'ever, siraw of ssond c.op (wheat 1990'91)
signifi@ntly highe.
it
g@n manurcd pot5 (T,L) |han
waler iriSation. Altemale irriSation (T.)
(T,
bur
wa
snl|
better $an sole
as well
N
btukish
of brackish water
cmpaFbl. with caEl w.rer !s well N 8@n mmnng 8l
d
ws
(I")
All
rhe
T.bL 4.l
'n[.!trg d croF fio, n Tillc.r
d) b &4fl Phd' Ric+1991
Ri€-1990
r99G9l 12.6
r9r-92
?.3 ABC
6.6
n
t2.6
7.1
5.3 D
5.1
T,
13.4
7.O
6.9 BC
5.6
T1
!0.5
?.E
7.5 ABC
6.2
T,
10.9
7.6
t.2 AB
6.7
n
ll.5
7.8
6.8 BC
10.4
6.7 CD
6.2 5.8
r0.E
7.3
6.2 CD
T,
ll.5
7.3
7.1 ABC
T,o
It.5
7.O
?.5 ABC
6.4
TN
12.2 NS
7.5 NS
E.3
A
6.5
NS =
NS
NoHigrtfi.ad
Vducs stl8ri!8 sane
lat r in €8ch cdunrr diffcr noD-singnific|ntly
n
Tablc 4.2
Slmr yl.ld (oren-dded
8
Dlul ')of c.oF in sludv'-
Ricl990
Ricc-1991
t99l-92
1990-91
26.6 AB
?,6 AB
T,
26.3
8.E BC
T,
25.0
8.0
Tr
29.4
9-6 ABC
22.9 B{:
7.6 A3
10,' AB
23.4 ABC
6,5BCD
T.
c
l?.9
c
5.8 D
A
T,
24.6
8.5 C
24.9
T.
26.O
8.2 C
25.9 AB
6.9 A3C
T,
25.3
8.7 C
24.3 AB
6.6 AECD
26.5
9.2 AaC
25-3 A3
6.3 CD
3l-6
9.6 ABC
24.0 AB
6.6 ABCD
27.6
7.7 C
24.E AB
6.1cD
28.7
10.9 A
21.9 BC
6,6 ABCD
T.
T"
NS
NS -
NS
NoFsigEifica
Valu6 shainS $ne lerer in €ach @tumn differ
83
other tr€atment! statisticllly beh.ved alike The differcnces
c
€nddl in
6e of
mosl inferior third crop (second rice) wher sole use ot brackish water b€clrne fte
with
a
mstr valu. of l?.9 I planrr against 26.6
g
Plaff'
for canal
*aLr'
The
sle
us. was sBtisliglly comparable witl mixing, alternarc iniSalion and grctn naNring ehereis all $e orher ftaunentr were supenor' Tnc b'$ srnegv
seNDl
cycle whh a value of 28 9 g plaDcr' This
cven in cde of sccond wh@t
Condnuous use
itr
4
quc r€nained at the toP
(fount h the robtion) Minng, altemte iniSation'
yclrly cycle, cmP essb[snnent. gvpsun a par anong $emselves
teh
was
d
Iten masrinS wcre s|ltjsli@llv
at
well as with canal waEr ar rhe end of the experiment'
of blackish waler
remained at th€ bo(om while rice sra$'
.poration and H2SO. matched with it
4.1.1.3
Adverse etrdr ol bBckish water
wd
slower and it might take som'
rime !o delinc croP yields- The differcnccs atnong varioos irriEation sEategia w€re nor found to be si8nifi@n1 for
yield of the
(Tr. M@
lhid
n$t two
croPs (Table 4
3)
However' paddy
crop was affeded negadvelv bv brackhh waler applicadon alone
yield of9.?
I Plaff' was obtaincd *ilh
bnckish water ir'igded polr
to be the most againsr 13 2 g Planr' for qnat wate. This treameri was adjudS€d
84
T!b|.4.3
Prddy/grrh treE of cmPs (g plsnt
\
ir Siudv-r
Ricel99t
Ric.-199O
t99t-92
l99G9l
L
14.0
7.4
l3-2 AB
7.2
T,
r3.9
5.9
9.7 E
4.4C
TJ
14.0
6.4
11.8 CD
6,2 AB
T1
11.9
6.5
ll.4
6.2
Tr
l4.o
6.t
r3.E
6.1
tz.1
w:
5.5 AB
n
r3-8
6.1
I3.O AB
6.5 AB
Tr
t3.7
6-2
lr.8 CD
6,4 AB
T,
14.0
7.3
l2-8 BC
6.4 AB
13.6
6.E
13.2 AB
5.6 BC
13.8 NS
6.2
t2.9 B{:
6.7 A3
Ns =
D
6.9 AB
NS
Non_signifi@trt
valu.s sharing same letler in
4h
|3
column diffG' non-singnilica
65
ly
inferior
{hilc sea$nrl cvclic
use
6
w$
the nost suP'rior {14 0 8
welt as
rie
straw incorPomtion (Tr) was found
(T) / aller$tc iniSarion
CIr)
signiircandy hiShq than
T1 A statistic{l sinilaritv
warcr
(T),
application
*3
record€d among
seasoml cycle (Tr)' establishment with caral water
(T'J. Ther
e
trearmen6 excepl seasoMl cvcle wete also similar to
o'4r'cd
ol brackish warer bur cul shod und'r vdious t€cbniques- Thc
calcula@d losses were 10
6,
13
6 atrd 10 6 % for nixinS' alttrnate irrigalon and
better ricc straw imorPoratiotr respccilely R6t of ole reann'nts wcre
of aforc"mention€il and yield locrls were not siSnificlnt An incrcase obscrved in seasonal cycle
6c
|ne
6 % eas
of founh croP €nd wheat in lhc
lolldon) ard grain yiel.l losses were raised to 39 % itr lignifica.tly higher lhat all the orher tteatnents except with role u!. of bnckisb wa&r wnh a and
tbd
(TJ but it was nor_signiffcant stathti€ally Hamtul
effect! of bnckish {arer intensified in
o T,
c:Ml
(T, and Hlso'
y€arly cyclc, gypsm aod 8rc€r n|2nure A lots of26 5 % Paddv vield
with conliNos
Mixing
Plalr)
bs
of 22
%
86
Thes€ losses
IlSq
{cr€
which was ai par
AU th€ oth'r
T,') prcved su@stul in minimizinS lhe vi'ld
can l wa(er staliltically
Tl
retlnens (Tt'
losser md match€d wi|n
4.t.2
sical
4.1.2.1
Bulk desity indic{.s mass of utrit bulk volume whilc poroaity ard void tatio are the derived propcniG cipressing rrrio of por€s !o paniclc dcnsity
ald bt k d€nsity, rerPectivcly. Th. htlk dentity PrcDpdy hrigatiotr with satine sodic water and rftcr only
oE
ircrd.d
aE
r.sult of
crop (nce-1990) a significa
incr€ase was recorded. (Table 4.4). krigalion of successive oops in lhc rotation
kcpr it coNtaDtly increasing ard at $e
b.
1.6E
Mg Dr agsi$! l.5o Mg
bracbsi warer
hr
cld of f@ih crop for
c{al
at the harvest of each crop lr,erc
its Yalue was found to
war.r. valus for sole usc or
sigific.!fly
bigh€r
tu[
d||t of $c
Mixing, alrernate irrigation, yearly cycle, crop eslablishme md gr€en manure were at par wilh sole ure of brackish vatcr at hrrvest of the lirst and se.ond crops-
Afte. third cmBvalu6 w.rc signific€lily lowet th.n solc
of br.ctirh Mter. S.isoral cyclc, ricc st aw imorporatioA Bypcun ard
tca[ne
s
r@he
s afiecled mD{igrificady crccpt
w€rc com?arabl€ with canal
&Sq
*ar.r aff.r sc.ord crop. Howcvcr, all
hrryest of third crop. Al dlc .trd of thc
N
87
thc
*Lr alorc ar U. cyclic w (Tr, T6 ard T'),
of hactiah
clp.rinmt,
use
sol dry burk
nl) h
(Ms
'htrsiiy
Studv-l
Ricc-1991
Riel99O
t99t'92
199091
1.50 B
1.51CD
l.6r A
1.63
T1
l
54 AB
T.
TI
1.48 B
1.50
l
Bc
67
A
I.6E A
t.55 ABCD
l.116
B
1.55 B
t.55 A3
r.57 ABCD
l
47 B
l-54 B
TJ
L56 A.B
1.52 BCD
l.5t B
t.45 C
n
1.61
l
1.49 B
|.47 C
T,
1.55 AB
1.59 ABC
l
rA7 C
Tr
1.54 AB
1.52 BCD
l.5l B
l
T"
1.56 AB
L52 BCD
1.46 B
l.45 C
I,57 AB
1.48 D
t.47 B
1.49 BC
L55 AB
L60 ABC
L47 B
l -46 C
T,.
A
A
52 AB
valu€s slEring sainc letFr in eact column ditrer
68
49 B
mcsinSlifisndy
52 BC
nfiure eerc clsrty
&?6m od
green
canal wa€r.
Miiing
and altemate
betG. dBn otber rrealmen|s ald similar to
irigatun proved suPcrior to sole !e or bBckish
*ater bur comparable {ith .ice sraw incorporation, HISO., and canal water to kEp tbe bLllk density favourable.
4.t.2.2
Porosity of thc
sil
gnduUy decre.scd wilh continuou
E
or
brackish water (Table 4.5). It was significanny lower in backish warer r€3rmenl
(31.3 %) as compared with canal water (38.9 %) at tle end of oe experim€nt (afi€r four
cropt. All
han€st of
fist
tne r€atlncnls were comparable to bractish warer an€r the
crop cxcQt
a@l watcr. Imper of t@trnc
s soDewhal changed
at th€ h.rvest of sccond crop and seasonll cycle. rice straw incoQoation, SJpsun
,nd H,SO. became bett r ftahents than sole use of brackish water and other straregies.
The
trc{rnents eere $aisiically sinila. ro rhat wirh
similiiude eist€d bdwee. atl rhe
ramenc exc?t
use
c@l valcr, A
of caMl water aner lhe
third crop. Season l cycte and gypsum wefe foDnd io be the besl trearments with
Gp.cr lo porority bur identi@l stadsti@lly to atl th. otEE mixing md alterna| irrigalion afier wzler
w6 $€
foud crop. How.vcr,
mosl inferior. 89
b€sides sole us.
sole use of
btukish
Table 4.5
Soll Foroday (S) ll| Sludt-r
$[
Ricc-l99l
Ric€-1990 1990-91
t99t92
T,
38.74 A
38.37 AB
39.70 A
38.93 ABC
n
34./15 C
33.43 D
3r.93 B
31.27 D
'._
37.10 ABC
36.57 ABCD 40.53
A
36.70 C
T{
36.ElABC
36.03 ABCD 40.13
A
37.00 BC
5.34 ABC
3't.97 tiBC
38.3?
A
4.61 A
T6
34.53 BC
33.87 CD
39.t7 A
40.00 ABc
T,
36.46 ABC
34.97 BCD
19.17
A
2to.l3 AEc
T,
37.m ABC
37.93 ABC
38.2! A
3?.93 ABC
T,
36.23 ABC
37.% ABC
().€
A
40.67 A
35.98 BC
39.57
40.00
A
39.33 ABC
36.56 ABC
34.70 BCD
To
Valucs shrnng
soe l.tEr
A
€.13 A
in €ach @lurnn difier noo-siI8niir€nfly
90
40.27 AB
4.t.2.3
of firsr Void Brio was nor affecteil significa lv duriDg irrigstior crop, alrhouSh
ib
4 values srane{t gr.duauv dccreasing with lime clable
6) This
ard Frshl€d till th' cnd d*rcase was signifiBnt at th€ hrlvst of thc aecof,d crop
brlckith wrLr' Th' advcne of cxlcrincot whcn sour.c of inigatioD $/" odv
eft.ts
u5€ ricc sEaw were panblly coDtroued bv $asonzl cvc[c
gypson and
ElSq
ii'lrpoBtiou'
This mitigation was aP?lic.tion bv tbe end of rbc sccord crop
the exp€rimcnt rt turthcr ioEnsifi€d with aI the stategies of
lwv€st;f fte thnd
patt€m remained sigrdficantlv lower' The crop and only sole use of brackish walcr
crop ard sole ust' mixing atrl of variadon changed again at the end of founh ell $e otlrcr Erttrcnrs aher.le irrigrtioN became sitnilar but difrcrent $a!
4.t.2.4
Thc €prcity of soil ro coDd$l
us.d
Ml't
d'c@6'd
ihe quanrity
's lnitialv' it mh'n"n ! fide bmckish wal.r irErdsed $'irh lap6t of tine
(Tablc 4 its quanMs was noFsignificant
mric€d b To and T,,
eveD
7) Howcver'
an
of
but
4pp'r'nt dccreac wu
crop afler {be harvelt ot fi$r crop W}en tbe sccond
was hancstcd, HC hat been d€cres€d signiftcantly
9l
wlh
the u3€ of brackisb
vrter
soll void ntlo (mr cm
Tlble 4.6
) ir
Sludy'l
Rice
Ricll990
l99l t99t-y2
l99G9r
A
0.64 AB
T,
0.63
0.62 AB
0.66
T,
0.53
0.50 D
o_4t B
0.5E C
o.59
0.56 ABCD
0.68
A
0-58 C
T{
0.5E
0.56 ABCD
0.67
A
0.59 C
TI
0.57
0.61 ABC
0.62
A
0.69
T"
0.56
0.51
0.65
A
0.67 A
T,
0.57
0.54 BCD
0.65
A
0.6?
0.59
0.61AEC
0,62
A
0.6I B
o.57
0,6' ABC 0.68
A
0.65 AB
T,
cD
0.57
T!
0.53 BCD
0.58 NS
0.6? A
values are m€at of thr€. rcPears
NS =
Non
si$ifiort
valucs sbariq same lctEr
ir
erch calumn differ rlon'sinenifictnUv
92
A
A
0.58 A
in T,, T? and T,,, ln
lpb
tne
lll
cld of seconl crop with non-signifi@nl direrenc€s G)?sm was
tr..ment in which th.
Thc
gyPsun
the other tEaments this proPerty was maintainsl at lcast
ad
value of lhis Daramete. was even higtur
tuments *itb
hiShcsr HC aner
thid
1he
tha canrl
besr
nater-
crcP were seasoBl cvcle
gr@tr manu.ing which w€r. statistically ar pdt witn
qnal watcr afir
ye.rly cycle but beter thatr lhe others. Mixing and alternate irigation \tere ju3t above rh€ sole use of bncldsh waler and inferior than rest of the
u!., mixin8
and altema& iriSadon wcrc the
n6t
ratncnE.
Sole
inferior $ntegi.s which fin
llv
failed in lpkeep of this imponant soilproperty. A decrease of 80 % was €corded
wirh sole us€ of brackhh waler (0.?9 cm
hr)
was obtained agairsl 3 96 cm
hr'
lor canal water. Tlc dccrea$ was 68 % for mixing atd 56 % for alemte irrigadon. Gypsum was ft€ only
qnal vanr d
lreatme which could
rhe harlest of founh
s€asonal cyclic
us
not be diffemciated ftom
crop. Ir wd nill suthdcally comParable *ith
(T
