Indian Himalaya Indian Himalaya

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Faunal Diversity of

Indian Himalaya

Faunal Diversity of

Indian Himalaya KAILASH CHANDRA | DEVANSHU GUPTA K.C. GOPI | BASUDEV TRIPATHY | VIKAS KUMAR

KAILASH CHANDRA DEVANSHU GUPTA K.C. GOPI BASUDEV TRIPATHY VIKAS KUMAR ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

2018

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Tetraogallus himalayensis G.R. Gray, 1843 (Himalayan Snowcock) This species belongs to pheasant family Phasianidae, found across the Himalayan ranges and parts of the adjoining Pamir range of Asia. Photo : Anil Kumar, ZSI


Faunal Diversity of

Indian Himalaya KAILASH CHANDRA | DEVANSHU GUPTA K.C. GOPI | BASUDEV TRIPATHY | VIKAS KUMAR Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, West Bengal

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Minstry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change Goverment of India

CITATION Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K.C., Tripathy, B. and Kumar, V., 2018. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 1-872. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Published : March,, 2018 ISBN 978-81-8171-478-7

© Govt. of India, 2018 Disclaimer It is hereby claimed that any views or opinions presented in the articles published in this book are solely those of the authors. The editor or the Zoological Survey of India have not independently verified the information gathered or contained in this book and, accordingly expressed no opinions or makes any representation concerning its accuracy or complete reliability or sufficiency. The ZSI disclaim any and all liability for, or based on or relating to any such information and/or contained in, or errors in or in omissions from, their inputs or information in this book. The ZSI will not accept any liability in respect of such communication, and the authors responsible will be personally liable for any damages or other liability arising.

Price India : ` 4500/Foreign : $ 160; £ 100

Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata–700 006.

भारत सरकार पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मं त्री

डाॅ. हर्ष वर्धन

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Dr. Harsh Vardhan

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST & CLIMATE CHANGE

MESSAGE I am delighted to learn that Zoological Survey of India is publishing a new scientific publication on the Indian Himalaya that deals with the most informative accounts on the animal wealth of the Himalaya region. I hope this is a path-breaking effort in putting together the base-line scientific knowledge on the faunal wealth of the Indian Himalaya–the great mountains of our spiritual and cultural heritage. I sincerely congratulate all the people who have strived hard to achieve this monumental task. Your contribution to the knowledge on the wealth of our biodiversity could ultimately lead to our understanding of the potential values and wealth of biological resources of the nation that can be sustainably used for the country’s prosperity and further well-being of the people at large. Congratulations on the achievements of Zoological Survey of India, and I hope its entire fraternity will continue to work with excellence and dedication in your future endeavours.

Date: 11.12.2017

)Dr. Harsh Vardhan(

Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi-110 003 Tel.: 011-24695136, 24695132, Fax : 011-24695329

सं स्कृ ित राज्य मं न्त्री (स्वतं न्त प्रभार) पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मं त्री भारत सरकार

डाॅ. महेश शर्मा

Dr. Mahesh Sharma

MINISTRY OF STATE (I/C) OF CULTURE MINISTRY OF STATE FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOREST & CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MESSAGE

I am pleased to know that Zoological Survey of India is bringing out a scientific document on the "Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya" rendering the most updated information on the animal wealth known from the Indian Himalaya. Zoological Survey of India and its team of scientists and researchers deserve to be proud of this achievement. I appreciate the hard work, dedication and enthusiasm of all concerned expended for the preparation of this scientific publication on the Indian Himalaya. This is surely a great achievement and a proof of the scientific skills and potentials of the scientific personnel of Zoological Survey of India. I am confident that the trust placed in Zoological Survey of India by the country will inspire its team of scientists and researchers to continue their efforts in bringing to light the real potential of the biodiversity wealth of our country.

I wish the Zoological Survey of India all the best so that this great institution continues to achieve success with esteem and excellence. (Dr. Mahesh Sharma)

पं चम तल, आकाश िवगं , इंदिरा पर्यावरण भवन, जोर बाग रोड़, नई दिल्ली-110 003 फोन : 011-24621921, 24621922, फै क्स : 011-24695313 कै म्प कार्यालय : एच-33 सैक्टर-27, नोेएडा-201301 (उ. प्र.) दू रभाष : 0120-2444444, 2466666, फै क्स : 0120-2544488 5th Floor, Aakash Wing, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi-110 003, Ph. : 011-24621921, 24621922, Fax : 011-24695313 Camp Office : H-33, Sector-27, Noida - 201301 (U.P) Tel.: 0120-2444444, 2466666, Fax : 0120-2544488 E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

सचिव भारत सरकार पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मं त्रालय

सी.के . िमश्रा

SECRETARY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

C.K. Mishra

MESSAGE The Himalayas have captivated the hearts and minds of people for its stunning beauty of majestic mountains and landscape. Indian Himalaya has made a profound influence on the mythologies, religions, culture, and literature of India. This geographic region constitutes a complex and diverse eco-region with unique physiography and eco-climatic characteristics with incredibly rich biodiversity. This vast and healthy ecological landscape provides plentiful resources for people while giving adequate space and shelter for wildlife. It is a major 'biodiversity hotspot' in the country but, unfortunately, perturbed by the natural habitat degradation, landscape modification, and other human disturbances. This pristine region is also prone to the possible impacts of climate change critically endangering the species at risk of extinction. In the above scenario, it is imperative to realize about the treasure of true diversity of our rich fauna and flora of this region and improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change, to develop plans that will allow humans and wildlife to cope with these changes. It needs to be our endeavour to ensure the use of resources in sustainable ways that pose no threat to the environment or the region's incredible biodiversity. It is a matter of great satisfaction that Zoological Survey of India is bringing out a volume titled "Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya" dealing with the most updated checklist of fauna hitherto known from the Indian Himalayan landscape. It has been the constant endeavour of the this research institution, ever since its establishment in 1916, conducting ecosystem-based faunal explorations in the country for the cause of research and scientific documentation, thus providing the baseline information on Indian faunal wealth. I am extremely delighted to know the current status of the faunal information provided in this scientific document. The publication will be useful not only to the students and researchers, but also to the conservation managers, planners, and policymakers. I congratulate the Director and his team of scientists and researchers for their relentless efforts in the publication of this scientific document. Date : 11/12/2017 Place: New Delhi

(C.K. Mishra)

इंदिरा पर्यावरण भवन, जोर बाग रोड़, नई दिल्ली-110 003 फोन : (011) 24695262, 24695265, फै क्स : (011) 24695270 INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN, JOR BAGH ROAD, NEW DELHI-110 003 Ph. : (011) 24695262, 24695265, Fax : (011) 24695270 E-mail : [email protected], Website : moef.gov.in

भारत सरकारप्र पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मं त्रालय

अनिल कु मार जैन, भाo प्रo सेo अपर सचिव

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

ANIL KUMAR JAIN, IAS

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST & CLIMATE CHANGE

Additional Secretary

MESSAGE The Indian Himalaya has enthralled millions of people for centuries for its enchanting splendor of great mountains and fascinating spiritual and cultural heritage. This majestic mountain system as a formidable barrier between India and northern Asia has shaped, over millennia, the climate, ecology, and composition of flora and fauna of India. It is home to millions of people, offering them life support resources and as well functional habitats for wildlife. Indian Himalaya is a major 'biodiversity hotspot' harboring a rich diversity of flora and fauna, a considerable share of them being unique to this region. However, this geographic landscape has been facing the ravages of human disturbance, especially in the last three-to-four decades, posing a severe stress to the prime habitats and consequent threats to its biodiversity heritage. Man-made disturbances in the pristine environment of the region and the ever-increasing impacts of climate Change in recent times have ostensibly made many wildlife fauna and flora vulnerable or endangered, probably pushing some of them to the brink of extinction. India as a mega-biodiversity nation, the strength of its biodiversity is in its immense potential catering to the needs of its millions of people in myriad options as useful resources. The realization of our biodiversity potential–richness regarding the diversity of species–is of utmost importance. It has been the endeavor of Zoological Survey of India, for over the last one hundred years, to explore, identify and catalogue the Indian faunal diversity. It has brought to light through its publications immensely rich data of the country's faunal diversity wealth. ZSI is bringing out yet another scientific document on Indian Himalaya throwing light on the most updated faunal diversity information currently available on this important biogeographic region and biodiversity hotspot. It is a very needy and timely step from ZSI when the indications on the perils of biodiversity loss and impact of climate change on fauna are already on an up-scaling trend. The mitigation of the problems needs to be addressed with tangible solutions for conserving our species in the wild. I appreciate ZSI for its efforts in bringing out this publication. I hope this document would be an informative reference work, dealing with the checklist of the fauna of Indian Himalaya, for the students and researchers. As for conservation managers and planners, it would be a user-friendly guide enabling them to prepare appropriate management plans to conserve the biodiversity in the wild. I congratulate the Director, Zoological Survey of India, and his team of researchers in their efforts on bringing out this commendable publication.

(Anil Kumar Jain)

इंदिरा पर्यावरण भवन, जोर बाग रोड़, नई दिल्ली-110 003 फोन : (011) 24695266, फै क्स : (011) 24695276 INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN, JOR BAGH ROAD, NEW DELHI-110 003 TEL. : (011) 24695266, Fax : (011) 24695276 E-mail : [email protected] / Website : moef.gov.in

भारत सरकार

भारतीय प्रािण सर्वेक्षण

डॉ कै लाश चन्द्र

पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मं त्रालय

निदेशक Dr Kailash Chandra

Government of India

Zoological Survey of India

Director


PREFACE Himalaya and its splendors of mountain ranges, snowcapped tall and majestic peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, and rich and varied vegetation have always attracted people from across the globe as a destination for exploring this mystique and intriguing wonder of the natural world. Its past and recent history and characteristics as the Tertiary origin, enormous massiveness, Pleistocene glaciations, post-Pleistocene mountain-building process, great elevations and stratified atmospheric temperature, role in channeling the monsoon rainfall, etc. have played significant roles in determining and setting the wide range of ecological conditions, the altitudinal zonation of life, the east-west gradations of ecosystems, and the ecology and distribution of animals and plants. Despite being situated only a few degrees north of the tropic zone, the Himalaya demonstrates a whole range of tropical to deep arctic conditions and associated life zones. As for India, no other geographic region or zone in the country is so unique and conspicuous that influences the ecology and biogeography of the country as the Indian Himalaya. The fauna of the Indian Himalaya have significant peculiarities. The fauna of the eastern parts is largely of tropical elements with their affinities to the Indo-Chinese and Malayan Subregions of the Oriental Region. The western parts have fauna largely comprising of Palearctic, Mediterranean and Ethiopian elements, including endemics and autochthonous derivatives, with sporadic influxes of the Oriental fauna. Its east-west stretch exemplifies a biogeographic grading and transition between the eastern humid tropical and the western steppes fauna that are well-reflected in the forested zones. The fauna of the Indian Himalaya thus have an intermingling of Oriental and Palearctic-Ethiopian elements. Zoological Survey of India, for over more than a century, has been conducting faunal-survey explorations, research and documentation of the faunal diversity of the varied biogeographic zones, including the Indian Himalayan Region, of the country. A careful assessment of the faunal diversity currently known from the Indian Himalaya,one of the most significant biogeographic zones of the country, revealed that the level of faunal diversity richness of this biotic zone is very substantial. The fact was that no one had made an attempt to consolidate that information based on the authentic validation of the faunal diversity hitherto known or reported from this region. Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) took up this task with the involvement of all the taxonomic experts on various groups of taxa, from Protozoa to Mammalia. It was an inclusive process combining the extraction of metadata of species—from the all-available relevant literature—documented or recorded from the Indian Himalayan biogeographic zone, integration of the up-to-date data on the exploratory inventorying work on taxa of this region by ZSI researchers, and collation of the most-updated taxonomic nomenclature in species-validation of taxa of diverse groups, etc. This book, entitled “Fauna of the Indian Himalaya”, is the outcome of that task—the first attempt on a comprehensive documentation of the most-updated inventory on the faunal diversity of the Indian Himalaya. Whatever shortcomings that might arise in this effort are incidental as it was aimed to bring together the base-line information, as much exhaustive as possible. Eighty five taxonomic experts and specialists of various groups of fauna, from Protozoa to Mammalia, have actively collaborated and contributed 52 chapters on fauna of their respective field of interest and study. I express my sincere and cordial thanks to all of them. I hope that it will stimulate research interest among biodiversity researchers and the teacherstudent community, and as well may prove of value to conservation managers and all others who desire to know about the rich faunal diversity of the Indian Himalaya.

Date : 14.02.2018 ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1916

(Kailash Chandra)

प्रािण िवज्ञान भवन, 535, एम. ब्लॉक, न्यु अलीपुर, कोलकाता – 700 053, दू रभाष : +91 33 2400 6893, टेलीफै क्स : +91 33 2400 8595 Prani Vigyan Bhawan, 535, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053, Phone : +91 33 2400 6893, Telefax : +91 33 2400 8595 E-mail : [email protected], Website : zsi.gov.in

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi for the financial support and assiatnce for the two major research projects under the “National Mission of Himalayan Studies”. We would like to thank all the scientists and staff of the ZSI, Kolkata and regional centres for their support and help in compiling the information. Our sincere thanks are due to Dr Anil Kumar, Scientist-D, ZSI, Dehradun and Mr Satpal Singh, Wildlife Photographer for providing the photographs, utilized in the book. We would like to thank Dr Annemarie Ohler, Dr Alain Dubois, Dr Indraneil Das, Dr Satyabhama Das Biju, Mr Stephen Mahony, Prof. Sushil Kumar Dutta, Prof. Tej Kumar Shrestha (Amphbia), Dr Asghar Ali Shah (Nematoda), Dr Vinod Khanna (Chilopoda), Dr Sergei I. Golovatch (Diplopoda), Mr D.N. Adagale, Mr Chandan Bera, Mr Subhashree Mitra (Mites), Dr Ales Bezdek, Dr Dirk Ahrens, Dr Paul Schoolmeesters, Dr Frank-Thorsten Krell, Dr Matthias Hartmann, Dr Alfred N. Newton, Dr Luca Bartolozzi, Dr William Shepard, Dr Bernd Jaeger, Dr Dmitry Telnov, Dr Maxwell V.L. Barclay, Dr Yoshitomi Hiroyuki, Dr Denis Keith, Dr Chi-Feng Lee, Dr Roberto Caldara, Dr Hendrik Freitag, Dr Jiří Hájek. Dr Lesley A. Ballantyne, Dr Wolfgang Schawaller, Dr Alberto Ballerio, Dr Liang Li, Dr Sudhir Singh, Dr Palestrini Claudia, Dr Sergei E Tshernyshev, Dr Marcin Kadej, Dr Boris M. Kataev, Dr Martin Fikacek, and Dr Alberto Ballerio (Coleoptera), Mr P. Parui, Mr R.S. Mridha (Diptera), Mr A.P. Ranjith (Hymenoptera), Dr Nibedita Saha, Amina Poovoli (Isopotera), Dr T.K. Mukherjee, Mr Mridul Purakayastha (Mantodea), Dr Charles Lienhard, Dr Alfonsa Neri Garcia Aldrete, and Mr Kazunori Yoshizawa (Pscoptera) for their support and help in finalising various chapters by the authors. Thanks are due to the research scholars of ZSI for their support and assistance rendered all the time since its manuscript stage till final printing of the book. Last but not the least, we are also thankful to Shri Ratiram Verma, Publication Production Officer, Zoological Survey of India for his untiring efforts in layout, designing, and printing of the book. Kailash Chandra, Devanshu Gupta, K.C. Gopi, Basudev Triapathy and Vikas Kumar

CONTENTS Chapter 1 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya – An Overview Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K.C., Tripathy, B., Kumar, V., Mandal, K., Kumar, H. and Saini, J.

1-44

Chapter 2 Protozoa (Free-Living) Bindu. L., Jasmine, P., Das, A.K., Nandi, N.C, and Kumar, S.

45-57

Chapter 3 Protozoa (Parasitic) Chitra, J.

59-70

Chapter 4 Protozoa (Symbiotic) Chitra, J.

71-75

Chapter 5 Platyhelminthes 77-90 Ghosh, A. and Maity, P. Chapter 6 Rotifera 91-97 Chitra, J. Chapter 7 Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates) Maity, P. and Rizvi, A.N. Chapter 8 Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes) Rizvi, A.N., Sen, D., Maity, P. and Kumar, H.

99-114

115-134

Chapter 9 Acanthocephala 135-138 Saini, J., Kumar, H., Das, P., Ghosh, J., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K. Chapter 10 Annelida : Oligochaeta Mandal, C.K. and Kumar, H.

139-144

Chapter 11 Annelida : Hirudinea Mandal, C.K. and Kumar, H.

145-149

Chapter 12 Arachnida : Scorpiones Aswathi, K. and Sureshan, P.M.

151-153

Chapter 13 Arachnida : Acari (Ticks) Acharya, S.

155-161

Chapter 14 Arachnida : Acari (Mites) Acharya, S.

163-176

Chapter 15 Arachnida: Araneae Caleb, J.T.D. and Kumar, V.

177-188

Chapter 16 Crustacea 189-202 Valarmathi, K. Chapter 17 Collembola 203-209 Mandal, G.P. Chapter 18 Insecta : Archaeognatha Mandal, G.P.

211-213

Chapter 19 Insecta : Zygentoma Mandal, G.P.

215-218

Chapter 20 Insecta : Ephemeroptera Selvakumar, C.

219-226

Chapter 21 Insecta : Odonata Subramanian, K.A. and Babu, R.

227-240

Chapter 22 Insecta : Orthoptera Gupta, S.K. and Chandra, K.

241-252

Chapter 23 Insecta : Phasmida Das, S.K. and Chand, D.S.

253-256

Chapter 24 Insecta : Embioptera Chandra, K., Gupta, D. and Mukherjee, T.

257-258

Chapter 25 Insecta : Plecoptera Selvakumar, C.

259-264

Chapter 26 Insecta: Dermaptera Deepak, C.K. and Ghosh, D.

265-272

Chapter 27 Insecta : Mantodea Chand, D.S. and Das, S.K.

273-276

Chapter 28 Insecta : Blattodea (Cockroaches) Prabakaran, S. and Senraj, M.

277-280

Chapter 29 Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera Rajmohana, K. and Rituparna, S.

281-292

Chapter 30 Insecta : Psocodea : Psocoptera Ramesh, G., Babu, R. and Subramanian, K.A.

293-296

Chapter 31 Insecta : Phthiraptera Chatterjee, P., Payra, A. and Sen, S.

297-304

Chapter 32 Insecta : Thysanoptera Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V.

305-311

Chapter 33 Insecta: Hemiptera Chandra, K., Hassan, M.E., Mukherjee, P., Kushwaha, S. and Mukhopadhyay, E.

313-351

Chapter 34 Insecta: Hymenoptera Rajmohana, K., Saini, J., Girish Kumar, P. and Patra, S.

353-398

Chapter 35 Insecta : Coleoptera Gupta, D., Chandra, K., Das, P. and Ghosh, J.

399-590

Chapter 36 Insecta : Neuroptera Halder, S., Mukherjee, T., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K.

591-596

Chapter 37 Insecta : Megaloptera Kumar, H., Saini, J., Ghosh, J., Das, P., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K.

597-599

Chapter 38 Insecta : Trichoptera Selvakumar, C.

601-610

Chapter 39 Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies) Das, G.N., Gayen, S., Ali, M., Jaiswal, R.K., Lenin, E.A. and Chandra, K.

611-650

Chapter 40 Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths) Sanyal, A.K., Mallick, K., Khan, S., Bandyopadhyay, U., Mazumder, A., Bhattacharyya, K., Pathania, P.C., Raha, A. and Chandra, K.

651-726

Chapter 41 Insecta : Diptera Banerjee, D., Naskar, A., Sengupta, J., Hazra, S. and Maity, A.

727-760

Chapter 42 Insecta: Siphonaptera Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Saini, J., Mukherjee, T. and Das, P.

761-764

Chapter 43 Insecta : Mecoptera Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Kumar, H. and Ghosh, J.

765-767

Chapter 44 Myriapoda: Chilopoda : Scolopendromorpha Sureshan, P.M. and Balan, D.

769-773

Chapter 45 Myriapoda : Diplopoda Sureshan, P.M., Chezhian, Y. and Prabakaran, S.

775-778

Chapter 46 Tardigrada 779-783 Dey, P.K. and Mondal, K. Chapter 47 Mollusca 785-796 Tripathy, B., Sajan, S.K. and Mukhopadhyay, A. Chapter 48 Pisces 797-814 Gopi, K.C., Kosygin L. and Mishra, S.S. Chapter 49 Amphibia 815-822 Deuti, K. Chapter 50 Reptilia 823-830 Varadaraju and Deepak, C.K. Chapter 51 Aves (Birds) Mandal, K., Bhattacharya, K., Chatterjee, P., Dey, P.K., Maheswaran, G. and Alam, I.

831-854

Chapter 52 Mammalia 855-863 Kamalakannan, M., Sharma, L.K. and Venkatraman, C. Annexure

865-872

Chapter 1

Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : An Overview KAILASH CHANDRA1, DEVANSHU GUPTA2, K.C. GOPI3, BASUDEV TRIPATHY4, VIKAS KUMAR5, KRISHNENDU MANDAL6, HIRDESH KUMAR7 and JAGDISH SAINI8

India, an acclaimed mega-biodiversity nation, represents about 6.4% of the total global fauna in its share of only 2.4% of the total land surface of the world. Biogeographically, the country is divided into ten different biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Peninsula, Gangetic Plains, Northeast, Islands, and Coasts. The Indian Himalaya (IH) with a total area of 3,95,485 sq. km. comprised of 2 biogeographic zones including 7 biotic provinces: 1. Trans Himalaya (Ladakh Mountains: 1A, Tibetan Plateau: 1B, Sikkim: 1C), and 2. Himalaya (North-West: 2A, West: 2B, Central: 2C and East: 2D). Despite being one of the global biodiversity hotspots of the world, so far no attempt has been made to catalogue the faunal diversity of the extant species reported from IH. Therefore, the relevant information about the diversity of all available faunal groups that are reportedly occurring in IH has been collected from the scientific literature as well as from the exploration cum faunal-study data available with the Zoological Survey of India from IH. Altogether 30,377 species/subspecies of both Protozoa (372), and Animalia (30,005) have been recorded from IH, representing about 30.16% of the total Indian fauna (1,00,762 species). Central Himalaya has the highest faunal diversity with 14,183 species/subspecies followed by West Himalaya (12,022), North West Himalaya (8,731), East Himalaya (5,542), Ladakh Mountains (1,561), Tibetan Plateau (1,320), and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (1,112). Regarding taxonomic richness, phylum Arthropoda with about 26,392 species/subspecies represents approximately 86.9% of the total diversity of IH further including 24,933 species/subspecies of hexapods, 1,075 species/ subspecies of arachnids, 277 species/subspecies of crustaceans, 52 species/subspecies of millipedes, and 51 species/subspecies of centipedes. IH has 280 species of mammals, 940 species of birds, 316 species of fishes, 200 species of reptiles, and 80 species of amphibians, accounting about 27.6% of the total vertebrate diversity of the country. About 133 species of vertebrates known from IH are listed as threatened under different categories in IUCN Red List.

M

INTRODUCTION

ountains in nature are veritable treasure troves of biological diversity, occupying 24% of the global land area and 12% of the world’s population (Sharma et al., 2010). Because of the extreme environment variations, unique physiography, extreme altitudinal variations, varied ecological conditions, and different vegetations, they exhibit a rich assemblage of life, both flora, and fauna (Hamilton, 2002; Spehn et al., 2002). About one-third of the global terrestrial biodiversity and half of the species wealth of the world’s biodiversity hotspots solely rely on mountainous ecosystems, and include high levels of species endemism

(Körner, 2004; Chape et al., 2008). The Himalaya constitutes the great mountain system of Asia, with the highest mountains in the world, forming the formidable barrier between Tibetan Plateau to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent. The Himalaya, literally meaning the ‘Abode of Snow’-a combination of two Sanskrit words ‘Hima’ (snow) and ‘Alaya’ (abode), comprises a series of parallel and converging ranges of the highest, youngest, and the most populated mountain systems of the world. This chain of mountains has the bulkiest deposition of ice and snow, just after the Antarctica and the Arctic. The mega-glaciers as long as 70 km in size are found in this region.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 5vikaszsi77@gmail. com; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K.C., Tripathy, B., Kumar, V., Mandal, K., Kumar, H. and Saini, J. 2018. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: An Overview. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 1-44 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

India’s geographic extent is only 2.4% of the total land surface of the world. However, it supports a comparatively rich diversity of animal fauna, about 6.4% of the entire fauna known from the world (Chandra et al., 2016, 2017). India, an acclaimed mega-biodiversity nation in the world, harbours four of the 36 globally identified biodiversity hotspots (Figs. 1, 2). To distinguish, biodiversity hotspots precisely in India’s political boundary, Indian Himalaya (excluding Trans Himalaya) comes under Himalayan hotspot, North-eastern India (except Assam) and Andaman group of Islands under Indo Burma, and Nicobar group of Islands in Sundaland, and the entire Western Ghats under the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot (Fig. 2). Among the four Indian biodiversity hotspots, the vastest one is the Himalaya, and the predominant part of the Himalayan mountain ranges fall in the Indian Himalaya (IH) (Fig. 2).

a few governmental and non-governmental research organizations. Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) with its primary objective to document and inventorize the faunal diversity of India, is currently engaged in its ambitious project to compile the faunal diversity of all the ten biogeographic zones of the country following the biogeographic classification given by Rodgers et al. (2002). This chapter is aimed to briefly summarize the biogeographic classification of Indian Himalaya, its geology, physiography, drainage systems, compiled information on the faunal composition of Indian Himalaya, and threats and conservation, threatened fauna (vertebrates), protected area networks, role of ZSI in documenting faunal diversity of Indian Himalaya, and gap areas in research and way forward.

In a global biodiversity perspective, no reasonably assessment of the biodiversity wealth, especially of faunal diversity, of the mountains has been made till-date. As also, no comprehensive account has been made to validate the diversity of existing species in the mountains based on authentic compilations and cataloging works. As for IH, the situation is not much different from the global scenario. Regarding faunal related biodiversity research and inventorization in IH, it has received comparatively less attention than the other three biodiversity hotspots of the country. The efforts in this line towards the realization of the values of biodiversity in terms of the diversity and richness, especially of fauna, of this vast biogeographic zone of the country have been, unfortunately, inadequate, except for sporadic cases of localized biodiversity explorations carried out by the scientific workforce of

The Himalaya extends over 2,400 km length across India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan and holds the most climaxed peaks and bulkiest glaciers on the face of Earth. More than 30 peaks have the heights of 7,620 m or more, and the Mount Everest (8,848 m), K2 (8,611 m) and the Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) among them are the world’s highest mountains. In Nepal, the Himalaya is known as ‘Sagarmatha’, meaning ‘Goddess of the Universe’ or ‘Forehead of the Sky’ in the native language. The great chain of Himalayan Mountains in India extends from Jammu and Kashmir in the West to Arunachal Pradesh in the East, traversing six states, viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong), and Arunachal Pradesh. Rodgers et al. (2002) classified India into ten different biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan

BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN HIMALAYA

Fig. 1. Biodiversity Hotspots of the World (Source: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund).

2

Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Fig. 2. Biodiversity hotspots lying within the political boundary of India (Source: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund).

Peninsula, Gangetic Plains, Northeast, Islands, and Coasts based on the uniqueness of similar ecology, biome representation, community and species for each of the zones (Fig. 3). These bio-geographic zones were further differentiated into 26 biotic provinces representing specific communities separated by dispersal barriers or gradual change in environmental factors. Based on the physiographic, climatic and eco-biological attributes, the Indian Himalaya comprised of two biogeographic zones (Fig. 3), out of the ten such diverse zones known from India. These two zones, namely, 1. Trans Himalaya, and 2. Himalaya, together encompass a total area of 3,95,485 sq. km. (Table 1). 1. Trans Himalaya Zone Trans Himalaya (TH) in India is, in fact, an extension of the Tibetan Plateau on the northwest, and has the high-altitude cold desert and arid mountain areas in the districts of Ladakh and Kargil (Jammu and Kashmir), Lahaul and Spiti valleys, Pooh tehsil (Himachal Pradesh), small areas in the rain shadows of Nanda Devi range (Uttarakhand) and Kangchenjunga range (Sikkim) (Mehta and Julka, 2001). This zone constitutes a complex network of barren mountain ranges, lying in the north of the main Himalayan ranges and includes Zaskar, Ladakh (5,800 m) and Karakoram ranges (5,500-6,000 m) with CHANDRA et al. : Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : An Overview

an average elevation of ~4,000 m (Mani, 1974). Because of dry and cold climatic conditions, this zone is termed as ‘high altitude cold desert’. TH covers a total area of ~1,84,823 sq. km., accounting for 5.62% of the country’s landmass (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988) (Table 1). The TH ranges extend to a length of about 1000 km, with an average width of about 225 km in the central part and 40 km in the extremities. This biogeographic zone is further differentiated into three biotic provinces (Fig. 3): Ladakh Mountains (1A), Tibetan Plateau (1B), and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (1C) (Rodgers et al., 2002). The sparse treeless vegetation of TH is dominated by Himalayan dry temperate forest, subalpine forest, and Himalayan moist temperate forest formations having a short growing season (Fig. 4) (Reddy et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2017). The position of TH at the confluence of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions results in the high levels of biodiversity and endemism regarding flora and fauna. The prominent mammalian fauna present in TH include snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Tibetan woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica), Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei), 3

Table 1. Biogeographic classification of Indian Himalaya (source: Rodgers et al., 2002). Indian Himalaya Biogeographic Zones Total Area (sq. km.) % of India Trans Himalaya (1)

1,84,823

Himalaya (2)

2,10,662

Total

3,95,485

5.62

6.41

Biotic Provinces

% of India

1A: Ladakh Mountains

3.3

1B: Tibetan Plateau

2.2

1C: Trans-Himalaya: Sikkim

7 Natural World Heritage sites and 26 Ramsar Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Wetland Sites (Fig. 16). The total coverage of PAs in India is 1,62,024 sq. km., covering about 4.93% of the countries forests (WII-ENVIS, 2017). IH is wealthy and unique in its biodiversity and bioresources as well as these have different usage to the indigenous people of this vast area. Human modernisation through its advanced development has increased the threat of existence of these resources today which is why the Himalaya has been prioritised globally today (Khosoo, 1992; Dhar, 1997). IH possesses 131 PAs (20 National Parks, 71 Wildlife Sanctuaries, and 40 Conservation Reserves), 5 Tiger Reserves, 4 Biosphere Reserves, 3 Natural World Heritage sites and 7 Ramsar Wetland Sites ((Fig. 16; see Table 7-14). The percentage of protected area cover (9.6%) in the Himalaya is more than double in contrast to the countries (about 5%) and is almost same of the Western Ghats (Another Global Hotspot) (10%) (Rawal and Dhar, 2001). The Wildlife Institute of India has proposed more PAs to secure biodiversity and bioresources of IH which upon sanction will surmise the coverage to 12% of the 543

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have so far declared 1,073 sites as World Heritage Sites of 3 broad categories, cultural, natural and mixed in 167 countries. These sites have immense cultural, historical and scientific significance, and international treaties legally protect them. Seven such sites have been recognised from India, out of them, following World Heritage Sites, i.e., Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (Himachal Pradesh), Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (Uttarakhand), and Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim) are located in IH.

India

103

71

20 National Parks

country in addition fulfilling the realistic target of 10% coverage under the Protected Areas (Mackinnon et al., 1986; McNeely and Miller, 1985; Rawal and Dhar, 2001). The PA coverage in the region (nearly 10%) is higher than the National coverage (4.66%) and is comparable to Western Ghats (10%) which is another biodiversity hotspot of India.

73

40

45

0

IH

50

5

Wildlife Conservation Community TigerReserves Sanctuaries Reserves Reserves

18

4

Biosphere Reserves

32

3

Elephant Reserves

7

3

26

7

Natural World Ramsar Heritage Sites Wetland Sides

Fig. 16. Number of different protected areas notified from India and Indian Himalaya till date.

Table 7. State-wise numbers and coverage of national parks in Indian Himalaya. State Area (sq. National Parks Total Area of NPs km.) (NP) (sq. km.)

State

% of state area

Arunachal Pradesh

83,743.00

2

2,290.82

2.74

Himachal Pradesh

55,673.00

5

2,271.38

4.08

2,22,236.00

4

3,925.00

1.77

7,096.00

1

1,784.00

25.14

53,483.00

6

4,915.02

9.19

3,149.00

2

238.49

5.10

2,03,104.00

20

15,424.87

7.59

Jammu and Kashmir Sikkim Uttarakhand West Bengal (Hills) Total

CHANDRA et al. : Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : An Overview

33

Table 8. List of national parks in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Year of Establishment

Name of State/National Park Arunachal Pradesh

Area (sq. km.)

District(s)

1.

Mauling NP

1986

483

UpperSiang

2.

NamdaphaNP

1983

1,807.82

Changlang

Himachal Pradesh

1.

Great Himalayan NP

1984

754.4

Kullu

2.

lnderkilla NP

2010

104

Kullu

3.

Khirganga NP

2010

710

Kullu

4.

Pin Valley NP

1987

675

Lahul and Spiti

5.

Simbalbara NP

2010

27.88

Sirmaur

Jammu and Kashmir

1.

City Forest (Salim Ali) NP

1992

9

Srinagar

2.

Dachigam NP

1981

141

Srinagar and Pulwama

3.

Hemis NP

1981

3,350

Leh

4.

Kishtwar NP

1981

425

Kishtwar and Dada

Sikkim

1.

Khangchendzonga NP

1977

1,784

North Sim

Uttarakhand

1.

Corbett NP

1936

520.82

Nainital and Pauri Garhwal

2.

Gangotri NP

1989

2,390.02

Uttarkashi

3.

Govind NP

1990

472.08

Uttarkashi

4.

Nanda Devi NP

1982

624.6

Chamoli

5.

Rajaji NP

1983

820

Dehradun,Pauri Garhwal and Haridwar

6.

Valley of Flowers NP

1982

87.5

Chamoli

West Bengal

1.

Neora Valley NP

1986

159.89

Darjeeling

2.

Singalila NP

1986

78.6

Darjeeling

Table 9. State-wise numbers and coverage of wildlife sanctuaries in Indian Himalaya. Name of State

State Area (sq. km.)

No. of WLS

Area (sq. km.) % of State Area

Arunachal Pradesh

83,743.00

11

7,487.75

8.94

Himachal Pradesh

55,673.00

28

6,116.10

10.99

2,22,236.00

15

10,243.11

4.61

7,096.00

7

399.10

5.62

53,483.00

7

2,690.12

5.03

3,149.00

3

196.96

0.22

2,03,104.00

71

27,133.14

13.36

Jammu and Kashmir Sikkim Uttarakhand West Bengal (Hills) Total 34


Table 10. List of wildlife sanctuaries (WLS) in Indian Himalaya. S. No. Name of State/ Wildlife Sanctuary Year of Establishment Area (sq. km.)

District(s)

Arunachal Pradesh 1.

D’Ering Memorial WLS

1978

190

Upper Siang

2.

Dibang WLS

1991

4,149

Dibang Valley

3.

Eagle Nest WLS

1989

217

West Kameng

4.

Itanagar WLS

1978

140.3

Papum Pare

5.

Kamlang WLS

1989

783

Lohit

6.

Kane WLS

1991

31

West Siang

7.

Mahao WLS

1980

281.5

Dibang Valley

8.

Pakke (Pakhui) WLS

1977

861.95

East Kameng

9.

Sessa Orchid WLS

1989

100

West Kameng

10.

Tale WLS

1995

337

Lower Subansiri

11.

Yordi Rabe Supse WLS

1996

397

West Siang

Himachal Pradesh 1.

Bandli WLS

1962

32.11

Mandi

2.

Chail WLS

1976

16

Solan and Shimla

3.

Chandratal WLS

2007

38.56

Lahul and Spiti

4.

Churdhar WLS

1985

55.52

Sirmaur and Shimla

5.

Daranghati WLS

1962

171.5

Shimla

6.

Dhauladhar WLS

1994

982.86

Kangra

7.

Gamgul Siyabehi WLS

1962

108.4

Chamba

8.

Kais WLS

1954

12.61

Kullu

9.

Kalatop-Khajjiar WLS

1958

17.17

Chamba

10.

Kanawar WLS

1954

107.29

Kullu

11.

Khokhan WLS

1954

14.94

Kullu

12.

Kibber WLS

1992

2,220.12

Lahaul and Spiti

13.

Kugti WLS

1962

405.49

Chamba

14.

Lippa Asrang WLS

1962

31

Kinnaur

15.

Majathal WLS

1954

30.86

Solan

16.

Manali WLS

1954

29

Kullu

17.

Nargu WLS

1962

132.37

Kullu

18.

Pong Dam Lake WLS

1982

207.59

Kangra

19.

Renuka WLS

2013

4

Sirmaur

20.

Rupi Bhaba WLS

1982

503

Kinnaur

21.

Sainj WLS

1994

90

Kullu

22.

Rakchham Chitkul (Sangla Valley) WLS

1989

304

Kinnaur

23.

Sech Tuan Nala WLS

1962

390.29

Chamba

24.

Shikari Devi WLS

1962

29.94

Mandi

25.

Shimla Water Catchment WLS

1958

10

Shimla


35

Table 10. contd.

S. No. Name of State/ Wildlife Sanctuary Year of Establishment Area (sq. km.) 26.

Talra WLS

1962

46.48

District(s) Shimla

27.

Tirthan WLS

1992

61

Kullu

28.

Tundah WLS

1962

64

Chamba

Jammu and Kashmir 1.

Baltal-Thajwas WLS

1987

210.5

Ganderbal

2.

Changthang WLS

1987

4,000

Leh

3.

Gulmarg WLS

1987

180

Baramulla

4.

Hirapora WLS

1987

110

Shopian

5.

Hokersar WLS

1992

13.75

Srinagar

6.

Jasrota WLS

1987

25.75

Kathua

7.

Karakoram (Nubra Shyok) WLS

1987

5,000

Leh

8.

Lachipora WLS

1987

80

Baramulla

9.

Limber WLS

1987

26

Baramulla

10.

Nandni WLS

1981

33.34

Jammu

11.

Overa-Aru WLS

1987

425

Anantnag

12.

Rajparian (Daksum) WLS

2002

20

Anantnag

13.

Ramnagar Rakha WLS

1981

31.5

Jammu

14.

Surinsar Mansar WLS

1981

55.5

Udhampur, Samba and Jammu

15.

Trikuta WLS

1981

31.77

Udhampur

Sikkim 1.

Barsey Rhododendron WLS

1998

104

West Sikkim

2.

Fambong Lho WLS

1984

51.76

East Sikkim

3.

Kitam Bird WLS

2005

6

South Sikkim

4.

Kyongnosla Alpine WLS

1977

31

East Sikkim

5.

Maenam WLS

1987

35.34

South Sikkim

6.

Pangolakha WLS

2002

128

East Sikkim

7.

Shingba Rhododendron WLS

1984

43

North Sikkim

Uttarakhand 1.

Askot WLS

1986

600

Pithoragarh

2.

Binsar WLS

1988

47.07

Almora

3.

Govind Pashu Vihar WLS

1955

485.89

Uttarkashi

975.2

Chamoli and Rudraprayag

4.

Kedarnath WLS

1972

5.

Mussoorie WLS

1993

10.82

Dehradun

6.

Nandhaur WLS

2012

269.96

Nainital and Champawat

7.

Sonanadi WLS

1987

301.18

Pauri Garhwal

West Bengal 1.

Jorepokhri Salamander WLS

1985

0.04

Darjeeling

2.

Mahananda WLS

1976

158.04

Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri

3.

Senchal WLS

1976

38.88

Darjeeling

36


Table 11. List of conservation reserves in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Name of State/Conservation Reserves

Area (sq. km.)

District

Himachal Pradesh 1.

Darlaghat

0.67

Solan

2.

Shilli

1.49

Solan

3.

Shri Naina Devi

17.01

Bilaspur

1

Bandipora


Ajas (WL)

5.

Ajas

48

Bandipora

6.

Bahu

19.75

Jammu

7.

Boodh Karbu

12

Kargil

8.

Brain-Nishat

15.75

Srinagar

9.

Chatlam, Pampore (WL)

0.25

Pulwama

10.

Gharana (WL)

0.75

Jammu

11.

Hokera (Ramsar Site) (WL)

13.75

Srinagar

12.

Hygam (WL)

7.25

Baramula

13.

Jawahar Tunnel

18

Doda

14.

Khanagund

15

Pulwama

15.

Khimber/Dara/Sharazbal

34

Srinagar

16.

Khiram

15.75

Anantnag

17.

Khonmoh

67

Pulwama

18.

Khrew

50.25

Pulwama

19.

Kukarian (WL)

24.25

Jammu

20.

Malgam (WL)

4.5

Baramula

21.

Manibugh (WL)

4.5

Pulwama

22.

Mirgund (WL)

4

Budgam

23.

Naganari

22.25

Baramula

24.

Nanga (WL)

15.25

Jammu

25.

Narkara (WL)

3.25

Budgam

26.

Norrichain (WL)

2

Leh

27.

Panyar

10

Pulwama

49.25

Jammu

15

Leh

28.

Pargwal (WL)

29.

Sabu

30.

Sangral-Asa Chak (WL)

7

Jammu

31.

Shallabugh (WL)

16

Srinagar

32.

Shikargah

15.5

Pulwama

33.

Sudhmahadev

142.25

Udhampur

34.

Thein

19

Kathua

35.

Tsomoiri (Ramsar Site) (WL)

120

Leh

36.

Wangat/Chatergul

12

Srinagar

37.

Zaloora, Harwan

25.25

Srinagar

Uttarakhand 38.

Asan Wetland

4.444

Dehradun

39.

Pawalgarh

58.25

Nainital

40.

Naina Devi Himalayan Bird

111.90

Nainital


37

Table 12. List of Ramsar wetland sites in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

State/Ramsar Wetlands

Date of Declaration

Area (sq. km.)

Himachal Pradesh 1.

Chandertal Wetland

8.11.2005

38.56

2.

Pong Dam Lake

19.8.2002

307.29

3.

Renuka Wetland

8.11.2005

Not Available


Hokera Wetland

8.11.2005

13.75

5.

Surinsar-Mansar Lakes

8.11.2005

3.50

6.

Tsomoriri Lake

19.8.2002

120

7.

Wular Lake

23.3.1990

173

Table 13. Locations and areas of biosphere reserves (BR) in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Date of Notification

Name

Area (sq. km.)

Location

1.

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

18/01/1988

5,860.69

2.

Dehang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve

02.09.1998

5,111.50 (Core 4,094.80 & Buffer 1016.70)

Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh

3.

Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve

07/02/2000

2,619.92

Parts of Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim

Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve

28/08/2009

4.

Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh and (Core: 712.12 and Buffer: Bageshwar Districts (Uttarakhand) 5,148.57)

(Core- 1,819.34 and Buffer- 835.92) 7,770

Pin Valley National Park and surroundings; Chandratal and Sarchu and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh

Table 14. Locations and areas of tiger reserves (TR) in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Name of Tiger Reserve

State

Area of the core/critical Area of the buffer/peripheral Total area tiger habitat (sq. km.) (in Biosphere Reserve) (in sq. km.)

1.

Namdapha TR

Arunachal Pradesh

1807.82

245

2052.82

2.

Kamlang TR

Arunachal Pradesh

671.00

112.00

783.00

3.

Pakke TR

Arunachal Pradesh

683.45

515

1198.45

4.

Corbett TR

Uttarakhand

821.99

466.32

1288.31

5.

Rajaji TR

Uttarakhand

255.63

819.54

1075.17

ROLE OF ZSI IN DOCUMENTING FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF INDIAN HIMALAYA Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), as a premier taxonomic research institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, has been serving the nation, since its inception in 1916, by providing the fundamental, and baseline information on its rich animal diversity. ZSI has reached the milestone of its centenary in serving the nation and committed to the task of conducting faunistic 38

explorations and collection of faunal samples and data from diverse biogeographic zones and ecosystems, including the protected areas, of the country. The scientists in ZSI conduct their taxonomic research to identify, discover and describe the animal taxa for fulfilling the ultimate objective of scientific cataloguing/inventorying Indian fauna. This baseline information on fauna is periodically published through scientific documents and used in the development of the database on Indian faunal diversity. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

ZSI through its research and extension services on Indian fauna is actively involved in fulfilling the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) towards the biodiversity assessment by identification and monitoring works. Status-evaluation of species for protection of ecosystems and natural habitats for their viable populations is also one of the main components of the research area in ZSI. In, conservation and sustainable use of various components of biological diversity, ZSI thus support the provisions as per the clauses in the Articles 7, 8, 10 and 14 of CBD, for scientific use and equitable sharing of the benefits of animal resources of the country. Out of 16 regional centres across the country, 3 centres, namely, Northern Regional Centre (Dehradun, Uttarakhand), High Altitude Regional Centre (Solan, Himachal Pradesh), and Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre (Itanagar) are situated in the Himalayan states. The organization has also expanded its secondary targets for Environmental Impact Assessments, ENVIS and CITES centres, GIS and remote sensing studies, DNA barcoding and Research Fellowships. Genetic information on faunal resources has a vital role in biodiversity research. So far, more than 2,500 DNA barcode data has been generated and uploaded to the global database (BOLD and GenBank). In a nutshell, ZSI explores protozoa to the mammal from sea to mountains and houses more than 5 million specimens with 17,000 type specimens in the National Zoological Collections (NZC). More than 1,550 most significant scientific documents have been brought out by ZSI on different aspects related to Indian fauna in the name of following publications Fauna of British India (88 volumes), Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries (61 volumes), Records of the Indian Museum (1-64 volumes), Records of the Zoological Survey of India (65-117 volumes), Memoirs of Indian Museum (12 volumes), Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India (13-22 volumes), Occasional Papers (380 volumes), State Fauna Series (72 parts in 22 series), Conservation Area Series (61 volumes), Ecosystem Series (35 volumes), Handbook and Pictorial Guides (65), Special Publications (65), Status Survey of Endangered Species (12), Zoologiana (5 volumes), Bulletin of Zoological Survey of India (8 volumes), Bibliography of Indian Zoology (32 volumes), and Prommalia (3 volumes). To showcase its research outputs and scientific achievements, 58 Annual Reports have been published so far by the organization. ZSI has, to its credit, published more than 10,000 research papers, and over 5,000 species new to science, described from diverse ecosystems/ habitats of India and its neighbouring countries (Sen et al., 2016a, 2016b). In case of Himalayan fauna, about 4,663 scientific papers are listed in the digitised database CHANDRA et al. : Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : An Overview

of ZSI (www.faunaofindia.nic.in), exclusively including the information on Himalayan fauna, partially or fully. More than, 1,000 species have been described as new to science by researchers at ZSI from different ecozones of IH. Broadly ZSI has published so far following essential documents exclusively on Himalaya fauna (Source: www. faunaofindia.nic.in): State Fauna of Series: West Bengal (Parts: 1-12), Sikkim (Parts: 1-5), Arunachal Pradesh (Parts: 1-2), Uttarakhand (Parts: 1-3), and Himachal Pradesh (under publication). Himalayan Ecosystem Series: Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part-I)-Uttar Pradesh (1995), Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part-2): Himachal Pradesh (2005), and Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley: Himachal Pradesh (2013). Conservation Area Series: Nandadevi NP (1987), Corbet NP (1987), Rajaji NP (1995), Nanda Devi BR (1997), Govind Pasu Vihar (2004), Pakke TR (2006), Corbett TR (2006, 2008), Pin Valley NP (2008), Namdapha TR (1985, 2006), Simbalbara WLS (2009), and Jhilmil Jheel CR (2014). Faunal Diversity of Tiger Reserves of India: Corbett TR, Pakke TR, and Namdapha TR (2006). Wetland Ecosystems: Renuka Wetland (2000), Asan Wetland (2003), and Pong Dam and its catchment area (2009). Status Survey of Endangered Species: 1. Golden Langur, Phayre’s Leaf Monkey, Hispid Hare (1994), 2. Western Tragopan (2002), 3. Himalayan Marmot (2006), 4. Kiang (2006), and 5. Himalayan Salamander (2007). Handbooks and Field Guides: Common Butterflies of Uttarakhand (2008), Butterflies of Himachal Pradesh (2010), Grasshoppers of Western Himalayas (2013), Fishes of Himachal Pradesh (2014), Amphibians of Himachal Pradesh (2014), and Dipteran Fauna of Himachal Pradesh (2014). Occasional Papers: Field ecology, zoogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of Western Himalaya, India (1981), Taxonomic studies on the Earthworms collected during the Subansiri expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India (1981), On the Papilioninae (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera) from Arunachal Pradesh & Adjoining Areas of Assam in North-Eastern India (1981), Contribution to the knowledge of the Mammalian fauna of Jammu and Kashmir, India (1983), On a collection of Hemiptera from Namdapha Biosphere Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, India (1984), Contribution to the Gryllid fauna of the Western Himalayas (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)With a complete list of valid species from the area (1)-description of four new species (2) (1985), Studies on 39

the butterflies of Arunachal Pradesh and adjoining areas, India (Lepidoptera: Acraeidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, and Lycaenidae) (1988), Contribution to the fauna of Sikkim nematodes associated with citrus from Sikkim, India (1991), Descriptions of some new and records of some known Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) from Garhwal Himalayas, India (1994), A check-list of hover-flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Eastern Himalayas (2008), Status and taxomomic revision of butterflies of subfamily Parnassinae from Indian Himalayas along with notes on its phylogeny (2010), Nematodes associated with insect pests and soil of teak and sal forests of Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India (2010), Studies on snow trout Schizothorax Richardsonii (Gray) in river Beas and its tributaries (Himachal Pradesh), India (2010), Studies on taxonomy and diversity of spiders from Darjeeling Hills (2013), and A study of diversity of Collembola (Insecta) fauna of Darjeeling Himalayas, West Bengal, India (2014). Miscellaneous: Ecosystems of India (2001), Faunal Resources in India (2007), Faunal resources of Western Doon Shiwalik (2007), Termite (Isoptera) Fauna of the Himalaya including its zoogeographical analysis (2008), Taxonomic revision and distribution of family Lycaenidae (Papilionoidea: Lepidoptera) from Indian Himalaya (2016), Faunal Diversity of Dehradun (2017), and Fauna of Tawang (2017). Externally Funded Projects: ZSI is currently running two major projects titled ‘Biodiversity Assessment through Long-term Monitoring plots in Indian Himalayan Landscape’ and ‘Lepidoptera (Insecta) as Potential Indicator Taxa for Tracking Climate Change in the Indian Himalayan Landscape’ funded by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), under National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) with G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development as nodal and serving hub. The projects aim to establish long-term monitoring plots, to create a geospatial and genetic database, and study the climate change-induced impact on the faunal diversity across the Indian Himalayan region.

GAP AREAS AND WAY FORWARD An analysis of the faunal diversity in different biotic provinces of two of the bio-geographic zones of India, i.e. Trans Himalaya and Himalaya, provided very significant outputs regarding their diversity and distribution. In Trans Himalaya, about 1,561 species are known from Ladakh, 1,302 species from Tibetan Plateau, and 1,112 species from Tans Himalaya-Sikkim. Whereas in the Himalayan biogeographic zone, North West Himalaya includes 8,731 species, West Himalaya 12,021, Central Himalaya 14,183 species, and East Himalaya 5,542 40

species. The reason behind the lesser representation of fauna in Tans Himalayan bio-geographic zone and East Himalayan biotic province (Arunachal Pradesh) may be less exploration and collections from these areas in the museums of national and international repute. Therefore, there is an urgent need to make extensive collection cum field surveys, applying standardized methods of data collection techniques to inventorize the fauna of these regions thoroughly. As per our observations, most of the collection localities from IH are located in Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Pahalgam, Peer Pranjal Range, Sri Nagar, Ladakh, Kargil (Jammu and Kashmir), Kangra Valley, Kulu, Manali, Shimla, Chail, Solan, Pin Valley, Lahul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), Doon Valley, Dehradun, Nainital, Kumaon, Garhwal, Almora-Pithorgarh, Haldwani, Mussoorie, Ranikhet (Uttarakhand), Gangtok, Namchi, Lachen, Yumthang, (Sikkim), Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Lopchu, Pedong, Samsing, Mirik (West Bengal) and Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Tawang and Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh). Therefore, other geographical areas must be explored and surveyed for collecting more data and information on the faunal diversity of less explored regions of IH. The compiled information also revealed that there are several groups of animals for which the information on the diversity and distribution of species is unevenly exhibited in different biotic provinces of IH (see Tables 3, 4). The vertebrate groups, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are reasonably well documented taxonomically, even though, the records of reptiles and amphibians from Trans Himalaya-Sikkim are lacking. In recent years, new species of fishes and amphibians are regularly described from the previously unexplored or underexplored areas. Some of the phyla/groups such as Protozoa, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Annelida, Tardigrada, and Mollusca are still understudied from IH. Though phylum Arthropoda has been well represented taxonomically with about 26,392 species known from IH, minor insect orders, like Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Phasmida, Embioptera, Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Strepsiptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Siphonaptera, and Mecoptera needs proper taxonomic revisions based on the thorough study of the collection materials, deposited in the museums. There is scope for finding various new taxa even in the well-documented groups and the most diverse insect orders such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera. Many of the species recorded from IH are still known from their type localities only, so there is an urgency to revisit and resurvey those collection localities for the evaluation of the status of those species. To understand the distributional range of the species which exhibit Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

single locality records, taxa-specific taxonomic and biodiversity assessments are required to be conducted. There is a challenge in taxonomic identifications for the species which were described before independence, and the type materials are present in overseas museums. The type depositories for such species need to be traced for taxonomic revisions of the group so that the experts may personally visit the museums and study the material for most accurate identification and classification. Fauna of British India volumes are still the primary taxonomic document to identify a different group of animals of India. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revise and review the taxonomy of already known faunal diversity not only of IH but also of the whole country. Status survey of the threatened vertebrate fauna of IH requires particular attention to assess and analyse the effect of different environmental pressures such as climate change,

habitat fragmentation, and deforestation on their biology, ecology and population trends. The species-habitat interaction, systematic surveys and monitoring of species diversity in connection with the habitat degradation through standard sampling and analyzing methodologies, need to be addressed appropriately. Moreover, faunistic surveys in different protected areas, lying in the boundary of IH, for which there is no proper documented study available till date, are needed to be studied for their biodiversity assessment on a priority basis. Regarding taxonomic studies, the fauna of IH needs attention, focusing more on advanced tools of identification and species delimitation such as the use of male genitalia and DNA barcodes for a better understanding of differences in the population, inhabiting in different ecological zones of the region.

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Samanta, T.K. 2003. Freshwater Bryozoa of Sikkim. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 121-127 (Published by Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sarkar, S., Kanungo, D.P. and Mehrotra, G.S. 1995. Landslide hazard zonation: a case study in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Mt. Res. Dev., 15(4): 301-309. Saxena, M.M. 2017. Porifera (Sponges): 55-66. In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India, (Eds. Chandra, K., Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 1-624 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Selvakumar, C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Janarthanan, S., Arumugam, M. and Arunachalam, M. 2014. Impact of riparian land use patterns on Ephemeroptera community structure in river basins of southern Western Ghats, India. Know. Manag. Aquatic Ecos., 412(11): 1-15. Sen, D., Das, S.K., Gokul, A. and Mitra, B. 2016a. Animal Discoveries in 100 Years, Zoological Survey of India (19162015): 1- 470 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sen, D., Das, S.K., Joy, S.R. and Mitra, B. 2016b. Zoological Survey of India, Contribution to the Fauna of India-A Bibliography: 1-514 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sharma, E., Chettri, N. and Oli, K.P. 2010. Mountain biodiversity conservation and management: a paradigm shift in policies and practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Ecol. Res., 25: 909-923. Shishodia, M.S., Chandra, K. and Gupta, S.K. 2010. An annotated checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 314: 1-366. Singh, P. and Bengtsson, L. 2004. Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change. Hydrol. Proc., 18(13): 2363-2385. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2016. Systematics of the Ephemeroptera of India: Present status and future prospects. Zoosyt., 11: 033-052. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Morgan, H.J. and Vincent, R.H. 1996. Biological assessment of the Kaveri river catchment, South India, and using benthic macroinvertebrates: Applicability of water quality monitoring approaches developed in other countries. Int. J. Eco. Env. Sci., 32: 113-132. Sladecek, V. 1983. Rotifera as indicators of water quality. Hydrobiol., 100: 169-201. Soota, T.D. 1991. Freshwater Sponges of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper No., 138: 1-116 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv, India, Culcutta). Spehn, E.M., Messerli, B. and Korner, C. 2002. A global assessment of mountain biodiversity: synthesis. In: Mountain biodiversity. A global assessment. Parthenon, Boca Raton: 1-336. Srivastava, G.K. 2013. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries - Dermaptera (Part III), Superfamilies Apachyoidea and Forficuloidea: 1-469. Subramanian, K.A. and Babu, R. 2017. Checklist of Odonata (Insecta) of India. Version 3.0. www.zsi.gov.in. 25th September, 2017. Subramanian, K.A., Selvakumar, C. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2017. Insecta: Ephemeroptera (Mayflies): 445-456. In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India, (Eds. Chandra, K., Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 1-624 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). ThripsWiki. 2017. ThripsWiki-providing information on the World thrips. Available from: http://thrips.info/wiki/ (accessed 1 July 2017). Tilak, R., Julka, J.M. and Subbaraju, R.C. 1976. Occurrence of the freshwater medusa Limnocnida Gtinther in Renuka lake, Himachal Pradesh. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 2(6): 263-265. Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2016. Thrips (Insecta : Thysanoptera) of India-an updated checklist. Halteres, 7: 64-98. Uetz, P., Freed, P. and Hošek, J. (Eds.). 2017. The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [18/02/18]. Valarmathi, K. and Mitra, S. 2017. Bryozoa: 163-170. In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India, (Eds. Chandra, K., Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 1-624 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Velho, N. and Laurance, W.F. 2013. Hunting practices of an Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tribe in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Oryx, 47: 389-392. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In, Animal Biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013), (Ed. Zhang Zhi-Qiang). Zootaxa, 3703: 1-82. Zhisheng, A., Kutzbach, J.E., Warren, L.P. and Porter, S.C. 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411: 62-66. 44


Chapter 2

Protozoa (Free-Living) BINDU, L.1, JASMINE PURUSHOTHAMAN2*, DAS, A.K.3, NANDI, N.C.3 and KUMAR, S.2

About 206 species of free-living protozoans, which includes naked amoebae, testate amoebae, ciliates and flagellates, have been recorded so far from the Indian Himalaya. The number, however, represents only about 12% of the total free-living protozoans of India, thus depicts a meagre diversity of species from such a highly diversified ecosystem of Himalaya. Note that the actual diversity of this ecosystem may be far above the recorded number of species. As far as the distribution of protozoa in biotic provinces of Indian Himalayan biogeographic zone is concerned, Central Himalaya includes 104 species, North-west Himalaya 95 species, West Himalaya 61 species, and Eastern Himalaya 40 species. From the Trans Himalaya no species have been recorded so far.

P

INTRODUCTION

rotozoa are unicellular eukaryotes microorganisms with complex internal structure which performs complex metabolic activities similar to that of the metazoan’s and other higher animals. They are the most abundant phagotrophs of the biosphere. Protozoans are considered as the subkingdom of the kingdom Protista; however, in the earlier classification system they were placed in the kingdom Animalia. About 66,000 species of protozoa have been described so far, most of which are free-living. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and inhabit almost every habitat, i.e., from deep oceans to high mountains (Fenchel, 1986; Foissner, 1987; Chao et al., 2006). They have various modes of lives such as free-living, parasitic, symbiotic and commensal. They are easy to culture and can be maintained in the laboratory for various in-depth studies. Their capacity to reproduce asexually enables clones to be established in the laboratory with the same genetic makeup. Due to their minute size and short generation time, they are frequently studied by the genetics to understand the biology of heredity and variations. Protozoans have a considerable importance in the ecological balance of many communities, like other zooplankton, they play a major role in productivity of the aquatic ecosystem. They are very important for biological sewage treatment plant which involves both anaerobic digestion and aeration; species of the genera

such as Metopus, Saprodinium and Epalxis are involved in the anaerobic while those of Bodo, Paramecium, Aspidisca and Vorticella are active during the aeration and flocculation steps. Furthermore, the photosynthetic species of protozoa performs carbon cycling in the aquatic and terrestrial food web. The most common free-living protozoans are ciliates, flagellates, heliozoans, amoebae and testaceans. Ciliates are characterised by the presence of cilia (hair-like organelles), which is identical in structure with flagella however, it is comparatively shorter and present in larger numbers with a different undulating pattern. Cilia occur in all members of the group and are variously used in swimming, crawling, feeding and sensation. Ciliates possess nuclear dimorphism, i.e., two types of nuclei, macronucleus and micronucleus which are of distinctly different size and function (Raikov, 1972). Their early appearance as a living organism, adaptability to diverse habitats and ability to remain viable in the encysted condition for long period of time, possibly justify their wide distribution throughout the world. Numerous studies have shown the potential of ciliates as a convenient model for the toxicological evaluation of various substances, such as carcinogens, photo toxicity and environmental radiation (Koutna et al., 2003). The amoeboid protists or testacids are considered to be one of the largest and most diverse assemblages

1 Zoological Survey of India, MBRC, Chennai, 2Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 3Former Scientist of Protozoology Section, Zoological Survey of India. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Citation Bindu, L., Jasmine Purushothaman, Das, A.K., Nandi, N.C. and Kumar, S. 2018. Protozoa (Free-Living). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 45-57 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

in the tree of eukaryotes (Pawlowski and Burki, 2009). They are characterised by tests or shells which cover the entire body of the organisms. They are present in moist environments with high-density populations. Previously, all amoeboid protists were placed in Sarcodina. However, in the current eukaryotic tree, Sarcodina represents a polyphyletic group with Amoebozoa and Rhizaria containing the highest number of species (Adl et al., 2012; Cavalier-Smith, 2002; Pawlowski and Burki, 2009). In the last 200 years, more than 1900 testate amoebae species have been reported in published literature from various regions of the world. Based on the presence of lobose or filiform pseudopodia, testate amoebae are classified as Lobosea or Filosea respectively. Most testaceans are cosmopolitan and present in water, soil and moss habitats. Testate amoebae are primary destructors of cellulose and lignin, take an active part in diverse biological processes in water ecosystems and provide integral links of the food chain in their respective environments. Testate amoebae have proved an interesting group of indicator organisms in palaeo environmental studies (Mitchell et al., 2008) and have also been used as bioindicators of human impact on ecosystems in terrestrial moss and limnetic habitats (Wall et al., 2009). Furthermore, they are frequently used for quantitative palaeo-ecological studies due to their wellpreserved shells in sediments and peats (Charman, 2001). Flagellates are very likely the most abundant eukaryotes on earth, i.e., in the single droplet of ground water or deep sea, hundreds of specimens occur. They are mostly uninucleate and possess one or more flagella for locomotion and sensation. Most of them have a thin, rigid pellicle (outer covering) or a coating of a jelly-like substance. They reproduce by either asexual (usually by longitudinal splitting) or sexual. As the main feeders of bacteria, they play an essential role in aquatic and terrestrial food webs (Arndt et al., 2000; Azam et al., 1983; Bonkowski, 2004). They have different modes of feeding which can vary within the taxonomic groups and even within one and the same organism, i.e., they can act as important herbivores (Arndt and Mathes, 1991), detritivores and osmotrophs, as well as mixotrophs (Scherwass et al., 2005). The present study brings together the diversity of free-living protozoa recorded so far from the Himalayan states of India. It is expected that the Himalayan ecosystem might harbours a huge diversity of protistan taxa including ciliates, flagellates, naked amoebae, testate amoebae and foraminiferans still waiting to be discovered. Despite being an important component of high-altitude ecosystem, these protists are frequently ignored in the biodiversity studies. According to Rodgers and Panwar (1988), the Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone is classified into 7 biotic provinces: 1A: Trans HimalayaLadakh Mountains, 1B: Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau, 1C: Trans Himalaya-Sikkim, 2A: Himalaya-North-West, 46

2B: Himalaya-West Himalaya, 2C: Himalaya-Central Himalaya and 2D: Himalaya-East Himalaya. It is rather difficult to provide an accurate estimate for the number of species in any of the larger group like protozoa. This chapter starts with a brief survey of the importance of protistan taxa in the ecosystem and then reviews the scale of species diversity in free-living protozoans of Indian Himalaya.

HISTORICAL RESUME The first report of free-living protozoa from India dates back to 1842 when Cantor referred the occurrence of six species of freshwater protozoa from Calcutta based on an unpublished observation of G. W. Grant including two species of ciliates viz., Coleps hirtus and Vorticella patellina. There have been many attempts to unravel the taxonomy of the ciliates found in various habitats of India. Initially, the taxonomy of this group was purely based on morphological characters; however, the use of morphological features has its limitations, and also its dependence on a constantly reducing number of experts. In 1907, Annandale recorded two species of ciliates from the fresh and brackish water ponds of Port Canning, Calcutta. Subsequently, Ghosh (1918, 1919, 1920, 1921a, 1921b, 1922, 1928, 1929) published a series of papers reporting 29 species of free-living ciliates from Kolkata and its nearby localities. Bhatia and Mallick (1930) studied some freshwater ciliates of Kashmir. Bhatia in 1936 and 1938 made two rather detailed publications, one on Ciliophora and the other on Sporozoa, in the ‘Fauna of British India’ series. The record of Ciliophora known from India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka included 274 species belonging to 101 genera (Bhatia, 1936). Seshachar and his collaborators from 1940 to 1970 and Das (1971) contributed mostly on the free-living ciliates. Mahajan and Nair (1971) published the occurrence of 19 species of free-living ciliates from Kolkata and its vicinity. In addition, certain contributions under the state fauna series (Das et al., 1993, 1995, 2000a, 2000b, 2003, 2006) dealt with limited free-living ciliates. It is estimated that 85% of the ciliate diversity is still to be described. Penard (1907) reported 15 species of testacid rhizopods from the Sikkim Himalayas. Singh and his co-workers from 1952 to 1970 studied the soil protozoa. Nair and Mukherjee (1968a, 1968b) and Nair et al. (1971) reported 12 species of rhizopods and 20 species of rhizopods and heliozoans, respectively, from Calcutta and its environments. Piyali and Das (2003) published an extensive report on the moss-dwelling testate amoebae of North and North-east India. From 1993 to 2006, Das and his collaborators published several species of free-living and symbiotic protozoa from various states in different fauna volumes. Taxonomic studies on Indian freshwater rhizopods were initiated by Naidu (1966a) followed by Mahajan and Nair (1971). Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

The diversity of free-living flagellates of the Indian landscape has not been studied in detail, except for Naidu (1963, 1966b) who worked extensively on flagellates species of South India. Banerjee (1936) during his studies on the Myxophyceae of lower Bengal reported the occurrence of Euglena viridis from various parts of the district 24-Parganas of West Bengal as well as from the districts Jessore, Faridpur, Dacca and Mymensingh (all the four districts presently in Bangladesh). Many studies have been carried out on parasitic flagellates, but free-living flagellates are less studied especially in the Himalayan areas. Taxonomic studies of flagellates of the order Proteromonadida were undertaken by Dasgupta (1935), Todd (1963) and Krishnamurthy and his associates. So far 59 species of hypermastigid flagellates, isolated from the gut of wood eating termites and one species viz., Lophomonas striata from the gut of Indian cockroach, have been reported from India (Das, 2007). The first report of free-living protozoa from Indian Himalaya was published by Penard (1907) who recorded 15 species of rhizopods from Sikkim Himalaya. Then, Bhatia and Mallick (1930) studied some freshwater ciliates of Kashmir. After a long gap, Das et al. (1993) while dealing with free-living protozoa of West Bengal, recorded 2 species of rhizopods and 8 species of freshwater ciliates from Darjeeling districts located at upper part of West Bengal. In 2000, Mukherjee and Das (2000) recorded 5 species of free-living ciliates from Renuka wetland, a Ramsar Site in Himachal Pradesh. Subsequently, Das et al. (1993) documented 36 species of rhizopods. Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) studied in

details the morphology, morphometry and ecology of 76 species of moss inhabiting testacids of North and Northeast India, which include all the States of Western, Eastern and Trans-Himalaya. Free-living testacids and ciliates of Arunachal Pradesh were dealt by Das et al., (2006). Das and Chattopadhyay (2005) recorded some free-living protozoa of Himachal Pradesh in Western Himalaya. Combining classical and modern methodology Kamra et al. (2008), Kamra and Kumar (2010), Kumar (2011) and Singh (2013) described some ciliates from the Valley of Flowers (a Biosphere Reserve in Uttarakhand) and Sikkim, respectively. Bindu (2010), Bindu (2013) and Bindu and Das (2010) documented some species of rhizopods from freshwater environments of various parts of India including Himalayan region. Further, Bindu (2013) reported 41 species of rhizopods from Pangi Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Bindu (in press) has also reported 16 species of testate amoebae from Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. Studies on free-living flagellates of Indian Himalaya are meager, i.e., few species of Euglena is reported from the Himalayan landscape by Rehman et al. (1995) and Rehman (1998).

SPECIES DIVERSITY For a concise review, we have calculated about 206 species of free-living protozoans so far recorded from the Indian Himalaya, which includes naked amoebae, testate amoebae, ciliates, and flagellates. Total testate amoebae species recorded from Indian Himalaya was about 88, among that about 66 species are belonging to the phylum Amoebozoa and the remaining 22 species

Fig. 1. Distribution of free-living Protozoa in the biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. BINDU et al. : Protozoa (Free-Living)

47

are belonging to the phylum Rhizaria. The systematic list of species recorded from different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya is provided. As far as the distribution in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone is concerned, Central Himalaya includes 104 species, North-west Himalaya 95 species, West Himalaya 61 species, and Eastern Himalaya 40 species (Fig. 1). From Trans Himalaya, no species has been recorded so far. The highest number of species belongs to family Centropyxidae followed by Difflugidae and Euglyphidae (Fig. 2). The majority of the species have been reported from Himachal Pradesh.

The literature survey showed that nearly 600 species of ciliates have been recorded from India, including parasitic, symbiotic and free-living. Of these only 98 free-living ciliate species are reported from Himalayan regions of India (see systematic list). The highest number of species belongs to the family Oxytrichidae (Fig. 4), majority of them have been reported from Sikkim followed by Himachal Pradesh. The study on free-living flagellates is less as compared to other protozoan groups. Only 9 species belonging to 2 families viz., Phacaceae (2) and Euglenaceae (7) have been reported from the Himalayan States (see systematic list). The majority of the species belongs to the family Euglenaceae (Fig. 5). The diversity of flagellates was high

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Ar M ce icr l oc lida e or yc iid Ce ae nt ro py Tr xi da ig in op e yx Pl id ae ag io py xi da e D iffl ug id H ae ele op er id ae Ne be Le lid sq ae ue re us Ph iid ry ae ga ne lli da e As su lin id Eu ae gly ph Cy id ph ae od er iid Tr ae in em ati da e

Number of Species

The diversity of naked amoebae known so far from the Himalayan states is only 11 species belonging to 7 families. All of them were reported from the state Uttarakhand. The highest number of species was present in the family, Acanthamoebidae (Fig. 3). The detailed list of species

of naked amoeba reported from the Indian Himalaya is presented in the systematic list as per the biotic provinces.

Fig. 2. Testate amoebae species and families recorded from Indian Himalaya.

35

Number of Species

3 25 2 1.5 1 0.5

Te t

Na eg l

er

iid

ae

ae ra m

ita ce

e lk

am pfi i

da

e

Va h

Pa ra m oe bi da

ae

e

Ec hi na m oe bi d

Ac an th am oe bi da

Th ec

am oe bi da

e

0

Fig. 3. Naked amoebae species and families recorded from Indian Himalaya.

48


30

Number of Species

25 20 15 10 5

Amphileptidae Amphisiellidae Chilodonellidae Cinetochilidae Colepidae Colpodidae Cyrtolophosididae Didiniidae Euplotidae Frontoniidae Glaucomidae Gonostomatidae Halteriidae Holophryidae Holostichidae Kahliellidae Lacymariidae Leptopharyngidae Litonotidae Loxodidae Metopidae Microthoracidae Nassulidae Ophryoglenidae Oxytrichidae Parameciidae Plagiopylidae Spathidiidae Spirostomidae Stentoridae Strobilidiidae Tracheliidae Urocentridae Urostylidae Vorticellidae

0

Fig. 4. Ciliate species and families recorded from Indian Himalaya.

in Uttarakhand; this could be due to the fact that majority of the studies were done in this State. The result shows that there is a significant lack of study on flagellates in the Indian Himalaya.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION

4

In India, no species of protozoa have been defined as keystone species of marine, freshwater or terrestrial ecosystem. It is well-known that protozoans are microscopic and can multiply rapidly by both sexual and asexual reproduction. Thus, threats to free-living protozoans appear to be remote unless there are indiscriminate destruction and distortion of their habitats. Nonetheless, threats to parasitic protozoan species exist if their hosts are threatened or endangered.

3

GAP AREAS

8 7 6 5

2 1

Phacaceae

Euglenaceae

Fig. 5. Flagellate species and families recorded from Indian Himalaya.

ENDEMISM About 7% (~90 species) of the free-living protozoa are endemic to India while the parasitic ones are around 40% (~550 species). So far, none of the protozoan species have been demarcated as threatened or endangered. In case of Himalaya, no protozoan species have been reported endemic so far. BINDU et al. : Protozoa (Free-Living)

Although protozoa are cosmopolitan in distribution and are found in every habitat of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (i.e., from high mountain peaks to the dark ocean bed and from tropical forests to the polar snows), there exist many gap areas in India which have been undersurveyed or not surveyed for the presence of protozoa. The group is least explored in this country except for West Bengal, Rajasthan, Orissa, some parts of Indian Himalayan landscape and some north-eastern states. A perusal of literature revealed that only some scattered reports are available from Jammu and Kashmir and Tamil Nadu. The protozoan study is underway in Assam and Kerala. It is also observed that no studies have been performed in Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, 49

A

B

C

D

E

F

Some of the free living protozoan ciliates from Indian Himalaya. (A, C-F) from life and (B) after protargol impreganation. A, B. Stylonychia pustulata. C. Halteria grandinella. D. Coleps hirtus, E. Cyrtolophosis sp. F. Chilodonella sp. [scale bars: 40 µm (A, B), 30 µm (F), 20 µm (D), 15 µm (C), 10 µm (E)].

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands. Taxonomic studies from these states with ecosystem wise inventorisation are required to get a first-hand estimate of the protozoan diversity of the country. Furthermore, expertise needs to be developed/promoted for the group which can take up the surveys covering the underexplored and unexplored regions of the country in order to collect all the major groups of protozoa from different habitats.

DISCUSSION Himalaya is a very diverse ecosystem which has not been investigated for protist diversity in a comprehensive manner. The present estimate of free-living protozoa recorded from India including the estuarine species is about 1,600, of these 185 species are testate amoebae

50

and the rest are other groups. The total number of freeliving protozoans so far recorded from the Himalayan landscape is about 206 species, which includes naked amoebae, testate amoebae, ciliates and flagellates. So their percentage contribution is only about 12% of the total freeliving protozoans of India. This depicts a meager diversity of species from such a highly diversified ecosystem of Himalaya; however, the actual diversity of this ecosystem may be far above the recorded number of species. It should be noted that surveys has not been performed appropriately and the few samples collected and studied from various states of Himalaya reflects only a glimpse to the total diversity. The authors are little apprehensive that a lot of undescribed species of amoebae, heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates mainly from the soil and forest ecosystems, still waits to be discovered which will enrich the diversity of free-living protists in Himalaya.


G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

Some of the free living protozoan testate amoebae from Indian Himalaya. G. Heleopera sylvatica, H. Heleopera rosea, I. Euglypha ciliate, J. Euglypha acanthophora, K. Centropyxis platystoma, L. Centropyxis ecornis, M. Trinema lineare, N. Triginopyxis arcula. [scale bars: 20 µm (G to M), 50 µm (N)].

BINDU et al. : Protozoa (Free-Living)

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SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum AMOEBOZOA Luhe, 1913 Class TESTACEA Lobosea De Saedeller, 1934 Order ARCELLINIDA Kent, 1880 Family ARCELLIDAE Ehrenberg, 1832 Genus Arcella Ehrenberg, 1832 arenaria Greef, 1866: 2A catinus Penard, 1890: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D discoides Ehrenberg, 1843: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D megastoma Pernad, 1902: 2A vulgaris Ehrenberg, 1830: 2C Family MICROCORYCIIDAE de Saedeleer, 1934 Genus Diplochlamys Greeff, 1888 leidy Greeff, 1888: 2C timida Penard, 1909: 2D Family CENTROPYXIDAE Jung, 1942 Genus Centropyxis Stein, 1857 aculeata Stein, 1857: 2A, 2C, 2D aerophilia Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D aerophilia var sphagnicola Deflandre, 1929: 2B arunachelensis Chattopadhyay and Das, 2003: 2A, 2D cassis (Wallich, 1864) Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B constricta (Ehrenberg, 1841) Penard, 1902: 2A, 2B, 2C discoides Penard, 1902: 2A ecornis (Ehrenberg, 1841) Leidy, 1879: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laevigata Penard, 1890: 2A, 2C minuta Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D oblonga (Deflandre, 1929): 2C orbicularis Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B plagiostoma Bonnet and Thomas, 1930: 2C platystoma (Penard, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C spinosa (Cash and Hopkinson, 1905) Deflandre, 1929: 2B, 2C, 2D stellata Wailes 1927: 2A sylvatica (Deflandre) Thomas: 2A, 2C, 2D Family TRIGONOPYXIDAE Loeblich and Tappan, 1964 Genus Cyclopyxis (Deflandre, 1929) arcelloides (Penard, 1902) Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D eurystoma (Deflandre, 1929) Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2D kahli (Deflandre, 1929) Deflandre, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Trignopyxis Penard, 1912 arcula (Leidy, 1879) Penard, 1912: 2C Family PLAGIOPYXIDAE Bonnet and Thomas, 1960 Genus Bullinularia Deflandre, 1953 indica (Penard, 1907) Deflandre, 1953: 2C, 2D Genus Plagiopyxis Penard, 1910 callida Penard, 1910: 2A, 2C, 2D declivis Bonnet and Thomas, 1955: 2B, 2C, 2D minuta Bonnet, 1959: 2A, 2C, 2D Family DIFFLUGIIDAE Wallich, 1864 Genus Difflugia Leclerc, 1815 corona Wallich 1864: 2A globulosa (Dujardin, 1837) Penard, 1902: 2A lebes Penard, 1899: 2A lismorensis Playfair: 2D lithophila Penard: 2D lobostoma Leidy, 1879: 2A lucida Penard, 1890: 2A, 2B, 2C

52

muriformis Gauthier-lievre and Thomas, 1958: 2A oblonga Ehrenberg, 1838: 2A oblonga var. muscicola Chattopadhyay and Das, 2003: 2D rubescens Penard, 1891: 2A urceolata Carter, 1864: 2A Family HELEOPERIDAE Jung, 1942 Genus Heleopera Leidy, 1879 petricola Leidy, 1879: 2C rosea Penard, 1890: 2A, 2C, 2D sphagni Leidy, 1874: 2A, 2B, 2C sylvatica Penard, 1890: 2A Genus Awerintzewia Schouteden, 1906 cyclostoma Schouteden, 1906: 2B, 2C Family HYALOSPHENIIDAE Schultze, 1877 Genus Hyalosphenia Stein, 1859 papilio Leidy, 1874: Himalaya Family NEBELIDAE Taranek, 1882 Genus Nebela Leidy, 1874 bohemica Taranek, 1882: 2C, 2D caudata (=Argynnia caudata) (Leidy, 1879): 2C collaris (Ehrenberg, 1848) Leidy, 1879: 2B, 2C denticulalata Chattopadhyay and Das, 2003: 2B, 2C dentistoma Penard,1890: 2C, 2D himalayana Chattopadhyay and Das, 2003: 2D lageniformis Penard, 1890: 2C tincta (Leidy) sensuKosakyan et Lara, 2012: 2C, 2D Genus Padaungiella Lara et Todorov, 2012 tubulata (Brown, 1911) Lara et Todorov, 2012: 2C Family LESQUEREUSIIDAE Jung, 1942 Genus Quadrulella Cockerell, 1909 symmetrica (Wallich,1864) Schulze, 1875: 2A, 2B Genus Lesqueruesia Schlumberger, 1845 modesta Rhumbler, 1895: 2A spiralis (Ehrenberg, 1840): 2A Genus Netzelia Ogden, 1979 wailesi Deflandre, 1936: Himalaya Family PHRYGANELLIDAE Jung, 1942 Genus Phryganella Penard, 1902 acropodia (Hertwig and Lesser, 1874) Hopkinson, 1909: 2C hemispherica Penard, 1902: 2A paradoxa Penard, 1902: 2A Class DISCOSEA Cavalier-Smith, 2004 em. Smirnov et al., 2011 Order THECAMOEBIDA Smirnov and Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al., 2011 Family THECAMOEBIDAE Schaeffer, 1926, em. Smirnov et al., 2011 Genus Thecamoeba Fromentel, 1874 soli (Singh and Hanumaiah): 2B terricola Lepsi, 1960: 2B Family PARAMOEBIDAE Poche, 1913, emend. Kudryavtsev et al., 2011 Genus Mayorella Schaeffer, 1926 vespertilioides Page, 1983: 2B Family ACANTHAMOEBIDAE Sawyer and Griffin, 1975 Genus Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 astronyxis (Ray and Hayes, 1954): 2B culbertsoni Singh and Das, 1970: 2B rhysodes (Singh, 1953): 2B Family ECHINAMOEBIDAE Page, 1975 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Echinamoeba Page, 1975 exundans (Page, 1967): 2B Phylum PERCOLOZOA Cavalier-Smith, 1991 Class HETEROLOBOSEA Page and Blanton, 1985 Order SHIZOPYRENIDA Singh, 1952 Family TETRAMITACEAE Genus Tetramitus Perty, 1852 rostratus (Perty, 1852): 2B Family NAEGLERIIDAE Genus Naegleria Alexeieff, 1912 gruberi (Schardinger, 1899): 2B thortoni (Singh, 1953): 2B Family VAHLKAMPFIIDAE Jollos, 1917 Genus Vahlkampfia Chatton and LaLung- Bonnaire, 1912 russelli (Singh) Page, 1976: 2B Phylum CERCOZOA Cavalier-Smith, 1998 emend. Adl et al., 2005 Class TESTACEA Filosea de Saedeleer, 1934 Order EUGLYPHIDA Copeland, 1956 Family ASSULINIDAE Lara et al., 2007 Genus Assulina Leidy, 1879 muscorum Greef, 1888: 2C, 2D seminulum (Ehrenberg, 1848) Leidy, 1879: 2A, 2C Family EUGLYPHIDAE Wallich, 1864 Genus Euglypha Dujardin, 1841 ciliata Ehrenberg, 1848: 2A, 2C ciliata forma glabra Wailes, 1915: 2A, 2C compressa Carter, 1890: 2B, 2C denticulata Brown, 1912: 2A, 2C filifera Penard, 1890: 2B, 2C laevis Perty, 1849: 2A, 2B, 2C rotunda Wailes and Penard, 1911: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scutigera Wailes and Penard, 1911: 2A strigosa (Ehrenberg, 1848): 2B, 2C tuberculata Dujardin, 1841: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tracheleuglypha Deflandre, 1928 dentata (Vejdowsky, 1832) Deflandre, 1928: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family CYPHODERIIDAE de Saedeleer, 1934 Genus Campascus Leidy, 1879 cornuatus Leidy, 1879: 2A Genus Cyphoderia Schlumberger, 1845 ampulla (Ehrenberg, 1840): 2A, 2B Family TRINEMATIDAE Hoogenraad and de Groot, 1940 Genus Corythion Taránek, 1882 dubium Taranak, 1881: 2A, 2C, 2D pulchellum Penard, 1890: 2C Genus Trinema Dujardin, 1841 complanatum Penard, 1890: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D enchelys (Ehrenberg, 1838) Leidy, 1878: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D galeata (Penard, 1890) Jung, 1942: 2A lineare Penard, 1890: 2A, 2C, 2D penardi Thomas and Chardez, 1958: 2A, 2B Phylum CILIOPHORA Doflein, 1901 Family AMPHILEPTIDAE Bütschli, 1889 Genus Amphileptus Ehrenberg, 1830 claparade Stein, 1867: 2A muscicola (Kahl, 1931) Foissner, 2000: 2C procerus (Penard, 1922) Song and Wilbert, 1989: 2A BINDU et al. : Protozoa (Free-Living)

Genus Pseudoeuroleptus Hemberger, 1985 caudatus Hemberger, 1985: 2C Family AMPHISIELLIDAE Jankowksi, 1979 Genus Spetastyla Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002 in Berger 2008 mystacea minima (Hemberger, 1985) Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002 in Berger 2008: 2C Genus Hemiamphisiella Foissner, 1988 terricola Foissner, 1988: 2C Genus Kleinstyla Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002 in Berger 2008 dorsicirrata (Foissner, 1982) Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002 in Berger 2008: 2C Family CHILODONELLIDAE Deroux, 1970 Genus Chilodonella Strand, 1928 cucullus (Müller) Ehrenberg, 1833 : 2A, 2C spiralidentis (Bhatia and Mallik, 1930): 2A Family COLEPIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Genus Coleps Nitzsch, 1827 hirtus (Müller, 1786) Nitzsch, 1827: 2D, 2C striatus Smith, 1817: 2A Family COLPODIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Genus Colpoda Müller, 1773 cucullus Müller, 1786: 2D, 2C inflata (Stokes,1884): 2C reniformis Kahl, 1931: 2A steini Maupus, 1883: 2A Family CINETOCHILIDAE Perty, 1852 Genus Cinetochilum Perty, 1849 margaritaceum Perty, 1852: 2A Family CYRTOLOPHOSIDIDAE Stokes, 1888 Genus Cyrtolophosis Stokes, 1885 elongatus Schewiakoff, 1892: 2A, 2B minutus Schewiakoff, 1889: 2B Family DIDINIIDAE Poche, 1913 Genus Didinium Stein, 1859 nasutum (Müller, 1773) Stein, 1859 in Foissner, Berger, Blatterer and Kohmann 1995: 2A Family EUPLOTIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Genus Euplotes Müller, 1786 charon (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg, 1830: 2A encysticus Yonezawa, 1985: 2C gracilis Kahl, 1932: 2C muscicola Kahl, 1932: 2D, 2C patella (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg, 1831: 2C plumipes Stokes, 1884: 2D, 2C Family FRONTONIIDAE Kahl, 1926 Genus Frontonia Ehrenberg, 1838 atra Ehrenberg, 1833: 2A depressa (Stokes, 1886) Kahl, 1931: 2C leucas (Ehrenberg, 1833) Ehrenberg, 1838: 2D, 2A, 2C Family GLAUCOMIDAE Corliss, 1971 Genus Glaucoma Ehrenberg, 1830 pyriformis (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff: 2D Genus Monochilum Schewiakoff, 1892 ovale Schewiakoff, 1893: 2A Family GONOSTOMATIDAE Small and Lynn, 1985 Genus Neowallackia Berger, 2011 ghangriai (Kamra, Kumar and Sapra, 2008) Berger, 2011: 2B

53

Genus Gonostomum Sterki, 1878 affine (Stein, 1859) Sterki, 1878: 2B kuehnelti Foissner, 1987: 2B singhii Kamra, Kumar and Sapra, 2008: 2B Genus Metagonostomum Foissner, 2016 gonostomoida (Hemberger, 1985) Berger, 1999: 2B Genus Paragonostomoides Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002 in Foissner 2016 minutum Kamra, Kumar and Sapra, 2008 in Foissner 2016: 2B Family HALTERIIDAE Claparède and Lachmann, 1859 Genus Halteria Dujardin, 1841 grandinella (Müller, 1773) Dujardin, 1840: 2C Family HOLOPHRYIDAE Perty, 1852 Genus Holophrya Ehrenberg, 1831 simplex Schewiakoff, 1893: 2A Family HOLOSTICHIDAE Fauré-Fremiet, 1961 Genus Anteholosticha Berger, 2003 australis (Blatterer and Foissner, 1988) Berger, 2003: 2B intermedia (Bergh, 1889) Berger, 2006: 2C Family KAHLIELLIDAE Tuffrau, 1979 Genus Cotterillia Foissner and Stoeck, 2011 bromelicola Foissner and Stoeck, 2011: 2C Genus Parakahliella Berger, Foissner and Adam, 1985 haideri Berger and Foissner, 1989: 2C Family LACRYMARIIDAE de Fromentel, 1876 Genus Lacrymaria Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 olor Müller, 1776: 2C Family LEPTOPHARYNGIDAE Kahl, 1926 Genus Leptopharynx Mermod, 1914 eurystoma Kahl, 1931: 2A Family LITONOTIDAE Kent, 1882 Genus Litonotus Wresniowski, 1870 fasciola (Wresniowski, 1870): 2A muscorum (Kahl, 1931) Blatterer and Foissner, 1988: 2A Genus Loxophyllum Dujardin, 1840 niemeccense Stein, 1859: 2D, 2C Family LOXODIDAE Bütschli, 1889 Genus Loxodes Ehrenberg, 1833 magnus Stokes, 1887: 2C striatus (Englemann, 1862) Penard, 1917: 2A Family METOPIDAE Kahl, 1927 Genus Metopus Claparède and Lachmann, 1858 es (Müller, 1776) Lauterborn, 1916 : 2D, 2C Family MICROTHORACIDAE Wrzesniowski, 1870 Genus Drepanomonas Fresenius, 1858 dentata Fresenius,1858: 2C Genus Microthorax Engelmann, 1862 pusillus Engelman, 1862: 2C Family NASSULIDAE de Fromentel, 1874 Genus Nassula Ehrenberg, 1833 ornata Ehrenberg, 1833: 2C Family OPHRYOGLENIDAE Kent, 1881 Genus Ophryoglena Ehrenberg, 1831 flava Ehrenberg, 1833: 2A Family OXYTRICHIDAE Ehrenberg, 1830 Genus Australocirrus Blatterer and Foissner, 1988 shii (Shi et al., 1997) Kumar and Foissner, 2015: 2C Genus Cyrtohymena Foissner, 1989 citrina (Berger and Foissner, 1987) Foissner, 1989: 2C

54

Genus Hemiurosomoida Singh and Kamra, 2015 longa (Gelei and Szabados, 1950) Singh and Kamra, 2015: 2C Genus Heterourosomoida Singh and Kamra, 2015 lanceolata (Shibuya, 1930) Singh and Kamra 2015: 2B Genus Laurentiella Dragesco and Njine, 1971 strenua (Dingfelder, 1962) Berger and Foissner, 1989: 2C Genus Notohymena Blatterer and Foissner, 1988 antarctica Foissner, 1996: 2C saprai Kamra and Kumar, 2010: 2B Genus Oxytricha Bory, 1824 fallax Stein, 1859: 2C granulifera Foissner and Adam, 1983: 2C hymenostoma Stokes, 1887: 2A sphagni Kahl, 1932: 2C Genus Paroxytricha Foissner, 2016 longigranulosa (Berger and Foissner, 1989) Foissner, 2016: 2C Genus Quadristicha Foissner, 2016 setigera (Stokes, 1891) Foissner, 2016: 2B Genus Tetmemena (Eigner, 1999) Berger, 2001 bifaria (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2001: 2A pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999: 2A Genus Pleurotricha Stein, 1859 lanceolata (Ehrenberg, 1835) Stein, 1859: 2A Genus Paraurosomoida Singh and Kamra, 2013 indiensis Singh and Kamra, 2013: 2C Genus Patersoniella Foissner, 1987 vitiphila Foissner, 1987: 2C Genus Rigidohymena Berger, 2011 tetracirrata (Gellért, 1942) Berger, 2011: 2C Genus Steinia Diesing, 1866 sphagnicola Foissner, 1989: 2C Genus Sterkiella Foissner, Blatterer, Berger and Kohmann, 1991 cavicola (Kahl, 1935) Foissner, Blatterer, Berger and Kohmann, 1991: 2C histriomuscorum Foissner, Blatterer, Berger and Kohmann, 1991: 2C tricirrata (Buitkamp, 1977) Berger, 1999: 2C Genus Stylonychia Ehrenberg, 1830 ammermanni Gupta et al., 2001: 2C mytilus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830: 2C Genus Urosomoida Hemberger, 1981 agilis (Engelmann, 1862) Hemberger, 1985 in Berger and Foissner, 1987: 2B Family PARAMECIIDAE Dujardin, 1840 Genus Paramecium Müller, 1773 aurelia Ehrenberg, 1838: 2A bursaria (Ehrenberg, 1831) Focke, 1836: 2D, 2C caudatum Ehrenberg, 1833: 2A, 2B, 2C Family PLAGIOPYLIDAE Schewiakoff, 1896 Genus Plagiopyla Stein, 1860 nasuta Stein, 1860: 2D Family SPATHIDIIDAE Kahl in Doflein and Reichenow, 1929 Genus Spathidium Dujardin, 1841 muscicola Kahl, 1930: 2D, 2C Family SPIROSTOMIDAE Stein, 1867 Genus Spirostomum Ehrenberg, 1834 ambiguum (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg, 1835: 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

teres Claparède and Lachmann, 1858: 2A, 2C Family STENTORIDAE Carus, 1863 Genus Stentor Oken, 1815 polymorphus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830: 2A Family STROBILIDIIDAE Kahl in Doflein and Reichenow, 1929 Genus Strobilidium Schewiakoff, 1892 gyrans (Stokes, 1887) Kahl, 1932: 2C Family TRACHELIIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Genus Dileptus Dujardin, 1841 anser (Müller, 1786) Dujardin, 1841: 2C tenuis Penard, 1922: 2C Family UROCENTRIDAE Genus Urocentrum Nitzsch, 1827 turbo (Müller, 1786) Nitzsch, 1827: 2A Family UROSTYLIDAE Bütschli, 1889 Genus Bakuella Agamaliev and Alekperov, 1976 edaphoni Song, Wilbert and Berger, 1992: 2C Genus Uroleptus Ehrenberg, 1831 longicaudatus Stokes, 1886: 2C Genus Urostyla Ehrenberg, 1830 caudata Stokes, 1886: 2C Genus Paraholosticha Kahl, 1932 herbicola Kahl, 1932: 2A

Family VORTICELLIDAE Ehrenberg, 1838 Genus Vorticella Linnaeus, 1767 campanula Ehrenberg, 1831: 2A styliformis Foissner, 1981: 2B Phylum EUGLENOZOA Cavalier-Smith, 1981 Class EUGLENOIDEA Bütschli, 1884 Order EUGLENIDA Bütschli 1884, emend. Simpson, 1997 Family PHACACEAE J.I. Kim, Triemer and W. Shin in Kim, Shin and Triemer, 2010 Genus Lepocinclis Perty, 1849 acus (O.F.Müller) Marin and Melkonian, 2003: 2A oxyuris (Schmarda) Marin and Melkonian, 2003: 2A Family EUGLENACEAE Dujardin 1841 Genus Euglena Ehrenberg, 1830 shafiqii Shafiq-ur-Rehman, 1998: 2D vagans Deflandre, 1932: 2A viridis (O.F. Müller) Ehrenberg, 1830: 2A Genus Euglena formis M.S. Bennett and Triemer, 2014 proxima (Dangeard) M.S. Bennett and Triemer, 2014: 2A Genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg, 1835 armata (Ehrenberg) F. Stein, 1878: 2A oblonga Lemmermann, 1899: 2A playfairii Deflandre, 1926: 2A

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Chao, A., Li, P.C., Agatha, S. and Foissner, W. 2006. A statistical approach to estimate soil ciliate diversity and distribution based on data from five continents. Oikos, 114(3): 479-493. Charman, D.J. 2001. Biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental applications of testate amoebae, Quat. Sci. Rev., 20: 17531764. Chattopadhyay, P. and Das, A.K. 2003. Morphology, morphometry and ecology of moss dwelling testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) of north and north-east India. Mem. Zool. Surv. India, 19(4): 1-16. Das, A.K. 1971. Leptopharynx chlorophagus sp. nov. (Ciliata: Protozoa) from freshwater of West Bengal, India. Curr. Sci., 40: 195-196. Das, A.K. 2007. A monograph of the flagellates symbionts of Indian termites with special reference to their host correlation and coevolution. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 262: 1-228. Das, A.K. and Chattopadhyay, P. 2005. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, Part-2: 7-22 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Das, A.K, Tiwari, D.N. and Sarkar, N.C. 2000a. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Tripura, State Fauna Series, 7(4): 1-52 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Das, A.K., Tiwari, D.N. and Sarkar, N.C. 2000b. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(4): 1-36 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Das, A.K., Mandal, A.K., Tiwari, D.N. and Sarkar, N.C. 1995. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Meghalaya, State Fauna Series, 4(Part-10): 1-107 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Das, A.K., Mondal, A.K and Sarkar N.C. 1993. Freeliving Protozoa. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(12): 1-134 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Das, A.K., Nandi, N.C. and Chattopadhyay, P. 2006. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, Part 2: 1-38 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Das, A.K., Tiwari, D.N. and Sarkar, N.C. 2003. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 1-43 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Dasgupta, 1935. Preliminary observation on the Protozoan fauna of the rumen of the Indian goat, Capra hircus Linn. Arch. Protistenkd., 85: 153-172, figs. 6 Fenchel, T. 1986. The ecology of Protozoa. Madison/Springer Verlag, Berlin. Foissner, W. 1987. Soil Protozoa: Fundamental problems, ecological significance, adaptations in ciliates and testaceans, bioindicators and guide to the literature. Progr. Protistol., 2: 69-212. Ghosh, E. 1918. Studies InInfusoria. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 15: 129-134. Ghosh, E. 1919. Studies on Infusoria. On Two Species of Holophrya, Ehrenberg. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 16: 41-43. Ghosh, E. 1920. Infusoria from Bengal.-Report Sci. Convention Indian Ass. Cult. Sci., for 1918, Calcutta, pp. 144-149. Ghosh, E. 1921a. Infusoria from the environment of Calcutta. Bull. Carmichael med. Coll., Calcutta, 2: 6-17. Ghosh, E. 1921b. New hypotiichous Infusoria from Clacutta. J. roy. Micr. Soc., London: 248-250. Ghosh, E. 1922. New species of Vorticella from Calcutta. Bull. Carmichael med. Coll., Calcutta, 3: 8-18. Ghosh, E. 1928. Two new ciliates from sewer water. J. R. Micr. Soc., London: 382-384. Ghosh, E. 1929. Two new Suctoria from sewer water. J. R. Micr. Soc., London: 222-223, figs. 1-2. Kamra, K. and Kumar, S. 2010. Notohymena saprai sp. nov., a new oxytrichid ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the Valley of Flowers, a Himalayan bioreserve region; description and morphogenesis of the new species. Indian J. Microbiol., 50(1): 33-45. Kamra, K., Kumar, S. and Sapra, G.R. 2008. Species of Gonostomum and Paragonostomum (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Oxytrichidae) from the Valley of Flowers, India, with descriptions of Gonostomum singhii sp. nov., Paragonostomum ghangriai sp. nov. and Paragonostomum minuta sp. nov. Indian J. Microbiol., 48(3): 372-388. Koutna, M., Janisch, R. and Veselska, R. 2003. Effects of low-power laser irradiation on cell proliferation. Scrip. Med. (BRNO), 76(3): 163-172. Kumar, S. 2011. Diversity and ecology of ciliated protozoa from select biotopes, and a recombinant cell line of Tetrahymena thermophila as potential model for toxicological assays. (Dessertation), University of Delhi. 56


Mahajan, K.K. and Nair, K.N. 1971. On some freshwater ciliates (Protozoa) from Calcutta and its environs. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 63: 2-22. Mitchell, E.A.D., Charman, D.J. and Warner, B.G. 2008. Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands; past, present and future. Biod. Cons., 17: 2115-2137. Mukherjee, R.N. and Das, A.K. 2000. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Renuka Wetlands, Himachal Pradesh; Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2: 7-9 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Naidu, K.V. 1963. Studies on the freshwater protozoa of South India I Euglenoidina. J. Zool. Soc. Ind., 14(1): 88-92. Naidu, K.V. 1966a. Some thecamoebae (Rhizopoda: Protozoa) from India. Hydrobiol., 27: 465-478. Naidu, K.V. 1966b. Studies on the freshwater protozoa of South India III: Euglenoidina 2. Hydrobiologia, 27(1-2): 23-32. Nair, K.N. and Mukherjee, R.N. 1968a. On a new species of testacean rhizopod (Protozoa: Euglyphidae) from India. J. Zool. Soc. India, 20: 124-127. Nair, K.N and Mukherjee, R.N. 1968b. On some testacean rhizopods (Protozoa: Sarcodina) of the ground and tree mosses from Calcutta and its environs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., India, 38(B):185-192. Nair, K.N., Das, A.K. and Mukherjee, R.N. 1971. On some freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa (Protozoa) from Calcutta and its environs. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 65(1): 1-16. Pawlowski, J. and Burki, F. 2009. Untangling the phylogeny of amoeboid protists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 56: 16-25. Penard, E. 1907. On some rhizopods from the Sikkim Himalaya. J. Roy. Micr. Soc. London: 274-278. Piyali, C. and Das, A.K. 2003. Morphology, morphometry and ecology of moss dewlling Testate Amoebae (Protozoa : Rhizopoda) of North and North-east India. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 19(4): l-113. Raikov, I.B. 1972. Nuclear phenomena during conjugation and autogamy in ciliates. In, Chen T-T (ed.) Research in Protozoology, vol 4. Pergamon Press, New York: 146-289. Rehman, S. 1998. A Redbloom of Euglena shafiqii, a new species, in Dal lake, Srinagar, Kashmir. Water Air Soil Poll., 108: 69-82, Rehman, S., Talib, A.R., Mir, S.U. and Khan, K.Z. 1995. Physico-Chemical Features of Blood-Red Bloom (Euglena haematosolaris) Affected Water of Dal Lake of Kashmir’, Seminaron ‘Red-Blood in Dal Lake’, Directorate of Environment and Remote Sensing, Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar H.S. 1988. Planning a wildlife protected area network in India. New Forest, Dehra Dun, India, pp. 1-341. Scherwass, Y., Fischer, H. and Arndt 2005. Detritus as a potential food source for protozoans: consumption and digestion of plant detritus by a heterotrophic flagellate (Chilomonas paramecium) and a ciliate (Tetrahymena pyriformis). Aquat. Ecol., 39: 439-445. Singh, J. 2013. Ciliated protists from sikkim, a biodiversity hotspot; descriptions of some ciliate taxa with phylogenetic notes using classical and molecular methods. (Dessertation), University of Delhi. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/28371. Todd, S.R. 1963. Studies on some parasitic flagellates of certain wild animals Hyderabad. Arch. Protistenkd., 107: 1-116. Wall, A., Gilbert, D., Magny, M. and Mitchell, E.A.D. 2009. Testate amoeba analysis of lake sediments, impact of filter size and total count on estimates of density, diversity and community structure. J. Paleolimno., 43: 689-704.

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Chapter 3

Protozoa (Parasitic) CHITRA J.

The present chapter records about 117 species of parasitic protozoan belonging to 35 genera, 23 families, 14 orders, 8 classes and 4 phyla from Indian Himalaya. The percentage composition of parasitic protozoa contributes for Apicomplexa (75%), Sarcomastigophora (16%), Ciliophora (8%) and Myxozoa (1%). This compiled information on the diversity of parasitic protozoan in Indian Himalaya would be useful for providing the baseline database to update the species diversity of Protozoa from the region and to find the gap areas in the protozoological research.

P

INTRODUCTION

arasitic Protozoans belonging to Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa, Microspore, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora include a diverse, and heterogeneous group of organisms such as intestinal flagellates, haemoflagellates, opalinata, parasitic amoeba, gregarines, haemogregarines, coccidia, haemosporina, piroplasmida, microsporida, haplosporea, myxozoa and parasitic ciliates. Their relationships and association with vertebrates range from commensalism to parasitism in nature (Tanada and Kaya, 1993), but the most pathogens are Microsporidians and Sporozoans. The parasitic infections caused by intestinal helminths and protozoa are among the most common human infections, endemic throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries including India. Some intestinal protozoan parasites like Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis homini, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Microsporidia are reported in different parts of the world (Abdullah et al., 2016; Mandal et al., 1986). Among insects, protozoa infections were entomopathogens, are specific to certain species or groups of insect pests. The classification scheme in this chapter follows Levine et al. (1980) for Protozoa to keep parity with the earlier works. In case of Microspora and Myxozoa (parasitic Protozoa), the classifications given by Sprague et al. (1992), and Lom and Noble (1984) further revised

by Lorn and Dykova (1992) has been followed. Das et al. (2003) and Nandi and Das (2010) while dealing with the checklist of parasitic Protozoa from India also followed the same classification. The species level identification in protozoan parasitology is tough (Mandal et al., 1990). The diversity of parasitic protozoan of Indian Himalaya has been compiled from published literature, and a checklist of all the taxa is produced for the first time from the region.

HISTORICAL RESUME The protozoan parasites causing malaria (Adie and Adie, 1913; Misra, 1956; Datta et al., 1992), and coccidian (Gill, 1954, 1956) were reported from Kashmir valley. Das and Shaw (1968) reported Haemosporidia species from Jersey cow. Intestinal protozoan infestation in rural population of human was reported from Kashmir (Mir et al., 1979, 1996; Shah, 1971; 1980; Muzzafar, 1978; Thoker, 1986; Khan et al., 1994; Fomda et al., 2007; Masarat et al., 2012). Kaul (1987), and Shah and Shah (1988) recorded protozoan parasites (Nosema sp.) of some invertebrates from Jammu and Kashmir state. Wenyon (1923) contributed on coccidians of mammals and Bhatia (1936) on several species of coccidian of lizards. Ray and Das Gupta (1937) was probably the first to examine the coccidian parasites in Hemidactylus sp. from Mukteswar (earlier Uttar Pradesh, now in Uttarakhand state). Subsequently, Ray et al. (1952), Gill (1920, 1954), and Gill and Ray (1960) also contributed on coccidian

Soil Zoology Section, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected] Citation Chitra, J. 2018. Protozoa (Parasitic). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 59-70 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

parasites from Uttarakhand. Several species of coccidian parasites of vertebrates were reported from Uttarakhand state, but the studies on the parasitic protozoa are very scanty (Mandal, 1987). Jithendran and Bhat (1996) reported 8 species of coccidian from Angora rabbits at Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Thirty-five species of coccidian parasites belonging to 3 genera (Isospora, Eimeria and Wenyonella) in family Eimeriidae were reported from Uttarakhand state (Nandi, 2010). Kotian et al. (2014) studied the infection-intensity, prevalence and the associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic protozoans from the Uttarakhand hills. A lot of studies on Protozoan parasites infestation have been carried out in aves (Nandi, 1986; Nandi and Mandal, 1978; Narain, 1993; Mir et al., 1996), in fish (Narain and Raina., 1992; Dhar et al., 2016), in silk worm (Singh et al., 2012; Sahaf, 1991, 2002), and in vertebrates (Jithendran and Bhat, 1966; Sheikh et al., 2017). The parasitic gastrointestinal infection of yak and other species in various hosts has been made by Sen et al. (1973), Rangarao and Sharma (1994), Das et al. (2006), Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010), and Bam et al. (2012), from Arunachal Pradesh whereas from Himachal Pradesh by Singh et al. (1991), Rao et al. (1977a, 1977b), and Mukherjee and Das (2000). Rahman et al. (2012) investigated gastrointestinal parasites in Gharpala sheep in the alpine dry zone of Sikkim. Concurrently parasitic protozoans were recorded from Sikkim (Sinha and Sinha, 1979; Das et al., 2003).

The studies on parasitic protozoa, reported from Darjeeling were conducted by Dasgupta et al. (1972; 1979), Royand Chowdhury (1930), Mandal et al. (1984, 1985, 1986), Nandi and Mandal (1976; 1977c), Sinha (1984), Paul et al. (1982), Pradhan and Dasgupta (1980a, 1980b, 1982, 1983). Pal and Dasgupta (1982) recorded Trypanosoma rhinolophonis and Polychromophilus sp. in the insectivorous bat of Darjeeling. Bandyopadhyay (1984), Bandyopadhya and Dasgupta (1982, 1984a, 1984b) contributed immensely on the taxonomy of coccidians on small mammals and discovered new species Eimeria bandicota from Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) and three new coccidia from flying squirrel from Darjeeling. Das et al. (1993) recorded 596 species of parasitic protozoa belonging to 5 phyla, 11 classes, 22 orders, 63 families and 131 genera in 351 host species (133 invertebrates and 218 vertebrates) from various districts of West Bengal including Darjeeling.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The present chapter records about 117 species of parasitic protozoa belonging to 35 genera, 23 families, 14 orders, 8 classes and 4 phyla from Indian Himalaya. The maximum species diversity is recorded in the phylum Apicomplexa (88 species) followed by Sarcomastigophora (19 species), Ciliophora (9 species) and Myxozoa (1 species) (Figs. 2, 3). North-West Himalaya (2A) and West Himalaya (2B) both are represented by 38 species each, Central Himalaya (2C) by 29 species and East Himalaya by 11 species (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Distribution of Parasitic Protozoa in Indian Himalaya.

60


Few recorded species interprets that parasitic protozoans are not host specific (Table 1).

GAP AREAS The information on parasitic protozoa from Ladakh (1A), Tibetan Plateau (1B) and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (1C) is lacking completely. Thus, surveys are required to be conducted to explore the diversity and distribution of parasitic protozoa from Trans Himalayan region (1A, 1B, 1C). The socio-economic circumstances of small scale aquaculture holders are very poor. Diseases are one of the constraints of aquaculture industries, poultry farms, domestic animals and in wild population of animals in rural, urban and in the protected areas of the country. Confirmatory diagnosis of both current and newly emerging diseases of protozoans through research on

parasitology is highly essential. This compiled information would be very useful which provides concrete baseline data to note the gap areas of research and to further enrich studies on parasitic protozoa to update the species diversity.

DISCUSSION Das et al. (2010) listed 2,519 species of parasitic protozoa belonging to 284 genera in 118 families, 32 orders, 13 classes and 6 phyla including 552 unnamed species from India. Out of which 117 species belonging to 35 genera are listed in this chapter which is only 4.64% of Indian fauna. This less amount of species diversity in Indian Himalaya may be due to not only gap in research in this group but also in this region. Much more surveys and taxonomic research is needed to explore the Himalayan fauna of parasitic Protozoa.

1% 8%

16%

Sarcomastigophora Sarcomastigophora Apicomplexa Ciliophora Myxozoa

75% Fig. 2. Pie chart showing percentage composition of species diversity of 4 phyla of parasitic protozoa.

40 35 Number of species

30 25

Sarcomastigophora

20

Ciliophora

15

Apicomplexa

10

Myxozoa

5 0 1A

1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

Fig. 3. Number of species discovered from 4 major phyla of parasitic protozoa.

CHITRA et al. : Protozoa (Parasitic)

61

Aikawa and Sterling (1974) discussed that determining taxonomic relationships in the parasitic protozoa species is particularly challenging. The very unsatisfactory criterion of host specificity is generally used in the assessment of the systemic position of the organism due to the morphological similarity of species occuring in several hosts. Despite, he also stated that the electron microscopy studies revealed similarities among organisms thought to have been taxonomically unrelated. Five species were reported from Himachal Pradesh (Das and Chattopadhyay, 2005). Interestingly, Opalina obtrigonoidea was registered from the gut contents of an amphibian host, Uperodon systoma. Four species viz., Anoplophrya amaleshi, A. lumbrici, A. marilandensis and A. striata were collected from coelom and gut contents of the following 5 species of earthworms: Eiseria feuda, Ramiella bishambar, Etyphoeus walton, Dichogaster bolaui and Amynthas diffringes. Investigation on Leishmaniasis at Himachal Pradesh were explored at least (Sharma et al., 2003, 2005) and worldwide (Sinha et al., 2016). And also stated that evidence on parasitic protozoa was registered very less and taxonomic studies of parasitic protozoa of Himachal Pradesh remain almost completely neglected.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA Honigberg and Balamuth, 1963 Class ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA Calkins, 1909 Order TRICHOMONADIDA Kirby, 1947 Family CALLIMASTIGIDAE Da Fonseca, 1915 Genus Callimastix Weissenberg, 1912 frontalis Braune, 1913: 2A Family MONOCERCOMONADIDAE Kirby, 1944 Genus Monocercomonas Grasse, 1879 rumnantium (Braune, 1913): 2A Order RETORTAMONADIDA Grasse, 1952 Family RETORTAMONADIDAE Wenrich, 1932 Genus Chilomastix Alexeieff, 1912 mesnili (Wenyon, 1910): 2A Genus Embadomonas MacKinnon, 1911 intestinalis (Wenyon and O’Connor, 1917): 2A Superorder PARABASALIDEA Honigberg, 1973 Order TRICHOMONADIDA Kirby 1947 Family DEVESCOVINIDAE Doflein, 1911 Subfamily DEVESCOVININAE Doflein, 1911 emend. Kirby, 1931 Genus Caduceia Franca 1918 theobromae Franca, 1918: 2B Genus Devescovina Foa, 1905 parasoma Kirby, 1941: 2B silmilis Kirby, 1941: 2B Genus Foaina Janicki, 1915 exempta Kirby, 1941: 2B Family MASTIGAMEOBIDAE Genus Histomonas Tyzzer, 1920 meleagridis (Smith, 1895): 2A Subphylum OPALINATA Corliss and Balamuth, 1963 Class OPALINATEA Wenyon, 1926 Order OPALINIDA Poche, 1913

62

Family OPALINIDAE Claus, 1874 Genus Cepedia Metcalf lanceolata (Bezzenberger 1904): 2D Subphylum SARCODINA Schmarda, 1871 Superclass RHIZOPODA von Siebold, 1845 Class LOBOSEA Carpenter, 1861 Order AMOEBIDA Ehrebnbert, 1830 Suborder TUBULINA Bovee and Jahn, 1966 Family ENDAMOEBIDAE Calkins, 1926 Genus Endolimax Kuenen and Swellengrebel, 1913 nana (Wenyon and O’Connor, 1917): 2A Genus Entamoeba Casagrandi and Barbagallo, 1897 bovis (Liebetanz, 1905): 2A coli (Grassi, 1879): 2A hartmanni Prowazek, 1912: 2A histolytica Schaudinn, 1901: 2A Genus Iodamoeba Dobell, 1919 butschlii (Prowazek, 1912): 2A Order DIPLOMONADIDA Wenyon, 1926 emend. Brugerolle, 1975 Suborder ENTEROMONADINA Brugerollem 1975 emend. Kulda and Nohynkova, 1978 Family ENTEROMONADIDAE Kulda and Nohynkova, 1978 Genus Enteromonas Da Fonseca, 1915 hominis Da Fonseca, 1915: 2A Subfamily GIARDIINAE Genus Giardia Kunstler, 1907 intestinalis (Lambl, 1859): 2A lamblia Stiles 1915: 2A, 2D Phylum APICOMPLEXA Levine, 1970 Class SPOROZOEA Leuckart, 1879 Subclass GREGARINA Dufour, 1828 Order EUGREGARINIDA Leger, 1900 Suborder ASEPTATINA Chakravarty, 1960 Family MONOCYSTIDAE Butschli, 1882 Subfamily MONOCYSITINAE Bhatia, 1930 Genus Informis Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1983 informis Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C pseudotentaculatus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C Genus Monocystis Stein, 1848 senchalensis Pradhan and Das Gupta, 1982: 2C Genera Apolocystis Cognetii de Martiis, 1923 akaryosomiferus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C goomtiensis Pradhan and Dasguptam, 1982: 2C monokaryosomiferus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C vacuolatus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C Genus Bisurculus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982 variegatus Pradhan and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C Family GREGARINIDAE Labbe, 1899 Genus Gregarina Dufour, 1866 dasguptai Mandal et al., 1986: 2C Class SPOROZOEA Leuckart, 1879 Subclass COCCIDIA Leuckart, 1879 Order EUCOCCIDIIDA Leger and Duboseq, 1910 Family HAEMOGREGARINIDAE Leger, 1911 Genus Haemogregarina Danilewsky, 1885 berestneffi Castellani and Willey, 1903: 2C Subclass PIROPLASMIA Levine, 1961 Order PIROPLASMIDA Wenyon, 1926 Family ANAPLASMIDAE Neitz et al., 1934 Genus Anaplasma Theiler, 1910 centrale (Theiler, 1911) Ristic and Kreier, 1984: 2A, 2C marginale Theiler, 1910: 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Family BABESIIDAE Poche 1913 Genus Babesia Starcovici, 1893 argentina (Lign Zres, 1909): 2A bovis Babes, 1888: 2A Order EUCOCCIDIIDA Leger and Duboseq 1910 Suborder EIMERIINA Leger, 1911 Family LANKESTERELLIDAE Reichenow, 1921 Genus Lankesterella Labbe, 1899 Lankesterella sp.: 2C Suborder HAEMOSPORINA Danilewsky, 1885 Family LEUCOCYTOZOOIDAE Fallis and Bennett, 1961 Genus Leucocytozoon Danilewsky danilewskyi (Ziemann, 1898): 2A dubreuli Mathis and leger, 1911: Himalaya fringillinarum Wood cock, 1910: 2A Leucocytozoon sp.: 2C majoris Laveran, 1902: 2A sabrazesi Mathis and Leger,1910: 2C squamatus Nandi, 1986: 2A Genus Hepatocystis Levaditi and Schoen, 1932 Hepatocystis sp. Family Cryptosporidiidae Genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907 parvum Tyzzer, 1912: 2A Suborder EIMERIINA Leger, 1911 Family EIMERIIDAE Poche, 1913 Genus Dorisa Levine, 1980 graculae Mandal et al., 1984: 2C harpia (Sinha and Das Gupta, 1978): 2C Genus Eimeria Schneider, 1875 arloingi (Marotel, 1905): 2B bandicota Bandyopadhyay and Dasgupta, 1982: 2C bovis (Zublin, 1908) Fiebiger, 1912): 2D brasiliensis Torres and Ramos, 1939: 1A brunetti Levine, 1942: 2A columbae Mitra and Das Gupta, 1937: 2B comminispora Bandyopadhyay and Dasgupta, 1984: 2C crandallis Honess, 1942: 2A, 2B cylindrica Wilson, 1931: 2A darjeelingensis Sinha and Sinha, 1980: 2C debliecki Douwes, 1921: 2B, 2D ellipsoidalis Becker and Frye 1929: 2D faurei (Moussu and Marotel, 1902): 2B hagani Levine, 1938: 2B himalayana Ray and Misra, 1942: 2B irresidua Kessel and Jankiewicz, 1931: 2B knowlesi Bhatia, 1936: 2B leporis Nieschulz, 1923: 2B media Kessel, 1929: 2B meleagridis Tyzzer, 1927: 2B micropylifera Bandyopadhyay and Dasgupta, 1984: 2C minetti Ray, Raghavachari and Sapre, 1942: 2B mitis Tyzzer, 1929: 2B nasuta Bandyopadhyay and Dasgupta, 1984: 2C necatrix Johnson, 1930: 2B neoleporis Carvaho, 1942: 2B perforans (Leuckart, 1879): 2B petauristae Ray and Singh, 1950: 2B praecox Johnson, 1930: 2B robertsoni (Madsen, 1938): 2B ruficaudati Gill and Ray, 1960: 2B scabra Henry, 1931: 2D sphenocercae Ray, 1952: 2B stiedai (Lindeman, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2D CHITRA et al. : Protozoa (Parasitic)

suncus Ahluwalia et al., 1979: 2C sylvilagi Carini, 1940: 2B tenella (Railliet and Lucet, 1891): 2B zuernii (Rivolta 1878) Martin, 1909: 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Isospora Schneider, 1881 capistrata Sinha and Sinha, 1981: 2C ceylonensis Sinha et al., 1978: 2C concinnus Sinha and Sinha, 1979: 2C corviae Ray, Shivnani, Dommen and Bhaskaran, 1952: 2B dirumpens Hoare, 1933: 2B felis Wenyon, 1923: 2B garrulae Ray, Shivnani, Oomen and Bhaskaran, 1952: 2B garrulusae Ray et al., 1952: 2B knowlesi Ray and Das Gupta, 1937: 2B lacazei Labbe, 1893: 2B par Ray et al., 1952: 2B scicercusae Ray et al., 1952: 2B suis Biester and Murray, 1943: 2D Family HAEMOPROTEIDAE Doflein, 1916 Genus Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 bennetti Greiner, Mandal and Nandi, 1977: 2C borgesi Tendeiro, 1947: 2A celli Coatney and Roudabush, 1937: 2A dicruride Mello, 1935: 2A himalayanus Paul and Das Gupta, 1982: 2C oryzivorae Anschutz, 1909: 2A passeris (Kruse, 1890): 2A pastorisde Mello, 1935: 2A rupicola Mandal et al., 1985: 2C thereicerycis de Mello, 1935: 2A velans Coatney and Roudabush, 1937: 2A Phylum CILIOPHORA Doflein, 1901 Class OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA de Puytorac et al., 1974 Subclass ASTOMATIA Schewiakoff, (1896) Order ASTOMATIDA Schewiakoff, (1896) Family ANOPLOPHRYIDAE Cepede, 1916 Genus Anoplophrya Stein (1860) amaleshi Dey and Mukherjee: 2A lumbrici (Schrank, 1803) Stein 1860: 2A, 2D marylandensis Conklin, 1930: 2A striata Dujardin, 1845: 2A Family Maupasellidae Genus Maupasella Cepede, 1910 nova Cepede, 1910: 2A, 2D Class KINETOFRAGMINIPHOREA de Puytorac et al., 1974 Subclass VESTIBULIFERIA de Puytorac et al., 1974 Order TRICHOSTOMATIDA Butschli, 1889 Suborder TRICHOSTOMATINA Butschli, 1889 Family BALANTIDIIDAE Genus Balantidium Claparede and Lachman, 1858 coli (Malmsten, 1857) Stein, 1862: 2A rayi Pal and Das Gupta, 1978: 2C tylototritonis Pal and Das Gupta, 1978: 2C Suborder OPHRYOGLENINA Canella, 1964 Family ICHTHYOPHTHIRIIDAE Genus Ichthyophthirius Fouquet, 1876 multifiliis Fouquet, 1876: 2A Phylum MYXOZOA Grasse, 1970 Class MYXOSPOREA Butschli, 1881 Order BIVALVULIDA Shulmjan, 1959 Suborder BIPOLARINA Tripathi, 1948 Family MYXIDIDAE Thelohan, 1892 Genus Myxidium Butschli, 1882 cholai Narain et al., 2015: 2A

63

Table 1. List of Protozoan species parasitic to various hosts from Indian Himalaya. S. No.

64

Species

Hosts

1.

Anoplophrya amaleshi

Eiseria fetida

2.

Anaplasma centrale

Hylopetes alboniger

3.

Anaplasma marginale

Hylopetes alboniger

4.

Anoplophrya lumbrici

Pheretima sp. and Ramiella bishambari

5.

Anoplophrya marylandensis

Etyphoeus waltoni and Dichogaster bolaui

6.

Anoplophrya striata

Amynthas diffringes

7.

Apolocystis akaryosomiferus

Pheretima robusta

8.

Apolocystis goomtiensis

Pheretima diffringens

9.

Apolocystis monokaryosomiferus

Pheretima robusta

10

Apolocystis vacuolatus

Pheretima alexandri

11.

Babesia argentina

Boophilus microphlus

12.

Babesia bovis

Boophilus

13.

Balantidium coli

Cattle, Sheep and Swine

14.

Balantidium rayi

Tylototriton verrucossus

15.

Balantidium tylototritonis

Tylototriton verrucossus

16.

Bisurculus variegatus

Amynthas hawayanus

17.

Caduceia theobromae

Neotermes bosei

18.

Callimastix frontalis

Sheep

19.

Cepedia lanceolata

Rana cyanophlyctis

20.

Chilomastix mesnile

Homosapiens

21.

Cryptosporidium parvum

Homosapiens

22.

Devescovina parasoma

Neotermes bosei

23.

Devescovina silnilis

Neotermes bosei

24.

Dorisa graculae

Gracula religiosa Linn

25.

Dorisa harpia

Harpiocephalus harpia lasyurus

26.

Eimeria arloingi

Capra hircus

27.

Eimeria bandicota

Bandicota bengalensis

28.

Eimeria bovis

Bos indicus, Bubalus bubalis and Cattle

29.

Eimeria brasiliensis

Bos grunniens

30.

Eimeria brunetti

Gallus domesticus

31.

Eimeria columbae

Columba livia

32.

Eimeria comminispora

Petaurista magnificus

33.

Eimeria crandallis

Ovis aires and sheep

34.

Eimeria cylindrica

Cattle

35.

Eimeria darjeelingensis

Suncus murinus soccatus

36.

Eimeria debliecki

Sus scrofa

37.

Eimeria ellipsoidalis

Bos indicus and Cattle

38.

Eimeria faurei

Ovis aires

39.

Eimeria hagani

Gallus sp.

40.

Eimeria himalayana

Bufo himalayanus

41.

Eimeria irresidua

Oryctolagus cuniculus Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 1. contd. S. No.

Species

Hosts

42.

Eimeria knowlesi

Hemidactylus sp.

43.

Eimeria leporis

Lepus ruficaudatus

44.

Eimeria media

Oryctolagus cuniculus

45.

Eimeria meleagridis

Meleagridis gallapavo

46.

Eimeria micropylifera


47.

Eimeria minetti

Mabuya sp.

48.

Eimeria mitis

Gallus domesticus

49.

Eimeria nasuta


50.

Eimeria necatrix

Gallus domesticus

51.

Eimeria neoleporis


52.

Eimeria perforans


53.

Eimeria petauristae

Petaurista inornatus

54.

Eimeria praecox

Gallus domesticus

55.

Eimeria robertsoni

Lepus nigricolis ruficaudatus

56.

Eimeria ruficaudati

Lepus ruficaudatus

57.

Eimeria scabra

Sus scrofa

58.

Eimeria sphenocercae

Sphenocercus sphenurus

59.

Eimeria stiedai

Sheep and Oryctolagus cuniculus

60.

Eimeria suncus

Suncus murinus murinus and S. murinus soccatus

61.

Eimeria sylvilagi


62.

Eimeria tenella

Gallus domesticus

63.

Eimeria zuernii

Bos indicus, Bos grunniens and cattle

64.

Embadomonas intestinalis

Homo sapiens

65.

Endolimax nana

Homo sapiens

66.

Entamoeba bovis

Cattle and sheep

67.

Entamoeba coli

Homo sapiens

68.

Entamoeba hartmanni

Homo sapiens

69.

Entamoeba histolytica

Homo sapiens and Cattle

70.

Enteromonas hominis

Homo sapiens

71.

Foaina exempta

Neotermes bosei

72.

Giardia intestinalis

Homo sapiens

73.

Giardia lamblia

Man, monkeys and pig

74.

Gregarina dasguptai

Coccinella septempunctata

75.

Haemogregarina berestneffi

Rana cyanophlyctis, R. limnocharis and R. tigrina

76.

Haemoproteus dicruri

Dicrurus adsimilis

77.

Haemoproteus bennetti

Picus flavinucha

78.

Haemoproteus borgesi

Jynx torquilla himalayana

79.

Haemoproteus himalayanus

Heterophasia capistrala

80.

Haemoproteus oryzivorae

Myiophoneus caerulaus

81.

Haemoproteus passeris

Passer domesticus

82.

Haemoproteus pastorisde

Acridotheres tristis tristis

CHITRA et al. : Protozoa (Parasitic)

65


66

Species

Hosts

83.

Haemoproteus rupicola

Noemacheilus rupicola

84.

Haemoproteus thereicerycis

Megalaima asiatica and M. zeylanica

85.

Haemoproteus velans

Dendrocopos mahrattensis

86.

Haemoproteus cellii

Glacidium cuculoides and Strix aluco biddulphi

87.

Hepatocystis sp.

Petaurista eleganas caniceps

88.

Histomonas meleagridis

Gracia eletoris

89.

Ichthyobodo sp.

Puntius sophore

90.

Ichthyophthirius multifilis

Schizothorax niger, Aspidoparia morar and Triplophysa kashmirensis

91.

Informis informis

Approrectodea trapezoides

92.

Informis pseudotentaculatus

Approrectodea trapezoides

93.

Iodamoeba butschlii

Homo sapiens

94.

Isospora suis

Sus scrola

95.

Isospora capistrata

Leioptila capistrata and Hetrophasia capistrrata

96.

Isospora ceylonensis

Culiciapa ceylonensis calochrysea

97.

Isospora concinnus

Aegithalos concinnus rubricapillus

98.

Isospora corviae

Corvus macrorhynchus intermedius

99.

Isospora dirumpens

Natrix platyceps

100.

Isospora felis

Felis sp.

101.

Isospora garrulae

Garrulax lineatus lineatus

102.

Isospora garrulusae

Garrulus glandarieus bispeculari

103.

Isospora knowlesi

Hemidactylus sp.

104.

Isospora lacazei

Passer domesticus

105.

Isospora par

Parus dichrurus

106.

Isospora scicercusae

Scicercus xanthoschistos

107.

Lankesterella sp.

Bufo himalayanus

108.

Leucocytozoon danilewskyi

Glacidium cuculoides

109.

Leucycytozoon fringillinarum

Carpodacus erythrinus, C. erythrinus roseatus and Pycnonotus leucogenys humii

110.

Leucocytozoon sabrazesi

Gallus sp.

111.

Leucocytozoon squamatus

Picus squamatus squamatus

112.

Leucycytozoon majoris

Pycnonotus leucogenys humii

113.

Leucycytozoon sp.

Carpodacus erythrinus, Coccothrraustes icteroides, Emberiza cia, Garrulux variegatus, Hypsites madagascarinensis, Muscicapa superciliaris, Oriolus oriolus, Parus major, Parus monticolus, Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus, Pyrrhula aurantiaca, Tarsiger cyanurus, Turdus ruficollis, Turdus unicolor, Mycerobas affinis and Picus squamatus squamatus

114.

Maupasella nova

Pheretima sp.

115.

Monocercomonas ruminantium

Sheep

116.

Monocystis senchalensis

Apporectodea trapezoides

117.

Myxidium cholai

Puntius chola Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

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Nandi, N.C. and Mandal, A.K. 1977. The occurrence of Leucocytozoon sobrazesi Mathis and Leger, 1910 (Leucocytozoidae: Sporozoa) in a domestic fowl from Darjeeling, West Bengal. Proc. zool. Soc. Calcutta, 30: 67-71. Narain, K. 1993. Protozoan and Platyhelminth parasites of some aquatic vertebrates of J&K. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Sci., P.G. Dept. of Zool. The University of Kashmir. Srinagar. Narain, K. and Raina, M.K. 1992. A new report of white spot disease in fresh-water fish of Jammu and Kashmir, with a note on its histopathology: 115-120. In: Proc. Curr. Trends in Fish and Fisheries Biology and Aquatic ecology (Proc. 3rd Natl., Seminar on fish and their environment, held at Srinagar from 19-22 september, 1989) P.G. Dept. of Zool. The Univ. of Kashmir, Srinagar. Pal, N.L. and Dasgupta, B. 1982. Trypanosoma rhinolophonis n. Spa and Polychromophilus Spa in the insectivorous bat of Darjeeling. J. Bengal Hat. Hist. Soc. (N.S.), 1(2): 101-103. Paul, R.C., Das, N.C., John, V.M. and Rao, C.K. 1982. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in selected population of Arunachal Pradesh. J. Com. Dis., 14(4): 309-312. Pradhan, D. and Dasgupta, B. 1980a. Record of some new gregarines in earthworms from the hill areas of Darjeeling district-I. North Bengal Univ. Rev., (Sci. and Techno.), 1(2): 135-139. Pradhan, D. and Dasgupta, B. 1980b. Record of some new gregarines in earthworms from the hill areas of Darjeeling district-II. North Bengal Univ. Rev., (Sci. and Techno.), 1(2): 141-143. Pradhan, D. and Dasgupta, B. 1982. New gregarines in earthworms from Senchal and Goomti in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. J. Bengal. Nat. Hist. Soc. (N. S.), 1(2): 4-16. Pradhan, D. and Dasgupta, B. 1983. New cephaline gregarines (Apolocystis) in earthworm of the hill areas of Darjeeling district. J. Bengal. Nat. Hist. Soc. (N.S.), 2(2): 5-12. Rahman, H., Pal P., Chatlod L.R. and Bandyopadhyay S. 2012. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Gharpala sheep of Sikkim, India. J. Vet. Parasitol., 26(2): 144-147. Rangarao, G.S.C. and Sharma, R.L. 1994. Parasitic infections of Indian Yak Bos (Poephagus) grunniens-an overview. Vet. Parasitol., 53: 75-82. Rao, C.K., Krishnaswami, A.K. and Biswas, H. 1977. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in selected villages of Mahasu District, Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res., 56: 1959-1965. Rao, C.K., Krishnaswami, A.K., Gupta, S.R., Biswas, H. and Raghavan, N.G.S. 1977. Prevalence of ameobiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in a selected community. Indian J. Med. Res., 60: 979-986. Ray, D.K. 1952. On a new coccidium, Eimeria sphenocercae n. sp. from Sphenocercus sphenurus (Kokla green pigeon). J. Parasit., 38: 546-547. Ray, D.K., Shivani, G.A., Oommen, M. and Bhaskaran, R. 1952. A study of coccidian of Himalayan birds. Proc. zool Soc. Calcutta, 5: 141. Ray, H.N. 1945. On a new coccidium Wenyonella gallinae n. sp. from the gut of domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus Linn.Curr. Sci., 14: 275. Ray, H.N. and Das Gupta, 1937. Isospora knowlesi n. sp. (Coccidia) from the intestine of a lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell). Arch. Protistenk., 88: 269-275. Ray, H.N. and Misra, P.L. 1942a. Observations on a new coccidian Eimeria himalayanum n. sp. from the intestine of a Himalayan toad, Bufo sp. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr.: 169. Ray, H.N. and Misra, P.L. 1942b. On a new coccidian, Eimeria himalayanum n. sp. from the intestine of a Himalayan toad, Bufo himalayanum Boulenger. Proc. Natn. Inst. Sci. India, 9: 265-269. Ray, H.N. and Singh, H. 1948. Occurrence of Isospora dl’rumpens Hoare, in the intestine of the Grass Snake Natrix platyceps at Mukteswar. Sci. and Cult., 14: 119-120. Ray, H.N. and Singh, H. 1949. On a new coccidium Eimeria petauristae n. sp. from the intestine of a Himalayan flying squirrel, Petaurista inornatus (Geofferry). Proc. Ind. Sci. Congr.: 156. Ray, H.N. and Singh, H. 1950. On a new coccidium Eimeria petauristae n. Spa from the intestine of a Himalayan flying squirrel, Petaurista inomatus (Geofferry). Proc. zool. Soc. Calcutta, 3: 65-70. CHITRA et al. : Protozoa (Parasitic)

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Ray, H.N., Raghavachari, K. and Sapre, S.N. 1942. On a new Coccidium, Eimeria minetti n. Spa from the lizard Mabuya sp. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr.: 170. Roy, D.N. and Chowdhury, K.L. 1930. The parasitology of malaria in the Darjeeling Terai Indian Med. Gaz., 65: 379-381. Sahaf, K.A. 1991. Studies on the parasitic infection of Bombay mori and their control in J and K. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Sci., P.G. Deptt. of Zool., the University of Kashmir Srinagar. Sahaf, K.A. 2002. Incidence of protozoan disease, Pebrine of Silkworm, Bombyx mori in Jammu and Kashmir. J. Entomol. Res., 26(4): 305-307. Sen, S.K., John, U.M., Krishnan, K.S. and Rajagopal, R. 1973. Studies on malaria transmission in Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA). J. Com. Dis., 5: 98-110. Shah, A.A. 1971. Studies on some infections disease and infertility among livestock of Kashmir, with special reference to protozoa. Ph.D. Thesis. P.G. Dept. of Zool., the Univ. of Kashmir, Srinagar, pp. 301. Shah, A.A. 1980. Protozoan infection in J&K state. pp. 200-205. In, Heritage of Kashmir (Ed. Hussain F.M.), Chap. 18. Gulshan Publishers, Srinagar, Kashmir. Shah, F.A. and Shah, T.A. 1988. Search for Nosema apis in Kashmir Apis cerana. Indian Bee J., 48(1-4): 55-56. Sharma, N.L., Mahajan, V.K., Kanga, A., Sood, A., Katoch, V.M. and Mauricio, I. 2005. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica: preliminary findings of the study of 161 new cases from a new endemic focus in Himachal Pradesh, India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 72(6): 819-824. Sharma, R.C., Mahajan V.K., Sharma N.L. and Sharma A. 2003. A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. India J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 69: 170-172. Sheikh, M.M., Fazili, F.M., Tak, H., Bilal A. and Bhat, A.B. 2017. Parasitic prevalence in Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Kashmir Himalayas. Int. J. V. Sci. Ani. Husb., 2(1): 10-12. Singh, C., Zargar, S.A., Masoodi, I., Shoukat, A. and Ahmad, B. 2012. Predictors of intestinal parasitosis in school children of Kashmir: A prospective study. Trop. Gastro., 31(2): 105-107. Singh, P., Gupta M.L., Thakur, T.S. and Vaidya, N.K. 1991.Intestinal Parasitism in Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Sci., 45(8), 201-204. Sinha, C.K. 1984. Observations on certain protozoan parasites in the blood of some vertebrates. Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling. Sinha, C.K. and Sinha, S. 1979. Isospora concinus Spa n. from a Sikkim Red-headed Tit, Aegithalos concinus rubricapilus (Tricehurst). Acta. Protozool., 18: 455-460. Sinha, R., Kumari, P. and Kumar, J.A. 2016. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A case report from eastern part of Indian subcontinent. J. Case Rep., 6: 161-164. Sprague, V., Becnel, J.J. and Hazard, E.I. 1992. Taxonomy of Phylum Microspora. Rev. Microbiol., 18(5/6): 285-395. Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H.K. 1993. Associations between insects and nonpathogenics microorganisms. In, Insect Pathology (Eds. Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H.K.): 12-51. Academic Press, New York. Thoker, M.A. 1986. Comparative evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay for detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibody in clinically suspected toxoplasmosis. M.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Shir-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir: 1-69. Wenyon, C.M. 1923. Coccidiosis of cats and dogs and status of Isospora of man. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 17: 231-288.

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Chapter 4

Protozoa (Symbiotic) CHITRA J.

Symbiotic protozoans like flagellates survive in the gut of their hosts for shelter and food whereas ciliates in the rumen of ruminants. The present communication records 49 species belonging to 17 genera, 8 families, 4 orders, 2 classes and 2 phyla of gut flagellates and rumen ciliates, so far reported from Indian Himalaya. The symbiotic protozoans are a highly neglected groups regarding taxonomic studies. The gap areas in the research field of this very significant group have been evaluated for further research and faunistic explorations in the regions. Species reported on symbiotic protozoans of Indian Himalaya were focussed to know the species diversity and gap areas in this region.

T

INTRODUCTION

he symbiotic protozoans are mainly flagellates which survive in the gut of wood eating termites and roaches. On the other hand, the ciliates exist in the rumen of ruminant mammals. Their survival within the host determines the obligatory mutualistic relationship between symbiotes and their hosts. Most of the protozoans present in termites are gut inhabiting flagellates mainly belong to Oxymonadida, Trichomonadida and Hypermastigida. These flagellates survive in the gut of their hosts for shelter and food. The flagellates feed on wood would be digestible due to enzyme cellulose converted to glucose form in their hosts (Cleveland, 1923, 1924, 1925a, 1925b, 1925c, 1926, 1928, Das, 2007). Rumen ciliate protozoa play a major role in the nutrition of the host (Akkada and Shazly, 1964; Clark and Hungate, 1966). Ruminant ciliates belong to few genera of Ophryoscolecidae family were explored (Das et al., 1993). In, the present communication the distributional records 49 species belonging to 17 genera, 8 families, 4 orders, 2 classes and 2 phyla of gut flagellates and rumen ciliates, so far reported from different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya is compiled.

HISTORICAL RESUME Symbiotic protozoans were studied mainly by Clarke and Hungate (1966), Leidy (1881), Simons (1890), Imms (1919), Cutler (1920, 1921), Kirby (1932a, 1932b, 1937),

Chakravarty and Banerjee (1956), Uttangi (1962), Uttangi and Joseph (1960) and Narain (1956a, 1956b, 1956c) and Krishna (1970). De mello and his collaborators contributed on flagellate symbiotes from India during 1919-1949. About 429 species of flagellates symbiotes of termites and 39 species were recovered from wood roaches (Yamin, 1979). Das and co-(1972-2007) contributed on symbiotic flagellates of India, leading to the discoveries of various new records and new species. Mukherjee and Maiti (1988, 1989, 2007) described 4 new species (Pyrsonympha rostrata, P. tirapi, Dinenympha mukundai and D. rayi) of flagellate symbiotes in Reticulitermes tirapi from Arunachal Pradesh. The information on the studies of ruminant ciliates has been dealt less from India (Ghosh, 1922, Dasgupta, 1935, Banerjee, 1955). The information on the symbiotic protozoa from Indian Himalaya, were precisely reported by Das and co-worker from West Bengal (Darjeeling), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Altogether, 49 species belonging to 17 genera, 8 families, 4 orders, 2 classes under 2 phyla of gut flagellates and rumen ciliates are reported from Indian Himalaya. Thirty-five have been reported from Central Himalaya, 16 species from Eastern Himalaya, and 8 species from North-West Himalaya. The information on symbiotic protozoa from 1A (Ladakh), 1B (Tibetan Plateau), IC (Trans HimalayaSikkim) and, 2B (West Himalaya) is completely lacking (Fig. 1).

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected] Citation CHITRA, J. 2018. Protozoa (Symbiotic). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 71-75 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Fig. 1. Distribution of Symbiotic Protozoa in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

GAP AREAS The studies focusing the taxonomy of symbiotic protozoans is highly neglected and thus further research explorations on symbiotic protozoans in gap areas promotes the research and also prone to record a number of species and new records to the study area.

DISCUSSION Das (2007) reported 468 species of flagellate symbiotes belonging to 78 genera, 19 families and 3 orders from India. Out of which 39 species were listed from guts of wood roaches and 429 species from guts of lower termites. Chowdhury and Chatterjee (1960) has conducted a survey and reported rumen ciliates in Indian goats. The present compilation of symbiotic protozoa from Indian Himalayan region concluded 49 species belonging to 17 genera, 8 families, 4 orders 2 classes and 2 phyla of gut flagellates and rumen ciliates were listed from the Himalayan region through literature. Taxonomical studies on symbiotic protozoa should be taken widely to promote the status of diversity and explore the relationship of symbiotes among various hosts.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum CILIOPHORA Doflein, 1901 Class KINETOFRAGMINIPHOREA de Puytorac et al., 1974 Subclass VESTIBULIFERIA de Puytorac et al., 1974 Order TRICHOSTOMATIDA (Butschli, 1889) Family ISOTRICHIDAE (Butschli, 1887)

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Genus Isotricha Stein, 1859 prostomata Stein, 1859£: 2A, 2C Genus Dasytricha (Schuberg, 1888) ruminantium Schuberg, 1888£: 2A Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA Honigberg and Balamuth, 1963 Class ZOOMASTIGOPHORA Calkins, 1909 Order OXYMONADIDA Grasse, 1952 Family PYRSONYMPHIDAE Grassi, 1892 Genus Dinenympha Leidy, 1877 exilis Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C leidyi Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C mukundai Mukherjee, 1989$: 2C, 2D nobilis Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C, 2D parva Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C porteri Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C rayi Mukherjee and Maiti, 1989$: 2C, 2D rugosa Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C Genus Pyrsonympha Leidy, 1877 grandis Koidzumi, 1921#, $: 2C, 2D granulata Powell, 1928#: 2C modesta Koidzumi, 1921$: 2C rostrata Mukherjee and Maiti, 1988#: 2C, 2D tirapi Mukherjee and Maiti, 1988#: 2C, 2D Order ENTODINIOMORPHA Reichenow in Doflein and Reichenow, 1929 Family OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE Stein, 1859 Genus Diplodinium Schuberg, 1888 dentatium (Stein, 1858)£: 2A monacanthum (Dogiel, 1927) Kofoid and Christenson, 1934¥: 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Entodinium Stein, 1859 bursa Stein, 1858£: 2A dubardi Buisson, 1923¥: 2D longinucleatum Dogiel, 1925¥: 2C, 2D muntiacum Banerjee, 1955¥: 2D ovinum Dogiel, 1927¥: 2D Genus Epidinium Crawley, 1923 caudatum (Fiorentini, 1889)£: 2A Genus Eremoplastron Kofoid and Mac Lennan, 1932 bovis (Dogiel, 1927)£: 2A Genus Eudiplodinium Dogiel, 1927 emend. Kofoid and Mac Lennon, 1932 maggii (Fiorentini, 1889) Kofoid and Mac Lennan, 1932¥: 2D Genus Metadinium Awerinzew and Mutafowa, 1914 medium Awerinzew and Mutofowa, 1914£: 2A Genus Ophryoscolex Stein, 1858 caudatus Eberlein, 1895£: 2A Order HYPERMASTIGIDA Grassi and Foa, 1911 Suborder SPIROTRICHONYMPHINA Grasse, 1952 Family HOLOMASTIGOTIDAE Janicki, 1915 Genus Holomastigotoides Grassi and Foa, 1911 bengalensis Chakravarty and Banerjee, 1956€: 2C campanula (de Mello, 1937)€: 2C indica Das, Tiwari, Mandal and Sarkar, 1995$: 2C magnus Uttangi, 1962€: 2C ogivalis de Mello, 1931€: 2C rayi Karandikar and Vittal, 1954€: 2C

reniformis de Mello, 1937€: 2C sphaeroidales de Mello, 1937€: 2C Family SPIROTRICHONYMPHIDAE Grassi, 1917 Genus Spirotrichonympha Grassi and Foa, 1911 froilanoi Karandikar and Vittal, 1954€: 2C, 2D ovalis Brown, 1931#: 2C porteri (Koidzumi, 1917) Grasse, 1951#, $: 2C, 2D rotunda Demello, 1927#: 2C Genus Holomastigotes Grassi, 1892 indica Das et al., 1995: 2C Suborder TRICHONYMPHINA Grasse, 1952 Family EUCOMONYMPHIDAE Cleveland, Hall, Sanders and Collier, 1934 Genus Pseudotrichonympha Grassi and Foa, 1911 cardiformis Karandikar and Vittal, 1954€: 2C indica Chakravarty and Banerjee, 1956: Himalaya subapicalis Karandikar and Vittal, 1954€: 2C Family TERATONYMPHIDAE Koidzumi, 1921 Genus Teranympha Koidzumi, 1917 mirabilis Koidzumi, 1917$, # : 2C, 2D Family TRICHONYMPHIDAE Kent, 1880 Genus Trichonympa Leidy, 1877 agilis Leidy, 1877#, $: 2C, 2D gujarathensis Uttangi, 1959$: 2C meghaleyensis Das et al., 1995$: 2C Hosts: $: Reticulitermes assamensis; #: Reticulitermes tirapi; ¥: Muntiacus muntjak; €: Coptotermes travians; £: Sheep)

REFERENCES Akkada, A.A.R. and Shazly, K. E. L. 1964. Effect of absence of ciliate protozoa from the rumen on microbial activity and growth of lambs. Appl. Microbiol., 12: 384-390. Banerjee, A.K. 1955. Studies on Parasitic ciliates from Indian ruminants. Proc. Zool. Soc., 8: 87-101. Chakravarty, M.M. and Banerjee, A.K. 1956. Observation on the holomastigotid and Trichonymphid flagellates from a termite. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 9: 35-44. Chowdhury, A.K. and Chatterjee, T.P. 1960. A resurvey of rumen ciliates in Indian goats. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 13: 51- 70. Clarke, R.T.J. and Hungate, R.E. 1966. Culture of the rumen Holotrich ciliate Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. Appl. Microbiol., 14(3): 340-345. Cleveland, L.R. 1923. Correlation between the food and morphology of termites and the presence of intestinal protozoa. Am. J. Hyg., 3: 444-461. Cleveland, L.R. 1924. The physiological and symbiotic relationships between the intestinal protozoa of termites and their host, with special reference to Reticulitermes flaviceps Kollar. Biol. Bull., 46: 203- 227. Cleveland, L.R. 1925a. The ability of termites to live perhaps indefinitely on a diet of pure cellulose. Biol. Bull., 48: 289293. Cleveland, L.R. 1925b. The effects of oxygenation and starvation on the symbiosis between the termite Termopsis and its intestinal flagellates. Biol. Bull., 48: 309- 326. Cleveland, L.R. 1925C. The toxicity of oxygen in protozoa in vivo and vitro: Animals defaunated without injury. Biol. Bull., 48: 455-468. Cleveland, L.R. 1926. Symbiosis among animals with special reference to termites and their intestinal flagellates. Quart. Rev. Biol., 1: 51-60. Cleveland, L.R. 1928. Further observations and experiments on the symbiosis between termites and their intestinal protozoa. Biol. Bull., 54: 231-237. CHITRA: Protozoa (Symbiotic)

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Cutler, D.W. 1920. Observations on the protozoa parasitic in the hind gut of Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn. Part II. Joenopsis polytricha n. gen. n. sp., with brief notes on two new species Joenopsis cephalotricha and Microjoenia axostylis. Quart. J. micros. Sci., 64: 383-412. Cutler, D.W. 1921. Observations on the protozoa parasitic in the hind gut of Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn. PartIII. Pseudotrichonympha pristina. Quart. J. micros. Sci., 65: 247-264. Das, A.K. 1974a. On the genus Devescovina Foa (Devescovinidae: Mastigophora) from Indian termites with special note on cytoplasmic extrusion of D. lemniscata Kirby. Arch. Protistenk., 116: 285-294. Das, A.K. 1974 b. On the genus Oxymonas Janicki (Pyrsonymphidae: Mastigophora) from Indian termites. Acta Protozool., 12: 335-343. Das, A.K. 1976. Studies on the some hypermastigids (Protozoa) from the termites of West Bengal, India. Acta Protozool., 15: 101-124. Das, A.K. 1977. On the genus Foaina Janicki (Devescovinidae: Mastigophora: Protozoa) from Indian termites. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 30: 61-66. Das, A.K. 1983. A critique to the study of termite flagellates from India in relation to their hosts. Proc. Symp. Host. Environ. Zool. Surv. India, 39-53. Das, A.K. 1990. Taxonomy and coevolution of symbiotic protozoa. In: Taxonomy in Environment and Biology: 109-117. Das, A.K. 2007. A monograph of the flagellate symbiotes of Indian termites with special reference to their host correlation and coevolution. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper., 262: 1-228. Das, A.K. and Choudhury, A. 1972. Calonymphid flagellates (Trichomonadida: Mastigophora) of Indian termites. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 25: 25-33. Das, A.K., Mandal, A.K., Nandi, N.C., Nandi, R. and Sarkar, N.C. 1993. Parasitic Protozoa. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 12: 469-551. Das, A.K., Nandi, N.C. and Chattopadhyay, P. 2006. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 1-38. Das, A.K., Tiwari, D.N. and Sarkar, N.C. 2003. Protozoa. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 1-43. Dasgupta, M. 1935. Preliminary observations on the protozoan fauna of the rumen of the Indian goat, Capra hircus Linn. Arch. Protististenk., 85: 153-172. Ghosh, E. 1922. A revision of the family Ophryoscolecidae Claus. Sir. Asutosh Mookherjee Silver Jubilee Volumes (Science), 2: 99-113. Imms, A.D. 1919. On the structure and biology of Archotermopsis together with descriptions of new species of intestinal protozoa and general observations on the isoptera. Phils. Trans. R. Soc. London, 209(B): 75-180. Kirby, H. 1932a. Flagellates of the genus Trichonympha in termites. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 37: 349-476. Kirby, H. 1932b. Protozoa in the termites of the genus Amitermes. Parasitology, 24: 289-304. Kirby, H. 1937. Host parasite relations in the distribution of Protozoa in termites. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 41: 189-212. Krishna, K. 1970. Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of termites. In: Biology of termites II. 127-152. (K. Krishna and M. Weesner, eds.), Academic Press, New York and London. Leidy, J. 1881. The parasites of the termites. J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 8: 425-450. Mukherjee, P. and Maiti, P.K. 1988. Two new species of flagellates of the genus Pyrosonympha Leidy (Mastigophora: Protozoa) from Reticulitermes tirapi Chhotani and Das (Isoptera: Insecta). Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 38: 37-45. Mukherjee, P. and Maiti, P.K. 2007. Studies on Symbiotic Flagellates from some Indian Termites Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 275: 1-97. Mukherjee, P. and Maiti, P.K. 1989. Description of two new species of flagellates of the genus Dinenympha Leidy (Mastigophora: Polymastigida) from Reticulitermes tirapi Chhotani and Das (Isoptera). Arch. Protisternkd, 137: 91-96. 74


Narain, N. 1956a. On Holomastigotoides rostrata, a new species of hypermastigina (mastigophora) from the gut of a termite from Lucknow (Abstract). Proc. 43rd Indian Sci. Congr., III: 281. Narain, N. 1956b. On Holomastigotoides truncata, a new species of hypermastigina (mastigophora) from the gut of a termite from Lucknow. (Abstract). Proc. 43rd Indian. Sci. Congr., III: 281. Narain, N. 1956c. Some species of hypermastigina (Mastigophora) from the gut of termites from Lucknow. (Abstract). Proc. 43rd Indian. Sci. Congr., III: 282. Simons, W. 1890. Parasites of the white ant. Am. Month. Micr. Journ. 11: 57-59. Uttangi, J.C. 1962. On some new species of Holomastigotoides from Indian Termites. J. Karnataka Univ. Sci., 7: 182-199. Uttangi, J.C. and Joseph, K.G. 1960. Flagellate symbionts (Protozoa) of termites from India. In Termites in the Humid tropics. Proc. New Delhi. Symposium, 155-161. Paris (Unesco). Yamin, M.A. 1979. Flagellates of the orders Trichomonadida Kirby, Oxymonadida Grasse and Hypermastigida Grassi and Foa reported from lower termites (Isoptera families Mastotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae, Termopsidae, Rhinotermitidae and Serritermitidae) and from the wood–feeding roach Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae). Sociobiol., 4(1): 1-119.

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Chapter 5

Platyhelminthes ANINDITA GHOSH1 and PALLAB MAITY2

The present work is an account of Platyhelminthes parasites found in different vertebrate hosts in Indian Himalaya. There are about 168 species of Trematodes, 75 species of Cestodes and 7 species of Monogenea, recorded from the region. Amongst 168 species of Trematodes, the maximum species were reported from North-West Himalaya with 81 species (51.59%), and minimum were reported from Central Himalaya, 4 species (2.54%). Amongst 75 species of Cestodes, the maximum species were reported from North-West Himalaya with 40 species (51.28%) and minimum were reported from TransHimalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 2 species (2.56%). Amongst 7 species of Monogenea the maximum diversity is from North-West Himalaya with 5 species (71.42%), followed by West Himalayan region with 2 species (28.57%).

P

INTRODUCTION

latyhelminthes or flat worms are characterised by acoelomate, triploblastic, dorsoventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical body, incomplete digestive systems without body cavity and anus. Platyhelminthes lacks a definitive fossil record. Body length may be microscopic to few inches long. They are very diverse group of organisms, from free living to parasitic. Parasitic platyhelminths are may be ectoparasites or endoparasites with the complex life cycle. Four classes, Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda, are together called platyhelminths. Turbellaria are mostly free living; very few are in parasitic forms. Monogeneans are mostly ectoparasites of vertebrates. They are mostly found in skin and gills of fishes and pharynx and urinary bladder of amphibia and reptilia, whereas, in the case of birds and mammals they are found in lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The parasitic Platyhelminths cause various diseases in a different group of animals. More than 29,487 Platyhelminth species are known worldwide, of which 1,738 are reported from India, which is about 5.9% of the global species. However, to the best of our knowledge, no consolidated information on the platyhelminths from Indian Himalaya (IH) is yet available. We have been successful in updating information of 250 species of Platyhelminthes.

Biogeographically, the Indian Himalaya is divided into following 7 biotic provinces, Trans-HimalayaLadakh Mountains (1A), Trans-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (1B), North Sikkim (1C), North-West Himalaya (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C) and East Himalaya (2D) (Rodgers et al., 2002). In this chapter, an attempt has been made to provide a systematic list of species of phylum Platyhelminthes found in different vertebrate hosts in the Indian Himalaya along with their distribution in biotic provinces of the region.

HISTORICAL RESUME Arunachal Pradesh The first record of trematode parasites of Arunachal Pradesh was reported by Diengdoh (1989), Diengdoh and Tandon (1991). Bhutia (2006) reported 8 species of Amphibian Trematodes from Arunachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh Gupta and Mishra (1974a, 1974b, 1974c, 1978) reported seven new species of trematodes from Himachal Pradesh. Chakrabarti and Ghosh (2012a, 2012b) reported trematode species from amphibia and birds. Later Chakrabarti et al. (2012a, 2012b) reported 2 new species from birds. Ghosh and Chakrabarti (2013) published list of amphibian trematodes from India. Recently, Ghosh

1Zoological

Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053; 2Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248195. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Citation Ghosh, A. and Maity, P. 2018. Platyhelminthes. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 77-90 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

and Chakrabarti (2016) communicated 40 species of trematode parasites from Himachal Pradesh. To the best of our knowledge there is no such record of cestode and monogenean fauna from Himachal Pradesh. Uttarakhand Gulati (1926) reported new species from Palm Civet. Pande (1937), Dayal (1948), Gupta (1953, 1962a, 1962b, 1963), Agrawal and Agrawal (1987) and Srivastava et al. (1983) also worked on reported trematodes from this region. Malhotra (1983, 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1988) Malhotra and Capoor (1979, 1982, 1983a, 1983b) Malhotra et al. (1983) reported a couple of new species from this region. Singh (1954, 1962a-g, 1970) made extensive studies of trematode parasites in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and reported 10 new species from that region. Singh (1952, 1962 h-k, 1963) also recorded cestodes from bird hosts from Uttarakhand. Malhotra and Capoor (1982), Banerjee and Chaubey (1990), Singh (1959), Singh and Tandon (1962) also reported cestode parasites from this region. Tripathi and Bhutia (1986), Tripathi and Johari (1991) also reported Platyhelminths of this region. Chakrabarti and Ghosh (2008) described new species from Kachuga. Chakrabarti and Ghosh (2010) reported 49 species of trematode parasites from Uttarakhand. Banerjee and Chatterjee (2010) reported 36 species of cestodes from Uttarakhand. Recently, Rizvi et al. (2012) and Bursey et al. (2014) described 4 new Trematodes species. Rizvi and Bhutia (2014) reported Trematodes of Amphibia from Dehradun. Two species of Monogenea have been reported from this region (Juwantha, 2009).

Jammu and Kashmir (JK) The first report of Platyhelminthes from JK and Ladakh regions was done by Datta (1936). Later, Kaw (1950), Fotedar (1959, 1970) Fotedar and Raina (1964, 1965), Fotedar and Dhar, (1974), Dhar and Fotedar (1979), Dhar and Raina (1983), Dhar and Majdah (1983), Dhar and Kharoo (1985) and Chisthi and coworkers (1973-2002) did extensive studies on cestode parasites of this region and reported a good number of species. In recent years extensive studies conducted on trematodes of Jammu and Kashmir State resulted in the record of 105 species from this region (Bhagat, 2008).

SPECIES DIVERSITY The present work is an account of Platyhelminthes parasites found in different vertebrate hosts in the Indian Himalaya. Review of literature of earlier works, done on Platyhelminthes has been included in the present study. As per literature records, there are about 250 species of Platyhelminthes parasites from the Indian Himalaya. A total of 168 species of Trematodes, 75 species of Cestodes and 7 species of Monogenea have been reported so far from this region (see systematic list). Among 168 species of Trematodes, the maximum diversity was reported from North-West Himalaya with 81 species (51.59%), followed by West Himalayan region with 59 species (37.57%), Trans-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 8 species (5.09%), East Himalaya with 5 species (3.18%) and Central Himalaya, 4 species (2.54%) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Number of Platyhelminthes species reported from different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

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TREMATODES

Batrachotrema korbaensis Rizvi et al., 2012

Mesocoelium monus (Rudolphi, 1819) Freitus, 1958

Gorgoderina spino Rizvi et al., 2014

Ganeo tigrinum Mehra and Negi, 1928

Pleurogenoides gastroporus Luhe, 1901

Prosthodendrium longiforme (Bhalerao, 1926)

Diplodiscus amphicruse Tubangui, 1933 GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

Diplodiscus mehrai Pande, 1937

Plagiorchis koreanus Ogata, 1938

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CESTODA

Lytocestus indicus (Moghe, 1925) Moghe, 1931

Cotugnia fastigata (Scolex) Meggitt, 1920

Out of 75 species of Cestodes, the maximum number of species were reported from North-West Himalaya with 40 species (51.28%), followed by West Himalaya with 36 species (46.15%) and Trans-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 2 species (2.56%). In Monogenea, 5 species (71.42%) were reported from North-West Himalaya and 2 species (28.57%) from West Himalaya (Fig. 1).

GAP AREAS As far as the gap areas in Platyhelminthes research from the Indian Himalaya is concerned, Cestodes and Monogeneans have not been thoroughly studied from the region. Therefore there is need to do more taxonomic studies on the group. Regarding geographical distribution, there is no consolidated report of Platyhelminthes from Sikkim except few scattered information. Therefore, thorough studies on Platyhelminthes of this region are required to explore the fauna from this place.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Claus, 1887 Class CESTODA Leipzig, 1894 Order CARYOPHYLLIDEA Wardle and McLeod, 1952 Family CAPINGENTIDAE Hunter, 1927 Genus Pseudocaryophyllaeus Gupta, 1961 indica Gupta, 1961: 2B Host: Clarius batrachus Family LYTOCESTIDAE Hunter, 1927 Genus Lytocestus Cohn, 1908 filiformes (Woodland, 1923): 2B Host: Clarius batrachus.

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Cotugnia fastigata (Proglottids) Meggitt, 1920

fossilisi Gupta, 1961: 2B Host: Clarius batrachus. indicus (Moghe, 1925) Moghe, 1931: 2B Host: Clarius batrachus. Genus Lytocestoides Baylis, 1928 paithanensis Shinde and Deshmukh, 1975: 2B Host: Munia. Order CYCLOPHYLLIDEA van Beneden in Braun, 1900 Family AMBILLIDAE Braun, 1900 Genus Pseudoschistotaenia Fotedar and chisthi, 1976 indica Fotedar and Chisthi, 1976: 2A Host: Podiceps ruficolis capensis. Family ANOPLOCEPHALIDAE Cholodkovsky, 1902 Genus Avitellina Gough, 1911 bangaonensis Malhotra, 1982: 2B Host: Cattle and goat. centripunctata (Rivolta, 1874) : 2A Host: Sheep and goat. chalmersi Woodland, 1927: 2A Host: Sheep and goat. woodlandi Bhalerao, 1936: 2A Host: Sheep and goat. Genus Bartiella Stiles and Hassal, 1902 indica (Singh, 1962) Khalil,1994: 2B Host: Petaurista inornatus. Genus Mathevotaenia Akhumian, 1946 symmetrica Tokobaev and Erkulov, 1972: 2A Host: Rattus rattus. Genus Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 Moniezia sp.: 1B, 2A Host: Ovines and Yak. Genus Mosgovoyia Spasskii, 1951 pauriensis (Spasskii, 1951) Malhotra et al., 1983: 2B Host: Oryctolagus cuniculus. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Oochoristica Luhe, 1898 pauriensis Malhotra, 1984: 2B Host: Hemidactylus brooki and H. flaviviridis. tuberculata (Rudolphi, 1819) : 2A Host: Agama tuberculata. Genus Stilesia Railliet, 1893 garhwalensis Malhotra, 1983: 2B Host: Goat. globipunctata (Rivolta, 1874) : 2A Host: Sheep and goat. kotdwarensis Malhotra, 1983: 2B Host: Sheep. Genus Thysaniezia Moniez, 1879 himalayai: 2A Host: Sheep. Thysaniezia sp.: 2A Host: Sheep and goat. Family DAVAINEIDAE Braun, 1900 Genus Cotugnia Diamare, 1893 digonophora (Pasquale, 1890) Blanchard, 1891: 2B Host: Rattus rattus. fasciata Meggitt,1920: 2B Host: Domestic fowl. satpuliensis Malhotra, 1983: 2B Host: Columba livia domestica and C. l. intermedia. Genus Ophryocotyloides Fuhrmann, 1920 makundi Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Picus xanthopygaeus picusi Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Picus xanthopygaeus. sringarensis Malhotra, 1979: 2B Host: Corvus macrorhynchos and C. splendens. Genus Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 cesticillus (Molin, 1858): 2B Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1880) Stiles and Orleman, 1926: 2A, 2B Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. tetragona (Molin, 1858): 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. thapari Singh, 1963: 2B Host: Picus squamatus. torquate kashmirensis Host: Blue rock pigeon: 2A Family DILEPIDIDAE Railliet and Henry, 1909 Genus Amoebotaenia Cohn, 1900 acrocephali Fotedar and Chisthi, 1976: 2A Host: Acrocephalus stenioreus brunnescens. galbulae Gmelin, 1790: 2A Host: Corvus monedula and C. macrorhynchus. kashmirensis Fotedar and Chisthi, 1973: 2A Host: Sturnus vulgaris. sphenoides (Railliet,1892) : 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Genus Choanotaenia Railliet, 1896 fotedari Chisthi, 1973: 2A Host: Acridotheres tristis. GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

hypoleucia Singh, 1952 : 2B Host: Tringa hypoleucos: 2B infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) : 2A Host: Corvus splendens and Gallus gallus domesticus. micracantha Chisthi, 1981: 2A Host: Corvus monedula. oriole Joyeux and Baer, 1955: 2A Host: Orioleis oriolus. Genus Dilepis Weinland, 1858 fotedari Chisti, 1980: 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos. kumaonensis Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Argya subrufa and Turdus merula simillimus. Genus Ivritaenia Singh, 1962 mukteswarensis Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Dendrocopos auriceps. Family HYMENOLEPIDIDAE Ariola, 1899 Genus Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 carioca Jones: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) : 2B Host: Corvus macrorhynchos. nana (Bilharz, 1851) Ransom, 1901: 2A Host: Human. phalacrocorax Woodland, 1929: 2B Host: Steptopelis chinensis. Genus Mayhewia Yamaguti, 1956 kavini Chisthi and Khan, 1982: 2A Host: Corvus monedula. Genus Profimbriaria Wolffhugel, 1936 backynskae Malhotra, 1984: 2B Host: Tadorna ferruginea. Genus Staphylocystis Villot, 1877 chattoraji Malhotra,1984: 2B Host: Subcus murinus caerulescens. Family NEMATOTAENIIDAE Lime, 1910. Genus Nematotaenia Luhe, 1899 kashmirensis Fotedar, 1966: 2A Host: Duttaphryus viridis. Family PARUTERINIDAE Skrjabin, 1940 Genus Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900 dendrocitta woodland, 1929: 2B Host: Orilus oriolus. Genus Biuterina Fuhrmann, 1902 meggitti Singh, 1959: 2B Host: Dicrurus caerulescens. Family TAENIIDAE Ludwig, 1886 Genus Echinococcus Linnaeus, 1758 Echinococcus sp.: 1B, 2A Host: Human. granulosus Batsch, 1786: 2A Host: Human. multilocularis Leuckart, 1863: 2A Host: Human. Genus Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 saginata Goez, 1782: 2A Host: Human.

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Taenia sp.: 2 Host: Goat. Order LECANICEPHALIDEA Waedle and McCleod, 1952 Family LECANICEPHALIDAE Braun, 1900 Genus Guptaia Malhotra, 1985 garhwalensis Malhotra, 1985: 2B Host: Schizothorax richardsonii. Order PROTEOCEPHALIDEA Mola, 1928 Family PROTEOCEPHALIDAE La Rue, 1911 Genus Gangesia Woodland, 1924 fotedari Dhar and Majdah, 1983: 2A Host: Glyptothorax sp. Gangesia sp.: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger, S. esocinus, S. richardsoni, Triplophysa kashmirensis and Glyptothorax sp. jammuensis Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Host: Glyptothorax sp. kashmirensis Dhar and Fotedar, 1979 Host: Schizothorax sp.: 2A lucknowia Singh, 1948: 2A Host: Glyptothorax sp. macrons Woodland, 1924: 2B Host: Heteropneustes fossilis. Genus Proteocephalus Weinland, 1853 kashmirensis Dhar and Raina, 1983: 2A Host: Triplophysa kashmirensis. tigrinusWoodland, 1925: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. torulosus: 2A Host: Triplophysa kashmirensis. Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA Van Beneden in Carus, 1863 Family BOTHRIOCEPHAIDAE Blanchard, 1849 Genus Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934: 2A Host: Cyprinus carpio communis and Schizothorax sp. teleostei Malhotra,1984: 2B Host: Barilius bola and Schizothorax richardsonii. Genus Ptychobothrium Lonnberg, 1889 nayarensis Malhotra, 1983: 2B Host: Barilius bola and Schizothorax richardsonii. Genus Senga Dollfus, 1934 nayari Malhotra, 1988: 2B Host: Mastacembelus armatus. teleostei Banerjee, 1990: 2B Host: Channa punctatus. Family DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE Luhe, 1910 Genus Capooria Malhotra, 1985 barilii Malhotra, 1985: 2B Host: Barilius bola. Class MONOGENEA Carus, 1863 Order DACTYLOGYRIDEA Bychowsky, 1937 Family DIPLECTANIDAE Monticelli, 1903 Genus Lobatrema Tripathi, 1959 rajendrai Srivastava and Kumar 1983: 2B Host: Garra gotyla.

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Order MAZOCRAEIDEA Price, 1936 Family DIPLOZOIDAE Palombi, 1949 Genus Diplozoon Von Nordmann, 1832 aegyptensis Fischthal and Kuntz, 1963: 2A Hosts: Carassius carassius and Labeo sp. cauveryi Chisthi et al., 1999: 2A Host: Carassius carassius and Cyprinus sp. guptai Ahmad and Chisthi, 1999: 2A Host: Carassius carassius. kashmirensis Kaw, 1950: 2A Hosts: Carassius carassius, Schizothorax curvifrons and S. esocinus. nipponiccum Goto, 1891: 2A Host: Cyprinus carpio specularis. Family MICROCOTYLIDAE Taschenberg, 1879 Genus Yogendrotrema Kumar and Agarwal, 1983 garhwalensis Juwantha, 2009: 2B Host: Puntius sophore. Class TERMATODA Rudolphi, 1808 Order DIPLOSTOMIDA Olson et al., 2003 Family CLINOSTOMIDAE Luhe, 1901 Genus Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 indicum Kaw, 1944: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger. schizothoraxis Kaw, `1950: 2A Hosts: Glyptothorax sp., Cyprinus carpio specularis, Labeo sp., Nemachilus sp., Schizothorax curvifrons, S. niger, S. richardsonii S. esocinus and Triplophysa marmorata. shafi Ahmad and Chisti, 2000: 2A Host: Carassius carassius and Schizothorax niger. Family DIPLOSTOMATIDAE Poirier, 1886 Genus Diplostomum von Nordman, 1832 odeningi Gupta and Mishra, 1974: 2A Host: Milvus migrans. vidyarthii Gupta and Mishra, 1974: 2A Host: Milvus migrans. Genus Neascus Hughes, 1927 vetastai Kaw, 1950: 2A Host: Schizothorax esocinus. Genus Neodiplostomum Raillier, 1919 aquilai Gupta and Mishra, 1978: 2A Host: Aquila repax. kashmirensis Faust, 1927: 2A Hosts: Schizothorax curvifrons and Crossocheilus latius latius. kuluensis Gupta and Mishra, 1978: 2A Host: Pseudogyps bengalensis. lali Gupta and Mishra, 1978: 2A Host: Milvus migrans. Genus Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 mehtai Gupta and Mishra, 1974: 2A Host: Milvus migrans. milvi Fotedar and Raina, 1964: 2A Host: Milvus migrans lineatus. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Tetracotyle Filippi, 1854 ranae Kaw, 1950: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Family STRIGEIDAE Railliet, 1919 Genus Apharyngostridea Ciurea, 1927 graciai Dhar and Kharoo, 1991: 2A Host: Grus grus liffordi. Genus Cotylurus Szidat, 1928 cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) : 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos domesticus. Genus Schwartzitrema Perez Vigueras, 1941 haitsmai Gupta and Mishra, 1974: 2A Host: Falco juggar. Genus Strigea Abildgaard, 1790 annandalai Faust, 1927: 2A Host: Nemacheilus rupecola. Order ECHINOSTOMIDA LaRue, 1957 Family ECHINOSTOMATIDAE Odner, 1910 Genus Echinochasmus Deitz, 1909 antigonus Gupta, 1953: 2B Host: Antigone antigone. coaxatus Dietz, 1909: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. fotedari Chishti and Mir, 1990: 2A Host: Podiceps rulicollis capensis. Genus Echinoparyphium Dietz, 1909 angatum Dietz, 1909: 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus. chinense Lee et al. : 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. cleric (Skrjabin, 1915): 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. distinctum Dietz: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. haneyanum Johnston: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. kashmirensis Chishti and Tanveer, 1992: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. pindchi Dhar and Kharoo, 1991: 2A Host: Gallinula chloropud indica. recurvatum (Linstaw, 1793) : 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus. Genus Echinostoma Rud., 1809 azerbaidjanicum Kasimovet al., 1959: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. casarcii Dhar and Kharoo, 1991: 2A Hosts: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus, Tringa glaceola and Gallus gallus domesticus. kashmirensis Chisthi and Ahmad, 1992 Host: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus. revolutum (Froelich, 1802) Looss,1899: 2B Host: Carpodacus erythrynus. turkestanicus Kurova, 1927: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Genus Episthmium Luhe, 1909 solanensis Chakrabarti and Ghosh, 2012: 2A Host: Bubulcus ibis coromandus. Genus Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 amali Chakrabarti and Sanyal, 2010: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

pindchi Khan and Chisthi, 1984: 2A Host: Gallinula chloropus indica. Genus Hypoderacum Dietz, 1909 conoideum (Bloch):2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus. Genus Ignavia Freitas, 1948 breviovarica Gupta, 1962: 2B Host: Ardea purpura. Genus Mehrastomum Saksena, 1959 minutum Saksena, 1959: 2B Hosts: Dissura episcopa and Anastomus oscitans. Genus Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909 mukhtarensis Ahmad, 2000: 2A Host: Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. Paryphostomum sp.: 2A Host: Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. radiatum Dietz, 1909: 2A Host: Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. srivastavi Chisthi and Tanveer, 1993: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Genus Pegosomum Ratz, 1903 egretti Srivastava, 1957: 2A Host: Cattle. Genus Pseudoechinostomum Odhner, 1902 indicum Mehra, 1944: 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos. srinagarensis Dhar and Ahmad, 1992 : 2A Host: Anas platyrhynchos domsticus. Genus Singhia Yamaguti, 1958 thapari (Singh, 1953) Yamaguti, 1958: 2A Host: Mastacembelus armatus. Genus Stephanophora Odhner, 1902 gigantica Gupta, 1953: 2B Host: Xenorhynchus asiatica. nigerica Gupta, 1963: 2B Host: Phalacrocorax niger. Family FASCIOLIDAE Railliet, 1895 Genus Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 Fasciola sp.: 2A Host: Sheep and goat. gigantica Cobbold, 1855: 1B, 2B Host: Cattle and buffalo hepatica Linnaeus, 1758: 1B, 2B Hosts: Sheep, goat, camel, horse and rarely man. Order PLAGIORCHIIDA Schell, 1982 Family ACANTHOSTOMIDAE Poche, 1926 Genus Acanthostomum Looss, 1899 indicum Sinha, 1942: 2B Host: Crocodile. Family ALLOCREADIIDAE Looss, 1900 Genus Allocreadium Looss, 1900 fotedari Dhar and Kharoo, 1985: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger. nemachilus Kaw, 1950: 2A Host: Triplophysa marmorata. schizothoraxis Pande, 1938: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger.

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transversafe Rudolphi, 1802: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger. Genus Crepidostomam Braun, 1900 indicum Kaw, 1944: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger. Family ANCHITREMATIDAE Mehra, 1935 Genus Anchitrema Looss, 1899 sanguineum (Sonsino, 1894) Looss, 1899: 2B Host: Scotophilus sp. Family BATRACHOTREMATIDAE Dollfus et Williams, 1966 Genus Batrachotrema Dollfus et Williams, 1966 korbaensis Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2012: 2B Host: Nanorana minica. Genus Opisthioparorchis Wang, 1980 dehradunensis Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2012: 2B Host: Nanorana minica. nanoranae Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2012: 2B Host: Nanorana minica. Family BRACHYLAIMIDAE Joyeux and Foley, 1930 Genus Brachylaima Dujardin, 1843 indicum Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Kitta erythrorhynchos occipitalis. ratti Baugh, 1962: 2B Host: Burrowing shrew. Family BRACHYCOELIDAE Johnston, 1912 Genus Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910 monus (Rud., 1819) Freitas, 1958: 2B Hosts: Euphlyctis sp. and Duttaphrynus sp. sociale (Luhe, 1901) Odhner, 1911: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Family CEPHALOGONIMIDAE Looss, 1899 Genus Oudhia Gupta, 1955 hardayali Kumar and Agarwal, 1980: 2B Host: Mystus vittatus. Family CYCLOCOELIDAE Stossich, 1902 Genus Cyclocoelum Brandes, 1892 elongatum Harrah, 1931: 2B Host: Uracissa fabiorostris. mutabile (Zeder, 1800) : 2B Host: Fulica atria. sharadi Bhalerao, 1935:2B Host: Uracissa fabiorostris. Genus Typhlocoelum Stossich, 1902 indicum Fotedar, 1964: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Family DICROCOELIIDAE Odhner, 1911 Genus Brachylecithium Strom, 1940 indicum Singh, 1962: 2B Hosts: Myiophoneus caefruleus temminckii and Kitta erythrorhynchus occipitalis. chapmani Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Kitta erythrorhynchos occipitalis. Genus Dicrocoelium Dujardin, 1845 dendriticum (Rud., 1819) Looss, 1899: 2A and 2B Hosts: Sheep and goat. Genus Lyperosomum Looss, 1899 kavini Fotedar and Raina,1965: 2A Host: Corvus monedula monedula.

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Genus Zoonorchis Travassos, 1944 sanglaensis Chakrabarti et al., 2012: 2A Host: Turdoides striatus orientalis. unnai Chakrabarti et al., 2012: 2A Host: Dicrurus adsimilis. Family EUCOTYLIDAE Skarjabin, 1924 Genus Tanaisia (Tamerlania) Skrjabin, 1924 indica Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Garrulus lanceolatus. Family GORGODERIDAE Looss, 1899 Genus Gorgoderina Looss, 1902 ellipticum Dwivedi, 1968: 2A, 2B Hosts: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Fejervarya limnocharis. spinosa Bursey, Rizvi and Maity, 2014: 2B Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Genus Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 almorai Pande, 1937: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis loossi Kaw, 1950: 2A Host: Schizothorax esocinus. megacotyle Fotedar, 1969: 2A Host: Garra mullya. phyllodistomum sp : 2A Host: Duttaphrynus viridis. shandrai Bhalerao, 1937: 2A Host: Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Family HEMIURIDAE Looss, 1899 Genus Halipegus Looss, 1899 mehransis Srivastava, 1933: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Family HETEROPHYIDAE Odhner, 1914 Genus Haplorchis Looss, 1899 taichui Nishigori, 1924: 2B Hosts: Kite, Milvus migrans and domestic cat. Family LECITHODENDRIIDAE Luhe, 1901 Genus Pleuropsolus Mehra, 1935 microsoma Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Leioptilla capistrata. Genus Ganeo Klein, 1905 tigrinum Mehra and Negi, 1928: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Hosts: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Duttaphrynus sp. and Fejervrya limnocharis. Genus Pleurogenoides Travassos, 1921 gastroporus (Luhe, 1901), Travassos, 1921: 2A, 2B, 2D Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. sahranensis Chakrabarti et al., 2011: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. bufonis Kaw, 1943: 2A Host: Duttaphrynus viridis. Genus Loxogenes Stafford, 1905 jammuensis Duda et al., 1999: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. kashmirensis (Kaw, 1950) : 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. bicolor (Krull, 1933): 2A Hosts: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Duttaphrynus viridis. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Mehraorchis Srivastava, 1934 ranarum Srivastava, 1934: 2A, D Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Genus Pleurorchis Fotedar, 1974 nenei Fotedar, 1970: 2A Host: Duttaphrynus viridis. Genus Prosotcus Looss, 1899 himalayai Pande, 1937: 2A and 2B Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. kashabia Kaw, 1944: 2A Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 longiforme (Bhalerao, 1926): 2B Host: Tadarida aegyptica. Family LATEROTREMATIDAE Yamaguti, 1958 Genus Pseudolaterotrema (Yamaguti, 1939) Singh, 1962 indica Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Enicurus maculates guttatus. Genus Srivastav atrema Singh, 1962 indicum Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Enicurus maculates guttatus. mukteswarensis Singh, 1962: 2B Host: Enicurus maculates guttatus. Family MONORCHIIDAE Odhner, 1911 Genus Asymphylodora Looss, 1899 kedarai Srivastava, 1951: 2B Host: Puntius sophore. Family NOTOCOTYLODAE Luhe, 1909 Genus Notocotylus Diesing, 1839 attenuates (Rudolphi, 1809) : 2A Host: Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. babai Bhalerao, 1935: 2A Host: Anser anser domesticus. imbricatus (Looss, 1894) Szidat, 1935: 2A Host: Anser anser domesticus. parviovatus Yamaguti, 1943: 2B Host: Anser anser. Genus Ogmocotyle Skrjabin and Schulz, 1933 indica (Bhalerao, 1942) Ruiz, 1946: 2A and 2B Hosts: Goat, sheep and cattle. Genus Catatropis Odhner, 1905 kashmirensis Khan and Chisti, 1989: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Genus Paramonostomum Luhe, 1909 elongatumYamaguti, 1934: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. fulicai Baugh: 2A Host: Fulica atria atria. galli Tanveer and Chishi, 2001: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Family OPECOELIDAE Ozaki, 1925 Genus Dactylostomum Woolock, 1935 gayaprashadi Tripathi and Jauhari, 1991: 2B Host: Xenentodon cancilla. Genus Eucreadium Dayal, 1942 pandeyi Srivastava et al., 1983: 2B Host: Mastacembelus armatus. Genus Eucreadium Dayal, 1942 kulpaharensis Agarwal and Agarwal, 1987: 2B GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

Host: Channa punctatus. Family OPISTHORCHIIDAE Looss, 1899 Genus Opisthorchis Blanchard, 1895 hardoiensis (Baugh, 1958) : 2B Host: Phalacrocorax niger. noverca Braun, 1903: 2B Hosts: Man, Dog, Swine and Parus canthogenys. Family PARAMPHISTOMIDAE Fischoeder, 1901 Genus Gastrothylax Poirier, 1883 compressus Brandes: 1B, 2A Hosts: Goat, sheep, and cattle. crumenifer (Creplin, 1847) Poirier, 1883: 1B, 2A, 2 Hosts: Sheep, Cattle, Buffalo, and Goat. Genus Fischoederius Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 cobboldi (Poirier, 1883) Stiles and Goldberger, 1910: 1B, 2B Hosts: Sus scrofa and Bos indicus. elongatus (Poirier 1883), Stiles et Goldberger 1910 : 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Bubalus bubalis, Capra hircus, and Ovis aries. Genus Diplodiscus Diesing, 1960 amphichrus Tubangui, 1933: 2A, 2B, 2D Hosts: Duttaphrynus viridis, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, and Hoplobatrachus tigrina. mehrai Pande, 1937: 2B Hosts: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Duttaphrynus viridis. Genus Srivastavia Singh, 1970 indica Singh, 1970: 2B Host: Sheep. Genus Stunkardia Bhalerao, 1931 dilymphosa Bhalerao, 1931: 2B Hosts: Batagur baska and Morenia ocellata. Genus Paramphistomum Fischoeder, 1901 cervi (Zeder, 1790) Fischoeder, 1901: 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Sheep. epiclitum, Fischoeder, 1904: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Bubalus bubalis, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. explanatum (Creplin, 1847) Fischoeder, 1901: 1B, 2A Hosts: Cattle and buffalo. gracilis Fischoeder, 1901: 2A Hosts: Cattle and buffalo. ichikawai, Fukui 1922: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. Genus Cotylophoron Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 cotylophorum (Fischoeder, 1901) Stiles and Goldberger, 1910: 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Sheep. chauhani Gupta and Gupta, 1972: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. indicum Stiles and Goldberger, 1910: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. Genus Calicophoron Nasmark, 1937 calicophorum (Fischoeder, 1901) Nasmark, 1937: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Bubalus bubalis, Capra hircusi and Ovis aries. cauliorchis (Stiles and Goldberger, 1910) Nasmark, 1937: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat.

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crassum (Stiles and Goldberger, 1910) Nasmark, 1937: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. papillosum (Stiles et Goldberger 1910), Nasmark 1937: 2A Host: Bos indicus. Genus Explanatum (Fukui, 1929) Eduardo, 1984 explanatum (Creplin 1847), Fukui 1929: 2A, 2B and 2C Hosts: Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis. Genus Orthocoelium (Stiles et Goldberger, 1910) Price et McIntosh, 1953 dicranocoelium (Fischoeder 1901), Yamaguti 1971: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. dinniki Edurado, 1985: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. gigantopharynx (Schad et al.): 2A Host: Domestic ruminants: indonesiense Eduardo: 2A Host: Domestic ruminants scoliocoelium (Fischoeder 1904), Yamaguti 1971: 2A and 2C Hosts: Bos indicus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. streptocoelium (Fischoeder 1910), Yamaguti 1971: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. Genus Ceylonocotyle Nasmark, 1937 scoliocoelium (Fischoder, 1901) Nasmark, 1937: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. streptocoelium (Fischoder, 1901) Nasmark, 1937: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. tamilensis Gupta and Bakshi, 1977: 2A Hosts: Sheep and goat. Genus Olveria Thapar et Sinha, 1945 bosi Tandon, 1951: 2A Host: Bos indicus. indica Thapar et Sinha, 1945: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus and domestic ruminants thapari Bali and Fotedar, 1972: 2A Host: Domestic ruminants. Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE Luhe, 1901 Genus Astiotrema Looss, 1900 fotedari Dhar, 1978: 2A Host: Labeo dero. reniferum (Looss, 1898) Stossich, 1904: 2B Host: Euphlyctis sp. and Duttaphrynus sp. Genus Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 almorai (Pande 1937), Freitas et Lent 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C

Host: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Fejervarya limnocharis. Genus Plagiorchis Luhe, 1899 bubuli (Mehra, 1937) Yamaguti, 1958: 2A Host: Malpastes haemorhous intermediates. koreanus Ogata, 1938: 2B Host: Tadarida egyptica. himalayaii (Jordon, 1930) : 2A Host: Duttaphrynus viridis. tehri Khan and Chisthi, 1983: 2A Host: Passer domesticus. Genus Spinometra Mehra, 1931 dehradunensis Chakrabarti and Ghosh, 2009: 2B Host: Kachuga kachuga. Genus Tremiorchis Mehra and Singh, 1925 ranarum Mehra and Negi, 1926: 2D Host: Hoplobatrachus tigerinus. Family PROSTHOGONIMIDAE Luhe, 1909 Genus Prosthogonimus Luhe, 1899 cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809): 2A Host: Passer domesticus. putschkowskii Skrjabin, 1912: 2A Host: Gallus gallus domesticus. Family SCHISTOSOMATIDAE Poche, 1907 Genus Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 indicum, Montgomery 1906: 2A Hosts: Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis. spindale Montgomery 1906: 2A Hosts: Cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. Family TROGLOTREMATIDAE Odhner, 1914 Genus Paragonimus Braun, 1899 edwards Gulati, 1926: 2B Host: Paradoxurus grayi. Order STRIGEIDIDA (La Rue, 1926) Family LEUCOCHLORIDIIDAE Poche, 1907 Genus Leucochloridium Carus, 1835 gallinule Kharoo and Dhar, 1982: 2B Host: Gallinula chloropus. indicum Singh, 1972: 2B Host: Garrulus bispecularis. nainitalensis Baugh, 1962: 2B Host: Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii.

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Bursey, C.R., Rizvi, A.N. and Maity, P. 2014. New species of Gorgoderina (Digenea; Gorgoderidae) and other helminths in Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Dehradun, (Uttarakhand), India. Acta Parasit., 59(4): 606-9. Chakrabarti, S. and Ghosh, A. 2008. On a new Trematode Spinometra dehradunensis n. sp. from Kachuga kachuga of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Ind. J. Helm. (N.S.), 26: 7-11. Chakrabarti, S. and Ghosh, A. 2010. Trematode Parasites of Vertebrates, In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 15-51 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Chakrabarti, S. and Ghosh, A. 2012a. On a new trematode parasite Episthmium solanensis n. sp. (Echinostomatidae : Echinostomatinae) from a bird host, Bubulcus ibis coromandus Boddaert from Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112(1): 43-47. Chakrabarti, S. and Ghosh, A. 2012b. New locality record for three Amphibian Trematodes from Himachal Pradesh, India. Ind. J. Helm., (N.S.), 31: 38-41. Chakrabarti, S., Ghosh, A. and Venkataraman, K. 2012a. A new trematode parasite Zonorchis sanglaensis n.sp. (Dicrocoelidae: Dicrocoelinae) from a bird host Turdoides striatus orientalis (Jerdon) from Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Trends. Parasit. Res., 1(2): 7-9. Chakrabarti, S., Ghosh, A. and Venkataraman, K. 2012b. On a trematode parasite Zoonorchis unnai n. sp. from a bird Dicrurus adsimilis macrecercus Vieillot of Unna, Himachal Pradesh, India. Parasite fate into living system held on 24th and 25th August, 2012. Chishti, M.Z. 1973. On anew species of the cestode genus Choanotaenia Railliet, 1896 from Acridotheres tristis in Kashmir. J. Sci. Univ. Kashmir, 1(1-2): 51-54. Chishti, M.Z. 1980a. A new record of Choanotaenia gondwana Inamdar, 1934 (Choanotaenidae: Cestoda) from Passer domestica in Kashmir. Proceedings of the 5th All India Congress on Zoology, Bhopal, India. Chishti, M.Z. 1980b. Dilepsis fotedari n. sp. (Dilepididae Fuhrmann 1907: Cestoda) from Anas Platyrhynchos in Kashmir. Indian J. Helminthol. 32(1): 1-3. Chishti, M.Z. 1981. On a new species of the genus Choanotaenia Railliet, 1826 from Corvus monedula in Kashmir. Proceedings of the 68th Session of the Indian Science Congress. Chishti, M.Z. and Khan, A.R. 1978. Epidemology of Cestode infection in Snipe, Tringa hypoleuca from Kashmir, with description of a new species of the genus Amoebotaenia. Proceedings of the 65th Session of the Indian Science Congress : 316. Chishti, M.Z. and Khan, A.R. 1979. A new record of Dilepsis undula (Schrank, 1788) from some avian hosts in Kashmir. Proceedings of the 66th Session Indian Science Congress : 107. Chishti, M.Z. and Khan, A.R. 1982. Mayhewia kavini sp. nov. (Hymenolepididae Railliet et Henry, 1909: Cestoda) from Corvus monedula in Kashmir. Indian J. Helminthol. 34(2): 139-142. Chishti, M.Z., Mir, A.A. and Rasool, A. 1986. Choanotaenia micracantha sp. nov. (Dilepoidea: Cestoda) from Corvus monedula in Kashmir. Indian J. Helminthol. 38(2): 107-111. Chishti, M.Z., Ahmad, F. and Shafqat, B. 2002. Comparative Fish Parasite Diversity in two fresh water Lakes in Kashmir, in relation in ecological factors in different seasons. Proc. 10th Intl. Congr. Parasitol. ICOPTAX; Vancouver (Canada). August 4-9: 379-386. Datta, M.N. 1936. Scientific result of the Yale North India, with special reference to Acanthocephalans. Rec. Ind. Mus. 38(2): 211-229. Dayal, J. 1948. Trematode parasites of Indian fishes. Part I. new tremaodes of the family Bucephalidae Poche, 1907. Indian J. Helminth., 1: 47-62 Dhar, R.L. and Fotedar, D.N. 1979. Some proteocephalid cestodes in freshwater fishes of Jammu and Kashmir. Ind. J. Helminthol., 31: 111-127. Dhar, R.L. and Kharoo, V.K. 1985. On a new trematode Allocreadium fotedari sp. nov. of the family Allocreadiidae Stossich, 1903 from the intestine of Schizothorax niger a fresh water fish of Kashmir, India. Ind. J. Helm., 36(1): 32-35. Dhar, R.L. and Majdah, M. 1983. Gangesia (Gangesia) fotedari sp. nov. (Proteocephalidae: Cestoda) from a fresh water fish of Wular lake of Kashmir. Ind. J. Helm., 35(1): 73-77. GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

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Dhar, R.L. and Raina, O.K. 1983. On a new cestode, Proteocephalus kashmirensis sp. nov. From a fresh water fish, Nemachilus kashmirensis (Hora) from Kashmir, India. Ind. J. Helm., 35(1): 30-34. Diengdoh, C.R. 1989. Helminth parasite spectrum of Amphibian Hosts in Meghalaya. Ph.D. thesis. North– Eastern Hill University (N.E.H.U) Shillong,pp.129 Diengdoh, C.R. and Tandon, V. 1991. A new species of polystoma (Manogenea) parasites inrhaeophorid amphibians in Meghalaya. Indian J. Helimnth., 18: 173-118. Fotedar, D.N. 1959. On a new species of the genus Ganeo Klein, 1905 and some note of the genus. J. Helm., 33(2-3): 151160. Fotedar, D.N. 1970. On a new trematode, Pleurorchis nenei gen. et. sp. from Bufo viridis in Kashmir. Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Asso., 57(III): 454-455. Fotedar, D.N. and Dhar, R.L. 1974. Gangesia (Vermaia) jammuensis n. sp. (Proteocephalidae: Cestoda) from a freshwater fish in Jammu, India. Proc. 11th Ind. Sci. Cong. Sect. Long., Nagpur, 38 p. Fotedar, D.N. and Raina, M.K. 1964. On a new species of the Trematode genus Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936, From Milvus migrans lineatus (Gray), Common Kite in Kashmir. Kashmir Sci., I(1-2): 64-69. Ghosh, A. and Chakrabarti, S. 2016. Fauna of Himachal Pradesh: Trematodes of Vertebrates, (Communicated in State Fauna Series: Zoological Survey of India). Ghosh, A. and Chakrabarti, S. 2013. Checklist of Indian Trematode parasites from amphibian hosts. Rec. zool. Surv. India., Occ. Paper No., 346: 1-35. Gupta, R. 1953. Studies on trematode parasites on Indian Birds. I. On Echinochasmus antigonius n.sp. from Saurus Crane, Antigone antigone (Linn.). Ind. I. Helm., 5(2): 81-86. Gupta, R. 1962a. On Ignavia breviobarica sp. nov. From the Purple Heron, Ardea purpuria (Linn.) with a note on the validity of Brijicola caballeroi Pande, 1960 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Rev. Bioi. Proc., 10(1): 99-110. Gupta, R. 1962b. Studies on the trematodes on the Indian birds. II On Stephanoprora gigantica sp. nov. from the black necked stork, Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Latham). Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. India, Sect B, 32(3): 381-386. Gupta, R. 1963. On Stephanoprora nigerica sp. nov. with a brief review of the genus Stephanoprora Odhner, 1905 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Zool. Anz., 170(3/4): 117-130. Gupta, S.P. 1961. Caryophyllaeids (Cestoda) from fresh water fishes of India. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Washington, 28(1): 38-50. Gupta, N.K. and Mishra, P.N. 1974a. On a new trematode Posthodiplostomum mehtai (Family Diplostomatidae) from Milvus migrans at Simla (Himachal Pradesh). Ind. J. Zool., 2(1): 23-27. Gupta, N.K. and Mishra, P.N. 1974b. On four trematodes of the genus Diplostomum from birds in India. Folia Parasit., 22(3): 201-206. Gupta, N.K. and Mishra, P.N. 1974c. On Schwartzitrema haitsmai sp. n. A new parasite (Trematoda: Strigeidae) of a falcon in Himachal Pradesh. Acta Parasit. Pol., 22(22/34): 311-315. Juwantha, M.M., 2009. A new monogenetic trematode Yogendrotrema garhwaleasis n.sp. collected from a freshwater fish Puntius sophore from riverpong at Lacchiwala in Doon Valley. Flora and Fauna (Jhansi) 15: 137-138. Kaw, B.L. 1943. Studies on the helminth parasites of Kashmir. Pt. II. On two new Trematodes of the subfamily Pleurogenetinae Looss, 1899, with a review of the genus Pleurogenes Looss, 1896. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 18: 97-108. Kaw, B.L. 1950. Studies in helminthology; helminths parasites of Kashmir part 1. Trematode. Indian J. Helminthol., 2(2):67-126. Malhotra, S.K. 1983. Cestode fauna of hill stream fishes in Garhawal Himalayas, India. VI. Malhotra, S.K.1984. Cestode fauna of hill-stream fishes in Garhwal Himalayas, India. II Bothriocephalus teleostei n. sp. from Barilius bola and Schizothorax richardsoni. Bol. Chileno Paras., 39(1/2): 6-9. Malhotra, S.K. 1985a. Cestode fauna of Barilius bola in the Garhwal Himalayas, India. I Capooria barilii n. g., n. sp. Acta Parasit. Lituanica, 21: 94-99. Malhotra, S.K. 1985b. Cestode fauna of hill stream fishes in Garhwal Himalayas, India. V Guptaia garhwalensis n. g., n. sp. from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray). Khelminthilogiya, 20: 45-49. 88


Malhotra, S.K. 1988. Cestode fauna of hill stream fishes in Garhwal Himalayas, India. VI Senga nayari sp. nov. from Mastacembelus armatus (Lacep.). Ind. J. Helminth., 40(1): 53-57. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1979. An avian cestode Ophryocotyloides srinagarensis n. sp. from Corvus macrorhynchos (Wagler) and Corvus splendens from India with a revised key. Bioresearch, 3(2): 35-38. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1982. A new species of Avitellina from Garhwal Hills with a revised key to species of subgenus Avitellina Raina (1975). Proc. Ind. Acad. Parasit., 3(1/2): 12-16. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1983a. A new cestode Cotugnia satpuliensis sp.n. from Columba livia domestica and Columba livia intermedia from India. Acta Parasit. Polonica, 28 (38152): 393-397. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1983b. On two new species of cestodes-Stilesia garhwalensis sp. n. from goats and Stilesia kotdwarensis sp. n. from sheep of the Garhwal region, India. Acta Parasit. Polonica, 28(38/42): 399-406. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1984a. A new avian cestode Profimbriaria backynskae n. sp. from an Indian Surkhab. Curr. Sci., 53(8): 448-449. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1984b. Linear regression as a parameter in taxonometry of Staphylocystis (S.) chattoraji n.sp. from Sorex caerulescens in Garhwal Himalayas. Riv. Parassit., 1(45): 465. Malhotra, S.K. and Capoor, V.N. 1984c. On a new reptilian cestode Oochoristica pauriensis n.sp.from Hemidactylus brooki (Gray) and Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell) from Garhwal Hills, U.P. India. Korean J. Parasit., 22(1): 99-101. Malhotra, S.K., Sawada, I. and Capoor, V.N. 1983. Himalaya pauriensis gen. et sp. nov. as a representative of the family Himalayidae nov. with a revised definition of the order Anoplocephalidea. Japanese J. Parasit., 32(3): 211-217. Pande, B.P. 1937. On some digenetic trematodes from Rana cyanophlyctis of Kumaon hills. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 6(2): 109-120. Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia, P.T. 2014. Studies on the Helminth Parasites of district Dehradun. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 355: 1-40, pl. 41-67. Rizvi, A.N., Bursey, C.R. and Bhutia, P.T. 2012. Three new species of Digenea (Batrachotrematidae) in Nanorana minica (Anura, Dicroglossidae) from Uttarakhand, India. Acta Parasit., 57(2), 202-207. Rogers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife Protected Area network in India: A review, executive summary. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 44 pp. Singh, K.P. 1959. Some avian cestodes from India I species belonging to families Davaineidae and Biuterinidae. Ind. J. Helm., 11(1): 1-24. Singh, K.S. 1952. Cestode Parasites of Birds. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 31-34. Singh, K.S. 1954. Some trematodes collected in India. Trans. Amer. Micros., 73: 202-210. Singh, K.S. 1962a. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part XII. On Tanaisia (Tamerlania) indica n. sp. (Trematoda: Eucotylidae) from the kidney of the Indian Bird, Garrulus lanceolatus. Ind. J. Helm. 12(2): 112-115. Singh, K.S. 1962b. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part IV. Pseudolaterotrema indica n. sp. (Phaneropsolinae: Lecithodendriidae) from a bird. Ind. J. Helm., 14(2): 92-97. Singh, K.S. 1962c. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part V. Two new avian tremaodes belonging to a new genus and a new family of trematodes. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 37-44. Singh, K.S. 1962d. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part VI. Two new species of Brachylecithum Storm, 1940 (dicrocoelidae: Trematoda) from birds. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 45-54. Singh, K.S. 1962e. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part VII. Brachylaima indica n. sp (Brachylaimidae) from red billed Magpie. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 55-56. Singh, K.S. 1962f. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part VIII. Leucochloridium indicum n. sp. (Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) from the Himalayan red crown jay. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 57-61. Singh, K.S. 1962g. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region Part X. Pleuropsolus microsoma n. sp. (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) from the black headed Sibia. Ind. J. Helm., 14(1): 62-65. Singh, K.S. 1962h. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region. Part IX Indotaenia indica n.g., n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from the Himalayan flying squirrel. Ind. J. Helminth., 14(2) :86-91. Singh, K.S. 1962i. Parasitological Survey of Kumaon Region. Part XIV Ophryocotyloides makundi n. sp. (Davaineidae : Cestoda) from the little scaly-bellied green woodpecker. Ind. J. Helminth., 14(2): 122-126. GHOSH and MAITY : Platyhelminthes

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Singh, K.S. 1962j. Parasitological survey of Kumaon region. Part XIll Ophryocotyloides picusi n. sp. (Davaineidae: Cestoda) from a woodpecker and a key to the species of the genus. Ind. J. Helminth., 14(2): 116-121. Singh, K.S. 1962k. Parasitological Survey of Kumaon region. PartXV Ivritaenia mukteswarensis n. g., n. sp. (Cestoda : Dipylidiinae : Dilepididae) from a woodpecker. Ind. J. Helminth., 14(2):127-132. Singh, K.S. 1963. Parasitological survey of Kumaun region. Part XVII. Raillietina (Raillietina) thapari n. sp. (Davaineidae: Cestoda) from a woodpecker. Ind. J. Helminth., 15(1): 1-5. Singh, K.S. 1970. On Srivastavia indica n. g., n. sp. (Paramphistomidae) a parasite of ruminants and its life history. H.D. Srivastava Comm.,: 117-126. Singh, K.S. and Tandon, B.K. 1962. Dilepis kumaunensis sp. n. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from two Himalayan birds. Zool. Anz., 169(11/12): 485-488. Srivastava, J.K. and Kumar, R. 1983b. On a new monogenetic trematode Labatrema rajendrai n. sp. from the gills of a fresh water fish Gara gotyla (Gray). Indian J. For., 6: 330-331. Srivastava, J.K., Saxena, R.M. and Kumar, R. 1983a. Investigations on the trematode fauna of the Doon valley Part 1. Parasites of fishes- A. Eucreadium pandeyi sp. n. from a freshwater eel, Mastacembellus armatus (Lacebege). Ind. J. Phys. Nat. Sci., (Sect A) 3: 33-37. Tripathi, J.C. and Bhutia, P.T. 1986. Observation on multiple infestation of Digenetic trematodes in common Indian frog Rana cyanophlyctis from Uttar Pradesh Temi. Proc. Nat. Symp. New Dimensions Porosit., Allahabad. 18-19 Jan, 55-56. Tripathi, L.K. and Johari, R.K. 1991. Dactylostomum gayaprashadi n. sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) from the intestine of a fresh water fish Xenentodon cancilla (Ham.). Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 11(1): 70-72.

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Chapter 6

Rotifera CHITRA J.

Rotifers are microscopic organisms called as wheel animalcules or Rotatoria which are multicellular microscopic organisms ranging from 40 µm to 250 µm occurs in aquatic and semi-aquatic, moss and soil environments. The present compilation comprising 129 species; 37 genera; 21 families; 3 orders of Rotifera which were found to be obtained information from the Indian Himalaya. The available literature relevant to rotifers reported in Himalayan region were reviewed and compiled a list of species belongs to Rotifera. From this collected information, 31 species were identified up to generic level not included among the reported 129 species from Himalayan Region.

R

INTRODUCTION

otifers are the metazoans belong to phylum Aschelminthes, also considered as a minor phylum grouped under pseudocoelomata. Rotifers are also called as wheel animalcules or Rotatoria. It consists of three orders Ploimida, Gnesiotricha and Bdelloidea which are included in the present compilation. They are multicelluar and microscopic fauna ranging from 40 µm to 250 µm occurs in aquatic and semi-aquatic, moss and soil environments (Sharma, 1999). Few species are associated with freshwater cladocerans, snails, larval stages of insects and on crustaceans. They also act as bioindicators in the aquatic environment (Sladecek, 1983).

HISTORICAL RESUME Leeuwenhoek (1703) was the first person who described rotifer and its systematics. Indian rotifers were well documented in several literatures by pioneering research on rotifer taxonomy and diversity (Anderson, 1889; Gurney, 1907, Arora 1963, 1966a, 1966b; Brehm, 1950; Nayar, 1965; Pejler, 1977; Rao and Mohan, 1976; Koste, 1978; Sharma, 1978-2017; Michael, 1980; Sharma and Michael, 1980; 1987a, 1987b; Sharma, 1987; Sharma, 1988; Battish, 1992; Segers, 1995-2008; Sharma and Sharma 1997-2017; Dhanapathi, 2000; Dumont, 1983; Dussart et al., 1984; Edmondson and Hutchinson, 1934; Edmondson, 1959; Fernando, 2002; Jersabek, and Leitner, 2013). Zooplankton were analysed in most of the wetlands of Kashmir by Das et al., (1969) and Akthar (1972). Das

and Akhtar (1976) reported rotifers on a new record of Palaearctic genera and species. Distribution of rotifers along with environment variables at Bod Sar Lake were investigated (Raina, 1981). Subla et al., (1984) contibution on the zooplankton ecology and their distribution among the wetlands of Kashmir (Subla et al., 1984; Parveen, 1988). Few rotifers were also reported from Kashmir himalayan lakes (Wanganeo and Wanganeo (1994: Rashid and Pandit, 2008) and at Wular lakes (Kundangar et al.,1996). Rashid and Pandit (2008) revealed plankton community of river Sindh in Kashmir Himalaya. Raina and Vas (1993) also analysed the zooplankton composition in Himalayan ecosystems. Studies on rotifers from Jammu and Kashmir were carried out (Subla et al., 1984; Sharma and Shrivastava 1986, Ticku & Zutshi, 1993; Pandit and Yousuf, 2003). Mir et al. (2008) reported rotifers of the wetlands of kashmir himalayas. Rotifers were reported from various water bodies at anchal lake (Ahangar et al., 2012a, b). Shah et al. (2014; 2016) documented and authenticated rotifers of aquatic ecosystems of Kashmir Himalayas. Murray (1906) reported about 31 species of Bdelloida and 5 species of Ploima viz., Philodina indica, P. squamosa, P. humerosa, P. flaviceps, P. vorax, P. laticeps from crustacea as a parasite, Callidina perforata, C. augusticollis, C. crenata, C. crenata var nodosa, C. aspera, C. lata, C. leitgebii, C. microcephala, C. formosa, C. quadriconifera, C. papillosa, C. multispinosa var.,

Soil Zoology Section, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected] Citation Chitra, J. 2018. Rotifera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 91-97 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

C. plicata, C. habita, C. bullata, C. musculosa, Rotifer longirostris, R longirostris var fimbriata, R. vulgaris, Adineta vaga, Adineta vaga var minor, Adineta vaga var major, Furcularia rectangularis, Stephanops tennulus, Colurus leptus, Monostyla lunaris, Brachionus urceolaris and 2 species of Diaschiza and 2 species of Monostyla were described from Sikkim Himalaya. Later many of these species were synonymized. Chauhan, (1993) and Sharma and Rani (2013) were reported few rotifers from Himachal Pradesh. (Sharma (1978–2017); Sharma and Sharma (1999-2017). Sharma and Sharma (2014) reported the diversity and distribution of rotifer on 46 species from family brachionidae from north, east and south states of India. They also stated that Notholca squamula and Keratella serrulata were reported from Arunachal Pradesh. Sinha (2001) found zooplankton from the gut contents of the tadpoles from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Das and Kar (2016) reported rotifers in River Siang and Sharma et al. (2016) reported rotifers of Tawang at Arunachal Pradesh. Very few studies were carried out on Rotifers from freshwater ecosystems of Uttarakhand (Pathani and Upadhyay, 2006; Mishra et al., 2010; Negi and Mamgain, 2013; Senthil Kumar et al., 2016; Kumar, et al., 2016; Pant et al. 2017). In Himachal Pradesh, Jha et al., 2011 reported bdelloid rotifers from early Permian sediments of Chamba valley. Jindal and Thakur (2013) investigated on the diurnal variations of plankton diversity and reported rotifers from Rewalsar Wetland. Sharma (1987)

reported lecanidae of rotifera from northeast India. The community structure of zooplankton at river Chenab of Jammu & Kashmir were revealed (Dutta and Verma, 2010; Baba et al., 2015).

SPECIES DIVERSITY As per the literature available, 129 species, 37 genera, 21 families under 3 orders were recorded from Indian Himalaya (IH). Three orders Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha and Digononta are recorded from IH. The maximum species diversity is represented in the order Monogononta (87 species in 13 families) followed by Gnesiotrocha (9 species in 5 families), and Bdelloidea (32 species in 3 families). 28 species from Trans himalaya –Ladakh mountain (1A); 55 species were recorded from Himalaya north-west region (2A); 10 species from Himalaya west region; 67 species from Himalaya – central region (2C);); 24 species from Himalaya-east region (2D); were recorded from the Himalayan region.

GAP AREAS Major contribution of rotifer species (36%) registered in 2A followed by 2C (35%), 2D (12%), 1A & 1B (12%) and 2B (5%). Lack of information from Trans Himalayan region of higher altitudes of Himalayan areas especially at 1C. Further exploration on rotifer taxonomy to reveal the complete picturization of the Himalayan region is needed. Most of the recent literature available on zooplankton were registered up to genera of preliminary research.

Fig. 1. Distribution of Rotifera in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

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DISCUSSION From the literature consulted, totally 419 species were found to be recorded from himalayan region of India belongs to 65 genera; 25 families from 3 orders ploima, flosculariacea and Collothecaceae and 2 subclass monogononta and bdelloidea reported from India (Sharma and Sharma, 2017). From the current compilation, about 129 species of 37 genera; 21 families; 3 orders were discovered so far from Indian Himalaya. This compilation from the Himalayan region has assembled the data on the various reports on the rotifer discovered from different states of the Himalayan region. Few reports were still not clear due to genera level identification and lack of expertise in the specific group may be one of the reasons. This compilation of the Himalayan region would be the baseline information and to further concentrate the research in the gap areas to explore the rotifer taxonomy and to know the actual state of the species diversity of India.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Class ROTIFERA Cuvier, 1817 Subclass EUTOTATORIA Bartos, 1959 Super Order MONOGONONTA Wesenberg - Lund, 1889 Order PLOIMIDA Delage, 1897 Family BRACHIONIDAE Wesenberg - Lund, 1899 Genus Anuraeopsis Lauterborn, 1990 fissa (Gosse, 1851): 2C Anaeuropsis sp.: 2A Genus Brachionus Pallas, 1766 angularis Gosse, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C bidentata bidentata Anderson, 1889: 2A, 2C calyciflorus f. dorcas (Gosse, 1851): 2C calyciflorus Pallas, 1766: 2A, 2B caudatus Barrois and Daday, 1894: 2B caudatus personatus (Ahlstrom, 1940): 2C dichotomus reductus Koste and Sheil, 1980: 2D donneri Brehm 1951: 2D durgae Dhanapathi, 1974: 2D forficula forficula Wierzejski, 1891: 2C forficula minor (Voronkov, 1913): 2C kostei Shiel, 1983: 2D patulus patulus (Muller, 1786): 2A plicatlis Muller, 1786: 1A quadridentatus cluniorbicularis (Skorikov, 1894): 1A quadridentatus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783: 2A, 2C rubens Ehrenberg, 1838: 2A, 2B urceolaris Muller 1773: 2C Genus Keratella Bory de St. Vincent, 1822 cochlearis (Gosse, 1851): 1A, 2A, 2C edmondsoni Ahlstrom, 1943: 2D heimalis (Carlin, 1943): 2A javana Hauer, 1937: 2D procurva (Thorpe, 1891): 1A, 2A CHITRA : Rotifera

quadrata (Muller, 1786): 1A, 2A serrulata Ehrenberg, 1838: 2D tropica (Apstein, 1907): 1A, 2A vaga monospina (Klausener, 1908): 2B Genus Notholca Gosse, 1886 squamula Muller, 1786: 2D Genus Platyias Harring, 1913 patulus (Muller, 1786): 2A quadricornis (Ehrenberg, 1832): 1A, 2A Platyias sp.: 2D Family EPIPHANIDAE (Ehrenberg, 1837) Genus Epiphanes Ehrenberg, 1830 brachionus (Ehrenberg, 1837): 2A senta (Muller, 1773): 2B Family EUCHLANIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Euchlanis Ehrenberg, 1832 dilatata Ehrenberg, 1832: 1A, 2A, 2D triquetra Ehrenberg, 1838: 2C, 2D Genus Dipleuchlanis De Beauchamp, 1910 propatula (Gosse, 1886): 2C Family MYTILINIA Bartos, 1959 Genus Mytilina Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 ventralis ventralis (Ehrenberg, 1832): 1A, 2A Family TRICHOTRIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Trichotria Bory de St. Vincent, 1827 tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1834): 2A, 2C Genus Macrochaetus Perty, 1850 Macrochaetus sp.: 2A Family LEPADELLIDAE Harring, 1913 Genus Colurella Bory De St. Vincent, 1824 adriatica Ehrenberg, 1831: Himalaya obtusa (Gosse, 1886): 2A sulcata (Stenroos, 1898): 2C Genus Lepadella Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 Subgenus Lepadella Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1834): 2D ovalis ovalis (Muller, 1786): 1A, 2A, 2C patella (Muller, 1773): 1A, 2A, 2C rhomboides (Gosse, 1886): 2C triptera (Ehrenberg, 1832): 1A Subgenus Heterolepadella Bartos, 1955 ehrenbergi (Perty, 1850): 2C Genus Squatinella Bory deSt. Vincent, 1826 mutica (Ehrenberg, 1832): 1A squatinella sp.: 2A Family LECANIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Lecane Nitzsch, 1827 Lecane sp.: 2A, 2B, 2D Subgenus Lecane Nitsch, 1827 hornemanni (Ehrenberg, 1834): 2A inermis (Bryce. 1892): 2C leontina (Turner, 1892): 2C luna dorsicalis (Arora, 1965): 1A, 2A, 2C luna luna (Muller, 1776): 1A, 2A, 2C papuana (Murray, 1913): 1A, 2A, 2D signifera signifera (Jennings, 1896): 2C

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ungulata (Gosse, 1887): 2C Subgenus Monostyla Bartos, 1959 bulla (Gosse, 1851): 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D closterocerca (Schmarda, 1859): 1A, 2A decipiens (Murray, 1913): 1A, 2A depressa (Brycem, 1891): 2A hamata (Stokes, 1896): 2A lunaris crenata (Harring, 1913): 2A lunaris lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832): 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D quadridentata (Ehrenberg, 1832): 2A, 2C Family NOTAMMATIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Notommata Ehrenberg, 1930 Notommata sp.: 2D Genus Scaridium Ehrenberg, 1830 longicaudum (Muller, 1786): 2A Genus Cephalodella Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 gibba (Ehrenberg, 1830): 1A, 2A, 2D Genus Diaschiza Gosse, 1886 Diaschiza sp.: 2C Family PROALIDAE Harring and Myers, 1924 Genus Bryceella Remane, 1929 tenella (Bryce, 1897): Himalaya Family TRICHOCERCIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Trichocerca Lamarck, 1801 Subgenus Trichocerca Lamarck, 1801 cylindrica (Imhof, 1891): 2A, 2C, 2D longiseta (Schrank, 1802): 1A, 2A rattus (Muller, 1776): 1A, 2A similis (Wierzejski, 1893): 2C weberi (Jennings, 1903): 1A, 2A Family ASPLANCHNIDAE Harring and Myer, 1926 Genus Asplanchna Gosse, 1850 brightwelli Gosse, 1850: 1A, 2A herrickii De Guerne, 1888: 2B priodonta (Gosse, 1850): 2A, 2C Asplanchna sp.: 2D Family SYNCHAETIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Synchaeta Ehrenberg, 1832 oblonga Ehrenberg, 1832: 2A, 2D Genus Polyarthra Ehrenberg, 1834 vulgaris (Carlin, 1843): 2A, 2D Family GASTROPODIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Ascomorpha Perty, 1850 ecaudis Perty, 1850: 2A ovalis (Bergendal, 1892): 2C saltans Bartsch, 1870: 1A Order GNESIOTRICHA De Beau champ, 1965 Suborder FLOSCULARIACEA Remane, 1933 Family FLOSCULARIIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 conifera (Hudson, 1886): 2A Family CONOCHILIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Conochilus Ehrenberg, 1834 unicornis Rousselet, 1892: 2C Family HEXARTHRIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Hexarthra Schmarda, 1854

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mira (Hudson, 1871): 2A Family TESTUDINELLIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Pompholyx Gosse, 1851 sulcata Hudson, 1885: 1A, 2A, 2C Genus Testudinella Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 parva (Ternetz, 1892): 2C patina (Hennann, 1783): 2A, 2C Family FILINIDAE Bartos, 1959 Genus Filinia Bory de St. Vincent, 1824 longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834): 2B terminalis (Plate, 1886): 2A Filinia sp.: 2D Superorder DIGONONTA Bartos 1959 Order BDELLOIDEA Remane, 1933 Family ADINETIDAE Hudson and Gosse, 1886 Genus Adineta Hudson, 1886 longicornis Murray, 1906: 2C vaga (Davis, 1873): 2C vaga major (Bryce, 1893): 2C vaga minor (Bryce, 1893): 2C Family PHILODINIDAE Remane, 1933 Genus Rotaria Scopoli, 1777 neptunia (Ehrenberg, 1830): 2A, 2C rotatoria (Pallas, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C sordida (Western, 1893): 2C sordida fimbriata (Murray, 1906): 2C Genus Philodina Ehrenberg, 1832 citrina Ehrenberg, 1832: 2A, 2C flaviceps Bryce, 1906: 2C indica Murray, 1906: 2C squamosa Murray, 1906: 2C vorax (Janson, 1893): 2C Philodina sp.: 2D Genus Embata Bryce, 1910 laticeps (Murray, 1905): 2C Family HABROTROCHIDAE Bryce, 1910 Genus Habrotocha Bryce, 1910 aspera (Bryce, 1892): 2C augusticollis (Murray, 1905): 2C augusticollis attenuata (Murray, 1906): 2C crenata (Murray, 1905): 2C lata (Bryce, 1892): 2C leitgebii (Zelinka, 1886): 2C microcephala (Murray, 1906): 2C nodosa (Murray, 1906): 2C perforata (Murray, 1906): 2C Genus Macrotrachela Milne, 1886 bullata (Murray, 1906): 2C formosa (Murray, 1906): 2C habita (Bryce, 1894): 2C multispinosa Thompson, 1892: 2C musculosa Milne, 1886: 2C papillosa Thompson, 1892: 2C plicata (Bryce, 1892): 2C quadricornifera Milne, 1886 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

REFERENCES Ahangar, I.A., Mir, M.F., Saksrna, D.N., and Ahangar, M.A. 2012a. Zooplankton diversity of Anchar Lake with relation to tropic status, Srinagar, Kashmir. Global J. Env. Res., 6(1): 17–21. Ahangar, I.A., Saksena, D.N. and Mir, F.M. 2012b. Seasonal variation in zooplankton community of Anchar lake, Kashmir. Univ. J. Env. Res.Tech., 2(4): 305-310. Akthar, S. 1972. Qualitative and quantitative studies on freshwater plankton, Rotifera, Cladocera, Ostracoda and Copepoda of Kashmir lakes and ponds. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kashmir. Anderson, H.H. 1889. Notes on Indian Rotifera. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 58: 345-358. Arora, H.C. 1963. Studies on Indian Rotifera. Part. IV. On some species of sessile Rotifera from India (with a description of a new species of Genus Sinantherina. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 59: 502-507. Arora, H.C. 1966a. Studies on Indian Rotifera. Part. III. On Brachionus calyciflorus and some varieties of the species. J. Zool. Soc. India, 16: 1-6. Arora, H.C. 1966b. Studies on Indian Rotifera. Part. V. On species of some genera of the family Brachionidae, subfamily Brachioninae from India. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 61: 482-483. Baba, D.I., Sharma, K.K. and Shvetambri. 2015. Zooplanktonic Community Structure of River Chenab of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). J. Sci., 5(9): 776-780. Battish, S.K. 1992. Freshwater zooplankton in India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 233pp. Brehm, V. 1950. Contributions to the freshwater fauna of India. Rec. Indian Mus., 48(2): 9-28. Chauhan, R. 1993. Seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton in Renuka lake, Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 113(1): 17-20. Das, B.K. and Kar, D. 2016. Diversity of Zooplankton in River Siang of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ocean. Fish., 1(2): 1-5. Das, S.M. and Akhtar, S. 1976. A survey of rotifers of Kashmir with new records of Palaearctic genera and species. Rotifer News, 3: 9-12. Das, S.M., Daftari, S., Singh, H.B., Akhthar, S., Chaudhary, S. and Ahmed, N. 1969. Studies on the organic production in high altitude lakes of Kashmir. I. The general ecology and zooplankton of Kashmir lakes. Kashmir Sci., 6: 1–22. Dhanapathi, M.V.S.S.S. 2000. Taxonomic notes on the rotifers from India (from 1889-2000). Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists (IAAB), Hyderabad, 10: 1-178. Dumont, H.J. 1983. Biogeography of rotifers. Hydrobiol., 104: 19-30. Dussart, B.H., Fernando, C.H., Matsumura-Tundisi, J. and Shiel, R.J. 1984. A review of systematics, distribution ans ecology of tropica; freshwater zooplankton. Hydrobiol., 113: 77-91. Dutta, S.P.S. and Verma, K.K. 2010. Zooplanktonic analysis of the River Chenab, at akhnoor, Jammu. The Ecoscan, 4(1): 123-128. Edmondson, W.T. 1959. Rotifera. In:Fresh water Biology (Eds. H.B. Ward and G.C. Whipple) John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York: 420-497. Edmondson, W.T. and Hutchinson, G.E. 1934. Report on Rotatoria. Article IX. Yale North Indian Expedition. Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts. Sci., 10: 153-186. Fernando, C.H. (ed.). 2002. A Guide to Tropical Freshwater Zooplankton. Identification , ecology and impact on fisheries. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 291pp. Gurney, R. 1907. Further notes on Indian freshwater entomostracan. Rec. Ind. Mus., 1(1): 21-23. Jersabek, C.D. and Leitner, M.F. 2013. The rotifer world catalog. World wide web electronic publication. http://www. rotifer.hausdernatur.at Jha, N., Kumar, P., Aggarwal, N., Bhattacharyya, D.D. and Pande, A.C. 2011. The oldest bdelloid rotifera from early permian sediments of Chamba valley: a new discovery. Int. J. Geol. Earth Env. Sci., Vol. 1(1): 23-29 Jindal, R. and Thakur, R.K. 2013. Diurnal variations of plankton diversity and physico-chemical characteristics of Rewalsar Wetland, Himachal Pradesh, India. Recent Res. Sci. Tech., 5(3): 04-09. Koste, W. 1978. Rotatoria. Die Rädertiere mitteleuropas. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart , 2 vols., 673 pp., 234 plates. CHITRA : Rotifera

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Shah, J.A., Pandit, A.K., and Shah, G.M. 2016. Checklist of Rotifer community from Wular lake of Kashmir Himalaya. Rep. Opinion, 8(3): 23-33 Sharma, B.K. 1978. Two new lecanid rotifers from India. Hydrobiol., 60: 191-192. Sharma, B.K. 1983. The Indian species of the genus Brachionus (Eurotatoria: Monogononta: Brachionidae). Hydrobiol., 104: 31-39. Sharma, B.K. 1987a. The distribution of the Lecanid rotifers (Rotifera: Monogononta : Lecanidae) in North-Eastern India. Rev. Hydrobiol. trop., 20(2): 101-105 Sharma, B.K. 1987b. Indian Brachionidae (Eurotatoria: Monogononta) and their distribution. Hydrobiologia, 144: 269275. Sharma, B.K. 1991. Rotifera. In: Animal Resources of India. Protozoa to Mammalia: State of the Art: 69-88 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Sharma, B.K. 1998a. Faunal diversity in India: Rotifera. In: Faunal Diversity in India. Pp 57-70 (Eds. J.R.B. Alfred, A. K. Das & A. K. Sanyal). Envis Center, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Sharma, B.K. 1998b. Freshwater Rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria). In: Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(11): 341461 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 2017. Rotifera: Eurotatoria (Rotifers). In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India: 93-113 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sharma, B.K. and Michael, R.G. 1980. Synopsis of taxonomic studies on Indian Rotifera. Hydrobiol., 73: 229-236. Sharma, B.K. and Michael, R.G. 1987a. Review of taxonomic studies on freshwater Cladocera from India with remarks on biogeography. Hydrobiol., 145: 29-33. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 1987b. On species of the genus Lepadella (Eurotatoria: Monogononta: Colurellidae) from North-Eastern India, with remarks on Indian taxa. Hydrobiol., 147: 15-22. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 1990. On the distribution of brachionid rotifers (Eurotatoria: Brachionidae) in NorthEastern India. In, Current Trends in Environment Biology (Eds. Mishra, R.R. and Chatterjee, K.), Wiley Eastern Limited : 189-196. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 1997. Lecanid rotifers (Rotifera: Monogononta: Lecanidae) from North Eastern India. Hydrobiol., 356: 159-163. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 2014a. Northeast India – An important region with a rich biodiversity of Rotifera, In Sharma, B.K., Dumont, H.J. Wallace, R.L.. (Eds) Rotifera XIII. Rotifer Biology – A structural and functional approach. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 99(1-2): 20-37. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 2014b. Indian lecanidae (Rotifera: Eurotatoria:Monogononta) and its distribution. In Sharma, B.K., Dumont, H.J., Wallace, R.L. (Eds) Rotifera XIII. Rotifer Biology – A structural and functional Approach. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 99(1-2): 38-47. Sharma, I. and Rani, D. 2013. Ecology of River Spiti, Lahaul-Spiti. Int. J. Fisheries Aqua. Sci., 3(2): 131-141 Sharma, J.P and Srivastava, J.B. 1986. Ecological observations on rotifer fauna of some freshwater ponds of Jammu (J & K). Geobios New Rep., 5(11): 6-10. Sharma, S., Thilak, J. and Chitra, J. 2016. Zooplankton. In, Fauna of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, 11-24 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sinha, B., Chakravorty, P., Borah, M.M. and Bordoloi, S. 2001. Qualitative Analysis of Food Spectrum of five species of Anuran Tadpoles from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Zoos’ Print J., 16(6): 514-515. Sladecek, V. 1983. Rotifera as indicators of water quality. Hydrobiol., 100: 169-201. Subla, B.A., Zhutshi, D.P., Khan, M.A., Vishan, N., Wanganeo, A. and Raina, R. 1984. Distribution and ecology of zooplankton communities from Kashmir. Bull. Env. Sci., 1: 30-34. Ticku, A. and Zutshi, D.P. 1993. The distribito and abundance of epiphytic rotifers populations on submerged macrophytes in Dal Lake, Srinagar. J. Indian Inst. Sci., 73: 237-245. Wanganeo, A. and Wanganeo, R. 1994. Plankton diversity in Kashmir Himalayan Lakes: An overview. Poll. Res., 26(4): 733-743.

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Chapter 7

Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates) PALLAB MAITY1 and ANJUM N. RIZVI2*

The present paper records 170 species of nematodes parasitic in vertebrate hosts from different biotic provinces of the Indian Himalaya. A maximum number of vertebrate parasitic nematodes species have been recorded from West Himalaya with 84 species (42.42%), followed by North-West Himalaya with 71 (35.85%), Central Himalaya, 34 species (17.17%) and Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 9 species (4.54%). These 170 species are classified into six orders, 37 families, and 85 genera and are parasitic in all the five vertebrate classes, Mammals (83 species), Aves (35 species), Amphibia (24 species), Pisces (15 species) and Reptilia (13 species).

N

INTRODUCTION

ematodes or round worms are ubiquitous in soil, freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments and parasitize almost all animal groups, including human beings. Common nematode parasites of humans include Ascaris, Filarial worm, hookworms, whipworms and pinworms. Heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, causes diseases in dogs, and cats, while Haemonchus contortus causes great economic damage in sheep. Fish, Amphibia, Reptilia and Birds are also infected with several nematode parasites. Rhabdias nematode (Lungworm) is a parasitical health concern to amphibians. They may cause pneumonia and failure to thrive. The nematodes parasitic in vertebrates is found to occur mainly in six orders, namely, Strongylida, Rhabditida, Ascaridida, Oxyurida, Spirurida and Enoplida. The entire vertebrate hosts from Fishes to Mammals are known to be infected by the nematodes. They infect many body organs of hosts like eye, oesophagus, lungs, heart, caecum, intestine, and skin, causing harmful parasitic diseases. Nematoda has 26,646 recorded species, with 8,359 species parasitic in vertebrates, 10,681 species free living, 4,105 species parasitic in plants and 3,501 species parasitic in invertebrates (Hugot et al., 2001). According to Ramakrishna and Alfred (2007), more than 30,000 nematode species are known till date from all over the world, of which 2,914 are in India, about 9.50% of the global species. As regards vertebrate nematode

parasites, Chaturvedi and Kansal (1977) have provided the complete checklist of the nematode. However, to the best of our knowledge, no consolidated information on the vertebrate parasitic nematodes from Indian Himalaya (IH) is yet available. We have been successful in updating the information on 170 species of vertebrate parasitic nematodes belonging to 6 orders.

HISTORICAL RESUME Jammu and Kashmir Work on vertebrate parasitic nematodes in JK was initiated by Chakravarty (1942), from the fish host. Later Thapar (1950), Fotedar and Dhar, (1970), Dhar and Fotedar (1980), reported many fish parasitic nematodes from Kashmir. Chisthi et al. (2002) reported fish parasite diversity in JK. Whereas, Fotedar (1959, 1960, 1968, 1971, 1973 and 1980), and Fotedar and Kaw (1965) published many new species of nematodes from amphibian hosts and Fotedar (1968) had also reported nematodes from reptilian hosts. Amir and Ali (1960), Fotedar and Bambroo (1967), Bambroo (1971), Dhar et al. (1982), Bali (1972), Raina et al. (1982) describes many new species. Later, Bali (1976), Bali and Fotedar (1974), Sharma and Dhar (1978, 1979 and 1987), Fotedar and Chishti (1974), and Sharma (1994) reported many parasitic nematodes from birds and mammals of Jammu and Kashmir. Bhagat (2008) has done an elaborate work of compiling all the parasitic fauna from JK and Ladakh region.

1Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248195; 2*Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; 2*[email protected] Citation Maity, P. and Rizvi, A.N. 2018. Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 99-114 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Himachal Pradesh

reported from 6 states, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal (Darjeeling) lying under Indian Himalaya. The Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone is divided into 7 biotic provinces namely, 1A (Trans HimalayaLadakh), 1B (Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau), 1C (Trans Himalaya: Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya: North-West), 2B (Himalaya: West Himalaya), 2C (Himalaya: Central Himalaya) and 2D (Himalaya: East Himalaya) (Rodgers et al., 2002). The updated information on 170 species of Nematodes belonging to 6 orders, 37 families, and 85 genera is provided in systematic list, and in Table 1 and Figs. 1-3.

Soota and Chaturvedi (1967, 1969) reported two new species of Nematodes from bird host of Lahul valley, Himachal Pradesh. Later, Chaturvedi and Kansal (1977) reported many species from Himachal Pradesh. Soota and Dey Sarkar (1981) also reported nematodes from Vertebrate hosts from Solan district. Uttarakhand Vertebrate nematodes from Uttarakhand was first reported by Bhalerao (1932, 1933), he describes new species from Mukteswar, Uttarakhand. Many workers have contributed to the studies of nematodes from vertebrate hosts from Uttarakhand, few of them being, Karve (1949), Khera (1958), Singh (1962), Arya (1978, 1979), Soota and Chaturvedi (1969), Soota and Tripathi (1975). Rizvi and co-workers have done extensive work on the nematodes from amphibian and reptilian hosts (Rizvi, 2017; Rizvi and Bhutia, 2011, 2012, 2014; Rizvi and Bursey, 2013, 2014; Rizvi et al., 2013, 2016, 2017).

It can be summarized from Figs. 1-3, that out of the 170 species compiled from 5 states; Jammu and Kasmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and West Bengal (Darjeeling), occurring in 7 different biotic provinces. Maximum number of vertebrate parasitic nematodes have been recorded from West Himalayan region with 84 species (42.42%), followed by North-West Himalaya with 71 (35.85%), Central Himalaya, 34 species (17.17%) and Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 9 species (4.54%) (Fig. 3). These 170 species belong to 6 orders, 39 families, and 82 genera, and were found to be parasitic in all the five vertebrate classes (Fig. 1). The maximum species have been recorded from Mammals (83), followed by Aves (35), Amphibia (24), Pisces (15) and Reptilia (13).

West Bengal (Hills) The works on vertebrate nematodes were reported by Chaturvedi and Kansal (1977) and later by Soota and Dey Sarkar (1981). Dey Sarkar (1998) reported many vertebrate nematodes from the district of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. Sikkim

The state wise distribution shows that the maximum number of species have been reported from Uttarakhand with 84 species (42.21%), followed by Jammu and Kashmir with 66 (33.16%), West Bengal hills, 34 species (17.08%), Himachal Pradesh with 14 species (7.03%), and Sikkim with 1 species (0.50%) (Fig. 2).

Only one record of nematode from fish is available from Sikkim by Soota (1983).

SPECIES DIVERSITY The present work is based on a compilation of the published data of the vertebrate parasitic nematodes,

83

Number of Species

35 24 15

Pisces

13

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

Fig. 1. Number of species of Nematodes recorded in different Vertebrate hosts from Indian Himalaya.

100


84

66

34

14 1 Jammu & Kashmir

Himchal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Sikkim

West Bengal (Hills)

Fig. 2. Number of species of Vertebrate Nematodes recorded from different states in Indian Himalaya.

Fig. 3. Number of species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

GAP AREAS Two states namely, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim are not thoroughly studied, and therefore more studies are required from these regions. More fishes, amphibian and MAITY and RIZVI : Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates)

reptilian hosts are needed to be examined for nematode parasites, which may reflect the parasitic diseases of these hosts and may help in the conservation of these hosts. 101

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum NEMATODA Diesing, 1861 Class ADENOPHOREA Chitwood, 1933 Order ENOPLIDA Filipjev, 1929 Superfamily TRICHUROIDEA Family TRICHURIDAE Railliet, 1915 Subfamily TRICHURINAE Ransom, 1911 Genus Capillaria Zeder, 1800 annulata (Molin, 1858) Cram, 1926: 2A bilobata Bhalerao, 1933: 2B caudinflata (Molin, 1858):2A kashmirensis Raina et al., 1982: 2A minuta Chen 1937: 2A Genus Trichocephalus Schrank, 1788 muris Schrank, 1788: 2A Genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761 globulosa (Linstow, 1901) Ransom, 1911: 2A, 2C leporis (Froelich, 1789) Hall, 1916: 2B ovis (Abildgaard, 1795): 1B trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771): 2C Class SECERNENTEA Chitwood, 1933 Order STRONGYLIDA Molin, 1861 Superfamily STRONGYLOIDEA Baird, 1853 Family STRONGYLIDAE Baird, 1853 Subfamily STRONGYLINAE Railliet, 1893 Genus Cyathostomum Molin, 1861 catinatum Looss, 1900: 2B labiatum Looss, 1901: 2B longibursatum Yorke and Macfie, 1918: 2B nassatum Looss, 1900: 2B Genus Strongylus Mueller, 1780 equinus Muller, 1780: 2B vulgaris (Looss, 1900): 2B Subfamily CYATHOSTOMINAE Nicoll, 1927 Genus Murshidia Lane, 1914 falcifera (Cobbold, 1882) Lane, 1915: 2C murshidia Lane, 1914: 2C Subfamily OESOPHAGOSTOMINAE Railliet, 1916 Genus Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861 asperum Railliet and Henry, 1913: 2B columbianum (Curtice, 1890) Stossich, 1899: 2A, 2B radiatum (Rudolphi, 1803) Railliet, 1898: 2C venulosum (Rudolphi, 1809): 2B Superfamily ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA Chabaud, 1974 Family ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE (Looss, 1905) Genus Gaigeria Railliet and Henry, 1910 pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910: 2A Subfamily ANCYLOSTOMATINAE Looss, 1905 Genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845 braziliense Gomez de.Faria, 1910: 2C caninum (Ercolani, 1859) Linstow, 1889: 2B, 2C duodenale (Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845: 2C malayanum (Alessandrini, 1906) Lane, 1916: 2C Subfamily BUNOSTOMINAE Looss, 1911 Genus Bunostomum Railliet, 1902 phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900) Railliet, 1902: 2B trigonocephalum (Rud. 1808) Railliet, 1902: 1B, 2A, 2C Genus Monodontus Molin, 1861 alatus (Bambroo, 1971): 2A

102

Genus Tetragomphius Baylis and Daubney, 1923 procyonis Baylis and Daubney, 1923: 2B Family CHABERTIIDAE Popova, 1952 Genus Agriostomum Railliet, 1902 vryburgi Railliet, 1902 : 2C Subfamily CHALERTIINAE Popova, 1952 Genus Chabertia Railliet and Henry, 1909 himalayana Fotedar and Bambroo, 1967: 2A ovina (Gmelin, 1790) Railliet and Henry, 1909: 1B, 2A, 2B Subfamily MECISTOCIRRINAE Skrjabin and Orloff, 1934 Genus Mecistocirrus Railliet and Henry, 1912 digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry, 1912: 2A, 2B Family DICTYOCAULIDAE Skrjabin, 1941 Subfamily DICTYOCAULINAE Skrjabin, 1933 Genus Dictyocaulus Railliet and Henry, 1907 arnfieldi (Cobbold, 1884) Railliet and Henry, 1907: 2B filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) Railliet and Henry, 1907: 1B, 2A, 2B viviparus (Bloch, 1782) Railliet and Henry, 1907: 2A, 2B Family AMIDOSTOMATIDAE Travassos, 1919 Subfamily AMIDOSTOMANIAE Travassos, 1919 Genus Amidostomum (Railliet et Henry, 1909) anseris (Zeder, 1800): 2A fulicae (Rudolphi 1819): 2A Genus Epomidiostomum Skrjabin, 1915 anatinum Skrjabin, 1915: 2A uncinatum (Lundahl 1848): 2A Family TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE Leiper, 1912 Subfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLINAE Leiper, 1912 Genus Trichostrongylus Loos, 1905 axei (Cobbold, 1879): 2A colubriformis (Giles, 1892) Ransom, 1911: 2A Subfamily HAEMONCHINAE Skrjabin and Schulz, 1952 Genus Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 contortus (Rudolphi 1803), Cobb 1898: 1B, 2A, 2B similis Travassos, 1914: 2B Subfamily OESOPHAGOSTOMINAE Railliet, 1916 Genus Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861 asperum Railliet and Henry, 1913: 2C columbianum (Curtice, 1890) Stossich. 1899: 1B, 2C radiatum (Rud. 1803), Railliet, 1898: 2C Subfamily OSTERTAGIINAE Lopez-Neyra, 1947 Genus Marshallagia Orloff, 1933 marshalli (Ransom, 1907) Orloff, 1933: 2A, 2B Genus Ostertagia Ransom, 1907 occidentalis Ransom, 1907: 2B ostertagi (Stiles, 1892) Ransom, 1907: 2B Genus Teladorsagia Andreeva and Satubaldin, 1954 cercumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894) Ransom, 1907: 2B Subfamily NEMATODIRINAE Skrjabin and Orloff, 1934 Genus Nematodirus Ransom, 1907 fotedari Bali, 1972: 2A spathiger (Railliet, 1896): 2A Superfamily DIAPHANOCEPHALOIDEA Travassos, 1920 Family DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE Travassos, 1920 Genus Kalicephalus Molin, 1861 indicus Ortlepp, 1923: 2A kashmirensis Fotedar et al., 1966: 2A longior Maplestone, 1931: 2B, 2C Subfamily COOPERIINAE Skrjabin and Schikhobalova, 1952 Genus Cooperia Ransom, 1907 hrenktahnsa, Indian yak, 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Subfamily VIANNAIINAE Singh, 1962 Genus Longistriata Schulz, 1926 brevispicularis Singh, 1962: 2B longispicularis Singh, 1962: 2B Family HELIGMOSOMIDAE Cram, 1927 Genus Mecistocirrus Railliet and Henry, 1912 digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry 1912: 2B, 2C Family MOLINEIDAE Skrjabin and Schulz, 1937 Subfamily MOLINEINAE Skrjabin and Schulz, 1937 Genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 goezei Skrajabin et Schulz, 1952: 2B, 2C kashmirensis Fotedar, 1980: 2A Superfamily METASTRONGYLOIDEA Lane, 1917 Family PROTOSTROGYLIDAE Leiper, 1926 Genus Protostrongylus Kamenskil, 1905 rufescens (Leuckart, 1865) Kamensky, 1905: 1B Genus Varestrongylus Bhalerao, 1932 pneumonicus Bhalerao, 1932: 2A, 2B Family SYNGAMIDAE Leiper, 1912 Subamily SYNGAMINAE Baylis and Daubney, 1926 Genus Mammomonogamus Ryjikov, 1948 laryngeus (Railliet, 1899) Ryjikov, 1948: 2B Genus Syngamus Siebold, 1836 trachea (Montagu, 1811) Chapin, 1925: 2A Order RHABDITIDA Chitwood 1933 Family RHABDIASIDAE Railliet, 1916 Genus Rhabdias Stiles and Hassall, 1905 bufonis Schrank, 1788: 2A, 2B dehradunensis Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2013: 2B himalayanus Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2013: 2B ranae Walton, 1929: 2B Family STRONGYLOIDIDAE Chitwood and McIntosh, 1934 Genus Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 bufonis Rao and Singh, 1968: 2B Order ASCARIDIDA Superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA Chabaud, 1965 Family ANISAKIDAE Skrjabin and Karokhin, 1945 Subfamily GOEZIINAE Travassos, 1919 Genus Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912 milvi Yamaguti, 1935: 2A Family ASCARIDIDAE Baird, 1853 Subfamily ANGUSTICAECINAE Skrjabin and Karokhin, 1945 Genus Porrocaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912 ibidis (Mapleston 1932): 2C Subfamily ASCARIDINAE Baird, 1853 Genus Ascaridia Dujardin, 1844 bulatta Soota and Chaturvedi, 1969: 2A columbae (Gmelin, 1790) Travassos, 1913: 2B galli Schrank, 1788: 2A Genus Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758: 2A skrjabini. Mozgovoi et al., 1969: 2A Genus Parascaris Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 equorum (Goeze, 1782): 2B Subfamily TOXOCARINAE Osche, 1958 Genus Porrocaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912 angusticolle (Molin, 1860) Baylis and Daubney, 1922: 2B ratti Singh, 1962: 2B Genus Toxocara Stiles, 1905 canis (Werner, 1782) Stiles, 1905: 2B MAITY and RIZVI : Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates)

cati (Schranck, 1788) Brumpt, 1927: 2A vitulorum (Goeze, 1782): 2A Superfamily COSMOCERCOIDEA Chabaud, 1965 Family COSMOCERCIDAE Travassos, 1925 Subfamily COSMOCERCINAE Railliet, 1916 Genus Aplectana Railliet and Henry, 1916 acuminata (Schrank, 1788) Railliet and Henry, 1916: 2A macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Travassos, 1931: 2A, 2C Genus Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861 commutata (Diesing, 1851): 2A crenshawi Fotedar, 1973: 2A kalesari Rizvi, Bursey and Bhutia, 2011: 2B parva Travassos, 1925: 2B Genus Cosmocerocoides Wilkie, 1930 bufonis Karve, 1944: 2B dukae (Holl, 1928) Travassos, 1931: 2B, 2C himalayanus Rizvi and Bursey, 2014: 2B multipapillata Khera, 1958: 2B nainitalensis Arya, 1979: 2B Family KATHLANIIDAE Travassos, 1918 Subfamily KATHLANIINAE Lane, 1914 Genus Falcaustra Lane, 1915 barbi Baylis and Daubney, 1922: 2C kempi (Baylis and Daubney 1922) Chabaud, 1978: 2C leptocephala Baylis and Daubney, 1922: 2C Family ATRACTIDAE Travassos, 1919 Genus Atractis Dujardin, 1845 granulosa (Railliet and Henry, 1912) Thapar, 1925: 2C Genus Monhysterides Baylis and Daubney, 1922 piscicola Baylis and Daubney, 1922: 2C Superfamily SUBULUROIDEA Inglis, 1958 Family SUBULURIDAE Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 Subfamily SUBULURINAE Travassos, 1914 Genus Oxynema Linstow, 1899 alata (Mazhar, 1933) Inglis, 1955: 2B Superfamily SEURATOIDEA Railliet, 1906 Family QUIMPERIIDAE Baylis, 1930 Genus Chabaudus Inglis and Ogden, 1965 dehradunensis Rizvi, Bursey and Maity, 2016: 2B Genus Gendria Baylis, 1930 chauhani Nama, 1975: 2B Genus Subulascaris Freitas and Dobbin, 1957 cyanophlyctis Deshmukh, 1968: 2B Order OXYURIDA Weinland, 1858 Superfamily OXYUROIDEA Cobbold, 1864 Family PHARYNGODONIDAE Travassos, 1919 Genus Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861 almoriensis (Karve, 1949): 2B jairaipurii Rizvi and Bursey, 2013: 2B tuberculata Rizvi, Maity and Bursey, 2017: 2B Genus Thelandros Wedl, 1862 baylisi Chatterji, 1935: 2A dehradunensis Rizvi, Maity and Bursey, 2017: 2B jammuensis Fotedar, 1968: 2A tuberculata Rizvi, Maity and Bursey, 2017: 2B Subfamily OXYURIDAE Cobbold, 1864 Genus Dermatoxys Schneider, 1866 ruficaudata Mirza, 1936: 2B Genus Oxyuris Rudolphi, 1803 equi (Schrank, 1788) Blanchard, 1849: 2B

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Genus Skrjabinema Werestchagin, 1926 ovis (Skrjabin, 1915), Sheep, 1B Genus Wellcomia Sambon, 1907 indica Singh, 1962: 2B taylori Abdussalam, 1928: 2A, 2B Superfamily HETERAKOIDEA Inglis, 1912 Family HETERAKIDAE Railliet and Henry, 1912 Subfamily HETERAKINAE Railliet and Henry, 1912 Genus Heterakis Railliet and Henry, 1912 gallinarum Schrank, 1788: 2A, 2B indica (Mapletone, 1941): 2A lahulensis Soota and Chaturvedi, 1969: 2A spumosa Schneider, 1866: 2A, 2B Order SPIRURIDA Chitwood, 1936 Suborder CAMALLANINA Chitwood, 1936 Superfamily CAMALLANOIDEA Travassos, 1920 Family CAMALLANIDAE Railliet and Henry, 1915 Genus Camlallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915 alatae Nama and Jain, 1974: 2B cotti Fujita, 1927: 2A oxycephalus Ward and Magath, 1916: 2A ranae Khera, 1956: 2B solmonae Chakravorty, 1942: 2A tigrinis Johnson, 1969: 2B Genus Paracamallanus Yorke and Maplestone, 1928 kashmirensis Dhar and Fotedar, 1980: 2A Superfamily ACUARIOIDEA Railliet, Henry and Sisoff, 1912 Family ACUARIIDAE Railliet, Henry and Sisoff, 1912 Subfamily ACUARIINAE Genus Echinuria Soloviev, 1912 uncinata (Rudolphi) : 2A Subfamily SEURATIINAE Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Genus Rusguniella Seurat, 1919 turdi Chishti and Abdullah, 1987: 2A Genus Streptocara Railliet, Henry and Sisoff, 1912 indica Fotedar and Chishti, 1974: 2A Superfamily GNATHOSTOMATOIDEA Railliet, 1895 Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE Railliet, 1895 Genus Tanqua Blanchard, 1904 anomala (Linstow, 1904) Baylis, 1916: 2A Family RICTULARIIDAE Railliet, 1916 Genus Rictularia Froelich, 1802 cahirensis Jagerskiold, 1904: 2B Superfamily PHYSALOPTEROIDEA Railliet, 1893 Family PHYSALOPTERIDAE Railliet, 1893 Subfmnily PHYSALOPTERINAE Railliet, 1893 Genus Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819 alata Rudolphi, 1819: 2C Superfamily THELAZIOIDEA Skrjabin, 1915 Family THELAZIIDAE Skrjabin, 1915 Subfamily OXYSPIRURINAE Yamaguti, 1961 Genus Oxyspirura Drasche in Stossich, 1897 montana Soota and Dey Sarkar, 1980: 2C Subfamily THELAZIINAE Baylis and Daubney, 1926 Genus Thelazia Bosc, 1819 calnpanulata (Molin, 1858) Railliet and Henry, 1910: 2C rhodesii (Desmarest, 1828) Blainville. 1828: 2B, 2C Family RHABDOCHONIDAE Skrjabin, 1946 Genus Rhabdocbona Railliet, 1916 bariliusi Soota and Dey Sarkar, 1981: 2A guptai Gupta and Srivastava, 1982: 2A hellichi (Sramek, 1901) Chitwood, 1933: 2A himalayai Fotedar and Dhar, 1977: 2A

104

hospeti Thapar, 1950: 2A kashmirensis (Thapar, 1950): 2A minima Moravec and Daniel, 1976: 1B Superfamily FILARIOIDEA Chabaud and Anderson, 1959 Family FILARIIDAE Cobold, 1879 Subfamily FILARIINAE Weinland, 1858 Genus Parafilaria Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 bovicola (Tubangui 1934): 2A sahaii Srivastava and Dutt, 1959: 2A Family ONCHOCERCIDAE (Leiper, 1911) Subfamily SETARIINAE Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 Genus Setaria Viborg, 1795 cervi (Rudolphi, 1819) Baylis, 1936: 2A, 2B equina (Abildgaard, 1789) Railliet and Henry, 1911: 2B Subfamily SPLENDIDOFILARIINAE Chabaud and Choquet, 1953 Genus Splendidofilaria Skrjabin, 1923 kashmirensis Amir and Ali, 1960: 2A Subfamily ONCHOCERCINAE Leiper, 1911 Genus Onchocerca Diesing, 1841 armillata Railliet and Henry, 1909: 2B Superfamily SPIRUROIDEA Oerley, 1885 Family GONGYLONEMATIDAE Sobolev Genus Gongylonema Molin, 1857 pulchrum Molin, 1857: 2B verrucosum (Giles, 1892) Neumann, 1894: 2B Family SPIROCERCIDAE Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Subfamily SPIROCERCINAE Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Genus Cylicospirura Vevers, 1922 felineus (Chandler, 1925) Sandground, 1933: 2B Genus Spirocerca Railliet and Henry, 1917 lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) Chitwood, 1933: 2B Subfamily ASCARPOSINAE Alicata and McIntosh, 1933 Genus Ascarops van Beneden, 1873 strongylina (Rud., 1819) Alicata and McIntosh, 1933: 2C Genus Physocephalus Diesing, 1861 sexalatus (Molin, 1860) Diesing, 1861: 2C Superfamily HABRONEMATOIDEA Chitwood and Wehr, 1932 Family HABRONEMATIDAE Ivaschkin, 1961 Genus Habronema Diesing, 1861 avicedae Soota and Dey Sarkar, 1981: 2C megastoma Rudolphi, 1819 : 2B microstoma (Schneider, 1866) Ransom, 1911: 2B muscae (Carter, 1861) Diesing, 1861: 2B Family CYSTIDICOLIDAE Skrjabin, 1946 Genus Pseudoproleptus Khera, 1955 vestibulus Khera, 1955: 2C Superfamily DIPLOTRIAENOIDEA Railliet, 1895 Family DIPLOTRIAENIDAE Anderson, 1958 Subfamily DIPLOTRIAENINAE Skarjabin, 1916 Genus Diplotriaena Railliet and Henry, 1909 buckleyi Fotedar and Kaw 1965: 2A doonensis Soota and Tripathi, 1975: 2B indica Singh, 1962: 2B kmaunensis Singh, 1962: 2B mukteswarensis Singh, 1962: 2B nepalensis Soota and Chaturvedi, 1967: 2A, 2C tricuspis (Fedchenko, 1874) Seurat, 1915: 2A Subfamily DICHEILONEMATINAE Wehr, 1935 Genus Hamatospiculum Skrjabin, 1916 dubium Soota and Tripathi, 1975: 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 1. List of nematodes from different vertebrate hosts of Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts MAMMALIA

1.

Trichuris globulosa

Goat.

2.

Trichuris ovis

Sheep.

3.

Trichuris leporis

Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus.

4.

Trichuris trichiura

Macca mulata.

5.

Trichuris muris

Rattus rattus.

6.

Capillaria bilobata

Bos indicus and Capra sp.

7.

Capillaria kashmirensis

Myotis.

8.

Capillaria minuta

Crocidura sp. (shrew).

9.

Strongylus equinus

Equines, Donkey, Horse, Mule, and Zebra.

10.

Strongylus vulgaris

Equines, and Equus sp.

11.

Cyathostomum catinatum

Equines.

12.

Cyathostomum labiatum

Equus sp.

13.

Cyathostomum longibursatum

Equines.

14.

Cyathostomum nassatum

Equines.

15.

Oesophagostomum asperum

Capra hircus, C. sibirica, Capra sp., Ovis aries, Axis axis, and Cervus elaphus.

16.

Oesophagostomum columbianum

Bos sp., Capra sp. and Ovis sp.

17.

Oesophagostomum radiatum

Bos sp., Bos frontalis, Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalis, and Hybrid bison.

18.

Oesophagostomum venulosum

Bos indicus, Capra sp., Capra ibex siberica, Camelus dromedarius, Camelus sp., Cervidae, Ovis aries, and Tragulus javanicus.

19.

Ancylostoma braziliense

Aelurus fulgens, Canis pallipes, Canis sp., Cuon alpines dukhunensis, Felis bengalensis, F. viverrina, Felis sp., Man, Melursus ursinus, Panthera leo, P. pardus, P. tigris, and Viverricula indica malaccensis.

20.

Ancylostoma caninum

Canis aureus, Canis lupus pallipes, Canis sp., Cuon alpines dukhunensis, Felis viverrina, Felis sp., Megalotes sp., Melursus ursinus, Sus sp., Vulpes bengalensis, V. vulpes pusilla, Panthera pardus, P.tigris, and Procyon sp.

21.

Ancylostoma duodenale

Canis sp., Chimpanzee, Panthera tigris, F. viverrina, Gorilla, Hylobates sp., Macaca sp., Man, and Sus scrofa cristatus.

22.

Ancylostoma malayanum

Helarctos malayanus, Melursus ursinus, Nycticebus tardigradus, and Selenarctos thibetanus thibetanus.

23.

Bunostomum phlebotomum

Bos indicus, Capra sp., and Ovis sp.

24.

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

Sheep, Antelope, Bos sp., Capra hircus, and Ovis sp.

25.

Tetragomphius procyonis

Procyon sp.

26.

Monodontus alatus

Sheep.

27.

Murshidia murshidia

Elephas maximus indicus.

28.

M. falcifera

Elephas maximus indicus.

29.

Agriostomum vryburgi

Zebu.

30.

Chabartia himalayana

Sheep.

31.

Chabartia ovina

Bos indicus , Bos sp., Camelus sp., Capra sp., Cervidae, and Ovis sp.

32.

Mecistocirrus digitatus

Indian Yak.

33.

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

Equus sp., Equines, and Tapirus indicus.

MAITY and RIZVI : Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates)

105


Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts

34.

Dictyocaulus filaria

Camelus dromedarius, Capra sp., Cervidae, Ovis sp., and Rupicapra rupicapra.

35.

Dictyocaulus viviparus

Bos indicus, Bos sp., Camelus sp., Cervidae and rarely in Equines.

36.

Trichostrongylus axei

Sheep.

37.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Sheep.

38.

Haemonchus contortus

Antilope, Alee, Addax, Ammotragus, Antidorcus, Bison, Bos sp. Axis axis, Bubalus sp., Capra hireus, C. ibex sibiriea, C. falconeri, Capra sp., Capreolus, Citellus, Cobus, Damaliscus, Dorcelaphus, Gazella, Hippo tragus, Man, Mazama, Nemorhaedus, Odocoillus, Ovibos, Ovis sp., Rangifer, Rupicapra, Pediotragus, and Sus sp.

39.

Haemonchus similis

Bos indicus, B. taurus, and Ovis aries.

40.

Oesophagostomum asperum

Goat (domestic).

41.

Oesophagostomum columbianum

Sheep and Lamb.

42.

Oesophagostomum radiatum

Hybrid bison (Bos frontalis x B. taurus).

43.

Marshallagia marshalli

Antelocapra americana, Camelus bactrianus, Capra hircus, C. ibex sibirica, Odocoillus hemionus, Oreamnos americanus, Ovis canadensis, Ovis aries, and Rupicapra rupicapra.

44.

Nematodirus fotedari

Sheep.

45.

Nematodirus spathiger

Sheep, and Indian Yak.

46.

Teladorsagia cercumcincta

Camelus sp., Antelocapra, Bos taurus, Capra ibex sibirica, Capra hircus, Capra sp., Cephalophus, Nemorhoedus, and Ovis sp.

47.

Ostertagia occidentalis

Camelus sp., Capra ibex sibirica, Capra sp., Odocoillus hemionus, Ovis aries, Ovibos, and Rupicapra sp.

48.

Ostertagia ostertagi

Bison, Bos indicus, B. taurus, Bos sp., Camelus dromedarius, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Pseudois neayaur, and Rupicapra rupicapra.

49.

Cooperia hrenktahnsa

Indian Yak.

50.

Longistriata brevispicularis

Rattus norvegicus.

51.

Longistriata longispicularis

Petaurista p. albiventer.

52.

Mecistocirrus digitatus

Bos sp., Bos indicus , Man, Ovis sp., and Sus sp.

53.

Protostrongylus rufescens

Goat.

54.

Varestrongylus pneumonicus

Capra ibex sibirica, Capra sp., Ovis ammon hodgsoni hodgsoni, Pseudois n. neayaur, and Ovis sp.

55.

Mammomonogamus laryngeus

Bos indieus, B. taurus, Bos sp., Bubalus bubalis, Capra hireus, Cervus rufus, Ovis aries, and Panthera onca.

56.

Parascaris equorum

Equines, hosre, mule, zebra, and Bos sp.

57.

Toxocara canis

Canis aureus, C. lupus pallipes, Canis sp., and Vulpes bengalensis.

58.

Toxocara cati

Felis domestica and Felis chaus.

59.

Toxocara vitulorum

Indian Yak.

60.

Porrocaecum ratti

Rattus norvegicus.

61.

Oxynema alata

Vulpes vulpes.

62.

Dermatoxys ruficaudata

Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus.

63.

Skrjabinema ovis

Sheep.

64.

Wellcomia indica

Petaurista petaurista albiventer.

106



Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts

65.

Wellcomia taylori

Petaurista petaurista albiventer.

66.

Oxyuris equi

Camelus sp. and Equines.

67.

Heterakis spumosa

Cricetomys gambianus, Felis sp., Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and experimentally in Sigmodon hispidus hispidus.

68.

Rictularia cahirensis

Canis azarae, Canis sp., Felis sp., wolf, and Viverricula malaccensis indica.

69.

Thelazia rhodesii

Bos sp., B. taurus, Bubalus sp., and Equus sp.

70.

Parafilaria bovicola

Bullock.

71.

Parafilaria sahaii

Buffalo.

72.

Setaria cervi

Antelope, Bos indicus, Bos sp., B. taurus, Bubalus hubalis, Capra ibex siberica , Capreolus sp., and Capra sp.

73.

Setaria equina

Donkey, Horse, Mule, Zebra, Bos sp., and Man.

74.

Oncocerca armillata

Bos spp. and Bubalus bubalis.

75.

Spirocerca lupi

Canis aureas.

76.

Gongylonema pulchrum

Bos sp., Bubalus bubalis , Camelus sp., Ateles, Cebus sp., Capra sp., Cervidae, Didelphis sp., Equine, Erinaceus algirus, Macaca sp., Man, Mephitis, Macaca sinica, Macroscelides rozeti, Mouse deer, Odocoillus sp., Redunca sp., Sus. sp., Tatera indica, and Tragulus sp.

77.

Gongylonema verrucosum

Bos sp., Bos indicus, Capra ibex sibirica , Capra sp., Odocoillus virginianus, and Ovis sp.

78.

Cylicospirura felineus

Felis chaus.

79.

Ascarops strongylina

Domestic Cow.

80.

Physocephalus sexalatus

Domestic Pig.

81.

Habronema megastoma

Equines-Horse, donkey, mule, and zebra.

82.

Habronema microstoma

Equines-donkey, horse, mule, and zebra.

83.

Habronema muscae

Equines-donkey, horse, mule, and zebra. AVES

1.

Capillaria annulata

Domestic Fowl (indegenous).

2.

Capillaria caudinflata


3.

Gaigeria pachyscelis

Capra sp.

4.

Amidostomum fulicae

Fulica atra atra

5.

Amidostomum anseris

Anser domesticus.

6.

Epomidiostomum anatinum

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos.

7.

Epomidiostomum uncinatum

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos.

8.

Syngamus trachea

Corvus splendens and Domestic Fowl (indigenous).

9.

Contracaecum milvi

Milvus migrans lineatus.

10.

Porrocaecum ibidis

Strix aluco nivicola.

11.

Ascaridia bulatta

Tetraogallus himalayensis.

12.

Ascaridia columbae

Columba livia.

13.

Ascaridida gali


14.

Ascaris lumbricoides


15.

Ascaris skrjabini

Passer Domestica.


107


Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts

16.

Porrocaecum angusticolle

Accipiter, Archibuteo, Aquila, Buteo, C’heela, Circus, Falco, Gyps, Haliastur indus, Helotarsus, Fish hawk, Milvus migrans govinda, Milvus sp.; Pandon, Tinnuculus, Pernis, Spilornis, Shrike, and Vulture.

17.

Heterakis gallinarum

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos, Acryllium, Alectoris, Anas, Anser, Cacabis, Calopterocles,Cairina, Ceriornis, Chrysolophus, Chlamydotis, Cotumix, Colinus, Corvus,Cupidonia, Francolinus gularis, Gallus sp., C. domesticus, and Galloperdix.

18.

Heterakis indica

Gennaeus, Graphophasianus, Grossiptodon, Lagopus, Lophura, and Lyrurus.

19.

Heterakis lahulensis

Tetraogallus himalayensis.

20.

Rusguniella turdi

Turdus unicolor.

21.

Streptocara indica

Gallus domesticus.

22.

Echinuria uncinata


23.

Physaloptera alata

Accipter nisus melaschistos.

24.

Oxyspirura montana

Parus dichrous dichrous.

25.

Thelazia calnpanulata

Myiophonus caeruleus temminckii.

26.

Splendidofilaria kashmirensis

Molpastes leucogenys.

27.

Habronema avicedae

Aviceda leuphotes leuphotes.

28.

Diplotriaena buckleyi

Acridotheres tristis.

29.

Diplotriaena doonensis

Cissa erythrorhyncha.

30.

Diplotriaena indica

Garrulus lanceolatus.

31.

Diplotriaena kmaunensis

Zoothera mollissima.

32.

Dilotriaena mukteswarensis

Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii.

33.

Diplotriaena nepalensis

Myiophoneus caeruleus temmincki.

34.

Diplotriaena tricuspis

Acridotheres tristis.

35.

Hamatospiculum dubium

Halcyon smyrnensis. REPTILIA

1.

Kalicephalus indicus

Topidontus platyceps.

2.

Kalicephalus kashmirensis

Ptyas mucosus.

3.

Kalicephalus longior

Bungarus fasciatus, Elaphe fiavolineata, Eryx conicus, E. johnii, Naja hannah, N. naja kaouthia, Trimeresurus jerdoni, and T mucrosquamatus.

4.

Falcaustra kempi

Testudo elongate.

5.

Atractis granulosa

Testudo elongate.

6.

Parapharyngodon almoriensis

Laudakia tuberculata.

7.

Parapharyngodon jairaipurii

Hemidactylus flaviviridis.

8.

Parapharyngodon tuberculata


9.

Thelandros baylisi

Calotes versicolor, and Agama tuberculata.

10.

Thelandros dehradunensis


108



Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts

11.

Thelandros jammuensis

Hemidactylus flavivirides.

12.

Thelandros tuberculata


13.

Tanqua anomala

Xenochyrophis piscator. AMPHIBIA

1.

Oswaldocruzia kashmirensis

Buffo viridis.

2.

Oswaldocruzia goezei

Hoplobatrachus tigrinus, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Duttaphrynus melanostictus.

3.

Rhabdias bufonis

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, and Hoplobatrachus tigrinus.

4.

Rhabdias ranae

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis.

5.

Rhabdias himalayanus

Duttaphrynus himalayanus.

6.

Rhabdias dehradunensis

Duttaphrynus himalayanus.

7.

Strongyloides bufonis


8.

Aplectana acuminata

Buffo viridis.

9.

Aplectana macintoshii

Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Rana tigrina, and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis.

10.

Cosmocercoides bufonis

Duttaphrynus himalayanus and Megophrys sp.

11.

Cosmocercoides dukae

Duttaphrynus himalayanus and Megophrys sp.

12.

Cosmocercoides himalayanus

Duttaphrynus Himalayanus.

13.

Cosmocercoides multipapillata

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and Duttaphrynus melanostictus.

14.

Cosmocercoides nainitalensis

Hoplobatrachus tigrinus and Duttaphrynus melanostictus.

15.

Cosmocerca commutata

Buffo viridis.

16.

Cosmocerca crenshawi

Buffo viridis.

17.

Cosmocerca parva


18.

Cosmocerca kalesari


19.

Gendria chauhani


20.

Chabaudus dehradunensis


21.

Subulascaris cyanophlyctis


22.

Camallanus alatae


23.

Camallanus ranae


24.

Camallanus tigrinis

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. PISCES

1.

Falcaustra barbi

Tor tor.

2.

Falcaustra leptocephala

Tor tor.

3.

Monhysterides piscicola

Tor tor.

4.

Camallanus cotti

Cyprinus carpio, Nemachilus kashmirensis, Oreinus plagiostomus, Schizothorax curvifrons, and S. esocinus.

5.

Camallanus oxycephalus

S. hugelii and S. niger.

6.

Camallanus solmonae

Salmo sp. and Schizothorax spp.


109


Name of the Species

Name of the Hosts

7.

Procamallanus kashmirensis

Salmo sp. and Wallago attu

8.

Rbabdochona bariliusi

Barilius bendelisis.

9.

Rabdochona guptai

Cyprinus C. spicularis, Orenius sinuatus and S. curvifronts.

10.

Rhabdochona hellichi

Schizothorax plagiostomum, Schizothorax esocinus, S. curvifrons, S. plagiostomum and Noemacheilus kashmirensis.

11.

Rabdochona himalayai

C. spicularis, Nimechilus sp., O. plagiostomus, S. esocinus, S. cvurvifrons and S. hugelii.

12.

Rhabdochona hospeti

Tor tor.

13.

Rabdochona kashmirensis

Schizothoraichthys niger, C. spicularis, Nemachilus kashmirensis, Orientus plagiostomus, S. curvifrons, and S. hugelii.

14.

Rhabdochona minima

Noemacheilus rupicola.

15.

Pseudoproleptus vestibulus

Mastacembelus armatus.

REFERENCES Amir, S. and Ali, S.M. 1960. On a new species of Splendidofilaria Skrjabin, 1923 from India. J. Helminth., 34: 139-140. Arya, S.N. 1978. Nematoda fauna of Kumaon region. I. Three new Camallanids from freshwater fishes of Nainital. Ind. J. Helminth., 30: 110-121. Arya, S.N. 1979. A new nematode, Cosmocercoides nainitalensis n. sp. from the frog, Rana cyanophlyctis. Rev. Bras. Biol., 39: 823–825. Bali, H.S. 1972. On the morphology of a new trichostrongylid Nematodirus fotedari n. sp. of sheep (Ovis aries) from Kashmir. J. Res., 9(1) (Suppl.): 195-198. Bali, H.S. 1976. A survey of helminth parasites of sheep (Ovis aries) in Jammu and Kashmir. J. Anim. Helth Prod., 4: 25-32. Bali, H.S. and Fotedar, D.N. 1974. Effects of experimental infection of some bursate nematodes in sheep in Kashmir. J. Res. Punjab. Agri. Univ., 11(1): 114-119. Bambroo, N. 1971. On a new bursate nematode from Sheep in Kashmir. Indian J. Helminthol., 23(2): 86-94. Bhagat, R.C. 2008. Nematodes (Animal and Plant parasitic) and Parasitic Leeches. In, Biodiversity of Parasite FaunaJammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayas: 51-89. Bhalerao, G.D. 1932. On some nematode Parasites of goats and sheep at Mukteswar. Indian J. vet. , Sci., 2(3): 242-254. Bhalerao, G.D. 1933. On a few nematodes parasitic in goats at Mukteswar. Indian J. vet. Sci. Anim. Hush., 3: 163-165. Chakravarty, G.K. 1942. A new nematode Camallanus salmonae from Kashmir. Curr. Sci., 11(11): 441-442. Chaturvedi, Y. and Kansal, K.C. 1977. Check-list of Indian nematodes (animal parasites), Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 5: Chishti, M.Z., Feroz, A. S. and Fayaz, A. 2002. Histopathological study of Pomphorhynchosis in the fishes of In: Proceedings of the 16th National Congress of Parasitology. Barelli. India: 176-180. Dey Sarkar, S.R. 1998. Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. State Fauna Series 3 Fauna of West Bengal, II: 463-609 (Publ: Director: Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata). Dhar, D.N., Sharma, R.L. and Bansal, G.C. 1982.Gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep in Kashmir. Vet. Parasitol., 11: 271–277. Dhar, R.L. and Fotedar, D.N. 1980. On Procamallanus (Monospiculus) kashmirensis sp. nov. from freshwater fish, Wallago altu from Jammu, India. Indian J. Helminth., 31: 128-134. 110


Fotedar, D.N. 1959. On a new species of the genus Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861 from a toad B. viridis in Kashmir. J. Helminth., 33 (2/3): 161-170. Fotedar, D.N. 1960. On a new species of Oxysomatium RailIiet et Henry, 1913 and some notes on the genera Oxysomatium and Aplectana. J. Helminth., London, 34 (1/2): 141-150. Fotedar, D.N. 1968. On two oxyurid nematodes of the genus Thelandros Wedl, 1862 from some lizards of Jammu and Kashmir and notes on the genus Thelandros and Parapharyngodon (Chatterji, 1933). Kashmir Sci., 5: 208–221. Fotedar, D.N., 1971. Review of the genera in Pleurogenetinae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae). Kashmir Science 8(1/2): 127-142 Fotedar, D.N. 1973. Cosmocerca crenshawi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from Bufo latastii in Kashmir. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. Ass., 60(III): 554. Fotedar, D.N. 1980. Oswaldocruzia kashmirensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Bufo viridis in Kashmir. Indian J. Zool., 8(2): 27-31. Fotedar, D.N. and Bambroo, N. 1967. On a new species of the nematode genus Chabertia Railliet and Henry, 1909 from Sheep in Kashmir. Indian J. Helminth., Lucknow, 19: 192-196. Fotedar, D.N. and Dhar, R.L. 1970. On the morphology of Filochona kashmirensis (Thapar, 1950) from fresh water fishes of Kashmir. Kashmir Sci., 7(1-2): 107-110. Fotedar, D.N. and Kaw, L. 1965. New diplotriaenid nematode from the body cavity of Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus). Kashmir Sci., 2(1/2): 125-131. Fotedar, D.N. and Chishti, M.Z. 1974. A new record of Acuaria skrjabin Ozorskaya, 1925 from Passer domesticus in Kashmir. J. Sci. Univ Kashmir., 3(12): 109-112. Hugot, J.P., Baujard, P. and Morand, S. 2001. Biodiversity in Helminth nematodes as a field study: an overview. Nematology, 3(3): 199-208. Karve, J.N. 1949. Parasitic nematodes from an agamid lizard, Agama tuberculata Gray. J. Univ. Bombay, 18: 1-16. Khera, S. 1958. On a new species of Cosmocercoides. Indian J. Helminth., Lucknow, 10(1): 6-12. Raina, M.K. and Kaul, R.K., 1982. On a new species of Capillaria (Nematoda) from a Bat in Kashmir. Angew Parasitol., 23(1): 28-31. Ramakrishna and Alfred, J.R.B. 2007. Faunal Resources in India: 1-427 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Rizvi, A.N. 2017. Helminth Parasites of Amphibia In, Faunal Diversity of Dehradun District: 117-153 (Published: Director: Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata). Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia P.T. 2011. Helminth parasite community in Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Haridwar(Uttarakhand). Proc. Zool. Soc. India, Special Issue on Parasitology, 1: 41-43. Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia, P.T. 2012. Prevalence of Helminth parasites in anuran amphibian of Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India. Ann. For., 20(2): 273-282. Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia, P.T. 2014a. Helminth Parasites of Amphibia: In, Fauna of Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve (Uttarakhand), Conservation Area Series, 50: 191-197 (Edited and Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. of India Kolkata). Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia, P.T. 2014b. Studies on the Helminth Parasites of District Dehradun. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 355: 1-40 + Plates (41-67). (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Rizvi, A.N. and Bursey C.R. 2013a. A new species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from the yellowbellied house gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Squamata: Gekkonidae), from Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India. Comparative Parasitology, 80: 251–258. MAITY and RIZVI : Nematoda (Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates)

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Rizvi, A.N. and Bursey, C.R., 2014b. Cosmocercoides himalayanus sp. nov. (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) in Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Amphibia, Anura) from Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India. Acta Parasitol. 59(1): 80-84. Rizvi, A.N., Bursey, C.R. and Maity, P. 2016. Description of a new species of Chabaudus Inglis and Ogden, 1965 (Nematoda: Seuratoidea) from the frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis from Dehrandun, Uttarakhand, India. Acta Parasitol., 61(1): 79-83. Rizvi, A.N., Maity, P. and Bursey, C.R. 2017. Three new species of Pharygodonidae (Nematoda: Oxyuridea) in Laudakia tuberculata (Squamata: Agamidae) from Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Acta Parasitol., 62(2), 273–289. Rogers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife Protected Area network in India: A Review, Executive summary. Wildlife Institute of India, Wildlife Conservation: 1-44. Sharma, R.L. and Dhar, D.N. 1979. Population kinetics of primary Oesophagostomum columbianum infection in lambs. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 49: 203-208. Sharma, R.L. and Dhar, D.N. 1987. Prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparous infection in Kashmir. Indian J. Parasitol. 11(1). 101. Singh, K.S. 1962. Parasitological Survey of Kumaun region. Part XI. Four nematodes from the rat, Rattus notvegicus. Indian J. Helminth., Lucknow, 14(3): 98-111. Soota, T.D. 1983. Studies on nematode parasites of Indian Vertebrates I. Fishes. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ, Paper No., 54: 1-352. Soota, T.D. and Chaturvedi, Y. 1967. On two new nematode species of the genus Diplotriaena Railliet et Henry, 1909, from Nepal and India. J. zool. Soc. India, 19(1-2): 133-136. Soota, T.D. and Chaturvedi, Y., 1969. On two new species of nematodes from the intestine of the snowcook, Tetraogallus himalayensis Gray. J. Zool. Soc. India, 21: 83-88. Soota, T.D. and Dey Sarkar, S.R. 1981a. Additions to the Nematodes parasitic in vertebrates of Darjiling District, West Bengal, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79(1-2): 35-42. Soota, T.D. and Dey Sarkar, S.R. 1981b. On some nematodes from Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79: 169-177. Soota, T.D. and Tripathi, J.G. 1975. On some nematodes from the Doon Valley, Uttar Pradesh, India. Proc. zool. Soc., Calcutta, 28: 103-109. Thapar, G.S. 1950. Two new species of the genus Rhabdoohona Railliet, 1916 from Indian fishes. Indian J. Helminth., 2(1): 35-40. Zeder, J.G.H. 1800. Erster Nachtrag zur Naturgeschichte deT Eingeweidewiirmer mit zu fussen und Anmerkungen heransgechen. XV +320 pp. Leipzig.

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Rhabdias himayalayanuss Rizvi et al., 2012 1. Oesophagus, lateral view; 2. Larvated eggs; 3. Posterior end, lateral view; 4. Tail, lateral view.

Rhabdias dehradunensis Rizvi et al., 2012 1. Oesophagus, lateral view; 2. Larvated eggs; 3. Posterior end, lateral view; 4. Tail, lateral view.

Thelandros dehradunensis Rizvi et al., 2017 1. Female, enface view; 2. Female, anterior end, denticles; 3. Egg; 4. Male, posterior end.

Parapharyngodon Jairajpurii Rizvi and Bursey, 2013 1. Female, enface view; 2. Female, anterior end; 3. Egg; 4. Male, posterior end.


113

Thelandros tuberculata Rizvi et al., 2017 1. Female, enface view; 2. Female, anterior end, denticles; 3. Egg; 4. Male, posterior end.

114

Parapharyngodon tuberculata Rizvi et al., 2017 1. Female, enface view; 2. Female, anterior end, denticles; 3. Egg, lateral view; 4. Male, posterior end.


Chapter 8

Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes) ANJUM N. RIZVI1, DEBABRATA SEN2, PALLAB MAITY3* and HIRDESH KUMAR4

The present chapter records 556 species of soil inhabiting nematodes from 5 biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. The maximum number of species have been recorded from North-West Himalayan region with 301 species (41.57%), followed by West Himalayan region with 217 (29.97%), Trans-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 110 species (15.19%), Central Himalaya, 60 species (8.28%), and East Himalaya with 36 species (4.97%). The soil inhabiting nematodes are yet not recorded from two biotic provinces: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim. 556 species are distributed in 11 orders, Tylenchida (220), Dorylaimida (193), Mononchida (57), Rhabditida (38), Aphelenchida (13), Enoplida (9), Triplonchida (8), Alaimida, Araeolaimida (7 each), Monhysterida and Chromadorida (2 each).

INTRODUCTION

he Nematodes or ‘round worms’ are multicellular lower invertebrates, biologically diverse and versatile, perhaps the most numerous multicellular animals on earth. They constitute nearly 90% of all Metazoans in number. Nematodes occur in a wide range of habitats and are found in all kind of environment, sometimes even in uninhabitable habitats like hot spring, ice, and desert. The nematodes that occur in soil belong to more than ten orders and are also classified by their feeding habits as plant-parasites or herbivores, Fungivorous, Bacterivorous, Predators and Omnivorous for evaluating the diverse habitats exploited and their roles in soil ecosystems (Yeates et al., 1993).

Nematodes have both harmful and beneficial roles. They cause economic losses due to various diseases in plants. Plant parasitic nematodes threaten the crops throughout the world, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. The soil nematode communities are involved into various soil processes and functions. They are are active in soil throughout the year and can be used as bioindicators of soil health because of their ubiquitous and diverse feeding behaviours and life strategies (Bongers and Bongers, 1998; Neher, 2001). In soil food webs, the nematodes play significant roles in nitrogen cycling and plant growth patterns (Neher, 2001). They are also predators and prey for other animals and are utilized as biological control agents of insect pests.

Taxonomically, the orders Tylenchida and Triplonchida constitute plant feeders, fungal feeders and predaceous forms. Aphelenchida comprises of fungal feeders and predators. Order Dorylaimida includes species that are plant feeders, fungal feeders, predators and omnivores. Bacterial feeders are found in orders Rhabditida, Diplogasterida, Monhysterida, Alaimida and Araeolaimida, whereas predators occur in various orders like Mononchida, Diplogasterida, Aphelenchida and Dorylaimida. All these types of nematodes have been found to co-occur in the soil.

Nematoda has 26,646 recorded species, with 8,359 species parasitic in vertebrates, 10,681 species free living, 4,105 species are parasitic of plants and 3501 species parasitic in invertebrates (Hugot et al., 2001). According to Ramakrishna and Alfred (2007), more than 30,000 nematode species are known till date from all over the world, of which 2,914 are in India, about 9.50% of the global species. Consolidated information on the soilinhabiting nematodes from Indian Himalaya (IH) is not yet available. Though recently Kashyap et al. (2016) have compiled the bibliography on soil nematodes, the

T

Zoological Survey of India, PraniVigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053; *Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248195. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 4entomologist1985@ gmail.com Citation Rizvi, A.N., Sen, D., Maity, P. and Kumar, H. 2018. Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 115-134 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

nematode diversity has not been worked out yet, hence in the present study, an attempt has been to record the soil inhabiting nematode diversity in the biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. The diversity of nematode parasite of vertebrates has been dealt in a separate chapter as these two groups are studied separately and are distributed in different and exclusive orders of Nematoda. We have updated 556 species of soil-inhabiting nematodes distributed in 11 orders of Nematoda from IH.

HISTORICAL RESUME Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh Many workers have contributed studies on nematodes in both these states together. Work on the taxonomy and diversity of soil nematode from Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir was initiated by Jairajpuri and coworkers (1963 to 1996) who have described many new species from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, followed by Fotedarand coworkers (1974-1985) who have described many new taxa from JK. Bhagat (2008) has done very extensive work in compiling all the parasite fauna, including soil nematodes from JK. Other significant workers include Prasad, (1986), Kaul, Waliullah and coworkers (1989-2005), Khan and coworkers (1964-2003) have described many new species from the region. Other workers include Chandel (1995), Akhtar et al. (1996), Chandel and Kumar (2010), Adekunle et al (2006), Rizvi et.al. (2010), Sen et al. (2014) and Sharma and coworkers (1986-2015). Husain et al. (2004) described two new species, while Ahmad et al. (2009) reported some new species of order Dorylainmida. Srivastava and coworkers (1991, 2010) and Askary and coworkers (2012-2014) have worked on nematodes of fruit orchards Mushtaq and coworkers described many new species from JK (20062007). Many other workers have contributed to the studies on soil nematodes from JK and Himachal Pradesh, few of them are need mention, Siddiqi (1963), Mahajan (19711973), Bhardwaj et al. (1972), Handu and Fotedar (1974), Sheth (1986), Kaur et al. (1989), Raina (1966), Baqri and Jairajpuri (1974, 1975), Makhnotra (1998), Zaki and coworkers (1993-2003), Singh and coworkers (20092016), Baqri and Bohra (2005), Nehru et al. (2005), Negi et al. (2009), Kumar et al. (2010a, 2010b), Sen et al. (2014) and Siddiqi (2014). Recently Shah and his team have described many new genera and species from JK (Shah et al., 2013, 2015; Shah and Vaid 2015; Shah and Hussain, 2015, 2016; Vaid and Shah, 2014). Uttarakhand Extensive work has been done on the nematode fauna of Uttarakhand. The first plant parasitic nematode from this state was reported by Khan and Siddiqi (1963). Other significant contributions in the field of plant and soil 116

nematodes from different districts of Uttarakhand have been made by Siddiqi and Husain (1967), Husain and Khan (1967, 1975), Jairajpuri (1970), Khan and Khan (1972, 1974), Rashid et al. (1973), Rashid and Khan (1973), Ali et al. (1974), Khera and Chaturvedi (1977), Bajaj and Jairajpuri (1979), Ahmad and Jairajpuri (1979, 1980, 1982a, 1982b, 1983a, 1983b, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989), Jairajpuri and Khan (1982), Rahman et al. (1986), Thapa (1990), Ahmad et al. (1991), Ahmad (1995), Rahman and Ahmad (1995), Singh and Khan (1996, 1997, 1999), Thapa and Ganguly (1999), Rawat and Ganguly (1999), Rawat et al. (1999), Srivastava et al. (2000), Rawat and Ahmad (2000) and Rathour et al. (2006), Rizvi (2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2010d, 2017a, 2017b); Rizvi and Bhandhari (2008), Rizvi and Bhutia (2009), Rizvi and Mehta (2009) and Rizvi and Srivastava (2013). Arunachal Pradesh The work in this state was initiated by Mishra and Jayaprakash (1980), Das et al. (1991), Das and Das (2000). Later, Baniyamuddin submitted PhD on the soil nematodes from A.P. (2005) and subsequently published many new species from A.P. (Baniyamuddinand Ahmad, 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008). Sikkim Gupta provided preliminary observations on the occurrence of root knot nematodes of some vegetable crops. Later Baqri (1990) provided information on Nematodes associated with citrus, while, Baqri and Ahmad (2000) on nematodes associated with rice crop. Chaturvedi (2003) recorded 42 species. West Bengal (Hill District) Darjeeling district in West Bengal is the only part of the Himalayan region, so the nematodes reported only from this district of central Himalaya has been included in the present communication. Banerjee and Banerjee (1966) reported Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963 for the first time from West Bengal, India as the potential pest for cereal crops. Soil and phytophagous nematodes associated with various crops like tea, citrus, paddy etc. were described and reported from different districts of West Bengal including Darjeeling district (Baqri and Khera, 1977; Baqri, 1978; Jana and Baqri, 1984; Baqri and Jana, 1986; Dey and Baqri, 1986; Ahmad and Baqri, 1987; Gupta and Srivastava, 1990; Baqri and Dey, 1991). Distribution of economically important plant parasitic nematodes (Khan et al., 2010) and a compilation of soil inhabiting nematodes with their distribution in different districts (Sen et al., 2012) have been communicated with some report from Darjeeling. Baqri (1999) studied the diversity of plant and soil nematodes of West Bengal. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

SPECIES DIVERSITY

with 217 (29.97%), Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau with 110 species (15.19%), Central Himalaya 60 species (8.28%), and East Himalaya 36 species (4.97%) (Fig. 3). The soil inhabiting nematodes are yet not recorded from two biotic provinces: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim. (Fig. 3). These 556 species are distributed in 11 orders (Fig. 1). Maximum species have been reported from order Tylenchida (220), followed by Dorylaimida (193), Mononchida (57), Rhabditida (38), Aphelenchida (13), Enoplida (9), Triplonchida (8), Alaimida, Araeolaimida (7 each), Monhysterida and Chromadorida (2 each).

The present work is based on compilation of the published information on the soil-inhabiting nematodes reported from 6 states, namely, Jammu and Kashmir (JK), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and hill district of West Bengal (Darjeeling) and are part of the 7 biotic provinces namely, 1A (Trans Himalaya-Ladakh), 1B (Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau), 1C (North Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya North-West), 2B (HimalayaWest Himalaya), 2C (Himalaya-Central Himalaya) and 2D (Himalaya-East Himalaya). Updated information on 556 species of soil inhabiting nematodes belonging to 11 orders is provided in the form of a systematic list.

The state wise distribution data (Fig. 2) of Nematodes shows that the maximum number of species have been recorded from Uttarakhand with 217 species (28.93%), followed by Himachal Pradesh with 193 species (25.73%), JK with 139 (18.53%), Sikkim with 105 species (14%), West Bengal with 60 species (8%) and Arunachal Pradesh with 36 species (4.8%).

It can be summarized from the Figs. 1-3, that out of the 556 species compiled from 6 IH states situated in 7 different biotic provinces (Fig. 2.), maximum number of species have been recorded from North-West Himalaya with 301 species (41.57%), followed by West Himalaya 220 193

57 13

38 8

7

2

9

2

Ty len ch Ap id a he len ch id D a or yl aim id a Al aim id M a on on ch id Tr a ip lo nc hi da Rh ab di tid Ar a ae ol aim M id on a hy ste Ch rid ro a m ad or id a En op lid a

7

Fig. 1. Number of species reported in different orders of Nematoda in Indian Himalaya.

217

193 139

105 60

& mu mir m Ja ash K

l ha ac sh m e Hi rad P

tar Ut

nd ha ak

al ng g) e B lin est ee W arj (D

36

k Sik

im

l ha ac sh n u e Ar Prad

Fig. 2. Number of Nematode species reported from different States of Indian Himalaya.

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Fig. 3. Number of Nematode species reported from different states in Indian Himalaya.

GAP AREAS i. Two states namely, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim are not thoroughly studied, and more studies are required in these areas. ii. More studies are required on bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes, as these are vital soil mineralizers and important component of soil food webs. iii. Apart from diversity, community analysis of soil nematodes is the need of the future, because these nematodes are being utilized as bioindicators of the soil ecosystem.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum NEMATODA Diesing, 1861 Order TYLENCHIDA Thorne, 1949 Suborder TYLENCHINA Thorne, 1949 Superfamily TYLENCHOIDEA Orley, 1880 Family TYLENCHIDAE Orley, 1880 Subfamily BOLEODORINAE Khan, 1964 Genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 beryllus (Khan and Khan, 1974) Bajaj and Bhatti, 1979: 2B elegans (Khan and Khan, 1974) Bajaj and Bhatti, 1979: 2B haki Fotedarand Mahajan, 1973: 2A kashmirensis Jairajpuri, 1965: 2A tritici Fotedar and Mahajan, 1973: 2A Genus Boleodorus Thorne, 1941 atypicus Khera and Chaturvedi, 1977: 2B constrictus Rahman and Ahmad, 1995: 2B cynodoni Fotedar and Mahajan, 1972: 2A longistylus Khera and Chaturvedi, 1977: 2B mirus Khan, 1964: 2A

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typicus Husain and Khan, 1967: 2B Genus Cephalenchus Goodey, 1962 (Geraert, 1968) leptus Siddiqi, 1963:2A rotundus Siddiqi and Khan, 1983: 2A Genus Neopsilenchus Thorne and Malek, 1968 citri (Jairajpuri, 1968) Bello, 1972: 2B Genus Psilenchus De Man, 1921 aestuarius Andrássy, 1962:2A dunensis Thapa and Ganguly, 1999: 2B hilarulus De Man, 1921: 2A hilarus Siddiqi, 1963: 2A, 2B minor Siddiqi, 1963: 2B neoformis Jairajpuri and Siddiqui, 1963: 2A Subfamily TYLENCHINAE Orley, 1880 Genus Aglenchus Andrássy, 1954 agricola (De Man, 1884) Meyl, 1961: 2A andrassyi Sultan, 1986: 2B fragariae Szczygiel, 1969: 1B lycopersicus Husain and Khan, 1975:2B muktii Phukan and Sanwal, 1980: 2A Genus Coslenchus Siddiqi, 1978 capsici Khurma and Gupta, 1988: 2A costatus (De Man, 1921) Siddiqi, 1978: 2A indicus (Khan, Chawla and Prasad, 1969) Siddiqi, 1978: 2A Genus Lelenchus Andrassy, 1954 magnus Husain and Khan, 1975: 2B Genus Ottolenchus Husain and Khan, 1967 eqisetus (Husain and Khan, 1967) Wu, 1970: 2A parvus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1979: 2B Genus Polenchus Andrássy, 1980 shamimi Baqri, 1991: 1B, 2A Genus Tylenchus Bastain, 1865 andrassyi Fotedar and Kaul, 1984: 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

arcuatus Siddiqi, 1963: 2A, 2B, 2C elegans De Man, 1876:2A filiformis Butschli, 1873: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus Khan et al., 1969: 2B kashmirensis Mahajan, 1971: 2A magnus Khurma and Gupta, 1988: 2A ritae Siddiqi, 1963: 2A rohtangus Khan, 1985: 2A Family ANGUINIDAE Nicoll, 1935 Genus Anguina Scopoli, 1773 tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936: 2A Genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 brassicae Husain and Khan, 1976: 2B myceliophagus Goodey, 1958: 2A Genus Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 basiri Khanand Siddiqi, 1968: 2A hexaglyphus Khan and Siddiqi, 1968: 1B sriagarensis Fotedar and Mahajan, 1972: 2A Genus Safianema Siddiqi, 1980 indicum Sethi and Swarup, 1967: 2A Family HOPLOLAIMIDAE Filipjev, 1934 Subfamily HOPLOLAIMINAE Filipjev, 1934 Genus Basirolaimus Shamsi, 1979 indicus (Sher, 1963) Shamsi, 1979: 2A Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 borinquensis Román, 1965 (sp. inq. For Fortuner et al., 1981): 2A caroliniensis Sher, 1966: 2A cavenessi Sher, 1966: 2A digonicus Perry, 1959: 2B dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964:1B erythrine (Zimmerman, 1904) Golden, 1956: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C exallus Sher, 1966 : 1B girus Saha et al., 1973: 2A goldeni Sultan and Jairajpuri, 1979: 2A graminophilus Fotedar and Mahajan, 1974: 2A haki Fotedar and Mahajan, 1974: 2A hazaratbalensis Fotedar and Handoo, 1974: 2A indicus Siddiqi, 1963: 2A, 2B, 2C jammuensis Fotedar and Mahajan,1974: 2A kashmirensis Fotedar and Mahajan, 1974: 2A minzi Sher, 1966: 2A mucronatus Siddiqi, 1964: 2A multicinctus (Cobb,1893) Golden, 1956: 2B, 2C neoformis Siddiqi andHusain, 1964: 2B papiliocauda Kaul, 1987: 2A pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956: 2B pteracercusoides Fotedar and Kaul, 1982: 2A retusus Siddiqi and Brown, 1964: 2B, 2C rohtangus Jairajpuri and Baqri, 1973: 2A rotundicaudata Sher, 1966: 2A shakili Sultan, 1981: 2A silvaticus Lal and Khan, 1989: 2A, 2B steineri Fotedar and Mahajan, 1974: 2A trapezoidicaudatus Fotedar and Kaul, 1983: 2A valecus Sultan, 1981: 2A vulgaris Yuen, 1964: 2A Genus Hoplolaimus von Daday, 1905 chambus Jairajpuri and Baqri, 1973: 2A RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

indicus Sher, 1963: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C seinhorsti Luc, 1958: 2B Genus Orientylus Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1977 geraerti Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1979: 2A Genus Rotylenchoides Whitehead, 1958 neoformis (Siddiqi and Husain, 1964) Sher, 1966: 2A Genus Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 buxophilus (Golden, 1956) Perry, 1959: 2A citri Rashid and Khan, 1974:2B dalhousiensis Sultan and Jairajpuri, 1979: 2A indorobustus Jairajpuri and Baqri, 1973: 2A neorobustus Sultan and Jairajpuri, 1979: 2A pruni Rashid and Husain, 1972: 2B Genus Scutellonema Andrássy, 1958 bizanae Vanden Berg and Heyns, 1973: 1B brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958: 1B, 2A, 2C petersi Mahajan, 1977: 2A Genus Varotylus Siddiqi, 1986 helices (Husain and Khan, 1967): 2A himprus (Sultan, 1980): 2A peculiaris (Khan and Khan, 1982) Siddiqi, 1986: 2A secondus (Mulk and Jairajpuri, 1976): 2A siddiqi (Mulk and Jairajpuri, 1976): 2A symmetricus (Sultan, 1980): 2A Subfamily ROTYLENCHULINAE Husain and Khan, 1967 Genus Rotylenchulus Linford and Oliveira, 1940 reniformis Linford and Oleiveira, 1940: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Family PRATYLENCHIDAE Thorne, 1949 Subfamily PRATYLENCHINAE Thorne, 1949 Genus Aerotylenchus Fotedar and Handoo, 1979 safroni Fotedae and Handoo, 1977: 2A Genus Hirschmanniella Luc and Goodey, 1964 gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc and Goodey, 1964: 1B, 2A, 2C mucronata (Das, 1960) Khan et al., 1964: 2A oryzae (Van Breda de Hann, 1902) Luc and Goodey, 1964: 2A shamimi Ahmad, 1972: 2A Genus Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936 barkati Das and Sultana, 1979: 2A brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929): 2A coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev and Schurr. Stekh., 1941: 2A, 2B, 2C crenatus Loof, 1960: 1B, 2B hexincisus Taylor and Jenkins, 1957: 1B kumaonensis Lal and Khan,1989: 2B loosi Loof, 1960: 1B, 2C manaliensis Khan and Sharma, 1991: 2A mnimus Kaul, 1987:2A neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev and Sch. Stekh., 1941: 2A, 2B neocapitatus Khan and Singh, 1975:2A penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev and Sch. Stekh., 1941: 2A, 2B pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936: 2A, 2B pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968: 2A scribneri Steiner, 1943: 1B similis Khan and Singh, 1975:2A thornei Sher and Allen, 1953: 1B, 2A, 2C typicus Rashid, 1974:2B vulnus Allen and Jensen, 1951: 2A, 2B

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zeae Graham, 1951:2A Genus Radopholus Thorne, 1949 similis Cobb, 1913: 2A Family HETERODERIDAE Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Subfamily MELOIDOGYNINAE Skarbilovich, 1959 Genus Afenestrata Baldwin and Bell, 1985 sacchari Kaushal and Swarup, 1989: 2A Genus Globodera Skarbilovich, 1959 pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975:2A pseudorostochiensis (Kirjanova, 1963) Mulvey and Stone, 1976: 2A rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Behrens, 1975:2A Genus Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 avenae Wollenweber, 1924: 2A cajani Koshy, 1967: 2A carotae Jones, 1950: 2A graminis Stynes, ‎1971: 2A iri (Mathews, 1971) Krall and Krall, 1978: 2A trifolii Goffart, 1932: 2A zeae Koshy, Swarup and Sethi, 1970: 2A Genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949: 2A, 2B brevicauda Loos, 1953: 2C graminicola Goloden and Birchfield, 1965: 1B, 2A hapla Chitwood, 1949: 2A, 2B incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949: 2A, 2B, 2C javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949: 2A, 2B, 2C Family BELONOLAIMIDAE Whitehead, 1960 Subfamily TELOTYLENCHINAE Siddiqi, 1960 Genus Bitylenchus Filipjev, 1934 brevilineatus (Williams, 1960) Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A, 2B Genus Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 affinis (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970:1B, 2C nizami Luqman and Khan, 1986: 2A nothus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970: 2A Genus Nagelus (Thorne and Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 hexagrammus Sturhan, 1966: 2A Genus Neotylenchus Thorne, 1935 latus Thorne, 1935: 2B Genus Quinisulcius Siddiqi, 1971 capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus Luqman and Khan, 1986: 2A punici Gupta and Uma, 1980: 2A Genus Trophurus Loof, 1956 lomus Saha, Chawla and Khan, 1974: 2A Genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971: 2B brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 : 2A, 2C clarus Allen, 1955: 2A cylindricus Cobb, 1913: 2A elegansSiddiqi, 1961: 2B haki Fotedarand Mahajan, 1971: 2A irregularis Wu, 1969: 2A kashmirensis Fotedar and Mahajan: 2A mashhoodi Siddiqi and Basir, 1959: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C nudus Allen, 1955: 1B oryzae Kaul and Waliullah, 1995: 2A pruni Gupta and Uma, 1981: 2A

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rugosus Siddiqi, 1963: 2A Superfamily CRICONEMATOIDEA Taylor, 1936 Family CRICONEMTIDAE Taylor, 1936 Subfamily CRICONEMATINAE Taylor, 1936 Genus Criconema Hofmänner and Menzel, 1914 aberrans (Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1963) Raski and Luc, 1987: 2B bhowaliensis (Singh and Khan, 1999) Rizvi, 2010: 2B degrissei (Baqri, 1978) Raski and Luc, 1985: 2C neoaxeste Jairajpuri and A. H. Siddiqui, 1963: 2A rishikensis (Singh and Khan, 1999) Rizvi, 2010: 2B Genus Criconemella De Grisse and Loof, 1965 citricola (Siddiqi, 1965) Luc and Raski, 1981: 2B curvata (Raski, 1952) Luc and Raski, 1981: 2B insignis (Siddiqi, 1965) Luc and Raski, 1981: 2B onoensis (Luc, 1959) Luc and Raski, 1981: 2C xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Luc and Raski, 1981: 2A, 2B Genus Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 informis (Micoletzky 1922) Taylor, 1936: 1B, 2A neoayeste: 2A Genus Hemicriconemoides Chitwood and Birchfield, 1957 brachyurus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood and Birchfield, 1957: 1B cocophilus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood and Birchfield, 1957: 1B, 2B, 2C doonensis Srivastava et al., 2000: 2B gaddi (Loos, 1949) Chitwood and Birchfield, 1957: 2A mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Macroposthonia De Man, 1880 antipolitana (de Guiran, 1963) de Grisse and Loof, 1965: 2A bilaspurensis Gupta and Gupta, 1981: 2A curvata (Raski, 1952) De Grisse and Loof, 1965: 2A ornate (Raski, 1985) De Grisse and Loof, 1965: 1B, 2C xenoplax (Raski, 1952) De Grisse and Loof, 1965: 2A Genus Ogma Southern, 1914 fotedari (Mahajan and Bijral, 1973) Andrassy, 1979: 2A goldeni Handoo, 1983: 2A octangulare (Cobb, 1914) Sch. Stekhoven. and Teunissen, 1938: 2A, 2B parvum Ahmad, Jairajpuri and Rahmani, 1991: 2B regularis (Rahmani et al., 1986) Raski and Luc, 1987: 2B serratum (Khan and Siddiqi, 1963) Raski and Luc, 1987: 2B simlaensis (Jairajpiri, 1963) Andrássy, 1979: 2A tenuicaudata (Siddiqi, 1961) Khan, Chawla and Saha, 1976: 2A, 2B Subfamily HEMICYCLIOPHORINAE Skarbilovich, 1959 Genus Hemicycliophora De Man, 1921 dhirendi Husain and Khan, 1967: 2B subaolica Jairajpuri and Baqri, 1973: 2A tarjani Khan and Basir, 1963: 2B Genus Loofia Siddiqi, 1980 planiannulata (Singh and Khan, 1999) : 2A robusta (Loof, 1968) : 2A Family TYLENCHULIDAE Skarbilovich, 1947 Subfamily PARATYLENCHINAE Thorne, 1949 Genus Gracilacus Raski, 1962 Peperpotti Schoemaker, ‎1963: 2A Genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 aonli Misra and Edward, 1971: 2A colbrani Raski, 1975: 2A curvitatusVan der Linde, 1938: 2A, 2B, 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

dianthus Jenkins and Taylor, 1956: 2C elachistus Steiner, 1949: 2A juglansi Kaul and Wali-ullah, 1989: 2A lepidus Raski, 1975: 2A minor Sharma, Sharma and Khan, 1986: 2A nainianus Edward and Misra, 1963: 2A, 2B nanus Cobb, 1923: 2A projectus Jenkins, 1956: 2B prunii Sharma, Sharma and Khan, 1986: 2A runii Sharma and Khan, 1986: 2A tenuicaudatusWu, 1961: 2B vandenbrandei De Grisse, 1962: 2A Genus Tylenchulus Cobb, 1913 semipenetrans Cobb, 1913: 2A, 2B, 2C Order APHELENCHIDA Siddiqi, 1980 Suborder APHELENCHINA Hooper, 1978 Family APHELENCHIDAE Fuchs, 1937 Genus Aphelenchus Bastian, 1865 avenae Bastian, 1865: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Kashmira Shah, Siddiqi and Handoo, 2015 Dimorphicauda Shah, Siddiqi and Handoo, 2015: 2A Family APHELENCHOIDIDAE Skarbilovich, 1947 Genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 agarici Seth and Sharma, 1986: 2A asterocaudatus Das, 1960: 1B besseyi Christie, 1942: 2A fragariae (Ritzema Bos, 1891) Christie, 1932: 2A hypotris Shah, Siddiqi and Handoo, 2015: 2A minor Seth and Sharma, 1986: 2A myceliophagus Seth and Sharma, 1986: 2A neocomposticola Seth and Sharma, 1986: 2A ritzemabosi Schwartz, 1911: 2A saprophilus Franklin, 1957: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Metaphelenchus, Steiner, 1943 golden Chaturvedi et al., 1979 : 1B Order DORYLAIMIDA Pearse, 1942 Suborder DORYLAIMINA Pearse, 1936 Superfamily DORYLAIMOIDEA de Man, 1876 Family DORYLAIMIDAE De Man, 1876 Subfamily DORYLAIMINAE De Man, 1876 Genus Dorylaimus Dujardin, 1845 innovates Jana and Baqri, 1982: 2A neominimus Gantait et al., 2010: 2A thornei Andrassy, 1969: 2A Subfamily LAIMYDORINAE Andrassy, 1969 Genus Afrodorylaimus Andrassy, 1960 geniculatus (Andrassy, 1961) Andrassy, 1964: 2B Genus Amphidorylaimus Andrassy, 1960 flagellicauda Monteiro, 1970: 2D infecundus (Cobb, 1936) Andrassy, 1960: 2B Genus Ischiodorylaimus Andrassy, 1969 paraugandanus Khan and Ahmad, 1994: 2D Genus Laimydorus Siddiqi, 1969 cardiacus (Thorne, 1939): 2D coomansi Baqri, 1991: 1B finalis Thorne, 1975: 1B minimus Baqri, 1991:1B oryzai Deyand Baqri, 1986: 2C parapapillatus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A vulvapapillatus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

vulvastriatus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D Genus Mesodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 chamolienses Ahmad, 1995: 2A, 2B, 2D ladakhiensis Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 1B neoflagellatus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A Genus Prodorylaimium Andrassy, 1969 brigdammense (de Man, 1876) Andrassy, 1969: 2B Genus Prodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 baldus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D bomdillaensis Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D obesus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2B paracris Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A Family APORCELAIMIDAE Heyns, 1965 Subfamily APORCELAIMINAE Heyns, 1965 Genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 atheri Baqri, 1991: 1B baqrii Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2B chauhani Baqri and Khera, 1975: 2C, 2D conicaudatus (Altherr, 1953) Monterio, 1970: 2A coomansi Baqri and Khera, 1975: 2C heynsi Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1968: 2A maitai Yeates, 1967: 2B obscures (Thorneand Swanger, 1936) Heyns, 1965: 2B rotundicaudatus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2007: 2D Genus Aporcelaimus Thorneand Swanger, 1936 litchi Srivastava et al., 2000: 2B Genus Mitoaxonchium Yeates, 1973 basalticum Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2007: 2D Subfamily PARAXONCHINAE Dhanachand and Jairajpuri, 1981 Genus Paraxonchium Krall, 1958 parvus Baniyamuddinand Ahmad, 2007: 2D Family QUDSIANEMATIDAE Jairajpuri, 1965 Subfamily DISCOLAIMINAE Siddiqi, 1969 Genus Discoliamus Cobb, 1913 laksi Khan and Laha, 1982: 2B paramajor Coomans, 1966: 2A tenax Siddiqi, 1964: 2A, 2B texanus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad,2007: 2D Genus Mylodiscus Thorne, 1939 nanus Thorne, 1939: 2D Subfamily LORDELLONEMATINAE Siddiqi, 1969 Genus Lordellonema Andrássy, 1960 macrodorum Ahmad et al., 2009: 2D bashirensis Akhter et al., 1996: 2A Genus Paratimmus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2009 provulvatus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2009: 2D Subfamily QUDSIANEMATINAE Jairajpuri, 1965 Genus Baqriella Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1988 qaiseriAhmad and Jairajpuri, 1988: 2B Genus Ecumenicus Thorne, 1974 monohystera (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1974: 2A, 2B Genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 cardiacus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A chauhani (Baqri and Khera, 1975) Andrassy, 1986: 1B himalus Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1982: 2B silvaticus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A vulvastriatus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A Genus Labroemella Andrassy, 1985 hemicaudata Baqri, 1991: 1B

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loofi Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2007: 2D Genus Labronema Thorne, 1974 enigmatum Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2007: 2D glandosum Rahman et al., 1986: 2A loofi Ahmad and Jairajpiri, 1982: 2A malagasi Furstenberg, Heynsand Swart, 1993: 2A nemella Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A pararapax Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2B Genus Microdorylaimus Andrassy, 1986 rapsus Heyns, 1963 : 2A subdigitatus Mushtaq and Ahmad, 2006: 2A Genus Thonus Thorne, 1974 garhwaliensis Ahmad et al., 1986: 2A goaensis Baniyamuddin and Ahmad,2007: 2D Subfamily THORNENEMATINAE Siddiqi, 1969 Genus Coomansinema Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1989 dimorphicauda Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1989: 2B Genus Moshajia Siddiqi, 1982 cultristyla Siddiqi, 1982: 2A, 2D idiophora Siddiqi, 1982: 2A ladakhiensis Ahmad et al., 2009: 1B Genus Opisthodorylaimus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 caudatus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2B cavalcantii (Lordello, 1955) Carbonell and Coomans, 1985: 1B, 2D chamoliensis Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2B Genus Sclerolabia Carbonell and Coomans, 1986 salmae Baqri, 1991: 1B Genus Sicorinema Siddiqi, 1982 bashirjanae Ahmad et al., 2009: 2D lunulatum (Siddiqi, 2003) : 2D Genus Thornenema Andrassy, 1959 baldum (Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1959: 2A, 2B, 2D cavalcantii (LordelIo, 1955) Andrassy, 1959: 1B, 2B elaboratum Baqri and Jana, 1986: 2C garhwalicum Srivastava et al., 2000: 2B mauritianum (Williams, 1959) Baqriand Jairajpuri, 1969: 2B, 2D nodicaudatum Dey and Baqri, 1986: 2C novumDey and Baqri, 1986: 2C Family NORDIIDAE Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1964 Subfamily ACTINOLAIMOIDINAE Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1992 Genus Acephalodorylaimus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 attenuates Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1983 : 1B, 2D Genus Actinolaimoides Meyl, 1957 thornei Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1976: 2A Genus Carcharolaimus Thorne, 1939 denticus Srivastava et al., 2000: 2B Genus Oriverutus Siddiqi, 1971 asaccatus (Dhanachand and Jairajpuri, 1980) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1987: 2B, 2D labiatus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1987: 2A, 2B lobatus Siddiqi, 1971 : 1B longistylus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad,2007: 2D neopagarus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2007: 2D paragus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1987: 2A, 2B parangulatus Baqri, 1991: 1B sundarus (Williams, 1964) Siddiqi, 1971 : 1B Subfamily PUNGENTINAE Siddiqi, 1969

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Genus Longidorella Thorne, 1939 acutis (Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1964): 2A xenura Khan and Siddiqi, 1963: 2A, 2B xesuaSaha, Lal and Singh, 2003: 2A Genus Saevadorella Siddiqi, 1982 Intermoides Baqri, 1991: 1B Family DORYGASTERIDAE Khera, 1970 Genus Dorygaster Khera, 1970 kashmirensis Khera, 1970: 2A Genus Enchodelus Thorne, 1939 Bongersi Mushtaq, Baniyamuddinand Ahmad, 2007: 2A constrictus Jairajpuri and Loof, 1968: 2A, 2B distinctus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1980: 2A longidens Jairajpuri and Loof, 1968: 2A, 2B macrodorus (De Man, 1880): 2A maximus Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1974: 2A microdoroides Baqri and Jairajpiri, 1974: 2A, 2B parateres Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1974: 2A, 2B satendri Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1968: 2A, 2B thornei Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1974: 2A zonatus Jairajpuri and Loof, 1968: 2A Genus Epidorylaimus Andrássy, 1986 lugdunensis (De Man, 1880) Andrássy, 1986: 2A Genus Lordellonema Andrássy, 1960 bashirensis Akhter et al., 1996: 2A macrodorum Ahmad et al., 2009: 2D Genus Neolobocriconema Mehta and Raski, 1971 laterale Mehta and Raski, 1971: 2A Genus Nygolaimoides Meyl, 1961 gubernaculifer (Andrássy, 1957) Andrássy, 1987: 2A Genus Paravulvus Heyns, 1968 acuticaudatus (Thorne, 1930) Thorne, 1974 : 2A confusus Akhter et al., 1996: 2A papillatus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A Genus Pungentus Thorne and Swanger, 1936 angulatus Jairajpuri and Baqri, 1966: 2A clavatus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1979: 2A juglansi Mahajan, 1972: 2A Genus Talanema Andrassy, 1991 mauritiense (Williams, 1959) Andrássy 1991: 2A Superfamily LONGIDOROIDEA Thorne, 1935 Family LONGIDORIDAE Thorne, 1935 Subfamily LONGIDORINAE Thorne, 1935 Genus Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 brevicaudatus (Schur. Stek., 1951) Khan, 1987: 2B conicaudautus Khan, 1986: 2B dimorphicaudatus Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D elongates (De Man, 1876) Thorne and Swanger, 1936: 1B, 2A himalayensis (Khan, 1986) Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1992: 2A Genus Neolongidorus Khan, 1986 doonensis Singh and Khan, 1996: 2B Genus Paralongidorus Siddiqi, Hooper and Khan, 1963 citri (Siddiqi, 1959) Siddiqi, Hooper and Khan, 1963: 2A sali Siddiqi et al., 1963: 2B Family XIPHLNEMATIDAE Dalmasso, 1969 Subfamily XIPHINEMATINAE Dalmasso, 1969 Genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 manalicum Ali, Jairajpuri and Coomans, 1975: 2A phukani Rahman, Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1985: 1B Genus Belondira Thorne, 1939 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

neortha Siddiqi, 1964: 1B Genus Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 indicus Siddiqi, 1964: 1B murtazai Baqri, 1991: 1B Subgenus Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 himalayensis Ali, Jairajpuri and Coomans, 1974: 2A Genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 americanum Cobb, 1913: 2A, 2B, 2C arcum Khan, 1964: 2B basiri Siddiqi, 1959: 2A bergeri Luc, 1973: 2A brevicolle Lordello and DaCosta, 1961: 1B, 2A diversicaudatum Adekunle et. al., 2006: 2A inaequale Khan and Ahmad, 1975: 2A, 2B insigne Loos, 1949: 1B, 2B lambertii Bajaj and Jairajpuri, 1976: 2B opisthohysterum Siddiqi, 1961:2B pruni Singh and Khan, 1997: 2B Superfamily TYLENCHOLAIMOIDEA Filipjeb, 1934 Family TYLENCHOLAIMIDAE Filipjeb, 1934 Subfamily MUMTAZIINAE Andrassy, 1976 Genus Dorylaimoides Thorneand Swanger, 1936 chamoliensis Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1983: 2B filicaudatus Jana and Baqri, 1981: 2C longiurus Siddiqi, 1965: 1B micoletzkyi (de Man, 1921) Thorne and Swanger, 1936 : 1B mujtabai Baqri, 1991: 1B Subgenus Dorylaimoides Thorneand Swanger, 1936 indicus Jairajpuri, 1965: 2A Genus Promumtazium Siddiqi, 1982 elongatum Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1983: 2B indicum Mushtaq, Naz and Ahmad, 2007: 2A Subfamily TYLENCHOLAIMINAE Filipjeb, 1934 Genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 caudatus Jairajpuri, 1966: 1B minimus Jana and Baqri, 1981: 2C pini Siddiqi and Khan, 1965: 1B Genus Discomyctus Thorne, 1939 cephalatus Thorne, 1939 : 1B Genus Gymnotyleptus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 gymnochilus (Loof, 1964) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A indicus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A Genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 micronanus Yeates, 1979 :1B obscurus Jairajpuri, 1965: 1B pakistanensis Timm, 1964 :1B pini Mushtaq, Naz and Ahmad, 2007 : 2A rumjhumi Khan and Laba, 1982:2B Subgenus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 cedari (Siddiqi and Khan, 1964) Jairajpuri and Ahmad, 1992: 2A Genus Tyleptus Thorne, 1939 projectus Thorne, 1939: 2A variabilis Jairajpuri and Loof, 1966 : 1B Family MYDONOMIDAE Thorne, 1964 Subfamily MYDONOMINAE Thorne, 1964 Genus Morasia Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1969 parva Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1983: 2B Genus Proleptonchus Lordello, 1955 Clarus Timm, 1964: 1B RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

sclerouterinus Mushtaq, Naz and Ahmad, 2007: 2A Suborder NYGOLAIMINA Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1979 Superfamily NYGOLAIMOIDEA Thorne, 1935 Family NYGOLAIMIDAE Thorne, 1935 Subfamily NYGOLAIMINAE Thorne, 1935 Genus Aquatides Heyns, 1968 aquaticus (Thorne, 1930) Thorne, 1974 : 2A christicki Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A deconincki Jairajpuri and Coomans, 1977: 2A intermedius (De Man, 1880) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A thonei Schneider, 1937 : 2A Genus Clavicaudoides Heyns, 1968 clavicaudatus (Altherr, 1953) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A, 2B longidens Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1980: 2B tenuicaudatum Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A Genus Laevides Heyns, 1968 laevis (Thorne, 1939) Thorne, 1974: 2A, 2B timmi (Heyns, 1968) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A Genus Nygolaimus Cobb, 1913 harishi Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1980: 2A, 2B Subfamily SOLIDIDENTINAE Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 Genus Aetholaimus Williams, 1962 indicus Jairajpuri, 1965 : 2A Genus Solididens Heyns, 1968 australis (Heyns, 1968) Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982: 2A, 2B vulgaris (Thorne, 1930) Thorne, 1974: 2A, 2B Suborder CAMPYDORINA Jairajpuri, 1983 Superfamily CAMPYDOROIDEA Thorne, 1935 Family CAMPYDORIDAE Thorne, 1935 Subfamily CAMPYDORIDINAE Thorne, 1935 Genus Campydora Cobb, 1920 demonstrans Cobb, 1920: 2A, 2B Superfamily LEPTONCHOIDEA Thorne, 1935 Family TYLENCHOLAIMELLIDAE Jairajpuri, 1964 Genus Discolaimoides Heyns, 1963 indicum Mahajan, 1972: 2A bulbiferus (Cobb, 1906) Heyns, 1963: 2A Genus Tylencholaimellus Cobb, 1915 eskei Siddiqi and Khan, 1964: 2A raskii Jairajpuri and Siddiqi, 1963: 2A sayeedi Siddiqi, 1965: 2A striatus Thorne, 1939: 2A Family AULOLAIMOIDIDAE Jairajpuri, 1964 Genus Adenolaimus Andrassy, 1973 loofi Mushtaq, Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D minor Mushtaq, Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D orthus (Thorne, 1939) Goseco, Ferris and Ferris, 1975: 2B Genus Aulolaimoides Micoletzky, 1915 elegans Micoletzky, 1915: 2D Genus Oostenbrinkia Ali, Suryawanshiand Ahmed, 1973 parva Mushtaq, Baniyamuddin and Ahmad, 2006: 2D Order ALAIMIDA Siddiqi, 1983 Family ALAIMIDAE Micoletzky, 1922 Genus Alaimus de Man, 1880 hamulus Siddiqi and Husain, 1967: 2B jaulasali Siddiqi and Husain, 1967: 2B primitivusde Man, 1880: 1B, 2B Genus Amphidelus Thorne, 1939 dolichurus (de Man, 1876) Thorne, 1939: 2B

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loofi Khera and Chaturvedi, 1977: 2B manalicus Choudhary and Jairajpuri, 1985: 2A, 2D Genus Etamphidelus Andrassy, 1977 japonicas Andrassy, 1977: 1B, 2A Order MONONCHIDA Jairajpuri, 1969 Superfamily MONONCHOIDEA Filipjev, 1934 Family MONONCHIDAE Filipjev, 1934 Subfamily PRIONCHULINAE Andrássy, 1976 Genus Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 elongates Jairajpuri and Khan, 1977: 1B, 2B, 2C papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Jairajpuri, 1970: 2A, 2B, 2C parvus (de Man, 1880) Jairajpuri, 1970: 2A, 2B propapillatus (Clark, 1960) Jairajpuri, 1970: 1B sheri (Mulvey, 1967) Jairajpuri, 1970: 2A, 2B Genus Coomansus Jairajpuriand Khan, 1977 campbelli (Augen, 1929) Jairajpuri and Khan, 1977: 2B garhwalicus Rawat et al., 1999: 2B indicus Jairajpuri and Khan, 1977: 2A, 2B minor Rawat et al., 1999: 2B parvus (de Man, 1880) Jairajpuri and Khan, 1977: 2A, 2B prodontus Shah and Hussain, 2015: 2A Genus Prionchulus (Cobbb, 1916) Wu and Hoeppli, 1929 multidentatus Shah and Hussain, 2015: 2A muscorum (Dujardin, 1845) Wu and Hoeppli, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C Family MYLONCHULIDAE Jairajpuri, 1969 Subfamily MYLONCHULINAE Jairajpuri, 1969 Genus Granonchulus Andrassy, 1958 decurrens (Cobb, 1917) Andrassy, 1958: 1B Genus Mylonchulus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 amurus Khan and Jairajpuri, 1979: 1B, 2A, 2B apapillatus Khan and Jairajpuri 1979: 2A brachyuris (Butschli, 1873) Altherr, 1954: 2A, 2B, 2C caudatus Shah and Hussain, 2015: 2A conractus Jairajpuri, 1970: 2A, 2B dentatus Jairajpuri, 1970: 2B hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Andrassy, 1958: 2A, 2B, 1B incurvus Cobb, 1917: 2C labiatus Shah and Hussain, 2015:2A lacustris (N.A. Cobb In M.V. Cobb, 1915) Andrassy, 1958: 2B, 2C minor (Cobb, 1893) Andrassy, 1958: 2B, 1B mulveyi Jairajpuri, 1970: 2C muradi Jairajpuri, 1970: 2B nainitalensis Jairajpuri, 1970: 1B, 2A, 2B sigmaturus (Cobb, 1917) Altherr, 1953: 2B subsimilis (Cobb, 1917) Meyl, 1957: 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Paramylonchulus Jairajpuri and Khan 1982 index (Cobb, I906) Jairajpuri and Khan, 1981: 2B, 2C mashoodi (Khan and Jairajpuri, 1979) Jairajpuri and Khan 1981: 2B mulveyi (Jairajpuri, 1970) Jairajpuri and Khan, 1981: 1B, 2A, 2B Subfamily SPORONCHULINAE Jairajpuri, 1969 Genus Miconchus Andrassy, 1958 dalhousiensis Jairajpuri, 1969: 2A, 2C Genus Sporonchulus (Cobb, 1917) Andrassy, 1958 vagabundus Jairajpuri, 1971: 2B Family IOTONCHIDAE Jairajpuri, 1969 Subfamily IOTONCHINAE Jairajpuri, 1969

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Genus Iotonchus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1950 baqrii Jairajpuri, 1969: 1B basidontus Clark, 1960: 2B indicus Jairajpuri, 1969: 1B, 2B longicaudatus Baqri, Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1978: 1B nayari Mohandas and Prabhoo, 1979: 1B parabasidontus Mulvey and Jensen, 1967: 2A, 2B risoceiae (Carvalho, 1955) Andrassy, 1958: 2A, 2B shafti Khan and Jairajpuri, 1980: 2B trichurus (Cobb, 1917) Altherr, 1958: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Parahadronchus Mulvey, 1978 shakily (Jairajpuri,1969) Mulvey, 1978: 1B, 2B Suborder BATHYODONTINA Coomans and Loof, 1970 Superfamily BATHYODONTOIDEA (Clark, 1961) Family BATHYODONTIDAE Clark, 1961 Genus Bathyodontus Fielding, 1950 cylindricus Fielding, 1950: 2B mirus (Andrassy, 1956) Andrassy in Hooper and Cairns, 1959: 2B Superfamily MONONCHULOIDEA De Coninck, 1965 Family MONONCHULIDAE De Coninck, 1965 Genus Oionchus Cobb, 1913 obtuses Cobb, 1913: 2B Order TRIPLONCHIDA Cobb, 1919 Superfamily TRICHODOROIDEA Thorne, 1935 Family TRICHODORIDAE Thorne, 1935 Genus Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974 minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974: 2B mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974: 2B Subgenus Atlantodorus Siddiqi, 1974 porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974 : 1B, 2B, 2C Subgenus Nanidorus Siddiqi, 1974 renifer (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974: 2C Genus Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1962: 2B primitivus (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922: 1B Superfamily DIPHTHEROPHOROIDEA Micoletzky, 1922 Family DIPHTHEROPHORIDAE Thorne, 1935 Genus Diphtherophora De Man, 1880 communis De Man, 1880: 1B, 2B Order RHABDITIDA Chitwood, 1933 Suborder RHABDITINA Chitwood, 1933 Superfamily RHABDITOIDEA Örley, 1880 Family RHABDITIDAE Örley, 1880 Subfamily MESORHABDITINAE Andrassy, 1976 Genus Acrobelus Stål, 1869 ciliatus Linstow, 1964: 2B Genus Bursilla Andrassy, 1976 vernalis Andrassy, 1982: 2B Genus Macrolaimellus Andrassy, 1966 longicauda (Rashid et al., 1985) Rashid et al., 1986: 2B Genus Mesorhabditis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1953 cranganorensis (Khera, 1968) Andrassy, 1983: 1B, 2B spiculigera (Steiner, 1936) Dougherty, 1953: 2B Genus Protorhabditis (Osche, 1952) elaphri (Hirschmann, 1952) Dougherty, 1953: 2B oxyuroides Sudhaus, 1974: 2B Genus Steinernema Travassos, 1927 feltiae Filipjev, 1934: 2B Genus Teratocephalus de Man, 1876 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

costatus Andrassy, 1958: 2B Genus Wilsonema Cobb (1913) auriculatum (Butschli, 1873) Cobb, 1913: 2B Subfamily PELODERINAE Andrassy, 1976 Genus Caenorhabditis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1953 elegans (Maupas, 1899) Dougherty, 1953: 2B Genus Diploscapter Cobb, 1913 coronatus Cobb, 1913:2A Genus Distorhabditis Shah et al., 2015 poonchiana Shah, Vaid, Hussain and Ahmad, 2015: 2A Genus Eminesia Mahajan, 1971 ornatus Mahajan, 1971 Genus Quercorhabditis Shah et al., 2015 rajouriensisShah, Hussain and Vaid, 2013: 2A Genus Sclerorhabditis Shah et al., 2015 miniata Shah and Vaid, 2015: 2A Genus Stegorhabditis Shah et al., 2015 abursataShah, Hussain, Vaid and Ahmad 2015: 2A Family CYLINDROCORPORIDAE Goodey, 1939 Genus Myctolaimus Hussain et al., 2004 neolongistoma Hussain et. al., 2004: 2A Suborder CEPHALOBINA Andrassy, 1974 Family CEPHALOBIDAE Filpijev, 1934 Subfamily ACROBELINAE Thorne, 1937 Genus Acrobeles von Linstow, 1877 timmi Chaturvedi and Khera, 1979: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Acrobeloides (Cobb, 1924) Steiner and Buhrer, 1933 buetschlii (de Man, 1884) Steiner and Buhrer, 1933: 1B, 2B nanus (de Man, 1880) Anderson, 1968: 1B, 2B Genus Cervidellus Thorne, 1937 vexilliger (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1937: 1B neftasiensis Bostrom, 1968: 2B Genus Chiloplacus Thorne, 1937 demani (Thorne, 1925): 1B magnus Rashid and Heynes, 1990: 2B subtenuis Rashid and Heynes, 1990: 2B Genus Pseudacrobelus Steiner, 1938 eurystoma (Andrassy, 1967) Abolafia et al., 2002: 2B pauciannulatus (Marinari-Palmisano, 1967) Ley et al., 1993: 2B tabacum (Rashid et al., 1984) Ley et al., 1993: 2B multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Andrassy, 1967: 2B Genus Seleborca Andrássy, 1985 timmi (Chaturvedi and Khera, 1979) Andrassy, 1985: 1B Genus Zeldia Thorne, 1937 punctata (Thorne, 1925) Thorne, 1937: 2B Subfamily CEPHALOBINAE Filpijev, 1934 Genus Cephalobus Bastian, 1865 persegnis Bastian, 1865: 1B, 2B, 2C pseudoparvus Rashid et al., 1984: 2A, 2B Genus Eucephalobus Steiner, 1936 oxyuroides (de Man, 1876) Steiner, 1936: 1B, 2B Family SHAHNEMATIDAE Siddiqi, 2014 Genus Shahnema Siddiqi, 2014 cabii Siddiqi, 2014: 2A typicum Siddiqi, 2014: 2A Superfamily PANAGROLAIMOIDEA Thorne, 1937 Family PANAGROLAIMIDAE Thorne, 1937 Genus Trilabiatus Goodey, 1963 RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

lignicolus (Korner, 1954) Goodey, 1963: 1B, 2B Order ARAEOLAIMIDA de Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933 Superfamily PLECTOIDEA Örley, 1880 Family PLECTIDAE Örley, 1880 Subfamily PLECTINAE Örley, 1880 Genus Charonogaster Cobb, 1913 citri Khan and Nanjappa, 1972: 1B Genus Chiloplectus Andrassy, 1984 indicus Tahseen et al., 2004: 2B, 2D Genus Chronogaster Cobb, 1913 loofi Chaturvedi and Khera, 1979: 1B Genus Euteratocephalus Andrássy, 1958 palustris (de Man, 1880) Andrassy, 1958: 1B Genus Plectus Bastian, 1865 cirratus Bastian, 1865: 1B, 2B thornei Ruhm, 1956: 2B, 2C Family CAMACOLAIMIDAE Micoletzky, 1924 Genus Paraphanolaimus Micoletzky, 1923 micoletzkyi Khera and Chaturvedi, 1977: 1B, 2B Order MONHYSTERIDA Filipjev, 1929 Family MONHYSTERIDAE De Man, 1876 Subfamily MONHYSTERINAE De Man, 1876 Genus Geomonhystera Andrássy, 1981 auvilis Saha, Lal and Singh, 2003 : 2B Genus Prismatolaimus de Man, 1880 andrassyi Khera and Chaturvedi, 1977: 1B, 2B, 2C Order CHROMADORIDA Chitwood, 1933 Family CYTHOLAIMIDAE Filipjev, 1918 Genus Achromadora Cobb, 1913 ruricola (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1925: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Odontolaimus de Man, 1880 aquaticus Schneider, 1937: 2B Order ENOPLIDA Filipjev, 1929 Family IRONIDAE De Man, 1876 Subfamily IRONINAE De Man, 1876 Genus Cryptonchus Cobb, 1913 abnormis (Allgen, 1933) Schur. Stek., 1951: 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Ironus Bastian, 1865 ignavus Bastian, 1865: 2B longicaudatus de Man, 1884: 1B, 2B, 2C Family ONCHOLAIMIDAE Filipjev, 1916 Genus Mononchus Bastian, 1865 aquaticus Coetzee, 1968: 2A, 2B caudatus Shah and Hussain, 2016: 2A himalayensis Rawat and Ahmad, 2000: 2B labiatus Shah and Hussain, 2016: 2A prodentatus Shah and Hussain, 2016: 2A truncates Bastian, 1865: 2B tunbridgensis Bastian, 1865: 1B, 2C Genus Onchulus Cobb, 1920 longicauda (Daday, 1899) Andrassy, 1964: 2B Genus Tobrilus (Bastian 1865) gracilis (Bastian, 1865) Andrassy, 1959: 1B longicaudatus (Linstow, 1876): 2A Genus Tripyla Bastian, 1865 affinis de Man, 1880: 2B Genus Tripylina Brzeski, 1963 arenicola (de Man, 1880) Brzeski, 1963: 1B

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Rizvi, A.N. and Bhandari, R.S. 2008. New records of Rhabditid nematodes in frass of bark beetles from India. Indian J. Nematol., 38(2): 181-185. Rizvi, A.N. and Bhutia, P.T. 2009. Some bacterivorous nematodes from Uttarakhand, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 109(4): 79-86. Rizvi, A.N. and Mehta, H.S. 2009. Significance of trophic diversity of soil nematodes. Ann. For., 17(2): 369-373. Rizvi, A.N. and Srivastava, S. 2013. Diversity and abundance of bacterivore and fungivore nematodes in mango orchards of Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India. Trends Biosci., 6(6): 850-853. Shah, A.A., Siddiqi, M.R. and Handoo, Z.A. 2015. Description of Kashmiradimorphicauda gen. n., sp. n. and Aphelenchoideshypotris sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) from Kashmir Valley, India. Int. J. Nematol., 25(1): 1725. Shah, A.A. and Hussain, A. 2015a. Description of two new species of Mylonchulus (Nematoda: Mononchida) from Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J. Nematol., 25(2): 127-134. Shah A.A. and Hussain, A. 2015b. Description of Prionchulus multidentatus sp. n. and Coomansus prodontus sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida) from Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J. Nematol., 25(1): 26-34. Shah, A.A. and Hussain, A. 2016. Descriptions of three new species of Mononchus (Nematoda: Mononchida) from Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Int. J. Nematol., 26(1-2): 29-40. Shah, A.A., Hussain, A. and Vaid, S. 2013. Desciption of Quercorhabditis rajouriensis gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). Zootaxa, 3630(2): 385-390. Shah, A.A. and Vaid, S. 2015. Description of Sclerorhabditis miniata sp. n. and first description of male of Diploscaptercoronatus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). J. Nematol., 47(2): 153-158. Shah, A.A. Vaid, S., Hussain, A., and Ahmad, R. 2015. Description of Distorhabditis poonchiana gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from Jammu and Kashmir, India. J. Nematol., 47(2): 153-158. Shah, A.A., Hussain, A., Vaid, S., and Ahmad, R. 2015. Desciption of Stegorhabditis abursata gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from Jammu and Kashmir. Int. J. Nematol., 25(1): 65-69. Sen, D., Gantait, V.V. and Sanyal, A.K. 2012. Free living Nematodes (order Dorylaimida and Triplonchida) of West Bengal, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112(1): 21-31. Sen, D., Gantait, V.V. and Banerjee, S. 2014. Free living and Plant Parasitic Soil Nematodes (Orders Dorylaimida and Tylenchida) of Himachal Pradesh India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 114(3): 379-390. Seth, A. and Sharma, N.K. 1986. Five new species of the genus Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) infesting mushroom in Northern India. J. Nematol., 16: 205-215. Sharma, G.C. 1991. Yield losses in plum (Prunusdomestica) due to nematodes. Curr. Nematol., 2(2): 171-174. Sharma, G.C. 1998. Spatial distribution of nematodes in plum orchard. J. Pest Manag. Hort. Eco., 4: 120-125. Sharma, G.C. and Kashyap, A.S. 2004. Studies on the population dynamics of phytoparasitic nematodes in kiwifruit. Indian J. Nematol., 34(1): 87-88. Sharma, G.C. and Sen, S. 2015. Status of plant parasitic nematodes in apple orchards of Himachal Pradesh. Int. J. Farm Sci., 5(3): 171-178. Sharma, G.C. and Sharma, N.K. 1990. Distribution of three important nematode species in the rhizosphere of plum trees. Ind. J. Hort., 47(2): 207-209. Sharma, G.C., Sharma, N.K. and Khan, E. 1986. Two new species of genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Paratylenchinae) from Himachal Pradesh, India. Ind. J. Nematol., 16: 231-235. Sharma, G.S., Sharma, N.K. and Khan, M.L. 1988. Plant parasitic nematodes of plum (Prunusdomestica) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J. Horticulture, 45: 355-358. Sharma, N. 2013. Studies of nematodes associated with okra. Int. J. Sci. Res., 3(7): 1-4. Sharma, N.K. and Kaur, J. 1986. Nematodes associated with temperate fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh. In: Chadha, T.R.,Bhutani, V.P., Jaul, J.L. (eds). Advances in Research on temperate fruit.Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry : 359-362. Sharma, N. and Kaur, D. 1987. Parasitism of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp. on apple in Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Hill Farm., 1(1): 69. RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

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Siddiqi, M.R. 1963. Four new species of the genus Tylenchusbastian, 1865 (Nematoda) from North India. Zeits. Parasit., 23: 170-180. Siddiqi, M.R. and Hussain, Z. 1967. Studies on the genus Alaimus de Man, 1880, with description of six new species from India. Proc. Helminth. Wash. Soc., 34: 158-167. Siddiqi, M.R. 2014. Descriptions of Shahnema typicum gen. n., sp. n. and S. cabii gen. n., sp. n. (Diplogastrina: Shahnematidaefam. n.). Int. J. Nematol., 24(2): 153-160. Singh, M. and Khan, E. 1996. Five new species under subfamily Longidorinae (Nematoda) associated with fruit crops from North and North-Eastern India, with comments on the genus Neolongidorus Khan, 1986. Indian J. Nematol., 26: 158-171. Singh, M. and Khan, E. 1997. Five new species of Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 associated with fruit crops from North and North-Eastern India, with comments on the genus Neolongidorus Khan, 1986. Indian J. Nematol., 27: 86-98. Singh, M. and Khan, E. 1999. Taxonomic studies on Criconematoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) associated with fruit crops from North and North-Eastern India-II. Description of five new species. Indian J. Nematol., 29: 48-55. Singh, V. and Gupta, R. 2011. First report of Meloidogyne javanicaon ginger and Meloidogyne incognita on coriander inJammu and Kashmir (India). J. Hort. Sci., 6(6): 74-75. Singh, V.K. 2009. Occurrence of root know nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on Carrot in Jammu. Indian J. Nematol., 39(2): 245. Singh, V.K., Singh, H.V.and Singh, S.P. 2016. New record of root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne incognita infecting berseem in J. and K., India. Rang. Manag. Agro., 31: 154. Sultan, M.S. and Jairajpuri, M.S. 1978. Nematodes of high altitude of India III. Helicotylenchus golden n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Indian J. Nematol., 8(2): 169-171. Sultan, M.S. and Jairajpuri, M.S. 1979. Nematodes of high altitudes in India IX. Descriptions of two new species of Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Rev. Nematol., 2(2): 191-196. Thapa, R. 1990. Association of Paralongidorus sali Siddiqi et al., a dorylaimid phytonematode, and other nematodes with Sal and Teak in Dehradun district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Forestry, 13: 1-65. Thapa, R. and Ganguly, S. 1999. Psilenchus dunensis sp. n. (Tylenchida: Psilenchidae) from Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian J. Nematol., 29: 93-95. Vaid, S. and Shah, A. 2014. Diversity of soil inhabiting nematodes in Dera Ki Gali forest of Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J. Nematol., 24(1): 1-6. Waliullah, M.I.S. 2005. Nematodes associated with Kiwi (Actinidia delicious Chev.) in Kashmir Valley, India. Indian J. Nematol., 35(2): 227. Waliullah, M.I.S. and Bhat, M. 1990. Occurrence of mixed population of Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936 on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Srinagar, Kashmir. Indian J. Nematol., 20(2): 239-241. Waliullah, M.I.S. and Kaul, V. 1997. Nematodes associated with cherry plant in Kashmir valley. Indian J. Nematol., 27(2): 237. Waliullah, M.I.S., Kaul, V. and Zaki, F.A. 1991. The rice-root nematode, Hirschmanniella sp. in Jammu and Kashmir. Giobios New Report, 10: 175-176. Waliullah, M.I.S., Masoodi, M. and Kaul, V. 1993. Population behaviour of nematodes associated with strawberry (Fragariavesca L.) in Srinagar, Kashmir. Curr. Nematol., 4(1): 41-44. Yasmin, A., Ahmad, W. and Jairajpuri, M.S. 1994. Two new species of Dorylaimida (Nematoda) from Kashmir valley, India. Bull. zool. Surv. India., 94: 87-92. Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., DeGoerde, R.G.M., Freckman, D.W. and Georgieva, S.S. 1993. Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera-An outline for soil ecologists. J. Nematol., 25: 315-331. Zaki, F.A., Kaul, V. and Waliullah, M.I.S. 1993. Crop losses estimation in tomato and potato caused by plantparasiticnematodes in Kashmir. Indian J. Nematol., 23(1): 101-104. Zaki, F.A. and Mir, A.A. 1994. First record of the ear cockle nematode (Anguinatritici on wheat in Ladkah. Indian J. Nematol., 24: 228-229. Zaki, F. and Mantoo, M. 2003. Plant parasitic nematodes associated with temperate fruits in Kashmir valley, India. Pest Manag. Eco. Zool., 11(1): 97-101. 132


Fig. 4. Macrolaimellus longicauda (female): A. Head region, B. Pharynx, C. Tail, D. Vulva.

Fig. 5. Cephalobus pseudoparvus (female): A. Buccal cavity, B. Pharynx, C. Vulva, D. Lateral lines, E. Tail.

Fig. 6. Pseudacrobelus eurystoma (male): A. Anterior end, B. Pharynx, C. Gubernaculum, D. Spicules. RIZVI et al. : Nematoda (Soil Inhabiting Nematodes)

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Fig. 7. Cervidellus neftasiensis (female): A, B. Anterior regions, C. Vulva, D. Pharynx, E. Tail, F. Gonad.

Fig. 8. Teratocephalus costatus (female): A. Head regions, B, C. Pharynx, D. Lateral lines, E. Tail.

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Chapter 9

Acanthocephala JAGDISH SAINI1, HIRDESH KUMAR2, PRIYANKA DAS3, JOYJIT GHOSH4, DEVANSHU GUPTA5 and KAILASH CHANDRA6

Altogether, 37 species belonging to 13 genera, 9 families, 6 orders and 2 classes of phylum Acanthocephala have been recorded from Indian Himalaya. North West Himalaya has the highest diversity with 27 species followed by Central Himalaya (9 species), West Himalaya, Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains, East Himalaya (one species each).

T

INTRODUCTION

he Acanthocephala characterized with retractable thorny proboscis and other unique organs. They are complete parasites no member of the phylum exists in nature as a free-living organism even for a short duration. They remain attached to the tissues of the vertebrate host’s intestine by the highly modified hooks covered in anterior proboscis. There are nearly 1,330 species of this phylum known from the world, and out of them, 301 species are known from India (Monks and Richardson, 2011; Naidu, 2012; Chandra et al., 2017). Here, a systematic list of phylum Acanthocephala of Indian Himalaya is prepared which is supplemented with the distribution of each species in biotic provinces of the area. The biogeographic classification of India adopted after Rodgers et al. (2002) who divided IH into seven biotic provinces: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains (1A), Trans Himalaya- Tibetan Plateau (1B), Trans HimalayaSikkim (1C), North West Himalaya (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C), and East Himalaya (2D). We broadly follow the classification and taxon names as given Naidu (2012).

HISTORICAL RESUME The significant contribution on Indian Acanthocephala is of Bhattacharya (2007) who published a handbook of the group. Very recently the Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries was published by Naidu (2012). The other contributions on this phylum in context with Indian fauna were mainly carried out by Datta (1932), Bhalerao (1935), Kaw (1951), Anantaraman (1966), Fotedar (1968),

Gupta and Jain (1973), and Gupta and Sinha (1990). Govan (1994) reviewed the nomenclature of phylum Acanthocephala.

SPECIES DIVERSITY As per literature records, there are about 37 species of phylum Acanthocephala so far reported from the Indian Himalaya. Class Archiacanthocephala represented by two species whereas class Palaeacanthocephala comprised of 35 species belonging to 11 genera incoming 7 families under 4 orders from Indian Himalaya (see a systematic list of species). Order Echinorhynchida shows the maximum species diversity (14 species), followed by Polymorphida (12 species), Neoechinorhynchida (8 species), Gyracanthocephala and Oligacanthorhynchida (one species each) (Fig. 1). Regarding acanthocephalan distribution in biotic provinces, the highest number of species (27) are recorded from North West-Himalaya followed by Central Himalaya (9 species), West Himalaya, Trans HimalayaLadakh Mountains, East Himalaya (one species each). There is no species yet recorded from West Himalaya, Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau, and Trans HimalayaSikkim (Fig. 2).

ENDEMISM The endemism of this particular group has not been evaluated yet, but it can be said that their population may be restricted in accordance with the distribution of their hosts.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Saini, J., Kumar, H., Das, P., Ghosh, J., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K. 2018. Acanthocephala. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 135-138 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

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Fig.1. Orders under phylum Acanthocephala : Species-level diversity from Indian Himalaya.

Fig. 2. Map of Indian Himalaya showing number of acanthocephalans in biotic provinces.

GAP AREAS

DISCUSSION

The present study discloses the fact that except Jammu and Kashmir, other Himalayan states are very less explored. In comparison to India, only 12% species of Acanthocephalan reported from Indian Himalaya, so there is a high possibility of finding many undescribed species from the area. Authors suggest that investigations should be carried out all over the region so that further possibilities with acanthocephalan species would be explored.

Acanthocephalans are commonly known as thornyheaded or spiny-headed worms. It is obligatory endoparasites group found in the alimentary tract of vertebrates. Fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles are the most Acanthocephalan hosts. The vertebrate hosts usually infected by a larva cystacanth. Although the phylum Acanthocephala is worldwide in its geographical distribution, its genera and species are not of uniform distribution as certain species are practically

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cosmopolitan while others genera and species are rigidly confined to a limited area.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA (Rudolphi, 1898) Skrajbin and Schultz, 1921 Class ARCHIACANTHOCEPHALA Meyer, 1931 Order MONILIFORMIDA Schmidt, 1972 Family MONILIFORMIDAE Van Cleave, 1924 Genus Moniliformis Travassos, 1915 spiralis Subramanian, 1927: 2C Host: Nesokia bengalensis, Rattus rattus, and Bandicoota sp. Order OLIGACANTHORHYNCHIDA Petrochenko, 1956 Family OLIGACANTHORHYNCHIDAE Southwell and Macfie, 1925 Genus Nephridiacanthus Meyer, 1931 oreinus (Fotedar, 1968) Golvan, 1994: 2A Host: Oreinus sinuatus. Class PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Meyer, 1931 Order ECHINORHYNCHIDA Southwell and Macfie, 1925 Family ECHINORHYNCHIDAE Cobbold, 1876 Subfamily ECHINORHYNCHINAE Cobbold, 1876 Genus Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771 kashmirensis Datta, 1936: 2A Host: Schizopygopsis stoliczkae. Genus Echinorhynchus Zoega in Müller, 1776 orientalis Kaw, 1951: 2A Host: Schizothorax sp. Genus Pseudoacanthocephalus Petrochenko, 1958 shillongensis Bhattacharya, 1999: 2C Hosts: Bufo melanosticrus, and Bufo sp. Family Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti, 1939 Genus Pomphorhynchus Monticelli, 1905 bufonis Fotedar, Duda and Raina, 1970: 2A Host: Bufo viridis. bulbocolli Linkins in Van Cleave, 1919:2A Hosts: Schizothorax niger and Channa striatus. dubius Kaw, 1941:2A Host: Rana cynophlyctis. jammuensis Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Hosts: Oreinus plagyostomus and Salmo trutta fario. kashmirensis Kaw, 1941: 2A Hosts: Nemachilus kashmirensis, Schizothorax esocinus, S. niger, Salmo trutta fario and Oreinus sp. kawi Fotedar, Duda and Raina, 1970: 2A Host: Botia birdi. laevis (Zoega in Müller, 1776) Van Cleave, 1924:2A Host: Rana cyanophjyctis. megacanthus Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Host: Cyprinus carpio spivularis. oreini Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Host: Oreinus striatus. orientalis Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Host: Schizothorax niger. tori Fotedar and Dhar, 1974: 2A Host: Tor tor. SAINI et al. : Acanthocephala

Order POLYMORPHIDA Petrochenko, 1956 Family CENTRORHYNCHIDAE Van Cleave, 1916 Genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911 aluconis (Müller, 1780) Lühe, 1911: 2C Hosts: Falco jugger, Milvus migrans, and Bufo sp. clitoredeus (Meyer, 1931) Galvan, 1956: 2C Hosts: Astur badius, Tyto alba, Halcyon smyrnensis, Rana tigrina, Ptyas mucosus and Picus flavinuncha. globocaudatus (Zeder, 1800) Lühe, 1911: 2C Hosts: Glaucidium radiatum, Milvu smigrans, and Otus sp. macrorchis Das, 1950: 2B Host: Falco (Cerchneis) tinunculustinunculus and Urocissame lanocephalaoccipatalis. sikkimensis Bhattacharya, 2003: 2C Host: Eagle. Genus Sphaerirostris Golvan, 1956 lancea (Westrumb, 1821) Golvan, 1956: 2A, 2C Hosts: Acridotheres tristi, Dendrocitta vagabunda, Milvus migrans Ptyas mucosus and, Turdus albocinctum. maryasis (Datta, 1932) Golvan, 1956: 2A Host: Urocissa melanocephala occipitalis. robustus (Datta, 1928) Golvan, 1994: 2A Hosts: Corvus coraxi, C. splendens and Schizothorax sp. turdi (Yamaguti, 1939) Golvan, 1956: 2C Hosts: Corvus splendens, Acridotheres tristis, Centropus sp. Corvus spendens, Hierococcyx varius and Dendrocitta sp. Family PLAGIORHYNCHIDAE Golvan, 1960 Subfamily PORRORCHINAE Golvan, 1956 Genus Porrorchis Fukui, 1929 leibyi Schmidt and Kuntz, 1967: 2C Host: Owl. Genus Pseudolueheia Schmidt and Kuntz, 1967 arunachalensis Bhattacharya, 2007: 2D Host: Pitta nepalensis. Family POLYMORPHIDAE Meyer, 1931 Genus Polymorphus Lühe, 1911 Subgenus Polymorphus Lühe, 1911 minutus (Goeze, 1782) Lühe, 1911: 2A Hosts: Anas quercudula, juvenile in Rana cynophylictis and, Garganey teal. Order GYRACANTHOCEPHALA Van Cleave, 1936 Family QUADRIGYRIDAE Van Cleave, 1920 Subfamily PALLISENTINAE Van Cleave, 1928 Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 Subgenus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 jagani Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1991: 2A Hosts: Channa striatus and Schizothorax sinuatus. Order NEOECHINORHYNCHIDA Southwell and Macfie, 1925 Family NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE Ward, 1917 Subfamily NEOECHINORHYNCHINAE Travassos, 1926 Genus Neoechinorhynchus Hamann, 1892 in Stiles and Hassal, 1905 Subgenus Hebesoma Van Cleave, 1928 manasbalensis Kaw, 1951: 2A Hosts: Oreinus sinuatus, Schizothorax esocinus, S. niger, and Nemachilus kashmirensis.

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Subgenus Neoechinorhynchus Hamann, 1892 in Stiles and Hassal, 1905 cynophlyctis Kaw, 1951: 2A Host: Rana cyanophlyctis. dattai Golvan, 1994: 2A Hosts: Nemachilus stoliezkie and N. vittatus. devdevi (Datta, 1936) Kaw, 1951: 2A Hosts: Schizothorax esocinus, S. planifrons, Synaptura orientalis, Tor tor, Labeo rohita, Ptychatalus rattanis, Mystus

sp. and Rana cyanophyctis. glyptosternumi Fotedar and Dhar, 1977: 2A Host: Glyptosternum sp. hutchinsoni Datta, 1936: 1A, 2A Host: Diptychus maculatus. oreini Fotedar, 1968: 2A Host: Oreinus sinuatus. rigidus (Van Cleave, 1928) Kaw, 1951: 2A Host: Schizothorax zarudnyi.

REFERENCES Anantaraman, M. 1966. Parasites in Indian rodents with special reference to disease in man and animals. Proc. Indian Rodent Symp., 224-230. Bhalerao, G.D. 1935. Helminth parasites of domestic animals in India. I. C. A. R. Memoir No., 6: 1-365. Bhattacharya, S.B. 2007. Handbook on Indian Acanthocephala: 1-225. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Chandra, K., Sheela, S. and Das, D. 2017. Animal Discoveries 2016, New Species and New Records: 1-96 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Datta, M.N. 1932. Acanthocephala from North India II : a new species of Centrorhynchus from a Himalayan bird, Urocissa malanocepaphala occipitalis (Blyth.). Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Ass., 19(3) : 261. Fotedar, D.N. 1968. New species of Neoechinorhynchus Hamann, 1882, from Oreinus sinuatus, freshwater fish in Kashmir. Kash. Sci., 5(1): 147-152. Golvan, Y.J. 1994. Nomenclature of Acanthocephala. Res. Rev. Parasitol., 54(3): 135-205. Gupta, N.K. and Jain, M. 1973. Studies on some acanthocephalan parasites from North India. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Ass., 60(3): 554-555. Gupta, V. and Sinha, G. 1990. Checklist of acanthocephalan parasites of fishes of India and Pakistan. Ibid., 42(1) : 41-66. Kaw, B.L. 1951. Studies in Helminthology. Helminth parasites of Kashmir, Acanthocephala. Indian J. Helminth., 3(2): 117-132. Monks, S. and Richardson, D.J. 2011. Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771. In, Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. (Ed. Zhang, Z.-Q.), Zootaxa. 3148: 1-237. Naidu, K. V. 2012. Fauna of India and the adjacent countries In, Acanthocephala: 1-638 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Rodgers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife Protected Areas in India: a Review (Executive Summary). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1-51.

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Chapter 10

Annelida : Oligochaeta C.K. MANDAL1 and HIRDESH KUMAR2

A systematic list of Oligochaeta fauna of Indian Himalaya is prepared in this chapter. This list includes 138 species/subspecies belonging to 44 genera of 9 families under 2 orders. A maximum number of species (73) are found in the central Himalaya while a minimum number of species (4) are recorded from Trans Himalaya-Ladakh mountains. Distribution of all the species is shown in various biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya in the systematic list.

O

INTRODUCTION

ligochaeta is a class of phylum Annelida and includes earthworms (terrestrial forms) and detritus worms (aquatic forms). Earthworms occur in diversified habitats from organic heaps (manure, compost, litter, humus, kitchen drainage, etc.), forest land, mountain land, grassland, agricultural land, plant nursery, etc. while detritus worms are found members of the benthic community of freshwater ecosystem. They are omnivorous but most of them derive nutrition from dead organic matter. The beneficial effect of earthworms in increasing soil fertility has been documented since the time of Darwin (1881). Presently, the importance of earthworms is not only restricted to a basic biology material but also as a basic material for biotechnology (vermin-technology). Because of the vast number of species available in India and also because of the economic value, understanding of the distribution, abundance and astounding ecological condition of the species of Indian Himalayan region has become very important. Classification of Rodgers et al. (2002) is followed for classifying Indian Himalaya into bio-geographic zones and biotic provinces. In the present document, with a systematic list of Oligochaeta fauna of Indian Himalaya, distribution of all the species is also shown in various biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

HISTORICAL RESUME The basic and comprehensive work on Oligochaeta is published by Beddard (1895) in the form of a monograph.

Michaelsen (1908) studied the Oligochaeta of India and nearby countries. Stephenson (1914, 1922) started to work out on Oligochaeta of India. Later in 1923, he published “Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma” on Oligochaeta. Gate (1937, 1951) also worked on Indian earthworms. Julka (1976, 1981a) studied on earthworms of Arunachal Pradesh. Soota and Halder (1980) and Julka (1981b) started working on earthworms of western Himalaya. In 1988, Julka published “Fauna of India on Megadrile Oligochaeta”. Naidu (2005) published “The Fauna of India and the adjacent countries” on Aquatic Oligochaeta. In Indian Himalaya, Oligochaeta fauna were carried out by Julka (1993, 1995), Kaushal and Bisht (1994), Kaushal et al. (1995, 1999), Bhadauria et al. (1997, 2000, 2012), Halder and Ghosh (1997), Halder (1998, 2003), Mukhopadhyay (1998, 2003), Julka and Paliwal (2000, 2005), Bisht et al. (2003), Rao et al. (2003), Sinha et al. (2003), Mandal (2004), Paliwal and Julka (2005a, 2005b), Paliwal (2008a, 2008b, 2009), Biswas and Mandal (2010), Halder and Mandal (2003, 2010), Mandal et al. (2010), Najar and Khan (2011a, 2011b), Verma and Sweta (2011a, 2011b), Chowdhury et al. (2012), Das and Saxena (2012), Paliwal (2013, 2014), Najar and Khan (2014), Mir and Najar (2016) and Prasad et al. (2016).

SPECIES DIVERSITY More than 6,000 species of earthworms are recorded globally, where as in India 560 species (about 9%) are reported (Julka et al., 2009). As far as aquatic Oligochaeta

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore Kolkata-700053. Email : [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Mandal, C.K. and Kumar, H. 2018. Annelida : Oligochaeta. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 139-144 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Fig.1. Distribution of Oligochaeta in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

is concerned, total 1700 species are known to occur globally (Martin et al., 2008). Mitra et al. (2017) reported 71 aquatic species of family Naididae from India. Altogether 138 species/subspecies (about 24%) belonging to 44 genera of 9 families under 2 orders are listed from Indian Himalaya in this chapter. Out of them, 12 species of family Naididae are aquatic while rest are terrestrial forms. The maximum number of species are reported from Central Himalaya (2C=73) followed by West Himalaya (2B=68), North-West Himalaya (2A=48), East Himalaya (2D=35), Trans Himalaya Tibbatan Plateau (1B=8), Trans Himalaya Ladhak Mountains (1A=4). No published record is found on Oligochaeta diversity in Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (Fig. 1).

ENDEMISM There are a total 37 species of endemic earthworms known to occur in Indian Himalaya (one species of Glyphidrilidae, 2 species of Moniligastridae, 3 species of Lumbricidae; 12 species of Octochaetidae; 19 species of Megascolecidae family). Most Earthworms of Arunachal Pradesh are endemic in the state. Wheras most of the species of Himachal Pradesh are endemic in India. Uttarakhand and Sikkim have 2 species endemic to each state and Jammu and Kashmir has only a simple species endemic to the state.

THREATS Earthworms are a major component of soil macro fauna and involved in various activities in ecosystem. They are 140

very helpful in increasing soil fertility. The major threat to the diversity of earthworms is the change in land uses. Due to anthropogenic pressure, forest lands are rapidly changing into the agricultural and residential areas. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural fields leads to reduce the diversity of earthworms.

GAP AREAS According to Rodgers et al. (2002), Indian Himalaya is divided into two Biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya and Himalaya. As per the systematic list, the diversity of earthworms is quite well in Himalaya region, especially in central Himalaya. Whereas in Trans Himalaya, very few species are recorded from Tibetan Plateau and Ladhak Mountains and Sikkim regions.

DISCUSSION About 138 species/subspecies of earthworms have been recorded from Indian Himalaya till now. Indian Himalayan region includes Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong), and Arunachal Pradesh. Out of the total species, maximum species of earthworms of Indian Himalayan region are found in West Bengal. The diversity of earthworms is quite rich in Himalaya biogeographic zone whereas very less data found on their diversity in Trans-Himalaya. Therefore, more surveys and studies are needed to explore the diversity of earthworms in Trans-Himalayan region. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Eutyphoeus orientalis (Beddard, 1883)

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum ANNELIDA Lamarck, 1802 Class OLIGOCHAETA Grube, 1850 Order MONILIGASTRIDA Brinkhurst and Jamieson, 1971 Family MONILIGASTRIDAE Claus, 1880 Genus Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 aruna Julka, 1981: 2D barwelli (Beddard, 1886): 2D constricta (Gates, 1929): 2D decourcyi Stephenson, 1914: 2D duttai Julka, 1981: 2D japonica (Michaelsen, 1892): 2A, 2B kempi Stephenson, 1914: 2D nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pellucida (Bourne, 1894): 2D tihunensis Julka, 1976: 2D willsi Michaelsen, 1907: 2B Order HAPLOTAXIDA Brinkhurst and Jamieson, 1971 Family NAIDIDAE Ehrenberg, 1828 Genus Aulophorus Schmarda, 1861 tonkinensis (Vejdovský, 1894): 2B Genus Branchiura Beddard, 1892 sowerbyi Beddard, 1892: 2A, 2B Genus Bothrioneurum Michaelsen, 1900 iris Beddard, 1901: 2B, 2C Genus Chaetogaster von Baer, 1827 limnaei von Baer, 1827: 2B Genus Dero Oken, 1815 cooperi Stephenson, 1932: 2C Genus Haemonais Bretscher, 1900 waldvogelij Bretscher 1900: 2A, 2B Genus Limnodrilus Claparede, 1862 hoffineisteri Claparede, 1862: 2B, 2C Genus Nais Müller, 1773 barbata Müller, 1774: 2B communis (Piguet, 1906): 2B Genus Slavina Vejdovksy, 1883 appendiculata (d’udekem, 1855): 2B Genus Stylaria Lamarck, 1816 fossularis Leidy, 1852: 2A, 2B Genus Tubifex Lamarck, 1816 tubifex (Müller, 1774): 2A Family LUMBRICIDAE Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 Genus Allolobophora Eisen, 1874 papillatus (Eisen, 1909): 2A, 2B MANDAL and KUMAR : Annelida : Oligochaeta

Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) Genus Allolobophoridella Mršić, 1990 eiseni (Levinsen, 1884): 2B Genus Aporrectodea Örley, 1885 caliginosa (Savigny, 1826): 1B, 2A, 2B rosea (Savigny, 1826): 2A, 2B, 2C trapezoides (Dugès, 1828): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Bimastos Moore, 1895 parvus (Eisen, 1874): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Dendrobaena Eisen, 1873 hortensis (Michaelsen, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C octaedra (Savigny, 1826): 2A Genus Dendrodrilus Omodeo, 1956 rubidus (Savigny, 1826): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Eisenia Malm, 1877 fetida (Savigny, 1826): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Eiseniella Michaelsen, 1900 tetraedra (Savigny, 1826): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 castaneus (Savigny, 1826): 2A, 2B terrestris Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B Genus Octolasion Örley, 1885 cyaneum (Savigny, 1826): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C tyrtaeum (Savigny, 1826): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C lacteum Örley, 1881: 2B Genus Pontoscolex Schmarda, 1861 corethrurus (Müller, 1857): 2C Family ALMIDAE Duboscq, 1902 Genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 tuberosus Stephenson, 1916: 2B Family OCNERODRILIDAE Beddard, 1891 Genus Gordiodrilus Beddard, 1892 elegans Beddard, 1892: 2C Genus Malabaria Stephenson, 1924 levis (Chen, 1938): 2B Genus Ocnerodrilus Eisen, 1878 occidentalis Eisen, 1878: 2A, 2B Genus Ramiella Stephenson, 1921 bishambari (Stephenson, 1914): 2A, 2B Genus Thatonia Gates, 1942 exilis Gates, 1945: 2B gracilis Gates, 1942: 2A Family ACANTHODRILIDAE Claus, 1880 Genus Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 affinis (Michaelsen, 1890): 2D bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D modiglianii (Rosa, 1896): 2C saliens (Beddard, 1893): 2C, 2D

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Genus Microscolex Rosa, 1887 phosphoreus (Dugès, 1837): 2B Genus Plutellus Perrier, 1873 aborensis Stephenson, 1914: 2A, 2D bahli Julka, 1981: 2D daminensis Julka, 1981: 2D ghumensis Julka, 1975: 2C himalayanus Gates, 1945: 2C mishmiensis Julka, 1976: 2D sadhupulensis Julka and Paliwal, 1994: 2B sikkimensis (Michaelsen,1907): 2C taksigensis Julka, 1981: 2D Family OCTOCHAETIDAE Michaelsen, 1900 Genus Eudichogaster Michaelsen, 1902 parva (Fedarb, 1898): 2B Genus Eutyphoeus Michaelsen, 1900 aborianus Stephenson, 1914: 2C, 2D annandalei Michaelsen, 1907: 2B festivus Gates, 1938: 2B gammiei (Beddard, 1888): 2C, 2D incommodus (Beddard, 1901): 2A, 2B, 2C kempi Stephenson, 1914: 2D masoni (Bourne, 1889): 2B nainianus Michaelsen, 1907: 2B nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907: 2C nicholsoni (Beddard, 1901): 2A, 2B, 2C orientalis (Beddard, 1883): 2B, 2C pharpingianus Michaelsen, 1907: 2B, 2C quadripapillatus Michaelsen, 1907: 2C waltoni (Michaelsen, 1907 ): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lennogaster Gates, 1939 chittagongensis (Stephenson, 1917): 1B, 2A, 2B parvus (Fedarb, 1898): 2B pusilla (Stephenson, 1920): 2A, 2B yeica (Stephenson, 1931): 2A, 2B Genus Octochaetona Gates, 1962 beatrix (Beddard, 1902): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Scolioscolides Gates, 1937 bergtheili (Michaelsen, 1907): 2C Family MEGASCOLECIDAE Rosa, 1891 Genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 alexandri (Beddard, 1901): 2A, 2B, 2C corticis (Kinberg, 1867): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D diffringes (Baird, 1869): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gracilis (Kinsberg, 1867): 2A, 2B, 2C hawayanus (Rosa, 1891): 2C morrisi (Beddard, 1892): 2A, 2B, 2C robustus (Perrier, 1872): 2C Genus Lampito Kinberg, 1867 mauritii Kinberg, 1867: 2B, 2C Genus Megascolex Templeton 1844 dubius Stephenson, 1916: 2C

Genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 anomala (Michaelsen,1907): 2A, 2B, 2C birmanica (Rosa, 1988): 2A, 2B californica (Kinberg, 1867): 2C houlleti (Perrier, 1872): 2A, 2B, 2C peguana (Rosa, 1890): 2A planata (Gates, 1926): 2C posthuma (Vaillant, 1868): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C travancorensis (Fedarb, 1898): 2B Genus Notoscolex Fletcher 1886 monorchis Stephenson, 1916: 2C Genus Perionyx Perrier, 1872 aborensis Stephenson, 1914: 2C alatus Stephenson, 1920: 2C annandalei Michaelsen, 1907: 2C annulatus Stephenson, 1914: 2D bainii Stephenson, 1915: 2A, 2B barotensis Julka and Paliwal, 1993: 2A coboensis Stephenson,1912: 2D daflaensis Julka, 1981: 2D depressus Stephenson, 1914: 2D excavatus (Perrier, 1872): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D foveatus Stephenson, 1914: 2D gravelyi Stephenson, 1917: 2C, 2D heterochaetus (Stephenson, 1917): 2C himalayanus Michaelsen, 1907: 2C hingstoni Stephenson, 1925: 2C innornatus Stephenson, 1916: 2C jorpokriensis Julka, 1975: 2C kempi Stephenson, 1914: 2D koboensis Stephenson, 1912: 2C macintoshi (Beddard, 1901): 2C, 2D modestus (Stephenson, 1922): 2D nainianus (Michaelsen, 1907): 2B nanus Stephenson, 1917: 2C pallidus Stephenson, 1917: 2C pincernus Stephenson, 1916: 2C planata (Perrier, 1868): 1C, 2A, 2C, 2D pokhrianus affinis Stephenson, 1920: 2C pokhrianus pokhrianus Stephenson, 1920: 2C pulvinatus Stephenson, 1916: 2C rimatus Stephenson, 1920: 2C sansibaricus Michaelsen, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2C setani Stephenson, 1931: 2A, 2C sikkimensis michaelseni Stephenson, 1923: 2C sikkimensis sikkimensis (Michaelsen, 1907): 2C simlaensis (Michaelsen, 1907): 2B, 2C variegatus (Michaelsen, 1907): 2C vidakensis Julka, 1981: 2D Family EUDRILIDAE Claus, 1880 Genus Eudrilus Perrier, 1871 eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867): 2B

REFERENCES Beddard, F.E. 1895. A monograph of the order of Oligochaeta: 1-802 (Published by Oxford: Clarendon Press). Bhadauria, T., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Maikhuri, R.K., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G. 2012. Earthworm populations in a traditional village landscape in Central Himalaya, India. App. Soil Eco., 53: 83-93. Bhadauria, T., Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Srivastava, K.N. 1997. Population dynamics of earthworms during crop rotation under rainfed agriculture in central Himalayas, India. App. Soil Eco., 6: 205-215. Bhadauria, T., Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Srivastava, K.N. 2000. Diversity and distribution of endemic and exotic earthworms in natural and regenerating ecosystems in the central Himalayas, India. Soil Biol. Bioch., 32: 2045-2054. 142


Bisht, R., Pandey, H., Bharti, D. and Kaushal, B.R. 2003. Population dynamics of earthworms (Oligochaeta) in cultivated soils of central Himalayan tarai region. Trop. Eco., 44 (2): 229-234. Biswas, T. and Mandal, C.K. 2010. Annelida : Oligochaetes (Freshwater). In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 173-180 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Chowdhury, A., Hazra, A.K. and Nandi, A.P. 2011. On taxonomy and ecology of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from uncultivated and waste disposal sites of West Bengal with some notes on their microbial association. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 324: 1-190 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Darwin, C. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms with observations on their habits : 1-298 (Published by Murry, London). Dash, M.C. and Saxena, K.G. 2012. Earthworms in the Himalaya and Western Ghats Region of India: A review. The Bioscan, 7(1): 1-8. Gate, G.E. 1937. Indian earthworms. I. The genus Pheretima. Rec. Indian Mus., 29: 175-212. Gate, G.E. 1951. On the earthwonns of Saharanpur, Dehradun and some Himalayan hill stations. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. India, 21(B): 16-22. Halder, K.R. 1998. Annelida: Oligochaeta: Earthworms. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(10): 17-93 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Halder, K.R. 2003. Oligochaeta : Earthworm. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 91-116 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Halder, K.R. and Ghosh, G.C. 1997. Annelida. In, Fauna of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Fauna of Conservation Areas, 9: 31-34 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Halder, K.R. and Mandal, C.K. 2003. Annelida. In, Fauna of Asan Wetland, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5: 7-10 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Halder, K.R. and Mandal, C.K. 2010. Annelid fauna of some selected wetlands. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 167-172 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Julka, J.M. 1976. Studies on the earthworms collected during The Daphabum expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 69: 229-239. Julka, J.M. 1981a. Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 26: 1-37. Julka, J.M. 1981b. Anthropochorous earthworms of Lahaul Valley (Himachal Pradesh) with notes on their ecology: 6976. In, Progress in Soil Biology and Ecology in India, UAS Tech. Ser., 37 (Published by University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore). Julka, J.M. 1988. Fauna of India & the Adjacent Countries: Megadrile Oligochaeta (Earthworms); Haplotaxida: Lumbricina: Megascolecoidea: Octochaetidae, XIV + 1-400 (Published by the Director, Zool. Sur. India, Calcutta). Julka, J.M. 1993. Distribution pattern in Indian earthworms. In, Earthworm Resources and Vermiculture, 27-31 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Julka, J.M. 1995. Oligochaeta. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya (U.P.), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 1: 17-22 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Julka, J.M. and Paliwal, R. 2000. Oligochaeta. In, Fauna of Renuka Wetland, Wetland ecosystem Series, 2: 21-25 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Julka, J.M. and Paliwal, R. 2005. Annelida: Oligochaeta. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part-2) - Himachal Pradesh: 5360 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Julka, J.M., Paliwal, R. and Kathireswari, P. 2009. Biodiversity of Indian earthworms - An overview. In, Proceedings of Indo-US Workshop on Vermitechnology in Human Welfare, 36-56 (Published by Rohini Achagam, Coimbatore). Kaushal, B.R. and Bisht, S.P.S. 1994. Population dynamics of the earthworm Amynthas alexandri (Annelida: Megascolecidae) in a Kumaun Himalayan pasture soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 17(1): 9-13. Kaushal, B.R., Bisht, S.P.S. and Kalia, S. 1995. Population dynamics of the earthworm Amynthas alexandri (Megascolecidae: Annelida) in cultivated soils of the Kumaun Himalayas. App. Soil Eco., 2: 125-130. Kaushal, B.R., Kandpal, B., Bisht, S.P.S., Bora, S. and Dhapola, S. 1999. Abundance and seasonal activity of earthworms in croplands of Kumaon Himalayas. Eur. J. Soil Bid., 35(4): 171-176. Mandal, C.K., Dhani, S., Mitra, S. and Misra, A. 2010. Annelida: Earthworms. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 181-191 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). MANDAL and KUMAR : Annelida : Oligochaeta

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Chapter 11

Annelida : Hirudinea C.K. MANDAL1 and HIRDESH KUMAR2

The classification of Rodgers and Panwar has been followed which included only six states: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kamlimping), and Arunachal Pradesh of India under Indian Himalaya. A systematic list of leeches recorded from Indian Himalaya is prepared in this chapter. This list includes 40 species/subspecies belonging to 20 genera of 6 families of leeches. Out of which 21 species are endemic to the region. Maximum numbers of species are recorded from Jammu and Kashmir (32). Distribution of all the recorded species is shown in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

T

INTRODUCTION

he Himalayan region consists of five countries namely India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China. According to Rodgers et al. (2002) only six states: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kamlimping), and Arunachal Pradesh of India come under Indian Himalayan region. They also classified Indian Himalaya into two different biogeographic zones (Trans Himalaya and Himalaya) which are also further divided into three (1A, 1B, 1C) and four different (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D) biotic provinces respectively. Hirudinea is a class of phylum Annelida and includes leeches. Due to great variation in geography, Indian Himalaya harbors various types of hill areas, plain lands, plateau, and fresh water zones. Although 700 species of fresh water leeches are recorded globally, only 54 species are recorded from India (Mandal and Mishra, 2017). Whereas 70 leech species (including both fresh water and terrestrial forms) are reported from India (Mandal and Mishra, 2017). In the present chapter, a systematic list of leeches recorded from Indian Himalaya is prepared. Distribution of all the recorded species is also shown in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

HISTORICAL RESUME Kaburaki (1921) studied leeches of Indian museum. Harding (1924) worked on Indio, Burma and Srilankan

leeches. Moore (1924) worked a lot on Asiatic leeches including China, Kashmir, and British India. Harding and Moore (1927) published “The Fauna of British India, Hirudinea”. Leech fauna of Kashmir was extensively studied by Bhatia (1930, 1934, 1939, 1940) and Soota (1959). Baugh (1960a, 1960b) studied the Indian Rhynchobdellid Leeches. Along with the identification keys to the world genera of Hirudinea, a catalog of species was also provided by Soos (1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970). Leeches of Himachal Pradesh were worked out by Chandra and Mahajan (1976) and Chandra (1977, 1978, 1981). The other workers like Soota and Ghosh (1977) and Sanjeeva and Glandstone (1981) contributed a lot in the taxonomy of this group. Leech fauna of Arunachal Pradesh was studied by Julka and Chandra (1980). Checklist of Indian leech was prepared by Chandra (1983). In 1991, he also published Leeches of India in which he recorded 60 species under 25 genera, out of which 9 species are terrestrial, l3 species are marine, and seven species are of brackish water. Bhat (1960, 1961), Bhatia and Bora (1973), Halder and Ghosh (1997), Chandra (1984) and Chandra and Mukherjee (1985), Chandra (2000), Ghosh (1998, 2003), Halder and Mandal (2003, 2010), Mandal (2006), Mandal and Nandi (2008), Mandal (2010) and Mandal et al. (2013) are also contributed in the leech fauna of Indian Himalaya. While working on leeches, Mandal published not only a checklist of Hirudinea (leech) of

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Mandal, C.K. and Kumar, H. 2018. Annelida : Hirudinea. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 145-149 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

India (2004a,) but also provided the endemic leech fauna of India (2004b). In recent years, new species of leeches (both freshwater and land forms) are described from India by Mandal (2004c, 2009, 2013, 2015a, 2015b) and Bandyopadhyay and Mandal (2006). Recently Mandal and Mishra (2017) published on freshwater leeches of India.

SPECIES DIVERSITY As the leech diversity of India is represented by 70 species (Mandal and Mishra, 2017), Indian Himalaya alone harbors 40 species/subspecies belonging to 20 genera of 6 families which account for more or less 58.82% to the total Indian diversity of the leeches. Maximum numbers of species are recorded from Jammu and Kashmir (32) while the minimum numbers of species are found in Arunachal Pradesh (7). As far as the distribution of leech species in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya (Fig. 1) is concerned, the maximum numbers of species is recorded from North-West Himalaya (31) followed by West Himalaya (25), Central Himalaya (11), East Himalaya (7) and Trans Himalaya-Ladhak Mountains (1). There is no published record found on the presence of leeches in Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim.

ENDEMISM Altogether 40 species/subspecies of Indian Himalaya are listed in this preparation. Of these, 21 species are found to be endemic in Indian Himalaya. Ten Indian species of leeches: Batracobdella hardingi, B. lobata,

Piscicola olivacea, Glossiphonia complanata complanata, G. cruciata, Hemiclepsis bhatiai, Theromyzon mathaii, Haemopis indicus, Poecilobdella javanica and P. viridis are endemic to Jammu and Kashmir only.

THREATS Pollution may be one of the major threats to leech fauna of Indian Himalaya. This pollution may be of different types such as pesticides, gasses of factories, liquid discharge of factories in fresh water rivers and lakes. Unavailability or scarcity of hosts may be the secondary threat as the diversity of all the organism is also under threat by various abiotic and biotic pressures.

GAP AREAS According to the systematic list which is prepared on the basis of published literature, there are only one species recorded from Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains. On the other hand, there is no published record on leeches from Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim. East Himalaya is also very less explored regarding leech diversity.

DISCUSSION Although more than 700 species of leeches are reported globally, 70 species are known to occur in India (Mandal and Mishra, 2017). Of these only 40 species/subspecies are listed from Indian Himalaya. As Himalaya is a biodiversity hot spot, many more species may occur in this region. But due to lack of information and fewer surveys, leech fauna of Indian Himalaya is poorly explored.

Fig. 1. Distribution of leeches in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

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SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum ANNELIDA Lamarck, 1818 Class HIRUDINEA Lamarck, 1818 Subclass EUHIRUDINEA Lukin, 1956 Order RHYNCHOBDELLIDA Blanchard, 1894 Family PISCICOLIDAE Johnston, 1865 Genus Piscicola de Blainville, 1818 olivacea Harding, 1920: 1A Family GLOSSIPHONIDAE Vaillant, 1890 Genus Batracobdella Viguer, 1879 hardingi Baugh, 1960: 2A lobata (Bhatia, 1934): 2A reticulata (Kaburaki, 1921): 2A, 2B Genus Batracobdelloides Oosthuizen, 1986 reticulata (Kaburaki, 1921): 2A, 2B Genus Glossiphonia Johnson, 1816 complanata complanata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A cruciata Bhatia, 1930: 2A weberi Blanchard, 1897: 2A, 2B Genus Helobdella Blanchard, 1896 nociva Harding, 1924: 2A, 2B stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Genus Hemiclepsis Vejdovsky, 1883 bhatiai Baugh, 1960: 2A marginata asiatica Moore, 1924: 2A, 2B marginata marginata Muller, 1774: 2A, 2B Genus Paraclepsis Harding, 1924 praedatrix Harding, 1924: 2A, 2B vulnifera Harding, 1924: 2A, 2B Genus Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 emydae Harding, 1920: 2B fulva Harding, 1924: 2A indica Baugh, 1960: 2A undulata Harding, 1924: 2A, 2B Genus Theromyzon Philippi, 1867 mathaii Bhatia, 1939: 2A

Order ARYNCHOBDELLIDA Blanchard, 1894 Family ERPOBDELLIDAE Blanchard, 1894 Genus Erpobdella de Blainville, 1818 octoculata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Herpobdelloidea Kaburaki, 1921 lateroculata Kaburaki, 1921: 2A, 2B indica (Kahuraki, 1921): 2B Genus Nematobdella Kaburaki, 1921 indica Kaburaki, 1921: 2A, 2B Family SALIFIDAE Johansson, 1910 Genus Barbronia Johanson, 1918 weberi (Blanchard, 1897): 2A, 2B Genus Salifa Blanchard, 1897 indica (Kaburaki, 1921): 2A, 2B Suborder HIRUDINIFORMES Cabellero, 1952 Family HIRUDINIDAE Whitman, 1886 Genus Dinobdella Moore, 1927 ferox (Blanchard, 1896): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Haemopis Savigny, 1820 indicus Bhatia, 1940: 2A Genus Hirudillaria Whitman, 1886 granulosa (Savigny, 1820): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 birmanica (Blanchard, 1894): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Poecilobdella Blanchard, 1893 granulosa (Savigny, 1820): 2A, 2B, 2C javanica (Wahlberg, 1856): 2A manillensis (Lesson, 1842): 2B, 2C viridis Moore, 1927: 2A, 2B Family HAEMADIPSIDAE Blanchard, 1893 Genus Haemadipsa Tennant, 1859 montana Moore, 1927: 2C, 2D ornata Moore, 1927: 2C, 2D sylvestris Blanchard, 1894: 2B, 2C, 2D zeylanica agilis Moore, 1927: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D zeylanica montivindicis Moore, 1927: 2C, 2D zeylanica zeylanica (Moquin-Tandon, 1826): 2B, 2C, 2D

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Chandra, M. 1977. A check-list of leeches of Himachal Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 73(1-4): 189-195. Chandra, M. 1978. Addition to the leech fauna of Himachal Pradesh, India. Cheetal, 19(2 and 3): 25. Chandra, M. 1981. Occurrence of palearctic leech Hemiclepsis marginata asiatica Moore in Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 78(3): 625. Chandra, M. 1983. A check-list of leeches of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India., 80: 265-290. Chandra, M. 1984. The leech fauna of the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 81(1-2): 289-298. Chandra, M. 1991. The leeches of India-A handbook. 1-117 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta) Chandra, M. 2000. Hirudinea. In: Fauna of Renuka Wetland, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2: 27-28. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Chandra, M. and Mahajan, K.K. 1976. Leeches of Simla Hills, Himachal Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 69(1-4): 256-259. Chandra, M. and Mukherjee, R.N. 1985. Occurrence of Piscicola olivacea Harding (Annelida: Hirudinea) in Laddak, J. and K., India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 7(2-3): 327. Ghosh, G.C. 1998. Annelida: Hibudinea. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(10): 227-249 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Ghosh, G.C. 2003. Hirudinea : Leeches. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 79-83 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Halder, K.R. and Ghosh, G.C. 1997. Annelida. In, Fauna of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Fauna of Conservation Area, 9: 31-34 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Halder, K.R. and Mandal, C.K. 2003. Annelida. In: Fauna of Asan Wetland, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5: 7-10 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Halder, K.R. and Mandal, C.K. 2010. Annelid fauna of some selected wetlands. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 167-172 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Harding, W.A. 1924. Descriptions of some new leeches from India, Burma and Ceylon. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9(14): 489. Harding, W.A. and Moore, P.J. 1927. The Fauna of British India, Hirudinea: 1-302 (Published by Taylor and Francis, London). Julka, J.M. and Chandra, M. 1980. On a small collection of leeches collected during the Daphabum and Subansiri expeditions, Arunachal Pradesh. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 77: 160-161. Kaburaki, T. 1921. Notes on some Leeches in the Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus., 18: 689-719. Mandal, C.K. 2004a. Checklist of the Hirudinea (Leech) of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 102(1-2): 41-46. Mandal, C.K. 2004b. Endemic leech fauna of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 103(2): 103-110. Mandal, C.K. 2004c. Placobdella harasundarai (Hirudinea: Glossiphonidae) a new species of Leech from West Bengal, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 103(1-2): 99-102. Mandal, C.K. 2006. Leeches. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 47-48 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mandal, C.K. 2009. Haemadipsa anaigundiensis sp. nov. (Hirudinea: Haemadipsidae) a new species of leech from Tamil Nadu, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 109(3): 27-31. Mandal, C.K. 2010. Annelida : Leeches. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(3): 193-197 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mandal, C.K. 2013. Placobdella gauripurensis sp. nov. (Hirudinea: Glossiphinidae). A new leech from West Bengal. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 113(1): 211-213. Mandal, C.K. 2015a. A new leech from Jharkhand, India. Paraclepsis jorapariensis sp. nov. (Hirudinea: Glossiphinidae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 115(3): 263-267. Mandal, C.K. 2015b. Placobdella godavariensis sp. nov. (Hirudinea: Glossiphinidae), A new leech from Maharashtra, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 115(3): 269-272. Mandal, C.K. and Mishra, S.S. 2017. Annelida : Hirudinea (Leeches). In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. 189-197 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). 148


Mandal, C.K. and Nandi, N.C. 2008. Distribution of leech faunal diversity in fresh water Westland of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. In: Proceedings of Taal, 2007: The 12th World Lake Conférence: 1831-1839. Eds. (Sengupta and Dalwani). Mandal, C.K., Dhani, S. and Chakraborty, M. 2013. New locality record of Poecilobdella manillensis from Darjeeling District, West Bengal India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 113(1): 231-233. Moore, J.P. 1924. Notes on some Asiatic Leeches (Hirudinea), principally from China, Kashmir and British India. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci., Phillad., 81: 343-388. Rodgers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife protected area network in India: a review, executive summary. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun: 1-51. Sanjeeva, R. and Glandstone, M. 1981. Haemadipsa morei. Rev. zool. Surv. India, 79(1-2): 1-18. Soos, A. 1965. Identification key to the leech (Hirudinoidea) genera of the World, with a Catalogue of the Species I. Family: Piscicolidae. Acta. Zool., 11(3-4): 417-463. Soos, A. 1966. Identification key to the leech (Hirudinoidea) genera of the World, with a Catalogue of the Species III. Family: Eropbdellidae. Acta zool. hung., 12: 371-407. Soos, A. 1967. Identification key to the leech (Hirudinoidea) genera of the World, with a Catalogue of the Species IV. Family: Haemadipsidae. Acta zool. hung., 13(4-4): 417-432. Soos, A. 1969. Identification key to the leech (Hirudinoidea) genera of the world, with a catalogue of the species VI. Family: Glossiphonidae Acta. zool. hung., 15(3-4): 397-454. Soos, A. 1970. A zoogeographical sketch of the fresh-water and terrestrial leeches· (Hirudinoidea). Opusc. zool. Bpest., 10(2): 313-323. Soota, T.D. 1959 (1956). Fauna of the Kashmir ValleyLeeches. Rec. Indian Mus., 54(1-2): 1-4. Soota, T.D. and Ghosh, G.C. 1977. On some Indian Leeches. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 3(6): 359-360.

MANDAL and KUMAR : Annelida : Hirudinea

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Chapter 12

Arachnida : Scorpiones ASWATHI, K1,2 and P.M. SURESHAN1

The present communication based on the literature study includes the records of 25 species belonging to 8 genera under 5 families of scorpions from Indian Himalaya. The genus Scorpiops Peters, exhibit maximum diversity (9 species) followed by Chaerilus (7 species), Lychas (3 species), Euscorpiops (2 species) and Cercophonicus, Isometrus, Hottentotta, and Heterometrus by single species each. The maximum number of species are recorded from West Himalaya (12) followed by North-West Himalaya (7), and Central Himalaya (3).

S

INTRODUCTION

corpions, one of the major groups of soil arthropods belongs to the class Arachnida. They exhibit their presence from the Silurian era that is more than 400 million years ago on earth. They are widely distributed in all land masses excluding Antartica and spread into all nonboreal habitats, which includes Savannah, Grass lands, temperate forests, deserts, rain forests, and snow covered mountains of over 5,500 m altitudes. Many species live in caves and found at depths of more than 800 m (Francke, 1982). According to the habitats, scorpions are divided into three categories viz. arboreal, burrowing (Psammophilous or Pelophilous) and rock dwelling (Lithophilous). They are strictly carnivorous, and their prey includes small insects to small mammals, and very rarely cannibalistic (usually after mating, females feed on males). Globally there are 2,336 species of scorpions belonging to 165 genera of 18 families (Prendini and Wheeler, 2005). According to the most recent compilation, the order Scorpiones of India includes 113 species belonging to 25 genera under six families (Bastawade et al., 2012). The present study is based on the information available in the literature.

HISTORICAL REVIEW Linnaeus (1758) started the studies on world scorpions in his work in the “Systema Naturae”. The most diversified

genus Chaerilus in the Indian Himalaya was first reported by Simon (1877). After that Pocock (1900) studied the scorpion fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, which includes the scorpion species of Indian Himalaya and he included the genus Chaerilus in a separate family Chaerilidae. Mani (1959) and Basu (1964) described some scorpion species from the western Himalaya, Hizaribagh and Bihar. Tikader and Bastawade (1983) described and reported some species of scorpions from the Himalayan ranges of India. Arora and Kumar (1995) reported 17 species of scorpions belonging to 10 genera under 4 families in the Fauna of Western Himalaya. Kovarik (2000a) revised the family Chaerilidae which include species from Indian Himalaya with the descriptions of three new species. Later in the same year, Kovarik (2000b) revised the family Scorpiopidae, with the descriptions of six new species including some species from Indian Himalaya. Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh was presented by Bastawade (2006) with the description of two new species from the Indian Himalaya. Lourenco (2010) studied the genus Chaerilus and re-described one species from Indian Himalaya and described a new species. Bastawade et al. (2012) published a brief review on the Scorpions of India. A new species of the genus Scorpiops was recently discovered from the Himalayas by Zambre et al. (2014).

1Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Jafarkhan Colony, P.O. Eranhipalam, Kozhikode, Kerala-673006, India. 2University of Calicut, P.O. Malappuram (District), Calicut, Kerala 673635, India E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] (corresponding author).

Citation Aswathi, K. and Sureshan, P.M. 2018. Arachnida : Scorpiones. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 151-153 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Fig. 1. Number of Scorpiones in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

SPECIES DIVERSITY

DISCUSSION

Based on the information available in literature 25 species of scorpions under 8 genera belonging to 5 families are known from the Himalayan ranges of India which is presented in the systematic list given below. The families Chaerilidae and Scorpiopidae are represented by maximum diversity since they are almost restricted to the high altitude habitats of Himalaya and adjacent areas thus have limited distribution in the country. The maximum number of species are recorded from West Himalaya (12) followed by North-West Himalaya (7), and Central Himalaya (3) (Fig. 1).

The scorpion fauna of the Himalayan ranges of India has been relatively poorly explored, indicated by the limited number of species provided here. As per the present communication, only 25 species belonging to eight genera under five families are known from Indian Himalaya against 113 scorpion species under 25 genera belonging to 6 families known from the country. The genera Chaerilus and Scorpiops include a maximum number of species since they inhabit high-elevations. Chaerilus is the genus with 39 species found only in the southern and southeast Asia and in Xizang (Tibet) as reported by Yin et al. (2015). The present number is only a fraction of the fauna occurring in the Indian Himalaya which will be increased many folds if serious field explorations are conducted.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Like any other arachnids, scorpions are poorly explored and studied in the country especially the regions of Indian Himalayas. So the number of reported species is very less when compared to the other groups in the class Arachnida. The main threats for survival faced by Scorpions caused by anthropogenic activities are the habitat destructions, pollution and wildlife trade. Despite having a rich diversity of scorpions in the country including those biodiversity hot spots, few studies have been carried out on the systematics, ecology and ethology of scorpions in India. So it is essential and urgent to conduct more detailed studies on the taxonomy, ecology and ethology of scorpions of Indian region especially in the Himalayas, Andaman Nicobar Islands, and the Western Ghats which represent the biodiversity hot spots of the country. 152

SYSTEMATIC LIST Class ARACHNIDA Lamarck, 1801 Order SCORPIONES Koch, 1837 Family BOTHRIURIDAE Simon, 1880 Genus Cercophonius Peters, 1861 himalayensis Lourenco, 1996 Family BUTHIDAE Koch, 1837 Genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 tamulus (Fabricius, 1798) Genus Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 Subgenus Reddyanus Vachon, 1972 corbeti Tikader and Bastawade, 1983: 2B Genus Lychas Koch, 1845 mucronatus (Fabricius, 1793): 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

rackae Kovarik, 1997: Himalaya nigristernis (Pocock, 1899): 2B Family CHAERILIDAE Pocock, 1893 Genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 anthracinus Pocock, 1900 dibanvalleycus Bastawade, 2006: 2D granosus Pocock, 1900: 2B insignis Pocock, 1894: 2B pictus (Pocock, 1890): 2D tricostatus Pocock, 1899: Himalaya truncatus Karsch, 1879: 2A, 2B Family SCORPIOPIDAE Kraepelin, 1905 Genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 asthenurus (Pocock, 1900): 2C, 2D

kamengensis Bastawade, 2006: 2D Genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861 dastychi Kovarik, 2000: 2B feti Kovarik, 2000: 2C hardwickei (Gervais, 1843): 2A, 2B leptochirus Pocock, 1893 longimanus Pocock, 1893: 2D montanus Karsch, 1879: 2A petersii Pocock, 1893: 2A, 2B, 2C rohtangensis Mani, 1959: 2A spitiensis Zambre, Sanap and Mirza, 2014: 1B Family SCORPIONIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 bengalensis (Koch, 1841): 2B

REFERENCES Arora, G.S. and Kumar, A. 1995. Himalayan Ecosystem Series: In, Fauna of Western Himalaya Part 1, Uttar Pradesh: 115116 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Bastawade, D.B. 2006. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 449-465 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Bastawade, D.B., Jadhav S.S. and Sharma, R.M. 2012. Scorpionida. In, Zoological Survey of India, 4(6): 1-16. Basu, B.D. 1964. Observations on two new species of Lycllos. J. Beng. nat. Hist. Soc., 32: 99-103. Francke, O.F. 1982. Parturition in scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpions): A review of the ideas. Revue Arachn., 4: 27–37. Kovarik, F. 2000a. Revision of family Chaerilidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of three new species. Serket, 7(2): 38-77. Kovarik, F. 2000b. Revision of family Scorpiopidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of six new species, Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem, 64: 153-201. Linnéus, C. 1758. Scorpio. pp. 624–625. In, Systema Naturae Tomus I, Editio Decima, reformata. Holmiae (Stockholm): 1-821. Lourenco, W.R. 1996. Can a bothriurid scorpion be present in the Himalayas of India? Ento. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 12: 83-90. Lourenco, W.R. 2010. The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae) in the Himalayas and description of a new species. Zookeys, 37: 13-25. Mani, M.S. 1959. On a collection of high altitude scorpions and Pseudo-scorpions from NW Himalaya. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 8(1): 11-16. Pocock, R.I. 1900. Arachnida. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. London, W.T. blandford: xii + 1-279. Prendini, L. and Wheeler, W.C. 2005. Scorpion higher phylogeny and classification, taxonomic anarchy, and standards for peer review in online publishing. Cladistics, 21: 446-494. Simon, E. 1877. Études Arachnologiques. Part X. Arachnides nouveaux et peu connus. Ann. Soc. Ento. France, 5(7): 225242. Tikader, B.K. and Bastawade, D.B. 1983. Scorpions (Scorpionida : Arachnida). In, The Fauna of India, 3: 1-671 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Yin, S. Qiu, Y., Pan, Z., Li, S. and Di, Z. 2015. Chaerilus psuedoconchiformus sp. n. and an updated key of the Chaerilid scorpions from China (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Zookeys, 495: 41-51. Zambre, A.M., Sanap R.V. and Mirza, Z.A. 2014. A new high-elevation scorpion species of the genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae: Scorpiopinae) from the Himalayas, India. Comptes Ren. Biol., 337(6): 399-404.

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Chapter 13

Arachnida : Acari (Ticks) SHELLEY ACHARYA

Considering both published records and original data generated by recent researches in the Indian Part of the Himalayan mountain system, a list of species is presented here on the tick fauna which includes 50 species belonging to 9 genera under 2 families. The list comprises the maximum records of soft and hard ticks from different animal hosts of the Indian Himalaya partially encompasses six Indian states: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong), Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

T

INTRODUCTION

icks are well known to the tropical and temperate regions of the world. They are sometimes deadly because of their role in the transmission of human and animal diseases. In addition to transmitting dangerous infectious agents, tick bites may lead to severe toxic reactions, allergic responses or even paralytic symptoms. Ticks are also important as pests even when they do not transmit harmful pathogens. Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arthropods found throughout most regions of the world. Ticks are chelicerates. They are also distinct from the mandibulata in lack of antennae, and unique within the Arthropoda because of their reduction in segmentation. Estimates of the time and geographic region where ticks evolved are controversial. Baker and Murrell (2008) cite reports that ticks evolved on ancient amphibians in that part of Gondwanaland that eventually became Australia around 390 mya. (Sonenshine and Roe, 2014).

HISTORICAL REVIEW The study on ticks was initiated long back by Linnaeus. The most inclusive study on Indian ticks was done by Sharif (1928). Later Hoogstraal and his co-workers (19621971) made extensive studies on Ixodida and till date, approximately 107 species belong to 12 genera have been known from India. This shows that approximately 13% of total species of ticks of the world are found in India. The tick fauna of Himachal Pradesh was first known through the work of Sharif (1928). He recorded four

species of ixodid ticks from Shimla Hills. Sengupta (1938) while studying the tick collection of the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute at Mukteswar reported an argasid species Argas persicus from this state. After a gap of about three decades, a species as new to the science was added to the ticks fauna of Himachal Pradesh by Dhanda and Kulkarni (1969a). Hoogstral (1970) worked on human infestation by ticks in Himalayan Mountain and has opined that the Himalayas harbor the world’s richest tick fauna. Later Dhanda and Kulkarni (1969b), Dhanda et al. (1970, 1971), and Hoogstraal et al. (1972) reported few species from the state. The most exhaustive study on ticks of Himachal Pradesh was done by Miranpuri et al. (1975) and recorded 20 species under 7 genera. Another contribution towards the tick fauna of the state so far known was made by De (1977). Though a few studies have been carried out in the Indian region of the Himalaya, notably by Rao et al. (1973) and Miranpuri et al. (1975). Miranpuri and Naithani (1978) published a checklist of 160 Indian ticks which included many undetermined species and synonyms. Geevarghesei et al. (1997) prepared a checklist by including all the valid tick species collected from different hosts in different parts of the country by workers from the National Institute of Virology (NIV) and other Institutes. The list includes a total of 106 tick species belonging to two families i.e. Ixodidae and Argasidae. Later Sanyal and De (2005) prepared a list of ticks from Western Himalaya.

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected] Citation Acharya, S. 2018. Arachnida : Acari (Ticks). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 155-161 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

SPECIES DIVERSITY Using published records and original data from recent research, a checklist was compiled of the tick fauna of Indian Himalaya (IH) comprising 50 species belonging to 9 genera under 2 families. The maximum diversity of 42 species in 13 genera is found in North West Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir) which is 39.6% of the total tick fauna of India and 82.35% of the total fauna of IH (Fig. 1). Sanyal and De (2005) studied the tick fauna of Himachal Pradesh which represents 28% of the species and 75% of the genera of ticks so far known from India. Out of the 30 species, 13 species were described as new to science from India of which one species I. himalayensis was described from Himachal Pradesh. This species is still known from this state only. Out of these 13 species, 7 are still known to be endemic to Indian fauna. The other species are known from outside India and are considered as exotic species occurring in this state. Out of the total number of species, 10 are cosmopolitan in distribution and known to occur in almost all the states of India. The zoogeographical relationship of ticks of Himachal Pradesh indicates that the species viz., B. microplus and R. sanguineus recorded from the state have a very wide distribution throughout the world and are known from all the zoogeographical realms. The species like H. anatolicum anatolicum, H. detritum, H. dromedari and A. persicus which are common in occurrence in Himachal Pradesh have not yet been recorded outside the Palearctic,

Oriental and Ethiopian realms. Further, H. kumari, H. marginatum issaci, 1. acutitarsus, R. turanicus and D. raskemensis are known only from Palearctic and Oriental realms, while A. helvolum and H. bispinosa are restricted to Oriental and Pacific realms. The other species in the list are known so far only from Oriental region. The range of diversity in the tick fauna of Himachal Pradesh shows a nature of distribution that is intermediate between the two extremes i.e. restricted and very wide pattern of distribution. It also indicates that the tick fauna of this state is largely influenced by the faunal elements of Oriental and Palearctic realms (Sanyal and De, 2005). Arunachal Pradesh, the second diverse state in respect of tick fauna represents 15 species out of 7 genera which is 14.51% of total Indian fauna and 29.41% of fauna of Indian states of the Himalayan region. The species Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) hystricis, Ixodes (Ixodes) granulatus and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides are only known from Australian, Oriental and Palaearctic realm whereas Ixodes ovatus, H. nepalensis are known from Oriental and Palearctic realms. Ixodes sanguineus is only found in the Palearctic region. The other species from Arunachal are known so far only from the Oriental realm. In Uttarakhand, two species R. haemaphysaloides, and H. sanguineus are both found in the Palearctic realm. The occurrence of ticks in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya largely indicates the Oriental distribution in most cases followed by Australian and Palearctic distribution. The overall occurrence of

Fig. 1. Number of ticks in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

156


Table 1. Distribution of ticks of Indian Himalaya in different zoogeographical realms. S. No.

Name of Species

Hosts

Zoogeographic Region

1.

Amblyomma helvolum (Koch, 1844)

Monitor lizard.

2.

A. testudinarium (Koch 1844)

Cattle, deer, hyena, giant flying squirrel, Australasian, Oriental, porcupine, tree shrew and jungle fowl. Palearctic

3.

Boophilus annulatus (Say, 1821)

Cattle, buffalo, and wild ruminants Cow. Palearctic

4.

B. decolaratus (Koch, 1844)

5.

B. microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

Cattle, buffalo, camel, deer, goat, sheep, Palearctic, Nearctic, mithun and dog. Neotropical, Afrotropical

6.

Dermacentor auratus (Supino, 1897)

Cattle, deer, buffalo, wild boar, man, and Oriental small mammals.

7.

D. raskemensis (Pomerantzev, 1946)

Sheep and goat.

8.

Haemaphysalis (Aboimisalis) Hoogstraal and varma, 1962

9.

H. (Alloceraea) oponommoides Warburton, 1913

10.

H. (Allophysalis) garhwalensis Dhanda and Bhat, Cattle, yak, sheep, goat, and rodent. 1968

11.

H. (Hoemophysalis) birmaniae Supino, 1897

Cattle, barking deer, serow and domestic Oriental zhum Sambar deer and wolf.

12.

H. (Haemaphysalis) nepalensis Hoogtraal, 1962

Cattle, yak, sheep, and goat.

13.

H. (Herpetobia) cholodkovskyi Olenev, 198

-

Oriental

14.

H. (Haemaphusalis) kashmirensis Hoogstraal and Varma, 1962

-

Oriental

15.

H. (Herpetobia) sulcata Canestrini and Fanzago, Sheep and goat. 1878

Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic

16.

H. (Kaiseriana) anomala Warburton, 1913

Man, cattle, goat, buffalo, wolf and rodents.

Oriental

17.

H. (Kaiseriana) bispinosa Neumann, 1897

Wild mammal, domestic cattle buffalo, Oriental horse, sheep, goat, rodent and several bird species.

18.

Haemaphusalis (Kaiseriana) davisi Hoogstraal, Wild mammals, cattle and horse. Dhanda and Bhat, 1970

Oriental

19.

Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) hystricis Supino, Man, deer, wild boar and rodent. 1897

Australasian, Oriental, Palearctic

20.

H. (Kaiseriana) ramachandrai HoogstraaI and Bhat, 1970

21.

H. (Rhipistoma) conestrimi (Supino, 1897)

Carnivores, civet cat, mongoose, hare, jungle fowl and rodents.

22.

H. (Rhipistoma) indica Warburton, 1910

Mongoose, rodent and shrew.


23.

H. howletti Warburton, 1913

Mongoose, rodent and bird species.

Oriental

24.

H. intermedia Warburton and Nuttall, 1909

Cattle, dog, sheep, goat, small mammals, Oriental and bird species.

25.

H. kutchensis Hoogstraal and Trapido, 1963

Carnivores, domestic animals, hare and Oriental, Palearctic large ground bird species.

26.

H. minuta Kohls, 1950

Sheep, goat, mongoose and bird species. Oriental

27.

H. montgomeryi Nuttall, 1912

Man, horse, cattle, mule, sheep, goat and Oriental, Palearctic small mammals.

ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Ticks)

Australasian, Oriental

Oriental, Palearctic

cornupunctata Cattle, buffalo, yak, sheep, goat and Oriental, Palearctic rodents. Cattle, and horse.



Dhanda, Wild mammals, domestic cattle, buffalo Oriental and goat. -

157


Name of Species

Hosts

Zoogeographic Region

28.

H. paraturturis Hoogstraal, Trapido and Rebello, Cattle, carnivores, and crow pheasant. 1963

Oriental

29.

H. (H.) darjeeling Hoogstraal and Dhanda, 1970

Artiodactyl mammals.

Oriental

30.

H. (H.) himalaya Hoogstraal , 1966

Himalayan tbar, barking deer, cattle, Oriental buffalo, sheep and goat Dog, fox,jackal, bullock, wild boar and man.

31.

Hyalomma (Hyalomma) anatolicum (Koch, 1844) Cattle, buffalo, goat, and sheep.

32.

H. (H.) detritum Schulz, 1919

Cattle, horse, camel, goat, sheep, donkey, pig, hare, man and rodents.

33.

H. (H.) dromedarii (Koch, 1844)

Cattle, horse, camel, goat, sheep, wild Afrotropical, Oriental, boar, dog, donkey, man, insectivores, Palearctic lagomorphs, bird and lizards.

34.

H. (H.) marginatum Sharif, 1928

Cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, man, rodents, Palearctic lagomorphs and birds.

35.

H. (Delpyiella) hussaini Sharif, 1928

Domestic animals and small mammals.

Oriental

36.

H. (D.) kumari Sharif, 1928

Domestic animals, insectivores and rodents.


37.

H. (D.) brevipunctata Sharif, 1928

Domestic, wild ungulates and small mammals.

Oriental

38.

Ixodes (Ixodes) acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880)

Adults: Cattle, sheep, goat, yak, dog, man, rodents and insectivores.


39.

I. (I.) granulatus Supino, 1897

Small mammals (Rattus r. rufescens and Australasian, Oriental, Funambulw t. tristriatus). Palearctic

40.

I. (I.) himalayensis Dhanda and Kulkarni, 1969

Small mammals (Mus musculus and Oriental Suncus murinus).

41.

I. (I.) kashmiricus Pomerantzev, 1948

Sheep, goat, cattle, rodents and lizard.

42.

I. (Partipalpiger) ovatus Neumann, 1899

Cattle. sheep, goat, yak, mule, dog, man Oriental, Palearctic and small mammals.

43.

Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, 1897

Wild and domestic mammals, deer, Australasian, Oriental, cattle, dog, hare. rodents and crow Palearctic pheasant.

44.

R. sanguineus (Latrielle, 1306)

Carnivores, cattle, horse, goat and small Palearctic mammals.

45.

R. turanicus Pomerantzev, Matikashvili and Dog, donkey, sheep, goat, and small Palearctic Lotozki, 1940 mammals.

46.

Argas (Persicargos) persicus (Oken, 1818)

Poultry birds, Indian Myna, pigeon and pheasant.

47.

A. (Carios) vespertilionis (Latrielle, 1796)

Bats (Pipistrellus dormer dormeri and Pipistrellus mimus).

48.

Ornithodoros (Alveonasus) lahorensis Neumann, Cattle, sheep, goat and sometimes man. 1908

Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental

49.

O. (Reticulinasus) piriformis Warburton, 1918

Bats and sometimes rodents.

Nearctic, Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical

50.

O. crossi Bnnnpt, 1922

Sheep, goat, and cattle.

158



Oriental, Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical


ticks in six Indian states of Himalaya clearly indicates the Oriental distribution of the fauna (Table 1) of which 17 species (33.33%) are endemic to the Oriental realm as well as 4 species (7.84%)in the Palearctic realm. Rest of the species is commonly distributed in the Australasian and Afrotropical region.

VALUES Disease transmission is not a simple process. Vector competence plays an important role which is an ability to bite arthropods to acquire and transmit infectious agents to their vertebrate hosts. They are believed to surpass all other arthropods in the variety of infectious agents that they transmit. The disease organisms transmitted by ticks include viruses, spirochaetes, rickettsiae, anaplasmas, bacteria, piroplasmas and filariae. The tick-borne viral diseases are Russian spring-summer encephalitis in man occurring in the forest zone of Russia; Colorado tick fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever in man from the USA and Kyasanur forest-disease in India. Ticks are vectors of spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia, a group of bacteria pathogenic to man and other vertebrates, causing African tick-borne relapsing fever which is widespread in East, Central and South Africa. Another disease termed Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis in the northern temperate regions is also caused by ticks. A number of human diseases including Rocky Mountain spotted fever in USA, Canada, and Mexico, Siberian tick typhus and Q-fever-Anaplasmosis, a blood parasitic febrile disease, are transmitted by ticks. This disease occurs in red blood cells of ruminants and is widespread in cattle, goat, and sheep in Russia and Africa. Francisella tularensis, the bacilli having a close affinity with the plague causing bacterium, causing tularaemia in man, rabbit, and sheep are transmitted by ticks in North America and North Asia. The protozoan disease, babesiosis or Red water in cattle and biliary fever in a horse caused by ticks, affects cattle, horse and dog in USA, Africa, Australia and Europe. The other protozoan parasites Theileria spp. are casual agents’ of East Coast fever or Rhodesian red water fever and Mediterranean Coast fever transmitted by ticks to cattle and buffalo in southern Africa. It is also reported that few species of ticks are known to transmit nematode filariae to pythons and gerbils.

THREATS Several protective measures like the area-wide application of acaricides, host-targeted acaricides, host exclusion or eradication, vegetation management and integrated pest management have been used effectively to kill ticks. Tick behavior is mediated by semiochemicals and it is used to attract ticks to traps or acaricides, or to optimize distributions of ticks in relation to control ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Ticks)

applications. Ticks, like many insects, use pheromones as part of the behavioral process of mate finding. Different approaches of mating disruption by applying materials like Quinones, propoxur offer the potential for efficient tick management. The introduction of translocations that lower the variability of heterozygotes, thereby lowering the overall population performance. Besides that various predator, pathogens, parasitoids to serve as biological control agents for ticks which may result the overall threat to their existence.

CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND FUTURE STUDIES Translocation, introduction, reintroduction, and assisted migrations are species conservation strategies that are attracting increasing attention, especially in the face of climate change (Moir et al., 2012). Optimization of the control of ticks of tick-borne pathogens often has a strong economic component. Resources are limited, and a management program is most effective if the available resources and funding are utilized as efficiently as possible (Sonenshine and Roe, 2014).Vaccination, biocontrol agents, coordinated management of existing technologies all exert a challenging research problem. The studies in this field are incomplete in many aspects. An extensive study in the fields like taxonomy, bionomics, and ecology are urgently needed. Further studies will certainly find out the gap areas and effective conservation strategies needes for this taxon.

SYSTEMATIC LIST (After Geevarghese et. al., 1997 and Guglielmone et al., 2014) Family IXODIDAE Murray, 1877 Genus Amblyomma Koch, 1844 helvalum (Koch, 1844): 2A testudinarium (Koch 1844): 2D Genus Boophilus Curtice, 1891 annulatus (Say, 1821): 2A decolaratus (Koch, 1844): 2A microplus (Canestrini, 1887): 2A, 2D, 1C Genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844 auratus (Supino, 1897): 2A, 2D raskemensis (Pomerantzev, 1946): 2A Genus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 howletti Warburton, 1913: 2A intermedia Warburton and Nuttall, 1909: 2A kutchensis Hoogstraal and Trapido, 1963: 2A minuta Kohls, 1950: 2A montgomeryi Nuttall, 1912: 2A paraturturis Hoogstraal, Trapido and Rebello, 1963: 2A Subgenus Aboimisalis Dias, 1963 cornupunctata Hoogstraal and Varma, 1962: 2A Subgenus Alloceraea Benick, 1934

159

oponommoides Warburton, 1913: 2D Subgenus Allophysalis Hoogstraal, 1959 garhwalensis Dhanda and Bhat, 1968: 2A Subgenus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 birmaniae Supino, 1897: 2D darjeeling Hoogstraal and Dhanda, 1970: 2C himalaya Hoogstraal, 1966: 2C kashmirensis Hoogstraal and Varma, 1962: 2A nepalenais Hoogtraal, 1962: 2D Subgenus Herpetobia cholodkovskyi Olenev, 1928: 2A suleata Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878: 2A Subgenus Kaiseriana Dias, 1963 anomala Warburton, 1913: 2A bispinosa Neumann, 1897: 2A, 2C, 2D davisi Hoogstraal, Dhanda and Bhat, 1970: 1C, 2D hystricis Supino, 1897: 2D ramachandrai Dhanda, Hoogstraal and Bhat, 1970: 2A Subgenus Rhipistoma Koch 1844 conestrimi (Supino, 1897): 2A indica Warburton, 1910: 2A Genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844 Subgenus Delpyiella Dias, 1955 brevipunctata Sharif, 1928: 2A hussaini Sharif, 1928: 2A kumari Sharif, 1928: 2A Subgenus Hyalomma Koch, 1844 anatolicum anatolicum (Koch, 1844): 2A

detritum Schulz, 1919: 2A dromedarii (Koch, 1844): 2A marginatum Sharif, 1928: 2A Genus Ixodes Latrielle, 1795 Subgenus Ixodes Latreille, 1796 acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880): 2D, 2C, 2A granulatus Supino, 1897: 2D, 2A himalayensis Dhanda and Kulkarni, 1969: 2A, 2D kashmiricus Pomerantzev,1948: 2A Subgenus Partipalpiger Hoogstraal Clifford Saito & Keirans, 1973 ovatus Neumann, 1899: 2D, 2A Genus Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 haemaphysaloides Supino, 1897: 1B, 2A, 2B, 1C, 2C, 2D sanguineus (Latrielle, 1306): 1B, 2A, 2B, 1C, 2C, 2D turanicus Pomerantzev, Matikashvili and Lotozki, 1940: 2A Family ARGASIDAE Canestrini, 1890 Genus Argas Latrielle, 1796 Subgenus Carios Latreille, 1796 vespertilionis (Latrielle, 1796): 2A Subgenus Persicargos persicus (Oken, 1818): 2A Genus Ornithodoros Koch, 1844 crossi Brumpt, 1922: 2A Subgenus Alveonasus Schulze, 1941 lahorensis Neumann, 1908: 2A Subgenus Reticulinasus piriformis Warburton, 1918: 2A

REFERENCES Barker, S.C. and Murrell, A. 2008. Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genusand species names. In: Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control, Bowman and Nuttall (eds.). Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, 1-39. De, S.K. 1977. A new record of Haemaphysalis (Herpetobia) sundrai (Acarina : Ixodidae) from Himachal Pradesh. Acarol. Newsl., 5: 5. Dhanda, V. and Kulkarni, S.M. 1969a. Ixodes himalayensis sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) parasitizing small mammals in Himachal Pradesh, India. J. Parasit., 55(3): 667-672. Dhanda, V. and Kulkarni, S.M. 1969b. Immature stages of Haemaphysalis cornupunctata Hoogstraal and Vanna, 1962 (Acarina : Ixodidae) with new host and locality records, and noteson its ecology. Oriental Insec., 3(1): 15-2. Dhanda, V., Hoogstraal, H. and Bhat, H.R. 1970. Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) ramachandrai sp. n. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a parasite of man and domestic and wild mammals in northern Indiaand Nepal. J. Parasit., 56(4): 823-831. Dhanda, V., Kulkarni, S.K. and Pratt, P. 1971. Dermacentor raskemensis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), redescription and notes on ecology. J. Parasit., 57(6): 1324-1329. Geevarghese, G., Fernandes, S. and Kulkarni, S.M. 1997. A checklist of Indian ticks (Acari : Ixodoidea). Indian J. Anim. Sci., 67(7): 566-574. Guglielmone, A.A., Robbins, R.G., Apanaskevich, D.A., Petney, T.N., Estrada-Peña, A. and Horak, I.G. 2014. The Hard Ticks of the World (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Springer, Netherlands. Hoogstraal, H. 1970. Identity, hosts and hosts of Haemaphysalis (R.) indica Warburton (resurrected) (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a carnivore parasite of the Indian subregion. J. Parasitol., 56(5): 1013-1022. Hoogstraal, H. and Dhanda, V. 1970. Haemaphysalis (H.) darjeeling sp. n., a member of the H. (H.) birmaniae group (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae) parasitizing artiodactyl mammals in the Himalayan forests of India, and in Burma and Thailand. J Parasitol, 56(1): 169-174. Hoogstraal, H. and Mitchell, R.M. 1971. Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) aponommoides Warburton (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae), description of immature stages, hosts, distribution, and ecology in India, Nepal, Sikkim, and China. J. Parasitol., 57: 635-6345. 160


Hoogstraal, H. and Varma, M.G.R. 1962. Haemaphysalis cornupunctata sp. n. and H. kashmirensis sp. n. from Kashmir, with notes on H. sundrai Sharif and H. sewelli Sharif of Indiaand Pakistan (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae). J. Parasitol., 48(2): 185-194. Hoogstraal, H., Dhanda, V. and Bhat, H.R. 1972. Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) anomala Warburton (Ixodoidea : Ixodidae) from India : description of immature stages and biological observations. J. Parasit., 58(3): 605-610. Miranpuri, A.S., Bindra, O.S. and Prasad, V. 1975. Tick fauna of north-western India (Acarina : Metastigmata). Inti. J. Acar., 1(1): 31-54. Miranpuri, G.S. and Naithani, R.C. 1978. A check-list of Indian ticks (Ixodoidea : Acarina). Indian Veterinary Research Institute, lzatnagar: 1-50. Moir, M.L., Vesk, P.A., Brennan, K.E., Poulin, R., Hughes, L., Keith, D.A., Mccarthy, M.A. and Coates, D.A. 2012. Considering Extinction of Dependent Species during Translocation, Ex Situ Conservation, and Assisted Migration of Threatened Hosts. Cons. Biol., 26(2): 199-207. Peter Willadsen. 2006. Tick control: Thoughts on a research agenda. Vet. Parasitol., 138(1-2):161-168. Rao, T. R., Dhanda, V., Bhat, H.R. and Kulkarni, S.M. 1973. A survey of haematophagous arthropods in Western Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill districts of West Bengal. A general account. Indian J. Med. Res., 61: 1421-1461. Sanyal, A.K. and De, S.K. 2005. Acari (Mites). In, Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part 2): 237-246 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sengupta, P. 1938. A check and host list of Ixodidae (ticks) occurring in India. Indian J. Vet. Sci., 8(2): 133-147. Sharif, M. 1928. A revision of the Indian Ixodidae, with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus., 30(3): 217-344. Sonenshine, D.E. and Roe, R.M. 2014. Ticks, People and Animals. In: Biology of Ticks. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Volume 2: xi + 1-491.

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Chapter 14

Arachnida : Acari (Mites) SHELLEY ACHARYA

A checklist is presented here on the mite fauna of Indian Himalaya (IH) which includes 318 species belonging to 149 genera under 70 families. This checklist is a compilation of the published literature, and by the data collected by the author in recent years. The list comprises the maximum records of soil, plant and water mites from different habitats of IH partially encompass six Indian states, viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong), Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

M

INTRODUCTION

ites are omnipresent and one of the most diversed and largest group in arthropods. They have successfully invaded the tarestrial, aquatic, arboreal and parasitic habitat. Being the smallest in arthropods, they are often overlooked. The study of the oribatid fauna of the Indian subcontinent was initiated by Pearce (1906) with the materials, collected from the Himalaya. The oribatid mites of the Himalayan soils remain underexplored and available records of the mites remain scattered. Given the importance of the distribution of animals in the Indian Himalaya, various prominent scientists of the past contributed much towards the faunal diversity but the studies were confined only to limited groups of the animal kingdom, and the information is scattered and sporadic. The present chapter is a compilation of faunal diversity of mites in the six Indian states, through the Indian Himalaya which enumerates 318 species belonging to 149 genera under 70 families. The distribution of species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya bio-geographic zones is also provided.

HISTORICAL RESUME Taxonomic studies on the soil dwelling mites, done by many acarologists in different parts of the world, which enriched our knowledge regarding the remarkable diversity of these mites. The order Mesostigmata of Indian soil was first studied by Oudemans (1903). Later several workers took up this study, and till date, 150

species under 55 genera are known from India. The first account of oribatid mites of India was provided by Pearce (1906). Bhaduri and Raychaudhuri (1967, 1968, 1981) made pioneering ventures towards extensive faunistic explorations on oribatids in India, inspiring many other workers to study these mites. As a result of these studies, approximately 407 species/subspecies and varieties of Oribatei under 174 genera and 72 families have been known from India. This shows that about 4.88% of total species and 17.8% of total genera of these mites are known in the world inhabit Indian soils (Sanyal, 2005). Except for this work, the only other work on the oribatid taxa of Himachal Pradesh is that of Niedbala (1982). Later Sengupta et al. (1997) published a list of 131 species of Oribatei under 77 genera and 45 families from the Indian Himalaya. Sengupta and Sanyal (1990) have taken up an extensive study of oribatid mites in this state. In the first phase of this study, five mountainous districts of this state have been sampled and reported 36 genera and 40 species. The soil mite fauna of Himachal Pradesh, which includes both Indian plains and mountainous terrains of the Himalayan mountain system, has remained virtually unexplored. The information so far known is restricted to oribatid mites except for only two species of Mesostigmata known from this state. Recently Acharya and Basu (2014a, 2014b) reported 43 species of oribatei under 30 genera and 25 families from Himachal Pradesh of which 13 species under 9 genera are new record to the state. Panesar studied water mites in the Indian Himalaya (Panesar, 2004; Panesar and Gerecke, 1994) and Smit and

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected] Citation Acharya, S. 2018. Arachnida : Acari (Mites). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 163-176 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Pešić (2008) studied water mites of the genus Arrenurus. Recently, Pešić et al. studied water mites mostly from the Indian Himalaya (Pešić and Gerecke 2008; Pešić et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2010) although other regions of India were studied as well but to a much lesser extent (Pešić and Ranga Reddy, 2009; Pešić et al., 2008, 2009). The first contribution to Indian phytoseiid fauna came in 1960 when Narayanan and Kaur (1960) described two new species of the genus Amblyseius Berlese. Except for casual records of 2 species from Jammu and Kashmir by Gupta et al. (1971, 1978) and eight from Himachal Pradesh, Maninder and Ghai (1978). Gupta (1985) published a Handbook on Plant Mites of India. Major works on Phytoseiidae from India have been carried out by Ghai and Menon (1969), Gupta (1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1992, 2000, 2003), and Chant and McMurtry (2007). Gupta (1986) published a comprehensive account on Indian Phytoseiidae wherein he dealt with 139 species of this family while his review of Oriental Phytoseiidae included 142 species (Gupta, 1987a). Gupta and Karmakar (2015) published an updated checklist on Indian Phytoseiid mites. No effort has been made to consolidate the available information on Himalayan region to date.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Using published records and original data from recent research, a checklist is compiled of the water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia) fauna of Indian Himalaya, comprising 318 species belonging to 149 genera under 70 families. Water Mites Out of 275 species and 70 genera under 25 families of water mites known from India (Pešić et al., 2010), 58 species under 24 genera have been recorded from the Indian Himalaya. This represents 34.28% of the genera and 21.09% of the species of the mites as mentioned above so far known from India. The maximum diversity is accounted in Himachal Pradesh (46.55%) followed by Uttarakhand (34.48%) and Kashmir (17.24%). Fauna of standing water bodies, like lakes and ponds, includes 86 water mite species; most records come from the southern (Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) and eastern part of India (West Bengal), while the fauna of the Himalaya is still poorly studied (Pešić et al., 2010). Soil Oribatids Similarly, in soil oribatids (Acari: Oribatida), 88 families are represented in India by a total number of 662 species and sub-species under 244 genera. Indian Himalaya represents 135 species under 80 genera belonging to 43 families representing 19.93 % of the species and 42.62% of the genera of soil oribatids known from India. 164

Plant Mites The plant mites from the Indian states of IH are represented by 125 species under 42 genera and14 families.

DISTRIBUTION IN BIOTIC PROVINCES Central and Eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling part of West Bengal, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh) represents the maximum diversity of 200 species under 111 genera and 61 families compare to the Northwest Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir) harboring 134 species under 78 genera and 44 families. For number of species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya, see Fig. 1. A comparison of known species of the Eastern Himalaya and North Western Himalaya shows that ten species under seven genera viz. Ceratoppia bipilis, oppiella nova, Oribatula tortilis, Cunaxa setirostris, Lasioseius terrestris, Euseius coccineae, E. finlandicus, E. insanus, E. Sacchari, Indoseiulus ricini occur both in the Eastern and Northwest Himalaya. Three species Euseius insanus, Phytoseius corniger and P. intermedius share the ranges of North Western Himalaya and the border of Pakistan. No account is yet available regarding the mite fauna of Uttarakhand of Western Himalaya except 20 species under nine genera and six families of water mites. The maximum diversity is observed in the family Phytoseiidae with 69 species and 11 genera of which 18 species are endemic to this region followed by Phthiracaridae (16 spp.), Oribatulidae (15 spp.) and Stigmaedae (14 spp.). Earlier studies (Sanyal, 1995) depict that 16 genera of oribatids collected from Himachal Pradesh have a cosmopolitan distribution, while seven genera of Himachal oribatid fauna occur in almost all of the Zoogeographical realms and four genera occur in at least four realms. These figures indicate that 40 % of the total numbers of genera known from this state are cosmopolitan and 27.5% have a wide distribution occurring in 4-5 Zoogeographical realms. On the other hand, nine genera (12.5%) of oribatids of Himachal Pradesh are restricted to the Holarctic region only, and one genus (2.5%) is known so far only from the Oriental region. Among the genera of oribatids known from Himachal Pradesh, some show a nature of distribution that is intermediate between the above two extremes, i.e. vast and restricted pattern of distribution. The above account indicates that although a substantial part of the Himalayan mountain system falls within the Indian territory, only a few areas have been explored. More research and repeated field survey are needed for appropriate estimation of the diversity. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Fig. 1. Number of mites in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

VALUES

THREATS

Mites do often rival the insects in respect of species richness. Their best understood the role in the ecosystem is their contribution towards the break down of organic matter, both of plant and animal origin, by their direct feeding on dead and decomposing material and/or by their ability to increase the surface area of such material through their feeding. In this way, these organic materials become more suitable for further breakdown by micro flora and enzymes. Due to this role in nature the soil mites especially oribatids are considered as an indispensable component of soil biota, as they play a vital role in increasing soil fertility. Mites have seldom been exploited as bioindicators in the soil. Some are capable of quickly accumulating and retaining heavy metals. Since Mites are useful indicators of heavy metal polution. Mites are seldom exploited as arthropod biocontrol agents using recombinant DNA technology. Biocontrol of mite pests by other mites is now a common practice in IPM systems and the use of mites against weeds in now an emerging field. Water mites depend on other organism for prey, hosts and oviposition sites. So presence of certain mites indicate the presence of other organisms. As for example, Hygrobates tuviatilis (Hygrobatidae) is a pollution indicator. Its population in water increases with increasing polution. (Walter and Proctor, 2013).

Global climate change is now a days considered as a major threat to biodiversity. It is the main factor behind the accelerated glacier retreat in the Himalayas. The maximum concentration of glacier is observed in Eastern Himalayas. Which is a vast store of freshwater. Continued climate change plays a major role in freshwater flows with a major impact on biodiversity and livelihood. Climate change sometimes lead to summer droughts decreasing abundance and diversity of soil fauna. Oribatid fauna is vulnerable to those disturbance (Lindberg, 2003). Organic pollution practically abolish the water mite fauna in a stream. It is also observed increase of domestic sewage has decreased species richness abruptly. Control of mite pests are critical due to the development of mite resistance to pesticides.

ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Mites)

CONSERVATION AND FUTURE STUDIES These tiny creatures are sometimes overlooked by the conservationists. It is very urgent to take some positive approach or formulate strategies for the conservation of this taxon. for the role they play to maintain the ecological balance. Destruction of habitats, use of poisonous chemicals in form of pesticides or fertilizers, industrial affluents must be checked. An extensive field study, taxonomic study, bionomics, ecology can bring out may more avenues for further research and useful conservation strategies as well.

165

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species known so far from Indian Himalaya. S. No.

166

Family

Genus

Species

Endemic Species

1.

Mesoplohoridae

1

1

-

2.

Phthiracaridae

5

15

3

3.

Oribotritiidae

3

3

3

4.

Euphthiracaridae

2

5

4

5.

Hypochthoniidae

1

1

-

6.

Lohmanniidae

3

3

1

7.

Epilohmanniidae

1

2

-

8.

Nothridae

1

5

2

9.

Camisiidae

2

3

2

10.

Trhypochthoniidae

3

4

1

11.

Malaconothridae

2

2

-

12.

Nanhermanniidae

3

4

1

13.

Hermanniidae

1

2

2

14.

Liodidae

1

2

1

15.

Gymnodamaeidae

1

2

1

16.

Belbidae

1

1

1

17.

Cepheidae

1

1

1

18.

Microtegeidae

1

1

-

19.

Eremaeozetidae

1

2

1

20.

Eremulidae

1

3

1

21.

Eremobelbidae

2

2

1

22.

Heterobelbidae

1

1

1

23.

Basilobelbidae

1

1

1

24.

Eremaeidae

1

1

1

25.

Zetorchestidae

1

1

-

26.

Liacaridae

1

1

1

27.

Astegistidae

1

1

-

28.

Metrippiidae

1

1

-

29.

Carabodidae

1

1

1

30.

Nippobodidae

1

1

1

31.

Tectocepheidae

1

2

-

32.

Otocepheidae

3

9

2

33.

Oppiidae

8

11

6

34.

Cymbaeremeidae

2

2

1

35.

Hydrozetidae

1

1



Family

Genus

Species

Endemic Species

36.

Chaunoproctidae

1

3

1

37.

Oribatulidae

5

15

5

38.

Haplozetidae

5

9

1

39.

Ceratozetidae

2

2

-

40.

Mochlozetidae

1

1

-

41.

Pelopidae

2

3

3

42.

Oribatellidae

2

3

-

43.

Galumnidae

1

1

-

44.

Anisitsiellidae

4

8

5

45.

Sperchontidae

2

7

6

46.

Torrenticolidae

2

5

4

47.

Aturidae

1

1

1

48.

Feltriidae

1

10

9

49.

Hygrobatidae

1

8

6

50.

Pionidae

1

1

-

51.

Limnesiidae

2

3

1

52.

Unionicolidae

2

2

-

53.

Eylaidae

1

2

1

54.

Hydrachnidae

1

1

7

55.

Hydryphantidae

5

6

-

56.

Arrenuridae

1

4

-

57.

Tetranychidae

7

11

2

58.

Tenuipalpidae

2

3

1

59.

Eriophyidae

3

4

-

60.

Anystidae

2

2

1

61.

Bdellidae

4

6

5

62.

Calligonellidae

1

1

-

63.

Cheyletidae

2

2

1

64.

Cunaxidae

2

5

2

65.

Erythraeidae

1

1

-

66.

Eupodidae

1

2

-

67.

Stigmaedae

3

14

5

68.

Tydeidae

3

4

1

69.

Ascidae

1

1

-

70.

Phytoseiidae

11

69

18

149

318

127

Total


167

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order ORIBATIDA Duges, 1833 Suborder ORIBATIDA Duges, 1833 Superfamily MESOPLOHOROIDEA Grandjean, 1965 Family MESOPLOHORIDAE Ewing, 1917 Genus Apoplophora Aoki, 1980 pantotrema (Berlese, 1913): 2C Superfamily PHTHIRACHAROIDEA Grandjean, 1965 Family PHTHIRACHARIDAE Perty, 1941 Genus Hoplophorella Berlese, 1923 scapellata Aoki, 1965: 2C singularis Sellnick, 1959: 2C vitrina (Berlese, 1913): 2D stilifera Hammer, 1961: 2C Genus Hoplophthiracarus Jacot, 1933 pakistanensis (Hammer, 1977): 2C punctatus Modal and Kundu, 1988: 2C tropicus Mondal and Kundu, 1988: 2C clavellatus Niedbala and Corpuz-Raros, 1998: 2D Genus Arphthicarus Niedbala, 1994 ineptus (Niedbala, 1984): 2A inenarrabilis (Niedbała, 1982): 2A Genus Phthiracarus Perty, 1941 Subgenus Phthiracarus Perty, 1841 ventosus Hammer, 1961: 2C claviger (Pearce, 1906): 2A paraglobosus Niedbala, 1982: 2A boresetosus Jacot, 1930: 2A Genus Atropacarus Ewing, 1917 striculus (C.L.Koch, 1836): 2A Superfamily EUPHTHIRACAROIDEA Grandjean, 1967 Family ORIBOTRITIIDAE Grandjean, 1961 Genus Austrotritia Sellnick, 1959 gibba Bayoumi and Mahunka, 1979: 2A Genus Indotritia Jacot, 1929 Subgenus Indotritia Jacot, 1929 undulata Bayoumi and Mahunka, 1979: 2A Genus Oribotritia Jacot, 1925 gigas Bayoumi and Mahunka, 1979: 2A Family EUPHTHIRACARIDAE Jacot, 1930 Genus Acrotritia (=Rhysotritia) Jacot, 1923 ardua ardua (Koch, 1841): 2D brasiliana Mahunka, 1983: 2C furcata Bayoumi and Mahunka, 1979: 2C Genus Euphthiracarus Ewing, 1917 meghalayensis Sanyal, 1988: 2D monodactylous (Willmann, 1919): 2A Superfamily HYPOCHTHONOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family HYPOCHTHONIIDAE Berlese, 1910 Genus Hypochthonius C.L. Koch, 1836 rufulus C.L. Koch, 1835: 2A Superfamily LOHMANNOIDEA Grandjean, 1967 Family LOHMANNIIDAE Berlese, 1916 Genus Haplacarus Wallwork, 1962 foliatus Wallwork, 1962: 2C Genus Javacarus Balogh, 1961 kuehnelti Balogh, 1961: 2D Genus Paulianacarus Balogh, 1960 foliatus Mondal and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2A

168

Superfamily EPILOHMANNOIDEA Grandjean, 1969 Family EPILOHMANNIIDAE Oudemans, 1923 Genus Epilohmannia Berlese, 1910 pallida Wallwork, 1962: 2A cylindrica (Berlese, 1904): 2D Superfamily NOTHROIDEA Grandjean, 1954 Family NOTHRIDAE Berlese, 1896 Genus Nothrus C.L. Koch, 1836 baciliatus Koch, 1841: 2A, 2C gracilis Hammer, 1961: 2D oblongus Hammer, 1961: 2C palustris Koch, 1839: 2A discifer Hammer, 1961: 2A Family CAMISIIDAE Oudemans, 1900 Genus Camisia van Heyden, 1826 horrida (Hermann, 1804): 2A Genus Heminothrus Berlese, 1913 Subgenus Capillonothrus Kunst, 1971 numatai Aoki, 1965: 2A Subgenus Platynothrus Berlese, 1913 peltifer (Koch, 1839): 2A Family TRHYPOCHTHONIIDAE Willamann, 1953 Genus Allonothrus van der Hammen, 1953 Subgenus Allonothrus van der Hammen, 1953 monodactylous (Hammer, 1966): 2D russeolus Wallwork, 1960: 2C Genus Archegozetes Grandjean, 1931 longisetosus Akoi, 1965: 2D Genus Trhypochthonius Berlese, 1904 tectorum (Berlese, 1896): 2C Family MALACONOTHRIDAE Berlese, 1904 Genus Malaconothrus Berlese, 1904 geminus Hammer, 1962: 2C Genus Trimalaconothrus Berlese, 1916 cajamarcensis Hammer, 1961: 2A Superfamily NANHERMANNOIDEA Balogh, 1972 Family NANHERMANNIIDAE Sellnick, 1928 Genus Masthermannia Berlese, 1913 mammillaris Berlese, 1913: 2C Genus Nanhermannia Berlese, 1913 himalayensis Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1977: 2C thaiensis Aoki, 1965: 2C Genus Bicyrthermannia Hammer, 1979 quadricornuta Chakrabarti, Bhaduri and Raychaudhuri, 1978: 2D Superfamily HERMANNOIDEA Balogh, 1972 Family HERMANNIIDAE Sellnick, 1928 Genus Hermannia Nicoler, 1955 convexa (Koch, 1840): 1C Subgenus Phyllhermannia Berlese, 1916 berlesei (Mondal, 1984): 2C Superfamily LIODOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family LIODIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Genus Neoliodes Berlese, 1888 ocellatus Pearce, 1906: 1C terrestris (Wallwork, 1963): 2C Superfamily GYMNODAMAEOIDEA Grandjean, 1965 Family GYMNODAMAEIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Gymnodamaeus Kulczynski, 1902 adpressus Aoki and Fujikawa, 1971: 2C tuberculatus (Bayartogtokh and Smelyansky, 2004): 2A Superfamily BELBOIDEA Dubinin, 1958 Family BELBIDAE Willmann, 1931 Genus Metabelba Grandjean, 1936 obtusus Hammer, 1966: 2C Superfamily CEPHOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family CEPHEIDAE Berlese, 1896 Genus Ommatacepheus Berlese, 1913 ocellatus (Michael, 1882): 1C Family MICROTEGEIDAE Balogh, 1972 Genus Microtegeus Berlese, 1917 reticularis Aoki, 1965: 2C Superfamily POLYPTEROZETOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family EREMAEOZETIDAE Balogh, 1972 Genus Eremaeozetes Berlese, 1913 himalayensis Sanyal, 1992: 2C lineatus Mahunka, 1985: 2A Superfamily EREMULOIDEA Grandjean, 1965 Family EREMULIDAE Grandjean, 1965 Genus Eremulus Berlese, 1908 avenifer Berlese, 1931: 2D renukai Sanyal, 1992: 2C flagellifer Berlese, 1908: 2A Family EREMOBELBIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Eremobelba Berlese, 1908 himalyaensis Mondal and Kundu, 1984: 2C Genus Hymenobelba Balogh, 1962 ypsilon Balogh, 1962: 2C Family HETEROBELBIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Heterobelba Berlese, 1913 rostrata Mondal and Kundu, 1984: 2C Family BASILOBELBIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Basilobelba Balogh, 1958 barbata Mondal and Kundu, 1984: 2C Superfamily EREMAEOIDEA Woolley, 1956 Family EREMAEIDAE Sellnick, 1928 Genus Carinabella Hammer, 1977 tuberculata Bayomi and Mahunka,1979: 2A Superfamily ZETORCHESTOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family ZETORCHESTIDAE Michael, 1898 Genus Zetorchestes Berlese, 1888 saltator Oudemans, 1915: 2D Superfamily LIACAROIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family LIACARIDAE Sellnick, 1928 Genus Liacarus Michael, 1898 nigrescens Pearce, 1906: 1C Family ASTEGISTIDAE Belony, 1961 Genus Cultroribula Berlese, 1908 lata Aoki, 1961: 2A Family METRIPPIIDAE Balogh, 1943 Genus Ceratoppia Berlese, 1908 bipilis (Hermann, 1804): 2A, 2C Superfamily CARABODOIDEA Dubinin, 1954 Family CARABODIDAE C.L.Koch, 1837 Genus Diplobodes Aoki, 1958 sexpilosus (Balogh and Mahunka, 1969): 2C Family NIPPOBODIDAE Aoki, 1961 ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Mites)

Genus Leobodes Aoki, 1965 mirabilis Aoki, 1965: 2C Family TECTOCEPHEIDAE Granjean, 1954 Genus Tectocepheus Berlese, 1931 sarekensis Tragardh, 1910: 2C velatus velatus (Michael, 1880): 2D Superfamily OTOCEPHEOIDEA Balogh, 1972 Family OTOCEPHEIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Dolicheremaeus Jacot, 1938 bengalensis Sanyal, 1992: 2C coronarius Chakrabarti, Bhaduri and Kundu, 1981: 2A geminus Mondal and Kundu,1986: 2D himalayensis Chakrabarti, Bhaduri and Kundu, 1981: 2C nepalensis Aoki, 1967: 2C speciosus Pearce, 1906: 2A Genus Megalotocepheus Aoki, 1965 darjeelingensis Mondal and Kundu, 1987: 2C Genus Pseudotocepheus Balogh, 1960 goblatus Chakrabarti and Mondal, 1978: 2C orientalis Mondal and Kundu, 1983: 2C Superfamily OPPIOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family OPPIIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Genus Neoamerioppia Subias, 1989 asiatica (Hammer, 1977): 2A chavinensis Hammer, 1961: 2A Genus Oppia C.L. Koch, 1836 yodai Aoki, 1965: 2C Genus Arcoppia Hammer, 1977 cryptomeriae (Mondal and Kundu, 1985): 2C Genus Oppiella Jacot, 1937 nova (Oudemans, 1902): 2A, 2C Genus Lasiobelba Aoki, 1959 Subgenus Lasiobelba Aoki, 1959 kuehnelti (Csiszár, 1961): 2D Genus Multioppia Hammer, 1961 Subgenus Multioppia Hammer, 1961 radiata Hammer, 1961: 2D Genus Suctobelbella Jacot, 1937 subcornigera(Frosslund, 1941): 2C elegantula Hammer, 1958: 2A flabella (Mondal, 1984): 2C Genus Fenestrobelba Balogh, 1970 nondivisa (Hammer, 1966): 2A Family CYMBAEREMEIDAE Sellnick, 1928 Genus Cymbaeremaeus Berlese, 1896 cymba (Nicolet, 1855): 1C Genus Scapheremaeus Berlese, 1910 Scapheremaeus sp. : 2A Family HYDROZETIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Genus Heloribates Grandjean, 1954 Heloribates sp.: 2A Superfamily ORIBATULOIDEA Woolley, 1956 Family CHAUNOPROCTIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Chaunoproctus Pearce, 1906 abalai Bhaduri and Bhattacharyya, 1983 : 2C cancellatus Pearce, 1906: 1C longisetosus Dhali and Bhaduri, 1981: 1C Family ORIBATULIDAE Thor, 1929 Genus Liebstadia Oudemans, 1906 similis (Michael, 1888): 1C

169

Genus Oribatula Berlese, 1896 Subgenus Zygoribatula Berlese, 1916 tenuiseta (Hammer, 1977): 2A tortilis (Hammer, 1977): 2C, 2A tibialis (Nicolet, 1855): 1C Genus Scheloribates Berlese, 1908 albialatus Hammer, 1961: 2C curvialatus Hammer, 1961: 2C huancayensis Hammer, 1961: 2C parvus Pletzen, 1963: 2D praeincisus (Berlese, 1910): 2C saswati Dhali and Bhaduri, 1980: 1C sikkimensis Dhali and Bhaduri, 1980: 1C thermophillus Hammer, 1961: 2D dlouhyi Mahunka, 1984: 2A Genus Perscheloribates Hammer, 1973 albialatus (Hammer, 1961): 2D Genus Rhabdoribates Aoki, 1967 siamensis Aoki, 1967: 2D Family HAPLOZETIDAE Grandjean, 1936 Genus Peloribates Berlese, 1908 intermedius Mondal, 1984: 2C pakistanensis Hammer, 1977: 2A longisetosus (Willman, 1930): Himalaya Genus Rostrozetes Sellnick, 1925 foveolatus Sellnick, 1925: 2C Genus Trachyoribates Sellnick, 1925 punctatus Karppinen, 1966: 2C Genus Setoxylobates Balogh and Mahunka, 1967 foveolatus Balogh and Mahunka, 1967: 2C Genus Protoribates Berlese, 1908 magnus Aoki, 1982: 2C capucinus (Berlese, 1909): 2C seminudus Hammer, 1971: 2C Superfamily CERATOZETOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family CERATOZETIDAE Jacot, 1925 Genus Hypozetes Balogh, 1959 laysanensis Aoki, 1964: 2D Genus Murcia Koch, 1835 striata (Hammer, 1952): 2A Family MOCHLOZETIDAE Grandjean, 1960 Genus Unguizetes Sellnick, 1925 clavatus Aoki, 1967: 2C Superfamily PELOPOIDEA Balogh, 1963 Family PELOPIDAE Ewing, 1917 Genus Eupelops Ewing, 1917 acromios (Hermann, 1804): 1C longiseosus Chakrobarti and Mondal, 1981: 2C Genus Peloptulus Berlese, 1917 foveolatus Hammer, 1961: 2A Superfamily ORIBATELLOIDEA Wooley, 1956 Family ORIBATELLIDAE Jacot, 1925 Genus Unduloribates Balogh, 1943 hebes Aoki, 1965: 2A Genus Lamellobates Hammer, 1958 molecula molecula (Berlese, 1916): 2D bengalensis Bhaduri and Raychaudhuri, 1968: 1C, 2D Superfamily GALUMNOIDEA Balogh, 1961 Family GALUMNIDAE Jacot, 1925

170

Genus Galumna von Heyden, 1826 crenata Deb and Raychaudhuri, 1975: 2A Suborder HYDRACHNIDIA Witte, 1991 Superfamily LEBERTIOIDEA Thor, 1900 Family ANISITSIELLIDAE Koenike, 1910 Genus Bandakia Thor, 1913 gangetica Panesar, 2004: 2A himachali Panesar, 2004: 2A kulluensis Panesar, 2004: 2A Genus Bharatonia Cook, 1967 vietsi Cook, 1967: 2A Genus Nilotonia Thor, 1905 Subgenus Manotonia Vietes, 1935 shivai Panesar, 2004: 2A Subgenus Tadjikodartia Bader, 1980 emarginata (Sokolow, 1948): 2A Genus Utaxatax Habeeb, 1964 brahmeri Panesar, 2004: 2A gereckei Panesar, 2004: 2A Family SPERCHONTIDAE Thor, 1900 Genus Sperchon Kramer, 1877 bakeri Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A hirsutus Cook, 1967: 2A ivonae Pešić and Gerecke, 2008: 2A schwoerbeli Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A garhwalensis Kumar, Kumar and Pešić, 2007: 2B indicus Kumar, Kumar and Pešić, 2007: 2B Genus Sperchonopsis Piersig, 1896 verrucosa (Protz, 1896): 2B Family TORRENTICOLIDAE Piersig, 1902 Genus Monatractides K.Viets, 1926 garhwaliensis Pešić, Kumar and Kumar, 2007: 2B tuzovskyi Pešić, Kumar, Kumar and Kumar, 2006: 2B Genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1902 Subgenus Torrenticola Piersig, 1902 semisuta (Halík, 1930): 2B tetrapora (Viets, 1935): 2B cf. turkestanica (Sokolow, 1926): 2B Superfamily HYGROBATOIDEA Koch, 1842 Family ATURIDAE Thor, 1900 Genus Aturus Kramer, 1875 indicus Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A Family FELTRIIDAE K.Viets, 1926 Genus Feltria Koenike, 1892 balneatoris Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A gereckei Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A himachali Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A indica Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A kulluis Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A longipalpis (Lundblad, 1941): 2A rubra Piersig, 1898: 2A sannae Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A schwoerbeli Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A tuzovskyi Pešić and Panesar, 2008: 2A Family HYGROBATIDAE Koch, 1842 Genus Atractides Koch, 1837 Subgenus Atractides Koch, 1837 acetabulensis Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A himachali Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A


lahauli Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A garhwali Pešić, Kumar and Kumar, 2007: 2B panesari Pešić and Ranga Reddy, 2009: 2B yukii Cook, 1967: 2B Subgenus Polymegapus Viets, 1926 davecooki Pešić and Panesar, 2009: 2A proximalis (Lundblad, 1934): 2A Family PIONIDAE Thor, 1900 Genus Tiphys Koch, 1836 Subgebus Tiphys Koch, 1836 ornatus Koch: 2A Family LIMNESIIDAE Thor, 1900 Genus Limnesia Koch, 1836 Subgenus Limnesia Koch, 1836 lembangensis Piersig, 1906: 2B Subgenus Tetralimnesia Thor, 1922 pinguipalpis Cook, 1967: 2B Genus Hygrobates Koch, 1837 Subgenus Hygrobates Koch, 1837 gangeticus Pešić, Kumar and Kumar, 2007: 2B Family UNIONICOLIDAE Oudemans, 1909 Genus Neumania Lebert, 1879 ambigua Piersig, 1906: 2B Genus Unionicola Haldeman, 1842 Subgenus Pentatax Thor, 1922 affinis (Piersig, 1906): 2B Superfamily EYLAOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family EYLAIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Eylais Latreille, 1796 degenerata Koenike, 1897: 2A hamata Koenike, 1897: 2A Superfamily HYDRACHNOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family HYDRACHNIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Hydrachna Müller, 1776 conjecta Koenike, 1895: 2A Family HYDRYPHANTIDAE Piersig, 1896 Genus Parathyas Lundblad, 1926 primitiva Lundblad, 1926: 2A Genus Protzia Piersig, 1896 flagellum (Lundblad, 1934): 2A montana (Lundblad, 1935): 2A Genus Protziella Lundblad, 1934 hutchinsoni Lundblad, 1934: 2A Genus Partnunia Piersig, 1896 chenabi Panesar and Gerecke, 2008: 2A Genus Trichothyas Viets, 1926 Subgenus Kashmirothyas Lundblad, 1934 hutchinsoni Lundblad, 1934: 2A Superfamily ARRENUROIDEA Thor, 1900 Family ARRENURIDAE Thor, 1900 Genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 Subgenus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 kurtvietsi Lundblad, 1969: 2B Subgenus Megaluracarus Viets, 1911 rostratus Daday, 1898: 2B Genus Micruracarus Vietes, 1911 gibberifrons Piersig, 1906: 2B madaraszi Daday, 1898: 2B Order PROSTIGMATA Kramer, 1887


Family TETRANYCHIDAE Donnadieu, 1875 Subfamily BRYOBIINAE Berlese, 1913 Genus Bryobia Koch, 1836 eharai Pritchard and Keifer, 1958: 2A praetiosa Koch, 1836: 2A Genus Neopetrobia Wainstein, 1956 simlaensis Prasad, 1975: 2A Genus Petrobia Murray, 1877 harti (Ewing, 1909): 2A latens (Muller, 1776): 2A Subfamily TETRANYCHINAE Berlese, 1950 Genus Euteranychus Banks, 1917 orientalis (Klein) 1936: 2A Genus Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931 frosti (McGregor, 1952): 2A ladakhensis Gupta, 1981: 2A Genus Oligonychus Berlese, 1836 mangiferus (Rahaman and Sapra, 1940): 2A Genus Panonychus Yokoyama, 1929 ulmi (Koch, 1836): 2A citri (McGregor, 1916): 2A Family TENUIPALPIDAE Berlese, 1913 Genus Brevipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 obvotus Donnadieu, 1875: 2A phoenicis (Geij, 1939): 2A Genus Tenuipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 pruini Maninder and Ghai, 1978: 2A Family ERIOPHYIDAE Nalepa, 1898 Subfamily ERIOPHYINAE Nalepa, 1898 Genus Aceria Keifer, 1944 ficus Cotte, 1920: 2A Genus Eriophyes von Siebold, 1851 cheriani Massee, 1933: 2A ladakhensis Rishi and Rather, 1982: 2A Genus Calacarus Keifer, 1940 carinatus Green, 1890: 2A Family ANYSTIDAE Oudemans, 1936 Genus Anysis von Hyden, 1826 baccarun (Linnaeus), 1758: 2A Genus Walzia Oudemans, 1936 darjeelingensis Gupta, 1992: 1C, 2C Family BDELLIDAE Duges, 1834 Subfamily BDELLINAE Grandjean, 1938 Genus Bdella Latreille, 1795 khasyana Gupta, 1991: 2D Subfamily CYTINAE Grandjean, 1938 Genus Cyta von Heyden, 1826 Cyta sp.: 2D Genus Biscirus Thor, 1927 silvatica (Kramer, 1881): 2D Subfamily ODONTOSCIRINAE Grandjean, 1938 Genus Bdellodes Oudemans, 1937 atro (Gupta), 1991: 2D grandiflora Gupta, 1991: 2D Bdellodes sp. Gupta and Ghosh, 1980: 1C, 2C, 2D Family CALIGONELLIDAE Grandjean, 1944 Genus Molothrognathus Summers and Schlinger, 1955 leptostylus Summers and Schlinger, 1955: 1A Family CHEYLETIDAE Leach, 1815

171

Genus Hemicheyletia Volgin, 1969 indica Gupta, 1991: 2D Genus Paracheyletia Volgin, 1955 pyriformis (Banks, 1904): 2A Family CUNAXIDAE Thor, 1902 Subfamily CUNAXIINAE Oudemans, 1902 Genus Cunaxa von Heyden, 1804 capreolus (Berlese, 1889): 2D crista Gupta, 1991: 2D curassavica Gupta, 1991: 2D setirostris (Hermann), 1804: 2D, 2A, 1C Subfamily CUNAXOIDINAE Den Heyer, 1979 Genus Cunaxoides Baker and Hofflnann, 1834 croceus (Koch), 1838: 1C, 2C Family ERYTHRAEIDAE Robineau-Desvoidy, 1828 Subfamily BALAUSTIINAE Southcott, 1957 Genus Balaustium von Heyden, 1826 murorum (Hermann) 1804: 1C, 2C Family EUPODIDAE Koch, 1842 Genus Eupodes Koch, 1842 sigmodensis Strandtmann and Goff, 1978: 1C, 2C Eupodes spp. Gupta, 1991: 2D Family STIGMAEIDAE Oudemans, 1931 Genus Agistemus Summers, 1960 aramatai Gupta, 1991: 2D exsertus Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1963: 2D fleschneri Summers, 1960: 1C, 2C, 2D gamblei Gupta, 1991: 2D garrulus Chaudhri, Akbar and Rasool, 1974: 1A herbarius Kuznetzov and Wainstein, 1977: 2A heterophylla Gupta, 1991: 2D industani Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1965: 2D lakoocha Gupta, 1991: 2D macrommatus Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1965: 2D terminalis (Quayle, 1912): 1C, 2C Genus Ledermuelleria Oudemans, 1923 parryorllnl Gupta, 1991: 2D Genus Zetzellia Oudemans, 1927 languida Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1965: 2A Family TYDEIDAE Kramer, 1877 Genus Parapronematus Baker, 1965 ferox Gupta, 1991: 2D Genus Pronematus Canestrini, 1886 elongatus Baker, 1968: 2A fleschneri Baker, 1968: 1C, 2C Genus Tydeus Koch, 1835 tydeus spp. Somchoudhury and Mukherjee, 1989: 1C, 2C Order MESOSTIGMATA G. Canestrini, 1891 Family ASCIDAE Voigts and Oudemans, 1958 Genus Lasioseius Berlese, 1916 terrestris Menon and Ghai, 1968: 2A, 2D Family PHYTOSEIIDAE Berlese, 1913 Subfamily AMBLYSEIINAE Muma, 1968 Genus Amblyseius Berlese, 1914 adhatodae Muma, 1967: 2D channabasavannai Gupta and Daniel, 1978: 1C, 2C, 2D cucurbitae Rather, 1985: 2A excelsus Chaudhri, 1979: 2A

172

hapoliensis Gupta, 1986: 2D herbicolus (Chant) 1959: 1C, 2C neorykei Gupta, 1977: 1C, 2C, 2D paraaerialis Muma, 1967: 1C, 2C, 2D heveae (Oudemans) 1930: 2D hyauliangensis Gupta, 1986: 2D Genus Euseius Wainstein, 1962 alstoniae Gupta, 1975: 1C, 2C, 2D coccineae Gupta, 1975: 2A, 1C, 2C, 2D delhiensis (Narayanan and Kaur) 1960: 1C, 2C finlandicus (Oudemans) 1915: 2A, 1C, 2C insanus Khan and Chaudhri, 1969: 1A, 2A macrospatulatus Gupta, 1986: 2D ovalis (Evans, 1953): 1C, 2C, 2D pruni Gupta, 1970: 2A, 1C, 2C, 2D rhododendronis Gupta, 1970: 1C, 2C sacchari Ghai and Menon, 1967: 2A, 2D scutalis Athias-Henriot, 1958: 2A vignus (Rishi and Rather) 1983: 2A Genus Neoseiulus Hughes, 1948 longispinosus (Evans, 1952): 1C, 2C, 2D oahuensis Prasad, 1968: 2A Genus Paraphytoseius Swirski and Shechter, 1961 multidentatus (Swirski and Shechter) 1961: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Phytoscutella Muma, 1961 salebrosus (Chant, 1960): 2D Genus Proprioseiopsis Muma, 1961 arunachalensis Gupta, 1986: 2D Genus Typhlodromalus Muma, 1961 ficusi Gupta, 1986: 2D kalimpongensis Gupta, 1969: 2C laaensis Gupta, 1986: 2D Genus Typhlodromips De Leon, 1959 crotalariae Gupta, 1977: 2D guajavae Gupta, 1978: 2D neoghanii Gupta, 1986: 2D officinaria Gupta, 1975: 1C, 2C, 2D potelltillae (Garman, 1958): 2A sijiensis Gupta, 1986: 2D suknaensis Gupta, 1970: 1C, 2C, 2D syzygii Gupta, 1975: 1C, 2C Genus Indoseiulus Ehara, 1969 eharai Gupta, 1986: 2D ricini (Ghai and Menon, 1969): 2A, 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Paraamblyseius Muma, 1961 fragariae Gupta, 1970: 1C, 2C, 2D mumai Gupta, 1980: 1C, 2C Subfamily PHYTOSEIINAE Berlese, 1916 Genus Phytoseius Ribaga, 1904 kapuri Gupta, 1969: 2D minunus Narayanan, Kaur and Ghai, 1960: 2A namdaphaensis Gupta, 1986: 2D corniger Wainstein, 1959: 1A, 2A domesticus Rather, 1985: 2A indicus Bhattacharyya, 1969: 2A intermedius Evans and Macfarlane, 1962: 1A, 2A macropilis (Banks)1909: 1C, 2C, 2D mixtus Chaudhri, 1973: 1A, 2A neoferox Ehara and Bhandhufalck, 1977: 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

nipponicus Ehara, 1962: 2A roseus Gupta, 1969: 1A, 2A rugosus Denmark, 1966: 1A wainsteini Gupta, 1981: 2A Genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1967 arunachalensis Gupta, 1986: 2D bakeri (Garman, 1948): 2A dalii (Rather, 1984): 2A darjeelingensis Gupta, 1980: 1C, 2C, 2D

hadii Chaudhri, 1965: 1A, 2A pruni Gupta, 1970: 1C, 2C, 2D kuziini (Wainstein, 1962): 2A neosoleiger Gupta,1981: 2A nesbitti Womersley, 1954: 2A transitans Gupta, 1981: 2A communis Gupta, 1978: 2D neorhenanus Gupta, 1977: 2D sijiensis Gupta, 1986: 2D

REFERENCES Acharya, S. and Basu, P. 2014a. Diversity and distribution of soil Oribatid Mites (Acari: Oribatida) in Himachal PradeshAn overview. Environ. Ecol., 32(2): 522-526. Acharya, S. and Basu, P. 2014b. New records of soil oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from Himachal Pradesh, India: Nine Genera and Thirteen species. J. Exp. Zool. India, 17(1): 91-96. Bhaduri, A.K. and Raychaudhuri, D.N. 1967. A note of soil oribatid mites of Calcutta. Sci. and Cult., 33: 450. Bhaduri, A.K. and Raychaudhuri, D.N. 1968. Studies on the oribatid mites of Calcutta and suburbs. Orient. Insects, 2(2): 195-200. Bhaduri, A.K. and Raychaudhuri, D.N. 1981. Taxonomy and distribution of oribatid mites (Acari) in India. Insecta Mat., New Series, 23: 21-39. Chant, D.A. and McMurtry, J.A. 2007. Illustrated keys and diagnoses for the genera and subgenera of the Phytoseiidae of the world. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield. MI: 1-220. Ghai, S. and Menon, M.G.R. 1969. Taxonomic studies on Indian mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina). II. Two new genera and species of Phytoseiidae. Orient. Insects, 3: 347-352. Gupta, S.K. 1978a. Some new species and records of Amblyseius from Eastern India (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Indian J. Acar., 2(2): 60-77. Gupta, S.K. 1985. Handbook, Plant Mites of India: 1-520 (Edited by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Gupta, S.K. 1986. Fauna of India (Acari: Mesostigmata). Family Phytoseiidae: 1-350 (Edited by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Gupta, S.K. 1987a. Some new species and records of Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from North East India. Orient. Insects, 21: 111-128. Gupta, S.K. 1987b. A taxonomic review of Oriental Phytoseiidae with key to genera and species. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 95: 1-167. Gupta, S.K. 1992. Report on plant mite fauna from Arunachal Pradesh. India. In: Contributions to Acarological Researches in India: 133-445. Gupta, S.K. 2000. A monograph on plant inhabiting predatory mites of India, Part I: Order: Prostigmata, Astigmata and Cryptostigmata. Mem. zool. Surv. India, 19: 1-183. Gupta, S.K. 2003. A monograph on plant inhabiting predatory mites of India, Part II: Order: Mesostigmata. Mem. zool. Surv. India, 20: 1-185. Gupta, S.K. and Karmakar, K. 2015. An updated checklist of Indian Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 115(1): 51-72. Gupta, S.K., Sidhu, A.S. and Singh, G. 1971. Preliminary note on the Phytophagous and predatory mite fauna of the Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Sci. Cult., 37: 296-299. Lindberg, N. 2003. Soil fauna and global change. Diss. (sammanfattning/summary) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. Acta Univ. Agri. Suec. Silvestria, 1401-6230: 270. Maninder, S. and Ghai, S. 1978. Indian species of Tenuipalpus (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Orient. Insects, 12(2), 243-258. Narayanan, E.S. and Kaur, R.B. 1960. Two new species of the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, from India (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 51B: 1-5. ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Mites)

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Narayanan, E.S., Kaur, R.B. and Ghai. S. 1960. Importance of some taxonomic characters in the family Phytoseiidae Berl., 1916, (predatory mites) with new records and descriptions of species. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 26B(6): 384-394. Neidbala, W. 1982. New species of Phthiracaridae (Acari, Oribatida) form India. Ann. Zool., 36(29): 549-565. Oudeman, 1903. Gliocladium nicotianae, Arch. Ned. Kruidk. Arch., 3, ser. II: 901. Panesar, A. 2004. Evolution in water mites (Hydrachnellae, Actinedida, Acari). A revision of the Anisitsiellidae Koenike, 1910. Bon. Zool.e Mono., 52: 1-144. Panesar, A.R. and Gerecke, R. 1994. A new Partnunia Species (Acari, Actinedida, Hydryphantidae) from Keylong (Himalaya, India). Aquatic Insects, 16: 241-247. Pearce, N.D.F. 1906. On some Oribatidae from Sikkim Himalaya. J. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1906: 269-273. Pešić, V. and Gerecke, R. 2008. A new water mite (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Sperchontidae) from the Himalaya Mountains (Northern India). Vestnik Zologii, 42(1): 77-80. Pešić, V. and Ranga Reddy, Y. 2009. New records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from interstitial fresh waters of India, with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa, 2158: 20-32. Pešić, V. and Smit, H. 2007a. Water mite species of the genus Hydrodroma Koch (Acari: Hydrachnidia, Hydrodromidae) from Australia, Part II. Zootaxa, 1509: 41-50. Pešić, V. and Smit, H. 2007b. First records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Bhutan, with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 1613: 45-56. Pesic, V., Chatterjee, T. and Borodoloi, S. 2010. A checklist of the water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) of India, with new records and description of one new species. Zootaxa, 2617: 1-54. Sanyal, A.K. 2005. Acari (Mites). In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, 2: 237-246 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sengupta, D. and Sanyal, A.K. 1990. Oribatid (Acari, Oribatei) fauna of the Himalayan soils of Himachal Pradesh, India. Env. Ecol., 8(1): 149-153. Sengupta, D., Sanyal, A.K. and Chakrabarti, S. 1997. List of Oribatid (Acari: Oribatei) mites from the Indian Himalaya along with some notes. Hexapoda, 8(1): 19-35. Smit, H. and Pešić, V. 2008. New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus from India, with the description of one new species (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae). Zootaxa, 1894: 53-58. Walter, D.E. and Proctor, H.C. 2013. Mite: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour- Life at a micorscale. Springer: 1-494.

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A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Acrotritia ardua ardua (Koch), B. Eremulus flagellifer Berlese, C. E. avenifer Berlese, D. Murcia striata (Hammer), E. Archaegozetes longisetosus Aoki, F. Epilohmania pallida Wallwork. ACHARYA : Arachnida : Acari (Mites)

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G

H

I

J

K

L

G. Peloptulus foveolatus Hammer, H. Peloribates longisetosus (Willman), I. Oppia yodai Aoki, J. Lasiobelba (L.) kuehnelti (Csiszár), K. Javacarus kuehnelti Balogh, L. Agistemus fleschneri Summers.

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Chapter 15

Arachnida: Araneae JOHN T.D. CALEB1 and VIKAS KUMAR2

Spiders form a crucial part of the terrestrial biodiversity. The Himalaya being one of the biodiversity hotspots harbours about 447 species classified under 201 genera in 41 families. It constitutes about 26% of the total Indian spider fauna. Central Himalaya has the highest diversity of species (271 species) followed by West Himalaya (222 species), East Himalaya (66 species), North-West Himalaya (47 species), Ladakh Mountains (18 species) and the Tibetian Plateau (4 species). A high percentage (42%) of endemism is represented in the region. With an appropriate systematic approach the true diversity of spiders from the Indian Himalaya can be uncovered.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL RESUME

piders are hyper diverse invertebrates with about 46,737 described species classified under 4058 genera in 112 families (World Spider Catalog, 2017) ranking 7th in global biodiversity (Coddington and Levi, 1991). The Indian spider fauna is represented by 1686 species in 438 genera in 60 families (Keswani et al., 2012). About 100,000 species are estimated to occur worldwide (Agnarsson et al., 2013). Spiders thrive in all terrestrial habitats ranging from the driest deserts to the lush and moist tropical rain forests (Punzo, 2007). The great Himalayas are no exception.

Studies on the Himalayan spiders were initiated by Simon (1889) who described 19 new species based on the collections of Oldham and Wood-Mason which were deposited in the Indian Museum. Pocock’s ‘Fauna of British India’ (1900) included several new species from the Himalayas. Gravely studied and compared specimens from across Indian Himalayas and described many new species and provided information on aranemorph spiders (1931) and mygalomorphs (1915, 1935). Caporiacco (1935) described many species of spiders based on the collections of the Italian mission from the northern Himalayas and the Karakoram ranges.

S

Spiders of the Himalayas (one of the global biodiversity hotspots) have been a subject of interest from the latter part of the 19th century and many studies have been conducted since. Yet, our knowledge is highly fragmented and poor. The unique mountain range is known for its rich diversity and extreme levels of endemism. Though the existing compiled faunal lists include 447 species across the entire range, it however is not comprehensive. The present chapter provides a glimpse of the species richness of spiders across the Indian Himalaya and is restructured according to the most recent version of the World Spider Catalog (2017). The list presented here has been compiled from published literature. The present chapter provides an insight into the existing diversity of spiders from the Indian Himalayas.

Later, Tikader (1967, 1970) studied spiders of Sikkim and compiled a faunal list of spiders from the region. A few revisionary studies on the selected spider families have been made by Ono (1980), Żabka (1981), Thaler (1987), Majumder and Tikader (1991), Prószyński (1992), Jäger (2001, 2008), Azarkina (2002), Crews and Harvey (2011) Bayer (2012) and Marusik et al. (2014). Bastawade (2008) provided a list of species from the Pin Valley National Park, Himachal Pradesh. Biswas and Biswas (2006) studied the fauna of Arunachal Pradesh. Majumder and Talukdar (2013) made a taxonomic study of spiders from the Darjeeling hills.

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Caleb, J.T.D. and Kumar, V. 2018. Arachnida: Araneae. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 177-188 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

66% of the total families recorded from India (Keswani et al., 2012). Central Himalaya has the highest diversity of species (271) followed by West Himalaya (222), East Himalaya (66), north-West Himalaya (47), Ladakh mountains (18) and the Tibetian plateau (4). Araneidae is the dominant family constituting 72 species from 24 genera followed by Salticidae which is represented by 66 species from 40 genera. The details of species distribution and diversity are enlisted below. The comparative number of species known in each family from the world, India and the Himalayas is provided in Table 1. Distribution of species in each of the biotic provinces is represented in Fig. 1.

A few sporadic studies have followed-up recently. Khan (2009) studied the spider fauna from Kashmir. Quasin and co-workers (2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018) worked on the spiders from Uttarakhand and provided descriptions of new species and new records. Gupta and Siliwal (2012) provided a checklist of spiders from Uttarakhand. Chakrabarti (2009, 2013) provided new record, and described a new species from Himachal Pradesh. Siliwal et al. (2015) described a new genus of mygalomorph and described two new species from Arunachal Pradesh. Recently, spiders from the northern part of West Bengal have been studied by Sen et al. (2015), Roy et al. (2016, 2017) and Dhali et al. (2016, 2017). Chatterjee et al. (2018) worked on the collection from east Sikkim and recorded a species new to the Indian fauna.

ENDEMISM The spider species richness of the Himalayas is underrepresented given its diverse physio-geography and altitudinal gradients. Being at the junction of the Palaearctic and the Oriental zoogeographic zones it acts as home for several unique species which are endemic to the magnificent mountain ranges. Out of the 447 species known from Himalaya 191 are endemic representing about 42% of the known taxa. Since the true diversity is still unknown, the phylogenetic relationships with related taxa remain unclear.

SPECIES DIVERSITY A total of 447 species belonging to 201 genera and 41 families have been recorded from the entire Himalayan range running across six Indian states (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong district) and Arunachal Pradesh). The total representation is about

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Argiope pulchella (Thorell, 1881); B. Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869); C. Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864); D. Lycosa bistriata (Gravely 1924); E. Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859); F. Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand, 1906).

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GAP AREAS The list reveals that the spider fauna of two states with greater Himalayan cover (Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh) is meagre. While on the other hand a large number of species are known from Sikkim and West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts) which relatively covers a lesser extent in the central Himalaya. These contrasting figures represent a severe lack of sampling/surveying efforts. Consistent studies have not been carried out and many regions remain largely unexplored. Recent sampling efforts and studies by Sen et al. (2015), Roy et al. (2016, 2017) and Dhali et al. (2016, 2017) suggest that much diversity remains uncovered. Species from the neighbouring countries like Nepal and Bhutan are also expected to be present in the Indian range but the lack of data prevents us from clearly understanding the exact distributional patterns of species across the landscape.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Climate change is wreaking havoc in the Indian Himalayas triggering drastic physical changes in the landscape. Spiders are microhabitat specialists and respond to miniscule changes in their immediate environment. Habitat fragmentation and degradation poses a serious threat to spider diversity. A great extent of the original biodiversity is either degraded or lost and only about half the region remains intact. Moreover, pet trade and

trafficking of the large bodied spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae has severely threatened their survival and existence (Molur et al., 2008).

DISCUSSION The true diversity of spiders known from the Himalayas is still incomplete. The present data leaves us with only a fractional glimpse of the true faunal species composition. The levels of species richness in different altitudinal gradients; the effect of climate change on species survival and richness are queries that remain unanswered. Since the existing data is very old (Simon, 1889; Caporiacco, 1935; Żabka, 1981; Thaler, 1987) it seems necessary that such a dedicated effort needs to be carried out. The Himalayan region is relatively tough due to rough terrain, lack of facilities at remote areas, adverse physical barriers and climatic conditions. All these factors directly affect sampling procedures. However, during the last century we have witnessed several expeditions organized by European scientists and numerous publications that resulted out of those dedicated surveys (Ono, 1980; Żabka, 1981; Thaler, 1987; Prószyński, 1992; Jäger, 2001; 2008; Azarkina, 2002; Crews and Harvey, 2011; Bayer, 2012; Marusik et al., 2014). But the same interests and efforts have been seemingly lacking from our side. On a positive note, studies are gradually gaining up heat even as climate change due to global warming has impacted the majestic, yet highly sensitive landscape.

Fig. 1. Number of species in each of the biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. CALEB and KUMAR : Arachnida: Araneae

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Table 1. Number of species representing each spider family from the World, India and Indian Himalaya. Sl. No.

Family

No. of species World

India

No. of genera

Indian Himalaya

Indian Himalaya

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Agelenidae Amaurobiidae Anyphaenidae Araneidae Atypidae Clubionidae Corinnidae Ctenidae

1272 286 558 3126 52 614 777 514

13 4 1 163 2 24 23 14

4 2 1 72 2 8 5 7

3 1 1 23 1 1 2 2

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Ctenizidae Cybaeidae Dipluridae Eresidae Eutichuridae Gnaphosidae Hahniidae Hersiliidae Hexathelidae

135 188 188 98 344 2197 250 180 113

3 1 4 5 28 146 4 11 1

2 1 1 1 10 30 1 3 1

2 1 1 1 1 11 1 2 1

18.

Idiopidae

322

14

1

1

19. 20.

Liocranidae Linyphiidae

270 4545

10 68

18 4

2 13

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Lycosidae Nemesiidae Oecobiidae Oxyopidae Philodromidae Pholcidae Pisauridae Psechridae Salticidae Scytodidae Selenopidae Sparassidae Tetragnathidae Theraphosidae Theridiidae Thomisidae Titanoecidae Trachelidae Trochanteriidae Uloboridae Zodariidae

2405 401 111 457 542 1600 335 61 5950 233 257 1215 987 958 2475 2159 53 231 153 283 1126 Total 38,021

133 6 8 71 48 12 24 5 226 9 8 93 40 51 76 176 5 5 5 23 24 1,587*

66 5 1 14 2 3 5 2 66 2 3 16 16 11 21 27 1 1 3 6 2 447

11 4 1 4 2 3 3 1 40 1 2 5 7 5 12 19 1 1 1 4 2 201

*Note: A total of 60 families of spiders are known from India. Only families occurring in the Indian Himalaya are included in this list for comparative purposes. 180


SYSTEMATIC LIST Class ARACHNIDA Lamarck, 1801 Order ARANEAE Clerck, 1757 Family AGELENIDAE C.L. Koch, 1837 Genus Agelena Walckenaer, 1805 barunae Tikader, 1970: 2C satmila Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Tamgrinia Lehtinen, 1967 alveolifera (Schenkel, 1936): 2C Genus Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999 harduarae (Biswas and Roy, 2008): 2B Family AMAUROBIIDAE Thorell, 1870 Genus Himalmartensus Wang and Zhu, 2008 mussooriensis (Biswas and Roy, 2008): 2B nandadevi Quasin, Siliwal and Uniyal, 2015: 2B Family ANYPHAENIDAE Bertkau, 1878 Genus Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833 soricina Simon, 1889: 2B Family ARANEIDAE Clerck, 1757 Genus Arachnura Vinson, 1863 angura Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 anantnagensis Tikader and Bal, 1981: 2A, 2C camilla (Simon, 1889): 2B himalayanus (Simon, 1889): 2B minutalis (Simon, 1889): 2B mitificus (Simon,1886): 2B, 2C nympha (Simon,1889): 2C pahalgaonensis Tikader and Bal, 1981: 2A Genus Araniella Chamberlin and Ivie 1942 cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757): 1A Genus Argiope Audouin, 1826 aemula Walckenaer, 1841: 2B, 2C anasuja Thorell, 1887: 2B, 2C caesarea (Thorell, 1897): 2C catenulata (Doleschall, 1859): 2B, 2C minuta Karsch, 1879: 2B, 2C, 2D pulchella Thorell, 1881: 2B, 2C, 2D trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775): 2B Genus Cercidia Thorell, 1869 punctigera Simon, 1889: 2B Genus Cyclosa Menge, 1866 bifida (Doleschall, 1859): 2B, 2C, 2D bilobata Sen, Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2012: 2C confraga (Thorell, 1892): 2B, 2C insulana (Costa,1834): 2C kashmirica Caporiacco, 1934: 2A mulmeinensis (Thorell, 1887): 2C, 2D neilensis Tikader, 1977: 2C quinqueguttata (Thorell, 1881): 2B, 2C simoni Tikader, 1982: 2B, 2C spirifera Simon, 1889: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cyrtarachne Thorell, 1868 inaequalis Thorell, 1895: 2C raniceps Pocock, 1900: 2B, 2C schmidi Tikader, 1963: 2C, 2D Genus Cyrtophora Simon, 1864 CALEB and KUMAR : Arachnida: Araneae

bidenta Tikader, 1970: 2C cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869): 2C citricola (Forsskål, 1775): 2C exanthematica (Doleschall, 1859): 2C moluccensis (Doleschall, 1857): 2C Genus Eriovixia Archer, 1951 excelsa (Simon, 1889): 2B, 2C laglaizei (Simon, 1877): 2B, 2C poonaensis (Tikader and Bal, 1981): 2B Genus Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833 cancriformis Linnaeus, 1758: 2C diadesmia Thorell, 1887: 2C hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837: 2C kuhlii C. L. Koch, 1837: 2C unguifera Simon, 1889: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gea C. L. Koch, 1843 spinipes C. L. Koch, 1843: 2A Genus Gibbaranea Archer, 1951 bituberculata (Walckenaer, 1802): 2A, 2C Genus Herennia Thorell, 1877 multipuncta (Doleschall, 1859): 2C, 2D Genus Larinia Simon, 1874 chloris (Audouin, 1826): 2B jaysankari Biswas, 1984: 2C phthisica (L. Koch, 1871): 2B, 2C Genus Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 fusiformis (Thorell, 1877): 2B Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864 achine (Simon, 1906): 2C bengalensis Tikader and Bal, 1981: 2B, 2C bomdilaensis Biswas and Biswas, 2006: 2D chrysanthusi Tikader and Bal, 1981: 2B, 2C mukerjei Tikader, 1980: 2B, 2C, 2D nautica (L. Koch, 1875): 2B, 2C odites (Simon, 1906): 2C, 2B pavida (Simon, 1906): 2B, 2C shillongensis Tikader and Bal, 1981: 2B sinhagadensis Tikader, 1975: 2B theisi (Walckenaer, 1841): 2B, 2C vigilans (Blackwall, 1865): 2B Genus Nephila Leach, 1815 clavata L. Koch, 1878: 2B, 2C dirangensis Biswas and Biswas, 2006: 2B, 2D kuhlii (Doleschall, 1859): 2B, 2C pilipes (Fabricius, 1793): 2B, 2C, 2D robusta Tikader, 1962: 2B Genus Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 malabarensis (Walckenaer, 1841): 2B Genus Paraplectana Brito Capello, 1867 gravelyi (Tikader, 1961): 2C Genus Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 dehaani (Doleschall, 1859): 2B, 2C Genus Plebs Joseph and Framenau, 2012 himalayaensis (Tikader, 1975): 2C Genus Porcataraneus Mi and Peng, 2011 bengalensis (Tikader, 1975): 2C Genus Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 chota Tikader, 1970: 2C

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Genus Thelacantha Hasselt, 1882 brevispina (Doleschall, 1857): 2C Family ATYPIDAE Thorell, 1870 Genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 sutherlandi Chennappaiya, 1935: 2C wii Siliwal, Kumar and Raven, 2014: 2B Family CLUBIONIDAE Wagner, 1887 Genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 analis Thorell, 1895: 2C chakrabartei Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2B crouxi Caporiacco, 1935: 2B drassodes O.P.-Cambridge, 1874: 2B, 2C filicata O.P.-Cambridge 1874: 2C hysgina Simon, 1889: 2B pogonias Simon, 1906: 2C shillongensis Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2B, 2C Family CORINNIDAE Karsch, 1880 Genus Apochinomma Pavesi, 1881 dolosum Simon, 1897: 2B Genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 albopicta Gravely, 1931: 2C himalayensis Gravely, 1931: 2C indica Tikader, 1981: 2C zetes Simon, 1897: 2C Family CTENIDAE Keyserling, 1877 Genus Anahita Karsch, 1879 smythiesi Simon, 1897: 2B Genus Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 bomdilaensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1981: 2D himalayensis Gravely, 1931: 2C indicus Gravely, 1931: 2D kapuri Tikader, 1973: 2D meghalayaensis Tikader, 1976: 2D sikkimensis Gravely, 1931: 2C Family CTENIZIDAE Thorell, 1887 Genus Conothele Thorell, 1878 vali Siliwal, Nair, Molur and Raven, 2009: 2D Genus Latouchia Pocock, 1901 cryptica (Simon, 1897): 2B Family CYBAEIDAE Banks, 1892 Genus Cedicus Simon, 1875 bucculentus Simon, 1889: 2B Family DIPLURIDAE Simon, 1889 Genus Indothele Coyle, 1995 dumicola (Pocock, 1900): 2C Family ERESIDAE C. L. Koch, 1845 Genus Stegodyphus Simon, 1873 sarasinorum Karsch, 1891: 2B, 2C Family EUTICHURIDAE Lehtinen, 1967 Genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 himalayense Gravely, 1931: 2B, 2C indicum O. P.-Cambridge, 1874: 2C insigne O. P.-Cambridge, 1874: 2C kashmirense Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2A melanostomum (Thorell, 1895): 2B, 2C murinum (Thorell, 1895): 2C mysorense Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2C pauriense Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2B, 2C

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sikkimense Majumder and Tikader, 1991: 2C triviale (Thorell, 1895): 2B, 2C, 2D Family GNAPHOSIDAE Pocock, 1898 Genus Drassodes Westring, 1851 carinivulvus Caporiacco, 1934: 1A himalayensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1975: 2C, 2D parvidens Caporiacco, 1934: 2A rubicundulus Caporiacco, 1934: 1A singulariformis Roewer, 1951: 1A sirmourensis (Tikader and Gajbe, 1977): 2A, 2B Genus Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 dege Ovtsharenko, Platnick et Song, 1992: 2A kankhalae Biswas and Roy, 2008: 2B poonaensis Tikader, 1973: 2B, 2C stoliczkai O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885: 1A Genus Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 dumdumensis Tikader, 1982: 2B sataraensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1977: 2B Genus Micaria Westring, 1851 pulcherrima Caporiacco, 1935: 2A Genus Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 solanensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1977: 2B Genus Scopoides Platnick, 1989 kuljitae Tikader, 1982: 2B maitraiae Tikader and Gajbe, 1977: 2B pritiae Tikader, 1982: 2B Genus Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 madalasae Tikader and Gajbe, 1977: 2C simlaensis Tikader, 1982: 2A Genus Setaphis Simon, 1893 subtilis (Simon, 1897): 2B Genus Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 nainitalensis Gajbe, 1979: 2B solanensis Gajbe, 1979: 2B Genus Talanites Simon, 1893 tibialis Caporiacco, 1934: 2A Genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848 baltoroi Caporiacco, 1934: 1A desioi Caporiacco, 1934: 2A mandlaensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1976: 2B, 2D nainitalensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1976: 2B pseudopusillus Caporiacco, 1934: 1A sindi Caporiacco, 1934: 1A surekhae Tikader and Gajbe, 1976: 2B Family HAHNIIDAE Bertkau, 1878 Genus Hahnia C. L. Koch, 1841 mridulae Tikader, 1970: 2C Family HERSILIIDAE Thorell, 1870 Genus Hersilia Audouin, 1826 savignyi Lucas, 1836: 2B, 2C sumatrana Thorell, 1890: 2C Genus Murricia Simon, 1882 trapezodica Sen, Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2010: 2C Family HEXATHELIDAE Simon, 1892 Genus Macrothele Ausserer, 1871 vidua Simon, 1906: 2C Family IDIOPIDAE Simon, 1889 Genus Idiops Perty, 1833 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

fortis (Pocock, 1900): 2C Family LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859 Genus Collinsia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1913 crassipalpis (Caporiacco, 1935): 1A inerrans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885): 1A Genus Erigone Audouin, 1826 rohtangensis Tikader, 1981: 2A Genus Gongylidiellum Simon, 1884 confusum Thaler, 1987: 2A Genus Heterolinyphia Wunderlich, 1973 tarakotensis Wunderlich, 1973: 2A Genus Himalaphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 martensi (Thaler, 1987): 2A Genus Indophantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003 digitulus (Thaler, 1987): 2A Genus Labulla Simon, 1884 nepula Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 bhudbari Tikader, 1970: 2C lingsoka Tikader, 1970: 2C rudrai Tikader, 1970: 2B, 2C Genus Neriene Blackwall, 1833 birmanica (Thorell, 1887): 2A clathrata (Sundevall, 1830): 2A sundaica (Simon, 1905): 2B Genus Oedothorax Bertkau, in Förster and Bertkau, 1883 globiceps Thaler, 1987: 2A Genus Piniphantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch, 1996 himalayensis (Tanasevitch, 1987): 2A Genus Scotargus Simon, 1913 pilosus Simon, 1913: 2A Genus Troxochrus Simon, 1884 kashmirica Caporiacco, 1935: 2A Family LIOCRANIDAE Simon, 1897 Genus Agroeca Westring, 1861 gangotrae Biswas and Roy, 2008: 2B Genus Oedignatha Thorell, 1881 carli Reimoser, 1934: 2C procerula Simon, 1897: 2B scrobiculata Thorell, 1881: 2C Family LYCOSIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 baltoroi (Caporiacco,1935): 1A Genus Arctosa C. L. Koch, 1847 himalayensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2C indica Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B, 2C khudiensis (Sinha, 1951): 2C mulani (Dyal, 1935): 2B Genus Draposa Kronestedt, 2010 atropalpis (Gravely, 1924): 2B burasantiensis (Tikader and Malhotra, 1976): 2B, 2C lyrivulva (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): 2B oakleyi (Gravely, 1924): 2B, 2D Genus Evippa Simon, 1882 solanensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B shivajii Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2D Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 agelenoides (Simon, 1884): 2B, 2C, 2D CALEB and KUMAR : Arachnida: Araneae

greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867): 2B, 2C himalayensis Gravely, 1924: 2A, 2C holmerae Thorell, 1895: 2B, 2C, 2D loundesi Gravely, 1924: 2B lycosina Pocock, 1900: 2B madraspatana Gravely, 1924: 2B, 2C olivacea (Thorell, 1887): 2C partita (O.P.-Cambridge, 1876): 2C, 2D Genus Hogna Simon, 1885 himalayensis (Gravely, 1924): 2B, 2C stictopyga (Thorell, 1895): 2C Genus Lycosa Latreille, 1804 bistriata Gravely, 1924: 2C, 2D carmichaeli Gravely, 1924: 2C, 2D chaperi Simon, 1885: 2B fuscana Pocock, 1901: 2B, 2D indagatrix Walckenaer, 1837: 2B, 2C, 2D iranii Pocock, 1901: 2B, 2D kempi Gravely, 1924: 2C, 2D lambai Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2C, 2D mackenziei Gravely, 1924: 2C madani Pocock, 1901: 2B, 2C, 2D mahabaleshwarensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B masteri Pocock, 1901: 2C nigrotibialis Simon, 1884: 2A, 2B, 2C phipsoni Pocock, 1899: 2B, 2C pictula Pocock, 1901: 2B, 2D poonaensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2D prolifica Pocock, 1901: 2B, 2D shillongensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B, 2C tista Tikader, 1970: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Margonia Hippa and Lehtinen, 1983 himalayensis (Gravely, 1924): 2C Genus Pardosa C. L. Koch, 1847 alii Tikader, 1977: 1A algoides Schenkel, 1963: 1A, 2B, 2D altitudis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B birmanica Simon, 1884 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chambaensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1976: 2A, 2C flavisterna Caporiacco, 1935: 1A, 2A fletcheri (Gravely, 1924): 2A, 2C haupti Song, 1995: 1B heterophthalma (Simon, 1898): 2B, 2C, 2D kupupa (Tikader, 1970): 2B, 2C minuta Tikader and Malhotra, 1976: 2A, 2B mukundi Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B, 2D mysorensis (Tikader and Mukerji, 1971): 2D pseudoannulata (Bösenberg and Strand, 1906): 2B, 2C pusiola (Thorell, 1891): 2C, 2D rhenockensis (Tikader, 1970): 2C, 2B shyamae Tikader, 1970: 2C, 2B, 2C songosa Tikader and Malhotra, 1976: 2B, 2C sumatrana (Thorell, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924): 2C tridentis Caporiacco, 1935: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Trochosa C. L. Koch, 1847 himalayensis Tikader and Malhotra, 1980: 2B punctipes (Gravely, 1924): 2B

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Genus Wadicosa Zyuzin, 1985 quadrifera (Gravely, 1924): 2B Family NEMESIIDAE Simon, 1889 Genus Atmetochilus Simon, 1887 bifidus (Gravely, 1935): 2C Genus Damarchilus Siliwal, Molur and Raven, 2015 nigricus Siliwal, Molur and Raven, 2015: 2D rufus Siliwal, Molur and Raven, 2015: 2D Genus Damarchus Thorell, 1891 assamensis Hirst, 1909: 2C Genus Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 concolor Zonstein, 2000: 1A Family OECOBIIDAE Blackwall, 1862 Genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 putus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 2C Family OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1870 Genus Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold, 2009 sikkimensis (Tikader, 1970): 2C Genus Hamataliwa Keyserling, 1887 incompta Thorell, 1895: 2C subhadrae (Tikader, 1970): 2C Genus Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 assamensis Tikader, 1969: 2D javanus (Thorell, 1887): 2B, 2C lepidus (Blackwall, 1864): 2C pandae Tikader, 1969: 2C ratnae Tikader, 1970: 2C sakuntalae Tikader, 1970: 2C shweta Tikader, 1970: 2B, 2C, 2D sitae Tikader, 1970: 2C sunandae Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Peucetia Thorell, 1869 latikae Tikader, 1970: 2B, 2C viridana (Stoliczka, 1869): 2B, 2C Family PHILODROMIDAE Thorell, 1870 Genus Philodromus Thorell, 1870 chamlaensis Tikader, 1980: 2B Genus Tibellus Simon, 1875 elongatus Tikader, 1960: 2B, 2C Family PHOLCIDAE C. L. Koch, 1850 Genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 atlanta Walckenaer, 1837: 2B, 2C Genus Crossopriza Simon, 1893 lyoni (Blackwall, 1867): 2B, 2C Genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775): 2B, 2C Family PISUARIDAE Simon, 1890 Genus Dendrolycosa Doleschall, 1859 gitae (Tikader, 1970): 2B, 2C Genus Hygropoda Thorell, 1894 sikkmus (Tikader, 1970): 2C Genus Perenethis L. Koch, 1878 dentifasciata (O.P. Cambridge, 1885): 2B sindica (Simon, 1897): 2C venusta L. Koch, 1878: 2B Family PSECHRIDAE Simon, 1890 Genus Psechrus Thorell, 1878 himalayanus (Simon, 1885): 2A, 2B

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torvus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1869): 2B Family SALTICIDAE Blackwall, 1841 Genus Aelurillus Simon, 1884 quadrimaculatus Simon, 1889: 2B improvisus Azarkina, 2002: 2A minimontanus Azarkina, 2002: 2A Genus Asemonea O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 tenuipes (O.P.-Cambridge, 1885): 2B, 2C Genus Attulus Simon, 1889 avocator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885): 1B Genus Bianor Peckham and Peckham, 1886 pashanensis (Tikader, 1975): 2B, 2D narmadaensis (Tikader, 1975): 2B, 2C Genus Brettus Thorell, 1895 cingulatus Thorell, 1895: 2B Genus Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 tristis Thorell, 1895: 2C Genus Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880 glacialis Caporiacco, 1935: 1A martensi Żabka, 1980: 1B Genus Chrysilla Thorell, 1887 versicolor (C.L. Koch, 1846): 2B Genus Dexippus Thorell, 1891 topali Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Epeus Peckham and Peckham, 1886 indicus Prószyński, 1992: 2B, 2C Genus Epocilla Thorell, 1887 aurantiaca (Simon, 1885): 2B, 2C Genus Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834 evae Żabka, 1981: 2A frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802): 2C minuta Prószyński, 1992: 2C omnisuperstes Wanless, 1975: 2C Genus Evarcha Simon, 1902 pococki Żabka, 1985: 2B Genus Ghumattus Prószyński, 1992 primus Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Habrocestoides Prószyński, 1992 bengalensis Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Harmochirus Simon, 1885 brachiatus (Thorell, 1877): 2C Genus Hasarius Simon, 1871 adansoni (Audouin, 1826): 2B Genus Heliophanoides Prószyński, 1992 epigynalis Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Heliophanus C. L. Koch, 1833 curvidens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872): 1A Genus Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846 semicupreus (Simon, 1885): 2B, 2C, 2D pudicus Thorell, 1895: 2C Genus Imperceptus Prószyński, 1992 minutus Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Jajpurattus Prószyński, 1992 incertus Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Marengo Peckham and Peckham, 1892 crassipes Peckham and Peckham, 1892: 2B Genus Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846 pauariensis Biswas and Roy, 2008: 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Menemerus Simon, 1868 bivittatus (Dufour, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Myrmaplata Prószyński, 2016 plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869): 2C Genus Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839 kiboschensis Lessert, 1925: 2C melanocephala, MacLeay, 1839: 2B, 2C prava (Karsch, 1880): 2B, 2C Genus Nandicius Prószyński, 2016 frigidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885): 1A, 2B mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992): 2B Genus Pancorius Simon, 1902 darjeelingianus Prószyński, 1992: 2C magnus Żabka, 1985: 2C submontanus Prószyński, 1992: 2C tagorei Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Phidippus C. L. Koch, 1846 tirapensis Biswas and Biswas, 2006: 2D Genus Phintella Strand, in Bösenberg and Strand, 1906 bifurcata Prószyński, 1992: 2C debilis (Thorell, 1891): 2C suknana Prószyński, 1992: 2C vittata (C. L. Koch, 1846): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Phlegra Simon, 1876 dhakuriensis (Tikader, 1974): 2B, 2C Genus Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846 calcutaensis (Tikader, 1974): 2B paykulli (Audouin, 1826): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudamycus Simon, 1885 himalaya (Tikader, 1967): 2C Genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 danieli Tikader, 1973: 2B, 2C darjeelingiana Prószyński, 1992: 2C decorata Tikader, 1977: 2C flavigera (C.L. Koch, 1846): 2B flavicomans Simon, 1902: 2B indica Tikader, 1973: 2C mus (Simon, 1889): 2B rubrigera (Thorell, 1887): 2B, 2C Genus Similaria Prószyński, 1992 enigmatica Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Telamonia Thorell, 1887 dimidiata (Simon, 1899): 2B, 2C festiva Thorell, 1887: 2C Genus Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846 bhamoensis Thorell, 1887: 2B, 2C Genus Yaginumaella Prószyński, 1979 senchalensis Prószyński, 1992: 2C Genus Yllenus Simon, 1868 baltistanus Caporiacco, 1935: 1B Family SCYTODIDAE Blackwall, 1864 Genus Scytodes Latreille, 1804 propinqua Stoliczka, 1869: 2C thoracica Latreille, 1802: 2C Family SELENOPIDAE Simon, 1897 Genus Makdiops Crews and Harvey, 2011 agumbensis (Tikader, 1969): 2B monti (Simon, 1889): 2A, 2B CALEB and KUMAR : Arachnida: Araneae

Genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 radiatus Latreille, 1819: 2B Family SPARASSIDAE Bertkau, 1872 Genus Bhutaniella Jäger, 2000 sikkimensis (Gravely, 1931): 2C Genus Heteropoda Latreille, 1804 bhaikakai Patel and Patel, 1973: 2B kandiana Pocock, 1899: 2B, 2C kuluensis Sethi and Tikader, 1988: 2A, 2B leprosa Simon, 1884: 2C nilgirina Pocock, 1901: 2B phasma Simon, 1897: 2B venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Olios Walckenaer, 1837 milleti (Pocock, 1901): 2B, 2C punctipes Simon, 1884: 2C Genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 casaria (Simon, 1897): 2A, 2B hingstoni Jäger, 2001: 2C minor Jäger, 2001: 2C prompta (Cambridge, 1885): 2B, 2C sicca Jäger, 2008: 2C Genus Spariolenus Simon, 1880 tigris Simon, 1880: 2B Family TETRAGNATHIDAE Menge, 1866 Genus Guizygiella Zhu, Kim and Song, 1997 melanocrania (Thorell, 1887): 2C Genus Leucauge White, 1841 celebesiana (Walckenaer, 1841): 2B, 2C, 2D decorata (Blackwall, 1864): 2B, 2C pondae Tikader, 1970: 2C tessellata (Thorell, 1887): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 simlaensis Tikader, 1982: 2A Genus Opadometa Archer, 1951 fastigata (Simon, 1877): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Orsinome Thorell, 1890 listeri Gravely, 1921: 2C Genus Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 andamanensis Tikader, 1977: 2B boydi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898: 2C ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869: 2C chauliodus (Thorell, 1890): 2C hasselti Thorell, 1890: 2C javana (Thorell, 1890): 2B, 2C josephi Okuma, 1988: 2C mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841: 2B, 2C maxillosa Thorell, 1895: 2B, 2C sutherlandi Gravely, 1921: 2C Genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 culta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869): 2C Family THERAPHOSIDAE Thorell, 1869 Genus Chilobrachys Karsch, 1892 fumosus (Pocock, 1895): 2C hardwickei (Pocock, 1895): 2C himalayensis (Tikader, 1977): 2B, 2C khasiensis (Tikader, 1977): 2B, 2C, 2D stridulans (Wood Mason, 1877): 2C, 2D

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Genus Haplocosmia Schmidt and von Wirth, 1996 himalayana (Pocock, 1899): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Plesiophrictus Pocock, 1899 meghalayaensis Tikader, 1977: 2D Genus Poecilotheria Simon, 1885 miranda Pocock, 1900: 2C regalis Pocock, 1899: 2B Genus Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871 kulluensis Chamberlin, 1917: 2A sutherlandi Gravely, 1935: 2C Family THERIDIIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Genus Achaearanea Strand, 1929 budana Tikader, 1970: 2C durgae Tikader, 1970: 2C, 2B Genus Argyrodes Simon, 1864 ambalikae Tikader, 1970: 2C gazedes Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Chrysso O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882 angula (Tikader, 1970): 2C, 2D scintillans (Thorell, 1895): 2C sikkimensis (Tikader, 1970): 2B, 2C nigriceps Keyserling, 1884: 2B urbasae (Tikader, 1970): 2C Genus Dipoenura Simon, 1909 fimbriata Simon, 1909: 2B Genus Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880 diodonta Zhu and Zhang, 1992: 2A Genus Episinus Walckenaer, in Latreille, 1809 affinis Bösenberg and Strand, 1906: 2B pentagonalis Chakrabarti, 2013: 2A Genus Molione Thorell, 1892 triacantha Thorell, 1892: 2B Genus Nihonhimea Yoshida, 2016 mundula (L. Koch, 1872): 2B Genus Phylloneta Archer, 1950 impressa (L. Koch, 1881): 2B Genus Ruborridion Wunderlich, 2011 musivum (Simon, 1873): 2B Genus Theridion Walckenaer, 1805 indicum Tikader, 1977: 2C manjithar Tikader, 1970: 2C subvittatum Simon, 1889: 2B Genus Thwaitesia O.P. Cambridge, 1881 margaritifera O.P. Cambridge, 1881: 2B Family THOMISIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Genus Amyciaea Simon, 1885 forticeps (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873): 2B, 2C Genus Camaricus Thorell, 1887 formosus Thorell, 1887: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Epidius Thorell, 1877 armatus (Thorell, 1895): 2C Genus Henriksenia Lehtinen, 2004 hilaris (Thorell, 1877): 2B Genus Indosmodicinus Sen, Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2010 bengalensis Sen, Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2010: 2C Genus Indoxysticus Benjamin and Jaleel, 2010 minutus (Tikader, 1960): 2B, 2C Genus Lysiteles Simon, 1895 brunettii (Tikader, 1962): 2C

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Genus Massuria Thorell, 1887 roonwali (Basu, 1964): 2B, 2C Genus Misumena Latreille, 1804 mickeyi Sen, Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2012: 2C Genus Misumenoides F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 naginae Biswas and Roy, 2008: 2B Genus Oxytate L. Koch, 1878 elongata (Tikader, 1980): 2B Genus Pistius Simon, 1875 bhadurii Basu, 1965: 2B kalimpus Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Runcinia Simon, 1875 insecta (L. Koch, 1875): 2B, 2D Genus Stiphropus Gerstäcker, 1873 soureni Sen, 1964: 2D Genus Synema Simon, 1864 revolutum Tang and Li, 2010: 2C Genus Tharpyna L. Koch, 1874 himachalensis Tikader and Biswas, 1979: 2B Genus Thomisus Walckenaer, 1805 bulani Tikader, 1970: 2C lobosus Tikader, 1960: 2B projectus Tikader, 1960: 2B, 2C pugilis Stoliczka, 1869: 2C rishus Tikader, 1970: 2B Genus Xysticus C. L. Koch, 1835 bengalensis Tikader and Biswas, 1974: 2C croceus Fox, 1937: 2B, 2D himalayaensis Tikader and Biswas, 1974: 2C kali Tikader and Biswas, 1974: 2C shyamrupus Tikader, 1966: 2B sikkimus Tikader, 1970: 2C Family TITANOECIDAE Lehtinen, 1967 Genus Titanoeca Thorell, 1870 sharmai (Bastawade, 2008): 2A Family TRACHELIDAE Simon, 1897 Genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 chamdi quasin Selival and Uniyal, 2018: 2B Family TROCHANTERIIDAE Karsch, 1879 Genus Plator Simon, 1880 indicus Simon, 1897: 2C kashmirensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1973: 2A solanensis Tikader and Gajbe, 1973: 2B Family ULOBORIDAE Thorell, 1869 Genus Hyptiotes Walckenaer, 1837 affinis Bosenberg & Stranal, 1906: 2C himalayansis Tikader, 1981: 2B Genus Miagrammopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 extensus Simon, 1889: 2B Genus Uloborus Latreille, 1806 danolius Tikader, 1969: 2B, 2C krishnae Tikader, 1970: 2C Genus Zosis Walckenaer, 1841 geniculata (Olivier, 1789): 2B Family ZODARIIDAE Thorell, 1881 Genus Storena Walckenaer, 1805 dibangensis Biswas and Biswas, 2006: 2D Genus Storenomorpha Simon, 1884 joyaus (Tikader, 1970): 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

REFERENCES Agnarsson, I., Coddington, J.A. and Kuntner, M. 2013. Systematics – progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution. In: Spider Research in the 21st Century (Ed. Penney D), chapter 2: 58-111. Azarkina, G.N. 2002. New and poorly known species of the genus Aelurillus Simon, 1884 from central Asia, Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean (Araneae: Salticidae). Bul. Br. Arac. Soc., 12: 249-263. Bastawade, D.B. 2008. Arachnida: Araneae. In: Fauna of Pin Valley National Park, Conservation Area Series, 34: 37-44 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Bayer, S. 2012. The lace-sheet-weavers-a long story (Araneae: Psechridae: Psechrus). Zootaxa, 3379: 1-170. Biswas, B. and Biswas, K. 1992. Araneae: Spiders. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3: 357-500 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Biswas, B. and Biswas, K. 2006. Araneae: Spiders. In: Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2), 491-518 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Caporiacco, L. di 1935. Aracnidi dell’Himalaia e del Karakoram, raccolti dalla Missione italiana al Karakoram (1929-VII). Mem. Soc. Ento., Italiana, Genova, 13: 161-263. Chakrabarti, S. 2009. Gea spinipes C.L. Koch 1843 (Araneae: Araneidae) found in western Himalaya, India. Turkish J. Arachnol., 1: 128-132. Chakrabarti, S. 2013. First record of the spider genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae: Spintharinae) from India with description of a new species. Munis Ent. Zool., 8: 796-802. Chatterjee, S., Caleb, J.T.D., Tyagi, K., Kundu, S. and Kumar, V. 2018. First report of Hyptiotes affinis Bosenberg & Strand, 1906 (Araneae: Illoboridae) from India. Manis Entomology & Zoology, 13(1): 211-213. Coddington, J.A. and Levi, H.W. 1991. Systematics and evolution of spiders Araneae. Ann. Rev. Eco. Syst., 22: 565-592. Crews, S.C. and Harvey, M.S. 2011. The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental region. ZooKeys, 99: 1-103. Dhali, D.C., Roy, T.K., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2016. On the new sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) of Dooars, West Bengal, India. World Sci. News, 50: 278-305. Dhali, D.C., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2017. Litter and ground dwelling spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) of reserve forests of Dooars, West Bengal. World Sci. News, 63: 1-242. Gravely, F.H. 1915. Notes on Indian mygalomorph Spiders. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 11: 257-287. Gravely, F.H. 1931. Some Indian spiders of the families Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Selenopidae and Clubionidae. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 33: 211-282. Gravely, F.H. 1935. Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. II. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 37: 69-84. Gupta, N. and Siliwal, M. 2012. A checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Wildlife Institute of India campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Indian J. Arachnol., 1(2): 73-91. Jäger, P. 2001. Diversität der Riesenkrabbenspinnen im Himalaya -- die Radiation zweier Gattungen in den Schneetropen (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Courier Forsch. Senckenberg, 232: 1-136. Jäger, P. 2008. Three new Pseudopoda species from northern India (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Rev. Suisse Zool., 115: 515-526. Keswani S, Hadole P, Rajoria A. 2012. Checklist of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from India-2012. Indian J. Arac., 1(1): 1-129. Khan, A.A. 2009. Biodiversity of spider fauna (Arachnida: Araneae) in Horticultural ecosystem of Kashmir. Indian Journal of Ecology, 38(1): 59-64. Majumder, S. C. and Tikader, B. K. 1991. Studies on some spiders of the family Clubionidae from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occasional Paper, 102: 1-175. Majumder, S.C. and Talukdar, S. 2013. Studies on taxonomy and diversity of spiders from Darjeeling hills with special reference to family Clubionidae in light of conservation. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occasional Paper No. 340: 1-96. Marusik, Y. M., Ballarin, F., Omelko, M. M. and Koponen, S. 2014. On new and interesting records of spiders from northern Pakistan and India (Aranei). Arthropoda Selecta, 23(4): 415-424. CALEB and KUMAR : Arachnida: Araneae

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Molur, S., Siliwal, M and Daniel., B.A. 2008. At last! Indian Tarantulas on IUCN Red List. Zoos’ Print J., 23(12): 1-3. Ono, H. 1980. Thomisidae aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Das Genus Stiphropus Gerstaecker 1873, mit Revision der asiatischen Arten (Arachnida: Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biol., 61: 57-76. Pocock, R.I. 1900. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. London: 1-279. Prószyński, J. 1992. Salticidae (Araneae) of India in the collection of the Hungarian National Natural History Museum in Budapest. Ann. Zool., 44: 165-277. Punzo, F. 2007. Spiders: Biology, Ecology, Natural History and Behavior. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1-428. Quasin, S., Siliwal, M. and Uniyal, V.P. 2015. New species of Himalmartensus Wang & Zhu, 2008 (Araneae: Amaurobiidae) with the first description of a male from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India. Jour. AsiaPac. Biodiv., 8: 247-250. Quasin, S., Siliwal, M. and Uniyal V.P. 2018. New species of Trachelas (Araneae: Trachelidae) from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve-Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, online version doi: 10.1016/j.japb. 2017.11.006. Quasin, S., Siliwal, M., Patil, V. and Uniyal, V.P. 2017. First record of Ruborridion musivum Simon, 1873 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from India. Mun. Ent. Zool., 12(1): 27-30. Quasin, S. and Uniyal, V.P. 2010. Preliminary investigation of spider diversity in Kedarnath Wild life sanctuary, Uttarakhand, India. Indian Forester, 136(10): 1340-1345. Quasin, S. and Uniyal, V.P. 2012. First record of the genus Phylloneta from India with description of P. impressa L. Koch, 1881 (Araneae: Theridiidae). Biosyst., 5: 59-61. Quasin, S., Uniyal, V.P. and Jose, K.S. 2012. First report of Episinus affinis (Araneae: Theridiidae) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 111(4): 97-98. Roy, T.K., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2016. A treatise on the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of tea ecosystem of Dooars, West Bengal, India. World Sci. News, 53(1): 1-66. Roy, T.K., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2017. On the araneid fauna (Araneae: Araneidae) of the tea estates of Dooars, West Bengal, India. World Sci. News, 67(1): 1-67. Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2004. Hitherto unknown genera of spiders, Ordgarius Keyserling, Pasilobus Simon (Araneidae) and Strigoplus Simon (Thomisidae) from eastern India. J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc., 101: 425-428. Sen, S., Dhali, D.C., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2015. Spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) of Reserve Forests of Dooars: Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary and Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary. World Sci. News, 20: 1-339. Siliwal, M., Molur, S. and Raven, R. 2015. New genus with two new species of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Jour. Asia-Pac. Biodiv., 8: 43-48. Simon, E. 1889. Arachnides de l’Himalaya, recueillis par MM. Oldham et Wood-Mason, et faisant partie des collections de l’Indian Museum. Première partie. J. Asia. Soc. Bengal, 58: 334-344. Thaler, K. 1987. Über einige Linyphiidae aus Kashmir (Arachnida: Araneae). Courier Forsch. Senckenberg, 93: 33-42. Tikader, B.K. 1967. Studies on some Salticidae spider from Sikkim, Himalaya, India. Proc. Indian Aca. Sci., 66(B): 117122. Tikader, B.K. 1970. Spider fauna of Sikkim. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 64: 1-83. Tikader, B.K. and Biswas, B. 1981. Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity: Part-I. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 30: 1-149. World Spider Catalog. 2017. World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Online at: http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version, 18.5 (accessed on 2nd August, 2017). Żabka, M. 1981. Salticidae from Kashmir and Ladakh (Arachnida, Araneae). Sencken. Biol., 61: 407-413.

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Chapter 16

Crustacea K.VALARMATHI

In the present work based on the available literature and our study in the state of Himachal Pradesh, an inventory of Crustacean fauna of the Indian Himalaya is provided. The study reveals the distribution of 277 species of crustaceans mainly comprising the freshwater and terrestrial forms in the 6 Himalayan states covering 7 biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. The subphylum Crustacea is represented by its four major classes in the Himalayan region of which the branchiopods constitute a major portion of about 46%. The caldocerans alone constitutes 42% (115 species) of crustaceans known from this region, 68 species of copepods (25%), 47 species of Decapods (17%), 20 species of Ostracods (7%), 15 species of Isopods (5%) and a single species of Amphipod are also reported. The maximum diversity is observed in the Jammu and Kashmir area, and the minimum diversity is noticed in the Sikkim region followed by Ladakh. A checklist of crustaceans so for reported from Indian Himalaya is also provided.

T

INTRODUCTION

he subphylum Crustacea includes Shrimps, Crabs, Hermit crabs, Woodlice, Fice-lice, and many Planktonic forms like Cladocerans, Copepods, Ostracods, etc., and is more diverse. The crustaceans differ from other arthropods in having biramous appendages, possession of two pairs of antennae and paired saccate nephridia either in the second antennal segment or in the second maxillae. They are the only arthropods with a median naupliar eye. Because of their taxonomic diversity and numerical abundance, crustaceans are often referred to as “insects of the sea”. Though the majority of the crustaceans inhabit the marine environment, there are many species which made an invasion to the freshwater and became exclusively freshwater forms. The terrestrial crustaceans mainly include the Isopods (woodlice) and few semi terrestrial crabs. The Himalayan region supports only freshwater and terrestrial crustaceans. The freshwater forms include the Branchiopods, Copepods, Ostracods, Amphipods and Decapods. The Branchiopods are a primordial and diverse class of the subphylum Crustacea characterized by having flattened and foliaceous thoracic appendages (thoracopods) and is a small taxon of primarily freshwater crustaceans with numerous primeval members like fairy shrimps (Anostraca), tadpole shrimps (Notostraca) clam shrimps (Laevicaudata, Diplostraca) and it also encompasses highly modified associates the

Cladocerans (Martin, 1992; Olesen, 2009). The noncladocerans are generally named as ‘large branchiopods’ and they inhabit the temporary and semi-permanent water bodies. Cladocerans (‘‘water fleas’’) are small-sized (0.2–6 mm, to 18 mm in a single case of Leptodorakindtii), inhabit most types of continental fresh and saline water habitats, occurring more abundantly in both temporary and permanent stagnant waters. Copepods form a major component of planktonic, benthic and groundwater communities, they inhabit almost all type of freshwater habitats and also some semiterrestrial forms live in moss, soil-water films and leaf litter. The parasitic forms are also very common. Of the nine orders known under the subclass Copepoda, the free-living freshwater copepods generally belong to three orders: Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida (Reddy, 2017). Ostracods, also known as seed shrimps, are small crustaceans which resemble the bivalves with their size varying from 0.2 to 30mm. They are more abundant and diverse; inhabit almost all environments where there is water. The class Malacostraca includes Amphipods, Isopods and Decapods etc. Amphipods are small shrimp-like crustaceans, usually narrow-bodied and curled in a distinct hump-backed shape. They are highly diverse in aquatic habitats and intertidal zones, range in size from 1.0 mm to 34 cm. They have invaded most marine and

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected] Citation Valarmathi, K. 2018. Crustacea. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 189-202 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

freshwater habitats and often constitute a large portion of the biomass in many areas they play a major role in waste decomposition and nutrient cycle. Isopoda, an important order of the class Malacostraca, is more diverse and inhabits varied ecosystems like marine backwater, freshwater etc. Woodlouse belonging to the suborder Oniscidea, is completely adapted to the terrestrial mode of life. The order Decapoda which comprises the familiar crustaceans like shrimps and crabs is another important group of the class Malacostraca. Caridean shrimps of the family Atyidae and Palaemonidae, Brachyuran crabs of the families Gecarcinucidae and Potamidae are primary freshwater inhabitants. The present work is mainly a compilation of data from various published research articles and review papers and cross references on various crustacean fauna reported from the Himalayan states and the author’s survey expedition to Himachal Pradesh on the freshwater and terrestrial crustaceans. This work establishes the distribution of 277 species of crustaceans in the Indian Himalayan region with highest species diversity in Jammu and Kashmir.

HISTORICAL RESUME Branchiopoda: Bond (1934) reported three species of Anostracans from different Himalayan states. Kemp (1911) and Gurney (1921, 1925) reported the Notostracan Triops cancriformis from Jammu and Kashmir. Simultaneously Gurney (1921, 1925) recorded Triops granarius from Jammu and Kashmir. Daday (1913) noticed the occurrence of the clam shrimps Lynceus indicus and Eocyzicus bouvieri from Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Qadri and Baqai (1956) found the occurrence of Eocyzicus hutchinsoni in Jammu and Kashmir. Rogers and Padhye (2015) made a detailed review on the large branchiopd crustaceans of Indian subcontinent which provides detailed information on the status of various large branchiopods described and reported from India. The freshwater crustaceans like cladocerans, copepods and ostracods were investigated by many workers as part of the zooplanktons. Baird (1860) initiated the taxonomic studies on Indian Cladocerans and is advanced by many researchers. The contribution made by Michael and Sharma (1988) is remarkable. Venkataraman et al. (1999), Venkataraman (1998, 2000a, 2000b, 2001), investigated the Sikkim and Himachal Cladocerans, whereas Sharma and Chandrakiran (2011), Sharma and Kotwal (2011) studied the cladocerans in the Jammu and Kashmir region. An annotated checklist of Indian cladocera, prepared by Chatterjee et al. (2013), provides comprehensive information on the distribution and validity of the Cladocerans of India. On the other hand, Sharma and Sharma (2017) made a critical analysis of the current status of Indian freshwater Cladocerans and in this account, the authors have made very critical and 190

valuable comments on the validity of the Cladocerans so far known from the Indian freshwater ecosystem. From Jammu and Kashmir several workers have reported the distribution numerous Cladoceran species but Sharma and Sharma (2017) made a serious doubt on their species identification and claimed most of them as ‘dubious reports’ or ‘reports inquirendae’ and they made a statement that lack of ‘descriptions and illustrations’ as well as ‘voucher specimens’ warrant their confirmation difficult. Copepoda: Initially the Himalayan Copepods were investigated by Kiefer (1928, 1938). For the first time, Malhotra and Jyoti (1972) described a new copepod parasite, Lernea kashmirensis from the fish stone-loach in Kashmir. Reddy (1994) provided a comprehensive account on the calanoid copepods of the family Diaptomidae. In recent years Reddy et al. (1999), Reddy (2011), Reddy et al. (2014) described three new species of copepods from various regions of Himalaya. Apart from these remarkable contributions, there are many reports by various plankton researchers. Ostracoda: It was Baird (1859) who initiated the Ostrocod taxonomy in India. Later Klie (1927) reported Humphcypris sewelli (=Stenocypris sewelli) and Klieopsis horai (=Cypridopsis horai) from Darjeeling Himalaya. Hartmann (1964) added some more species from Indian Himalaya. Victor and Fernando (1979) made a detailed taxonomic description of the Ostracods hitherto known from India. Except the above-mentioned pioneer works the Ostracods from different Himalayan regions were recorded by many limnologists and ecologists working in these areas. As already mentioned the cladocerans, Copepods and Ostracodes were reported by many researchers during their studies on Zooplankton diversity, limnological and other ecological investigations. Nath (1994) made a checklist of Jammu and Kashmir Crustaceans and reported the distribution of 107 species of crustaceans. `Venkataraman (2000) while studying the zooplankton diversity of Renuka wetland reported 8 species of cladocerans 3 species of Ostracods and a single species of Cyclopoid copepod. Sinha et al. (2002) while studying the planktonic diversity of ambiphian habitats in Arunachal Pradesh reported many planktonic crustaceans. Subla et al. (1984), Wanganeo and Wanganeo (2006) reported cladocerans and cyclopoid copepods from Jammu and Kashmir. Devroy and Nandi (2009) while making an inventory of freshwater crustaceans in the lentic and lotic ecosystems of West Bengal reported many micro crustaceans from Darjeeling. During the limnological study of the high-altitude Himalayan ponds situated near the Badrinath temple, Uttarakhand (India), Kumar et al. (2012) reported 6 species of copepods, 9 species of Cladocerans and 3 species of Ostracods. Shah and Pandit (2013) while studying the diversity and abundance of Cladoceran Zooplankton in Wular Lake, Kashmir Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Himalaya reported 23 species of Cladocera belonging to six families. While studying the Hydrobiology of Lake Surinsar, Siwalik hills of J&K. Slathia and Dutta (2013) reported 18 species of cladocerans, 5 species of Copepods and ostracods each. In this work maximum species were identified only up to the generic level. While studying the spatial distribution of invertebrate fauna in a lower Siwalik stream namely Devika of Udhampur district, J&K, Kour and Gupta (2014) reported 5 species of copepods (4 species, 1 genus) and 4 species of cladocerans (3 up to generic level). Shah and Pandit (2014) while surveying the crustacean community of Wular Lake of Kashmir Himalaya reported 42 species of crustaceans, 23 Cladocera, 16 Copepoda and only three Ostracoda. Ganie et al. (2015) made a comparative analysis of the Cladoceran diversity in 2 lakes namely Lake Manasbal and Lake Anchar with varying nutrient compositions in the basins of the Jhelum River, Kashmir and reported the occurrence of 23 species of Cladocerans from the study area. Biplab and Devashish (2016) reported the occurrence of 4 genera of Cladocrens 5 genera of Copepods and a single Ostracod genus Cypris from Rivers Siang, Arunachal Pradesh. Pandit et al. (2016) investigated the recent research trends in Cladoceran diversities in the Kashmir Himalayas and reported occurrence of 79 species. Isopoda: The contribution on the terrestrial Isopods of the Himalayan region were made by Collinge (1914, 1916a, 1916b), Ramakrishna (1970, 1995). Recently Devroy (2008) reported Porcellionides pruinosus from Pin Valley National park, Himachal Pradesh. Decapoda: The decapods of Himalayan region are represented by the freshwater prawns and crabs. Alcock (1909a, 1909b, 1910) made a remarkable contribution to the taxonomy of Indian freshwater crabs which results in the description and report of many crab species from the Himalayan region also. Ghosh (2000) reported H. koolooensis from Renuka wetland. From Western Himalaya, Krishnamurthy (1995) reported 4 species of prawns and 3 species of crabs. While studying the decapod fauna of Sikkim. Roy et al. (2003) reported Macrobrachium hendersoni (de Man) along with six species of crabs. During the wetland faunal inventory of

Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri area of West Bengal Nandi et al. (2005) reported the distribution of 5 species of shrimps and a single species of crabs from the study area along with many planktonic crustaceans and other wetland fauna. From Arunachal Pradesh, Ghosh et al. (2006) reported 7 species of Palaemonid prawns and 5 species of Potamid crabs. Klotz (2008) described a new species, M. agwi from Alipurduar, West Bengal. Ghatak and Ghosh (2010) recorded 8 species of prawns and 9 species of crabs from Uttarakhand. Bandral et al. (2014) reported Maydelliathelphusa masoniana and Himalayapotamon emphysetum from some water bodies of Jammu and Kashmir. Recently Pati and Singh (2017) described a new species of potamid crab, Himalayapotamon garhwalense from a stream near Khanda in Pauri, Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India. Mitra and Valarmathi (2017) added a new species, Himalayapotamon chambaensis, of freshwater crab very recently from Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh. Valarmathi and Mitra (in Press) made a faunal inventory in various districts of Himachal Pradesh and they could report 4 species of shrimps and 5 species of Crabs.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The perusal of literature shows that a total of 277 species of crustaceans belonging to 143 genera, 43 families under four major 4 classes are available in the Indian Himalaya (see systematic list). Among the major four classes of crustaceans available in the Himalayan region, the branchiopods constitute a major portion about 46%, the Cladocerans with 115 species forms about 42% of crustaceans reported from this region (Fig. 2). The remaining diversity is shared by 68 species of copepods (25%), 47 species of Decapods (17%), 20 species of Ostracods (7%), 15 species of Isopods (5%) and a single species of Amphipod (Fig. 2). The maximum diversity is observed in the Jammu and Kashmir area and a minimum diversity is noticed in the Sikkim region followed by Ladakh (Fig. 3a). The maximum numbers of species are recorded from North-West Himalaya (173), followed by Central Himalaya (108), West Himalaya (47), East Himalaya (37) and Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (22) (Table 1, Figs. 1, 3b).

Table 1. Diversity and Distribution of Crustaceans in states and biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. Crustacean Superorder/Order Large Branchiopods Cladocera Copepoda Ostracoda Amphipoda Isopoda Decapoda Total

AP

HP

JK

S

UT

WB

1A

2A

2B

2C

2D

0 6 2 0

2 12 5 4

1 3

7 9 39

3 20 5 2 19 49

2 52 10 8 5 22 99

1 4 13 4

8 21 37

4 86 53 3 1 1 3 161

7 88 52 6 1 8 11 173

3 20 5 2 19 47

3 54 10 10 5 26 108

6 2 8 21 37

2

7 13

22

AP: Arunachal Pradesh, HP: Himachal Pradesh, JK: Jammu and Kashmir, S: Sikkim, UT: Uttarkhand, and WB: West Bengal, 1A: Trans HimalayaLadakh Mountains; 2A: Himalaya-North West Himalaya; 2B: Himalaya-West Himalaya; 2C: Himalaya-Central Himalaya; 2D: Himalaya-East Himalaya.

VALARMATHI : Crustacea

191

Fig. 1. Number of Crustaceans in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

A

C

B

D

E

A. Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859); B. Himalayapotamon babaulti (Bouvier, 1918); C. Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson, 1893); D. Porcellio assamensis Chopra, 1924; E. Streptocephalus simplex Gurney, 1907.

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ENDEMISM One fourth of the globally known large branchiopod crustaceans are restricted to their type locality, in India also many species are known only from their type locality and nearby areas, and few species are reported from very limited areas (Rogers and Padhye, 2015; Valarmathi, 2017a). Out of the 11 species of non cladoceran branchiopods available in the Indian Himalayan zone five species namely Branchinecta orientalis, B. ferox, Lynceus indicus, Eocyzicus bouvieri, E. hutchinsoni are endemic to this region. The majority of the Cladocerans are having cosmopolitan distribution. Only two species namely Indialona ganapati and Alona sarasinorum are endemic to India (Michael and Sharma, 1988) but these species are so for not reported from the Himalayan region. The oriental region is rich with 200 species of freshwater ostracods of which 83% are endemic, and nearly 58% of the species are endemic to India within the oriental region (Karuthapandi and Rao, 2017). Endemism in freshwater copepods is remarkable. The Oriental region shows 6775% of endemism (Boxshall and Defaye, 2008). In India also the freshwater copepods exhibit a considerable amount of endemism. The majority of the freshwater decapods exhibits a narrow range endemism. Among the 46 species of decapods known from the Himalayan region, the crabs of the genus Himalayapotamon are restricted to the Himalayan region.

GAP AREAS The present study discloses the fact that except Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal the remaining Himalayan states are very less explored and as far as crustacean class/orders are concerned only the Cladocerans were reported by many plankton researchers. Experts claim that several cladoceran species reported from the Jammu and Kashmir region are doubtful because most of these

Amphipoda 1 0% Ostracoda 20 7%

Isopoda 15 5%

Decapoda 47 17%

reports don’t have any valid description, illustration and voucher specimens (Chatterjee et al., 2013; Sharma and Sharma, 2017). The more speciose classes of crustaceans like Copepods and Decapods are not well explored. The terrestrial Isopods are commonly available among the debris in the moist area and under the Moss-grown on various structure, in the Himalayan region (Personnel observation in Himachal Pradesh) but there was no serious research on this interesting group of crustaceans from India and Himalayan region in recent years. The present investigation and the perusal of literature reveal that a serious taxonomic study on almost all crustacean groups in the Himalayan region, major biodiversity hotspots of India needs attention which may result in the addition of several new taxa to India.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION More than 94% of crustaceans reported from the Himalayan region are freshwater inhabitants, and of which, 77% are planktonic forms. The major threat to these organisms may be pollution and habitat destruction which disturbs the aquatic habitats by various anthropogenic activities. About 31 large branchiopod species are included in the IUCN red list, and no Indian species is noticed among them (Valarmathi, 2017a). The IUCN status of the Indian terrestrial Isopods are not yet assessed, and for many crustaceans known from Indian, the IUN status is yet to be assessed. Among the 33 species of freshwater crabs known from the Himalayan region, two species namely Liotelphusa gagei and L. laevis are considered near threatened.

DISCUSSION The crustacean fauna of Indian Himalayan region mainly encompasses the freshwater and terrestrial forms. Among the freshwater crustaceans the Cladocerans, Copepods Large Branchiopods 11 4%

Copepoda 68 25%

Cladocera 115 42%

Fig. 2. Crustacean Diversity in Indian Himalaya. VALARMATHI : Crustacea

193

and Ostracods were studied as a part of zooplanktons. Among the Branchiopod crustaceans 40 species of large branchiopods under 14 genera, 11 families and 4 orders are known to occur in India of which 11 species belonging to 8 genera, 8 families, and 4 Orders are reported from Himalayan states. Currently 131 species of Cladocera are known from inland waters of India of which 115 species belonging to 40 genera, 11 families and 4 orders are reported from Himalayan states, 86 species are reported from the Jammu and Kashmir region alone but many species reported from this region by various limnologists and ecologists are seriously doubted by the taxonomist (Chatterjee et al. 2013; Sharma and Sharma, 2017). The free-living inland water Copepoda is so far known only by about 200 species in 60 genera from India (Reddy,

2017) of which 68 species belonging to 33 genera 5 families comprising the three orders namely Calanoida, Cylopida and Harpacticoida are reported from the Indian Himalaya. Nearly 8,000 living species of ostracods are known globally of which, 2,103 species of Ostracods under three superfamilies, 15 families, and 209 genera are known from freshwater systems. In India about 154 species belonging to 05 families, 40 genera have been documented (Karuthapandi and Rao, 2017) so far of which 20 species belonging to 15 genera and 3 families are known from the Himalayan region. Due to their calcified carapace Ostracods have many fossil records from last 450 million years. Kotlia et al. (1998) noticed the occurrence of four species of Ostracods namely Ilyocypris gibba, Ilyocypris bradyi, Eucypris afghanistanensis and Candona

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 AP

HP

JK

S

UT

Large Branchiopods

Cladocera

Copepoda

Ostracoda

Amphipoda

Isopoda

WB

Decapoda Fig. 3a. Distribution of Crustaceans in Indian Himalayan states.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

La rg

D

ec

ap o

da

da Is op o

da Am ph ip o

da co O str a

da po Co pe

er a oc ad Cl

eB ra nc

hi

op o

ds

0

1A 2A 2B 2C 2D Fig. 3b. Distribution Of Crustaceans In Indian Himalaya.

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candida from a palaeo lake Lamayuru (Ladakh) in the form of fossils along with the gastropods. Apart from these extant freshwater ostracods the fossils forms belonging to the lower Paleozoic period namely Pachydomellasp., P. sohni, Phanasymmetria triserrata, Tubulobairdia simplex, Eucraterellina sp., E. spitznasi, Octonaria punctata, Rothella recta, Neothlipsura furca and Thlipsorithella fossata were encountered in the Himalayan region where as the fossil ostracods belonging to the Triassic period were observed in the Kashmir area and these Kashmir fauna are mostly identified only up to generic level like Cytherella, Hungarella, Bairdia, Monoceratina, Judahella, Polycope, Aechmina, Paracypris, Macrocypris, Pontocypris, Cytherelloidea, Cavellina, Krausella and Roundyella (Bhatia, 1984). While analyzing the fossil ostracod associations, species abundances and composition from a radiocarbon dated sediment core (15.3–0 cal kyr) of the high altitude (4,527 m a.s.l.) hyperhaline Tso Kar lake in North India Kramer, et al. (2014) recorded Cytherissa lacustris, Candona candida, Eucypris afghanistanensis, Limnocythere inopinata, Heterocypris salina, Eucypris dulcifons. Kotlia et al. (2014) reported two fossil ostracods namely Potamo cyprisvillosa, Psychrodromus olivaceus from the Indo-Nepal border (Tethys Himalaya). Amphipods are small crustaceans, highly diverse in aquatic habitats and intertidal zones. Out of 161 species of amphipods known so far from India, only 16 species are from fresh water, only a single species of Amphipod namely Gammarus pulex is so far reported from the Himalayan region. This species is very abundantly available in all types of aquatic habitats in Kashmir valley, found under the stones, feeding on the debris and dead leaves forming an important food source to the fishes (Nath, 1994). Globally more than 5000 species of woodlouse are known, 79 species are so for reported from India of which 15 species are from the Himalayan region. Globally more than 655 species of freshwater shrimps are known, from India 118 species are reported so far (Valarmathi, 2017b) of which but their diversity in the Himalayan region is very poor and is represented by 12 species and three genera of the family Palaemonidae and a single species of the family Atyidae. Out of 1,476 species freshwater crabs known globally, 106 species of brachyuran crabs belonging to 40 genera and 5 families are reported from India of which 34 species under 16 genera and 2 families are known from the Himalayan region. The earlier observation by various renowned carcinlologists and the personnel experience of the author from the recent Himachal Pradesh reveals that, when compared to the diversity and occurrence of brachyuran crabs the diversity and abundance of the Caridean shrimps in the Himalayan region is very poor, it seems that the higher altitude and climatic condition of this biogeography zones are not favorable for them. VALARMATHI : Crustacea

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum ARTHROPODA von Siebold, 1848 Subphylum CRUSTACEA Brunnich, 1772 Class BRANCHIOPODA Latreille, 1817 Order ANOSTRACA Sars, 1867 Family STREPTOCEPHALIDAE Daday, 1910 Genus Streptocephalus W. Baird, 1852 simplex Gurney, 1907: 2A, 2C Family CHIROCEPHALIDAE Daday, 1910 Genus Chirocephalus Prévost, 1820 priscus (Daday, 1910): 2C, 2B Family BRANCHIPODIDAE Simon, 1886 Genus Branchipodopsis G.O. Sars, 1898 affinis Sars, 1901: 2A Family BRANCHINECTIDAE Daday, 1910 Genus Branchinecta Verril, 1869 ferox (M. Milne Edwards, 1840): 1A orientalis Sars, 1901: 2A Order NOTOSTRACA, Sars, 1867 Family TRIOPSIDAE Keilhack, 1909 Genus Triops Schrank, 1803 cancriformis (Bosc, 1801): 2A granarius (Lucas, 1864): 2A Order LAEVICAUDATA Linder, 1945 Family LYNCEIDAE Baird, 1845 Genus Lynceus Muller, 1776 indicus Daday, 1913: 2B Order DIPLOSTRACA Gerstaeker, 1866 Suborder SPINICAUDATA Linder, 1945 Family CYZICIDAE Stebbing, 1910 Genus Eocyzicus Daday, 1914 bouvieri Daday, 1913b: 2A, 2B hutchinsoni Bond, 1934 [species-complex]: 2A Suborder CYCLESTHERIDA Sars, 1899 Family CYCLESTHERIIDAE Sars, 1899 Genus Cyclestheria Sars, 1887 hislopi (Baird, 1859): 2C Superorder CLADOCERA (s. str.) Latreille, 1829 Order CTENOPODA Sars, 1865 Family SIDIDAE Baird, 1850 Subfamily SIDIINAE Baird, 1850 Genus Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 brachyurum (Liévin, 1848): 2A excisum Sars, 1885: 2B, 2C sarsi Richard, 1894: 2D, 2C Genus Latonopsis Sars, 1888 australis Sars, 1888: 2C occidentalis Birge, 1892: 2A* Genus Sarsilatona Korovchinsky, 1985 serricaudata (Sars, 1901) s. lat.: 2A Genus Pseudosida Herrick, 1884 bidentata Herrick, 1884: 2A, 2C Genus Sida Straus, 1820 crystallina (O.F. Müller, 1776): 2A Family HOLOPEDIIDAE Sars, 1865 Genus Holopedium Zaddach, 1855 gibberum Zaddach, 1855: 2A, 2C Order ANOMOPODA Sars, 1865 Family DAPHNIIDAE Straus, 1820

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Subfamily DAPHNIINAE Dumont and Pensaert, 1983 Genus Ceriodaphnia Dana, 1853 cornuta Sars, 1885: 2A, 2C laticaudata (P. E. Müller, 1867): 2A, 2B pulchella Sars, 1862: 2A, 2B quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785): 2A Genus Daphnia Muller, 1785 middendorffiana Fischer, 1852: 2A* Subgenus Ctenodaphnia Dybowski and Grochowski, 1895 carinata King, 1853: 2A, 2C fusca Gurney, 1906: 2A lumholtzi Sars, 1885: 2A, 2B magna Straus, 1820: 2A pamirensis Rylow, 1930: 2A* simils Claus, 1876: 2A* tibetana (Sars, 1903): 2A Subgenus Daphnia O. F. Müller, 1785 catawba Coker, 1926: 2A* laevis Birge, 1879: 2A* longispina (O.F. Muller, 1776): 2A, 2B obtusa Kurz, 1874 emend. Scourfield, 1942: 2A pulex Leydig, 1860: 2A, 2C, 2B pulicoides Woltereck, 1932: 2A* retrocurva Forbes, 1882: 2A* rosea Sars, 1862: 2A* Genus Megafenestra Dumont and Pensaert, 1983 aurita (Fischer, 1849): 2A* Genus Simocephalus Schoedler, 1858 Sugenus Coronocephalus Orlova-Bienkovskaja, 1995 serrulatus (Koch, 1841): 2A Subgenus Echinocaudus Orlova-Bienkovskaja, 1995 expinosus (De Geer, 1778): 2A Subgenus Simocephalus Schoedler, 1858 elizabethae (King, 1853): 2A mixtus Sars, 1903: 2A, 2C vetulus (O.F. Müller, 1776): 2A, 2B, 2C# Subfamily SCAPHOLEBERINAE Dumont and Pensaert, 1983 Genus Scapholeberis Schoedler, 1858 kingi Sars, 1903: 2A, 2C mucronata (O.F. Muller, 1776): 2A* Family BOSMINIDAE Baird, 1845 Genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 Subgenus Bosmina Baird, 1845 longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1776): 2D, 2A, 2B, 2C tripurae Korinek, Saha and Bhattacharya, 1999: 2A Genus Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895: 2C Subgenus Eubosmina Seligo, 1900 coregoni Baird, 1857: 2A Family MOINIDAE Goulden, 1968 Genus Moina Baird, 1850 affinis Birge, 1893: 2A* brachiata (Jurine, 1820)* Syn: Moina rectirostris (Jurine, 1820): 2A, 2B brachiata (Jurine, 1820): 2A, 2B micrura Kurz, 1874: 2D, 2B, 2C Genus Moinodaphnia Herrick, 1887 macleayi (King, 1853): 2D, 2A, 2C Family MACROTHRICIDAE Norman et Brady, 1867 Genus Macrothrix Baird, 1843

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hirsuticornis Norman and Brady, 1867: 2A* laticornis (Jurine, 1820): 1A, 2A, 2C rosea (Jurine, 1820): 2A, 2B* spinosa King, 1853: 2A, 2C triserialis Brady, 1886: 2C Genus Drepanothrix Sars, 1861 dentata (Eurén, 1861): 2A* Genus Grimaldina Richard, 1892 brazzai Richard, 1892: 2C Genus Guernella Richard, 1892 raphaelis Richard, 1892: 2C Genus Streblocerus G.O.Sars, 1862 serricaudatus (Fischer, 1849): 2C Family ILYOCRYPTIDAE Smirnov, 1976 sensu Smirnov, 1992 Genus Ilyocryptus G.O.Sars, 1862 acutifrons G.O. Sars, 1862: 2A* sordidus (Liévin, 1848): 2A* spinifer Herrick, 1882-Syn: Ilyocryptus halyi Brady, 1886: 2C Family EURYCERCIDAE Kurz, 1875 sensu Dumont et SilvaBriano, 1998 Genus Eurycercus Baird, 1843 lamellatus (O. F. Muller, 1776): 2A, 2C Family CHYDORIDAE Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 Subfamily ALONINAE Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 Tribe ALONINI Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 Genus Acroperus Baird, 1843 harpae (Baird, 1834): 2A, 2C Genus Alona Baird, 1843 affinis (Leydig, 1860): 2A, 2C costata Sars, 1862: 2A, 2B, 2C# dentifera (Sars, 1901): 2A* guttata Sars, 1862: 1A, 2D, 2A, 2C intermedia Sars, 1862: 2A, 2B ladacensis Brehm, 1936: 2A** pulchella King, 1853: 2C quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1776): 2A, 2C Genus Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev and Dumont, 2011 harti harti Van Damme, Sinev et Dumont, 2011: 2C verrucosa (Sars, 1901): 2A, 2B Genus Alonopsis Sars, 1862 elongatus (Sars, 1862): 2A* Genus Camptocercus Baird, 1843 australis Sars, 1896-2C oklahomenis Mackin, 1930: 2A* rectirostris Schoedler, 1862: 2A* Genus Coronatella Dybowski and Grochowski, 1894 bukobensis (Weltner, 1898): 2A* monacantha (Sars, 1901): 2A, 2C rectangula (Sars, 1862): 1A, 2A, 2C Genus Euryalona Sars, 1901 orientalis (Daday, 1898): 2C Genus Flavalona (Sinev & Dumont, 2016) cheni (Sinev, 1999) *(=Alona cheni, Sinev, 1999): 2D, 2A, 2C Genus Graptoleberis G.O. Sars, 1862 testudinaria (Fischer, 1848): 2B Genus Karualona Dumont and Silva-Briano, 2000 karua (King, 1853): 2A, 2C Genus Kurzia Dybowski and Grochowski, 1894 brevilabris Rajapaksa and Fernando, 1986: 2B longirostris (Daday, 1898): 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Leberis Smirnov, 1989 davidi (Richard, 1895): 2C diaphanus (King, 1853): 2C Genus Leydigia Kurz, 1875 Subgenus Leydigia Kurz, 1875 leydigi (Schoedler, 1863): 2A Subgenus Neoleydigia Kotov, 2009 acanthocercoides (Fischer, 1854): 2A, 2C Genus Notoalona Rajapaksa and Fernando, 1987 globulosa (Daday, 1898): 2C Genus Oxyurella Dybowski and Grochowski, 1894 singalensis (Daday, 1898): 2C Subfamily CHYDORINAE Dybowski and Grochowski, 1894 Genus Alonella Sars, 1862 Subgenus Alonella Sars, 1862 excisa (Fischer, 1854): 2A, 2B, 2C exigua (Lilljeborg, 1853): 2A Subgenus Nanalonella nana (Baird, 1843): 2A Genus Chydorus Leach, 1843 carolinae Methuen, 1910: 2A* eurynotus Sars, 1901: 2A,2C faviformis Birge, 1893: 2A # ovalis Kurz, 1874: 2A* reticulatus Daday, 1898: 2C sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1776): 1A, 2A, 2C, 2B ventricosus Daday, 1898=2C Genus Dadaya Sars, 1901 macrops (Daday, 1898): 2C Genus Disparalona Fryer, 1968 hamata Birge, 1879: 2A Genus Dunhevedia King, 1853 crassa ciliocaudata (Sovinsky, 1891): 2A, 2C crassa King, 1853: 2A, 2C serrata Daday, 1898: 2C Genus Ephemeroporus Frey, 1982 barroisi (Richard 1894): 2A, 2C Genus Monospilus G.O. Sars, 1861 dispar G.O. Sars, 1861: 2A* Genus Picripleuroxus Frey, 1993 denticulatus (Birge, 1879): 2A, 2B laevis (Sars, 1862): 2A similis (Vávra, 1900): 2A, 2C striatus (Schoedler, 1862): 2A* Genus Pleuroxus Baird, 1843 aduncus (Jurine, 1820): 2A trigonellus (O. F. Müller, 1776): 2A Genus Pseudochydorus Fryer, 1968 globosus (Baird, 1843): 2A, 2C Order ONYCHOPODA Sars, 1865 Family POLYPHEMIDAE Baird, 1845 Genus Polyphemus O.F. Muller, 1785 pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761): 2A Order HAPLOPODA Sars, 1865 Family LEPTODORIDAE Lilljeborg, 1861 Genus Leptodora Lilljeborg, 1861 kindtii (Focke, 1844): 2A Subclass COPEPODA H. Milne Edwards, 1840 Order CALANOIDA Sars, 1903 Family DIAPTOMIDAE Baird, 1850 VALARMATHI : Crustacea

Subfamily DIAPTOMINAE Kiefer, 1932 Genus Acanthodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 denticornis (Wierzejski, 1887): 2A, 2B Genus Aglaodiaptomus Light, 1938 dilobatus Wilson M.S., 1958: 2A Genus Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 mirabilipes Kiefer, 1936: 2A Genus Arctodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 altissimus Kiefer, 1936: 1A bacillifer (Koelbel, 1885): 1A, 2A dorsalis (Marsh, 1907): 2B euacanthus Kiefer, 1935: 2A michaeli Reddy, Balkhi and Yousuf, 1990: 2A parvispineus Kiefer, 1935: 1A saltillinus (Brewer, 1898): 2A stewartianus (Brehm, 1925): 1A, 2A Genus Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 Subgenus Mastigodiaptomus purpureus Marsh, 1907: 2A Genus Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 cinctus (Gurney, 1907): 2D contortus (Gurney, 1907): 2C viduus (Gurney, 1916): 2A Genus Hesperodiaptomus Light, 1938 kenai Wilson M.S., 1953: 2A schmackeri (Poppe and Richard, 1892): 2A, 2C Genus Paradiaptomus Sars G.O., 1895 greeni (Gurney, 1906): 2A, 2C Genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 blanci (Guerne and Richard, 1896): 2A Genus Pseudodiaptomus Herrick, 1884 lobipes Gurney, 1907: Himalaya Genus Onychodiaptomus Light, 1939 virginiensis (Marsh, 1915): Genus Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 indicus (Kiefer, 1934): 2C Genus Skistodiaptomus Light, 1939 bogalusensis (Wilson M.S. and Moore, 1953): 2A Genus Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 euchaetus Kiefer, 1936: 2A Family AETIDEIDAE Giesbrecht, 1892 Genus Senecella Juday, 1923 calanoides Juday, 1923: 2A Order CYCLOPOIDA Burmeister, 1834 Family CYCLOPIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily EUCYCLOPINAE Kiefer, 1927 Genus Tropocyclops Kiefer, 1929 prasinus prasinus (Fischer, 1860): 2A Subfamily CYCLOPINAE Kiefer, 1927 Genus Mesocyclops Sars, 1914 leuckarti leuckarti (Claus, 1857): 2D, 2A, 2C Genus Microcyclops Claus, 1863 bicolor bicolor (Sars G.O., 1863): 2A varicans varicans (Sars G.O., 1863): 1A, 2A Genus Thermocyclops Kiefer, 1937 crassus (Fischer, 1853): 2A, 2B decipiens (Kiefer, 1929): 1A, 2A hyalinus (Rehberg, 1880): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Cyclops O.F. Muller, 1785 hutchinsoni Kiefer, 1936: 2A

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insignis Claus, 1857: 2A ladakanus Kiefer, 1936: 1A, 2A scutifer scutifer Sars G.O., 1863: 2A strenuus strenuus Fischer, 1851: 2A vicinus vicinus Uljanin, 1875: 1A, 2A viridis viridis (Jurine, 1820): 2A Genus Acanthocyclops Kiefer, 1927 exilis (Coker, 1934): 2A venustoides (Coker, 1934): 2A vernalis vernalis (Fischer, 1853): 2A Genus Apocyclops Lindberg, 1942 panamensis (Marsh, 1913): 2A Genus Diacyclops Kiefer, 1927 alticola (Kiefer, 1935): 1A, 2A bicuspidatus (Claus, 1857): 2A bisetosus (Rehberg, 1880): 2A thomasi (Forbes S.A., 1882): 2A Genus Ectocyclops Brady, 1904 affinis (Sars G.O., 1863): 2A phaleratus (Koch, 1838): 2C Genus Eucyclops Claus, 1893 agilis (Koch, 1838): 2A indicus Kiefer, 1927: 2C productus Kiefer, 1936: 1A serrulatus serrulatus (Fischer, 1851): 1A, 2A Genus Macrocylops Claus, 1893 albidus albidus (Jurine, 1820): 1A, 2A distinctus (Richard, 1887): 2A fuscus (Jurine, 1820): 2A Genus Megacyclops Kiefer, 1927 latipes (Lowndes, 1927): 2A viridis (Jurine, 1820): 1A, 2A Genus Paracyclops Claus, 1893 affinis (Sars G.O., 1863): 2A fimbriatus fimbriatus (Fischer, 1853): 2A, 2C Family LERNAEIDAE Cobbold, 1879 Genus Lernaea Linnaeus, 1758 kashmirensis Malhotra and Jyoti, 1972: Himalaya Order HARPACTICOIDA Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE Subfamily CANTHOCAMPTINAE Genus Bryocamptus Chappuis, 1929 Subgenus Bryocamptus Chappuis, 1929 minutus minutus (Claus, 1863): 2A Subgenus Echinocamptus Chappuis, 1929 nivalis (Willey, 1925): 2A Genus Canthocamptus Westwood, 1836 Subgenus Canthocamptus Westwood, 1836 robertcokeri Wilson, M.S., 1958: 2A Genus Cletocamptus Schmankevitsch, 1875 albuquerquensis (Herrick, 1894): 2A Family PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940 Genus Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913 sutlej Ranga Reddy, 2011: 2A Genus Himalayacaris Reddy, Totakura and Corgosinho, 2014 alaknanda Reddy, Totakura and Corgosinho, 2014: 2B Subclass BRANCHIURA Thorell, 1864 Order ARGULOIDA Rafinesque, 1815 Family ARGULIDAE Leach, 1819 Genus Argulus O.F. Müller, 1785

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siamensis Wilson, 1926: 2C Class OSTRACODA Latreille, 1806 Subclass PODOCOPA G.W. Müller, 1894 Order PODOCOPIDA G.O. Sars, 1866 Suborder CYPRIDOCOPINA Baird, 1845 Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA Baird, 1845 Family CYPRIDIDAE Baird, 1845 Subfamily CYPRICERCINAE McKenzie, 1971 Genus Astenocypris G.W. Müller, 1912 papyracea (Sars, 1903): 2C Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983 weberi (Moniez, 1892): 2C Genus Bradleytriebella Savatenalinton and Martens, 2009 tuberculata (Hartmann, 1964): 2C Genus Strandesia Stuhlmann, 1888 hystrix (Furtos, 1933): 2A indica Hartmann, 1964: 2C labiata Hartmann, 1964: 2C Subfamily CYPRIDINAE Baird, 1845 Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776 subglobosa Sowerby, 1840: 2C Subfamily CYPRIDOPSINAE Kaufmann, 1900 Genus Klieopsis Martens, Meisch and Marmonier, 1991 horai (Klie, 1927): 2C Genus Plesiocypridopsis Rome, 1965 dispar (Hartmann, 1964): 2C Subfamily CYPRINOTINAE Bronshtein, 1947 Genus Heterocypris Claus, 1892 glauca (Furtos, 1933): 2B Subfamily EUCYPRIDINAE Bronshtein, 1947 Genus Eucypris Vávra, 1891 afghanistanensis Hartmann, 1964: 1A Subfamily HERPETOCYPRIDINAE Kaufmann, 1900 Tribe STENOCYPRIDINI Ferguson, 1964 Genus Chrissia Hartmann, 1957 hislopi (Ferguson, 1969): 2A Genus Stenocypris Sars, 1889 cylindrical major Baird, 1859: 2B fontinalis (Vávra, 1895): 2A major major (Baird, 1859): 2A, 2C Tribe PSYCHRODROMINI Martens, 2001 Genus Humphcypris Martens, 1997 sewelli (Klie, 1927): 2A, 2C Family CANDONIDAE Kaufmann, 1900 Subfamily CANDONINAE Kaufmann, 1900 Tribe CANDONINI Kaufmann, 1900 Genus Candona Baird, 1845 candida (O.F. Müller, 1776): 1A Family ILYOCYPRIDIDAE Kaufmann, 1900 Subfamily ILYOCYPRIDINAE Kaufmann, 1900 Genus Ilyocypris Brady and Norman, 1889 bradyi Sars, 1890: 1A gibba (Ramdohr, 1808): 1A Subfamily CYCLOCYPRIDINAE Kaufmann, 1900 Genus Physocypria Vávra, 1897 posterotuberculata (Furtos, 1935): 2A Class MALACOSTRACA Latreille, 1802 Subclass EUMALACOSTRACA Grobben, 1892 Superorder PERACARIDA Calman, 1904 Order AMPHIPODA Latreille, 1816 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Suborder SENTICAUDATA Lowry & Myers, 2013 Superfamily GAMMAROIDEA Latreille, 1802 (Bousfield, 1977) Family GAMMARIDAE Leach, 1814 Genus Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 pulex (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Order ISOPODA Latreille, 1817 Suborder ONISCIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family PHILOSCIIDAE Kinahan, 1857 Genus Philoscia Latreille, 1804 indonensis Ramakrishna, 1969: 2D, 2C muscorum (Scopoli, 1763): 2D Genus Burmoniscus Collinge, 1914 javanensis Richardson, 1922: 2D, 2A, 2C Family PORCELLIONIDAE Brandt, 1831 Genus Porcellionides Miers, 1877 pruinosus (Brandt, 1833): 2A, 2C Genus Porcellio Latreille, 1804 assamensis Chopra, 1924: 2D karakorum (Jackson): 2A rotungus (Collinge): 2D scaber Latreille, 1804: 2A spinicornis Say, 1818: 2A Family AGNARIDAE Schmidt, 2003 Genus Protracheoniscus Verhoeff, 1917 maracandicus (Uljanin, 1875): 2A Family TRACHELIPODIDAE Strouhal, 1953 Genus Trachelipus Budde-Lund, 1908 rathkii (Brandt, 1833): 2D, 2A ratzeburgii (Brandt, 1833): 2A, 2C Family ARMADILLIDAE Brandt, 1831 Genus Cubaris Brandt, 1833 dilectum Collinge, 1916: 2C marmoratus Collinge, 1916: 2D Family ONISCIDEA incertae sedis Genus Rotungus Collinge, 1916 pictus Collinge, 1916: 2D Order DECAPODA Latreille, 1802 Infraorder CARIDEA Dana, 1852 Superfamily ATYOIDEA de Haan, de Haan, 1849 Genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840] weberi De Man, 1892: Himalaya Superfamily PALAEMONOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815 Family PALAEMONIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Arachnochium Wowor and Ng, 2010 mirabile (Kemp, 1917): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Macrobrachium Spence Bate, 1868 agwi Klotz, 2008: 2C altifrons altifrons (Henderson, 1893): 2D assamense assamense (Tiwari, 1958): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dayanum (Henderson, 1893): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gangeticum Spence Bate, 1868: 2D hendersoni (de Man, 1906): 2B, 2C, 2D kistnense (Tiwari, 1952): 2B lamarrei lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards, 1837 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840]: 2B, 2C, 2D platyrostris (Tiwari, 1952): 2B, 2C, 2D rosenbergii (de Man, 1879): 2B Genus Palaemon Weber, 1795 styliferus H. Milne Edwards, 1840 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840]: 2C VALARMATHI : Crustacea

Infraorder BRACHYURA Latreille, 1802 Section EUBRACHYURADE Saint Laurent, 1980 Superfamily GECARCINUCOIDEA Rathbun, 1904 Family GECARCINUCIDAE Rathbun, 1904 Genus Barytelphusa Alcock, 1909 cunicularis (Westwood, 1836): 2B, 2C, 2D guerini (H. Milne Edwards, 1853): 2D jacquemontii (Rathbun, 1905): 2B, 2C Genus Liotelphusa Alcock, 1909 campestris (Alcock, 1909): 2B, 2C gagei (Alcock, 1909): 2C laevis (Wood-mason, 1871): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Maydelliathelphusa Bott, 1969 lugubris (Wood-Mason, 1871): 2B, 2C, 2D masoniana (Henderson, 1893): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Sartoriana Bott, 1969 spinigera (Wood-Mason, 1871): 2B, 2C, 2D Superfamily POTAMOIDEA Ortmann, 1896 Family POTAMIDAE Ortmann, 1896 Subfamily POTAMINAE Ortmann, 1896 Genus Acanthopotamon Kemp, 1918 martensi (Wood-Mason, 1875): 2C, 2D Genus Alcomon Yeo and Ng, 2007 lophocarpus (Kemp, 1913): 2D superciliosum (Kemp, 1913): 2D Genus Himalayapotamon Pretzmann, 1966 atkinsonianum (Wood-Mason, 1871): 2A, 2B, 2C babaulti (Bouvier, 1918): 2A bifarium (Alcock, 1909): 2C chambaensis Mitra and Valarmathi, 2017: 2A emphyseteum (Alcock, 1909): 2A, 2B garhwalense Pati and Singh, 2017: 2B kasaulis (Pretzmann, 1966): 2A koolooense (Rathbun, 1904): 2A, 2B, 2C marinellii (Pretzmann, 1963): 2C monticola (Alcock, 1910): 2C Genus Lobothelphusa Bouvier, 1917 wood-masoni (Rathbun, 1905): 2C Subfamily POTAMISCINAE Bott, 1970 Genus Aspermon Yeo and Ng, 2007 feae (de Man, 1898): 2D Genus Eosamon Yeo and Ng, 2007 tumidum (Wood-Mason, 1871): 2C Genus Indochinamon Yeo and Ng, 2007 beieri (Pretzmann, 1966): edwardsi (Wood-Mason, 1871): 2D Genus Larnaudia Bott, 1966 larnaudii (A. Milne Edwards, 1869): 2A Genus Potamiscus Alcock, 1909 decourcyi (Kemp, 1913): 2D tumidulus (Alcock, 1909): 2C Genus Quadramon Yeo and Ng, 2007 aborense (Kemp, 1913): 2D Genus TeretamonYeo and Ng, 2007 adiatretum (Alcock, 1909): 2D Genus Trichopotamon Dai and Chen, 1984 sikkimense (Rathbun, 1905): 2D, 2C *-Reports inquirendae; **-Species inquirendae; #-Misidentifications and Lapsi (after Sharma and Sharma, 2017)

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REFERENCES Alcock, A. 1909a. Diagnoses of new species and varieties of freshwater crabs. Nos. 1-3. Rec. Indian Mus., 3(3): 243-252. Alcock, A. 1909b. Diagnoses of new species and varieties of freshwater crabs. Rec. Indian Mus., 3(4): 375-381. Alcock, A. 1910. The Indian Freshwater Crabs – Potamonidae, Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part 1. Brachyura. Fasc. II. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta: 1-135, pls. 1-14. Baird, W. 1859. Description of some new recent Entomostraca from Nagpur collected by Rev. S. Hislope. Proc. Zool. Soc. London,: 213-234. Baird, W. 1860. Description of two new species of Entomostracous crustacean from India. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28: 231-234. Bandral, M., Gupta, K. and Langer, S. 2014. Inventory on the Diversity of Fresh Water Crabs inSome Water Bodies of Jammu (J&K) North India. J. Inter. Acad. Res. Mult., 2(9): 330-341. Bhatia, S.B. 1984. Ostracode faunas of the Indian subcontinent-their palaeozoogeographic andpaleoecologic implications. J. Palaeont. Soc. India, 20: 1-8. Biplab, K.D. and Devashish, K. 2016. Diversity of Zooplankton in River Siang of Arunachal Pradesh, India t. Fish and Ocean Opj. 1(2): 555-558. Bond, R.M. 1934. Report of phyllopod Crustacea (Anostraca, Notostraca and Conchostraca) including a revision of the Anostraca of the Indian Empire. Mem. Connt. Acad. Arts and Sci.,10: 29-62. Boxshall, G.A. and Defaye, D. 2008. Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in freshwater. Hydrobiol., 595(1):195-207. Chatterjee, T., Kotov, A.A., Van Damme, K., Chandrasekhar, S.V.A. and Padhye, S. 2013. An annotated checklist of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from India. Zootaxa, 3667(1): 1-89. Collinge, W.E. 1914. Terrestrial Isopoda. Part I. Rec. Indian Mus., 8(6): 465-470. Collinge, W.E. 1916a. Terrestrial Isopoda, Part II. Rec. Indian Mus., 8(9): 543-545. Collinge, W.E. 1916b. Contributions to our knowledge of the Terrestrial Isopoda of India. Part II. Some ·of the new species of Paraperiseyphis, Cubaris, etc. Rec. Indian Mus., 12(3):115-128, pls. ix-xix. Daday de Deés, E. 1913. Magarorszag Kagyloslevellaburakjai (Phyllopoda, Conchostraca, Hungariae). Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Matematikai Termeszettudomanyi Osztalyanak. Kozlemenyei 32: 49-145. Devroy, M.K. 2008. Crustacea : Isopoda : Oniscidae. In, Fauna of Pin Valley National Park, Conserv. Area Ser., 34: 23-24 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Dev Roy, M.K. and Nandi, N.C. 2009. Freshwater Crustaceans of Lentic and Lotic Ecosystems in West Bengal. J. Environ. & Sociobiol. 6(2): 175-194. Ganie, M.A., Parveen, M., Balkhi, M.H. and Khan, M.I. 2015. Structure and diversity of cladoceran communities in two lakes with varying nutrient compositions in the Jhelum River Basin, Kashmir. Inter. Jour. Fis. and Aqu. Stud., 3(2): 456-462. Ghatak, S.S. and Ghosh, S.K. 2010. Crustacea : Decapoda: Palaemonidae: Potamidae: Gecarcinucidae. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series,18(3): 199-207 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Ghosh, H.C. 2000. Crustacea : Decapoda. In, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2: Fauna of Renuka Wetland 39 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Ghosh, S.K., Ghatak, S.S. and Roy, T.K. 2006. Crustacea : Decapoda : Palaemonidae and Potamonidae. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 39-45 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Gurney, R. 1921. Freshwater Crustacea collected by Dr. P. A. Buxtom in Mesopotamia and Persia. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 27: 836-843. Gurney, R. 1925. Some Asiatic species of Apus. Rec. Ind. Mus., 27: 439-442. Hartmann, G. 1964. Asiatische Ostracoden, Systamatische und Zoogeographischeunter suchungen. Inter. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. Systemat. Beihefte, 3: 1-155. Karuthapandi, M. and Rao, D.V. 2017. Crustacea: Ostracoda (Seed Shrimps). In: Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India (Eds. Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B): 253-271 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Kemp, S. 1911. Notes on Asiatic species of Crustacea Anostraca in the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., 6: 219-223. 200


Kiefer, F. 1928. ZurKenntnis der Mikrofauna von Britisch Indian. IV. Copepoda: Cyclopoida. Rec. Indian Mus. 30: 387398. Kiefer, F. 1938. Scientific Results of the Yale North Expedition. Biological Report No. 19. FreilebendeRuderfuss- krense (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Nord-west and Siideindien (PandschobKaschmir LadakNilgirigebirge). Mem. Indian Mus., 13: 83-204. Klie, W. 1927. Zurkenutnis der Mikrofauna von British Inidan. Rec. Ind. Mus., 1: 157-165. Klotz, W. 2008. Macrobracium agwi – new species of freshwater prawn (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from East Bengal, India. Zootaxa, 1844: 47-54. Kotlia, B.S., Hinz-Schallreuter, I., Schallreuter, R. and Schwarz, J. 1998. Evolution of Lamayurupalaeo lake in the Trans Himalaya: Palaeoecologicalimplications. Eiszeitalter u.Gegenwart. 48: 177-191. 5 Fig., 2 Tab., 2 Plates. Kotlia, B.S., Kramer, M., Joshi, L.M. and Sanwal, J. 2014. Recent freshwater Ostracoda and Bivalvia from Indo-Nepal border (Tethys Himalaya): ecological implications. Himal. Geol., 35(1): 56-65. Kour, S. and Gupta, S. 2014. Spatial distribution of invertebrate fauna in a lower Shiwalik stream, JandK. J. Int. Acad. Res. for Mult., 2(8): 208-214. Kramer, M., Kotlia, B. S. and Wünnemann. B. 2014. A late quaternary ostracod record from the Tso Kar basin (North India) with a note on the distribution of recent species. J. Paleolimn., 51(4): 549-565. Krishnamurthy, P. 1995. Crustacea : Decapoda. In: Fauna of Western Himalaya. Part 1. Uttar Pradesh. Himalayan Ecosystem Series. 33: 23 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Kumar, S., Singh, G. and Kumar S. 2012. Reproductive activity of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer (Copepoda, Calanoida) in a high altitude lake (Northwest Himalaya). J. Ecobiol., 2(3): 204-212. Malhotra, Y.R. and Jyoti, M.K. 1972. A new copepod parasite Lernea kashmirensis n. sp. (Lernadae, Lernaeinae) infecting stone bach of Kashmir. Vestn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 36(2): 119-122. Martin, J.W. 1992. Branchiopoda. In: Harrison FW (ed.) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 9, Crustacea, Chapter 3, pp. 25-224. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc. Michael, R.G. and Sharma, B.K. 1988. Indian Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera). Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries: 1-262 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Mitra, S. and Valarmathi, K. 2017. Himalayapotamon chambaensis, a new species of freshwater crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Himachal Pradesh, India. Zootaxa, 4324(3): 482-490. Nandi, N.C., Venkataraman, K., Bhuinya, S., Das, S.R. and Das, S.K. 2005. Wetland Faunal Resources of West Bengal- 4. Darjiling and Jalpaiguri Districts. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 104(1-2): 1-25. Nath, S. 1994. A Check-list of Freshwater Crustacea of Jammu and Kashmir State (India). Rec. Adv. Fish Ecol. Limn. EcoConserv., 3: 83-98. Olesen, J. 2009. Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) – Character Evolution and Contribution of Uniquely Preserved Fossils. Arthr. Syst. Phyl., 367(1): 3-39. Pandit, A.K., Shah, J.A and Shah, G.M. 2016. Research trends in Cladoceran Diversity from Kashmir Himalaya. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. India, Sect. B. Biol. Sci., 86(2): 239-246. Pati, S.K. and Singh, S. 2017. A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Himalayapotamon Pretzmann, 1966 (Decapoda, Brachyura: Potamidae: Potaminae) from Uttarakhand, Northern India. Zootaxa, 4237(1): 191-200. Qadri, M.A., and Baqai, I.U. 1956. Some branchiopods (Anostraca and Conchostraca) of Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent, with description of a new species. Pakist. Acad. Sci., 1: 7-18. Ramakrishna, G. 1970. Studies on the Indian Isopods. Pt. 2 Notes on the Oniscid collection from the Kameng Division of NEFA. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 63(1 to 4): 181-184. Ramakrishna, G. 1995. Crustacea: Oniscidae. Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries: 1-130. Reddy, Y.R. 1994. Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae: Key to the genera Heliodiaptomus, Allodiaptomus, Neodiaptomus, Phyllodiaptomus, Eodiaptomus, Arctodiaptomus and Sinodiaptomus. In: Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Editor: H.J.F. Dumont. Reddy, Y.R., Balihi, M.H., and Yousuf, A.R. 1999. Arctodiaptomus (Rhabdodiaptomus) michaeli n. sp. (Copepoda, Calanoida) from Kashmir, India. Hydrobiol., 190: 223-231. Reddy, Y. R. 2011. Two new hyporheic Parastenocarididae from India Parastenocaris sutlej n. sp. and P. gundlakamman. sp. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Crust. Monogr. 16: 461-478. VALARMATHI : Crustacea

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Reddy, Y.R. 2017. Crustacea : Copepoda-A Note. In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. (Eds. Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 243-245 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Reddy, Y.R., Totakura, V.R. and Corgosinho, P.H.C. 2014. Himalayacaris alaknandan. gen., n. sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Parastenocarididae) from the Hyporeic Zone of a Himalayan River, Northern India. J. Crustacean Biology, 34(6): 801-819. Rogers, D.C. and Padhye, S. 2015. Review of the large branchiopod crustacean fauna of the Indian subcontinent (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida). J. Crust. Biol., 35: 392-406. Roy, T.K., Ghosh, S.K. and Ghatak, S.S. 2003. Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae and Potamonidae. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 117-119 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Shah, J.A. and Pandit, A.K. 2013. Seasonal succession of crustacean zooplankton in Wular lake of the Kashmir Himalaya. Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade, 65(3):1063–1068. Shah, J.A. and Pandit, A.K. 2014. Taxonomic survey of crustacean zooplankton in Wular lake of Kashmir Himalaya. J. Evol. Biol. Res., 6(1):1–4. Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S. 2017. Crustacea : Branchiopoda (Cladocera). In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. (Eds. Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 199-223 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sharma, K.K. and Chandrakiran. 2011. Comparative analysis of Cladoceran communities from three subtropical freshwater ponds of Jammu: Pattern, Composition and diversity. TheBiascan, 6(2): 233–237. Sharma, K.K. and Kotwal, S. 2011. Studies on diversity and dynamics of Cladocera in a subtropical Sungal pond Akhnoor (J & K). The Biascan, 6(4): 623-625. Sinha, B., Borah, M. and Bordoloi, S. 2002. Planktonic Biodiversity in the Amphibian Habitats of eight districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. In, Ecology and Ethology of Aquatic Biota, (Ed. A. Kumar), Daya Publishing House: 338-344. Slathia, D. and Dutta, S.P.S. 2013. Hydrobiological Study of a Subtropical Shiwalik Lake, Jammu, J & K (India). Intern. J. Chem. Environ. Biol. Sci., 1(1): 143-148. Subla, B.A., Zutshi, D. P., Khan, M.A., Vishin, N., Wanganeo, A. and Raina, R. 1984. Distribution and Ecology of Zooplankton community from Kashmir. Bull. Env. Sci., 1: 30-34. Valarmathi, K. 2017a. Crustacea : Decapoda (Shrimps and Crabs). In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. (Eds. Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 313-331 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Valarmathi, K. 2017b. Crustacea : Branchiopoda (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Diplostraca). In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. (Eds. Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 225-242 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Valarmathi, K. and Mitra, S. (in press). Crustacea: Decapoda. In, Fauna of Himachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Venkataraman, K. 1998. Occurrence of Alonella nana (Baird) and Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Muller) (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Sikkim lakes. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 95: 368-369. Venkataraman, K. 2000a. Crustacea: Zooplankton. In, Wetland Ecosystem Series 2: Fauna of Renuka Wetland: 31-37 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Venkataraman, K. 2000b. On Daphniopsis tibetana Sars, 1903 (Cladocera) collected from high altitude Himalayan Lake, India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 97: 162–165. Venkataraman, K. 2001. Morphology of Eurycercus lamellatus (Muller), Chydoridae: Cladocera, from the high altitude wetlands of Sikkim, India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 98: 137-142. Venkataraman, K., Roy, B.N. and Thapa, M.P. 1999. New record of an Arctic species Holopedium gibberum Zaddach (Crustacea: Cladocera) from Chhangu lake, Sikkim. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 96: 488–49. Victor, R. and Fernando, C.H. 1979. The freshwater Ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 74(2): 147-242. Wanganeo, A. and Wanganeo, R. 2006. Variation in zooplankton population in two morphologically dissimilar rural lakes of Kashmir Himalayas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Ind., 76(B III): 222-239. 202


Chapter 17

Collembola G.P. MANDAL

The present chapter deals with species composition of collembolans found in the Indian Himalaya. From Indian Himalaya, the Collembola fauna represents 147 species under 61 genera of 13 families. Out of 147 species recorded from Indian Himalaya, 85 species are endemic to the region. The current systematic lists of Collembola and the distribution of each species in the different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya have been provided. Regarding their distribution in biotic provinces, the highest number of species are recorded from North-west Himalaya (68), followed by Central Himalaya (55), West Himalaya (31), East Himalaya (21), Tibetan Plateau (17), Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (12), and Ladakh Mountains (3).

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL RESUME

ollembolans are small (0.12-5mm) wingless hexapods, having entognathous mouth parts, with antennae always present. They are soil and litter dwellers, preferably found in wet or damp surroundings. They inhabit in moss, under stones, in caves, in ant nests and termite nests. They are also found in the intertidal zone on the coast, on the surfaces of lakes and ponds or snow fields of glaciers. The collembolans have a very diverse distribution, occurring in all parts of the world, inhabiting a wide range of ecological niche and in any climatic region. Collembolans being a major component of terrestrial ecosystems (soil communities), constitute a significant proportion of the animal biomass. In forest soils, their densities are quite rich with about 200 to 1800 individuals per dm3 (Handschin, 1955).

The first account of work on Indian Collembola goes to the credit of Ritter (1911). This contribution includes some new Collembolans from India (Bombay). This was closely followed by Imms (1912), who recorded a significant number of Indian Collembolans besides those from Burma and Ceylon. He described four new genera Dicanocentroides, Idiomurus, Pseudocyphoderus and Heteromuricus (=Dicranocentrus) and also included a catalogue of the Oriental species. Carpenter (1917; 1924) contributed on Indian Collembola. These include a new species from Calcutta, results of Abor expedition (19111912), eight new species under six genera, one genus Cyphoderopsis new from north-east Assam (Assam-Garo hills), and four new species of Entomobryidae. Denis (1936) dealt with several Collembolans from North India based on the material of Yale North India expedition.

C

Collembola plays a significant role in the breakdown of leaf litter along with certain other micro-arthropods and consequently aid in the process of humification. They play a key role in enhancing soil fertility. They are also known to enrich the organic content of the soil in the form of faecal matter. Collembolans are also being increasingly recognised as bioindicators of soil conditions. These insects are extremely susceptible to changes in conditions. It has also been reported (Mitra, 1993) that collembolan can be used as an index of crop production in the agroecosystem since some of them are minor pests in agriculture.

Baijal (1955a, 1955b, 1956, 1958) described nineteen species of Indian Collembola, based on Prof. M.S. Mani’s Entomological expedition the North-west Himalaya (1954-56), 12 species among these were from the ‘Nival zone of N.W. Himalaya’. Two monotypic genera were also erected, viz., Salmonia (=Appendisotoma) and Himlanura. Salmon (1956a, 1956b, 1957a, 1957b, 1963, 1958, 1965, 1969, 1970) made significant contributions to our knowledge of Indian Collembola through the description of one new genus and quite a good number of species and redescription of Xenylla obscura Imms and records of two

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700 053, India. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Mandal, G.P. 2018. Collembola. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 203-209 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

species from India. Choudhuri and Roy (1965) added a few species of Onychiurus from Nepal, Uganda, British Islands, and India. Arora and Singh (1962) described a new species from Kashmir. Mitra (1966a, 1966b, 1967, 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1975, 1976) reported 12 new species and 3 new genera viz. Pseudosalina, Yosiia and Delamarerus from various parts of Uttar Pradesh (mainly Dehradun), West Bengal and Odisha. Prabhoo and Muraleedharan (1980) added a new species Tomocerus mitrai from Himachal Pradesh. Mitra et al. (2004) recorded 12 species representing nine genera and two families of Collembola from Uttarakhand state which included several topotypes. Hazra and Mandal (2010) recorded 28 species from Uttarakhand. Mandal and Hazra (2004, 2009) contributed on collembolan of Himachal Pradesh and North East India respectively. Mandal (2010) published a checklist of Collembola from India. Mandal (2013) presented two additional records of Collembola from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bhagat (2013) published a checklist of Collembola fauna of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh Himalaya. Mandal and Suman (2015) published

Collembola fauna of Uttar Pradesh. Recently Baquero et al. (2014) described seven new species of Collembola from Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir. Baquero et al. (2015) also described 12 new species of Collembola from Himachal Pradesh state. Hazra and Mandal (2015) described a new species of Collembola from Duduwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh.

SPECIES DIVERSITY According to Bellinger, Christiansen, and Janssens (1996–2017), the class Collembola is represented by 33 families, 762 genera and 8,600 species from the world, whereas the Indian fauna is composed of 324 species in 112 genera under 19 families. From Indian Himalaya, Collembola fauna represents 147 species under 61 genera of 13 families. Out of 147 species recorded from Indian Himalaya, 85 species are endemic to the region. The highest number of species are recorded from North-west Himalaya (68), followed by Central Himalaya (55), West Himalaya (31), East Himalaya (21), Tibetan Plateau (17), Trans HimalayaSikkim (12), and Ladakh Mountains (3) (Fig. 1).

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

A. Corynothrix borealis Tullberg, 1877; B. Entomobrya choudhurii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; C. Entomobrya diskitensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; D. Entomobrya ladakhi Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; E. Entomobrya mehtai Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; F. Himalnura baijali Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; G. Seira hazrai Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014; H. Seira nidarensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014.

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ENDEMISM The maximum diversity of collembola is found in the family Entomobryidae followed by Paronellidae, Isotomidae, Neanuridae, Hypogastruridae and Tomoceridae. The highest endemism occurs in the family Entomobryidae followed by Neanuridae, Isotomidae, Hypogastruridae and Tomoceridae. Out of 147 species of Collembola found in the Indian Himalayan region, 85 species are endemic to said region. More than 58% of total species of collembola are endemic to the Indian Himalaya.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION The IUCN lists no species of Collembola. A number of endemic species in the group with restricted distributions and habitat destruction could easily threaten these locally distributed species.

DISCUSSION A total of 147 species of Collembola belonging to 61 genera under 13 families have been recorded from Indian Himalaya. Out of 147 species recorded from Indian Himalaya, 85 species are endemic to the region. The present chapter deals with species composition found in the Indian Himalaya region, consisting of five states namely Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The present taxonomic status and distribution of each species are provided. MANDAL : Collembola

SYSTEMATIC LIST (*indicates the species endemic to Indian Himalaya) Order COLLEMBOLA Lubbock, 1871 Family ARRHOPALITIDAE Stach, 1956 Genus Pygmarrhopalites Vargovitsh, 2009 habei (Yosii, 1965) Vargovitsh, 2009: 1B, 2C Family BOURLETIELLIDAE Borner, 1912, Sensu Bretfeld, 1994 Genus Bourletiella Banks, 1899 arvalis (Fitch, 1862): 2A captis Baijal and Mathur, 1969*: 2A hortensis (Fitch, 1863): 2A Family CYPHODERIDAE Borner, 1913 Genus Cyphoderus Nicolet, 1842 javanus Borner, 1906: 2B, 2C, 2D rubiae Baijal, 1955: 2A Family ENTOMOBRYIDAE Schaffer, 1896 Genus Alloscopus Borner, 1906 tetracanthus (Borner, 1906) Handschin, 1928: 2C Genus Corynothrix Tullberg, 1877 borealis Tullberg, 1877*: 1B Genus Dicranocentrus Schött, 1893 indicus Bonet, 1930: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Drepanosira Bonet, 1942 frigida (Imms, 1912)*: 2B hussi Neuhertz, 1976: 2A ravi Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A shimlai Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A subornata (Denis, 1936) Bonet,1942*: 2A Genus Entomobrya Rondani, 1861 barogii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A choudhurii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B

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diskitensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B himalayensis (Baijal, H.N, 1955) Salmon, 1964*: 2A kajjairensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A kultinalensis Baijal, 1958*: 2A ladakhi Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B longisticta Baijal, 1958*: 2A mehtai Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B nigrita Baijal, 1958*: 2A rohtangensis Baijal, 1958*: 2A Genus Himalanura Baijal, 1958 baijali Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B chailii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A himachalenis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A Genus Homidia Borner, 1906 cingula (Borner, C., 1906) Yosii, 1959: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lakhanpurii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A Genus Janetschekbrya Yosii, 1971

brahamides (Denis, 1936)*: 2A

Genus Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 Subgenus Lanocyrtus Yoshii, and Yayuk, 1989 cyaneus Tullberg, 1871: 2B, D Subgenus Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 curvicollis (Bourlet, 1839) Bourlet, 1841: 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Allocyrtus Yosii and Suhardjono, 1984 lepidornatus (Handschin, 1930): 2A Subgenus Acrocyrtus Yosii, 1959 heterolepis Yosii, 1959: 2B, 2C, 2D himachalensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A malayanusYosii, 1959: 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Ascocyrtus Yosii, 1963 magnificus Carpenter, 1924: 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Cinctocyrtus Yoshi and Yayuk, 1989 medius Schaeffer, C., 1898: 2C kulluensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A Genus Lepidiaphanus Salmon, 1949 kashmirensis Arora and Singh, 1962*: 2A Genus Seira Lubbock, 1871 arunachala Mitra, 1975*: 2D hazrai Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B indica (Ritter, 1911): 2B, 2C, 2D nidarensis Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2014*: 1B prabhooi Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A simbalwaraii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A unifasciata (Denis, 1936)*: 2A Genus Lepidosira Schött, 1925 unguserrata Salmon, 1970*: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Mesentotoma Salmon, 1942 hutchinsoni (Denis, 1936) Jordana, 2012*: 1B Genus Orchesellides Bonet, 1930 boraoi Bonet, 1930*: 1B, 2A crassus (Imms, 1912) : 2B Genus Sinella Brook, 1882 curviseta Brook, 1882: 2A, B, C, D Genus Willowsia Shoebotham, 1917 brahma (Imms, 1912): 2A kalatopii Baquero, Mandal and Jordana, 2015*: 2A Family HYPOGASTRURIDAE Börner, 1906 Genus Ceratophysella Börner in Brohmer, 1932 armata (Nicolet, 1842) Borner, 1932: 2A

206

communis (Folsom, 1897): 2A, B indica (Salmon, 1956)*: 1C, 2C indovaria (Salmon, 1970): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D narkandae (Baijal, 1955)* : 2A Genus Hypogastrura Bourlet, 1839 katraensis Tyagi and Baijal, 1982*: 2A manubrialis (Tullberg, 1869) Linnaniemi, 1912: 2A nivicola (Fitch, 1847): 2A rangkuli Martynova, 1975: 1B sonapani Baijal, 1958*: 2A Genus Xenylla Tullberg, 1869 hadialii Baijal, 1955*: 2A obscura Imms, 1912: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sincta Baijal, 1956*: 2A Family ISOTOMIDAE Schaffer, 1896 Genus Aackia Yosii, 1966 karakoramensis Yosii, 1966*: 2A Genus Appendisotoma Stach, 1947 tridentata (Baijal, 1958)* Potapov, 2001: 2A Genus Axelsonia Borner, 1906 nitida (Folsom, 1899) Borner, 1906: 2C Genus Ballistura Borner, 1906 bengalensis Yosii, 1966: 2C Genus Desoria Agassiz and Nicolet, 1841 mazda (Yosii, 1971)*: 1C trispinata (Mac Gillivray, 1896) Mendoza Arviso, 1999: 1C, 2C Genus Friesea Von Dalla Torre, 1895 excelsa Denis, 1936: 2A, C maxima Baijal, 1956: 2A Genus Folsomia Willem, 1902 santokhi (Baijal, 1958)*: 2A Genus Folsomides Stach, 1922 parvulus Stach, 1922: 2C Genus Hemisotoma Bagnall, 1949 thermophila (Axelson, 1900) Bagnall, 1949: 2C, 2D Genus Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 himalayana (Baijal, 1955)*: 2A plumosa (Salmon, 1969) Lawrence, 1978*: 1C sarkundensis Baijal, 1958*: 2A spinicauda Bonet, 1930*: 1B Genus Isotomurus Börner, 1903 balteatus (Reuter, 1876) Handschin, 1929: 2B, 2C, 2D minor (Schaeffer, 1896) Yosii, 1939: 2C, D Genus Procerura Salmon, 1941 indica (Baijal, 1958) Greenslade, 2003: 2A transequatoria (Salmon, 1969) Greenslade, 2003*: 1C Genus Proisotama Borner, 1901 himalayana Baijal, 1958*: 2A Genus Scutisotoma Bagnall, 1949 ladaki (Denis, 1936)*: 1B Family NEANURIDAE Börner, 1901 Genus Adbiloba Stach 1951 sikkimensis (Yosii, 1966)*: 1C Genus Gnatholonche Borner, 1906 intermedia (Imms, 1912) Stach, 1951*: 2A polychaetosa Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C Genus Himalmeria Cassagnau, 1984 ornata Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C


karmapa Cassagnau, 1984*: 1A, 2C Genus Hyperlobella Cassagnau, 1988 kraepelini (Borner, C, 1906) Cassagnau, 1988*: 2B, 2D Genus Pronura Delamare Deboutteville, 1953 indiana Salmon, 1969: 1C, 2C Genus Paranura Axelson, 1902 coenobita Cassagnau, 1991*: 1A, 2C squamosa Cassagnau, 1991*: 2C Genus Parvatinura Cassagnau, 1984 colcheni Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C loebli Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C Genus Singalimeria Cassagnau, 1984 pachyderma Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C Genus Womersleya Denis, 1948 marhia Baijal, 1958*: 2A Subgenus Yetimeria Cassagnau, 1984 armata Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C lama Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C lanata Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C rostrata Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C sikkimensis Cassagnau, 1984*: 1A spatulata Cassagnau, 1984*: 2C Family ONYCHIURIDAE Borner, 1901 Genus Allonychiurus Yoshii, 1995 indicus (Choudhuri and Roy, 1965) Pomorski, 2002: Himalaya Genus Onychiurus Gervais, 1841 bhatti Yosii, 1963*: 2A Genus Protaphorura Absolon, 1901 kultia (Baijal, 1956)*: 2A Family ODONTELLIDAE Massoud, 1967 Genus Spinanurida Salmon, 1969 mandibulata Salmon, 1969*: 1C, 2C Genus Superodontella Stach, 1949 altitudina (Salmon, 1969)*: 1C Family PARONELIIDAE Borner, 1913 Genus Callyntrura Borner, 1906 lineata (Parona, 1892): 2A, B, C longicornis (Oudemans, 1890): 2C variabilis Mitra, 1974*: 2B zaheri Mitra, 1974: 2C Genus Dicranocentroides Imms, 1912 duduaensis Hazra and Mandal, 2015: 2B

fasciculatus Imms, 1912: 2B, 2C, 2D flavescens Yosii, 1966: 2B, 2C, 2D gisini Mitra, 1975: 2B indica (Handschin, 1929): 2C, 2D salmoni Mitra, 1975: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Salina MacGillivray, 1894 bengalensis Mitra, 1973: 2C biformis Mitra, 1966: 2A, B indica (Imms, 1912): 2B, C montana (Imms, 1912): 2C sikkimensis Mitra, 1973: 1C, 2C striata (Handschin, 1928): 2B, 2C tricolor (Handschin, 1928): 2B yosii Salmon, 1964: 2C Genus Pseudosalina Mitra, 1974 christianseni Mitra, 1974*: 2A, 2B multiformis Mitra, 1974*: 2A, 2B nigrocephala (Mitra, 1966)* : 2A, 2B nigrocephala (Mitra, 1966)*: 2A, 2B Genus Yosiia Mitra, 1967 dehradunia Mitra, 1967: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family SMINTHURIDAE Lubbock, 1862, Sensu Deharvens, 2004 Genus Sminthurus Latreille in Sonnini (1802) hamtaensis Baijal, 1958*: 2A kuluensis Baijal, 1958*: 2A Genus Temeritas Richards in Delamare Debouttebille and Massoud, 1963 bharatensis Baijal and Kohli, 1972*: 2A Genus Sphyrotheca Borner, 1906 gangetica Yosii, 1966: 2C Family TOMOCERIDAE Schaffer, 1896 Genus Tomocerus Nicolet, 1842 mitrai Prabhoo and Muraleedharan, 1980*: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D petalospinus Salmon, 1969*: 1B, 2C serratospinus Salmon, 1941*: 1B, 2C ashoka Yosii and Ashraf, 1965*: 2A vulgaris (Tullberg, 1871) Brook, 1883: 2A Family TULLBERGIDAE Bagnall, 1935 Genus Mesaphorura Borner, 1901 choudhuri Yosii, 1966*: 2C Genus Thalassaphorura Bagnall, 1949 clayae (Salmon, 1958) Pomorski, 2002*: 1C, 2C

REFERENCES Arora, G.L and Singh, M. 1962. A new species of Lepidiaphanus from Kashmir (Entomobryidae: Collembola). J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 59(1): 309-311. Baijal, H.N. 1955a. Two new species of Collembola. Agra Univ. Jour. Sci. Res., 4: 175-177. Baijal, H.N. 1955b. Entomological Survey of the Himalayas Part XI. - On five new species of Collembola. Agra Univ. Jour. Sci. Res., IV(2): 531-538. Baijal, H.N. 1956. Entomological survey of Himalayas: Part-IV. Two new species of Collembola. Agra Univ. Jour. Res. Sci., 4(1): 175-178. Baijal, H.N. 1958. Nival Collembolan from the North-West Himalaya. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Allahabad (India), 28: 349360. Baquero, E., Mandal, G.P. and Jordana, R. 2014. Singular fauna of Entomobryidae (Collembola) from “Land of passes” at the Himalayas (Entomobryidae from Ladakh, India). Fla. Entomol., 97(4) : 1554-1587. MANDAL : Collembola

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Baquero, E., Mandal, G.P. and Jordana, R. 2015. Entomobryoidea (Collembola) from Himachal Pradesh (India) in the Himalayas. Zootaxa, 4027(1): 001-041. Bellinger, P.F., Christiansen, K.A. and Janssens, F. 1996–2017. Checklist of the Collembola of the World. Available from: http://www.collembola.org/taxa (accessed 28th February, 2017). Bhagat, R.C.2013. Diversity and checklist of collembola fauna (Insecta) of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalaya, India. Cib. J. Zool., 2(2): 31-35 Brown, J.M., 1932. A new species of Proisotoma from India. Proc. Hawai. Cull Soc., 8: 35-36. Carpenter, G. H. 1917. Collembola: Zoological results of the Abor expedition 1911-1912. Rec. Ind. Mus. Cal., 8 : 561-568. Carpenter, G. H. 1924. Collembola of the Siju cave, Garo Hills, Assam. Rec. Indian Mus. Cal., 25: 285-289. Choudhuri, D.K. and Roy, S. 1965. A new species of Onychiurus (Insecta: Collembola) from West Bengal. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.: 123-127. Denis, J.R. 1936. Yale North India-Expedition: Report on Collembola. Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., 10: 261-282. Handschin, E.1955. Considerations sur la position systematique des Collemboles. Mem. soc. Royale Ento. Belg., Tome vingt-septieme, Jublaire: 40-53. Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2010. Insecta : Collembola. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(2): 1-12 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2015. A new species of Dicranocentroides (Collembola : Paronellidae) from India. J. Threat. Taxa, 7(9): 7547-7551. Imms, A.D., 1912. On some Collembola from India, Burma and Ceylon with a catalogue of the Oriental species of the order. Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 80-125. Mandal, G.P. 2010. Checklist of Collembola from India (Insecta: Apterygota). (http://zsi.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/ file/Checklist/8.pdf). Mandal, G.P. 2013. Two additional new records of Collembola from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bionotes, 15 (3): 85. Mandal, G.P. and Hazra, A.K. 2004. On a collection of Collembola insects from Himachal Pradesh with zoogeographical note. Bionotes, 6(4): 116-117. Mandal, G.P and Hazra, A.K. 2009. The diversity of Collembola (Hexapoda) from East and North East India with some notes on their Ecology. Rec. zool. Surv. India Occ. Paper No., 298: 1-206. Mandal, G.P. and Hazra, A.K. 2013. New records of Collembola from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bionotes, 15 (2): 50-51. Mandal, G.P. and Suman, K.K. 2015. Insecta : Collembola (Apterygota). In, Fauna of Uttar Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 22(2): 139-155 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mitra, S.K. 1966a. On some Indian Collembola with the description of a new species of Xenylla (Collembola: Hypogastruridae). Sci. Cult., 32: 210-211. Mitra, S.K. 1966b. Two new species of Salina Mac Gillivray (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Paronellinae). J. Entomol., New Delhi, 28(1): 67-73. Mitra, S.K. 1967. A new genus and species of Indian springtail (Insecta: Paronellinae) Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 20: 4347. Mitra, S.K. 1973a. A new Paronellinae genus of Indian spring tail (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Paronellinae) with the descriptions of three new species. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol., 10(3): 359-377. Mitra, S.K. 1973b. A revision of Salina MacGillivray, 1894 (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from India. Orient. Insects, 7(2): 159-202. Mitra, S.K. 1974. A critical study on some species of Callyntrura Borner, 1906 (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Paronellinae) from India. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol., 11(3): 397-439. Mitra, S.K. 1975. Studies on the genus Dicranocentriodes Imms (1912) (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Paronellinae) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 71: 57-95. Mitra, S.K. 1976. Some Collembola from Arunachal Pradesh (Entomobryidae). Orient. Insects, 10(1): 145-150. Mitra, S.K. 1993. Effects of continuous cultivation and other agronomic practices on soil micro-arthropods. A unifying concept of agriculture and ecology for tropical agroecosystem. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 151: 1-177. 208


Mitra, S.K., Mandal, G.P. and Hazra, A.K. 2004. On some collection of Collembola (Apterygota : Insecta) from Uttaranchal, India. Rec. zool. Surv., India, 102(3-4): 1-9. Prabhoo, N.R. and Muraleedharan, 1980. A new species of Tomocerus (S.str.) (Tomoceridae: Collembola) from India. Entomon, 5(3): 207-210. Ritter, W. 1911. Neue Thysanuren und Collembolen aus Ceylon und Bombay, gesamelt von Dr. Uzel, Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus Wien, 24: 379-398. Salmon, J.T. 1956a. On two Hypogastroridae (Collembola) from India. Proc. R. Ent. Soc., Lond (B) 25: 171-174. Salmon, J.T. 1956b. A new species of Parafolsomia (Collembola) from India. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., (B), 25: 127-128. Salmon, J.T. 1957a. Some Paronellinae (Collembola) from India. Acta. Zool. Cracov., 11(14): 313-362. Salmon, J.T. 1957b. A new species of Entomobryidae from India (Collembola). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., (B), 26: 49-50. Salmon, J.T. 1958. A new Onychiurid Collembola from India. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., (B), 27: 145-146. Salmon, J.T. 1963. New Collembola Symphypleona from India and Australia. Bull. Roy. Soc. N.Z., 3(8): 81-84. Salmon, J.T. 1965. New Onychiurid Collembola from India and New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. Zool., 5: 225-231. Salmon, J.T. 1969. New Collembola from India. Zool. Publ. Vict. Univ. coll., 51: 40-49. Salmon, J.T. 1970. Some new records and new species of Collembola from India. Bull. Roy. Soc. N.Z., 12(13): 145-152.

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Chapter 18

Insecta : Archaeognatha G.P. MANDAL

The present chapter deals with the species composition of order Archeognatha, found in the Indian Himalaya, comprising six states namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The current status of species diversity of the order Archeognatha in Indian Himalaya includes 9 species belonging to 4 genera under 2 families. The maximum number of species are recorded from North-west Himalaya (8), West Himalaya, Central Himalaya (2 each), and Ladakh Mountains (1). There is no record available for East Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, and Trans Himalaya Sikkim.

T

INTRODUCTION

he families Machilidae and Meinertellidae of the jumping bristletails were once included with Thysanura, but are now in the order Archaeognatha (=”Microcoryphia”). Archaeognathans also share a number of primitive features. Their mandibles are monocondylic, that is, with only one condyle (the joint or socket-like attachment point to the head capsule), whereas other insects have two condyles (“dicondylic”). This primitive mouthpart feature gives the order its name (Arche - beginning, gnathos - jaw). Their abdominal segments bear styles, which are small appendages moveable by muscles. Recent archaeognathans share two notable derived features: compound eyes enlarged, medially contiguous specialized musculature of abdomen, which allows them to jump by a rapid downward bending. They hide under bark, in litter, and in rock crevices, and feed on algae, lichens, and vegetable debris. The members of the family Machilidae representing ‘bristle-tail’ occur mostly in the decomposing litters of the forest floor and are capable of jumping by means of the apical ventral stylets.

HISTORICAL RESUME Mendes (1990) recorded 28 species of Thysanura including eleven species of Microcoryphia and seventeen species of Zygentoma from India. Mendes (2002) presented historical overview, present status Zygentoma and Microcoryphia and goals for the new millennium.

Hazra and Biswas (1999, 2010), Hazra et al. (2003), Hazra and Mandal (2004, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012) made noteworthy records of the family Machilidae from India which include Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and. Mandal (2011) prepared a checklist of Indian Thysanura (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma).

SPECIES DIVERSITY Based on Foottit and Adler (2009) and updated Zoological Records from 2008, altogether 513 species were recorded from the world. The poorly known Indian fauna of Archaeognatha is represented by 11 species belonging to 6 genera and 2 families. Archaeognatha fauna of the Indian Himalaya is represented by 9 species belonging to 4 genera under two 2 families. Out of them, seven species are endemic to the region. The maximum number of species are recorded from North-west Himalaya (8), West Himalaya, Central Himalaya (2 each), and Ladakh Mountains (1). There is no record available for East Himalaya, Tibetan Plateau, and Trans Himalaya Sikkim (Fig. 1). The present taxonomic status and distribution of each species in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya have been provided in systematic list. Within Archaeognatha, the genera like Allopsontus, Haslundichilis, Himalayachillis, and Machilanus have been reported only from the north-eastern mountainous states, and Machilontus from the north-eastern India. Genus Allopsontus is endemic to India and the genus Machilanus has a wide geographical range. Analysis of

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, India. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Mandal, G.P. 2018. Insecta : Archaeognatha. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 211-213 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


the available literature reveals that this group inhabits a wide range of ecological niches. Some members of the family Machilidae occur mostly in the decomposing litter of the forest floor and thus have some role in the process of humification. Whereas some are localised and adaptive in different environmental conditions like forest floor, under bark of trees, under rocks and in the nest of ants and termites.

use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers cause the loss of Archeognatha habitats and populations. It is high time to formulate strategies for conservation of taxon for the role play in maintaining the ecological balance especially in the soil ecosystem. So, the destruction of habitat should be checked and the use of hazardous chemicals either in the form of pesticides or fertilizers and discharge of industrial effluents must be controlled.

ENDEMISM

DISCUSSION

Among the known taxa, the following species: Allopsontus annandalei, Haslundichilis quadri, Himalayachilis muriensis, Machilanus insensilis, Machilanus lapidicola, Machilanus schmidi, and Machilontus lefroyi are endemic to India, particularly to the Indian Himalaya.

THREATENED TAXA There are a large number of endemic species in the group with very restricted distributions and habitat destruction could easily threaten these more locally distributed species.

ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Archaeognatha play a significant role in the breakdown of leaf litter along with certain other microathropods and consequently aiding the process of humification.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION The land is being polluted and gradually degraded due to massive felling of trees, excessive and indiscriminate 212

The present chapter deals with species composition found in the Indian Himalaya, comprising six states namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The present taxonomic status and distribution of each species in different biotic provinces of the Indian Himalayas have been provided. The poorly known Indian fauna of Archaeognatha is represented by 11 species belonging to 6 genera and 2 families. A total of 9 species of Archeognatha belonging to 4 genera under 2 families have been recorded from Indian Himalaya. Out of 9 species recorded from Indian Himalaya, 7 species are endemic to the region and 2 genera namely Haslundichilis, and Himalayachilis are exclusively found from Jammu and Kashmir and northwest Himalayas (Muree Hills). Further investigation and surveys of this group from the region may reveal many more new genera and species. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Machilanus schmidi Wygodzinsky, 1974

SYSTEMATIC LIST Suborder ARCHAEOGNATHA Börner, 1904 Family MACHILIDAE Grassi, 1888 Genus Allopsontus Escherich, 1906 annandalei Escherich, 1906: 2C Genus Haslundichilis Wygodzinsky, 1952 qadrii Wygodzinsky, 1952: 2A Genus Himalayachilis Wygodzinsky 1952 murreensis Wygodzinsky, 1952: 2A, 2B

Machilontus lawrencei Carmen Bach de Roca, 1981 Genus Machilanus Silvestri, 1936 insensilis Wygodzinsky, 1974: 2A lapidocola Wygodzinsky, 1974:2A, 2C schmidi Wygodzinsky, 1974: 2A, 2B hutchinsoni Silvestri, 1936: 1A, 2A Family MEINERTELLIDAE Verhoeff, 1910 Genus Machilontus Carmen Bach de Roca, 1981 lawrencei Carmen Bach de Roca, 1981: 2A lefryoi Wygodzinsky, 1974: 2A

REFERENCES Foottit, R. and Adler, P. 2009. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Blackwell Publishing, London: 1-623. Hazra, A.K., Mandal, G.P. and Biswas, M. 2003. Insecta : Thysanura (Apterygota). In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(2): 101-107 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2004. Studies on the diversity and distribution of Thysanura (Insecta) from Himachal Pradesh with Zoo-geographical relationship. Orion Press Int., III: 505-509. Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2007. Insecta : Apterygota : Thysanura. In, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 5(3): 105-113 (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2010. Insecta : Thysanura. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna series, 18(2): 13-16. (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2012. Insecta : Thysanura (Apterygota). In, Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, State Fauna Series, 19(1): 15-18 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mandal, G.P. 2011. Checklist of Thysanura (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) from India. (http://zsi.gov.in/WriteReadData/ userfiles/file/Checklist/53.pdf). Mendes, L.F. 1990. On the Zoogeographic affinities of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) from India. In, Advances in Management and Conservation of soil fauna (Eds. G.K. Veeresh et al.): 15-24. Mendes, L.F. 2002. Taxonomy of Zygentoma and Microcoryphia: historical overview, present status and goals for the new millennium. Pedobiologia, 46: 225-233. Wygodzinsky, P. 1955. Thysanura: 83-190. In, South African Animal Life 2. Almquist and Wiksells Boktryckari AB, Uppsala, Sweden.

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Chapter 19

Insecta : Zygentoma G.P. MANDAL

This chapter deals with the species composition of order Zygentoma, found in the Indian Himalaya, which consists of six states namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. A total of 17 species of Zygentoma belonging to 11 genera under 3 families have been recorded from Indian Himalayas. The present taxonomic status and the distribution of each species different in the biotic provinces of Indian Himalayas have been provided.

T

INTRODUCTION

he insects of the order Thysanura usually referred to as silverfish, may also be called bristletails, from their three long caudal filaments. Occasionally, the order Thysanura is referred to as Zygentoma. The members of this order are small, soft bodied, mostly scaled, and wingless. Silverfish are so called due to the silvery glitter of the scales covering their bodies. Their movement is “fish-like” and makes it look as if they are swimming. They are less than 1 centimetre (0.39 inches) long, and found in damp corners or amongst books and paper in houses. Silverfish have flattened bodies and may be elongated or oval in shape. They have flexible antennae and small compound eyes or sometimes eyes may be absent. They have short mandibles and relatively unspecialized mouthparts. Many species also have a number of short appendages on their abdominal segments, but the most distinctive feature of the group is the presence of three long, tail-like filaments extending from their last segment. The two lateral filaments are formed from the abdominal cerci.

They may be found in moist, humid environments or dry conditions, both as free-living organisms or nestassociates. These free-living forms are found in the forest floor, in the nests of ants and termites, under bark of trees, under rocks. Silverfish feed on cereals, paste, paper, starch in clothes, rayon fabrics and dried meats. Silverfish can sometimes be found in bathtubs or sinks at night, as they have difficulty moving on smooth surfaces and so become trapped. Wild species often are found in habitats such as

caves, and some are commensals living in association with ant colonies and termite mounds.

HISTORICAL RESUME Perusal of literature reveals that there was no work on Indian Zygentoma prior to the period of 1900. The history of taxonomic studies of the Indian Thysanura dates back to 1903 by Escherich. The first important work of significance on the order Thysanura comes from the efforts of Escherich in 1905 in ‘Das system der Lepismatiden’. Escherich (1905) described eight new species from India. Thereafter, Silvestri (1911, 1913, 1936, 1938) also described eight new species from different parts of India. Wygodzinsky (1959) described new species from India. Joseph and Mathad (1963) described a new genus and a new species of termitophilus Zygentoma from Mysore, Karnataka. Recently Hazra and his co-workers (1980-2012) in their extensive studies on Zygentoma, contributed significantly to the knowledge of Indian fauna. Mendes (1990) published on zoogeographic affinities of Indian Thysanura and pointed out the poorly known diversity of the group is due to improper exploration of the taxa. Mendes (1992) described Bharatatelura, a new genus from the Malabar region of India. Hazra (1980, 1993, 1996) contributed significantly on the family Lepismatidae with a new species from West Bengal and Tripura. Hazra and Mandal (2004, 2007, 2010, 2012) made note worthy records of the family Lepismatidae, Ateluridae, and Nicoletiidae from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sikkim, Manipur, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand states of India.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700,053, India. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Mandal, G.P. 2018. Insecta : Zygentoma. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 215-218 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


A

B

C

A. Atelura typhloponis Silvestri, 1913; B. Lepidospora ceylonica Silvestri, 1911; C. Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, 1758.

Mandal (2010) made a checklist of Indian Thysanura (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma).

SPECIES DIVERSITY Based on Foottit and Adler (2009) and through Zoological Records from 2008, altogether 564 species were recorded from the world. Zygentoma presently represented by 29 216

species belonging to 16 genera and 3 families from India. From Indian Himalaya, Zygentoma fauna is represented by 17 species under 11 genera of 3 families (Table 1).

Central Himalaya includes 15 species, West Himalaya 8 species, and North West Himalaya only single species (Fig. 1).

Lepismatidae is the largest family, widespread with more than 200 species from the world, living mostly in Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

human habitations. Nicoletiidae are small in size and live in soil litter, humus and under stones. Lepidothrichidae are represented by two species Lepidothrix pilifera from Baltic Amber and Tricholepidion gertschi from forests of northern California. Three species of Maindroniidae are found in the Middle East and in Chile. Ateluridae live in nests of ants and termites and are small and blind. The species belonging to the family Lepismatidae correspond to a quite less know assemblage of cryptic, free living, myrmecophilous or termitophilous thysanurans. Several genera are well represented along wide areas; although others are known exclusively by their type species only. Afrolepisma and Xenolepisma show a clear Afro-Indian distribution. The very primitive genus Gastrotheus show a wide geographical distribution and it has remarkable ecological plasticity, with edaphic, myrmecophilous and termitophilous species. Lepidospora is the only genus, included within Nicoletiidae from India with approximately 20 species distributed in two subgenera from the world.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION No species of Zygentoma is listed by the IUCN, but populations of Zygentoma are little known. There are a large number of endemic species in the group with very restricted distributions, and habitat destruction could easily threaten these more locally distributed species. It is high time to formulate the strategies for the conservation of these very significant taxa, keeping in consideration the role played in maintaining the ecological balance especially in the soil ecosystem.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order ZYGENTOMA Börner, 1904 Family LEPISMATIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Acrotelsa Escherich, 1905 collaris (Fabricius, 1793): 2B, 2C Genus Afrolepisma Mendes, 1981 nigrima (Silvestri, 1936): 2B, 2C Genus Ctenolepisma Escherich, 1905 longicaudata Escherich, 1905: 2B, 2C nigra (Oudemans, 1890): 2C ciliata (Dufour, 1831): 2C targionii (Grassi and Rovelli, 1889): 2A, 2C dubitalis Wygodzinsky, 1959: 2C Genus Lepisma Linnaeus 1758 saccharina Linnaeus,1758: 2B, 2C indica Escherich, 1903: 2C Genus Tricholepisma Paclt, 1967 gravelyi (Silvestri, 1913): 2C Genus Stylifera Escherich, 1905 impudica (Escherich, 1905): 2C Genus Thermobia Bergroth, 1890 domestica (Pacard, 1873): 2C Family ATELURIDAE Remington, 1954 Genus Atelura Vonheyden, 1855 typhloponis Silvestri, 1913: 2B, 2C Genus Gastrotheus Silvestri, 1913 indicus Silvestri,1913: 2B, 2C Genus Platystylea Escherich, 1905 barbifer Escherich, 1905: 2C Family NICOLETIIDAE Escherich, 1905 Genus Lepidospora Escherich, 1905 ceylonica Silvestri, 1911: 2B notabilis Silvestri, 1911: 2B

REFERENCES Escherich, 1903. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Thysanuren. I. Reihe Zool. Anz., 697(26): 345-366. Escherich, K. 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoolgica (Stuttgart), 83: 1-164. Foottit, R. and Adler, P. 2009. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Blackwell Publishing, London: 1-623. Hazra, A.K. 1980. On a new species of Stylifera (Lepismatidae: Thysanura: Insecta) from India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 2(2 and 3): 187-191. Hazra, A.K. 1993. Insecta: Apterygota: Thysanura. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(4): 1-17 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Hazra, A.K. 1996. Insecta: Apterygota: Thysanura. In, Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 145-146. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Hazra, A.K., Mandal, G.P. and Biswas, M. 2003. Insecta: Thysanura (Apterygota). In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(2): 101-107 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2004. Studies on the diversity and distribution of Thysanura (Insecta) from Himachal Pradesh with Zoo-geographical relationship. Orion Press Int., III: 505-509. Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2007. Insecta: Apterygota: Thysanura. In, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 5(3): 105-113 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2010. Insecta: Thysanura. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State fauna series, 18(2): 13-16 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). MANDAL : Insecta : Zygentoma

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Hazra, A.K. and Mandal, G.P. 2012. Insecta : Thysanura (Apterygota). In, Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, State Fauna Series, 19(1): 15-18 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Joseph K.J. and and Mathad K.B. 1963. A new genus Termitophilous Atelurinae (Thysanura: Nicoletidae) from India. Insectes Sociaux, Paris, 10: 379-386. Mandal, G.P. 2010. Checklist of Thysanura (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) from India. (http://zsi.gov.in/WriteReadData/ userfiles/file/Checklist/53.pdf). Mendes, L.F. 1990. On the zoogeographic affinities of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) from India. In: Advances in Management and Conservation of Soil Fauna (eds. G.K. Veeresh et al.): 15-24. Mendes, L.F. 1992. Zygentoma from the Oriental Region and Indonesia - on some new and poorly known Ateluridae. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 90 (1/4): 211-238. Silvestri, F. 1911. Contribúto alla conoscènza dei Machilidae dell› America settentrionàle. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 5:324350. Silvestri, F. 1913. On some Thysanura in the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., 9: 51-62. Silvestri, F. 1936. Yale north India expedition. XIV Report on Diplura and Thysanura. Mem. Conn. Acad., 10: 253259. Silvestri, F. 1938. Description of a new myrmicophilous Lepisma (Thysanura) from India. Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 40: 143-145. Wygodzinsky 1959. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Machilida und Thysanura der Türkei. Opusc. Ent., 24: 36-54.

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Chapter 20

Insecta : Ephemeroptera C. SELVAKUMAR

Mayflies are most primitive and ancient of the extant insect groups. The current status of Ephemeroptera diversity in Indian Himalaya is 49 species under 26 genera belonging to 7 families. In Trans Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1B -Tibetan Plateau (N=6) followed by 1A – Ladakh Mountains (N=2) and 1C – Sikkim Himalaya (N=2). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-2), maximum number of species are found in 2A – North West Himalaya (N=31) followed by 2C – Central Himalaya (N=9), 2D – East Himalaya (N=6) and 2B – West Himalaya (N=0). Larval or adult stages of several species of mayflies are unknown. Combined studies on morphological and molecular systematics, phylogeny and phylogeography are essential to get a holistic picture of the origin and diversification of the fauna. Long-term conservation of mayflies depends upon conservation of natural riparian vegetation and prevention of wetland pollution and habitat destruction.

T

INTRODUCTION

he ephemeropterans are the oldest extant order of winged insects (Kukalova-Peck, 1978). The first mayflies probably evolved in the Carboniferous period, 280-350 million years ago (Resh and Solem, 1984). The primitive characteristics of the order are manifested in the inability of the palaeopterous adult to fold the net-veined wings flat, when at rest. Instead, they are held straight above the body (Dudgeon, 1999). They are unique in having a subimaginal or preadult stage which moults into imago or adult, with a short life span of 1 or 2 hours to a few days. The larval life span varies from 3 or 4 weeks to more than two years (Brittain, 1982; Brittain and Sartori, 2003). Being most ancient, primarily aquatic insect order, the Ephemeroptera have colonized all types of freshwater habitats, viz., lentic (ponds and lakes), lotic (streams, perennial and intermittent types and rivers) and springs. They are microhabitat specialists and have become ecologically and often morphologically diverse (Hynes, 1984). They are excellent biological indicators of water and habitat quality (Buffagni, 1997; Sivaramakrishnan et al. 1996; Selvakumar et al. 2014a). They can contribute upto 25% of the zoobenthos production (Elliott et al., 1988). They are vital links in the fish food chain (McCafferty, 1981). Many of the montane

mayflies, larvae and imagos are equally charismatic. However, their dispersal power is generally rather weak. This trait, combined with possession of several archaic features in all their life stages entitles them to be an ideal group for phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses (McCafferty and Edmunds, 1979; McCafferty, 1999). Globally, about 3000 species in 400 genera and 42 families are currently known (Barber-James et al., 2008). Of these, 390 species in 84 genera and 20 families occur in the Oriental region. About 49% of the genera (41 genera) are endemic to the region. The fauna of the Indian subregion (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh) is represented by four suborders, fifteen families, sixty genera and 204 species (Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2009). Current status of ephemeropteran fauna of India is represented by 4 suborders, 13 families, 58 genera and 146 species (Subramanian et al., 2017).

HISTORICAL RESUME The first mayfly from India was described as early as 1843, when Palingenia indica (Ephoron indicus) was described by Pictet. Subsequently, Walker (1853) described Caenis perpusilla and Cloeon debilis (Procloeon debilis) based on the specimens at British Museum and on the collections of W.W. Saunders. During this period, Hagen (1858)

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Selvakumar, C. 2018. Insecta : Ephemeroptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 219-226 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

worked on baetine mayflies of Sri Lanka. Up to 1900 two species of Ephemeridae and Palingenidae and one species of Heptageniidae was described. During this period, important workers such as Needham (1909), Ulmer (1920), Chopra (1924, 1927), Navas (1931), Hafiz (1937) and Traver (1939) described many species. Needham worked on ephemeropteran in the collection of the Indian Museum and Ulmer described Ecdyonurus bengalensis from Darjeeling, West Bengal.. Tremendous progress was made on the knowledge of Indian Ephemeroptera during this period. Workers like Gilles (1949, 1951), Kimmins (1947), Kapur and Kriplani (1963), Dubey (1970, 1971), Kaul and Dubey (1970), Peters (1967, 1975), Peters and Edmunds, (1970), McCafferty (1973), Hubbard and Peters (1978), Sivaramakrishnan (1984, 1985a, b), Sivaramakrishnan and Peters (1984), Sivaramakrishnan and Hubbard (1984), Grant and Sivaramakrishnan (1985), Venkataraman and Sivaramakrishnan (1987, 1989), Srivastava (1991a,b, 1993, 1995), Sivaramakrishnan et al. (1996), Dinakaran et al. (2009), Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan (2009),

Selvakumar et al. (2012, 2013, 2014b,c, 2015, 2016a, 2017), Sivaruban et al. (2013), Anbalagan et al. (2014), Kluge (2014), Kluge and Novikova (2014), Kluge et al. (2014, 2015), Kubendran et al. (2014, 2015), Balachandran et al. (2016) and Ramya-Roopa et al. (2017) contributed substantially to the knowledge on Ephemeroptera of India.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The Himalaya has been recognized amongst the important and sensitive ecosystems of the globe, which is facing several challenges due to natural and anthropogenic causes. The Indian Himalaya includes six states viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The current status of Ephemeroptera diversity in Indian Himalaya is 49 species under 26 genera belonging to 7 families. In Trans Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1B -Tibetan Plateau (N=6) followed by 1A – Ladakh Mountains (N=2) and 1C – Sikkim Himalaya (N=2) (Figure 1). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

A. Acentrella (Liebebiella) vera (Müller-Liebenau, 1982); B. Baetis chandra Kapur and Kripalani, 1963; C. Choroterpes (Dilatonagthus) nigella (Kang and Yang, 1994); D. Drunella submontana (Brodsky, 1930); E. Gilliesia hindustanica (Gillies, 1951); F. Isca purpurea Gillies, 1951; G. Torleya coheri (Allen and Edmunds, 1963); H. Torleya nepalica (Allen and Edmunds, 1963).

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2), maximum number of species are found in 2A – North West Himalaya (N=31) followed by 2C – Central Himalaya (N=9), 2D – East Himalaya (N=6) and 2B – West Himalaya (N=0) (Fig. 1).

ENDEMISM Mayfly fauna of India, a country endowed with two mega diversity hotspots, appears to be an assemblage of ancient Gondwanan derivatives, with a high percentage of endemism, a few Laurasian spill overs, along with some younger faunal elements that might have diversified in several spells at different periods in geological history by vicariant and dispersal events, through “out of India and towards India” exchanges between Indian subcontinent on the one hand and Afro-tropics including Madagascar, Oriental Southeast Asia and Palearctic North on the other (Sivaramakrishnan, 2016).

GAP AREAS Since most species described earlier are based on the imaginal or the nymphal stage alone, association of nymphs with respective imagos by individual rearing is rather indispensable to arrive at precise taxonomic conclusions. Moreover many regions of India especially the rivers, streams and other wetlands of eastern and western Himalaya, central India are less explored. Future research should focus on correlating adult and larval stages and exploring less and unexplored regions. To our knowledge, DNA barcodes were generated for 40 species belonging

to 32 genera under 10 families of Ephemeroptera from South India by Selvakumar et al. (2016b), no other aspects of molecular work was undertaken on mayflies in India so far. Combined studies on morphological and molecular systematics, phylogeny and phylogeography are essential to get a holistic picture of the origin and diversification of the fauna.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Mayflies are an important group of aquatic insects, especially in lotic habitats. They have a significant role in the wetland food chain. The larvae and adults are prey for many species of invertebrate and vertebrate predators. In addition to the role in wetland ecosystem function, their value as indicators of quality of the biotope is very well recognized. Studies across the globe have shown that mayflies are very sensitive indicators of wetland pollution and how species assemblages change with levels of human disturbance. Mayflies found at undisturbed habitats with less pollution and good riparian vegetation were specialists with narrow distribution. Recent studies conducted in Eastern Himalaya and Peninsular India demonstrate that the habitat of mayflies especially the hill streams of the subcontinent is threatened due to anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, pesticide and industrial pollution. Long-term conservation of mayflies depends upon conservation of natural riparian vegetation and prevention of human influenced alteration of lentic and lotic habitats.


SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Ephemeroptera

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DISCUSSION Larval and adult stages of several species of mayflies are unknown. Moreover many regions of Indian Himalaya especially eastern and western Himalaya are underexplored. Future research should focus on correlating adult and larval stages and exploring under and unexplored regions. Recent studies conducted in the fragile montane streams and lentic bodies of the Indian Himalaya demonstrate that the habitats of mayflies especially in the hill streams of the subcontinent are threatened resulting in imperilment of several species of mayflies due mainly to anthropogenic activities such as habitat fragmentation and destruction, agricultural expansion, and pesticide pollution not to mention the subtle long term impacts of global climate change.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order EPHEMEROPTERA Hyertt and Arms, 1891 Suborder RECTRACHEATA McCafferty, 1991 Family LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE Banks, 1900 Subfamily LEPTOPHLEBIINAE Banks, 1900 Genus Gilliesia Peters and Edmunds, 1970 hindustanica (Gillies, 1951): 2C, D Subfamily ATALOPHLEBIINAE Peters 1980 Genus Atalophlebia Eaton, l881 chialhnia Dubey, 1971: 2A Genus Choroterpes Eaton, l881 Subgenus Dilatognathus Kluge, 2012 nigella (Kang and Yang 1994): 2C, D Genus Isca Gillies, 1951 purpurea Gillies, 1951: 2C Genus Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 marhieus Dubey, 1970: 2A Family EPHEMERIDAE Latreille, 1810 Subfamily EPHEMERINAE Latreille, 1810 Genus Ephemera Linnaeus, 1758 consors Eaton, 1892: 1C, 2A pulcherrima Eaton, 1892: 2A remensa Eaton, 1892: 2A Subfamily PALINGENIINAE Albarda (in Selys-lonchamps, 1888) Genus Anagenesia Eaton, l883-1888 minor (Eaton, 1892): 2C Genus Icthybotus Eaton, l899 dodecus Dubey, 1971: 2A Family CAENIDAE Newman, 1853 Subfamily CAENINAE Newman, 1853 Genus Caenis Stephens, l835 srinagari Traver, 1939: 1A Family EPHEMERELLIDAE Klapalek, 1909 Subfamily EPHEMERELLINAE Klapalek, 1909 Genus Cincticostella Allen, 1971 indica (Kapur and Kripalani, 1963): 2A Genus Drunella Needham, 1905 submontana (Brodsky, 1930): 2A, 2D

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Genus Torleya Lestage, l917 coheri Allen and Edmunds, 1963: 2A, 2C, 2D Suborder SETISURA McCafferty, 1991 Family HEPTAGENIIDAE Needham, 1901 Subfamily HEPTAGENIINAE Needham and Betten, 1901 Genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 curtus Dubey, 1971: 2A Genus Ecdyonurus Eaton, l868 bengalensis Ulmer, 1920: 2C Genus Epeiron Demoulin, 1964 kashmirensis Braasch and Soldan, 1982: 1A Genus Epeorus Eaton, l881 lahaulensis Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A psi Eaton, 1885: 2A Genus Heptagenia Walsh, l863 solangensis Dubey, 1971: 2A traverae Braasch, 1986: 1B Genus Iron Eaton, 1883 kapurkripalanorum Braasch, 1983: 2A papillatus Braasch, 2006: 1C paraguttatus Braasch, 1983: 2A suspicatus Braasch, 2006: 2A Genus Notacanthurus Tshemova, 1974 ladakhensis Braasch, 1986: 1B Genus Ororotsia Traver, 1939 hutchinsoni Traver, 1939: 2A Genus Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881 rougemonti Braasch and Soldan, 1987: 1B Suborder PISCIFORMA McCafferty, 1991 Family AMELETIDAE McCafferty, 1991 Genus Ameletus Eaton, 1888 primitives Traver, 1939: 2A Family BAETIDAE Leech, 1815 Subfamily BAETINAE Leech, 1815 Genus Acentrella Bengtsson, 1912 vera (Müller-Liebenau, 1982): 2A,D Genus Baetiella Ueno, 1931 ladakae Traver, 1939: 1B Genus Baetis Leach, 1815 acuticostalis Dubey, 1971: 2A bifurcatus Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A chandra Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A festivus Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A himalayana Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A lahaulensis Kaul and Dubey, 1970: 2A longistylus Kaul and Dubey, 1970: 2A punjabensis Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A septemmenes Dubey, 1971: 2A seragruis Dubey, 1970: 2A simplex Kapur and Kripalani, 1963: 2A solangensis Dubey, 1971: 2A solitaries Gillies, 1949: 2C thurbonis Gillies, 1949: 2C tigroides Gillies, 1949: 2C Subfamily CLOEONINAE Kluge and Novikova, 1992 Genus Cloeon Leach, l815 inscriptum Bengtsson, 1914: 1B kashmiri Traver, 1939: 1B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

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Selvakumar, C., Janarthanan, S. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2015. A new species of the Choroterpes Eaton, 1881 subgenus Monophyllus Kluge, 2012 and a new record of the subgenus Choroterpes, s.s. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from southern Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa, 3941(2): 284-288. Selvakumar, C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. and Janarthanan, S. 2016b. DNA barcoding of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from South India. Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 1(1): 651-655. Selvakumar, C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G, Janarthanan, S. 2014b. A new record of Potamanthellus caenoides Ulmer 1939 (Ephemeroptera: Neoephemereidae) from the southern Western Ghats of India. Biod. Data J. 3: e5021. 1-5. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e5021. Selvakumar, C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Janarthanan, S., Arumugam, M. and Arunachalam, M. 2014a. Impact of riparian land use patterns on Ephemeroptera community structure in river basins of southern Western Ghats, India. Know. & Manag. Aquatic Ecosystems, 412(11): 1-15. Selvakumar, C., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Jacobus, L.M., Janarthanan, S. and Arumugam, M. 2014c. Two new genera and five new species of Teloganodidae (Ephemeroptera) from South India. Zootaxa, 3846(1): 087-104. Selvakumar, C., Sivaruban, T., Subramanian, K.A. and Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. 2016a. A new genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa, 4208(4): 381-391. Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K.A., Chandra, K., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Jehamalar, E.E. and Sinha, B. 2017. A new species and a new record of the subgenus Dilatognathus Kluge 2012 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: genus Choroterpes Eaton, 1881) from India. Zootaxa, 4268(3): 439-447. Selvakumar, C., Sundar, S. and Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. 2012. Two new mayfly species (Baetidae) from India. Orient. Insects, 46(2): 116-129. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 1984. New genus and species of Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae from southern India (Ephemeroptera). I. J. Ent., 26(3): 194-203. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 1985a. New genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from southern India. Ann. Ent. Soc. Ame., 78: 235-239. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 1985b. Description of the female imago and eggs of Indialis badia Peters and Edmunds (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Orient. Insects, 18: 95-98. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2016. Systematics of the Ephemeroptera of India: Present status and future prospects. Zoosym., 11: 033-052. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. and Hubbard, M.D. 1984. A new species of Petersula from southern India (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Int. J. Entomol. 26(3): 204-205. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. and Peters, W.L. 1984. Description of a new species of Notophlebia from India and reassignment of the ascribed nymph of Nathanella (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Aquatic Insects, 6(2): 115-121. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. Subramanian, K.A. and Ramamoorthy, V.V. 2009. Annotated Checklist of Ephemeroptera of Indian subregion. Orient. Insects, 43: 315-339. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Venkataraman, K. and Balasubramanian, C. 1996. Biosystematics of the genus Nathanella Demoulin (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from south India. Aquatic Insects, 18(10): 19-28. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Morgan, H.J. and Vincent, R.H. 1996. Biological assessment of the Kaveri river catchment, South India, and using benthic macroinvertebrates: Applicability of water quality monitoring approaches developed in other countries. Int. J. Eco. Env. Sci., 32: 113-132. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Subramanian, K.A., Ramamoorthy, V.V. 2009. Annotated checklist of the Ephemeroptera of the Indian subregion. Orient. Insects, 43: 315-339. Sivaruban, T., Barathy, S., Arunachalam, M., Venkataraman, K. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2013. Epeorus petersi, a new species of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) from the Western Ghats of southern India. Zootaxa, 3731(3): 391394. Srivastava, V. D. 1991a. On an account of Indian Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) with key to their identification. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 88(1): 49-61. SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Ephemeroptera

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Srivastava, V. D. 1991b. On an account of Indian Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) with key to their identification. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 88(1): 135-145. Srivastava, V. D. 1993. Insecta: Ephemeroptera. Pp. 19-49. In: State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal, Part 4, Edited by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata: 1-548. Srivastava, V. D. 1995. Insecta: Ephemeroptera. pp. 1-12. In: State Fauna Series 4 : Fauna of Meghalaya, Part 3, Edited by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata: 1-548. Subramanaian, K.A., Selvakumar, C. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2017. Insecta: Ephemeroptera (Mayflies): 445-456. In: Kailash Chandra, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B. Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India: 1-624. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Subramanian, K.A. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2009. A new species of Symbiocloeon (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) associated with a freshwater mussel species from India. Orient. Insects, 43: 71-76. Traver, J.R. 1939. Himalayan mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4: 32-56. Ulmer, G. 1920. Neue Ephemeropteren. Archiv fiir N aturgeschichte (A), 85: 1-80. Venkataraman, K. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 1987. A new species of Thalerospyrus from India (Ephemeroptera: Hepatageniidae). Curr. Sci., 56(21): 1126-1129. Venkataraman, K. and Sivaramakrishnan, K. G. 1989. A new species of Cinygmina (Ephemeroptera) from south India and revaluation of genetic traits of Cinygmina Kimmins 1937. Hexapoda, 1(1-2): 117-121. Walker, F. 1853. Ephemerinae. In: List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part III. - (Termitidae-Ephemeridae). Printed by order of the Trustees, London: 533-585.

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Chapter 21

Insecta : Odonata SUBRAMANIAN, K.A. and BABU, R.

The Odonata (Dragonflies and Damseflies) of Himalaya is documented based on field surveys by the authors and extensive literature study. A total of 257 species under 112 genera and 18 families are reported, of which 23 species are endemic to the region. The eastern Himalaya comprising of Sikkim, Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh have high diversity compared to the Western Himalaya. The cold deserts of Ladakh and Lahul and Spiti has very low diversity. There are no records of Odonata from Trans Himalaya of Sikkim. The Odonata of the region is threatened with anthropogenic activities.

T

INTRODUCTION

he order Odonata, popularly known as dragonflies and damselflies originated during Permian (250 million years BP). They are amphibiotic insects, since adults are terrestrial and the larvae aquatic. Odonata larvae live in freshwater habitats and only a few species can tolerate brackish waters. Dragonflies and damselflies are predators throughout their life, larvae feed on aquatic animals viz., mosquito larvae, beetle, tadpoles, etc., and adults feed on mosquitoes, flies, termites, aphids, small moths, etc. They are highly specific to particular aquatic habitat, and utilize both running and standing waters for breeding. This habitat specificity makes them an ideal bio-monitoring tool for assessing health of freshwater ecosystems. Based on their morphology, the order Odonata is divided into three groups, viz. Zygoptera (damselflies), Anisozygoptera and Anisoptera (dragonflies). The suborder Anisozygoptera is a living fossil with four species known from the world, of which Epiophlebia laidlawi is known from Eastern and Central Himalaya. In this present work the Odonata diversity of Himalaya is compiled based on literature, study of collections at ZSI, Kolkata, HARC, ZSI, Solan and APRC, ZSI, Itanagar and field surveys by the authors at Himachal Pradesh (Babu, R. 2005-2008; Subramanian, K.A. 2012-2014) and Arunachal Pradesh (Subramanian, K.A. since 2015).

HISTORICAL RESUME The first scientific descriptions available on odonates found in Himalaya are that of Neurobasis chinensis Linnaeaus (1758), Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758),

Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758 and Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758). These species descriptions were based on specimens collected beyond the biogeographic boundaries of Indian subcontinent. During 18th century, Drury (1770, 1773) and Fabricius (1775, 1787, 1793, 1798) described many species from India. Numerous species were described by Selys-Longschamps (1840, 1853, 1854a, 1854b, 1859, 1860, 1862, 1863, 1865, 1869, 1876, 1877, 1883, 1891) and Rambur (1842). After Selys, Laidlaw (1914, 1915, 1916a, 1916b, 1917a, 1917b, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1924, 1932) and Fraser (1924, 1926, 1933, 1934, 1936) contributed significantly to the knowledge on Indian Odonata. In addition to Laidlaw and Fraser workers like Williamson (1904, 1907), Ris (1909a, 1909b, 1910, 1913) contributed to the knowledge on Indian Odonata. Between 1920 and 1935 Fraser published a series of papers in Records of Indian Museum, Memoires of Indian Museum and Journal of Bombay Natural History Society which was eventually compiled into three volumes of Fauna of India-Odonata (Fraser, 1933, 1934, 1936). These volumes still remain as a basic reference source for identification of Indian Odonata. The studies by Laidlaw were mostly confined to some families of dragonflies and damselflies. Both Fraser and Laidlaw restricted their studies mostly in Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya. A significant contribution to Indian Odonatology during this period was the discovery of Anisozygoptera species, Epiophlebia laidlawi by Tillyard (1921) from Darjeeling. Other significant worker during this period was Needham (1930, 1932).

Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai-600 028. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Citation Subramanian, K.A. and Babu, R. 2018. Insecta : Odonata. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 227-240 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Immediately after independence, workers like Bhasin (1953), Singh and Baijal (1954), Baijal (1955), Singh et al. (1955), Singh (1955, 1963), Sahni (1964) contributed to the knowledge on Indian Odonata. The several new species descriptions of Sahni, Singh and Baijal from the Himalaya were later found to be synonyms of widespread common species by subsequent workers (Hämäläinen, 1989; Mitra, 1992a, 1992b, 1995). Asahina (1958, 1960, 1961a, 1961b, 1961c, 1962, 1963a, 1963b, 1967, 1970, 1978a, 1978b, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1986, 1994) conducted several studies on odonates from western and eastern Himalaya and described several new taxa. During the period Lieftinck (1964, 1968, 1971, 1984) also significantly contributed to the Himalayan Odonata. After this period, the focus was on to survey unexplored and under explored areas of the country. Published literature of many states and conservation areas in the Himalayan region by Bhargava (1989), Chandra (1983), Hämäläinen (1989), Kumar (1973a, 1973b, 1977, 1982a, 1982b, 1995, 2000, 2005), Kumar and Prasad (1977, 1978, 1981), Kumar and Mitra (1998, 1999), Lahiri (1977, 1979, 1987), Lahiri and Sinha (1991), Lahiri et al. (2007), Mani et al. (1955), Mitra (1999, 2000a, 2000b), Mitra (1982, 1992a, 1992b, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006), Prasad (1974, 1976, 1977a,

1977b, 1997), Prasad and Singh (1976, 1994), Prasad and Kumar (1977), Prasad and Ghosh (1984), Ram and Prasad (1999), Prasad and Mondal (2010), Prasad and Sinha (2010), Sing and Prasad (1974, 1976, 1977), Srivastava and Sinha (1993), Svihla (1962), Uniyal et al. (2000), van Pelt (1993), Sharma and Kumar (2008), Babu (2011, 2014a, 2014b), Babu and Mehta (2009), Babu and Nandy (2010), Babu and Mitra (2011), Babu and Subramanian (in press), Babu et al. (2009, 2013), Joshi and Kunte (2017), Subramanian and Babu (in press) were consulted. The contributions on Odonata of eastern India by Mitra (2002) and Lahiri (1987) are worth special mentioning. They also described several new species and new records from Eastern India.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Extant Odonata is broadly divided into three suborders the Zygoptera or damselflies, Anisozygoptera and the Anisoptera or dragonflies. Globally 6,233 species in 685 genera of odonates are known of this, 486 species, about 50 subspecies in 151 genera and 18 families exist in India (Subramanian and Babu, 2017). The Odonata fauna of Himalaya comprise of 257 species under 112 genera and 18 families. An over view of Indian and Himalaya Odonata diversity is provided in table-1.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

A. Anisopleura lestoides Selys, 1853; B. Megalestes major Selys, 1862; C. Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Hagen in Selys, 1854); D. Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842; E. Anotogaster nipalensis Selys, 1854; F. Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854; G. Orthetrum triangulare (Selys, 1878); H. Sympetrum speciosum Oguma, 1915.

228


Table 1. Diversity of Odonata in Indian Himalaya. Suborder

India

Family

Himalaya

Genera

Species

Genera

Species

Synlestidae

1

6

1

3

Lestidae

5

26

5

10

Lestoideidae

1

1

1

1

Platystictidae

3

15

2

3

Calopterygidae

6

9

5

6

Chlorocyphidae

7

22

4

11

Euphaeidae

6

18

4

7

Platycnemididae

14

52

8

21

Coenagrionidae

12

61

11

38

Incertae sedis

1

1

1

1

Anisozygoptera

Epiophlebidae

1

1

1

1

Anisoptera

Aeshnidae

13

49

10

30

Gomphidae

29

84

20

38

Chlorogomphidae

3

11

1

6

Cordulegasteridae

3

8

3

8

Corduliidae

2

2

1

1

Macromiidae

2

17

2

8

Synthemistidae

2

15

1

1

40

88

31

62

151

486

112

257

Zygoptera

Libellulidae Total

DISTRIBUTION

ENDEMISM

A total of 257 species of Odonata are found in the Himalaya, based on current data high diversity reported from Eastern Himalaya, especially in the Sikkim-Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh. Species diversity is lower in Trans Himalaya of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. So far, there are no reports of Odonata from Trans Himalaya of Sikkim. Arunachal Pradesh is poorly sampled and many more species are expected from this part of eastern Himalaya (Table 2, Fig. 1). The living fossil Epiophlebia laidlawi (Anisozygoptera: Epiophlebidae) is reported from Darjeeling. However, there are no recent reports of this species from India but recently reported from Nepal and Bhutan (Sharma and Ofenböck, 1996; Brockhaus and Hartmann, 2009; Nesemann et al., 2011).

One hundred and eighty six taxa, including subspecies belonging to 69 genera are endemic to India of which only 34 species are recorded from Himalaya. Among this 8 species of damselflies (Zygoptera) and 15 species of dragonflies (Anisoptera) are exclusively endemic to Himalaya (Babu et al., 2013; Subramanian and Babu, 2017). Highest endemism is found in Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya with twelve endemic species. Gomphidae are highly diversified here with five endemic species. High diversity is found in hill streams, and forested riverine habitats and most of the endemic species are restricted to this habitat (Mitra et al., 2010). Habitats like ponds, lakes, irrigation canals and paddy fields have common and wide spread species. The distribution of endemic species across eastern and western Himalaya is provided in Table 3.

SUBRAMANIAN and BABU : Insecta : Odonata

229

Table 2. Species diversity of Odonata across biotic provinces in Indian Himalaya. Suborder

Biotic Provinces

Family

1A

1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

Anisoptera

Aeshnidae

4

-

-

6

14

21

7

Chlorogomphidae

1

-

-

-

2

5

2

Cordulegasteridae

2

2

-

3

7

5

2

Corduliidae

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Gomphidae

3

-

-

6

18

30

10

Libellulidae

20

4

-

37

44

47

36

Macromiidae

-

-

-

1

2

7

-

Synthemistidae

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

30

6

-

53

87

116

57

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

1

1

2

5

Anisoptera Total Anisozygoptera

Epiophlebidae

Anisozygoptera Total Zygoptera

Calopterygidae

-

-

-

Chlorocyphidae

1

-

-

3

7

7

7

Coenagrionidae

5

-

-

18

26

28

18

Euphaeidae

1

-

-

2

3

6

3

Genera Incertae sedis

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Lestidae

3

-

-

2

6

5

3

Lestoideidae

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Platycnemididae

1

-

-

4

12

13

10

Platystictidae

-

-

-

-

1

3

-

Synlestidae

-

-

-

-

1

2

2

11

-

-

-

57

68

48

41

6

-

83

144

185

105

Zygoptera Total Grand Total

Legends: 1A and 1B (Trans Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh), IC (Trans Himalaya-Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya- Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh), 2B (Himalaya- Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), 2C (Himalaya-Sikkim and West Bengal (Darjeeling)), 2D (Himalaya-Arunachal Pradesh). 140

Number of Species

120 100 80 60 40 20

Anisoptera

0 1A

1B

1C

2A

Biotic Provinces

2B

2C

2D

Zygoptera Anisozygoptera

Fig. 1. Species diversity of suborders of Odonata across biotic provinces in Indian Himalaya.

230


Table 3. Distribution of Endemic Species in Indian Himalaya. Superfamily

Endemism

Family

1A

1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

Synlestidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

Lestidae

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Lestoideidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Calopterygidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Chlorocyphidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Euphaeidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Platystictidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Platycnemididae

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

Coenagrionidae

-

-

-

-

2

1

-

Genera incertae sedis

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Aeshnoidea

Aeshnidae

-

-

-

1

2

1

Gomphoidea

Gomphidae

-

-

-

-

3

3

Cordulegasteroidea

Chlorogomphidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cordulegasteridae

-

1

-

1

1

-

-

Corduliidae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Macromiidae

-

-

-

-

-

2

-

Synthemistidae

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

Libellulidae

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

1

1

-

2

5

13

4

Lestoidea

Calopterygoidea

Coenagrionoidea

Libelluloidea

Total

THREATS Recent studies conducted in the Himalaya demonstrate that Odonate fauna of the region is threatened due to habitat destruction such as hydro-electric projects, dams, reservoirs, agricultural expansion, pesticides, tourism, urban and industrial pollution.

CONSERVATION AND HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE Odonates are a dominant group of aquatic insects. In addition to the role of odonates in ecosystem function, their value as indicators of quality of the biotope is now being increasingly recognized. They are one of the dominant invertebrate predators in the wetland ecosystem. Being predators both at larval and adult stages, they have a significant role in the wetland food chain. Adult odonates feed on mosquitoes, blackflies and other blood-sucking flies and act as an important biocontrol agents of these harmful insects. Many species of odonates inhabiting in the agro ecosystems play a crucial role in controlling pest populations. Current IUCN Red list Assessment (2016) categorizes two Vulnerable and three Near Threatened species from Himalaya (Table 4). SUBRAMANIAN and BABU : Insecta : Odonata

Table 4. IUCN Threat Status of Odonata of Himalaya (Version 2016-3) Sl. No.

Species

IUCN Status

1.

Chlorogomphus selysi

Vulnerable

2.

Coeliccia fraseri

Vulnerable

3.

Epiophlebia laidlawi

Near Threatened

4.

Merogomphus martini Near Threatened

5.

Neallogaster ornata

Near Threatened

GAPS AREAS Detailed taxonomic description of adults of Indian Odonata is available. However many regions of eastern Himalaya, western Himalaya comprising states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh is underexplored. Several species are known only from few individuals or only as type specimens and larval stages are unknown. Detailed ecology and biology of most species remain undocumented. The relict dragonfly Epiophlebia laidlawi is recently reported from Nepal and Bhutan. However there are no reports of this species from India after the type collection from 231

Darjeeling (Tillyard, 1921). This is the only species of Odonata included in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This species is likely to be found in high altitudes of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and intensive studies are required to document its distribution, habitat, habit and biology for conservation.

SYSTEMATIC LIST (species marked with *endemic to Himalaya and marked # to India) Order ODONATA Fabricius, 1793 Suborder ZYGOPTERA Selys, 1854 Superfamily LESTOIDEA Calvert, 1901 Family SYNLESTIDAE Tillyard, 1917 Genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 irma Fraser, 1926: 2C lieftincki Lahiri, 1979: 2D* major Selys, 1862: 2B, 2C, 2D Family LESTIDAE Calvert, 1901 Genus Indolestes Fraser, 1922 cyaneus (Selys, 1862): 1A, 2B, 2C Genus Lestes Leach, 1815 barbarus (Fabricius, 1798): 1A dorothea Fraser, 1924: 2B, 2D praemorsus Hagen in Selys, 1862: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D praemorsus sikkima Fraser, 1929: 2C* thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920: 2A, 2B, 2C umbrinus Selys, 1891: 2B, 2C viridulus Rambur, 1842: 2B Genus Orolestes McLachlan, 1895 durga Lahiri, 1987: 2D# Genus Platylestes Selys, 1862 platystylus Rambur, 1842: 2C Genus Sympecma Burmeister, 1839 paedisca (Brauer, 1877): 1A Family LESTOIDEIDAE Tillyard & Fraser, 1938 Genus Philoganga Kirby, 1890 montana Chagen in Selys, 1859): 2c Superfamily PLATYSTICTOIDEA Kennedy, 1920 Family PLATYSTICTIDAE Kennedy, 1920 Genus Drepanosticta Laidlaw, 1917 carmichaeli (Laidlaw, 1915): 2B, 2C polychromatica Fraser, 1931: 2C Genus Protosticta Selys, 1885 himalaica Laidlaw, 1917: 2C Superfamily CALOPTERYGOIDEA Selys, 1850 Family CALOPTERYGIDAE Selys, 1850 Genus Caliphaea Hagen in Selys, 1853 confusa Hagen in Selys, 1859: 2C Genus Echo Selys, 1853 margarita Selys,1853: 2D Genus Matrona Selys, 1853 basilaris Selys, 1853: 2D nigripectus Selys, 1879: 2D Genus Neurobasis Selys, 1853 chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Vestalis Selys, 1853 gracilis (Rambur, 1842): 2D

232

Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE Cowley, 1937 Genus Aristocypha Laidlaw, 1950 cuneata (Selys, 1853): 2C, 2D fenestrella Rambur, 1842: 2C, 2D hilaryae Fraser, 1927: 2D immaculata Selys, 1879: 2B, 2D quadrimaculata Selys, 1853: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D spuria Selys, 1879: 2B trifasciata Selys, 1853: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Heliocypha Fraser, 1949 biforata (Selys, 1859): 2B Genus Libellago Selys, 1840 lineata (Burmeister,1839) : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 ignipennis Selys, 1879: 2C, 2D unimaculata Selys, 1853: 2A, 2B, 2C Family EUPHAEIDAE Yakobson and Bainchi, 1905 Genus Anisopleura Selys, 1853 comes Hagen, 1880: 2B, 2C lestoides Selys, 1853: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D subplatystyla Fraser, 1927: 2C Genus Bayadera Selys, 1853 indica (Selys, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D longicauda Fraser, 1928: 2C Genus Epallage Charpentier, 1840 fatime (Charpentier, 1840): 1A Genus Euphaea Selys, 1840 ochracea Selys, 1859: 2C, 2D Superfamily COENAGRIONOIDEA Kirby, 1890 Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE Yakobson and Bainchi, 1905 Genus Calicnemia Strand, 1928 carminea Lieftinck, 1984: 2B, 2D eximia (Selys, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D miles (Laidlaw, 1917): 2A, 2B, 2C miniata Selys, 1886: 2C mortoni (Laidlaw, 1917): 2B, 2C pulverulans (Selys, 1886): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Coeliccia Kirby, 1890 bimaculata Laidlaw, 1914: 2D didyma (Selys, 1863): 2B, 2D dorothea Fraser, 1933: 2C* prakritiae Lahiri, 1985: 2D* renifera (Selys, 1886): 2B, 2C, 2D svihleri Asahina, 1970: 2D Genus Copera Kirby, 1890 marginipes (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C vittata Selys, 1863: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Elattoneura Cowley, 1935 campioni (Fraser, 1922): 2B Genus Onychargia Selys, 1865 atrocyana (Selys, 1865): 2C, 2D Genus Platycnemis Burmeister, 1839 dealbata Selys in Selys and Hagen, 1850: 1A Genus Prodasineura Cowley, 1934 autumnalis (Fraser, 1922): 2B odoneli (Fraser, 1922): 2C Genus Pseudocopera Fraser, 1922 ciliata (Selys, 1863): 2B, 2C superplatypes Fraser, 1927: 2C


Family COENAGRIONIDAE Kirby, 1890 Genus Aciagrion Selys, 1891 approximans (Selys, 1876): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D azureum Fraser, 1922: 2A, 2B olympicum Laidlaw, 1919: 2C, 2D pallidum Selys,1891: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Agriocnemis Selys, 1877 clauseni Fraser, 1922: 2B, 2C, 2D corbeti Kumar and Prasad, 1978: 2B* femina (Brauer, 1868): 2C lacteola Selys, 1877: 2C, 2D pieris Laidlaw, 1919: 2D pygmaea (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919: 2A, 2B, 2C # Genus Amphiallagma Kennedy, 1920 parvum Selys, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Argiocnemis Selys, 1877 rubescens Selys, 1877: 2C, 2D Genus Ceriagrion Selys, 1876 azureum (Selys, 1891): 2D cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2C coeruleum Laidlaw, 1919: 2C* coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fallax Ris, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D olivaceum Laidlaw, 1914: 2C, 2D Genus Enallagma Charpentier, 1840 cyathigerum (Charpentier, 1840): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Himalagrion Fraser, 1919 exclamationis Fraser, 1919: 2C pithoragarhicus Sahni, 1964: 2B* Genus Ischnura Charpentier, 1840 aurora (Brauer, 1865): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D forcipata Morton, 1907: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C inarmata Calvert, 1898: 1A nursei (Morton, 1907): 2A, 2B, 2C pumilio (Charpentier, 1825): 1A rufostigma Selys, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D senegalensis (Rambur, 1842): 2B, 2C Genus Mortonagrion Fraser, 1920 aborense (Laidlaw, 1914) : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paracercion Weeker and Dumont, 2004 calamorum (Ris, 1916): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pseudagrion Selys, 1876 australasiae Selys, 1876: 2D decorum (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B hypermelas Selys, 1876: 2B, 2C laidlawi Fraser, 1922: 2B microcephalum (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C rubriceps Selys, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D spencei Fraser, 1922: 2B, 2C Genera incertae sedis Genus Burmargiolestes Kennedy, 1925 laidlawi Lieftinck, 1960: 2C* Suborder ANISOZYGOPTERA Handlirsch, 1906 Superfamily EPIOPHLEBIOIDEA Muttkowski, 1910 Family EPIOPHLEBIIDAE Muttkowski, 1910 Genus Epiophlebia Clavert, 1903 laidlawi Tillyard, 1921: 2C Suborder ANISOPTERA Selys, 1854

SUBRAMANIAN and BABU : Insecta : Odonata

Superfamily AESHNOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family AESHNIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Aeshna Fabricius, 1775 juncea (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A mixta Latreille, 1805: 1A, 2A, 2B petalura Martin, 1908: 2C, 2D Genus Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878 jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839): 2C Genus Anax Leach, 1815 ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C guttatus (Burmeister, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D immaculifrons Rambur, 1842: 2B, 2C imperator Leach, 1815: 2B nigrolineatus Fraser, 1935: 2B, 2C parthenope (Selys, 1839): 1A, 2B Genus Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883 acanthifrons Joshi & Kunte, 2017: 2D* acutifrons (Martin, 1909): 2C klapperichi Schmidt, 1961: 1A masoni (Martin, 1909): 2B, 2C, 2D orbifrons Selys, 1883: 2B, 2C viridifrons (Fraser, 1922): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gynacantha Rambur, 1842 albistyla Fraser, 1927: 2C bayadera Selys, 1891: 2C khasiaca MacLachlan, 1896: 2B, 2D odoneli Fraser, 1922: 2C* palampurica Lahiri and Walia, 2007: 2A* Genus Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921 sikkima (Karsch, 1891): 2B, 2C Genus Periaeschna Martin, 1908 lebasi Navas, 1930: 2C magdalena Martin, 1909: 2C unifasciata Fraser, 1935: 2C, 2D Genus Petaliaeschna Fraser, 1927 fletcheri Fraser, 1927: 2C Genus Polycanthagyna Fraser, 1933 erythromelas (McLachlan, 1896): 2B, 2C ornithocephala (McLachlan, 1896): 2B, 2C Genus Sarasaeschna Karube and Yeh, 2001 martini (Laidlaw, 1921): 2C speciosa (Karube, 1998): 2C* Superfamily GOMPHOIDEA Rambur, 1842 Family GOMPHIDAE Rambur, 1842 Genus Anisogomphus Selys, 1857 bivittatus Selys, 1854: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C occipitalis (Selys, 1854): 2B, 2C orites Laidlaw, 1922: 2C Genus Anormogomphus Selys, 1854 heteropterus Selys, 1854: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D # kiritschenkoi Bartenev, 1913: 2B Genus Asiagomphus Asahina, 1985 odoneli (Fraser, 1922): 2C* Genus Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907 hasimaricus Fraser, 1926: 2B, 2C pyramidalis Laidlaw,1922: 2C sivalikensis Laidlaw,1922: 2B, 2C* Genus Cyclogomphus Selys, 1854 heterostylus Selys, 1854: 2C#

233

Genus Davidius Selys, 1878 aberrans (Selys, 1873): 2B, 2C aberrans schmidi Asahina, 1994: 2D* aberrans senchalensis Fraser, 1926: 2C* davidii Selys, 1878: 2C kumaonensis Fraser, 1926: 2B* Genus Gomphidia Selys, 1854 t-nigrum Selys, 1854: 2A# williamsoni Fraser, 1923: 2C Genus Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934 pertinax (Hagen in Selys, 1854): 2D rapax (Rambur, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Macrogomphus Selys, 1857 robustus Selys, 1854: 2C Genus Megalogomphus Campion, 1923 flavicolor (Fraser, 1923): 2C# smithii (Selys, 1854): 2B, 2C Genus Merogomphus Martin, 1904 martini (Fraser, 1922): 2C Genus Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934 modestus (Selys, 1878): 2B, 2C Genus Nychogomphus Carle, 1986 striatus (Fraser, 1924): 2C Genus Onychogomphus Selys, 1854 biforceps (Selys, 1878): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bistrigatus (Hagen in Selys, 1854): 2B, 2C cacharicus (Fraser, 1924): 2D# duaricus Fraser, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C risi (Fraser, 1922): 2B, 2C, 2D saundersii Selys, 1854: 2C schmidti Fraser, 1937: 1A, 2B, 2D Genus Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854 cerastis Selys, 1854: 2B reductus Calvert, 1898: 1A Genus Paragomphus Cowley, 1934 lindgreni (Fraser, 1923): 2C lineatus (Selys, 1850): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Perissogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 stevensi Laidlaw, 1922: 2C, 2D Genus Phaenandrogomphus Lieftinck, 1964 aureus (Laidlaw, 1922): 2D# Genus Platygomphus Selys, 1854 dolabratus Selys, 1854: 2C Genus Stylogomphus Fraser, 1922 inglisi Fraser, 1922: 2C Superfamily CORDULEGASTROIDEA Needham, 1903 Family CHLOROGOMPHIDAE Needham, 1903 Genus Chlorogomphus Selys, 1854 atkinsoni (Selys, 1878): 2B, 2C fraseri St. Quentin, 1936: 2C, 2D # mortoni Fraser, 1936: 2C olympicus Fraser, 1933: 1A, 2B preciosus (Fraser, 1924): 2C, 2D selysi Fraser, 1929: 2C Family CORDULEGASTRIDAE Hagen, 1875 Genus Anotogaster Selys, 1854 basalis Selys, 1854: 2A, 2B, 2C nipalensis Selys, 1854: 2B, 2C Genus Cordulegaster Leach, 1815

234

brevistigma (Selys, 1854): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D parvistigma (Selys, 1873): 1B, 2A, 2B* Genus Neallogaster Cowley, 1934 hermionae (Fraser, 1927): 2B, 2C, 2D latifrons (Selys, 1878): 2B, 2C ornata Asahina, 1982: 2B schmidti Asahina, 1982: 1A Superfamily LIBELLULOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family MACROMIIDAE Needham, 1903 Genus Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839 vittata Burmeister, 1839: 2B# Genus Macromia Rambur, 1842 cingulata Rambur, 1842: 2C flavicincta Selys, 1874: 2C flavocolorata Fraser, 1922: 2C flavovittata Fraser, 1935: 2C* moorei Selys, 1874: 2A, 2B, 2C pallida Fraser, 1924: 2C whitei Selys, 1871: 2C* Family CORDULIIDAE Selys, 1850 Genus Hemicordulia Selys, 1870 asiatica Selys,1878: 2C Family SYNTHEMISTIDAE Tillyard, 1917 Genus Idionyx Hagen, 1867 stevensi Fraser, 1924: 2C* Family LIBELLULIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Acisoma Rambur, 1842 panorpoides Rambur, 1842: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Aethriamanta Kirby, 1889 brevipennis (Rambur, 1842): 2D Genus Agrionoptera Brauer, 1864 insignis (Rambur, 1842): 2C Genus Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868 sobrina (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Brachythemis Brauer, 1868 contaminata (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893 geminata (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Camacinia Kirby, 1889 gigantea (Brauer, 1867): 2C Genus Cratilla Kirby, 1900 lineata (Brauer, 1878): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Crocothemis Brauer, 1868 servilia (Drury, 1770): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Diplacodes Kirby, 1889 nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793): 2B, 2C trivialis (Rambur, 1842): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hylaeothemis Ris, 1909 gardeneri Fraser, 1927: 2B, 2D# Genus Indothemis Ris, 1909 carnatica (Fabricius, 1798): 2C limbata (Selys, 1891): 2C, 2D Genus Lathrecista Kirby, 1889 asiatica (Fabricius, 1798): 2D Genus Libellula Linnaeus, 1758 quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758: 1A Genus Lyriothemis Brauer, 1868 acigastra (Selys, 1878): 2D bivittata (Rambur, 1842): 2C


tricolor Ris, 1919: 2C Genus Neurothemis Brauer, 1867 degener Selys, 1879: 2C fulvia (Drury, 1773): 2B, 2C, 2D intermedia (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tullia (Drury, 1773): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Onychothemis Brauer, 1868 testacea Laidlaw, 1902: 2C Genus Orthetrum Newman, 1833 anceps (Schneider, 1845):1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837): 1A, 2B, 2C, 2D cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chrysis (Selys, 1891): 2B, 2C glaucum (Brauer, 1865): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D japonicum (Uhler, 1858): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D luzonicum (Brauer, 1868): 2B, 2C, 2D martensi Asahina, 1978: 1A* pruinosum (Burmeister, 1839): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sabina (Drury, 1770): 2B, 2C, 2D taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D testaceum (Burmeister, 1839): 2D triangulare (Selys, 1878): 1A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Palpopleura Rambur, 1842 sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pantala Hagen, 1861 flavescens (Fabricius, 1798): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Potamarcha Karsch, 1890 congener (Rambur, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudotramea Fraser, 1920 prateri Fraser, 1920: 2C Genus Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867

triangularis Kirby, 1889: 2A, 2B variegata (Linnaeus, 1763): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Selysiothemis Ris, 1897 nigra (Vander Linden, 1825): 1A Genus Sympetrum Newman, 1833 commixtum (Selys, 1884): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D fonscolombii (Selys, 1840): 1A, 2A, 2B himalayanum Navas, 1934: 2C* hypomelas (Selys, 1884): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D meridionale (Selys, 1841): 1A, 2A, 2B orientale (Selys, 1883): 2A, 2B, 2D speciosum Oguma, 1915: 1A, 2A, 2B striolatum (Charpentier, 1840): 1A Genus Tetrathemis Brauer, 1868 platyptera Selys, 1878: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tholymis Hagen, 1867 tillarga (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tramea Hagen, 1861 basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805): 2A, 2B, 2C virginia (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Trithemis Brauer, 1868 aurora (Burmeister, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D festiva (Rambur, 1842): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D kirbyi Selys, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2C pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Zygonyx Hagen, 1867 iris Selys, 1869: 2C torridus (Kirby, 1889): 2B Genus Zyxomma Rambur, 1842 petiolatum Rambur, 1842: 2A, 2B, 2C

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Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Needham, J.G. 1930. A manual of the Dragonflies of China. A monographic study of the Chinese Odonata. Zool. Sinica Ser. A., XI: XI + 1-344. Needham, J.G. 1932. Key to the dragonflies of India. Rec. Indian Mus., 34: 195-198. Nesemann, H., Shah, R.D.T. and Shah, D.N. 2011. Key to larval stages of common Odonata of Hindu Kush Himalaya, with short notes on habitats and ecology. J. Threat Taxa, 3(9): 2045-2060. Prasad, M. 1974. Odonata of Garhwal Hills. Bull. Ent., 15: 41-55. Prasad, M. 1976. Odonata of District Kangra (H.P). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 71: 95-119. Prasad, M. 1977a. On a collection of Odonata (Insecta) from U.P. Tarai districts Nainital and Lakhimpur Kheri. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 3(3): 112-114. Prasad, M. 1977b. Extension of distribution of some dragonflies (Odonata) in Western Himalaya (U.P.). Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 3(4): 170-174. Prasad, M. 1997. Further additions to the Odonata fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern India. Opusc. zool. flumin., 154: 1-6. Prasad, M. and Singh, A. 1976. Odonata of Doon valley 2. Zygoptera. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 70: 121-131. Prasad, M. and Singh, A. 1994. Odonata. In, Rajaji National Park, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 5: 195-215 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Prasad, M. and Kumar, A. 1977. On the occurrence of Gynacantha khasiaca McLachlan (Odonata: Aeshnidae) from Kumaon Hills (Western Himalaya). Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 3(6): 340. Prasad, M. and Ghosh, S.K. 1984. A note on the Odonata (Insecta) from Sikkim, India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 80: 435439. Ram, R. and Prasad, M. 1999. On a collection of Odonata from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 97: 113132. Prasad, M. and Mondal, S.B. 2010. Odonata : Zygoptera. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(2): 17-28 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Prasad, M. and Sinha, C. 2010. Odonata : Anisoptera. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(2): 29-52 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Rambur, M.P. 1842. Histoire Naturelle des Insects. Névropteres: XVIII + 1-534. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. Ris, F. 1909a. Libellulinen 1. Cat. Coll. Selys, fasc., 9: 1-120. Ris, F. 1909b. Libellulinen 2. Cat. Coll. Selys, fasc., 10: 120-244. Ris, F. 1910. Libellulinen 3. Cat. Coll. Selys, fasc., 11: 244-384. Ris, F. 1913. Libellulinen 8-9. Cat. Coll. Selys, fasc., 16 (Premiere Partie): 965-1278. Sahni, D.N. 1964. Some new species of Odonata from Kumaon Hills (India). Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 13(3): 79-86. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1840. Monographie des Libellulidees D’ Europe: 1-220. Librairie Encyclop. De. Roret, Rue Haute-Feuille, No. 10 bis, Paris. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1853. Synopsis des Calopterygines. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Cl. Sci., 1(2): 20, Annexe: 1-73. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1854a. Monographie des Calopterygines. Mem. Soc. r. Sci. Liege, 9: 291 (with Hagen). Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1854b. Synopsis des Gomphines. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, (II) 21: 23-113. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1859. Addition au Synopsis des Calopterygines. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Sci., 7(2): 437-451. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1860. Synopsis des Agrionines. Derniere Legion: Protoneura. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Sci., 10(2): 431-462. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1862. Synopsis des Agrionines. Seconde Legion: Lestes. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Sci., 13(2): 288-338. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1863. Synopsis des Agrionines. Quetrieme Legion: Platycnemis. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Sci., 16(2): 150-176. Selys-Longchamps, E. De. 1865. Synopsis des Agrionines. 5me Legion: Agrion. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Sci., 20(2): 375417. SUBRAMANIAN and BABU : Insecta : Odonata

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Chapter 22

Insecta : Orthoptera SUNIL KUMAR GUPTA1 and KAILASH CHANDRA2

This chapter presents the current information on the distribution and diversity of Orthoptera in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. A total of 454 species/subspecies belonging to 285 genera in 18 families of Orthoptera were recorded from Indian Himalaya. A systematic list of all the species/subspecies with their distribution in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya is also provided. This information resulted in the presence of maximum 233 species in North-West Himalaya followed by 211 species in Central Himalaya, 171 species from Eastern Himalaya, 137 species from West Himalaya, 18 species in Tibetan Plateau: Trans-Himalaya and minimum 8 species in Sikkim: Trans-Himalaya.

T

INTRODUCTION

he name of Orthoptera is derived from the combination of two Greek words, ortho and pteron, meaning straight or rigid wing, which refers to the forewings. This order is divided into two suborders: Caelifera, or short-horned orthopterans (grasshoppers, locusts, pygmy grasshoppers, and pygmy mole-crickets) and Ensifera, or long-horned orthopterans (katydids, cave-crickets, crickets and mole crickets). Orthoptera may be winged, brachypterous or apterous. They are usually moderate to large sized between 5mm to 115mm (Shishodia, 1997) with compound eyes and well-developed ocelli. Antennae are either filiform or ensiform whereas mouth parts are biting and chewing types. The thorax with saddle shaped pronotum which is larger than meso- and meta nota. They possess two pairs of wings which are unequal, and forewings are modified into leathery or parchment like tegmina, with a network of veins. Hind wings are larger, membranous, with anal area folded fan wise. The legs are unequally developed; fore legs are sometimes fossorial while the hind legs are enlarged for jumping. Tarsi 2-4 segmented usually claws 2. Cerci are unsegmented. The ovipositor is well developed, and most of the males possess sound production organs. Sound production and perceiving ability are generally found in these insects. The songs are most commonly used to bring the members of opposite sexes close

together. Mostly the males stridulate, but the females of some species can also produce sound. Most of the Orthoptera are coloured bright green, yellow, orange, red, brown or grey with a mixture of these colours in degree and patches. The oldest Orthoptera (suborder Ensifera, family Oedischiidae) hails from the late Carboniferous period in France and China. The oldest Caelifera (family Locustopseidae) known is from the Triassic period (Gorochov, 1995; Gorochov and Rasnitsyn, 2002; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). The present work is an attempt to prepare an updated checklist of order Orthoptera from different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. The Indian Himalaya is divided into following 7 biotic provinces: 1A (Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mins), 1B (Trans HimalayaTibetan Plateau), 1C (Trans Himalaya: Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya: North-West), 2B (Himalaya: West Himalaya), 2C (Himalaya: Central Himalaya) and 2D (Himalaya: East Himalaya).

HISTORICAL RESUME Notable work on Orthoptera fauna of Indian Himalaya was done by Bhargava (1981) who also described Scleropterus lambai from Uttar Pradesh. This species is now a synonym of the species Sclerogryllus coriaceus (Haan, 1842). Tandon and Shishodia (1995) published a list of 97 orthopteran species distributed over 11 families from Western Himalaya. Singh (1952) worked on the biology of the cricket, Gymnogryllus humeralis (Orthoptera:

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Gupta, S.K. and Chandra, K. 2018. Insecta : Orthoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 241-252 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Gryllidae) from Dehradun. Tandon and Shishodia (1972) recorded 20 species of Gryllids distributed over ten genera from Arunachal Pradesh and adjoining areas of Assam in Northeast India. Singh and Tandon (1978) described a new species, Cataloipus himalayensis (Acridoidea: Eyprepocnemidinae) from North-West India. Tandon and Khera (1978) worked on the ecology and distribution of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in Arunachal Pradesh, India, and also observed the impact of human activities on their ecology and distribution. Julka et al. (1982) provided information on the ecology of grasshoppers of Solan (Himachal Pradesh) on three habitats such as cultivated field, orchards and an open grassland. Bhowmik and Halder (1983a) described a new species of Gerenia bengalensis from the foothill of the eastern Himalaya, West Bengal. Bhowmik and Halder (1983b) reported 28 species over 25 genera and 7 subfamilies of Acrididae and one species of family Pyrgomorphidae from Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya) and Chrothippus (Glyptobothrus) hammerstroemi (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) recorded here for the first time from India. Bhowmik (1985) recorded 70 species belonging to 34 genera and ten subfamilies of Gryllidae from Western Himalaya. Bhowmik et al. (1984) recorded Pusana laevis (Uvarov) of family Acrididae from the Indian Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh). Mukherjee (1988) recorded one species of Monster cricket, Schizodactylus monstrosus (Drury) of the family

Schizodactylidae from Jammu and Kashmir. Shishodia (1991) worked on Tetrigoidea fauna from North Eastern India and reported 31 species from Arunachal Pradesh, 12 species from Sikkim and 26 species from West Bengal. Shishodia et al. (2003) recorded 46 species under 39 genera belonging to 3 families of Acridoidea and Eumastacoidea from Sikkim. Barman (2003) studied the Tettigonoidea fauna of Sikkim and reported 18 species under 15 genera belonging to 6 subfamilies. Mandal et al. (2006) reported 44 species of grasshoppers over 2 families and 33 genera of Acridoidea from Arunachal Pradesh. Shishodia and Gupta (2009) reported 165 species belonging to 105 genera under 16 families of Orthoptera from Himachal Pradesh. Srinivasan and Prabakar (2012) worked on Orthoptera fauna of Arunachal Pradesh and reported 10 species of Tettigoniids under 10 genera belonging to 5 families of the family Tettigoniidae, of which five species are recorded new from India.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The present updated list includes 454 species/subspecies belonging to 285 genera in 18 families of Orthoptera from Indian Himalaya. It is the first attempt to provide a checklist of the Orthopteran fauna of Indian Himalaya, which is mainly based on the published information and the identified specimens deposited in the National Zoological Collection of ZSI, HQs. Kolkata. The systematic list follows the classification given by Shishodia et al. (2010).

Fig. 1. Number of species in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

242


Rhaphidophoridae (1 species, 1 genus), Schizodactylidae (1 species, 1 genus), Anostostomatidae (1 species, 1 genus), Gryllacrididae (5 species, 4 genera) and Tettigoniidae (55 species, 37 genera) (Table 1).

The diversity in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya is shown in Fig. 1. This information resulted in the presence of maximum 233 species in North-West Himalaya followed by 211 species in Central Himalaya, 171 species from Eastern Himalaya, 137 species from West Himalaya, 18 species in Tibetan Plateau: Trans-Himalaya and minimum 8 species in Sikkim: Trans-Himalaya (Fig. 1).

The results presented in this study are based on a literature survey of six Himalayan states i.e. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling) and Arunachal Pradesh. The family wise diversity of Orthoptera is presented in Fig. 2. The maximum diversity is presented by family Acrididae (167), followed by Gryllidae (81), Tertigidae (76), Tettigoniidae (55), Trigonidiidae (23), Pyrgomorphidae (15), Eumastacidae, Phalangopsidae, Gryllotalpidae (6 each), Gryllacrididae (5), Dericorythidae, Tridactylidae (3 each), Mogoplistidae, Myrmecophilidae (2 each), Chorotypidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Schizodactylidae, and Anostostomatidae (one each).

The families represented from Indian Himalaya are as follows: Acrididae (167 species, 142 genera), Dericorythidae (3 species, 1 genus), Chorotypidae (1 species, 1 genus), Eumastacidae (6 species, 2genera), Pyrgomorphidae (15 species, 7 genera), Tetrigidae (76 species, 27 genera), Tridactylidae (3 species, 2 genera), Gryllidae (81 species, 35 genera), Phalangopsidae (6 species, 5 genera), Trigonidiidae (23 species, 14 genera), Mogoplistidae (2 species, 2 genera), Gryllotalpidae (6 species, 2 genera), Myrmecophilidae (2 species, 1 genus),

Table 1. Family wise Orthoptera diversity in Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Families

1.

Acrididae

2.

Species

%

Genera

%

167

36.78

142

49.82

Dericorythidae

3

0.66

1

0.35

3.

Chorotypidae

1

0.22

1

0.35

4.

Eumastacidae

6

1.32

2

0.70

5.

Pyrgomorphidae

15

3.30

7

2.46

6.

Tetrigidae

76

16.74

27

9.47

7.

Tridactylidae

3

0.66

2

0.70

8.

Gryllidae

81

17.84

35

12.28

9.

Phalangopsidae

6

1.32

5

1.75

10.

Trigonidiidae

23

5.07

14

4.91

11.

Mogoplistidae

2

0.44

2

0.70

12.

Gryllotalpidae

6

1.32

2

0.70

13.

Myrmecophilidae

2

0.44

1

0.35

14.

Rhaphidophoridae

1

0.22

1

0.35

15.

Schizodactylidae

1

0.22

1

0.35

16..

Anostostomatidae

1

0.22

1

0.35

17.

Gryllacrididae

5

1.10

4

1.40

18.

Tettigoniidae

55

12.11

37

12.98

454

100.00

285

100.00

Total GUPTA and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera

243

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Species %

Gryllacrididae Tettigoniidae

Schizodactylidae Anostostomatidae

Rhaphidophoridae

Gryllotalpidae Myrmecophilidae

Trigonidiidae Mogoplistidae

Gryllidae Phalangopsidae

Pyrgomorphidae Tetrigidae Tridactylidae

Dericorythidae Chorotypidae Eumastacidae

Acrididae

Genera %

Fig. 2. Family wise Orthoptera diversity in Indian Himalaya.

Table 2. Orthoptera diversity in the states lying in the Indian Himalaya. S. No.

States

Species

Genera Families

1.

Jammu and Kashmir

130

85

10

2.

Himachal Pradesh

180

113

12

3.

Uttarakhand

145

94

10

4.

Sikkim

127

92

11

5.

West Bengal

143

96

8

6.

Arunachal Pradesh

164

96

7

ENDEMISM Out of the total diversity of these insects found in the Himalayas, 38 species were found to be endemic to the region.

DISCUSSION Orthoptera is a diverse group of insects with more than 27,790 species globally known (Cigliano et. al., 2017). Of which 1,033 species are reported from India (Chandra, 2011). The presence of 454 species/ subspecies (around 43%) out of 1033 species from Indian Himalaya, a globally known biodiversity hot spot, show their wide spread distribution and adaptability. Orthoptera diversity found in different Himalayan regions in India. Among all the six Himalayan states, maximum diversity was found in Himachal Pradesh (180), followed by Arunachal Pradesh (164), Uttarakhand (145), West Bengal (143), Jammu and Kashmir (130) and Sikkim (127) (Table 2). 244

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order ORTHOPTERA Olivier, 1789 Suborder CAELIFERA Ander, 1939 Superfamily ACRIDOIDEA Macleay, 1821 Family ACRIDIDAE Macleay, 1821 Subfamily ACRIDINAE Macleay, 1821 Genus Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 exaltata (Walker, 1859): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gigantea (Herbst, 1786): 2A, 2B indica Dirsh, 1954: 2A, 2D Genus Mesophlaeoba Kumar and Usmani, 2015 usmanii Kumar and Usmani, 2015: 2A Genus Orthochtha Karsch, 1891 indica Uvarov, 1942: 2A, 2C Genus Perella Bolivar, 1914 insignis Bolívar, 1914: 2B Genus Phlaeoba Stål, 1860 antennata antennata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893: 2A, 2C, 2D assama Ramme, 1941: 2C, 2D infumata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893: 1B, 2C, 2D panteli Bolívar, 1902: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sikkimensis Ramme, 1941: 2C, 2D tenebrosa (Walker, 1871): 2A Genus Sikkimiana Uvarov, 1940 darjeelingensis (Bolívar, 1914): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Truxalis Fabricius, 1775 nasuta (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B Subfamily CALLIPTAMINAE Jacobson, 1905 Genus Acorypha Krauss, 1877 glaucopsis (Walker, 1870): 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Calliptamus Serville, 1836 italicus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Indomerus Dirsh, 1951 noxius Dirsh, 1951: 1B Genus Peripolus Martinez, 1902 nepalensis Uvarov, 1942: 2B pedarius (Stål, 1878): 2A, 2B, 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Subfamily CATANTOPINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Apalacris Walker, 1870 varicornis Walker, 1870: 2C, 2D Genus Catantops Schaum, 1853 erubescens (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2D Genus Catantopsis Bolivar, 1912 sacalava (Brancsik, 1893): 2B Genus Choroedocus Bolivar, 1914 capensis (Thunberg, 1815): 2A, 2B illustris (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2B robustus (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Cingalia Ramme, 1941 dubia (Walker, 1870): 2C Genus Circocephalus Willemse, 1928 indica Bhowmik and Halder, 1982: 2C, 2D Genus Cryptocatantops Jago, 1984 simlae (Dirsh, 1956): 2A, 2B Genus Diabolocatantops Jago, 1984 consobrinus (Karny, 1907): 2D innotabilis (Walker, 1870): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pinguis (Stål, 1861):1B, 2C pulchellus (Walker, 1870): 2C sukhadae Bhowmik, 1986: 2A Genus Eupreponotus Uvarov, 1921 inflatus Uvarov, 1921: 2A, 2B, 2C punctatus Singh, 1978: 2B Genus Gerenia Stål, 1878 bengalensis Bhowmik and Halder, 1984: 2C Genus Navasia Kirby, 1914 insularis Kirby, 1914: 2A Genus Oxyrrhepes Stål, 1873 obtusa (Haan, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 vinosa (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2B, 2D violascens (Walker, 1870): 2A Genus Paraconophyma Uvarov, 1921 kashmirica Mishchenko, 1950: 2A scabra (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2B Genus Stenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarov, 1953 splendens (Thunberg, 1815): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Xenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarov, 1953 brachycerus (Willemse, 1932): 2C, 2D humilis (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2B,2C, 2D jagabandhui Bhowmik, 1986: 2A karnyi (Kirby, 1910): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily COPTACRIDINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Coptacra Stål, 1873 ensifera Bolívar, 1902: 2D foedata (Serville, 1838): 2C, 2D punctoria (Walker, 1870): 2A Genus Eucoptacra Bolivar, 1902 binghami Uvarov, 1921: 2A praemorsa (Stål, 1861): 2A, 2C, 2D Subfamily CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE Kirby, 1910 Genus Anacridium Uvarov, 1923 rubrispinum Bey-Bienko, 1948: 2B Genus Chondracris Uvarov, 1923 bengalensis Mungai, 1992: 2B rosea (De Geer, 1773): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

GUPTA and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera

Genus Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 tatarica tatarica (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Patanga Uvarov, 1923 japonica (Bolívar, 1898): 2B, 2C succincta (Johannson, 1763): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Schistocerca Stål, 1873 gregaria (Forskål, 1775): 2A, 2C Subfamily EYPREPOCNEMIDINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Cataloipus Bolivar, 1890 himalayensis Singh and Tandon, 1978: 2A, 2B Genus Eyprepocnemis Fieber, 1853 alacris alacris (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D roseus Uvarov, 1942: 2A, 2B unicolor Tarbinsky, 1928: 2A Genus Heteracris Walker, 1870 littoralis (Rambur, 1838): 2B notabilis (Uvarov, 1942): 2A pulchra (Bolívar, 1902): 2A Genus Shirakiacris Dirsh, 1958 shirakii (Bolívar, 1914): 2A Genus Tylotropidius Stål, 1860 varicornis (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2B Subfamily GOMPHOCERINAE Fieber, 1853 Genus Anaptygus Mistshenko, 1951 rectus Ragge, 1954: 2A, 2B Genus Aulacobothrus Bolivar, 1902 luteipes infernus Bolívar, 1902: 2A, 2C luteipes luteipes (Walker, 1871): 2A, 2B, 2C sinensis (Uvarov, 1925): 2A socius Bolívar, 1902: 2A, 2D svenhedini Sjöstedt, 1933: 2A, 2D taeniatus Bolívar, 1902: 2A Genus Chorthippus Fieber, 1852 Subgenus Chorthippus Fieber, 1852 almoranus Uvarov, 1942: 2B dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821): 2A hammarstroemi hammarstroemi (Miram, 1907): 2A indus Uvarov, 1942: 2A, 2D Subgenus Glyptobothrus Chopard, 1951 biguttulus biguttulus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A vagans vagans (Eversmann, 1848): 2A vagans vagans (Eversmann, 1848): 2A Genus Crucinotacris Jago, 1996 decisa (Walker, 1871): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Dociostaurus Fieber, 1853 Subgenus Dociostaurus Fieber, 1853 apicalis (Walker, 1871): 2A Genus Gelastorhinus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 laticornis (Serville, 1838): 2A selache Burr, 1902: 2C Genus Gonista Bolivar, 1898 chloroticus Bolívar, 1914: 2C filata (Walker, 1870): 2D sagitta (Uvarov, 1912): 2A, 2C Genus Leionotacris Jago, 1996 bolivari (Uvarov, 1921): 2A Genus Leva Bolivar, 1909 soluta Bolivar, 1914: 2A

245

Genus Madurea Bolivar, 1902 cephalotes Bolivar, 1902: 2A Genus Mesopsis Bolivar, 1906 cylindricus (Kirby, 1914): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Ochrilidia Stål, 1873 gracilis gracilis (Krauss, 1902): 2A Genus Omocestus Bolivar, 1878 Subgenus Omocestus Bolivar, 1878 hingstoni Uvarov, 1925: 2A Genus Phonogaster Henry, 1940 cariniventris Henry, 1940: 2D Genus Rhaphotittha Karsch, 1896 simoni (Bolivar, 1902): 2A Genus Stenohippus Uvarov, 1926 mundus (Walker, 1871): 2A Subfamily HEMIACRIDINAE Dirsh, 1956 Genus Hieroglyphus Krauss, 1877 banian (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D concolor (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2C nigrorepletus Bolívar, 1912: 2A, 2B oryzivorus Carl, 1916: 2A Genus Leptacris Walker, 1870 maxima (Karny, 1907): 2A Genus Parahieroglyphus Carl, 1916 bilineatus (Saussure, 1912): 2A, 2B Subfamily MELANOPLINAE Scudder, 1897 Genus Dicranophyma Uvarov, 1921 babaulti Uvarov, 1925: 2A hingstoni Uvarov, 1921: 2A uvarovi Salfi, 1934: 2A Genus Indopodisma Dovzap, 1933 kingdoni (Uvarov, 1927): 2A Genus Rhinopodisma Mishchenko, 1954 assama (Uvarov, 1930): 2D Subfamily OEDIPODINAE Walker, 1871 Genus Acrotylus Fieber, 1853 humbertianus Saussure, 1884: 2A, 2C insubricus inficitus (Walker, 1870): 2A Genus Aiolopus Fieber, 1853 simulatrix simulatrix (Walker, 1870): 2A thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2D thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2D Genus Bryodema Fieber, 1853 luctuosa inda Saussure, 1884: 1B, 2A Genus Bryodemella Yin, 1982 tuberculata tuberculata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A Genus Ceracris Walker, 1870 deflorata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893): 2A nigricornis laeta (Bolívar, 1914): 2A, 2C, 2D nigricornis nigricornis Walker, 1870: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D striata Uvarov, 1925: 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Chinabacris Kumar and Usmani, 2016 trisulcata Kumar and Usmani, 2016: 2A Genus Chloebora Saussure, 1884 crassa (Walker, 1870): 2A grossa Saussure, 1884: 2A, 2D Genus Dittopternis Saussure, 1884 venusta (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Epacromius Uvarov, 1942

246

coerulipes (Ivanov, 1888): 2A Genus Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884 africanus africanus (Saussure, 1888): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D africanus sulphureus Bey-Bienko, 1951: 1B, 2A, 2B marmoratus (Thunberg, 1815): 1B, 2A, 2C Genus Heteropternis Stål, 1873 respondens respondens (Walker, 1859): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Leptopternis Saussure, 1884 gracilis (Eversmann, 1848): 2A Genus Locusta Linnaeus, 1758 migratoria migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Oedaleus Fieber, 1853 abruptus (Thunberg, 1815): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D senegalensis (Krauss, 1877): 2A, 2B rosescens Uvarov, 1942: 2A Genus Oedipoda Latreille, 1829 himalayana Uvarov, 1925: 2A, 2D miniata (Pallas, 1771): 2A Genus Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884 cinctifemur (Walker, 1859): 2B, 2C, 2D caliginosa (Haan, 1842): 2A Genus Pusana Uvarov, 1940 laevis (Uvarov, 1921): 2A, 2C ruglosa (Uvarov, 1921): 2A Genus Scintharista Saussure, 1884 notabilis blanchardiana (Saussure, 1888): 2A notabilis brunneri Saussure, 1884: 2A notabilis pallipes Uvarov, 1941: 2A Genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 Subgenus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 balteatus balteatus (Serville, 1838): 2A balteatus himalayanus Uvarov, 1923: 2A eurasius eurasius Mishchenko, 1937: 2A kashmirensis Uvarov, 1925: 2A longipennis Saussure, 1884: 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D octofasciatus (Serville, 1838): 2A rubescens fallax Mishchenko, 1937: 2A, 2D savignyi savignyi Saussure, 1884: 2A Genus Trilophidia Stål, 1873 annulata (Thunberg, 1815): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D repleta (Walker, 1870): 2A, 2D Subfamily OMMATOLAMPINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Pycnosarcus Bolivar, 1906 atavus (Saussure, 1859): 2C Subfamily OXYINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Caryanda Stål, 1878 paravicina (Willemse, 1925): 2C, 2D Genus Gesonula Uvarov, 1940 punctifrons (Stål, 1861): 2C, 2D Genus Hygracris Uvarov, 1921 palustris Uvarov, 1921: 2C, 2D Genus Oxya Serville, 1831 fuscovittata (Marschall, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D grandis grandis Willemse, 1925: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hyla Serville, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D intricata (Stål, 1861): 2A, 2D japonica japonica (Thunberg, 1815): 2A, 2D


japonica vitticollis (Blanchard, 1853): 2A nitidula (Walker, 1870): 2C velox (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily SPATHOSTERNINAE Rehn, 1957 Genus Spathosternum Krauss, 1877 prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871):1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D prasiniferum xizangensis Yin, 1982: 2A Subfamily TROPIDOPOLINAE Jacobson, 1905 Genus Tristria Stål, 1873 pulvinata (Uvarov, 1921): 2A, 2B Family DERICORYTHIDAE Jacobson and Bianchi, 1905 Subfamily CONOPHYMINAE Mishchenko, 1952 Genus Conophyma Zubowysky, 1898 indicum Mishchenko, 1950: 2A kashmiricum Mishchenko, 1950: 2A mitchelli Uvarov, 1921: 2A Superfamily EUMASTACOIDEA Burr, 1899 Family CHOROTYPIDAE Stal, 1873 Subfamily ERIANTHINAE Karsch, 1889 Genus Butania Bolivar, 1903 lugubris major Bolívar, 1930: 2C Family EUMASTACIDAE Burr, 1899 Subfamily GOMPHOMASTACINAE Burr, 1899 Genus Gomphomastax Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898 antennata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898: 2A disparilis Bolívar, 1927: 2A kashmirica Balderson and Yin, 1991: 2A nigrovittata Usmani, 2008: 2A Genus Gyabus Özdikmen, 2008 fusiformis (Bey-Bienko, 1949): 2A Genus Phytomastax Bei-Bienko, 1949 bolivari (Uvarov, 1936): 2A Superfamily PYRGOMORPHOIDEA Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874 Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874 Subfamily PYRGOMORPHINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874 Genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 angusta Karsch, 1888: 2D burri Bolívar, 1905: 2C, 2D crenulata crenulata (Fabricius, 1793): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D himalayica Bolívar, 1905: 2C, 2D psittacina affinis Kevan and Chen, 1969: 2C psittacina psittacina (Haan, 1842): 2C, 2D sinensis montana Kevan and Chen, 1969: 2A Genus Aularches Stål, 1873 miliaris miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2D miliaris pseudopunctatus Kevan, 1974: 2A Genus Chrotogonus Serville, 1838 Subgenus Chrotogonus Serville, 1838 oxypterus (Blanchard, 1836): 2D trachypterus trachypterus (Blanchard, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Mekongiella Kevan, 1966 wardi (Uvarov, 1937): 2D Genus Poekilocerus Serville, 1831 pictus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A Genus Tagasta Bolivar, 1905 indica Bolivar, 1905: 2C, 2D Genus Tenuitarsus Bolivar, 1904


orientalis Kevan, 1959: 2D Superfamily TETRIGOIDEA Rambur, 1838 Family TETRIGIDAE Rambur, 1838 Subfamily BATRACHIDEINAE Bolívar, 1887 Genus Saussurella Bolivar, 1887 indica Hancock, 1912: 2C Subfamily CLADONOTINAE Bolivar, 1887 Genus Fieberiana Kirby, 1914 pachymerus (Fieber, 1845): 2A Genus Oxyphyllum Hancock, 1909 pennatum Hancock, 1909: 2C Genus Yunnantettix Zheng, 1995 elytratus (Günther, 1939): 2C Subfamily METRODORINAE Bolívar, 1887 Genus Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939 dubius (Hancock, 1912): 2C ghumtianus (Hancock, 1915): 2C insignis (Kirby, 1914): 2B laticeps (Bolívar, 1909): 2C, 2D lativertex (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893): 2D roonwali Shishodia, 1991: 2C sculptus (Bolívar, 1887): 2C, 2D sikkinensis (Bolívar, 1909): 2C singlaensis (Hancock, 1915): 2C tandoni Shishodia, 1991: 2D Genus Hyboella Hancock, 1915 dilatata (Haan, 1843): 2D nullipennis (Hancock, 1913): 2D obesa Hancock, 1915: 2D tentata Hancock, 1915: 2D tumida (Hancock, 1913): 2D Genus Spadotettix Hancock, 1910 subansiriensis Shishodia, 1991: 2D Genus Synalibas Günther, 1939 perplexus (Hancock, 1915): 2C vagans Günther, 1939: 2C Genus Xistrella Bolivar, 1909 arorai Shishodia, 1991: 2C, 2D dromadaria Bolívar, 1909: 2C siangensis Shishodia, 1991: 2D Genus Myxohyboella Shishodia, 1991 srivastavai Shishodia, 1991: 2C Genus Systolederus Bolivar, 1887 abbreviatus Shishodia, 1991: 2C Subfamily SCELIMENINAE Bolívar, 1887 Genus Bolotettix Hancock, 1907 inermis Hancock, 1915: 2C, 2D lobatus (Hancock, 1912): 2C Genus Criotettix Bolivar, 1887 bispinosus (Dalman, 1818): 2D pallidus Hancock, 1915: 2C Genus Eucriotettix Hebard, 1929 aequalis (Hancock, 1912): 2C annandalei (Hancock, 1915): 2C dohertyi (Hancock, 1915): 2C exsertus (Bolívar, 1902): 2B grandis (Hancock, 1912): 2A, 2C, 2D montanus (Hancock, 1912): 2A rufescens (Kirby, 1914): 2D

247

Genus Hebarditettix Günther, 1938 quadratus (Hancock, 1915): 2C, 2D triangularis (Hancock, 1915): 2D Genus Loxilobus Hancock, 1904 acutus parvispinus Hancock, 1915: 2D assamus Hancock, 1907: 2C, 2D Genus Scelimena Serville, 1838 india Hancock, 1907: 2D kempi (Hancock, 1915): 2D Genus Thoradonta Hancock, 1909 apiculata Hancock, 1915: 2C, 2D bengalensis Shishodia, 1991: 2A nodulosa (Stål, 1861): 2A, 2C, 2D Subfamily TETRIGINAE Rambur, 1838 Genus Coptotettix Bolivar, 1887 annandalei Hancock, 1915: 2C, 2D conioptica (Hancock, 1915): 2C conspersus Hancock, 1915: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indicus Hancock, 1912: 2D lohitensis Shishodia, 1991: 2D tricarinatus Shishodia, 1991: 2C tuberculatus Bolívar, 1887: 2D Genus Ergatettix Kirby, 1914 callosus (Hancock, 1915): 2C dorsifera (Walker, 1871): 2C Genus Euparatettix Hancock, 1904 nodulosus Hancock, 1912: 2D personatus (Bolívar, 1887): 2C sikkimensis (Hancock, 1915): 2C tricarinatus (Bolívar, 1887): 2C Genus Hedotettix Bolivar, 1887 attenuatus Hancock, 1904: 2A, 2C, 2D costatus Hancock, 1912: 2A, 2C gracilis (Haan, 1843): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D grossus Hancock, 1915: 2C, 2D Genus Paratettix Bolivar, 1887 cingalensis (Walker, 1871): 2A, 2C, 2D curtipennis (Hancock, 1912): 2B, 2C, 2D hancockus Shishodia and Varshney, 1987: 2C, 2D histricus (Stål, 1861): 2A, 2C, 2D rotundatus Hancock, 1915: 2D variabilis Bolívar, 1887: 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Teredorus Hancock, 1906 bhattacharyi Shishodia, 1991: 2D carmichaeli Hancock, 1915: 2C frontalis Hancock, 1915: 2A, 2C, 2D gravelyi (Günther, 1939): 2C Genus Tetrix Latreille, 1802 bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C Superfamily TRIDACTYLOIDEA Brulle, 1835 Family TRIDACTYLIDAE Brulle, 1835 Subfamily TRIDACTYLINAE Brulle, 1835 Genus Tridactylus Olivier, 1789 thoracicus Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 2A, 2B Genus Xya Latreille, 1809 indica (Chopard, 1928): 2C marmorata (Chopard, 1928): 2B Suborder ENSIFERA Ander, 1939 Superfamily GRYLLOIDEA Laicharting, 1781

248

Family GRYLLIDAE Laicharting, 1781 Subfamily ENEOPTERINAE Saussure, 1893 Genus Xenogryllus Bolivar, 1890 carmichaeli (Chopard, 1928): 2C transversus (Walker, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily EUSCYRTINAE Gorochov, 1985 Genus Euscyrtus Guérin-Méneville, 1844 Subgenus Osus Gorochov, 1987 concinnus (Haan, 1844): 2B hemelytrus (Haan, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Patiscus Stål, 1877 cephalotes (Saussure, 1878): 2C Subfamily GRYLLINAE Laicharting, 1781 Genus Acanthoplistus Saussure, 1877 birmanus Saussure, 1877: 2A, 2B Genus Acheta Fabricius, 1775 domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Genus Callogryllus Sjoestedt, 1909 pallidus (Chopard, 1928): 2C tengalis Bhargava, 1996: 2D Genus Cophogryllus Saussure, 1877 angustus Chopard, 1928: 2C ornatus Chopard, 1928: 2C Genus Grylloderes Bolivar, 1894 brunneri (Riggio, 1888): 2A melanocephalus (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2B Genus Gryllodes Saussre, 1874 sigillatus (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gryllopsis Chopard, 1928 falconneti (Saussure, 1877): 2A, 2B, 2C furcata (Saussure, 1877): 2B pubescens Chopard, 1928: 2C Genus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 bimaculatus De Geer, 1773: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 kashmirensis Bhowmik, 1967: 2A, 2B Genus Itaropsis Chopard, 1925 tenella (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2B Genus Loxoblemmus Saussure, 1877 animae Bhowmik, 1967: 2A, 2B detectus (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D equestris Saussure, 1877: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D haanii Saussure, 1877: 2D longipalpis Chopard, 1928: 2D macrocephalus Chopard, 1967: 2A, 2B, 2D nigriceps Chopard, 1933: 2B, 2C taicoun Saussure, 1877: 2B, 2C, 2D timliensis Bhargava, 1982: 2B Genus Melanogryllus Chopard, 1961 carmichaeli (Chopard, 1928): 2C Genus Mitius Gorochov, 1985 blennus (Saussure, 1877): 2A, 2B Genus Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961 Subgenus Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961 confirmatus (Walker, 1859): 2A, 2D consobrinus (Saussure, 1877): 2D facialis (Walker, 1871): 2A minimus (Chopard, 1928): 2C, 2D


tikaderi Bhowmik, 1985: 2A, 2B Genus Nemobiodes Chopard, 1917 sukhadae Bhowmik, 1978: 2C Genus Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 Subgenus Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Serville, 1838): 2D humeralis (Walker, 1871): 2B minor (Chopard, 1959): 2B Genus Plebeiogryllus Randell, 1964 guttiventris guttiventris (Walker, 1871): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Scapsipedus Saussure 1877 raychaudhurii Bhowmik, 1967: 2B Genus Stephoblemmus Saussure, 1877 humbertiellus Saussure, 1877: 2B Genus Tarbinskiellus Gorochov, 1983 orientalis (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C portentosus (Lichtenstein, 1796): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Teleogryllus Chopard, 1961 bicoloripes Chopard, 1961: 2A fletcheri (Chopard, 1935): 2B himalayanus (Chopard, 1928): 2B longipennis (Saussure, 1877): 2B oceanicus (Le Guillou, 1841): 2B Subgenus Brachyteleogryllus Gorochov, 1988 occipitalis occipitalis (Serville, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Macroteleogryllus Gorochov, 1988 mitratus (Burmeister, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Turanogryllus Tarbinskii, 1940 babaulti (Chopard, 1963): 2A dehradunensis Bhowmik, 1969: 2B histrio (Saussure, 1877): 2A, 2B jammuensis (Bhowmik, 1967): 2A, 2B mitrai Bhowmik, 1985: 2B rufoniger (Chopard, 1925): 2A, 2B, 2C tarbinskii Bey-Bienko, 1968: 2B Genus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 Subgenus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 aspersus aspersus (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D basui Bhowmik, 1985: 2B ceylonicus (Chopard, 1928): 2B flavifrons Chopard, 1966: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lambai Bhowmik, 1985: 2A, 2B parvus (Chopard, 1928): 2B, 2C sukhadae (Bhowmik, 1967): 2B Subfamily ITARINAE Shiraki, 1930 Genus Itara Walker, 1869 Subgenus Itara Walker, 1869 abdita Gorochov, 1996: 2C minor Chopard, 1925: 2C Subfamily LANDREVINAE Gorochov, 1982 Genus Landreva Walker, 1869 clara (Walker, 1869): 2C, 2D ebneri Chopard, 1969: 2C semialata Chopard, 1928: 2A Subfamily OECANTHINAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Oecanthus Serville, 1831 indicus Saussure, 1878: 2C, 2D Subfamily PODOSCIRTINAE Saussure, 1878 Genus Madasumma Walker, 1869


darjilingensis Chopard, 1928: 2A, 2C Genus Prozvenella Gorochov, 2002 marginipennis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844): 2B, 2C Genus Trelleora Gorochov, 1988 gravelyi (Chopard, 1928): 2B Genus Truljalia Gorochov, 1985 hofmanni (Saussure, 1878): 2D Genus Valiatrella Gorochov, 2005 bimaculata (Chopard, 1928): 2C, 2D Subfamily SCLEROGRYLLINAE Gorochov, 1985 Genus Sclerogryllus Gorochov, 1985 coriaceus (Haan, 1844): 2B, 2C, 2D punctatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893): 2B, 2D variolosus (Chopard, 1933): 2C Family MOGOPLISTIDAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1873 Subfamily MOGOPLISTINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1873 Genus Derectaotus Chopard, 1936 maindroni (Chopard, 1928): 2B Genus Gotvendia Bolivar, 1927 albipennis Chopard, 1969: 2A, 2B Family PHALANGOPSIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Subfamily CACHOPLISTINAE Saussure, 1877 Genus Cacoplistes Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1873 Subgenus Laminogryllus Gorochov, 2003 rogenhoferi Saussure, 1877: 2A, 2C Genus Meloimorpha Walker, 1870 cincticornis Walker, 1870: 2A, 2B japonica (Haan, 1844): 2B Subfamily PARAGRYLLINAE Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987 Genus Laranda Walker, 1869 rogenhoferi Saussure, 1878: 2A, 2C Subfamily PHALANGOPSINAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Arachnomimus Saussure, 1878 Subgenus Arachnomimus Saussure, 1897 nietneri (Saussure, 1878): 2C Genus Speluncasina Desutter-Grandcolas, 2012 annandalei (Chopard, 1928): 2C Family TRIGONIDIIDAE Saussure, 1874 Subfamily NEMOBIINAE Saussure, 1877 Genus Dianemobius Vickery, 1973 csikii (Bolívar, 1901): 2A, 2D fascipes fascipes (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Nemobius Serville, 1838 strigipennis Chopard, 1928: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paranemobius Saussure, 1877 pictus (Saussure, 1877): 2A Genus Polionemobius Gorochov, 1983 taprobanensis (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pteronemobius Jacobson, 1904 Subgenus Pteronemobius Jacobson, 1904 heydenii concolor (Walker, 1871): 2B, 2C, 2D indicus (Walker, 1869): 2C, 2D montanus Chopard, 1933: 2C, 2D pantelchopardorum Shishodia and Varshney, 1987: 2A, 2C rufipes rufipes Chopard, 1969: 2C Genus Scottiola Bolivar, 1912 divarna Bhowmik, 1978: 2C elongata Bhowmik, 1978: 2C Genus Speonemobius Chopard, 1924

249

decolyi Chopard, 1969: 2C, 2D Subfamily TRIGONIDIINAE Saussure, 1874 Genus Amusurgus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Subgenus Amusurgus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 oedemeroides (Walker, 1871): 2C unicolor (Chopard, 1925): 2B Genus Homoeoxipha Saussure, 1874 lycoides (Walker, 1869): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Natula Gorochov, 1987 longipennis (Serville, 1838): 2A Genus Metioche Stål, 1877 Subgenus Metioche Stål, 1877 pallidinervis Chopard, 1928: 2C Genus Metiochodes Chopard, 1931 sikkimensis Bhowmik, 1968: 2C Genus Svistella Gorochov, 1987 venustula (Saussure, 1878): 2B Genus Trigonidium Rambur, 1838 Subgenus Paratrigonidium Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 unifasciatum (Chopard, 1928): 2C Subgenus Trigonidium Rambur, 1838 cicindeloides Rambur, 1838: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D humbertianum (Saussure, 1878): 2A, 2C, 2D Superfamily GRYLLOTALPOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily GRYLLOTALPINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Gryllotalpa Latreille, 1802 africana africana Palisot de Beauvois, 1805: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D minuta Burmeister, 1838: 2A orientalis Burmeister, 1838: 2B ornata Walker, 1869: 2B, 2C Subfamily SCAPTERISCINAE Zeuner, 1939 Genus Indioscaptor Nickle, 2003 indicus (Bhargava, 1996): 2D siangensis (Tandon and Shishodia, 1972): 2D Superfamily RHAPHIDOPHOROIDEA Walker, 1869 Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE Walker, 1869 Subfamily RHAPHIDOPHORINAE Walker, 1869 Genus Rhaphidophora Serville, 1839 deusta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888: 2A Superfamily SCHIZODACTYLOIDEA Blanchard, 1845 Family SCHIZODACTYLIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Subfamily SCHIZODACTYLINAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Schizodactylus Brulle, 1835 monstrosus (Drury, 1770): 2A Superfamily STENOPELMATOIDEA Burmeister, 1838 Family ANOSTOSTOMATIDAE Saussure, 1859 Subfamily ANABROPSINAE Rentz and Weissman, 1973 Genus Paterdecolyus Griffini, 1913 panteli Griffini, 1913: 2C Family GRYLLACRIDIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Subfamily GRYLLACRIDINAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Brachyntheisogryllacris Karny, 1937 buyssoniana buyssoniana (Griffini, 1912): 2B Genus Eremus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 rugosifrons oberthuri Griffini, 1913: 2C Genus Haplogryllacris Karny, 1937 castanea (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888): 2B Genus Melaneremus Karny, 1937

250

atrotectus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888): 2B kempi (Griffini, 1914): 2D Superfamily TETTIGONIOIDEA Krauss, 1902 Family TETTIGONIIDAE Krauss, 1902 Subfamily CONOCEPHALINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 Subgenus Anisoptera Latreille, 1829 maculatus (Le Guillou, 1841): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Euconocephalus Karny, 1907 incertus (Walker, 1869): 2C indicus (Redtenbacher, 1891): 2D nasutus (Thunberg, 1815): 2A pallidus (Redtenbacher, 1891): 2A, 2B Genus Pyrgocorypha Stål, 1873 annulatus (Karny, 1907): 2C sikkimensis (Karny, 1907): 2C subulata (Thunberg, 1815): 2C velutina Redtenbacher, 1891: 2C Genus Ruspolia Schulthess Schindler, 1898 lineosa (Walker, 1869): 2A Subfamily HEXACENTRINAE Karny, 1925 Genus Euhexacentrus Hebard, 1922 annulicornis (Stål, 1877): 2C Genus Hexacentrus Serville, 1831 unicolor Serville, 1831: 2A, 2C Subfamily MECONEMATINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Indoteratura Ingrisch and Shishodia, 2000 erecta (Ingrisch and Shishodia, 2000): 2D Genus Nefateratura Ingrisch and Shishodia, 2000 terminata (Ingrisch and Shishodia, 2000): 2D Genus Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 Subgenus Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 straminula (Walker, 1871): 2C Subfamily Mecopodinae Walker, 1871 Genus Mecopoda Serville, 1831 elongata elongata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2C, 2D Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Ducetia Stål, 1874 dichotoma Ingrisch and Shishodia, 1998: 2D japonica (Thunberg, 1815): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Ectadia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 pilosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878: 2A Genus Elimaea Stål, 1874 Subgenus Elimaea Stål, 1874 securigera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878: 2A, 2C Genus Himertula Uvarov, 1940 kinneari (Uvarov, 1923): 2A Genus Holochlora Stål, 1873 indica Kirby, 1906: 2A, 2C Genus Isopsera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 pedunculata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878: 2A spinosa Ingrisch, 1990: 2D stylata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878: 2D Genus Khaoyaiana Ingrisch, 1990 nitens Ingrisch, 1990: 2D Genus Letana Walker, 1869 atomifera (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878): 2B despecta (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878): 2A, 2C linearis Walker, 1869: 2A, 2B, 2C


megastridula Ingrisch, 1990: 2A mursinga Ingrisch and Shishodia, 2000: 2D navasi (Bolívar, 1914): 2B Genus Liotrachela Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 megastyla Ingrisch, 2002: 2C Genus Noia Walker, 1870 testacea Walker, 1870: 2A Genus Pelerinus Bolivar, 1906 alienus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878): 2C Genus Phaneroptera Serville, 1831 Subgenus Phaneroptera Serville, 1831 gracilis Burmeister, 1838: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D myllocerca Ragge, 1956: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Trachyzulpha Dohrn, 1892 fruhstorferi fruhstorferi Dohrn, 1892: 2D Subfamily PSEUDOPHYLLINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Chloracris Pictet and Saussure, 1892 brullei Pictet and Saussure, 1892: 2D Genus Climacoptera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 venosa (Walker, 1869): 2C Genus Onomarchus Stål, 1874 uninotatus (Serville, 1838): 2D Genus Paramorsimus Beier, 1954 robustus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895):2A

Genus Parasanaa Beier, 1944 donovani (Donovan, 1834):2D Genus Phyllozelus Redtenbacher, 1892 Subgenus Phyllozelus Redtenbacher, 1892 siccus siccus (Walker, 1869): 2C Genus Pseudophyllus Serville, 1831 neriifolius (Lichtenstein, 1796): 2D Genus Rhomboptera Redtenbacher, 1895 ligata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895): 2C Genus Sanaa Walker, 1870 imperialis (White, 1846): 2C regalis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895): 2C Genus Sathrophyllia Stål, 1874 femorata (Fabricius, 1787): 2C rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C Genus Tegra Walker, 1870 novaehollandiae viridinotata (Stål, 1874): 2C viridivitta (Walker, 1870): 2C Subfamily TETTIGONIINAE Krauss, 1902 Genus Incertana Zeuner, 1941 himalayana (Ramme, 1933): 2A Genus Platycleis Fieber, 1853 kashmira (Uvarov, 1930): 2A Genus Plicigastra Uvarov, 1940 himalayana (Uvarov, 1923): 2A

REFERENCES Barman, R.S. 2003. Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series 9(2): 193-201 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Bhargava, R.N. 1976. New record of Loxoblemmus macrocephalus Chopard (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) from Uttar Pradesh, N.W. India. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 2(4): 1-141. Bhargava, R.N. 1981. A new species of Scleropterus (Haan) (Insecta: Gryllidae) from North West India. Geobios, 8(2): 57-59. Bhowmik, H.K. 1985. Contribution to the gryllid fauna of the Western Himalayas (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, Misc. Publ., Occ. Paper No., 73: 1-85. Bhowmik, H.K. and Halder, P. 1983a. A new species of Gerenia Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from the foothill of the eastern Himalaya, West Bengal, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 81(1-2): 23-26. Bhowmik, H.K. and Halder, P. 1983b. Preliminary distributional records with remarks on little known species of Acrididae (Orthoptera: Insecta) from the western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 81(1-2): 167-191. Bhowmik, H.K., Halder, P. and Sur, S. 1984. Record of Pusanalaevis (Uvarov) (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acrididae) from the Himalayas. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 6(1-3): 1-319. Chandra, K. 2011. Insect Fauna of States and Union Territories in India. In, Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects and Spiders) (Eds. Uniyal, V. and Shrivastava A.), ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. 14: 114-128. Cigliano, M.M., Barun, H., Eades, D.C. and Otte, D. 2017. Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0.http:orthoptera. species.file.org [accessed on 26th July 2017] Gorochov, A.V. 1995. System and evolution of the suborder Ensifera (Orthoptera). Parts 1 and 2. Proc. Zool. Inst., St. Petersburg, 260: 1-224, 261: 1-213. (In Russian). Gorochov, A.V. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 2002. Superorder Gryllidea Laicharting, 1781 (=Orthopteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: History of insects. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (Eds). Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 293-301. Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 1-755. GUPTA and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera

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Julka, J.M., Tandon, S.K., Haldar, P. and Shishodia, M.S. 1982. Ecological observations on grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) at Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Orient. Insect, 16(1): 63-75. Mandal, S. K., Dey, A. and Hazra, A.K. 2006. Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridoidea. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 151-173 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mukherjee, R. 1988. Record of the monster cricket Schizodactylus monstrous (Drury) from Jammu (J. and K.), India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 85(2): 443-444. Shishodia, M.S. 1991. Taxonomy and zoogeography of the Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) of North Eastern India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 140: vi +1-203. Shishodia, M.S. 1997. Orthoptera. In, Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6: 173-196 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Shishodia, M.S. and Gupta, S.K. 2009. Checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) of Himachal Pradesh, India. J. Threat. Taxa, 1(11): 569-572. Shishodia, M.S., Dey, A. and Tandon, S.K. 2003. Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridoidea and Eumastacoidea. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(2): 165-192 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Singh, A. and Tandon, S.K. 1978. A new species of Cataloipus Bolivar, 1890 (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Eyprepocnemidinae) from North West India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 1(1): 61-64. Singh, B. 1952. Observation on the biology of the cricket, Gymnogryllus humeralis Walker (Insecta, Orthoptera, Gryllidae) in the DehraDun Insectory. J. zool. Soc. India, 4(1): 47-61. Srinivasan, G. and Prabakar, D. 2012. Additional records of Tettigoniidae from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Threat. Taxa, 4(14): 3255–3268. Tandon, S.K. and Khera, S. 1978. Ecology and distribution of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Arunachal Pradesh, India, and the impact of human activities on their ecology and distribution. Mem. School Entomol. St. John’s College, 6: 73-91. Tandon, S.K. and Shishodia, M.S. 1972. Notes on the collection of Grylloidea (Orthoptera) from North-east Frontier Agency (NEFA), India. Orient. Insects, 6(3): 281-292. Tandon, S.K. and Shishodia, M.S. 1995. Orthoptera. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya (U.P.) Himalayan Ecosystem Series, Part 1: 37-42 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta).

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Chapter 23

Insecta : Phasmida SWAPAN KUMAR DAS1 and D. SURESH CHAND2

The present chapter reflects the current status of the order Phasmida in Indian Himalaya. Out of 144 species belonging to 41 genera under four families from India, 37 species belonging to 20 genera under three families have been recorded from the region, representing about 26% of the total diversity of the order from India.

P

INTRODUCTION

hasmids are popularly known as walking-sticks (long elongated stick like body i.e. stick-insects) and walking-leaves (flattened leaf like body i.e. leaf-insects). They are remarkable for their power of camouflage and can change their body colour frequently. The colour of these insects varies greatly, and mostly they are green or brown. They are nocturnal, phytophagous, sluggish and show strong sexual dimorphism. These are moderate to large sized with the body length varying from 30 mm to 325 mm. Although 3,100 species under seven families of phasmids were recorded worldwide, their diversity in India is represented by only 144 species belonging to 41 genera in 4 families with 99 endemic species (Chandra, 2011a; Zhang, 2013). In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to prepare a species checklist of Phasmida the from Indian Himalaya with their distribution in biotic provinces of the region.

HISTORICAL RESUME Very few studies have been done on order Phasmida from India comparative to other insect groups. The major contributions on Indian Himalayan fauna include: Westwood (1859), Bates (1865), Wood-Mason (1873a, b; 1875; 1877), Rehn (1904), Kirby (1896, 1904), Brunner von Wattenwyl (1907), Redtenbacher (1908), Carl (1913), Giglio-Tos (1914), Günther (1938, 1953), Bradley

et al., (1977), Mandal and Hazra (1991), Shishodia (1998), Otte and Brock (2005), Mandal and Yadav, (2010, 2014), Chandra (2011b), and Mukherjee and Srinivasan, (2013).

SPECIES DIVERSITY Phasmid fauna of the Indian Himalaya includes about 37 species belonging to 20 genera, under three families, representing 26% of the total Indian species. Regarding their distribution in biotic provinces, the highest number of species are recorded from Central Himalaya (26) followed by East Himalaya (10) (Fig. 1).

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Due to deforestation and loss of habitat, the numbers of this particular order is decreasing gradually. It has been observed that the phasmids are rarely available especially the specimens of the genus Phyllium. So the list of rare species of phasmids with the distribution map may be generated for awareness of common people.

GAP AREAS So far as Indian Himalaya is concerned, there are many gap areas in the region from where very little taxonomic study has been carried out so far. The states like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand very few species have been reported.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Das, S.K. and Chand, D.S. 2018. Insecta : Phasmida. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 253-256 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


SYSTEMATIC LIST Family DIAPHEROMERIDAE Kirby, 1904 Subfamily NECROSCIINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Tribe NECROSCIINI Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Calvisia Stål, 1875 Subgenus Conocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016 fuscoalata Redtenbacher, 1908: 2C, 2D Genus Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 bootanicus (Westwood, 1859): 2D Genus Marmessoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 flavomarginata (Redtenbacher, 1908): 2C Genus Orxines Stal, 1875 rugulosus (Redtenbacher, 1908): 2C Genus Oxyartes Stal, 1875 despectus (Westwood, 1848): 2D Genus Parasipyloidea (Redtenbacher, 1908) fictus (Redtenbacher, 1908): 2C montana Redtenbacher, 1908: 2C shiva (Westwood, 1859): 2C Genus Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 inscia Redtenbacher, 1908: Himalaya Genus Tagesoidea Redtenbacher, 1907 tages (Westwood, 1859): 2C Genus Trachythorax Redtenbacher, 1908 sparaxes (Westwood, 1859): 2C planiceps Redtenbacher, 1908: 2C Subfamily PACHYMORPHINAE Brunnervon Wattenwyl, 1893 Tribe GRATIDIINI Cliquennois, 2004 Genus Ladakhomorpha Hennemann and Conle, 1999

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longipes Hennemann, and Conle, 1999: 1B Family PHASMATIDAE Karny, 1923 Subfamily CLITUMNINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Tribe CLITUMNINI Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 insignis Wood-Mason, 1873: 2C stilpna (Westwood, 1859): 2C Genus Ramulus Saussure, 1861 aboricus (Giglio-Tos, 1914): 2D arrogans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2C artemis (Westwood, 1859): 2C cylindriceps (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2C operculatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2D perfidus (Giglio-Tos, 1914): 2D russellii (Bates, 1865): 2C rotunginus (Giglio-Tos, 1914): 2D westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1873): 2C Subfamily LONCHODINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Tribe LONCHODINI Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Lonchodes Gray, 1835 decolyanus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 2C Genus Carausius Stål, 1875 sikkimensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2C Genus Menexenus Stål, 1875 obtusespinosus Sinety, 1901: 2C rotunguis Giglio-Tos, 1914: 2D semiarmatus (Westwood, 1848): 2C Genus Myronides Stål, 1875 baucis (Westwood, 1859): 2D curvithorax Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1906 bicoronatus (Westwood, 1848): 2C pinnatus Redtenbacher, 1907: 2C Genus Prisomera Gray, 1835 asperum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2C Tribe NEOHIRASEINI Hennemann and Conle, 2008 Genus Neohirasea Rehn, 1904 asperatus (Bates, 1865): 2C

obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907): 2C Superfamily PHYLLIOIDEA Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Family PHYLLIIDAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Subfamily PHYLLIINAE Karny, 1923 Tribe PHYLLIINI Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 Subgenus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 celebicum Haan, 1842: 2D

REFERENCES Bates, H.W. 1865. Descriptions of fifty-two new species of Phasmidae from the collection of Mr W. Wilson Saunders, with remarks on the family. Trans. Linn. Soc., London., 25: 321-359, pls. 44-46. Bradley, J.C. and Galil, B.S. 1977. The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmotodea with keys to the families and tribes. Proc. ent. Soc. Washington, 79: 176-208. Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Phasmiden: 1-280. Carl, J. 1913. Phasmids nouveaux ou pu connus du Museum e Geneve. Revue Suisse Zool., 21: 1-55. Chandra, K. 2011a. Insect diversity of Sikkim, India. Biodiversity of Sikkim Exploring and Conserving a Hotspot (Eds. M.L. Arrawatia and Sandeep Tambe). Publ. by Information and Public Relations Dept. Govt. of Sikkim: 181-206. Chandra, K. 2011b. Insect fauna of states and union territories in India. In, Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects and Spiders) (Eds. Uniyal, V. and S. Aseem, ENVIS Bulletin, Wildlife and Protected Areas. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 14: 114-128. Giglio-Tos, E. 1914. Results of the Abor Expedition 1911/12. Part V. XXXI. Orthoptera, III: Mantidae et Phasmidae. Rec. Indian Mus., 8: 415-423. Gunther, K. 1938. Neue Und Wening Beckannte Phasmoiden as Dem Indian Museum. Kolkata, Rec. Indian Mus., 40: 123-141. Gunther, K. 1953. Uber die taxonomische Gliederungsbiologie V erbreeitung der Insektenordpung der Phasmatodea. Beitr. Ent., 3: 541-563. Kirby, W.F. 1896. On some new or rare Phasmidae in the collection of the British Museum. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 6: 47-472. Kirby, W.F. 1904. A synonmic Catalogue of Orthoptera, London, 1: 501. Mandal, S.K. and Hazra, A.K. 1991. Phasmida. In, Animal Resources of India: 283-284 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Mandal, S.K. and Mandal, G. 2014. Checklist of Phasmida of India (http://zsi.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/ Checklist/checklist_of_gpmandal.pdf ). Mandal, S.K. and Yadav, K. 2010. Some Phasmida (stick and leaf Insects) of India, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 318: 1-64 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mukherjee, T.K. and Srinivasan, G. 2013. Type specimens of phasmids in the National Zoological Survey of India collection (NZSI), Kolkata, India (Insecta: Phasmida). Phasmid Studies, 18: 24-33. Otte, D. and Brock, P. 2005. Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the World, 2nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Café Press.com: 1-414. Redtenbacher, R.J. 1908. Die Inseckten familie der Phasmiden, Leipzig: 1-589. Rehn, J.A.G. 1904. Studies in the Orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 56: 38-107. Shishodia, M.S. 1998. Phasmida. In, Faunal Diversity in India: 189-195. (Published by the ENVIS Centre, Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). DAS and CHAND : Insecta : Phasmida

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Westwood, J.O. 1859. Catalogus of Orthopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I, Phasmidae. Brit. Mus. London, 39: 1-195. Wood-Mason, J. 1873a. On new or little known species of Phasmidae. Part I. -Genus Bacillus. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 42(2): 45-56, pl. 5-7. Wood-Mason, J. 1873b. Note on certain species of Phasmidae hitherto referred to the genus Bacillus. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 42: 148-150. Wood-Mason, J. 1875. On new or little-known species of Phasmidae with a brief preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the family. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 44(3): 215-220, pl. 16-17. Wood-Mason, J. 1877. Notes on Phasnidae. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., 46: 342-352, pl. 2-3. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013, Phylum Arthropoda. In, Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda, 2013) (Ed. Zhang, Z.Q.). Zootaxa, 3703(1): 017-026.

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Chapter 24

Insecta : Embioptera KAILASH CHANDRA1, DEVANSHU GUPTA2 and TANOY MUKHERJEE3

The Embioptera fauna of Indian Himalaya comprises of 7 species belonging to 5 genera under two families, accounting 21.87 % of the total diversity of India. Central Himalaya and Western Himalaya have the highest diversity (3 species each), followed by Trans Himalaya (1 species).

T

INTRODUCTION

he order Embioptera commonly referred to as web spinners is a unique group among the small insect orders with the species distributed throughout the warmer regions of the world (Miller et al., 2012). This order includes about 457 species from the world, and 32 species belonging to 5 genera under two families are known from India (Zhang, 2013; Chandra and Dawn, 2014). In this chapter, a checklist of order Embioptera is prepared, and distribution of each species in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya (IH) is provided. The biogeographic scheme of Indian Himalaya follow Rodger et al. (2002), in which IH is divided into seven biotic provinces: Trans HimalayaLadakh Mountains (1A), Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (1B), Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (1C), HimalayaNorth-West (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C), and East Himalaya (2D).

HISTORICAL RESUME Imms (1913) described first Embioptera from the Himalaya which was later synonymized with Parembia valida (Hagen, 1885). After that, the major contributions to the taxonomy of the order Embioptera include Mukerji (1927), Davis (1939), Ross (1943, 1950), Kapur and Kripalani (1957), Mitra (1991), and Chandra (1999, 2011).

SPECIES DIVERSITY In the present chapter, a checklist comprising seven species belonging to 5 genera under two families is

prepared from IH, accounting 21.87% of the total diversity of India. Four species in 3 genera represent the family Embiidae, and three species under two genera represent family Oligotomidae. Among different provinces, Central Himalaya and Western Himalaya have the highest diversity three species each known from the provinces followed by Trans Himalaya (1 species).

ENDEMISM As the Himalayan range fall in between the junction of the Palaearctic and the Oriental zones, it provides a unique habitat for endemic species. Aposthonia himalayensis, Oligotoma gravelyi, and O. montana are endemic to Central Himalaya whereas Parembia valida is endemic to Western Himalaya.

GAP AREAS Embioptera from most of the Indian Himalaya indicates that there are still many unexplored areas like Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh with no record to date. More extensive surveys in these less explored areas may reveal the presence of many interesting species.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order EMBIOPTERA Lameere, 1900 Family EMBIIDAE Burmeister, 1839 Genus Embia Latreille, 1829 dobhali Ross, 1950: 2B rabaulti Navas, 1934: 1B

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Chandra, K., Gupta, D. and Mukherjee, T. 2018. Insecta : Embioptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 257-258 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Fig. 1. Number of species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. Genus Metembia Davis, 1939 fraterna Ross, 1950: 2B Genus Parembia Davis, 1939 valida (Hagen, 1885): 2B Family OLIGOTOMIDAE Enderlein, 1909

Genus Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 himalayensis (Kapur and Kripalani, 1957): 2C Genus Oligotoma Westwood, 1837 gravelyi Kapur and Kripalani, 1957: 2C montana Kapur and Kripalani, 1957: 2C

REFERENCES Chandra, K. 1999. On Embioptera from South Andaman and Barren Island. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc., 15(2): 79-80. Chandra, K. 2011. Embioptera, Checklist of Indian Fauna. http://zsi.gov.in/checklist/Indian%20 Embioptera. pdf. Chandra, K. and Dawn, P. 2014 Taxonomic study of Embioptera (Insecta) from Chhattisgarh, India. Check List, 10(6): 1565-1569. Davis, C. 1939. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. Part X. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 64: 474-495. Imms, A.D. 1913. Contribution to knowledge of the structure and biology of some Indian Insect–II. On Embia major, sp. nov., from the Himalayas. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 11: 167-195. Kapur, A.P. and Kripalani, M.B. 1957. Studies in Embioptera Part I. The Oligotomidae of India, Trans. Ento. Soc. London., 109: 111-134. Miller, K.B., Hayashi, C., Whiting, M.F., Stevson, G.J. and Edgerly, J.S., 2012. The phylogeny and classification of Embioptera (Insecta). Syst. Ento., 37: 550-570. Mitra, T.R. and Srivastava, V.D. 1991. Embioptera. In, Animal Resources of India. (Edited by Director, ZSI). 291-296. Mukerji, S. 1927. On the morphology and bionomics of Embia minor sp. nov. with special reference to its spinning organ. A contribution to our knowledge of the Indian Embioptera. Rec. Ind. Mus., 29: 253-282. Rodgers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife Protected Areas in India: a Review (Executive Summary). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun: 1-51. Ross, E.S. 1943. Two new Indian Embioptera and the lectotype of Oligotoma borneensis Hagen. Psyche Camb. Mass., 50: 100-108. Ross, E.S. 1950. The Embiidae of India. Was. J. Bio., 8: 133-153. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In: Zhang, Z.Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda, 2013). Zootaxa, 3703: 17–26. 258


Chapter 25

Insecta : Plecoptera C. SELVAKUMAR

Stoneflies are integral and important food web components of freshwater ecosystem. The current status of Plecoptera diversity in the Indian Himalaya is 89 species belonging to 23 genera under 8 families. In Trans Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1B -Tibetan Plateau (N=10) followed by 1C – Sikkim Himalaya (N=6) and 1A – Ladakh Mountains (N=0). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-2), maximum number of species are found in 2D – East Himalaya (N=34) followed by 2C – Central Himalaya (N=27), 2A – North West Himalaya (N=25) and 2B – West Himalaya (N=18). Larval stage of many species of stoneflies are unknown. Future research should focus on exploring less and unexplored regions, DNA barcoding studies to delineate species boundaries, establish larva-adult associations and species biology studies.

P

INTRODUCTION

lecoptera is a small monophyletic order of hemimetabolous insects, commonly called stoneflies with around 3,625 described species globally included under 303 genera and 16 families (DeWalt et al., 2017). Stonefly fauna of India encompasses 128 species, 24 genera and 8 families with 91 endemic species (Babu et al., 2017). Stoneflies are distributed over all continents except Antarctica and constitute a significant ecological component of running water ecosystems (Fochetti and Tierno de Figueroa, 2008). Stonefly larvae are generally found in high altitude streams of cold temperate streams though some genera have penetrated to the cool areas of subtropics and tropics. The larvae are distributed in stony streams attached to the surfaces of boulders and the adults are found near the streams or on tree trunks, stones and bushes. They are not conspicuous insects except the Chloroperlidae which are bright green in colour. The larvae play vital role in the food chain of freshwater ecosystems. Adults are week fliers and prefer to run to elude predators. They are diurnal except a few species of Setipalpia which are nocturnal. Food of the adults consists of algae, lichen and foliage though many species may not feed at all as adults and live only for a few weeks. The composition of stonefly fauna varies in

different seasons and in different habitats. Brachyptery or winglessness is usually found during the winter season.

HISTORICAL RESUME Needham (1909) was the first American entomologist who worked on Indian Plecoptera. Taxonomic publications regarding Indian species of Plecoptera include Say (1823), Newman (1838, 1839), Burmeister (1839), Pictet (1841), Fitch (1847), Hagen (1861), Provancher (1878), Banks (1895, 1898, 1914, 1918, 1920, 1939), Enderlein (1909), Needham (1909), Navas (1922), Wu (1923), Classen (1924), Needham and Classen (1925), Frison (1929, 1935, 1942), Kimmins (1946, 1950), Ricker (1952), Jewett (1958), Aubert (1959, 1967), Kawai (1968), Ricker and Ross (1968), Singh and Ghosh (1969), Harper (1974), James (1974), Singh and Rane (1976), Surdick (1981), Zwick (1981, 1982a, b), Stark (1989), Stark and Brown (1991), Stark and Sivec (1991, 2008, 2014, 2015), Das (1995, 1998, 2005), Shimizu (1997), Kondratieff and Kirchner (1988), Grubbs and Stark (2004), Zwick et al. (2007), Chandra and Sharma (2009a), Grubbs and DeWalt (2012), Sharma and Chandra (2013), Muranyi and Li (2013, 2016), Muranyi et al., (2015) and Mason and Stark (2015). Checklist of Indian stoneflies was published by Chandra and Sharma (2009b). Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2011) provided brief conspectus and research priorities on Plecoptera (stoneflies) of India.

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Selvakumar, C. 2018. Insecta : Plecoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 259-264 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

SPECIES DIVERSITY The Himalaya has been recognized amongst the important and sensitive ecosystems of the globe, which is facing several challenges due to natural and anthropogenic causes. The Indian Himalayan includes six states viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, and Kalimpong) and Arunachal Pradesh. The current status of Plecoptera diversity in the Indian Himalaya is 89 species belonging to 23 genera under 8 families. In Trans Himalaya (biogeographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1B -Tibetan Plateau (N=10) followed by 1C–Sikkim Himalaya (N=6) and 1A–Ladakh Mountains (N=0) (Figure 1). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-2), maximum number of species are found in 2D–East Himalaya (N=34) followed by 2C– Central Himalaya (N=27), 2A–North West Himalaya (N=25) and 2B – West Himalaya (N=18) (Fig. 1)

BIO-MONITORING POTENTIAL Stoneflies are an essential component of the aquatic biodiversity of high elevation montane streams and rivers of India, being sensitive biological indicators of water quality and assessing the regional effects of climate change along with mayflies and caddisflies. Accurate identification of stoneflies and other aquatic insects is crucial for employing biotic indices as sensitive tools in bio-monitoring. Unfortunately, larvae and female

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specimens of stoneflies are very difficult to identify to species level which precisely compromises our ability to accurately assess water quality and to conduct ecological and conservation assessments of individual species (Gattolliat et al., 2016).

GAP AREAS Since most of the species described earlier are based on the imago alone, association of nymphs with respective imagos by individual rearing or larva-adult associations by DNA barcoding is rather indispensable to arrive at precise taxonomic conclusions. Moreover, many regions of India are under and unexplored, especially in the central Himalaya, Western Himalaya and the Western Ghats. Future research should focus on correlating adult and larval stages and exploring less and unexplored regions. Combined studies on morphological and molecular systematics, phylogeny and phylogeography are essential to get a holistic picture of the origin and diversification of the fauna.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Stoneflies are very sensitive to pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances in streams flowing through natural riparian zones. Long-term conservation of stoneflies depends upon conservation of natural riparian vegetation and prevention of human influenced alteration of lentic and lotic habitats.

Fig. 1. Number of species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

DISCUSSION Extensive exploration in developed nations undoubtedly reveal that stonefly species have vanished from parts of landscape and in the context of absence of extensive survey of stoneflies in many ecoregions of India, we really do not know how many of our stonefly species have become locally extinct and how many species are really threatened. Improvements in land and water management may bring them back through natural recolonization (Babu et al., 2017). Though holistic study of freshwater biota is far more desirable compared to taxon focussed ecology. Stoneflies warrant attention as vital components of lotic zoobenthos since they also provide different environmental information than other aquatic insect orders.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Suborder ARCTOPERLARIA Superfamily NEMOUROIDEA Newman, 1853 Family CAPNIIDAE Banks, 1900 Genus Capnia Pictet, 1841 bifida Jewett, 1960: 2A gibbera Jewett, 1960: 1B, 2A hingstoni Kimmins, 1946: 1C longicauda Zhiltzova, 1969: 1B manii Jewett, 1958: 2A, 2B montana Kimmins, 1946: 1C, 2A pedestris Kimmins, 1946: 1B Family LEUCTRIDAE Klapálek, 1905 Subfamily LEUCTRINAE Klapálek, 1905 Genus Rhopalopsole Klapálek, 1912 magnicerca (Jewett, 1958): 2A, 2C Family NEMOURIDAE Newman, 1853 Subfamily AMPHINEMURINAE Baumann, 1975 Genus Amphinemura Ris, 1902 amatulai Aubert, 1967: 2D baumanni Murányi & Li, 2013: 2C bilolai Aubert, 1967: 2D bomdilai Aubert, 1967: 2D elegans Zwick, 1980: 2C luteipes Kimmins, 1946: 2C, 2D moshingi Aubert, 1967: 2D nigrifrons Zwick, 1977: 2C paraluteipes Aubert, 1967: 2D pseudoluteipes Aubert, 1967: 2D pulchra Zwick, 1977: 2C rahungi Aubert, 1967: 2C, 2D renata Kimmins, 1950: 2D talungdzongi Aubert, 1967: 2B, 2D tricantha (Jewett, 1958): 1B, 2A Genus Indonemoura Baumann, 1975 adunca (Harper, 1974): 2C assami (Aubert, 1967): 2B, 2C, 2D dirangdzongi (Aubert, 1967): 2D gigaoni (Aubert, 1967): 2D indica (Kimmins, 1946): 2B, 2C, 2D kamengi (Aubert, 1967): 2B, 2D SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Plecoptera

loebli Zwick, 1980: 2B nahkui (Aubert, 1967): 2D nyukmadongi (Aubert, 1967): 2D quadridentata (Kimmins, 1950): 2B sangtii (Aubert, 1967): 2D shergaoni (Aubert, 1967): 2C, D Genus Mesonemoura Baumann, 1975 brachyfiligera (Aubert, 1967): 2D falcata (Kimmins, 1950): 2D filigera (Kimmins, 1946): 2C metafiligera (Aubert, 1967): 2B, 2D mishmica (Kimmins, 1950): 2D parafiligera (Aubert, 1967): 2D skardui (Aubert, 1959): 1B, 2A, 2B vaillanti (Navás, 1922): 2A, B Genus Protonemura Kempny, 1898 scutigera Kimmins, 1950: 2D Genus Sphaeronemoura Shimizu and Sivec, 2001 paraproctralis (Aubert, 1967): 2B, 2D Subfamily NEMOURINAE Newman, 1853 Genus Illiesonemoura Baumann, 1975 ampula (Jewett, 1958): 2A, 2B cordata (Jewett, 1958): 2A lilami (Aubert, 1959): 1B, 2B polystigma (Aubert, 1959): 1B punctata (Jewett, 1958): 2A, 2B punjabensis (Jewett, 1958): 2A Genus Nemoura Latreille, 1796 bituberculata Kimmins, 1950: 2D bokhari Aubert, 1967: 2D chugi Aubert, 1967: 2D magnicauda Zwick, 1980: 2C rahlae Jewett, 1958: 2A triangulifera Zwick, 1980: 2A unicornis Jewett, 1975: 2A Family TAENIOPTERYGIDAE Klapálek, 1905 Subfamily BRACHYPTERAINAE Zwick, 1973 Genus Mesyatsia Ricker and Ross, 1975 karakorum (Šámal, 1935): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B Genus Kyphopteryx Kimmins, 1947 dorsalis Kimmins, 1946: 1C Superfamily PERLOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family CHLOROPERLIDAE Okamoto, 1912 Subfamily CHLOROPERLINAE Okamoto, 1912 Tribe CHLOROPERLINI Okamoto, 1912 Genus Xanthoperla Zwick, 1967 kishanganga (Aubert, 1959): 1B acuta Zwick, 1980: 1B Family PERLIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily ACRONEURIINAE Klapálek, 1914 Genus Flavoperla Chu, 1929 needhami (Klapálek, 1916): 2A, 2C Genus Brahmana Klapálek, 1914 benigna (Needham, 1909): 1C chrysostoma Klapálek, 1916: 2C Subfamily PERLINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Chinoperla Zwick, 1980 nigriceps (Banks, 1914) Genus Kamimuria Klapálek, 1907 sikkimensis (Enderlein, 1909): 1C

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Genus Neoperla Needham, 1905 indica Needham, 1909: 2A katmanduana Harper, 1977: 2C montivaga Zwick, 1977: 2C lushana Wu, 1935: 2C perspicillata Zwick, 1980: 2C tortipenis Zwick, 1980: 2B Genus Perla Geoffroy, 1762 carletoni Banks, 1920: 2A, 2B ione Needham, 1909: 2A nirvana Banks, 1920: 2A xenocia Banks, 1914: 2C Genus Phanoperla Banks, 1938 himalayana Zwick, 1977: 2C limosa (Hagen, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tyloperla Sivec and Stark, 1988 schmidi Stark and Sivec, 1991: 2D

barog Stark and Sivec, 2014: 2A Superfamily PERLOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family PERLODIDAE Klapálek, 1909 Genus Filchneria Klapálek, 1908 amabilis (Jewett, 1958): 2A, 2B Genus Neofilchneria Zwick, 1973 uncata (Kimmins, 1946): 2C Superfamily PTERONARCYOIDEA Newman, 1853 Family PELTOPERLIDAE Claassen, 1931 Subfamily PELTOPERLINAE Claassen, 1931 Genus Cryptoperla Needham, 1909 kali Stark, 1989: 2D kumari Stark, 1989: 2D naga Stark, 1989: 2D pentagonalis Zwick and Sivec, 1980: 2C torva Needham, 1909: 2A, 2C zwicki Stark, 1989: 2C, 2D

REFERENCES Aubert, J. 1959. Plècoptères du Pakistan. Mem. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 12: 5-91. Aubert, J. 1967. Les Nemouridae de l’Assam (Plècoptères). Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 39: 209-253. Banks, N. 1895. New Neuropteroid Insects. Trans. American Entomol. Society, 22(3): 313-316. Banks, N. 1898. Descriptions of New North American Neuropteroid Insects. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 25(3): 199218. Banks, N. 1914. New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 66: 608-632. Banks, N. 1918. New Neuropteroid Insects. Bull. Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62 (1): 3-22. Banks, N. 1920. New Neuropteroid Insects. Bull. Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64 (3): 314-325. Banks, N. 1939. New genera and species of neuropteroid insects. Bull. Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 85(7): 439-504 (Plecoptera 441-454). Burmeister, H.C.C. 1839. Handbuch der Entomologie (Plecoptera): vol. 2, Berlin: T.C.F. Enslin: 863-881. Chandra, K. and Sharma, R.M. 2009b. Checklist of Indian Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zool. Surv. of India: 1-5. Chandra, K. and Sharma, R. M. 2009a. Insecta : Plecoptera. In, Fauna of Tamil Nadu, State Fauna Series, 17(I): 41-43 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. of India, Kolkata). Claassen, P.W. 1924. New species of North American Capniidae (Plecoptera). Can. Entomol., 56: 43-48, 54-57. Das, B.C. 1995. Plecoptera. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 1: 35-36 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. of India, Calcutta). Das, B.C. 1998. Plecoptera. In, Faunal Diversity in India : 179-182 (Published by ENVIS Centre, Zool. Surv. of India, Calcutta). Das, B.C. 2005. Insecta : Plecoptera (stone flies). In, Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part-2): Himachal Pradesh : 99-101. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. of India, Kolkata). DeWalt, R.E., Maehr, M.D., Neu-Becker, U. and Stueber, G. 2017. Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. [10th March, 2017]. http://Plecoptera.SpeciesFile.org Enderlein, G. 1909. Klassifikation der Plecopteren, sowie Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten. Zoologischen Anzeiger, 34(13/14): 385-419. Fitch, A. 1847. Winter insects of eastern New York. American J. Agri. Sci., 5: 274-284. Fochetti, R. and Tierno de Figueroa, J.M. 2008. Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 365-377. Frison, T.H. 1929. Fall and winter stoneflies or Plecoptera of Illinois. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bulletin, 18: 345-409. Frison, T.H. 1935. The stoneflies or Plecoptera of Illinois. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bulletin, 20: 281-471. 262


Frison, T.H. 1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bulletin, 22: 235-355. Gattolliat, J.L., Vinson, G., Wyler, S., Pawlowski, J. and Sartori, M. 2016. Towards a comprehensive COI DNA barcode library for Swiss stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) with special emphasis on the genus Leuctra. Zoosym., 11: 135-155. Grubbs, S.A. and DeWalt, R.E. 2012. Perlesta ephelida, a new Nearctic stonefly species (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Zookeys, 194: 1-15. DOI:10.3897/zookeys.194.2972 Grubbs, S.A. and Stark, B.P. 2004. Acroneuria covelli (Plecoptera: Perlidae), a new stonefly species from eastern North America. Proc. Ento. Soc. Washington, 106(4): 797-800. Hagen, H.A. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. With a List of the South American Species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: 1-347. Harper, P.P. 1974. New Protonemura (S.L.) from Nepal (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Psyche, 81(3-4): 367-376. James, A.M. 1974. Four new species of stoneflies in North America (Plecoptera). Ann. Ento. Soc. America, 67(6): 964-966. Jewett, S.G. 1958. Entomological survey of the Himalaya. Part XXIII-Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from the North-West (Punjab) Himalaya. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, (India), Allahabad, 28(4): 320-329. Kawai, T. 1968. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Thailand and India with description of one new genus and two new species. Orient. Insects, 2(2): 107-139. Kimmins, D.E. 1946. New Species of Himalayan Plecoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13(11): 721-740. Kimmins, D.E. 1950. Some new species of Asiatic Plecoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3(12): 177-192. Kondratieff, B.C. and Kirchner, R.F. 1988. A new species of Acroneuria from Kentucky (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and new records of stoneflies from eastern North America. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 61(2): 201-207. Mason, D. and Stark, B.P. 2015. Notes on the genus Phanoperla Banks from Sri Lanka and India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia, 11(04): 29-40. Murányi, D. and Li, W. 2013. Two new species of stoneflies (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Northeastern India, with a checklist of the family in the Indian Subcontinent. Zootaxa, 3694(2): 167-177. Murányi, D. and Li, W. 2016. On the identity of some Oriental Acroneuriinae taxa (Plecoptera: Perlidae), with an annotated checklist of the subfamily in the realm. Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 47(2): 173-196. Murányi, D., Li, W. and Yang, D. 2015. A new genus and species of winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from Southwest China, with a commented checklist of the family in the Oriental Realm. Zootaxa, 4059(2): 371-382. Navás, L. 1922. Insectos nuevos o poco conocidos I. Mem. Real Acad. Cien. Artes de Barcelona, 3(17): 383-400. Needham, J.G. 1909. Notes on the Neuroptera in the Collection of the Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus., 3: 185-210. Needham, J.G. and Claassen, P.W. 1925. A Monograph of the Plecoptera or Stoneflies of America, North of Mexico. The Thomas Say Foundation, 2: 1-397. Newman, E.A. 1838. Entomological notes. Entomol. Mag., 5(4): 372-402. Newman, E.A. 1839. On the Synonymy of the Perlites, together with brief characters of the old and of a few new species. Art. IV. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3(25): 32-37, 84-90. Pictet, F.J. 1841. Histoire naturelle générale et particuliére des insectes Névroptéres. Famille des Perlides, Genéve: Kessmann. Paris: J.-B- Bailliére, I-XIV,1-423. Provancher, L. 1878. Additions et corrections aux Neuropteres de la Province de Quebec. Naturaliste Canad., 10(4): 124128. Ricker, W.E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana Univ. Publ. Sci. Series 18: 1-200. Ricker, W.E. and Ross, H.H. 1968. North American species of Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera, Insecta). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 25(7): 1423-1439. Say, T. 1823. Description of insects belonging to the Order Neuroptera Linn., Latr. Collected by the Expedition authorized by J.C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major S.H. Long. West. Quar. Rep. Med. Surg. Nat. Sci., 2(11): 160-165. Sharma, R. M. and Chandra, K. 2013. Insecta: Plecoptera. In, Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21: 85-86 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Plecoptera

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Shimizu, T. 1997. The species of the Nemoura ovocercia group (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Aquatic Insects: Int. J. Freshwater Entomol., 19(4): 193-218. Singh, R.K. and Rane, P.D. 1976. A new record of Stoneflies (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Madhya Pradesh, India. News. zool. Surv. India, 2: 159. (3481). Singh, R.K. and Ghosh, 1969. A new species of the genus Perlodes (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) from India. Zool. Anz., 182: 134-136. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Arunachalam, S., Sundar, S. and Selvakumar, C. 2011. A brief conspectus and research priorties on Plecoptera (Stoneflies) of India. In: Entomology: Ecology and Biodiversity (Ed. Tyagi, B.K.): 105-118, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India. Stark, B.P. 1989. Oriental Peltoperlinae (Plecoptera): A generic review and descriptions of a new genus and seven new species. Ent. Scand., 19: 503-525. Stark, B.P. and Brown, L.D. 1991. What is Acroneuria evoluta Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae)? Aquatic Insects: Int. J. Freshwater Ento., 13(1): 29-32. Stark, B.P. and Sivec, I. 1991. Descriptions of Oriental Perlini (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Aquatic Insects: Int. J. Freshwater Ento., 13(3): 151-160. Stark, B.P. and Sivec, I. 2008. New Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Asia. Illiesia, 4(1): 1-10. Stark, B.P. and Sivec, I. 2014. Three New Species of Tyloperla Sivec & Stark (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from India. Illiesia, 10(04): 32-42. Stark, B.P. and Sivec, I. 2015. New species and records of Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from India. Illiesia, 11(07): 75-91. Surdick, R.F. 1981. New Nearctic Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera). Great Basin Nat., 41: 349-359. Wu, C.F. 1923. Morphology, anatomy and ethology of Nemoura. Bull. Lloyd Libr. Ento., 3: 1-81. Zwick, P. 1981. The South Indian species of Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Orient. Insects, 15: 113-126. Zwick, P. 1982a. A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Sys. Ento., 7: 87-126. Zwick, P. 1982b. Contribution to the knowledge of Phanoperla Banks, 1938 (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Mitt. Schw. Entomol. Ges., 59: 151-158. Zwick, P., Anbalagan, S. and Dinakaran, S. 2007. Neoperla biseriata sp. n., a new stonefly from Tamil Nadu, India (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Aquatic Insects, 29: 241-245.

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Chapter 26

Insecta: Dermaptera DEEPAK C.K.1 and DIBYAJYOTI GHOSH2

Order Dermaptera, commonly known as “earwigs” comprise about 1,942 species globally. A total of 152 species belonging to 52 genera and seven families are reported from the Indian Himalaya, of which 28.9% of the species are endemic to the region. Among different biotic provinces within Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone, East Himalaya has the highest species richness (84) followed by Central Himalaya (77) and West Himalaya (56).

O

INTRODUCTION

rder Dermaptera, commonly known as “earwigs” is a relatively small, primitive group of freeliving insects comprising around 1,942 species globally (Hopkins et al., 2017). This order is characterized by having slender, flattened body, bead like antennae, and a pair of unsegmented cerci at the posterior end of its abdomen. The cerci serve a variety of functions including defence, prey capture, wing folding and possibly in sexual selection (Burr, 1910; Haas and Kukalova-Peck, 2001). Some species are wingless, but in most, the forewings are represented by small leathery covers called tegmina. Hind wings, if present are large, membranous and uniquely folded beneath the forewings, leaving a chitinized triangular part exposed (Burr, 1910).

Most species of earwigs feed on detritus and other plant material, while some are active predators and scavengers. Few species are epizoic, living on vertebrate hosts (Naegle et al., 2016). Earwigs enjoy a cosmopolitan distribution but are most diverse in the tropics. The majority of the species are oviparous although few groups exhibit viviparity. Their development is hemimetabolous. Among non-social insects, earwigs are unique in having maternal care (Burr, 1910). The mother protects the eggs from predators as well as clean them to reduce fungal growth. They also feed the first instar larvae with regurgitated food (Staerkel and Koelliker, 2008; Suzuki et al., 2005; Naegel et al., 2016).

In this chapter, a comprehensive checklist of order Dermaptera (earwigs) found in the Indian Himalaya (IH) is prepared consulting published literature. The species are listed with their valid names and distribution in biotic provinces in IH. The classification scheme used in the present work follows that of Steinmann (1975) with some modifications by Srivastava (2003).

HISTORICAL RESUME Pioneering work in Dermaptera was carried out by Linnaeus (1758), and his disciple Fabricius (1775). Occasional references to Indian species and localities can be found in the works of Serville (1831, 1839), Dohrn (1863, 1865) and de Bormans (1888, 1894). A species of Dermaptera was described from India for the first time by Guerin-Meneville (1839). De Bormans (1888) published the first paper dealing with Dermapteran species from India and adjacent regions. However, the real breakthrough for the taxonomy of Indian Dermaptera came with the publication of “Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma” by Burr (1910). Burr (1911, 1913a, 1914) published several more papers and described numerous new species based on the materials observed in the Indian museum. Borelli (1909, 1911, 1931) published three papers discussing species from the Indian subcontinent. Hebard (1923) published a paper, describing two new genera and ten new species from India. Post-independence, Hincks (1955, 1959, 1960), Brindle (1965-1987), Steinmann (1973-1993) and

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; 2ghoshd774@ gmail.com Citation Deepak, C.K. and Ghosh, D. 2018. Insecta: Dermaptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 265-272 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Srivastava (1968-2013) made major contributions to the taxonomy of Indian Dermaptera. Srivastava published around 120 papers and described around 100 new species, eight new genera and six new subfamilies. Srivastava (1988, 2003, 2013) also published “Fauna of India and Adjacent Countries” in 3 parts: Part I: Superfamily: Pygidicranoidea, Part II: Superfamily: Anisolaboidea, and Part III: Superfamily: Apachyoidea and Forficuloidea which together included a detailed account of 311 species found in the Indian subcontinent. Among Indian authors, apart from Srivastava, Baijal and Singh (1954), Singh (1955), Gangola (1965, 1968), Ramamurthy (1960, 1965, 1968), Kapoor (1966-1974) and Kapoor and Bharadwaj (1968) have also described several new taxa from India. Taxonomic research on order Dermaptera in the Indian Himalaya started with the work of Borelli (1909) based on collections from Kashmir region. Burr (1913b) described several new species based on specimens collected during Abhor expedition. Baijal and Singh (1954) published the results from the first survey in the Indian Himalaya after independence with description of a new species. Subsequently, Bharadwaj and Bhatnagar (1961), Gangola (1965, 1968), Kapoor (1966, 1974), Brindle (1978) and Srivastava (1976, 1985, 1993, 1995, 2005) contributed to Dermapteran fauna of Indian Himalaya with several new species descriptions and new records to the region. Srivastava worked extensively on materials collected from various parts of Indian Himalaya including Garhwal in Western Himalaya and Namdapha in Eastern Himalaya. Besides, he also described new species from the states of Uttar Pradesh (now in Uttarakhand), Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Srivastava and Saha (1975) published a paper on Dermaptera from Darjeeling district in Central Himalaya.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Globally, 1,942 species belonging to 245 genera and 16 families of order Dermaptera are recorded (Hopkins et al., 2017) of which 284 species belonging to 72 genera and seven families are recorded from India (Srivastava, 2013). The chapter reports the occurrence of a total of 152 species belonging to 52 genera and seven families from Indian Himalaya (Table 1). IH has species belonging to all four families reported from India. More than half of the species (53.5%) recorded from India have their distribution in IH. Percentage composition of different families found in the region is shown in Fig. 1. Among the seven families occurring in IH, Forficulidae is represented by highest number of species (39%), followed by Pygidicranidae (17%) and Anisolabididae (14%). Apachyidae constitutes only 1% of the total species found in the region. Table 1. Number of species, genera, subfamilies, families, superfamilies of order Dermaptera in world, India and IH. %

IH

%

Superfamilies

World India 9

4

44.4

4

100

Families

16

7

43.7

7

100

Subfamilies

56

27

48.2

21

77.7

Genera

245

72

29.3

52

72.2

Species

1942

284

14.6

152

53.5

DISTRIBUTION IN BIOTIC PROVINCES Among the seven biotic provinces within IH, East Himalaya harbours the highest number of species (84), followed by Central Himalaya (77) and West Himalaya (56). There is no record of dermapterans from North Sikkim Trans Himalaya (Fig. 2). Pygidicranidae 17% Anisolabididae 14%

Forficulidae 39%

Labiduridae 10%

Chelisochidae 8%

Spongiphoridae 11%

Apachyidae 1%

Fig. 1. Percentage composition of different families in Indian Himalaya.

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Fig. 2. Map of Indian Himalaya showing different biotic provinces. The bar diagram shows number of species found in each province.

ENDEMISM Among 152 species distributed across the Indian Himalaya, 44 (28.9 %) are endemic to the region. Thirteen species restricted to the East Himalaya, 12 restricted to Central Himalaya, ten restricted to West Himalaya, two restricted to North West Himalaya and the rest are distributed across two or more biotic provinces within the IH. The other three biotic provinces do not harbour any endemic species. Several species are only known from their type localities.

THREATS As far as Dermaptera is concerned, there is a dearth of long term studies focusing on trends in population growth and factors influencing it. Hence is known very little about threats faced by the group. Climate change, habitat degradation and habitat fragmentation due to anthropogenic activities might pose a threat to long term survival of the group as Dermapterans are closely associated to their microhabitat and have limited dispersal ability. The species which occur in low abundances and are restricted in distribution might especially be vulnerable to extinction. The taxon has not been assessed for threat under IUCN Red list of Threatened species except for 5 species which are endemic to Seychelles (Gerlach, 2012) and one endemic to Saint Helena (Pryce and White, 2014). Although there are several species which are endemic to India, none of them made it to the schedules of the DEEPAK and GHOSH : Insecta: Dermaptera

Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and hence lack any legal status or protection.

GAP AREAS During the last two decades only three species of Dermaptera have been described from the Indian Himalaya. In a time, when new species are described at a rapid rate owing largely to the application of modern molecular techniques, this shows our negligence towards the group. We still know very little about the ecology, behaviour and conservation status of most species in the group. With climate change, deforestation and other anthropogenic activities posing great threat to the fragile Himalayan ecosystem this lack of knowledge could prove costly to us.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order DERMAPTERA DeGeer, 1773 Superfamily PYGIDICRANOIDEA Verhoeff 1902 Family PYGIDICRANIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily PYGIDICRANINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Cranopygia Burr, 1908 bifurcata Srivastava, 1980 : 2D Genus Acrania Burr, 1915 constricta (Hincks, 1955) : 2C Subfamily DIPLATYINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Diplatys Audinet-Serville, 1831 brindlei Steinmann, 1974 : 2C sinuatus Hincks, 1955 : 2A adjacens Hincks, 1955 : 2B

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Genus Haplodiplatys Hincks, 1955 siva (Burr, 1904) : 2C kurseongensis Srivastava, 1988 : 2C glenis (Kapoor, 1968): 2B bhowmiki (Srivastava and Saha, 1975): 2C bidentatus (Hincks, 1955): 2C malaisei (Hincks, 1947): 2C trisinuatus Srivastava, 1988 : 2C chinensis (Hincks, 1955): 2B, C stemmleri (Brindle, 1975) : 2C rileyi (Hincks, 1955): 2C urbanii (Brindle, 1975) : 2C srivastavai (Kapoor, 1974) : 2B rufescens (Kirby, 1896): 2B, 2C simlaensis (Kapoor, 1968): 2B lobatus Srivastava, 1988 : 2C brancuccii Srivastava, 1983 : 2B niger Hincks, 1955 : 2B Subfamily ECHINOSOMATINAE Burr, 1910 Genus Echinosoma Audinet-Serville, 1838 parvulum Dohrn, 1863 : 2B convolutum Hincks, 1959 : 2C, 2D. dentiferum Borelli, 1912 : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Parapsalis Borelli, 1921 infernalis (Burr, 1913) : 2C, 2D Superfamily ANISOLABIDOIDEA Verhoeff, 1902 Family ANISOLABIDIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily ANISOLABIDINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Aborolabis Srivastava, 1969 emarginata Srivastava, 1974 : 2D kalaktangensis Srivastava, 1972 : 2C, 2D sikkimensis Srivastava, 1993 : 2C pervicina (Burr, 1913) : 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Euborellia Burr, 1910 rajasthanensis Srivastava, 1977: 2A, 2B annulipes (Lucas, 1837) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D compressa (Borelli, 1907) : 2A, 2B plebeja (Dohrn, 1863) : 2B, 2D femoralis (Dohrn, 1863) : 2B, 2D annandalei (Burr, 1906) : 2C abbreviata Srivastava, 1977 : 2D nainitalensis Lal, 2012 : 2B Genus Anisolabella Zacher, 1911 montshadskii (Bey-Bienko, 1959) : 2D denticulatus (Srivastava, 1987): 2D Genus Anisolabis Fieber, 1853 deplanata Srivastava, 1985 : 2C, 2D bhowmiki Srivastava, 1991 : 2C Genus Apolabis Burr, 1915 aborensis (Burr, 1913) : 2D Subfamily BRACHYLABIDINAE Burr, 1908 Genus Metisolabis Burr, 1910 caudelli (Burr, 1908) : 2C, 2D Genus Brachylabis Dohrn, 1864 formicoides (Burr, 1911) : 2C Subfamily ISOLABOIDINAE Brindle, 1978

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Genus Isolaboides Hincks, 1958 burri (Borelli, 1909) : 1A, 2A, 2B immsi (Burr, 1913) : 1A, 2A, 2B rimosus Steinmann, 1983 : 2B Family LABIDURIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily ALLOSTETHINAE Verhoeff, 1904 Genus Gonolabidura Zacher, 1910 biswasi Srivastava, 1993 : 2D Subfamily NALINAE Steinmann, 1975 Genus Nala Zacher, 1910 lividipes (Dufour, 1829) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nepalensis (Burr, 1907): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nainitalensis Baijal and Singh, 1954 : 2B Subfamily LABIDURINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Labidura Leach, 1815 riparia (Pallas, 1773) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Forcipula Bolivar, 1897 lurida Bolivar, 1897: 2B tuberculata Srivastava, 1977: 2C, 2D quadrispinosa (Dohrn, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C trispinosa (Dohrn, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D borellii Chopard, 1924: 2C aborensis Brindle, 1966: 2D indica Brindle, 1966: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D clavata Liu, 1946: 2D abbreviata Srivastava, 1986 : 2C, 2D decolyi Bormans, 1900 : 2D Superfamily APACHYOIDEA Verhoeff, 1902 Family APACHYIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily APACHYINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Apachyus Audinet-Serville, 1831 feae Bormans, 1894: 2C, 2D Superfamily FORFICULOIDEA Latreille, 1810 Family SPONGIPHORIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily HOMOTAGINAE Srivastava, 1985 Genus Paratages Srivastava, 1987 mucronatus (Stal, 1860): 2C Genus Homotages Burr, 1909 feae (Bormans, 1888): 2B, 2C, 2D tawangensis Srivastava, 1977 : 2D Subfamily SPONGIPHORINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Spongovostox Burr, 1911 semiflavus (Bormans, 1894) : 2C, 2D Subfamily IRDEXINAE Srivastava, 1985 Genus Irdex Burr, 1911 nitidipennis (Bormans, 1894): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily LABIINAE Burr, 1909 Genus Labia Leach, 1815 minor (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2B, 2C Genus Apovostox Hebard, 1927 agrawali Srivastava, 1999 : 2C stella samsingensis Srivastava, 1975 : 2C chauhani (Srivastava, 1975) : 2D fulleri (Ramamurthi, 1963) : 2C Genus Circolabia Steinmann, 1987 curvicauda (Motschulsky, 1863): 2B, 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

pillicornis (Motschulsky, 1863): 2D Genus Chaetospania Karsch, 1886 kurseongae Hebard, 1923 : 2C, 2D thoracica (Dohrn, 1867) : 2D feae Bormans, 1894: 2C, 2D Genus Chaetolabia Brindle, 1972 bihastata (Borg, 1904) : 2C Family CHELISOCHIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily CHELISOCHINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Chelisochella Verhoeff, 1902 superba (Dohrn, 1863) : 2C Genus Adiathetus Burr, 1907 shelfordi (Burr, 1900) : 2C Genus Adiathella Brindle, 1970 glaucopterus (Bormans, 1888): 2C, 2D metallicus (Srivastava, 1985) : 2D Genus Lamprophorella Mjöberg, 1924 kervillei (Burr, 1905) : 2C, 2D Genus Hamaxas Burr, 1907 kempi Burr, 1913 : 2D tigris (Burr, 1913) : 2D weisi (Burr, 1904) : 2D melanocephalus (Dohrn, 1865) : 2A, 2B, 2C feae (Bormans, 1894) : 2C, 2D Genus Proreus Burr, 1907 decipiens (Kirby, 1891) : 2B Genus Chelisoches Scudder, 1876 brevipennis Borelli, 1923 : 2D Family FORFICULIDAE Latreille, 1810 Subfamily COSMIELLINAE Steinmann, 1975 Genus Liparura Burr, 1907 punctata Burr, 1907 : 2C serrata Srivastava, 1977: 2C, 2D debrepaniensis (Kapoor, Bharadwaj and Banerjee, 1971) : 2C dentata Srivastava, 1977 : 2C kamengensis Srivastava, 1977 : 2C, 2D Genus Lipodes Burr, 1907 vivax (Burr, 1905) : 2D Subfamily OPISTHOCOSMIINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Hypergus Burr, 1907 humeralis (Kirby, 1891) : 2B Genus Timomenus Burr, 1907 lugens (Bormans, 1894) : 2B, 2C, 2D josephi Srivastava, 1977 : 2D nevilli (Burr, 1904) : 2C, 2D Genus Paratimomenus Steinmann, 1974 brahma (Burr, 1904) : 2C, 2D Genus Eparchus Burr, 1907 insignis (Haan, 1842) : 2B, 2C, 2D simplex (Bormans, 1894) : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cordax Burr, 1910 armatus (Haan, 1842) : 2D Genus Paracordax Srivastava, 1998 julkai Srivastava, 1998 : 2D vandermeermohri (Menozzi, 1933) : 2D politus (Burr, 1911) : 2C, 2D DEEPAK and GHOSH : Insecta: Dermaptera

Subfamily ALLODAHLIINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Allodahlia Verhoeff, 1902 ahrimanes (Burr, 1900) : 2C, 2D scabriuscula (Serville, 1839) : 2B, 2C, 2D julkai Srivastava, 1978 : 2D macropyga (Westwood, 1839) : 2B, 2D coriacea (Bormans, 1894) : 2B, 2C, 2D ochroptera Brindle, 1972 : 2D dineshi Gangola, 1965 : 2B, 2D Subfamily ANECHURINAE Burr, 1907 Genus Oreasiobia Semenov, 1936 fedtschenkoi (Saussure, 1876) : 1A, 2A calciatii (Borelli, 1909) : 2A Genus Anechura Scudder, 1876 stoliczkae Burr, 1911 : 2A, 2B, 2C biswasi Srivastava, 1993 : 2C crinitata (Shiraki, 1906) : 2D zubovskii Semenov, 1901 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C filchneri (Burr, 1907) : 2B Subfamily EUDOHRNIINAE Burr, 1907 Genus Eudohrnia Burr, 1907 metallica (Dohrn, 1865) : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paradohrnia Shiraki, 1928 punctata Srivastava, 1979 : 2D uniformes (Brindle, 1975) : 2C, 2D Genus Pterygida Verhoeff, 1902 vishnu (Burr, 1904) : 2C temora (Burr, 1904) : 2B, 2C Subfamily FORFICULINAE Latreille, 1810 Genus Guanchia Burr, 1911 bicarinata Hincks, 1947 : 2D chirurga Burr, 1911 : 2C Genus Elaunon Burr, 1907 bipartitus (Kirby, 1891) : 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 abbottabadiensis Bharadwaj and Kapoor, 1968 : 1A, 2A asketi Purohit, Julka and Lal, 1985 : 2B beebei Burr, 1911 : 2C, 2D beelzebub (Burr, 1900) : 2B, 2C, 2D bhutanensis Brindle, 1975 : 2B, 2C biplaga Bey-Bienko,1959 : 2D choprai Srivastava, 2013 : 2B cristata Srivastava, 1982 : 2B, 2C davidi Burr, 1905 : 2B genitalia Kapoor, 1968 : 2C, 2D greeni Burr, 1907 : 2D interrogans Burr, 1905 : 2B, 2C, 2D jayarami Srivastava, 1972 : 2C, 2D kashmirensis Srivastava, 1984 : 2A lucens Brindle, 1975 : 2C mogul Burr, 1904 : 2C, 2D planicollis Kirby, 1891 : 2B, 2C, 2D schlagintweiti (Burr, 1904) : 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D taoyuanensis Ma and Chen, 1992 : 2D tawangensis Srivastava, 1984 : 2C, 2D wittmeri Srivastava, 1982 : 2C

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REFERENCES Baijal, H.N. and Singh, S. 1954. Entomological Survey of the Himalayas Part III: On a collection of Dermaptera. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 3(2): 455-462. Bharadwaj, R.K. and Bhatnagar S.P. 1961. Dermaptera from Naini-Tal. Zool. Anz., 167(7-8): 280-291. Borelli, A. 1909. Nuove Forficole del Kashmir. Boll. Musei zool. Anat. compo R. Univ. Torino., 24(603): 1-4. Borelli, A. 1911. Diadgnosi preventie di Dermaptteri N uovi della regione indiana. Boll. M usei zool. Anat. compo R. Univ. Torino., 25(604): 1-4. Borelli, A. 1931. Dermapteres de I’Inde meridionale. Rev. Suisse. Zool., 38: 289-308. Bormans, A. DE. 1888. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Biarmania e regioni vicine. VII. Dermapteres. Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Giacomo Doria, 26 : 431-448. Bormans, A. DE. 1894. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea In Birmaniae regioni vicne. LXI. Dermapters (2nd Partie). Ann. Mus. civ. Stor. nat Giacomo Doria, 14(2): 371-409. Brindle, A. 1965. A revision of the subfamily Allostethinae (Dermaptera, Labiduridae). Ann. Mag. Nat. hist., 8(13): 575596. Brindle, A. 1978. Dermaptera from Kashmir and Ladakh. Senckenbergiana biol., 58: 203-209. Brindle, A. 1987. New Dermaptera records from Nepal with the description of new species and a review of the Himalayan Fauna (Insecta), Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg., 93: 331-353. Burr, M. 1910. Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Dermaptera: xviii + 1-127. Burr, M. 1911. A revision of the genus Diplatys (Serv.) (Dermaptera). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 1911: 21-47. Burr, M. 1913a. Indian Dermaptera collected by Dr. A. D. Imms. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., (N.S.), 9: 183-187. Burr, M. 1913b. Zoological results of the Abor expedition, 1911-1912. X. Dermaptera. Rec. Indian Mus., 8(2): 135-147. Burr, M. 1914. More notes on Indian Dermaptera. Rec. Indian Mus., 10: 281-294. Carpenter, F.M. and Kaesler, R. 1992. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: Part 4 Arthropoda, Vol. 3 Superclass Hexapoda. Geological Society of America. Dohrn, H. 1863. Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren. Stettin. ent. Ztg., 24: 35-66. Dohrn, H. 1865. Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteran. Stettin. ent. Ztg., 26: 68-99 Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema Entomologicae: 269-293 and 826-827. Gangola, D.C. 1965. Studies on the Dermaptera of the Kumaon Hills, Part I. Entomol., 98: 227-237. Gangola, D.C.1968. Studies on the Dermaptera of Kumaon Hills, Part II Carcinophoridae and Labiduridae. Entomol., 101: 52-59. Gerlach, J. 2012. Spirolabia browni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T199523A2597721. http://dx.doi. org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T199523A2597721.en. (Accessed on 31 July 2017). Guerin-Meneville, F.E. 1839. Insectes Du Voyage de la Favorite. Magasin Zool., 8: 1-80. Haas, F. and Kukalova-Peck, J. 2001. Dermaptera hindwing structure and folding, new evidence for superordinal relationship within Neoptera (Insecta). Eur. J. Entomol., 98: 445-509. Hebard, M. 1923. Studies in Indian Dermaptera. Mem. Dep. Agric. India, ent. Ser., 7: 195-242. Hennig, W. 1969. Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten. Kramer, Frankfurt a.M.: 1-436. Hincks, W.D. 1955. A Systematic Monograph of the Dermaptera of the World based upon the material in the British Museum (Natural History), Part I. Pygidicranidae, subfamily Diplatyinae: 1-132. London British Museum (Natural History). Hincks, W.D. 1959. A Systematic Monograph of the Dermaptera of the World based upon the material in British Museum (Natural History), Part II, Pygidicranidae excluding Diplatyinae: 1-218. London, British Museum (Natural History). 270


Hincks, W.D. 1960. Indian Dermaptera of the genus Diplatys Serville (Pygidicranidae), with the description of a new species. Bull. Ent., 1: 14-15 Hopkins, Heidi, Maehr, M.D., Haas, F. and Deem, L.S. 2017. Dermaptera Species File. Version5.0/5.0. [25/07/2017]. Kapoor, V.C. 1966. Three new species of Dermaptera from North West Himalayas. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9(13): 389-387 Kapoor, V.C. 1968. Studies on some Indian Demaptera. Entomol., 101: 80-82. Kapoor, V.C. 1974. Genitalata mahajani gen. et sp. nov. from Himachal Pradesh, India (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae). J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 55(1): 83-86. Kapoor, V.C. and Bharadwaj, R.K. 1968. On a new species of the genus Diplatys Serville from India (Dermaptera: Diplatyinae). Bull. Ent., 9(1): 81-82. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1: 424-433. Naegle, M.A., Mugleston, J.D., Bybee, S.M. and Whiting, M.F. 2016. Reassessing the phylogenetic position of the epizoic earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera). Mol. Phyl. Evol., 100: 382. Pryce, D. and White, L. 2014. Labidura herculeana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014:e.T11073A21425735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20143.RLTS.T11073A21425735.en. (Accessed on 31 July 2017) Ramamurthi, B.N. 1960. Dermaptera from Nilgiri and Kodaikanal Hills with description of a new species. Bull. Ent.,1: 34-37. Ramamurthi, B.N. 1965. Dermaptera from South India. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8(13): 59-63. Ramamurthi, B.N. 1968. New and known Dermaptera from South India with two generic records new to India. Zool. Anz., 181(1 and 2): 128-136. Serville, J.G.A. 1831. Revue methodique des Orthopteres. Ann. Sci. nat., 22: 28-65. Serville, J.G.A. 1839. Histoire naturelle des Insectes Orthopteres (Suites a Buffon): 1-776. Singh, S. 1955. Entomological Survey of the Himalayas Part VIlA. Collection of Dermaptera. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 4(1): 179-186. Srivastava, G.K. 1968. On Paralabis aborensis (Burr) (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae) comb. Nov. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 80: 292-293. Srivastava, G.K. 1976. On some Dermaptera (Insecta) from Garhwal Dist., Uttar Pradesh. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 2(6): 272-274. Srivastava, G.K. 1985. Insecta: Dermaptera: In Fauna of Namdapha: Arunachal Pradesh ‘A proposed Biosphere Reserve’. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 82(1-4): 41-52. Srivastava, G.K. 1988. Fauna of India and the adjacent countries, Dermaptera, Part-I, Superfamily: Pygidicranoidea: I -xii + 1-268 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Srivastava, G.K. 1993. Notes on Dermaptera (Insecta) of Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh), A proposed Biosphere Reserve. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 91(1) (1992): 61-87. Srivastava, G.K. 1995. Insecta: Dermaptera. In: Fauna of Western Himalaya (U.P). Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: 43-45 (Published by Zool. Surv. of India, Kolkata). Srivastava, G.K. 2003. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries - Dermaptera (Part II), Superfamily: Anisolaboidea: 1-235. Srivastava, G.K. 2005. Insecta: Dermaptera. In: Fauna of Western Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, 2(2004): 103-110 (Zool. Surv. of India). Srivastava, G.K. 2013. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries - Dermaptera (Part III), Superfamilies Apachyoidea and Forficuloidea: 1-469. Srivastava, G.K. and Saha, S.K. 1975. Notes on a collection of Dermaptera from Darjeeling Dist. (India) with the description of a new species. Ceylon J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.), 11(2): 59-69. DEEPAK and GHOSH : Insecta: Dermaptera

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Staerkle, M. And Koelliker, M. 2008. Maternal food regurgitation to nymphs in earwigs (Forficula auricularia). Ethology, 114(9): 844-850. Steinmann, H. 1973. A Study for the higher taxa of the Pygidicranidae (Dermaptera), Folia ent. hung., 26(2): 385-400. Steinmann, H. 1975. Supergeneric classification of Dermaptera. Acta zool. Hung., 21(1-2): 195-220. Steinmann, H. 1993. Dermaptera, part-IV: Eudermaptera (II): Chelisoschidae and Forficulidae. Das Tierreich, 108: 1-xxi + 1-711. Suzuki, S., Kitamura, M. and Matsubayashi, K. 2005. Matriphagy in the hump earwig, Anechura harmandi (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), increases the survival rates of the offspring. J. Ethol., 23(2): 211-213.

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Chapter 27

Insecta : Mantodea D. SURESH CHAND and SWAPAN KUMAR DAS

The present document deals with the diversity and distribution of order Mantodea in the Indian Himalaya. Indian Himalaya is represented by 65 species of mantids belonging to 36 genera, 17 subfamilies and 8 families representing around 37% of the total Indian diversity.

G

INTRODUCTION

lobally, 2,447 species belonging to 434 genera under 15 families of order Mantodea are known (Ehrmann, 2002; Zhang, 2013) of which 174 species in 72 genera and 11 families exist in India (Chandra, 2011a, 2011b). Mantids were formerly classified under the order Dictyoptera. Burmeister (1838) placed them in a separate order Mantodea. They are also known as ‘Praying Mantids’, and have been existing since the paleocene period. (Roy, 1996). These insects are voracious predators, have modified, spiny, raptorial forelegs that grasp and crush their prey such as other insects; very rarely, even small vertebrates). Most mantids are green or brown and resemble leaves or petals of flowers. The common name comes from the manner in which they hold up the forepart of the body, with its specialized front legs, in an attitude of prayer. The prey capturing habits of these insects are peculiar as they can easily camouflage and have a distinct type of reproductive behaviour which are known to lay eggs in complex ootheca. Otte (2017) is followed for classifying Mantodea up to subfamily level. The species name follows that of Mukherjee et al. (2014).

comprehensive work on Indian Mantodea and included 162 species under 68 genera and 6 families. After that some studies on regional mantid fauna from different Indian states were compiled by Hazra and Mukherjee (1998), Vyjayandi and Narendran (2003), Sureshan et al. (2004, 2006), Mukherjee and Hazra (2007), Chandra (2009) and Sureshan (2009). the other publications on mantid fauna of Himalaya include Mukherjee and Shishodia (2000), Chandra (2011a, b) and Sanyal et al. (2012). Recently Mukherjee et al. (2014) published a checklist of Indian mantids.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Mantodea fauna of Indian Himalaya includes about 65 species belonging to 36 genera, 17 subfamilies under 8 families, representing 37% of the total Indian species. Regarding their distribution in biotic provinces, the highest number of species are recorded from Central Himalaya (27) followed by North-west Himalaya (22), West Himalaya (21), East Himalaya (19), Ladakh Mountains (4), and Tibetan Plateau (3). There is no record available from Sikkim part of Trans Himalaya (Fig. 1).

HISTORICAL RESUME

GAP AREAS

Many workers have contributed to the group of insects. Mukherjee and Hazra (1995) reported 10 species of mantids belonging to 10 genera under 2 families from Arunachal Pradesh. Mukherjee et al. (1995) did a

So far as Indian Himalaya is concerned, there are several gap areas in the region from where very little taxonomic work has been carried out. There are very few records from the Trans Himalayan biogeographic zone.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Chand, D.S. and Das, S.K. 2018. Insecta : Mantodea. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 273-276 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


SYSTEMATIC LIST Order MANTODEA Latreille, 1802 Family AMORPHOSCELIDAE Stal, 1877 Subfamily AMORPHOSCELINAE Stal, 1877 Genus Amorphoscelis Stal, 1871 annulicornis Stal, 1871: 2A Family EMPUSIDAE Burmeister, 1838 Subfamily EMPUSINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Gongylus Thunberg, 1815 gongylodes (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Family HYMENOPODIDAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Subfamily ACROMANTINAE Brunner de wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Acromantis Saussure, 1870 montana Giglio-Tos, 1915: 2D oligoneura (De Haan, 1842): 2C Genus Ambivia Stal, 1877 undata (Fabricius, 1793): 2C Subfamily HYMENOPODINAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Genus Anaxarcha Stal, 1877 acuta Beier, 1963: 2C graminea Stal, 1877: 2C, 2D limbata Giglio-Tos, 1915: 2D Genus Creobroter Audinet-Serville, 1839 apicalis Saussure, 1869: 2C, 2D elongata Beier, 1929: 2C gemmatus (Stoll, 1813): 2A, 2C, 2D laevicollis (Saussure, 1870): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Heliomantis Giglio-Tos, 1915 elegans (Navas, 1904): 2C Genus Nemotha Wood-Mason, 1884 metallica (Westwood, 1843): 2D Genus Euantissa Giglio-Tos, 1927

274

ornata Werner, 1935: 2B Subfamily OXYPILINAE Saussure, 1871 Genus Astyliasula Schwarz and Shcherbakov, 2017 inermis (Wood-Mason, 1879): 2C Genus Ephestiasula Giglio-Tos, 1915 intermedia Werner, 1930: 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Hestiasula Saussure, 1871 nigrofemorata Werner, 1930: 2B Subfamily PHYLLOCRANIINAE Brunner de Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Parablepharis Saussure, 1870 kuhlii kuhlii de Haan, 1842: 2D Subfamily PHYLLOTHELYINAE Brunner de Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Phyllothelys Wood-Mason, 1877 werneri Karny, 1915: 2B Family IRIDOPTERYGIDAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Subfamily NANOMANTINAE Brunner de Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Nanomantis Saussure, 1871 lactea Mukherjee, 1995: 2B Genus Parananomantis Mukherjee, 1995 brevis Mukherjee, 1995: 1A, 1B, 2A Subfamily TROPIDOMANTINAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Genus Tropidomantis Stal, 1877 Subgenus Eomantis Giglio-Tos, 1915 guttatipennis (Stal, 1877): 2B, 2C Family LITURGUSIDAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Subfamily LITURGUSINAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Genus Humbertiella Saussure, 1869 indica Saussure, 1869: 2A nigrospinosa Sjostedt, 1930: 2B similis Giglio-Tos, 1917: 1A, 2A, 2B Family MANTIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily AMELINAE Westwood, 1889 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Amantis Giglio-Tos, 1915 bolivarii Giglio-Tos, 1915: 2C, 2D fumosana (Giglio-Tos, 1915): 2C, 2D indica Giglio-Tos, 1915: 2C subirina Giglio-Tos, 1915: 2C testacea (Werner, 1931): 2C Genus Gonypeta Saussure, 1869 punctata (Haan, 1842): 2A Genus Gonypetyllis Wood-Mason, 1891 semuncialis Wood-Mason, 1891: 2B Subfamily MANTINAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Hierodula Burmeister, 1838 beieri Mukherjee, 1995: 2D patellifera (Serville, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Mantis Linnaeus, 1758 religiosa inornata Werner, 1930: 2B religiosa religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Genus Rhombodera Burmeister, 1838 crassa Giglio-Tos, 1912: 2C tectiformes Saussure, 1870: 2C Genus Rhombomantis Ehrmann and Borer, 2015 butleri (Wood-Mason, 1878): 2C woodmasoni (Werner, 1931): 2B Genus Mesopteryx Saussure, 1870 platycephala (Stal, 1877): 2C robusta Wood-Mason, 1882: 2C Genus Statilia Stal, 1877 apicalis (Saussure, 1871): 2A, 2D maculata maculata (Thunberg, 1784): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nemoralis (Saussure, 1870): 2A, 2D Genus Tenodera Burmeister, 1838 angustipennis Saussure, 1869: 2C aridifolia aridifolia (Stoll, 1813): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

fasciata fasciata (Olivier, 1792): 2D Subfamily MIOMANTINAE Westwood, 1889 Genus Deiphobe Stal, 1877 brevipennis Sjostedt, 1930: 2A brunneri (Saussure, 1871): 2A, 2B infuscata (Saussure, 1871): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B mesomelas (Olivier, 1792): 2A indica Giglio-Tos, 1916: 2A, 2B Genus Deiphobella Giglio-Tos, 1916 gardneri Werner, 1931: 2B Subfamily SCHIZOCEPHALINAE Saussure, 1869 Genus Schizocephala Serville, 1831 bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Family TARACHODIDAE Handlirsch, 1930 Subfamily CALIRIDINAE Giglio-Tos, 1915 Genus Caliris Giglio-Tos, 1915 masoni (Westwood, 1889): 2D Genus Leptomantella Burmeister, 1838 Subgenus Leptomantella Burmeister, 1838 indica (Giglio-Tos, 1915): 2A, 2C montana (Beier, 1942): 2C nigrocoxata (Mukherjee, 1995): 2D parva (Werner, 1933): 2B Subfamily TARACHODINAE Handlirsch, 1930 Genus Dysaules Stal, 1877 himalayanus Wood-Mason, 1889: 2A longicollis Stal, 1877: 2C Genus Iris Saussure, 1869 orientalis Wood-Mason, 1882: 2A Family TOXODERIDAE Saussure, 1869 Subfamily TOXODERINAE Saussure, 1869 Genus Euthyphleps Wood-Mason, 1889 rectivenis Wood-Mason, 1889: 2A

REFERENCES Burmeister, H. 1838. Handbuch der Entomoligie band 2. Berlin. Chandra, K. 2009. Insecta: Mantodea. In, Fauna of Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh), Conservation Area Series-40: 59-61 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Chandra, K. 2011a. Insect Diversity of Sikkim, India. Biodiversity of Sikkim-Exploring and Conserving a Hotspot (Edited by M.L. Arrawatia and Sandeep Tambe). Publ. by Information and Public Relations Dept. Govt. of Sikkim: 181206. Chandra, K. 2011b. Insect fauna of states and union territories in India. In, Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects and Spiders). (Eds. Uniyal, V: and Shrivastava Aseem), ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 14: 114-128. Ehrmann, R. 2002. Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier - Verlag GmbH An der Kleimannbrücke, Münster, Berlin: 1-519. Hazra, A.K. and Mukherjee, T.K. 1998. Faunal Diversity in India: Mantodea. In, Faunal Diversity in India, i-viii: 209-214 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Mukherjee, T.K. and Hazra, A.K. 1995. Insecta: Mantodea. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 82(1-4): 33-39. Mukherjee, T.K. and Hazra, A.K. 2007. Insecta : Mantodea. In, Fauna of Klidremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32: 11-13 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mukherjee, T.K. and Shishodia, M.S. 2000. Insecta: Mantodea. In, Fauna of Renuka Wetland (Himachal Pradesh), Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2: 63-66 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). CHAND and DAS : Insecta : Mantodea

275

Mukherjee, T.K., Ehrmann, R. and Chatterjee, P. 2014. Checklist of Mantodea (Insecta) from India. Primus Suppl., 30: 1-61. Mukherjee, T.K., Hazra, A.K. and Shishodia, M.S. 1995. Insecta: Mantodea. In, Fauna of Meghalaya, State Fauna Series-4, 3: 385-416 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Otte, D., Spearman, L. and Stiewe Martin, B.D. 2017. Mantodea Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. [01 VIII.2017]. Roy, R. 1996. Revision of the fossil mantid and Ephemerid species described by Piton from the Palaeocene of Menat (France) (Mantodea: Chaeteessidae: Mantidae; Ensifera, Tettigonidae). J. Entomol., 93(2): 223-234. Sanyal, A.K., Alfred, J.R.B., Venkataraman, K., Tiwari, S.K. and Mitra, S. 2012. Status of Biodiversity of West Bengal: 1-969 + 35 Plates (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sureshan, P.M. 2009. A preliminary study on the mantid fauna (Insecta: Mantodea) of Orissa, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 305: 1-56 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sureshan, P.M., Ghate, H.V. and Radhakrishnan, C. 2004. Insecta: Mantodea. In, Fauna of Pench National Park, Conservation Area Series, 20: 227-232 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sureshan, P.M., Ghate, H.V. and Radhakrishnan, C. 2006. Insecta: Mantodea. In, Fauna of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 25: 227-232. Vyjayandi, M.C. and Narendran, T.C. 2003. A new species and a key to Indian species of Hierodula Burmeister (Mantodea: Mantidae). Entomon, 28(4): 315-320. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In, Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda, 2013) (Ed. Zhang, Z.Q.). Zootaxa, 3703(1): 017-026.

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Chapter 28

Insecta : Blattodea (Cockroaches) PRABAKARAN, S. and SENRAJ, M.

The Blattodea fauna of Himalayan region is prepared based on the available literature from the state fauna series of the Zoological Survey of India (Fauna of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal) and other online databases. A total of 44 species belongs to 5 families, 10 subfamilies and 27 genera of Blattids are recorded from the Himalayan regions which include Himachal Pradesh (8 species), Arunachal Pradesh (24 species), Jammu and Kashmir (4 species), Uttarakhand (2species), West Bengal (23 species) and Sikkim (23 species). A systematic list of Blattodea species from Himalayan region is prepared and updated endemic species list of the region is also provided.

C

INTRODUCTION

ockroaches are the oldest insects and the earliest fossils dating back to the carboniferous period about 400 million years. The vast majority of cockroach species (more than 90% of them) lives in the wild and plays an important role in the food web of the forest ecosystems. Approximately around 5,000 species of cockroaches have been described in the world, of which only 35 are considered as pests (Gallego, 1969). The earlier work on this group in the Indian Himalaya has been carried out mainly by Mandal (2003, 2006), and Mukherjee (1993). This chapter is prepared based on the available literature from various sources including ‘State Fauna Series’ (Fauna of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal) and other online databases. A total of 44 species belonging to 27 genera, 10 subfamilies, and 5 families, and of Blattids are recorded from the Indian Himalaya which include the states Himachal Pradesh (8 species), Arunachal Pradesh (24 species), Jammu and Kashmir (4 species), Uttarakhand (2 species), West Bengal (23 species) and Sikkim (23 species). A systematic checklist of blattids from the region is provided with their endemic status.

HISTORICAL RESUME Taxonomically, cockroaches have been primarily classified in two ways. Chopard (1920, 1949) placed the cockroaches in the suborder Blattaria of order Dictyoptera,

and this classification was followed by Mckittrick (1964) and Roth (1970). In this system, cockroaches have been regarded as a separate order divided into two superfamilies of Blattoidea and Blaberoidea which totally include five families: Polyphagidae, Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae, and Cryptocercidae. The second scheme of classification was proposed by Princis (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969), who considered cockroaches to be in the order Blattodea, divided into four suborders and 28 families. Roth (2003) reviewed the systematic and phylogeny of Blattaria and described new genera and species from India. Grandcolas (1994, 1996) suggested a major reorganization of the families, which is yet to be supported by independent data. In the Himalayas, Mukherjee (1993) reported 23 species from West Bengal; Mandal (1998, 2003, 2006) reported 20 species from Arunachal Pradesh and 17 species from Sikkim.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The order Blattodea comprises of about 4,641 species (4,510 valid names + 131 temporary names) under 492 genera in 8 families in the world (Beccaloni and Eggleton, 2013). In India, there are 156 species belonging to 57 genera under 5 families (Mandal et al., 1998) which is 3.8% of the total global taxa. In this chapter a total of 44 species belonging to 27 genera, 10 subfamilies 5 families, and are recorded from Indian Himalaya.

Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 0028. Email: [email protected] Citation Prabakaran, S. and Senraj, M. 2018. Insecta : Blattodea (Cockroaches). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 277-280 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus, 1758; B. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767); C. Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll, 1813); D. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758); E. Perisphaerus altus (Walker, 1868); F. Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758).

Among 44 species, 23 are recorded from West Bengal (Darjeeling), Sikkim (23 species) and Arunachal Pradesh (24 species), Jammu and Kashmir (4 species), Himachal Pradesh (8 species), and Uttarakhand (2 species) of this 7 species are endemic to India and 4 are restricted to Indian Himalaya (Table 1; Fig. 1). 278

THREATS AND CONSERVATION In forest ecosystems, cockroaches are primary or secondary decomposers in the food chain. They are primarily threatened by habitat destruction, agricultural expansion and forest fire. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 1. State wise distribution and endemic species of Blattids from Indian Himalaya. S. No.

States

Family

Genera

Species

Endemic to India Endemic to Himalaya

1.

Jammu and Kashmir

2

3

4

1

1

2.

Himachal Pradesh

3

6

8

2

2

3.

Uttarakhand

2

2

2

-

-

4.

Sikkim

4

15

23

1

-

5.

West Bengal

4

15

23

2

1

6.

Arunachal Pradesh

3

16

24

1

-

GAP AREAS There is no recent work on this group from Himalaya after Mukherjee (1993) and Mandal (2003, 2006). There are very few species reported from Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand pointing to lack of systematic surveys. Hence it is necessary to assess the current status of Blattids diversity in the Indian Himalaya.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order BLATTODEA Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 Superfamily BLABEROIDEA Saussure, 1864 Family BLABERIDAE Saussure, 1864 Subfamily EPILAMPRINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 Tribe MORPHNINI McKittrick, 1964 Genus Morphna Shelford, 1910 amplipennis (Walker, 1868): 2D

Genus Rhabdoblatta Kirby, 1903 excelsa (Navás, 1904): 2B ridleyi (Kirby, 1903): 2D, 2C simlansis (Baijal and Kapoor, 1966): 2B Genus Stictolampra Hanitsch, 1930 plicata (Navás, 1904): 2B, 2C, 2D, Tribe Thoracini Rehn, 1951 Genus Calolampra Saussure, 1893 irrorata (Fabricius, 1775): 2C Subfamily PANESTHIINAE Serville, 1831 Genus Caeparia Stål, 1877 saussurei (Wood-Mason, 1876): 2C Genus Miopanesthia Saussure, 1895 bigibbosa Saussure, 1895: 2C Genus Panesthia Serville, 1831 angustipennis cognata Bei-Bienko, 1969: 2C, 2D cribrata Saussure, 1864: 2C, 2D flavipennis Wood-Mason, 1876: 2D missimensis Roth, 1979: 2C monstruosa Wood-Mason, 1876: 2C regalis Walker, 1868: 2C stellata Saussure, 1895: 2C, 2D Genus Salganea Stål, 1877 biglumis (Saussure, 1895): 2C, 2D erythronota Bolívar, 1897: 2B morio (Burmeister, 1838): 2C, 2D raggei Roth, 1979: 2C, 2D Subfamily PARANAUPHOETINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 PRABAKARAN and SENRAJ : Insecta : Blattodea (Cockroaches)

Genus Paranauphoeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 circumdata (Haan, 1842): 2C indica Saussure and Zehntner, 1895: 2C, 2D Subfamily PERISPHAERINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 Genus Corydidarum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 sericea (Saussure, 1863): 2C, 2D Genus Perisphaerus Serville, 1831 altus (Walker, 1868): 2D armadillo Serville, 1831: 2D Genus Pseudoglomeris Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1893 glomeris (Saussure, 1863): 2C, 2D Subfamily PYCNOSCELINAE Scudder, 1862 Genus Pycnoscelus Scudder, 1862 surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C, 2D tenebrigera (Walker, 1868): 2B Family ECTOBIIDAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 Genus Hemipterisca Bei-Bienko, 1950 submarginata (Walker, 1871): 1A Subfamily BLATTELLINAE Karny, 1908 Genus Blattella Caudell, 1903 germanica (Linnaeus,1767): 2C, 2D humbertiana (Saussure, 1863): 2C, 2D Genus Episymploce Bei-Bienko, 1950 himalayica (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865): 2B Genus Hemithyrsocera Saussure, 1893 palliata (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily ECTOBIINAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 Genus Ectobius Stephens, 1835 Subgenus Ectobius Stephens, 1835 jarringi (Hanitsch, 1937): 2A Subfamily PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIINAE Hebard, 1929 Genus Supella Shelford, 1911 Subgenus Supella Shelford, 1911 longipalpa (Fabricius, 1798):2C Superfamily BLATTOIDEA Latreille, 1810 Epifamily BLATTOIDAE Latreille, 1810 Family BLATTIDAE Latreille, 1810 Subfamily BLATTINAE Latreille, 1810 Genus Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 orientalis Linnaeus, 1758: 2D Genus Hebardina Bei-Bienko, 1938 concinna (Haan, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Homalosilpha Stål, 1874 ustulata (Burmeister, 1838): 2C, 2D Genus Neostylopyga Shelford, 1911 rhombifolia (Stoll, 1813): 2B, 2C Genus Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 americana (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C, 2D

279

australasiae (Fabricius, 1775): 2C, 2D Genus Shelfordella Adelung, 1910 lateralis (Walker, 1868): 1A, 2C, monochroma (Walker, 1871): 1A Superfamily CORYDIOIDEA Saussure, 1864 Family CORYDIIDAE Saussure, 1864

Subfamily CORYDIINAE Saussure, 1864 Genus Eucorydia Hebard, 1929 westwoodi (Gerstaecker, 1861): 2C Family NOCTICOLIDAE Bolívar, 1892 Genus Alluaudellina (Chopard, 1932) himalayensis (Gravely, 1910): 2C

REFERENCES Beccaloni, G. and Eggleton, P. 2013. Order Blattodea. In: Zhang, Z.Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703: 46-48. Cornwell, P.B. 1968. The Cockroach. Vol. I. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd, London: 1-391. Chopard, L. 1920. Recherchessur la conformation et le développment des derniers segments abdominaux chez les Orthoptères. Rennes: 1-352. Chopard, L. 1949. Ordre des Dictyoptères Leach, 1818 (=Blattaeformia Werner, 1906; =Oothecaria Karny, 1915). In, P. P. Grassé, Traité de ZoologieAnatomie, Systematique, Biologie. Insectes 9. Masson, Paris: 355-407. Gallego, F.L. 1969. Lista preliminar de insectos de importanc iaeconómica y secundariosqueafectan los principalescultivos, animalesdomésticos y al hombre en Colombia. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agro., Medellín, 26(67): 39-52. Grandcolas, P. 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of the subfamily Polyphaginae, with the assignment of Cryptocercus Scudder, 1862 to this taxon (Blattaria, Blaberoidea, Polyphagidae). Syst. Entomol., 19: 145-158. Grandcolas, P. 1996. The phylogeny of cockroach families: a cladistic appraisal of morpho-anatomical data. Can. J. Zool., 74: 508-527. Mandal, S.K. 1998. Blattariae. In, Faunal diversity of India (Eds. Alfred, J.R.B., Das, A.K. and Sanyal, A.K.): 215-218 (Published by ENVIS Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta). Mandal, S.K. 2003. Insecta : Blattariae. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(2): 227-237 (Published by ENVIS Centre, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Mandal, S.K. 2006. Blattaria (Dictyoptera). In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(2): 175-190 (Published by ENVIS Centre, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). McKittrick, F.A. 1964. Evolutionary studies of cockroaches. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., 389: 1-197. Mukherjee, K.P. 1993. Insecta : Dictyoptera : Blattaria. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(4): 461-473 (Published by ENVIS Centre, Zool. Surv. of India, Kolkata). Princis, K. 1963. Blattariae: Subordo Polyphagoidea: Fam.: Homeogamiidae, Euthyrrhaphidae, Latindiidae, Anacompsidae, Atticolidae, Attaphilidae. SubordoBlaberoidea: Fam.: Blaberidae. In, Beier, M., Orthopterorum catalogus. Dr. W. Junk's-Gravenhage, Paris, 4: 75-172. Princis, K. 1964. Blattariae: Subordo Blaberoidae: Fam.: Panchloridae, Gynopeltididae, Derocalymmidae,Perisphaeriidae, Pycnoscelididae. In, Beier, M., Orthopterorum Catalogus. Dr. W. Junk's-Gravenhage, Paris, 6: 173-282. Princis, K. 1965. Blattariae: Subordo Blaberoidea: Fam.: Oxyhaloidae, Panesthiiidae, Cryptocercidae Chorisoneuridae, Oulopterygidae, Diplopteridae, Anaplectidae, Archiblattidae, Nothoblattidae. In, Beier, M., Orthopterorum Catalogus. Dr. W. Junk, Gravenhage, Paris, 7: 283-400. Princis, K. 1966. Blattariae: SubordoBlattoidea Fam.: Blattidae, Nocticolidae. In, Beier, M. Orthopterorum catalogus. Dr. W. Junk's-Gravenhage, Paris, 8: 401-614. Princis, K. 1967. Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea Fam.: Nyctiboridae, Epilampridae. In, Beier, M., Orthopterorum catalogus. Dr. W. Junk’s-Gravenhage, Paris, 11: 615-710. Princis, K. 1969. Blattariae: SubordoEpilamproidea Fam.: Blattellidae. In, Beier, M., Orthopterorum Catalogus. Dr. W. Junk’s-Gravenhage, Paris, 13: 711-1038. Roth, L.M. 1970. Evolution and taxonomic significance of reproduction in Blattaria. Ann. Entomol, 15: 75-96. Roth, L.M. 2003. Systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria). Orient. Insects, 37: 1-186.

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Chapter 29

Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera K. RAJMOHANA1 and S. RITUPARNA

Out of the 289 species, in 52 genera and 6 families of termites present in India, from the Indian Himalaya, as per the published records, a total of 115 species of termites is documented in 29 genera under 7 subfamilies and 5 families. Thirty-three species are endemic to the region. Termitidae is the most diverse family encompassing 72% of the total species, with Odontotermes Holmgren, as the most dominant genus having 24 species. The region also houses the global invasive, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann). The termite fauna being highly altitude dependent can provide meaningful insights on the advancement of climate changes in Himalaya. At elevations >1500m, diversity is relatively very less. The termite species of Indian Himalaya are predominantly Oriental and show strong affinities to the Indian fauna than to Indo Chinese and Indomalayan forms. More in- depth and detailed taxonomic and bio-ecological investigations, incorporating the molecular approaches too would uncover more termite diversity of the region, also throwing light on their evolution and biogeographical patterns.

T

INTRODUCTION

ermites are a prominent and most prevalent group of social insects, constituting 10% of the total animal biomass in tropics and subtropical regions of the world (Donovan et al., 2007). As per Eggleton, the total biomass of termites can be three times of the entire human population (York, 1998). The highly developed social organisation of termites, their symbiosis with microorganisms and their feeding habits underpin their success (Šobotník and Dahlsjo, 2017) in establishing a worldwide distribution. They play a very significant role in the decomposition processes as well as in nitrogen and carbon recycling, in tropical rainforests. Wood feeding termites as pests, inflict serious economic damages across the world. The recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies concluded that termites are closely related to cockroaches, and thenceforth Isoptera has been treated as an infraorder under Blattodea, (Krishna et al., 2013) or as an epifamily (Šobotník and Dahlsjo, 2017). The massive mountain system of Himalaya, though a geographical feature, has a direct influence on the lives of the entire Indian subcontinent. The Indian Himalaya is classified into seven biotic provinces: 1A: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mins, 1B: Trans Himalaya-

Tibetan Plateau, 1C: Trans Himalaya-Sikkim, 2A: Himalaya-North-West, 2B: Himalaya-West Himalaya, 2C: Himalaya-Central Himalaya and 2D: HimalayaEast Himalaya. The ecosystem here is diverse, but fragile and is currently under threat, mainly due to habitat degradation and other issues like global climatic changes. The region is biodiversity-rich, yet information on the biota of the area is incomplete. Sustainable management of the natural resources and conservation programs, demand for a rapid inventorisation of flora and fauna. The termite distribution, being highly altitude influenced, can provide meaningful insights on the advancement of climatic changes. With a total of 115 species of termites in 29 genera under 7 subfamilies and 5 families, the Indian Himalaya holds about 40% of the termite species, known from India. The list compiled in this work is based on the nomenclature and taxonomic status as presented in the ‘Treatise on the Isoptera of the world’, by Krishna et al. (2013).

HISTORICAL RESUME With the description of the damp wood species, Archotermopsis wroughtoni (C) from the Kashmir valley by Desneux in 1904 and 1906 started the work on termites

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal-700053, India. Email: [email protected] Citation Rajmohana, K. and Rituparna, S. 2018. Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 281-292 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

from Himalaya. Silvestri (1914), Snyder (1933a, 1933b), Gardner (1944), Snyder (1949), Roonwal and Pant (1953), Mathur and Chhotani (1959), Prasad and Sen Sharma (1959), Roonwal and Sen Sharma (1960), Mathur and Thapa (1962), Roonwal and Chhotani (1962), Chatterjee and Thankur (1964a, 1964b), Chatterjee and Thakur (1965), Chatterjee and Thakur (1966, 1967), Chatterjee and Thakur (1969), Roonwal and Chhotani (1971), Thakur and Sen Sharma (1973), Maiti (1975), Chhotani (1975a), Roonwal and Chhotani (1977), Maiti (1979), Sen Sharma and Thakur (1980), Thakur (1981), Chhotani and Das (1983), Maiti (1983), Chhotani and Bose (1985), Thakur and Rathore (1986) and Roonwal and Chhotani (1989), steadily published on the Himalayan termites. The contribution by Verma (1995) was substantial, adding 8 species from the area. Further additions were made by Chhotani (1997) and Bose (1999). Later Mukherjee et al. (2008), in their monograph reviewed in detail the distribution pattern of termites in the Himalaya along the physiographic gradients, also including their zoogeographical analysis. Thakur et al. (2010) reported a few new distributional records of termites from Garhwal. Some more new distributional records of termites from Northwest Himalaya was published by Thakur and Kumar (2012). Later, Bhagat (2014) published an annotated

checklist on the Termite-fauna (Isoptera) of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalaya (North-West).

SPECIES DIVERSITY From the Indian Himalaya, a total of 115 species of termites is documented in 29 genera under 7 subfamilies and 5 families (Figs. 1-5, 9; Table 1-3). Lower termites are only about 28%. Following the universal trend, in the Himalayan Region too, Termitidae is the most diverse family encompassing 72% of the total species, with Odontotermes as the most dominant genus having 24 species (Fig. 1). Though at the generic level, Kalotermitidae and Rhinotermitidae are equally represented, the former is more speciose in the region, than the latter (Fig. 3). A family wise discussion on noted aspects of occurrence and distribution of genera/species of termites in Indian Himalaya is presented below. As fas as the distribution in biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya is concerned, the maximum diversity is present in Western Himalaya (61 species), followed by Eastern Himalaya (42 species), Central Himalaya (37 species), North West Himalaya (27 species), and Trans HimalayaSikkim (1 species) (Fig. 2).

B

A

D

C

E

A. Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann, 1902); B. Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann, 1896); C. Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desneux, 1904; D. Cryptotermes bengalensis Snyder, 1934; E. Ancistrotermes pakistanicus (Ahmad, 1955).

282


1% 13% Archotermopsidae

10%

4% 72%

Kalotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Stylotermitidae Termitidae

Fig. 1. Species diversity of termites at family level in Indian Himalaya.


1. Family ARCHOTERMOPSIDAE The members of this family live in damp and rotten wood, hence are categorised as damp wood termites, they excavate poorly defined galleries. Seen in the warm temperate zones, mainly in primary forests of temperate montane regions of an altitudinal range of 900-3000m, they are documented from the coniferous forests of the North Western Himalaya (Mukherjee et al., 2008). The family is represented by a single species, Archotermopsis wroughtoni, the most primitive and relict termite species in the region. 2. Family KALOTERMITIDAE These primitive and wood-dwelling single piece nesters include all dry wood and a few damp wood species. Due to their highly cryptic habitat, detecting them is not easy. RAJMOHANA and RITUPARNA : Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera

The family has good representation in the Himalayas, with 15 species under 4 genera namely Bifiditermes Krishna, Cryptotermes Banks, Glyptotermes Froggatt, and Neotermes Holmgren. Except for Cryptotermes, the rest of the genera prefer dampwood as their habitat. Neotermes and Glyptotermes are the most speciose in the region with 7 and 6 species respectively. 3. Family RHINOTERMITIDAE These are categorized as damp wood termites. The Indian Himalaya holds 11 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies are found. A few of them are serious pests. Subfamily COPTOTERMITINAE The subfamily has one genus and two species in the region. Both the species are serious pests of timber. Coptoptermes heimi, the most common species can survive even in 283

3% 14%

Archotermopsidae 14%

Kalotermitidae

66%

Rhinotermitidae 3%

Stylotermitidae Termitidae

Fig. 3. Generic diversity of termites at family level in Indian Himalaya.

2% 25%

2%

7%

Coptotermitinae

9%

Heterotermitinae Rhinotermitinae

17%

38%

Apicotermitinae Macrotermitinae Nasutitermitinae Termitinae

Fig. 4. Species diversity of termites at subfamily level in Indian Himalaya.

4% 35%

9%

4% 13%

13%

22%

Coptotermitinae Heterotermitinae Rhinotermitinae Apicotermitinae Macrotermitinae Nasutitermitinae Termitinae

Fig. 5. Generic diversity at subfamily level in Indian Himalaya.

high altitudes ranging from 2600-3400m (Mukherjee et al., 2008). Coptotermes gestroi the Asian Subterranean Termite is a global invasive, widely attacking the structural timber in Asia, Pacific islands, North America, Caribbean islands, South America, and Indian Ocean islands (Li et al., 2013). In the Oriental region, the species is known from Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand, while from India it has been reported from Andaman Islands, Assam, Meghalaya, Nicobar Islands, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal (Amina et al., 2013, 2017). Subfamily HETEROTERMITINAE Three species under genus Heterotermes Froggatt are present in the region of which Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) is the most common household pest in India and adjacent countries. Other than causing extensive damage to structural wood, they also destroy everything with cellulose content like paper, clothes and stored products. 284

Of the 4 species of Reticulitermes Holmgren, R. assamensis Gardner and R. chinensis Snyder are with wide distribution in the Eastern Himalayas, while R. tirapi Chhotani and Das and R. ganga Bose are with single locality records (Mukherjee et al., 2008). Subfamily RHINOTERMITINAE Parrhinotermes Holmgren is a damp wood termite, and not common in distribution. The two species known from Indian Himalaya are restricted to Arunachal Pradesh, till date. 4. Family STYLOTERMITIDAE This family is exclusively Oriental in distribution and has a monotypic genus, Stylotermes Holmgren and Holmgren. Of the 7 species known from India, 5 are seen here. Their nests are comprised of longitudinal, irregular, and narrow galleries in the branches and stems in dead portions of living trees. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

5. Family TERMITIDAE The bulk of the termites known from the region, fall under family Termitidae, under 4 subfamilies. Subfamily APICOTERMITINAE Apicotermitinae are predominantly subterranean and soil inhabiting. 8 species under 3 genera namely Euhamitermes Holmgren (3 spp.), Indotermes Roonwal and Sen-Sarma (2 spp.) and Speculitermes Wasmann (3 spp.) are documented from the region. Speculitermes are generally termed ‘soldierless’ termites, where soldiers are altogether absent in a few groups or are present in very few numbers. Subfamily MACROTERMITINAE They are fungus growers and is the largest termite subfamily in the region with 36 species distributed in 5 genera- Ancistrotermes Silvestri (1 sp.), Hypotermes Holmgren (2 spp.), Macrotermes Holmgren (5 spp.), Microtermes Wasmann (4 spp.), and Odontotermes (24 spp.). O. paradenticulatus Ahmed, as per Bhagat 2014, is present in Kashmir. However, since the exact locality was not mentioned by the author and also since Krishna et al. (2013), in their world catalogue has indicated the presence of the species only in the Philippines, the species has not been considered in this work.

exhibits the highest endemism. Out of the 15 spp. of Kalotermitidae in Indian Himalaya, 7 species are endemic to the region. Among all the termite genera a very high endemism (>50%) is exhibited by Angulitermes, Euhamitermes and Stylotermes, while in 4 generaGlyptotermes, Nasutitermes, Parrhinotermes Holmgren and Indotermes Roonwal and Sen-Sarma 50% of the species are endemic to the region. Though in India genus Archotermopsis Desneux, inhabiting the moist and rotten wood, is known only from a few Indian Himalayan states, the taxon has distribution outside India in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is rather interesting to note that at generic level Himalayan region holds no endemism. While studying the faunal affinities of the Himalayan termites, Mukherjee et al. (2008) opined that the species in the Himalaya showed strong affinities to the Indian fauna, compared to Indo Chinese and Indo-Malayan forms. They put-forth the view that the Himalayan species are all predominantly Oriental, with just one species namely the primitive Archotermopsis wroughtoni, extending its distribution to the Palearctic fringe of Afghanistan. Indian Himalaya also hosts a good number of termite species seen in the Indo-Gangetic region, while those of the peninsular region are very less represented.

ALTITUDINAL VARIATION

Subfamily NASUTITERMITINAE They are represented by 16 species in 3 generaAhmaditermes Akhtar (2 spp.), Nasutitermes Dudley (14 spp.) and Trinervitermes Holmgren (1 sp.). Subfamily TERMITINAE The subfamily is with 8 genera and 23 species- Angulitermes Sjostedt (6 spp.), Dicuspiditermes Krishna (2 spp.), Eremotermes Silvestri (2 spp.), Microcerotermes Silvestri (6 spp.), Pericapritermes Silvestri (4spp.), Procapritermis Holmgren (1 sp.), Pseudocapritermes Kemner (1sp.) and Synhamitermes Holmgren (1sp.).

ENDEMISM AND FAUNAL AFFINITIES Thirty three species under 13 genera are endemic to Indian Himalaya (Table 2), the percentage of endemism being 29 (Fig. 6). At the family level, Kalotermitidae

With the increase in altitude, there is a marked decrease in richness of taxa (Willig et al., 2003), particularly above 1900m, the assemblage composition changes with very less representation of the soil dwelling groups. Altitudinal variation is remarkable among termites. Several studies as that of Collins (1980), indicate a decrease in diversity of termites, with increasing altitude. Mukherjee et al. (2008) analysed in detail, the altitudinal distribution of the Himalayan termites; at elevations >1500m, diversity is very less. Summarising their findings, Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann), Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) and Nasutitermes garoensis Roonwal and Chhotani, have been reported even in the high elevation of 2600m-3400m. Reticulitermes assamensis and Odontotermes kapuri Roonwal and Chhotani have been

29% Non-Endemic 71%

Endemic

Fig. 6. Endemism of termite species in Indian Himalaya. RAJMOHANA and RITUPARNA : Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera

285

reported between 1600-2600m. In the Western Himalayas at an altitude of 2500m, only two species namely H. indicola Wasmann and Odontotermes parvidens Holmgren and Holmgren were reported. At 1860m, species like Archotermopsis wroughtani Desneux and Stylotermes bengalensis Mathur and Chhotani sustain. Heterotermes indicola and Aguilitermes akhorisainensis Chatterjee and Thakur were recorded at 1650m. At a 1846m elevation in the Darjeeling Himalaya, only Nasutitermes gardneri Snyder was documented. An elevation of 1363m supported 9 species under 6 genera and a height of 1209m supported 8 species under 6 genera. Further down the foothills several species have been reported. At about 800m elevation, at the foothills of Kumaon Hills, about 14 species, the largest number has been recorded. It was seen that the preferred elevation of Odontotermes was below 1250m, above which only two species O. obesus and O. parvidens existed.

FEEDING GROUPS An analysis of the feeding groups shows that majority of the termites in the Indian Himalaya are wood feeders. The region also has a good representation of soil/humus feeders (Fig. 8). The open nest foragers like Grallatotermes Holmgren and Hospitalitermes Holmgren are yet to be documented from the region (Table 3).

SIGNIFICANCE Termites have both ecological and economic importance, and not all species of termites are pests. In Malaysia and

India, 8-10 million (US$) and 35.12 million are spent towards termite treatment every year (Verma et al., 2009). Rajagopal (2002) states that in India the economic extent of termite damage in structural wood (annually) is about 280 million Indian Rupees. As per Krishna et al. (2013), only 12.4% of the total of nearly 3000 world termite species are pests. The subterranean termites, including the mound building and arboreal species, account for most of the damage caused. Out of 289 species of termites known so far from India, about 35-40 species have been reported to damage timber in buildings (Sen-Sarma et al., 1975). As per Su and Scheffrahn (2000), in the Indian subcontinent 26 species are considered pests. Gusian (2014) reported about Lambari village of Almora district in Uttarakhand, in the Kumaon Himalayan region of India, which was slowly turning into a ghost village due to the severe attack of termites. It is shocking that the species is yet to be identified (Mahapatro and Chatterjee, 2017). The Indian Himalaya also hosts the global invasive species, Coptotermes gestroi, the Asian Subterranean termite which is highly damaging and is a serious threat to wooden structures. As per the list of wood destroying termites in India, compiled by Shanbhag and Sundararaj (2013), 9 species in 4 genera and 3 families of termites in the Indian Himalaya are major pests attacking wood, 32 species in 13 genera and 5 families are of minor pest status (Fig. 7).

8% 28%

Non-Wood Attacking

64%

Minor Major

Fig. 7. Pest status of termites of Indian Himalaya.

3% 15%

3%

47%

10%

Wood Soil/Humus Fungus

22%

Detritus Leaf/Litter Grass

Fig. 8. Percentage of termite feeding groups at generic level in Indian Himalaya.

286


25 20 15 10

5

Angulitermes

Synhamitermes

Pseudocapritermes

Procapritermes

Pericapritermes

Eremotermes

Microcerotermes

Dicuspiditermes

Trinervitermes

Nasutitermes

Ahmaditermes

Ancistrotermes

Microtermes

Odontotermes

Hypotermes Macrotermes

Speculitermes

Indotermes

Euhamitermes

0

Fig. 9. Generic diversity in family Termitidae in Indian Himalaya.

Figueirêdo et al. (2015), in their global overview on medicinal and edible termites, mention the use of Odontotermes feae (Wasmann) as food and medicine, the species is present in the region. Because of the hostile climatic conditions, termite diversity is relatively very less at elevations >1500m. Any difference in this pattern can be considered an impact due to climate change.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION No termite species have officially been listed as threatened. None of them has gained any conservation status hitherto, mainly because of their disposition as pests posing a serious threat to a wide range of crops and structural wood.

faunal patterns due to climate changes. More in depth and detailed taxonomic and bio-ecological investigations are needed to uncover the termite diversity of Himalayan biogeographic zones. An accurate taxonomic identity of termites is very much important, since management and control strategies vary immensely for different types of termites like in the case of subterranean and dry wood forms. Molecular studies can uncover cryptic species. DNA barcoding of Indian termites has not progressed much except for a few major pest species. Their phylogenetic studies can contribute to the better understanding of evolution and the related biogeographical patterns.

DISCUSSION

GAP AREAS Mukherjee et al. (2008) in their faunal account of the Himalayan termites, states that many more species await discovery from the Indian Himalaya, for the region is vast, varied and often inaccessible. Extensive and intensive surveys are needed for enumerating the distribution pattern of the several sparsely known species. Since the distribution of termites is influenced by altitude, studies in these lines can throw light on the changing

Termites are a significant group of insects, very closely linked with humans, because of their feeding habits. The plight of the villagers of Lambari in the Himalayan district of Almora due to termites attack, for the past three decades as mentioned earlier, itself is worth a proof for the magnitude of the damage the organisms can inflict to man. At the same time as ecosystem engineers, they contribute towards maintaining ecological balance.

Table 1. Termite Diversity: A comparison. Region

Extant families

Extant genera

Extant species

Himalaya

5

29

115

Compiled Data.

India

6

52

289

World

9

282

2,933

Krishna et al. (2013), Thakur et al. (2010) Amina and Rajmohana (2013, 2016).

RAJMOHANA and RITUPARNA : Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera

References

287

Table 2. Endemic termites of Indian Himalaya. S. No.

288

Species

Family

1.

Glyptotermes almorensis Gardner

Kalotermitidae

2.

Glyptotermes taruni Bose

Kalotermitidae

3.

Glyptotermes tikaderi Chhotani and Bose

Kalotermitidae

4.

Neotermes buxensis Roonwal and Sen-Sarma

Kalotermitidae

5.

Neotermes kalimpongensis Maiti

Kalotermitidae

6.

Neotermes microculatus Roonwal and Sen-Sarma

Kalotermitidae

7.

Neotermes sensarmai Thakur, Tyagi and Kumar

Kalotermitidae

8.

Parrhinotermes shamimi Bose

Rhinotermitidae

9.

Reticulitermes ganga Bose

Rhinotermitidae

10.

Reticulitermes tirapi Chhotani and Das

Rhinotermitidae

11.

Stylotermes chakratensis Mathur and Thapa

Stylotermitidae

12.

Stylotermes dunensis Thakur

Stylotermitidae

13.

Stylotermes faveolus (Chatterjee and Thakur)

Stylotermitidae

14.

Ahmaditermes emersoni Bose

Termitidae

15.

Ahmaditermes sikkimensis Mukherjee and Maiti

Termitidae

16.

Angulitermes akhorisainensis Chatterjee and Thakur

Termitidae

17.

Angulitermes bhagsunagensis Thakur

Termitidae

18.

Angulitermes kashmirensis Roonwal and Chhotani

Termitidae

19.

Angulitermes tilaki Roonwal and Chhotani

Termitidae

20.

Euhamitermes aruna Chhotani

Termitidae

21.

Euhamitermes lighti Snyder

Termitidae

22.

Indotermes capillosus (Chatterjee and Thakur)

Termitidae

23.

Macrotermes vikaspurensis Thakur, Kumar and Tyagi

Termitidae

24.

Microcerotermes rambanensis Chatterjee and Thakur

Termitidae

25.

Nasutitermes chhotanii Bose

Termitidae

26.

Nasutitermes dunensis Chatterjee and Thakur

Termitidae

27.

Nasutitermes moratus Silvestri

Termitidae

28.

Nasutitermes suknensis Prashad and Sen-Sarma

Termitidae

29.

Nasutitermes tandoni Bose

Termitidae

30.

Nasutitermes thanensis Prashad and Sen-Sarma

Termitidae

31.

Odontotermes mohandi Verma and Purohit

Termitidae

32.

Odontotermes prolatigula Bose

Termitidae

33.

Odontotermes sikkimensis Thakur and Rathore

Termitidae Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 3. Feeding groups of Indian Himalayan termites. S. No. 1.

Genera Archotermopsis

Family Archotermopsidae

Subfamily –

No of Species 1

Feeding Group W

2.

Bifiditermes

Kalotermitidae

–

1

W

3.

Cryptotermes

1

W

4. 5.

Glyptotermes Neotermes

6 7

W W

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Coptotermes Heterotermes Reticulitermes Parrhinotermes Stylotermes

Stylotermitidae

Coptotermitinae Heterotermitinae Heterotermitinae Rhinotermitinae –

2 3 4 2 5

W W W W W

11.

Euhamitermes

Termitidae

Apicotermitinae

3

S

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Indotermes Speculitermes Hypotermes Macrotermes Microtermes Odontotermes Ancistrotermes Ahmaditermes Nasutitermes Trinervitermes Dicuspiditermes Eremotermes Microcerotermes Pericapritermes Procapritermes Pseudocapritermes Synhamitermes Angulitermes

Apicotermitinae Apicotermitinae Macrotermitinae Macrotermitinae Macrotermitinae Macrotermitinae Macrotermitinae Nasutitermitinae Nasutitermitinae Nasutitermitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae Termitinae

2 3 2 5 4 24 1 2 13 1 2 2 6 4 1 1 1 6

S H FW/L FW/L FW/L FW/L W and L W WLS G H D W H S S W H

Rhinotermitidae

W-Wood; S-Soil; H-Humus; F-Fungus; L-Leaf/Litter; G-Grass; D-Detritus.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order BLATTODEA Wattenwyl, 1882 Infraorder ISOPTERA Brulle, 1832 Family ARCHOTERMOPSIDAE Engel, Grimaldi, and Krishna, 2009 Genus Archotermopsis Desneux, 1904 wroughtoni Desneux, 1904: 2B, 2A Family KALOTERMITIDAE Froggatt, 1897 Genus Bifiditermes Krishna, 1961 beesoni (Gardner, 1945): 2B Genus Cryptotermes Banks, 1906 bengalensis Snyder, 1934: 2B Genus Glyptotermes Froggat, 1897 almorensis Gardner, 1945: 2B roonwali Thakur, Tyagi and Kumar, 2010 : 2B taruni Bose, 1999: 2D teknafensis Akhtar, 1975: 2C tikaderi Chhotani and Bose, 1985: 2D ukhiaensis Akhtar, 1975: 2C Genus Neotermes Holmgren, 1911 assmuthi (Holmgren, 1913): 2A bosei (Snyder, 1933): 2B, 2C RAJMOHANA and RITUPARNA : Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera

buxensis Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2C kalimpongensis Maiti, 1975: 2C megaoculatus megaoculatus Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2B microculatus Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2B sensarmai Thakur, Tyagi and Kumar, 2011 : 2B Family RHINOTERMITIDAE Froggatt, 1897 Subfamily COPTOTERMITINAE Holmgren, 1910 Genus Coptotermes Wasmann, 1896 gestroi (Wasmann, 1896): 2C heimi (Wasmann, 1902): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily HETEROTERMITINAE Frogatt, 1897 Genus Heterotermes Froggat, 1897 balwanti Mathur and Chhotani,1969: 2B gertrudae Roonwal, 1953: 2A, 2B indicola (Wasmann, 1902): 2A, 2B Genus Reticulitermes Holmgren 1913 assamensis Gardner, 1945: 1C, 2C, 2D chinensis Snyder, 1923: 2D ganga Bose, 1999: 2D tirapi Chhotani and Das, 1983: 2D Subfamily RHINOTERMITINAE Froggatt, 1897 Genus Parrhinotermes Holmgren, 1910

289

khasii Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1956: 2C, 2D shamimi Bose, 1999: 2D Family STYLOTERMITIDAE Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917 Genus Stylotermes Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917 bengalensis Mathur and Chhotani, 1959: 2B, 2C chakratensis Mathur and Thapa, 1963: 2B dunensis Thakur, 1975: 2B faveolus (Chatterjee and Thakur, 1964): 2A parabengalensis Maiti, 1975: 2C Family TERMITIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily APICOTERMITINAE Grasse and Noirot, 1955 Genus Euhamitermes Holmgren, 1912 aruna Chhotani, 1975: 2D kanhaensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1965: 2D lighti (Snyder, 1933): 2B Genus Indotermes Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1958 capillosus (Chatterjee and Thakur, 1965): 2B rongrensis (Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962): 2D Genus Speculitermes Wasmann, 1902 cyclops Wasmann, 1902: 2A, 2B, 2C sinhalensis Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2B triangularis Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2B Subfamily MACROTERMITINAE Kemner, 1934 Genus Ancistrotermes Silvestri, 1912 pakistanicus (Ahmad, 1955): 2D Genus Hypotermes Holmgren, 1913 obscuriceps (Wasmann, 1902): 2C xenotermitis (Wasmann, 1896): 2C, 2D Genus Macrotermes Holmgren, 1909 aleemi Akhtar, 1975: 2D convulsionarius (Känig, 1779): 2C gilvus (Hagen, 1858): 2C khajuriai Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2C, 2D vikaspurensis Thakur, Kumar and Tyagi, 2011: 2B Genus Microtermes Wasmann, 1902 imphalensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2D incertoides Holmgren, 1913: 2B obesi Holmgren, 1912: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D unicolor Snyder, 1933: 2A, 2B Genus Odontotermes Holmgren, 1910 adampurensis Akhtar, 1975: 2D assmuthi Holmgren, 1913: 2A, 2B bellahunisensis Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917: 2B bhagwatii Chatterjee and Thakur, 1967: 2A, 2B boveni Thakur, 1981: 2B, 2C brunneus (Hagen, 1858): 2B distans Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917: 2A, 2B feae (Wasmann, 1896): 2A, 2B, 2D giriensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D globicola (Wasmann, 1902): 2A, 2B guptai Roonwal and Bose, 1961: 2A, 2B gurdaspurensis Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917: 2A, 2B horai Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2B, 2C, 2D horni (Wasmann, 1902): 2B, 2C latiguloides Roonwal and Verma, 1973: 2B microdentatus Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2A, 2B mohandi Verma and Purohit, 1993: 2B obesus (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

parvidens Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D proformosanus Ahmad, 1965: 2D prolatigula Bose, 1997: 2D redemanni (Wasmann, 1893): 2A, 2B sikkimensis Thakur and Rathore, 1986: 2C wallonensis (Wasmann, 1902): 2B Subfamily NASUTITERMITINAE Hare, 1937 Genus Ahmaditermes Akhtar, 1975 emersoni (Maiti, 1977): 2D sikkimensis Mukherjee and Maiti, 2008: 2C Genus Nasutitermes Dudley, 1890 cherraensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2D chhotanii Bose, 1997: 2D dunensis Chatterjee and Thakur, 1969: 2B emersoni Snyder, 1934: 2C gardneri Snyder, 1933: 2B, 2C, 2D garoensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2C, 2D jalpaigurensis Prashad and Sen-Sarma, 1959: 2C, 2D kali Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2D matangensis matangensis (Haviland,1898): 2D moratus (Silvestri, 1914): 2D suknensis Prashad and Sen-Sarma, 1959: 2C tandoni Bose, 1997: 2D thanensis Prashad and Sen-Sarma, 1959: 2B, 2C Genus Trinervitermes Holmgren, 1912 biformis (Wasmann, 1902): 2A, 2B Subfamily TERMITINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Angulitermes Sjostedt, 1924 acutus Mathur and Sen-Sarma, 1961: 2B akhorisainensis Chatterjee and Thakur, 1964: 2B bhagsunagensis Thakur, 2008: 2A dehraensis (Gardner, 1945): 2A, 2B kashmirensis Roonwal and Chhotani, 1971: 2A tilaki Roonwal and Chhotani, 1971: 2A Genus Dicuspiditermes Krishna, 1968 laetus (Silvestri, 1914): 2D obtusus (Silvestri, 1923): 2B Genus Eremotermes Silvestri, 1911 dehraduni Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960: 2B paradoxalis Holmgren, 1912: 2B Genus Microcerotermes Silvestri, 1901 beesoni Snyder, 1933: 2B, 2C, 2D cameroni Snyder, 1934: 2C fletcheri Holmgren and Holmgren, 1917: 2B labioangulatus Sen-Sarma and Thakur, 1975: 2B rambanensis Chatterjee and Thakur, 1964: 2A tenuignathus Holmgren, 1913: 2B Genus Pericapritermes Silvestri, 1914 assamensis (Mathur and Thapa, 1965): 2C dunensis (Roonwal and Sen-Sarma, 1960): 2B, 2C, 2D durga (Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962): 2D tetraphilus (Silvestri, 1922): 2C Genus Procapritermes Holmgren, 1912 holmgreni Akhtar, 1975: 2D Genus Pseudocapritermes Kemner, 1934 tikadari Roonwal and Chhotani, 1962: 2D Genus Synhamitermes Holmgren, 1912 quadriceps (Wasmann, 1902): 2B

REFERENCES Amina, P. and Rajmohana, K. 2013. First record of the genus Ceylonitermellus Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) in southern India based on a new mainland species from the Kerala ghats. Colemania, 39: 1-10 Amina, P. and Rajmohana, K. 2016. Glyptotermes chiraharitae n. sp., a new dampwood termite species (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from India. Zoosystema, 38(3): 309–316 290


Amina, P., Rajmohana, K., Bijoy, C., Radhakrishnan, C. and Saha, N. 2013. First record of the Srilankan Processional Termite, Hospitalitermes monoceros (Konig) (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) from India. Halteres, 4: 48-52. Amina, P. Rajmohana, K. and Rituparna, S. 2017. Invasive Termites in India-An Overview. ENVIS Newsletter, 23(1): 20-24. Bhagat, R.C. 2014. Termite-Fauna (Isoptera) of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan Region (North-West): An Annotated Checklist and Biodiversity. Indian For., 140(6): 617-620. Bose, G. 1999. Termite fauna of the North-eastern India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 171: 1-148, fig. 1-71. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1964a. A new species of Angulitermes from North India (lsoptera : Termitidae : Termitinae). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 61(2): 348-353. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1964b. Contributions to the knowledge of the systematics of Himalayan (North-Western) termite fauna-II. Description of Microcerotermes rambanensis sp. nov. (lsoptera: Termitidae: Amitermitinae) from Kashmir. Bull. Ent., 5: 1-6. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1965. Doonitermes capillosus gen. et. sp. nov. from Doon Valley (Uttar Pradesh, India) (lsoptera : Termitidae : Amitermitinae). Sci. Cult., 31(12): 646-647. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1966. Biology and ecology of oriental termites (lsoptera). Observationson the habitats and biology of some termites of the Doon Valley. Indian For., 92(2): 139-142. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1967. Contributions to the knowledge of systematics of North Western Himalayan termite fauna (Insecta: Isoptera). III. Systematic account of the survey. Indian For. Rec. (N.S.) (Ent.), 11(1): 1-57. Chatterjee, P.N. and Thakur, M.L. 1969. A new species of Nasutitermes (Isoptera :Termitidae : Nasutitermitinae) from Doon Valley, India. Bull. syst. Zool., Calcutta, 1(2): 57-65. Chhotani, O.B. 1975a. A new species of Euhamitermes and the imago of Nasutitermes garoellsis from Arunachal Pradesh (Isoptera : Termitidae). Oriental Insec., 9(2): 149-155. Chhotani, O.B. 1997. Fauna of India-Isoptera (Termites), vol. II, xx + 800 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Chhotani, O.B. and Bose, G. 1985. Fauna of Namdapha : Arunachal Pradesh ‘A proposed Biosphere Reserve'. Insecta: Isoptera. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 82(1-4): 53-60. Chhotani, O.B. and Das, B.C. 1983. A review of the Indian species of the genus Reticulitermes Holmgren (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80(3-4): 315-329. Collins, N.M. 1980. The distribution of soil macrofauna on the west ridge of Gunung (Mount) Mulu, Sarawak. Oecologia , 44: 263–275. Desneux, l. 1904. A new termite from India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 15(3): 445-446. Desneux, l. 1906. The Kashmir termite, Termopsis wroughtoni. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 17(2) : 293-298. Donovan, S.E., Griffiths G.J.K., Homathevi, R. and Winder, L. 2007. The spatial pattern of soil-dwelling termites in primary and logged forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Ecol. Entomol., 32: 1–10. Figueirêdo, R.C., Vasconcellos, A., Policarpo, L.S and Alves, R.R.N. 2015. Edible and medicinal termites: a global overview. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 11: 29. Gardner, J.C.M. 1944. New Termitidae from India and Burma (Isoptera). Indian J. Ent., 6(1-2): 103-110. Gusain, R. 2014. Lambari in Uttarakhand may turn into a ghost town thanks to termites.http://indiatoday.intoday.in/ story/lambari-uttarakhand-termites-ghost-town-kumaon-hills/1/376518.html Accessed 6th August 2017. Krishna, K., Grimaldi, D.A., Krishna, V. and Engel, M.S. 2013. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. His., No. 377 http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/ handle/ 2246/ 6430. Li, H.F., Fujisaki, I. and Su, N.Y. 2013. Predicting habitat suitability of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) with species distribution models. J. Econ. Entomol., 106(1): 311-21. Mahapatro, G.K. and Chatterjee, D. 2017. Termites as Structural Pest: Status in Indian Scenario. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci., DOI 10.1007/s40011-016-0837-5. Maiti, P. K. 1983. Termite fauna (lsoptera) of West Bengal, India. The recognition, biology and ecology. Rec. zool. Surv., India, Occ. Paper No. 42 : iv + 152, 4 figs., maps. Maiti, P.K. 1975. Two new species of termites (Isoptera) from West Bengal, India. Orient. Insects, 9(2): 139-148. Maiti, P.K. 1979. First record of the genus Bulbitermes Emerson (Termitidae : Nasutitermitinae) from India, with the description of a new species. Proc. zool. Soc., Calcutta, 30: 25-29. Mathur, R.N. and Chhotani, O.B. 1959. Revision of Stylotermes Holmgren and Holmgren (lsoptera : Rhinotermitidae : Stylotermitinae). Zool. Anz., 163(1/2): 40-53. RAJMOHANA and RITUPARNA : Insecta : Blattodea : Isoptera

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Mathur, R.N. and Thapa, R.S. 1962. A new species of Stylotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae :Stylotermitinae) from India. J. Timber Dryers and Preserv. Assoc. India, 8(4): 4-8. Mukherjee, P., Maiti, P.K. and Saha, N. 2008. Termite (Isoptera). Fauna of the Himalaya including its Zoogeographical Analysis. Mem. zool. Surv. India, 21(2): 1-207. Prashad, B. and Sen-Sarma, P.K. 1959. Revision of the Termite genus Nasutitermes Banks (Isoptera : Termitidae : Nasutitermitinae) from the Indian Region. ICAR Ent. Monogr. No., 23: 1-66. Rajagopal, D. 2002. Economically important termite species in India. Sociobiology, 40: 33-46. Roonwal, M.L. and Chhotani, O.B. 1962. Termite fauna of Assam region, eastern India. Proc. natn. Inst. Sci. India, (B) 28(4): 281-406, 26 pis. Roonwal, M.L. and Chhotani, O.B. 1971. Two new termites of genus Angulitermes Sjostedt (lsoptera : Termitidae) from India, with a key to species of Indian Region. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 63(1-4): 209-222. Roonwal, M.L. and Chhotani, O.B. 1977. Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel Isoptera (termites). Entomol. Basil., 2: 39-84. Roonwal, M.L. and Chhotani, O.B. 1989. Fauna of India-Isoptera (Termites) 1: viii + 1-672. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Roonwal, M.L. and Pant, G.D. 1953. A systematic catalogue of the main identified entomological collection at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Part 9. Isoptera. Indian Forest Leafl. (Ent), 121(3): 39-60. Roonwal, M.L. and Sen-Sarma, P.K. 1960. Contributions to the Systematics of Oriental Ternlites. xiv + 1-407. (65 pls.). New Delhi (Ent. Monogr. No.1, Indian Counc. Agric. Res.). Sen-Sarma, P.K. and Thakur, M.L. 1980. On a collection of termites of Kumaon Hills, Uttar Pradesh, India (Insecta: Isoptera). Indian Forest Rec. (N. S.) (Ent.), 14(1): 1 + 1-30. Shanbhag, R. and Sundararaj, R. 2013. Host range, pest status and distribution of wood destroying termites of India. J. Trop. Asian Entomol., 2: 12–27. Silvestri, F. 1914. Zoological results of Abor Expedition, 1911-12. XXXII. Termitidae. Rec. lndian Mus., 8(5): 425-435. Snyder, T.E. 1933a. New termites from India. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus., 82(Art 16): 1-t 5, t pI. Snyder, T.E. 1933b. Two new termites from India. Proc. biol. Soc., Washington, 46: 91-93. Snyder, T.E. 1949. Catalogue of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smiths. misc. Colis., 112: 2 + 1-490. Šobotník, J. and Cecilia, A.L. Dahlsjö. 2017. Isoptera, In Reference Module in Life Sciences, Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.02256-1. Su, N.Y. and Scheffrahn, R.H. 2000. Termites as pests of buildings. In, Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Springer Netherlands : 437–453. Thakur, M.L. 1981. Revision of the termite genus Odontotermes Holmgren (lsoptera : Termitidae : Macrotermitinae) from India. Indian Forest Rec. (N.S.) Ent., 14(2): 1-134, pls. 1-53. Thakur, M.L. and Rathore, N.S. 1986. A new termite Odontotermes sikkimensis (Isoptera : Termitidae : Macrotermitinae) from Sikkim. J. Ind. Acad. Wood Sci., 17(1): 53-56. Thakur, M.L. and Sen-Sarma, P.K. 1973. A new species of termite genus Doonitermes Chatterjee and Thakur (Isoptera : Termitidae : Amitermitinae) from West Bengal, India. Bull. Ent., 14: 85-90. Thakur, R.K. and Kumar, S. 2012. Termite Diversity in North Western Himalayn Region with New Distributional Records. Forest Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. J. Exp. Zool. India., 15(2): 365-373. Thakur, R.K., Tyagi, V. and Kumar, S. 2010. Termites from Garhwal, Uttarakhand (Insecta : Isoptera), with new distributional records. Forest Entomology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, (Uttarakhand). Indian For., 621-634. Verma, M., Sharma, S. and Prasad, R. 2009. Biological alternatives for termite control: A review. Int. J. Biod. Biod., 63: 959-972. Verma, S.C. 1995. Isoptera. In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, Himalayan Ecosystem series,. Part I, Uttar Pradesh: 47-50 (Published by the Director, Zoo. Surv. India, Calcutta). Willig, M.R., Kaufman, D.M. and Stevens, R.D. 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34: 273–309. York, A. 1998. Termites are a rainforests best friend. New Scientist Magazine. 2151(12). https://www.newscientist.com/ article/mg15921513-900-termites-are-a-rainforests-best-friend/, accessed on 1.08.2017. 292


Chapter 30

Insecta : Psocodea : Psocoptera RAMESH, G., BABU, R. and SUBRAMANIAN, K.A.

Psocoptera fauna of Himalayan region of India is prepared based on the published literature. A total of 40 species belonging to 28 genera and 14 families are recorded from the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (North Bengal) and Arunachal Pradesh. Among 40 species, 21 species were recorded from northern part of West Bengal and followed by Uttarakhand (8 species), Jammu and Kashmir (7 species) and 4 species recorded from Arunachal Pradesh. There are no records of psocopteran species from the Himalayan states of Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. A consolidated list of psocopteran species so far reported from the Himalaya is also provided.

T

INTRODUCTION

he order Psocodea comprises of parasitic lice of birds and mammals (Phthiraptera) and free-living booklice and barklice (Psocoptera). Previously, Phthiraptera and Psocoptera have been treated as two separate insect orders. Recent morphological and molecular studies show that Phthiraptera is imbedded within the Psocoptera (Lyal, 1985; Yoshizawa and Johnson, 2003, 2006; Johnson et al., 2004). Psocoptera, popularly known as Booklice or Psocids, are small, whitish or brownish, soft bodied, subglobular, and winged or wingless insects, with two or three segmented tarsi. Mouthparts are biting type, maxillae single lobed, the lacina used for rasping of fragments of bark or other tissues. Booklice are commonly found in unused old books and stored products. Similarly Barklice are usually found in leaf-litter, under tree- bark, haystacks, organic debris, in bird nest, lichens and yeast. They are gregarious in habit and live a colonial life (Srivastava, 1991; Ray 1998). The present work is undertaken to prepare a consolidated account of Psocopteran fauna of the Himalayan region based on the available literature.

and Uttarakhand. Needham (1909) reported a species Myopsocus griseipennis McLachlan from Uttarakhand later it was synonymized with Nimbopsocus australis. Banks (1914) recorded 4 species from Arunachal Pradesh. Later on, Thornton and Wong (1966) reported 7 species from West Bengal. Lee and Thornton (1967) described 3 species from West Bengal. Datta (1963, 1969) reported 2 species from West Bengal. New (1978) reported Taeniostigma ingens Enderlein, 1903 from West Bengal. After that Badonnel (1981a, 1981b) recorded 15 species from Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and West Bengal including 10 new species. Garcia Aldrete (1988) recorded 2 species of Lachesillidae from Jammu and Kashmir. Ray and Srivastava (1992) compiled psocid fauna of West Bengal with 39 species belonging to 24 genera of 15 families, of which 17 species were reported from north Bengal.

SPECIES DIVERSITY

HISTORICAL RESUME

Globally 5,732 species are reported (Zhang, 2013) of which 122 species are recorded from India (Ray, 1988). In this study, a total of 40 species belonging to 28 genera and 14 families are recorded from Himalayan regions of India (Fig. 1).

McLachlan (1872) described the first species of psocoptera Amphipsocus pilosus from the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. Klobe (1883) described a species Psocus tabrobanes var. bengalensis from North Bengal and later it was elevated to Psococerastis bengalensis. After that, Enderlein (1903) reported 3 species from West Bengal

Among 40 species, 21 species are recorded from West Bengal (North Bengal) alone followed by Uttarakhand (8 species), Jammu and Kashmir (7 species) and 4 species recorded from Arunachal Pradesh. However there is no report of Psocoptera from the states of Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim (Table 1).

Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 028 Citation Ramesh, G., Babu, R. and Subramanian, K.A. 2018. Insecta : Psocodea : Psocoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 293-296 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).


Table1. State wise distribution and endemic species of Himalayan Psocoptera. S. No.

States

Family

Genera

Species

Endemic to India Endemic to Himalaya

1.

Jammu and Kashmir

4

5

7

5

5

2.

Himachal Pradesh

0

0

0

0

0

3.

Uttarakhand

7

7

8

2

2

4.

Sikkim

0

0

0

0

0

5.

West Bengal

9

17

21

8

4

6.

Arunachal Pradesh

4

4

4

1

1

ENDEMISM

SYSTEMATIC LIST

Among the 40 species recorded from Himalayan regions of India, 16 species are endemic to India of which 12 are exclusive to the Himalaya.

(species marked with * are endemic to Himalaya and marked $ are to India)

THREATS Deforestation, forest fires, habitat destruction and pesticides are major threats to the Psocoptera. This taxa is not assessed for threat under IUCN.

GAP AREAS In terms of exploration of psocid fauna, no work has been carried out for the last three decades in the Himalayas as well as in India. This is evidenced by absence of any records of this group from Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim. Current species records from Himalaya are based on studies carried out in small geographic region. Extensive surveys are required in different ecosystems of the region for detailed studies and build up reference collection. 294

Order PSOCODEA Lyal, 1985 Suborder PSOCOMORPHA Pearman, 1936 Infraorder CAECILIUSETAE Pearman, 1936 Family AMPHIPSOCIDAE Pearman, 1936 Subfamily AMPHIPSOCINAE Pearman, 1936 Tribe AMPHIPSOCINI Pearman, 1936 Subtribe AMPHIPSOCINA Pearman, 1936 Genus Amphipsocus McLachlan, 1872 heterothrix Thornton and Wong, 1966: 2C pilosus McLachlan, 1872: 2B Subtribe TAENIOSTIGMINA Mockford, 1978 Genus Taeniostigma Enderlein, 1901 ingens Enderlein, 1903: 2C Tribe KOLBEINI Mockford, 1978 Genus Kolbia Bertkau, 1882 punctata (Banks, 1914): 2D* Family CAECILIUSIDAE Mockford, 2000 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Infraorder PHILOTARSETAE Yoshizawa and Johnson, 2014 Family PSEUDOCAECILIIDAE Pearman, 1936 Subfamily PSEUDOCAECILIINAE Pearman, 1936 Genus Allocaecilius Lee and Thornton, 1967 heterothorax Lee and Thornton, 1967: 2C* Genus Heterocaecilius Lee and Thornton, 1967 fuscipalpus Lee and Thornton, 1967: 2C Genus Scytopsocopsis Lee and Thornton, 1967 hirtipenna Lee and Thornton, 1967: 2C Infraorder PSOCETAE Pearman, 1936 Family MYOPSOCIDAE Pearman, 1936 Genus Nimbopsocus Smithers Courtenay, 2004 australis (Brauer, 1865): 2B Genus Thorntonodes Lienhard, 2004 pattoni (Datta, 1966): 2C* Family PSOCIDAE Hagen, 1865 Subfamily PSOCINAE Hagen, 1865 Tribe METYLOPHORINI Roesler, 1943 Genus Metylophorus Pearman, 1932 paranebulosus New, 1978: 2B Tribe PTYCTINI Mockford, 1993 Genus Ptycta Enderlein, 1925 schneideri Badonnel, 1981: 1A* Tribe THYRSOPHORINI Klobe, 1882 Genus Longivalvus Li, 1993 nubilus (Enderlein, 1906): 2C Genus Psococerastis Pearman, 1932 bengalensis (Kolbe, 1883): 2C nirvana (Banks, 1914): 2D Suborder TROCTOMORPHA Roesler, 1940 Infraorder NANOPSOCETAE Pearman, 1936 Family LIPOSCELIDIDAE Broadhead, 1950 Subfamily EMBIDOPSOCINAE Broadhead, 1950 Genus Embidopsocus Hagan, 1866 kumaonensis Badonnel, 1981: 2B* Subfamily LIPOSCELIDINAE Broadhead, 1950 Genus Liposcelis Motschulsky, 1852 bengalensis Badonnel, 1981: 2C$ Family PACHYTROCTIDAE Enderlein, 1904 Subfamily PACHYTROCTINAE Enderlein, 1904 Genus Pachytroctes Enderlein, 1904 bicoloripes Badonnel, 1949: 2B Suborder TROGIOMORPHA Roesler, 1940 Infraorder ATROPETAE Pearman, 1936 Family TROGIIDAE Roesler, 1944 Genus Lepinotus Heyden, 1850 indicus Badonnel, 1981: 2C$

Subfamily CAECILIUSINAE Mockford, 2000 Tribe CAECILIUSINI Mockford, 2000 Genus Caecilius Curtis, 1837 bhimtalensis Badonnel, 1981: 2B* latreillei Badonnel, 1981: 2B persimilaris (Thornton and Wong, 1966): 2C Genus Dypsocus Hagen, 1866 fucosus Thornton and Wong, 1966: 2C Tribe CORYPHACINI Mockford, 2000 Genus Stenocaecilius Mockford, 2000 pictifrons (Thornton and Wong, 1966): 2C Genus Valenzuela Navas, 1924 bengalensis (Badonnel, 1981): 2C* himalayanus (Enderlein, 1903): 2C Family PARACAECILIIDAE Mockford, 1989 Genus Enderleinella Badonnel, 1932 ceylonica (Enderlein, 1903): 2D Family STENOPSOCIDAE Pearman, 1936 Genus Stenopsocus Hagen, 1866 pallidus Thornton and Wong, 1966: 2C uniformis (Hagen, 1859): 1A Infraorder EPIPSOCETAE Pearman, 1936 Family EPIPSOCIDAE Mockford, 2000 Genus Bertkauia Kolbe, 1882 loebli (Badonnel, 1981): 2B Genus Epipsocopsis Badonnel, 1955 costalis (Banks, 1914): 2D Infraorder HOMILOPSOCIDEA Pearman, 1936 Family ECTOPSOCIDAE Roesler, 1944 Genus Ectopsocus McLachlan, 1899 cinctus Thornton, 1962: 2C Family LACHESILLIDAE Pearman, 1936 Subfamily LACHESILLINAE Pearman, 1936 Genus Lachesilla Westwood, 1840 falcicula Badonnel, 1981: 1A sonamarga Garcia Aldrete, 1988: 1A* Family PERIPSOCIDAE Roesler, 1944 Genus Diplopsocus Li andMockford, 1993 dachigamensis (Badonnel, 1981): 1A* similaris (Badonnel, 1981): 1A* sinensis (Datta, 1963): 2C$ Genus Peripsocus Hagen, 1866 bhaktai Badonnel, 1981: 2C* kashmirensis Badonnel, 1981: 1A* quercicola Enderlein, 1906: 2C sclerotus Thornton and Wong, 1966: 2C$

REFERENCES Badonnel, A. 1981a. Psocoptères (Insecta: Psocoptera) de l’Inde. Mission Besuchet-Löbl (1978) et voyage entomologique Löbl 1979. Rev. Suisse Zool., 88(2): 381-411. Badonnel, A. 1981b. Psocoptères du nord de l’Inde et du Pakistan. Entomol. Basil., 6: 120-149. Banks, N. 1914. Neuropteroid insects. Rec. Indian Mus., 8: 351-356. Datta, B. 1963. A new Indian species of Peripsocus Hagen, 1866 (Psocoptera: Peripsocidae), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B (Biol. Sci.), 33: 606-610. Datta, B. 1969. Indian Psocoptera. Zool. Anz., 182: 288-292. Enderlein, G. 1903. Die Copeognathen des indo-australischen Faunengebietes. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Hung., 1: 179-344. RAMESH et al, : Insecta : Psocodea : Psocoptera

295

Garcia Aldrete, A.N. 1988. Species of Lachesilla (Psocoptera : Lachesillidae) from the Indian Himalaya. Ana. Inst. Biol. UNAM ser. Zool., 58(2): 525-532. Johnson, K.P., Yoshizawa, K. and Smith, V.S. 2004. Multiple origins of parasitism in lice. Proc. Roy. Soc. London (B), 271: 1771-1776. Kolbe, H.J. 1883. Ueber die Racen des Psocustaprobanes Hagen in Ostindien. Ent. Nachr., 9: 152-154. Lee, S.S. and Thornton, L.W.B. 1967. The family Pseudocaeciliidae (Psocoptera) - a reappraisal based on the discovery of new Oriental and Pacific species. Pac. Ins. Mon., 16: 1-116. Lyal, C.H.C. 1985. Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera). Syst. Entomol., 10: 145-165. McLachlan, R. 1872. Description of a new genus and five new species of exotic Psocidae. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 9: 74-78. Needham, J.G. 1909. Notes on the Neuroptera in the collection of the Indian Museum. Rec. Indian Mus., 3(3): 185210. New, T.R. 1978. Ergebnisse der Bhutan– Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel: Psocoptera. Entomol. Basil., 3: 67-86. Ray, K.K. 1998. Psocoptera. In: Faunal Diversity in India, (Eds. Alfred, J.R.B., Das, A.K. and Sanyal, A.K): 230-232, ENVIS Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Ray, K.K. and Srivastava, V.D. 1992. Psocoptera: Insecta. In: Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(4): 525-548 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Srivastava, V.D. 1991. Psocoptera. In: Animal resources of India, State of Art, pp. 309-312 (Ed. Director), Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Thornton, I.W.B. and Wong, S.K. 1966. Some Psocoptera from West Bengal, India. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 118: 1-21. Yoshizawa, K. and Johnson, K.P. 2003. Phylogenetic position of Phthiraptera (Insecta: Paraneoptera) and elevated rate of evolution in mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 29: 102-114. Yoshizawa, K. and Johnson, K.P. 2006. Morphology of male genitalia in lice and relatives and phylogenetic implications. Syst. Entomol., 31(2): 350-361. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In, Animal Biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013), (Ed. Zhang Zhi-Qiang). Zootaxa, 3703: 1-82. (Psoc.: p. 21).

296


Chapter 31

Insecta : Phthiraptera PAROMIT CHATTERJEE1, ARAJUSH PAYRA2 and SOUMYASREE SEN3

Order Phthiraptera includes 466 species from India out of 5,136 species known globally. A total of 130 species belonging to 38 genera and 8 families has been listed in the present checklist from the Indian Himalaya. The Central Himalaya (2C) showed the maximum number of species (62) present in the Himalaya, followed by the North-West Himalaya (47), West Himalaya (45), Ladakh Mountains (42), Tibetan Plateau (32) and East Himalaya (14). Phthirapterans are host specific, and mostly they live on a single species. Therefore, their distribution and threats are related to that of their hosts.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL RESUME

he wingless insects in the order Phthiraptera are ectoparasites of warm-blooded animals, mostly birds and mammals which are widely known as lice. The order Phthiraptera is divided into 4 suborders: Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura. The suborders Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Rhynchophthirina are ectoparasites of birds termed as chewing lice whereas as the species in Anoplura survive on mammals as sucking lice (Price et al., 2003; Ahmad et al., 2011, 2013, 2015). The species in suborder Ischnocera mostly rely on the feathers and skins of the hosts for feeding, thus weakening their body, creating irritation and shredding of feathers. The species in Amblycera, on the other hand, feed on blood and lymph of the host, due to which the hosts stops eating, feels weak, and start losing weight (Mullen and Durden, 2002; Aksin, 2010). There are about 5,136 species of this order so far described from the world (Zhang, 2013), of which about 400 species are reported from India (Ghosh, 1996; Chandra, 2011). In this chapter a systematic list of species order Phthiraptera is compiled with its distribution in different biotic provinces (1A: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains, 1B: Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau, 1C: Trans Himalaya-Sikkim, 2A: Himalaya-North-West, 2B: Himalaya-West Himalaya, 2C: Himalaya-Central Himalaya and 2D: Himalaya-East Himalaya) of Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone. (Rodgos & Pandor 1988).

Like other insect taxa, the preliminary descriptions of Phthirapteran fauna from India can be found in the works of Linnaeus (1758), Fabricius (1775, 1798), Nitzsch (1818), Kellogg (1908), Kellogg and Pain (1914), Kellogg and Nakayama (1915), Gaiger (1910, 1915) and Paine (1912). All of the pioneers studied them in birds and other animals either from the zoological collections or the collections made from zoos.

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Before Keler (1960) studies on Mallophaga in India was scanty. Although, Keler (1960) listed some of the Indian Mallophaga species but a comprehensive bibliography on Indian Mallophaga was first compiled by Lakshminarayana (1968, 1970, 1979, 1980, 1986). Some of the noticeable works on Indian Mallophagan fauna were carried out by mainly by Ansari (1956, 1957), Emerson and Elbel (1961), Tandan (1972), Rai (1977), Agarwal and Saxena (1979), Chandra et al. (1988, 1990), Saxena et al. (1996, 2009, 2011). In recent times, Gupta et al. (2007), Khan et al. (2008, 2009), Rajput et al. (2009), Agarwal et al. (2011), Arya et al. (2011), Ahmad et al. (2011, 2013, 2015), and Mishra et al. (2016) have provided some of the significant works on population of Indian Mallophaga species. Recently Sheela et al. (2015) provided the information on type specimens of order Phthiraptera housed in the National Zoological Collection of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Chatterjee, P., Payra, A. and Sen, S. 2018. Insecta : Phthiraptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 297-304 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

The studies on Indian Anopluran species were mainly carried out by Quadri (1949), Ansari (1951), Wattal and Tandon (1965), Mitchell et al. (1966), Wattal et al. (1967), Srivastava and Wattal (1970), Mishra (1972), Mishra and Bhatt (1972), Mishra et al. (1974), Mishra and Dhanda (1975), Mishra (1981), and Rashmi et al. (2016). Recently Adhikary and Ghosh, (1994) reported 56 species of Anoplura from India. Among these studies mentioned above, Wattal and Tandon, (1965), Srivastava and Wattal, (1970), and Mishra et al., (1974) were mainly carried out on the Indian Himalaya.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The present chapter includes the information of about 130 species belonging to 38 genera under 8 families from Indian Himalaya. The maximum number of species belong to suborder Ischnocera (82 species under 25 genera) followed by Anoplura (28 species under 6 genera), and Amblycera (20 species under 7 genera). The suborder Rhynchophthirina is not yet represented in the lice fauna of the region. The present study also revealed that most of the Phthiraptera species occur in the Central Himalaya with 25.6 percent (62 species) of the total diversity followed by North-West Himalaya with 19.4 percent (47 species), West Himalaya with 18.5 percent (45 species), Ladakh Mountains with 17.3 percent (42 species), Tibetan Plateau with 13.2 percent (32 species) and East Himalaya with 5.7 percent (14 species) respectively (Fig. 1). There is no record from Sikkim region in Trans Himalayan zone.

ENDEMISM Endemism of in this order cannot be assessed due to lack of detailed distributional range of the species.

THREATS However, since as like any other parasites, species of Phthiraptera are very specific to their hosts. Therefore, threats or extinction of those host species can be of concern to the existence of Phthiraptera species.

GAP AREAS The studies about host-parasite relations, host choice, distributions, and DNA based molecular studies are needed to understand the interrelation of the species in this order. The effect of seasonal variations, influence in the host fitness and the symptoms and economic loss caused by their parasitic nature to the domestic animals are some challenging aspects yet to be taken into consideration.

DISCUSSION The present study indicates that species Goniodes dissimilis, G. eurygaster, G. sectus, and Lipeurus caponis were recorded from 2B and 2C. All of their hosts belong to family Phasianidae (Blood Pheasant, Cheer Pheasant and Himalayan Monal) of order Galliformes. These are range restricted species occurring in the Himalaya between the elevations of 1450 to 4000 m. Goniodes dispar is the only species found in 1A and 2B. The host of the species is Chukar Partridge (Alectoris

Fig. 1. Map showing the species composition of order Phthiraptera in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

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chukar) which is restricted to the high hills of west Himalaya. Menacanthus cornutus, M. eurysternus, M. kalatitar, M. stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Myrsidea assamensis, M. himalayensis, Hoplopleura ramgarh, Columbicola guimaraesi, Goniocotes chrysocephalus, G. jirufti, Goniodes colchici, G. gallinae, G. gigas, Lipeurus lawrensis, Oxylipeurus pucrasia, Bovicola caprae, and Damalinia forficulas are distributed in West Himalaya. Their hosts range from pigeons and doves to the pheasants of the higher altitude. Hoplopleura phaiomydis, Linognathus stenopsis, Polyplax serrate, and Syrrhaptoecus tibetanus were recorded from 1B. Their host species are restricted to the Trans-Himalaya of Ladakh and Northern most of Sikkim. Apart from the wild birds and mammals, they have also been recorded from the domestic sheep and goats of high altitudes. This particular choice of host species makes these phthirapteran species extremely endemic to the Trans-Himalayan regions. Colpocephalum tirkhan is restricted to 2A and 2B of the Himalaya. Its host species is Picus squamatus or Scaly-bellied Woodpecker is restricted to West Himalaya with an altitude range of 600 to 3700m. Goniodes spinicornis is distributed 2A, 2B and 2C, whose host are mainly pheasants. Cuclotogaster tetraogallus is restricted to the biogeographic zone of 1A and 2C. Tetraogallus himalayensis or the Himalayan Snowcock is the host species for T. himalayensis. These species occurs in the Trans Himalayan regions of Ladakh and Sikkim between the elevations of 3600 to 4570m. Host species like these limits the distribution of the parasitic species very much. Among the other recorded species of Phthiraptera from the Himalaya Degeeriella rufa and Goniodes costatus of biogeographic zone 1A and 2C, Goniodes ocellatus of biogeographic zone 1A and 2D, Philopterus garruli of the biogeographic zone 1A, 2C, 2D, Brueelia myiophoneae and Actornithophilus grandiceps of the biogeographic zone 1A and 2A, Hoplopleura pacifica and Polyplax reclinata with distributions all over Himalaya is notable.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order PHTHIRAPTERA Haeckel, 1896 Suborder AMBLYCERA Kellogg, 1896 Family LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE Mjöberg, 1910 Genus Laemobothrion Nitzsch, 1818 maximum (Scopoli, 1763): 2C Host: Aviceda jerdoni. Family MENOPONIDAE Mjöberg, 1910 Genus Actornithophilus Ferris, 1916 grandiceps (Piaget, 1880): 1A, 2A Host: Ibidorhyncha struthersii. Genus Colpocephalum Nitzsch, 1818 tirkhan (Ansari, 1951): 2A, 2B CHATTERJEE et al. : Insecta : Phthiraptera

Host: Picus squamatus squamatus. Genus Kurodaia Uchida, 1926 deignani Elbel and Emerson, 1960: 2C Host: Glaucidium cucoloides. Genus Menacanthus Neumann, 1912 cornutus (Schommer, 1913): 2B Host: Gallus gallus. eurysternus Burmeister, 1838: 2B Hosts: Garrulus lanceolatus, and Pycnonotus leucogenys leucogenys. kalatitar Ansari, 1951: 2B Host: Francolinus pondicerianus. stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818): 2B Hosts: Gallus gallus, Lophura leucomelana, Pavo cristatus, and Tragopan satyra. Genus Menopon Nitzsch, 1818 gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Host: Gallus gallus murghi.. Genus Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 assamensis Tandan, 1972: 2B Host: Garrulax leucolophus leucolophus. brunnea (Nitzsch, 1866): 2A Host: Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila. dukhunensis Ansari, 1951: 2A Host: Motacilla alba dukhunensis. flavirostrata Ansari, 1951: 2A Host: Kitta flavirostris flavirostris. himalayensis Klockenhoff, 1969: 2B Host: Corvus macrorhynchos intermedius. macraidoia Tandan, 1972: 2C Host: Garrulax albogularis albogularis. sehri Ansari, 1951: 2A Host: Garrulax lineatus lineatus. sikkimensis Tandan, 1972: 2C Host: Garrulax striatus sikkimensis. singularis Tandan, 1972: 2C Host: Garrulax subunicolor subunicolor. sultanpurensis Ansari, 1951: 2C Host: Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii. tibetana Klockenhoff and Schirmers, 1976: 2A Host: Corvus corax tibetanus. Suborder ANOPLURA Leach, 1815 Family HOPLOPLEURIDAE Ewing, 1929 Genus Ancistroplax Waterston, 1929 crocidurae Waterston, 1929- 2D Hosts: Suncus etruscua, and Crocidura horsfieldii. Genus Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839): 2C Hosts: Rattus rattus, and Pitymys sikkimensis. alticola Mishra and Bhat, 1972: 2A Host: Alticola roylei. captiosa Johnson, 1960: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Mus booduga. himalayana Mishra, Kulkarni and Bhat, 1974:1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Apodemus flavicollis. kondana Mishra, 1981: 1A, 1B, 2A Host: Millardia meltada. maniculata (Neumann, 1909): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Hosts: Funambulus palmarum, F. pennant, and F. tristriatus. pacifica Ewing, 1924: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Host: Rattus nitidus. pahari Johnson, 1972: 2C

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Host: Mus pahari. phaiomydis Ferris, 1921: 1B Host: Microtus sp. ramgarh Mishra, Kulkarni and Bhat, 1972: 2B Host: Mus platythrix. sicata Johnson, 1964: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C Hosts: Niviventer eha, and N. niviventer. silvula Johnson, 1972: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Vandeleuria oleracea. Family LINOGNATHIDAE (Webb, 1946) Genus Linognathus Enderlein, 1905 africanus Kellogg and Paine, 1911: 2B Hosts: Domesticated Sheep and Goat. ovillus (Neumann, 1907): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Hosts: Domesticated Sheep and Goat. setosus (Von Olfers, 1816): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Hosts: Dog (domesticated), Fox, Rabbit and Ferret. stenopsis (Burmeister, 1838): 1B Hosts: Domesticated Sheep and Goat. Family PEDICINIDAE Enderlein, 1904 Genus Pedicinus Gervais, 1844 ancoratus Ferris, 1934: 1A, 1B, 2A Hosts: Primates. eurygaster (Burmeister, 1838): 1A, 1B, 2A Hosts: Primates. obtusus (Rudow, 1869): 1A, 1B, 2A Hosts: Primates. Family POLYPLACIDAE Fahrenholz, 1912 Genus Neohaematopinus Mjoberg, 1910 echinatus (Neumann, 1909): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Funumbulus sp. palearctus Olsoufiev, 1938: 1A, 1B, 2A Host: Marmota caudate. petauristae Ferris, 1923: 1A, 1B, 2A Hosts: Petaurista philippensis, and P. petaurista. Genus Polyplax Enderlein, 1904 asiatica Ferris, 1923: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Host: Nesokia indica. indica Mishra and Kulkarni, 1974: 1A, 1B, 2A Host: Golunda ellioti. reclinata (Nitzsch, 1864): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Host: Suncus murinus. serrata (Burmeister, 1838): 1B Host: Mus musculus. spinulosa (Burmeister, 1838): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Niviventer niviventer. Suborder ISCHNOCERA Kellogg, 1896 Family PHILOPTERIDAE Burmeister, 1838 Genus Alcedoecus Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1939 capistratus (Neumann, 1912): 2A Host: Halcyon smyrnensis smyrnensis. Genus Anaticola Clay, 1936 anseris Linne, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Hosts: Anser anser, and A. indicus. crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763): 2A Hosts: Anas crecca crecca,and Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii. Genus Brueelia Kéler, 1936 antennatus Ansari, 1956: 2C Host: Garrulax striatus sikkimensis. avinus Ansari, 1956: 2C Host: GarruIax subunicolor subunicolor. daumae (Clay, 1936): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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Host: Zootbera dauma dauma. grandalae (Clay, 1936): 2C Host: Grandala coelicolor coelicolor. husaini Ansari, 1956: 1A, 1B, 2A Hosts: Kitta flavirostris cucullata, and K. erythrorhyncha occipitalis. longisternus Ansari, 1956: 2C Host: Cutia nipalensis nipalensis. marginata (Burmeister, 1838): 2A Hosts: Kitta erythrorhyncha occipitalis, K. flavirostris flavirostris, and Garrulax lineatus lineatus. multipunctata (Clay, 1936): 1A Host: Nucifraga caryocatactes multipunctata. myiophoneae (Clay, 1936): 1A, 2A Host: Myiophoneus caeruleus temminckii. nipalensis Ansari, 1956: 2C Host: Garrulax striatus sikkimensis. novofacies Ansari, 1956: 2C Host: Garrulax subunicolor subunicolor. punjabensis (Ansari, 1947): 2A Host: Megalaima virens marshallorum. sehri Ansari, 1955: 2A Host: Garrulax lineatum griscentior. stresemanni (Clay, 1936): 2C Host: Zoothera monticola monticola. varia (Burmeister, 1838): 1A Hosts: Corvus corax, and Pica pica bactriana. zootherae (Clay, 1936): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Zoothera marginata. Genus Campanulotes Kéler, 1939 heteroceros Tendeiro, 1969: 2C Host: Columba leuconota leuconota. Genus Chelopistes Kéler, 1939 lervicola (Clay, 1941): 2C Host: Lerwa lerwa. Genus Coloceras Taschenberg, 1882 indicum (Tendeiro, 1973): 2C Host: Columba hodgsonii. lativentris (Uchida, 1916): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Streptopelia chinensis tigrina. piriformes (Tendeiro, 1969): 2C Host: Chalcophaps indica indica. setosum (Piaget, 1880): 2C Host: Treron pompadora phayrei. Genus Columbicola Ewing, 1929 elbeli Tendeiro, 1965: 2C Host: Treron sphenura. guimaraesi Tendeiro, 1965: 2B Host: Chalcophaps indica. tschulyschman Eichler, 1942: 2C Hosts: Columba rupestris turkestanica, and C. leuconota leuconota. Genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938 nisi (Denny, 1842): 2C Host: Spilornis cheela melanotis. Genus Cuclotogaster Carriker, 1936 heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866): 2A Host: Alectoris graeca pallescens. tetraogallus (Clay, 1938): 2A, 2C Hosts: Tetraogallus himalayensis himalayensis, and T. tibetanus tibetanus. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Degeeriella Neumann, 1906 punctifer (Gervais, 1844): 2C Host: Gypaetus barbatus aureus. rufa (Burmeister, 1838): 1A, 2C Host: Falco tinnunculus. Genus Falcolipeurus Bedford, 1931 quadripustulatus (Burmeister, 1838): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Gyps himalayensis. Genus Goniocotes Burmeister, 1838 chrysocephalus Giebel, 1874: 2B Host: Lophura leucomelana hamiltoni. jirufti Ansari, 1951: 2B Host: Francolinus pondicerianus. Genus Goniodes Nitzsch, 1818 cervinicornis Giebel, 1874: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Lophura leucomelana lathami. colchici Denny, 1842: 2B Host: Lophura leucomelana hamiltoni. costatus (Kéler, 1939): 1A, 2C Hosts: Tetraogallus himalayensis himalayensis, T. tibetanus tibetanus, and T. tibetanus aquilonifer. dispar Burmeister, 1838: 1A, 2B Host: Alectoris graeca chukar. dissimilis Denny, 1842: 2B, 2C Hosts: Ithaginis cruentus, and Gallus gallus murghi. eurygaster Piaget, 1885: 2B, 2C Host: Lophophorus impejanus. gallinae (de Geer, 1778): 2B Host: Gallus gallus. gigas (Taschenberg, 1879): 2B Host: Gallus gallus. indicus (Kellogg and Paine, 1914): 2C Host: Arborophila rufogularis. intermedius Neumann, 1913: 1A Host: Pucrasia macrolopha biddulphi. ithaginis Clay, 1940: 2C Host: Pucrasia macrolopha biddulphi. megaceros Kellogg and Paine, 1914: 2C Host: Lophophorus impejanus. ocellatus (Rudow, 1869): 1A, 2D Hosts: Lophophorus impejanus hamiltoni, and Pucrasia macrolopha macrolopha. processus Kellogg and Paine, 1914: 2C Hosts: Arborophila rufogularis, A. torqueola torqueola, and A. torqueola millardi. sectus Kellogg and Paine, 1914: 2B, 2C Host: Catreus wallichii. spinicornis (Nitzsch, 1866): 2A, 2B, 2C Hosts: Tragopan blythi, and Tragopan satyra. temporalis (Kéler, 1939): 2C Host: Francolinus gularis. tragopan Clay, 1940: 1A Host: Tragopan melanocephalus. Genus Lagopoecus Waterston, 1922 heterotypus (Megnin, 1880): 2C Host: Lophorphorus impejanus. meinertzhageni Clay, 1938: 2C Host: Lerwa lerwa. Genus Lipeurus Nitzsch, 1818 caponis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C Hosts: Lophura leucomelana melanota, and Gallus gallus murghi. eurycnemis Taschenberg, 1882: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D CHATTERJEE et al. : Insecta : Phthiraptera

Host: Lophorphorus impejanus. introductus Kellogg, 1896: 2C Host: Lophura leucomelana hamiltoni. lawrensis Bedford, 1929: 2B Genus Oxylipeurus Mjoberg, 1910 burmeisteri (Taschenberg, 1882): 2C Host: Lophophorus impejanus. himalayensis (Rudow, 1869): 1A Host: Tragopan melanocephalus. ithaginis Clay, 1938: 2C Host: Ithaginis ithaginis cruentus. longus (Piaget, 1880): 2C Host: Tragopan satyra. megalops (Piaget, 1880): 2C Host: Rollulus roulroul. nitzschi (Kéler, 1958): 2C Host: Arborophila torqueola torqueola. pucrasia Clay, 1938: 2B Host: Pucrasia macrolopha macrolopha. robustus (Rudow, 1869): 2C Host: Lophura leuconalana. unicolor (Piaget, 1880): 2C Hosts: Arborophila rufogularis, A. rufogularis torqueola, A. rufogularis millardi, and A. rufogularis rufogularis. Genus Penenirmus Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1938 pici (Fabricius, 1798): 2A Host: Picus squamatas squamatas. Genus Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818 atratus Nitzsch, 1818: 1A Host: Corvus corax. crassipes (Burmeister, 1838): 2A Host: Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila. garruli Boisduval and Lacordaire, 1835: 1A, 2C, 2D Hosts: Kitta flavirostris flavirostris, Dendrocitta formosae himalayensis and Pica pica bactriana. thryptocephalus (Kellogg and Paine, 1914): 1A Host: Graculus graculus. Genus Picicola Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1938 Snodgrassi (Kellogg, 1896): 2C Host: Dendrocopos darjellensis. Genus Quadraceps Clay and Meinertzhagan, 1939 altoasiaticum (Timmermann, 1954): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Host: Ibidorhyncha struthersi. Genus Ricinus de Geer, 1778 fringillae de Geer, 1778: 2C Host: Prunella strophiata strophiata. ivanovi Blagoveshtchensky, 1951: 2C Host: Leucosticte brandti. Genus Strigiphilus Mjoberg, 1910 macrogenitalis Emerson and Elbel, 1957: 2C Host: Glaucidium cuculoides rufescens. Genus Syrrhaptoecus Waterston, 1928 tibetanus Waterston, 1928: 1B Host: Syrrhaptes tibetanus. Family TRICHODECTIDAE Kellogg, 1896 Genus Bovicola Ewing, 1929 caprae (Gurlt, 1843): 2B Host: Domestic goat. Genus Damalinia Mjoberg, 1910 forficulas (Piaget, 1880): 2B Host: Cuon javanicus.

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Khan, V., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Ahmad, A. and Saxena, A.K. 2008. Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasites on selected poultry in the district, Rampur (UP). Indian Vet. J., 85: 447-448. Khan, V., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Ahmad, A. and Saxena, A.K. 2009. Prevalence of lice in pigeons. Indian Vet. J., 86: 531532. Lakshminarayana, K.V. 1968. On the status of Eulaemobothrion Ewing, with a description of a new species from India. Orient. Insects, 1(3-4): 257-264. Lakshminarayana, K.V. 1970. Systematic studies on Mallophaga on Indian birds and mammals. Ph. D. Thesis, Agra University. Agra, Vol. I. (Text): xvii+572 pp.; Vol. II (Illustrations and reprints) : Text-figures pIs. A-U + Photomicrographs pls. 1-33 + Reprints and transcripts 17. Lakshminarayana, K.V. 1979. A synoptic list of Mallophaga Sense Lat. (Phthiraptera: Insecta) from India and adjacent countries together with host and regional indices. Rec. zool. Surv. India., 75: 39-201. Lakshminarayana, K.V. 1986. Data book for the study of the Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) In India and adjacent country. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper No., 81: 1-63. Lakshminarayana, K.V., Vijayalaksmi, S. and Talukdar, B. 1980. The Chewing-Lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) from Andaman Nicobar Island with remarks on some host relationships. Rec. zool. Surv. India., 77: 31-37. Linnaeus, C. von. 1758. Systema Naturae. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiare 10 (ed.) 1: 611-614. Mishra, A.C. 1981. The Hoplopleurid lice of the Indian subcontinent (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 21: 1-128. Mishra, A.C. and Bhat, H.R. 1972. Hoplopleura vandeleuria sp. nov. and Hoplopleura alticola sp. nov. (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) from Indian rodents. Orient. Insects, 6: 521-530. Mishra, A.C. and Dhanda, V. 1975. Review of the genus Millardia (Rodentia: Muridae) with description of a new species. J. Mammal., 56: 76-80. Mishra, A.C., Bhat, H.R. and Kulkarni, S.M. 1974. A survey of Haematophagous Arthropods in Western Himalayas, Sikkim and hill districts of West Bengal (Anoplura). Indian J. Med. Res., 62: 1268-1287. Mishra, S., Pednekar, R. and Gatne, M. 2016. A comparative study of region specificity in bird louse in organized and unorganized sector of Mumbai. Int. J. Sci. Env. Tech., 5(5): 3506-3511. Mitchell, C.l., Hoogstraal, H., Schaller, G.B. and Spillett, J. 1966. Ectoparasites from mammals in Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India and their potential disease relationship. J. Med. Ent., 3: 113-124. Mullen, G.R. and Durden, L.A. 2002. Lice (Phthiraptera). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, San Diego. Nitzsch, C.L. 1818. Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta Epizoica) als ein Prodromus einer Naturgeschictederselben. Mag. Enl. Germar., 3: 261-316. Paine, J.H. 1912. Notes on miscellaneous collection of Mallophaga from Mammals. Entomol. News., 23: 437-442, pI. 20. Price, R.D., Hellenthal, R.A., Palma, R.L., Johnson, K.P. and Clayton, D.H. 2003. The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey. Special Publication 24: 1-501. Qadri, M.A.H. 1949. External and internal anatomy of the Buffalo louse Haematopinus tuberculatus Burmeister. Aligarh Muslim University Publication on Indian insect type, (1): 1-21. Rai, R.K. 1977. On a collection of Mallophaga (Phthiraptera) from Northeast India with description of a new species. Orient Insects., 11(4): 587-595. Rajput, S., Joshi, V.D., Gupta, N., Khan, V. and Saxena, A.K. 2009. Population dynamics of Phthiraptera on infesting Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus. Entomon., 34(2): 25–57. Rashmi, A., Ahmad, A. and Saxena, A.K. 2016. A note on the population of Haematopinus tuberculatus (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) on the Buffaloes in District Rampur U.P. India. Researcher, 8(1): 18-20. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, S.H. 1988. Biogeographical classification of India. New Forest, Dehra Dun, India. Saxena, A.K., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., Khan, V., Arya, G. and Saxena, S. 2009. Intrinsic rate of natural increase of five species of Ischnoceran lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from India. Entomol News., 120(4): 363-369. CHATTERJEE et al. : Insecta : Phthiraptera

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Saxena, A.K., Surman, S.S., Kumar, A. and Trivedi, M.C. 1996. Population composition of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (Insecta: Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae). Rudolstadter Nat Hist Schrift., 7: 49-57. Saxena, R., Sharma, H.B., Ahmad, A., Arya, G., Bansal, N., Rashmi, A. and Saxena, A.K. 2011. Population characteristics of Brueelia sp on certain Indian finches. J. App. Nat. Sci., 3(1): 90-92. Sheela, S., Venkataraman, K. and Das, D. 2015. The type Specimens in the National Zoological Collection Phthiraptera. Type Catalogue Series-2. Zoological Survey of India. Srivastava, S.P. and Wattal, B.I. 1970. Distribution of ectoparasitic haematophagous arthropods of burrowing and domesticated mammals in Dharamshala area (Himachal Pradesh, India). J. Com. Dis., 2: 144-161. Tandan, B.K. 1972. Contribution towards a revision of Myrsidea Waterston. VII. (Phthiraptera. Amblycera: Menoponidae). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., 27(7): 369-410, 54 figs., 2 pIs. Wattal, B.L. and Tandan, S.K. 1965. An entomological survey of Dehradun valley (Uttar Pradesh). Part I. A note on ectoparasitic fauna of seven species of small mammals and four species of domestic mammals. Bull. Indian Soc. Mal. Com. Dis., 2: 297-307. Wattal, B.L., Kalra, N.L., Srivastava, S.P. and Raghavan, N.G.S. 1967. Vertical distribution of free living and ectoparasitic haematophagous arthropods in three landscape zone of district Nainital, Uttar Pradesh, India and their potential disease relationship. Bull. Indian Soc. Mal. Com. Dis., 4: 342-358. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In, Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013) (Ed. Zhang, Z.-Q.). Zootaxa, 3703(1): 17-26.

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Chapter 32

Insecta : Thysanoptera KAOMUD TYAGI and VIKAS KUMAR

The species diversity of order Thysanoptera of Indian Himalaya is provided for the first time. A total of 222 species belonging to 110 genera and 6 subfamilies under 3 families are reported from the Indian Himalaya. The distribution of each species in biotic provinces of Indian Himalayas is also provided.

T

INTRODUCTION

hrips are small, fringed wing insects and belong to the Order Thysanoptera. They have single, unpaired left mandible, the right mandible lost or atrophied during embryogenesis; pretarsal claws in the adult reduced to spoon-shaped laterally ensheathing plates; wings narrow, mostly slender, membranous, with long fringes; panoistic ovarioles; metamorphosis involves development of external wing pads, and complete metamorphosis with two or three non-feeding quiescent instars. The life history of typical terebrantian consist of an egg, two actively feeding larval instars, and two nonfeeding semi quiescent pupal stages (propupa and pupa). The Tubuliferan has 3 non-feeding semi quiescent pupal stages (propupa I, propupa II, pupa); exopterygote, holometabolous development with internal metamorphic changes taking place in the pupal stages. The members of Terebrantia usually laid eggs into the plant tissue because they have saw like ovipositor or tubuliferan lacking ovipositor and oviposit egg onto the surface of vegetation. The complete life cycle usually complete between 10 to 30 days depending on temperature. The members of thrips completed 12 to 15 generations per year in tropical regions and greenhouses but in the temperate region, there may be only one or two generations. The order Thysanoptera is classified into 2 suborders, Terebrantia and Tubulifera. The Tubulifera contains a single family, the Phlaeothripidae with two subfamilies Idolothripinae and Phaleothripinae. In contrast, the Terebrantia includes 8 families of living

insects: Aeolothripidae, Fauriellidae, Heterothripidae, Melanthripidae, Merothripidae, Stenurothripidae, Thripidae and Uzelothripidae, also five families of species known only from fossils. The family Thripidae is further classified into 4 subfamilies: Dendrothripinae, Panchaetothripinae, Sericothripinae, and Thripinae (ThripsWiki, 2017). The order Thysanoptera includes approximately 6100 species across the globe in two suborders (ThripsWiki, 2017). The Indian Thysanoptera is known by 739 species in 259 genera (Tyagi and Kumar, 2016), of which 309 species in 116 genera of suborder Terebrantia and 430 species in 143 genera of suborder Tubulifera. The Himalayan range of India comprises the series of the mountain range of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong). Biogeographically, the Indian Himalaya is divided into 7 biotic provinces namely, Ladakh Mountain (1A), Tibetan Plateau (1B), Sikkim (IC) in Trans Himalaya biogeographic, North-West (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C) and East Himalaya (2D) in Himalaya biogeographic zone. Till date there is no comprehensive account of the thrips species recorded from Indian Himalaya. Here, we attempted the compilation of data on the thrips species recorded from this region.

HISTORICAL REVIEW Thrips were first described by De Geer in 1744 under the genus Physapus, and Linnaeus (1758) ignored this name and placed these species in a genus Thrips. An English Entomologist Haliday (1836) raised the group to

Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal Citation Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2018. Insecta : Thysanoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 305-311 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

based on “newly discovered highly conserved characters” (1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1998d, 2003) has become the most discussed scientific hypothesis in the history of Thysanoptera taxonomy. Later on, Tyagi and Kumar (2004-continuing) added new species and new record to the faunal diversity of the Indian Himalaya (Kumar et al., 2014; Tyagi et al., 2014; Tyagi and Kumar, 2014; Tyagi and Kumar, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c; Tyagi et al., 2015; Tyagi and Kumar, 2016).

the rank of Order and renamed them as Thysanoptera. In 1833 Bouche described the first species of subfamily Panchaetothripinae, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis as Thrips haemorrhoidalis from Germany. From Indian perspective, T.V. Ramakrishna was probably the first Indian to have thoughtful impressions on thrips taxonomy. The first checklist of Indian Thysanoptera was produced by him in 1925 and rounded up his studies in 1940, with first Catalogue of Indian Thysanoptera. This period (1948-2004) was the most dynamic period as far as Indian efforts on taxonomy of Thysanoptera are concerned. Taxonomy of Thysanoptera in this period was revolved around two major legendary workers, Prof. T. N. Ananthakrishnan (T.N.A.) and Prof. J. S. Bhatti (J.S.B.). T.N.A. (1947-1980) has contributed for 396 new nominal taxa of Thysanoptera covering 76 new taxa of the genus group and 320 new species group names (Bhatti, 2004). His studies on taxonomy of thrips practically ended in 1980 with compilation of a book “Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera”.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The faunal diversity of Indian Himalaya includes in particular to the insect group Thysanoptera, a total 222 species are reported (Kumar et al., 2014; Tyagi et al., 2014; Tyagi and Kumar, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c; Tyagi and Kumar, 2016; Kumar and Tyagi, 2017), of these 107 species from Arunachal Pradesh (Maisan et al., 2012), 89 from Himachal Pradesh, 40 from Kalimpong and Darjeeling area of West Bengal, 23 from Jammu and Kashmir, 14 from Sikkim 26 from Uttarakhand. The maximum diversity is present in East Himalaya (109 species), followed by Ladakh Mountain (80), North-West (78), Central Himalaya (36), West Himalaya (27), Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (13), and Tibetan Plateau (8) (Fig. 1). The above study indicates Thrips from Himalayan Landscape is poorly explored, signifying the scope of finding of a large number of known and unknown species.

Prof. J. S. Bhatti started his taxonomic studies in 1957 with first publication in 1960. He was basically involved in revisionary studies on Thysanoptera. Prof. Bhatti’s contribution of the Taxonomy of Thysanoptera is unmatched. His landmark publications (1979, 1989, 1992a, 1992b, 2006) for proposing a new classification system (though not widely accepted) for order Thysanoptera

B

A

D

E

C

F

G

A. Helionothrips aino (Ishida, 1931); B. Lefroyothrips lefroyi (Bagnall, 1913); C. Moundinothrips robustus (Bhatti, 1995); D. Parabaliothrips takahashii (Priesner, 1935); E. Smilothrips productus (Bhatti, 1976); F. Taeniothrips bharokariiensis Kumar and Tyagi, 2014; G. Thrips moundi Kumar and Tyagi, 2015.

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Fig. 1. Distribution of order Thysanoptera in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order THYSANOPTERA Haliday, 1836 Suborder TEREBRANTIA Haliday, 1836 Family AEOLOTHRIPIDAE Uzel, 1895 Genus Aeolothrips Haliday, 1836 collaris Priesner, 1919: 1A, 2A distinctus Bhatti, 1971: 1A, 2A intermedius Bagnall, 1934: 1B, 2A mongolicus Pelikan, 1985: 1A, 2A Genus Mymarothrips Bagnall, 1928 garuda Ramakrishna and Margabandhu, 1931: 2D Family THRIPIDAE Stephans, 1829 Subfamily DENDROTHRIPINAE Priesner, 1925 Genus Dendrothrips Uzel, 1895 asperses Bhatti, 1971: 1A, 2A saltator Uzel, 1895: 1A stannardi (Ananthakrishnan, 1958): 2D, 2A, 1A Genus Pseudodendrothrips Schmutz, 1913 kulshresthai Chauhan and Vijay Veer, 1992: 2B Subfamily PANCHAETOTHRIPINAE Bagnall, 1912 Genus Astrothrips Karny, 1921 lantana Bhatti, 1967: 2D tumiceps Karny, 1923: 2D, 2A, 1A Genus Caliothrips Daniel, 1904 graminicola (Bagnall and Cameron, 1932): 1A indicus (Bagnall, 1913): 2D, 2A, 1A luckmanni Wilson, 1975: 2D Genus Helionothrips Bagnall, 1932 aino (Ishida, 1931): 2A,1A parvus Bhatti, 1968: 2D kadaliphilus (Ramakrishna and Margabandhu, 1931): 2D, 2C TYAGI and KUMAR : Insecta : Thysanoptera

Genus Heliothrips Haliday, 1836 haemorrhoidalis (Bouché, 1833): 2D Genus Monilothrips Moulton, 1929 kempi Moulton, 1929: 2D, 2C, 2A, 1A, Genus Panchaetothrips Bagnall, 1912 indicus Bagnall, 1912: 2D noxius Priesner, 1937: 2B Genus Phibalothrips Hood, 1918 peringueyi (Faure, 1925): 2D,1A,2A Genus Retithrips Marchal, 1910 syriacus (Mayet, 1890): 2D Genus Rhipiphorothrips Morgan, 1913 cruentatus Hood, 1919: 2A,1A pulchellus Morgan, 1913: 2D Genus Selenothrips Karny, 1911 rubrocintus (Giard, 1901): 2D, 1A, 2A Genus Zaniothrips Bhatti, 1967 ricini Bhatti, 1967: 2D Subfamily SERICOTHRIPINAE Karny, 1921 Genus Hydatothrips Karny, 1913 aureus Bhatti, 1973: 2D boerhaaviae Seshadri and Ananthakrishnan, 1954: 1A proximus Bhatti, 1973: 2A, 1A, 2B Genus Neohydatothrips John, 1929 gracilipes (Hood, 1924): 2A, 1A samayunkur Kudô, 1995: 2A, 1A, 2B, 2D Subfamily THRIPINAE Karny, 1921 Genus Abacothrips Bhatti, 1986 lotus Bhatti, 1986: 1A Genus Ajothrips Bhatti, 1967 gara Bhatti, 1967: 2C Genus Anaphothrips Uzel, 1895

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obscurus (Müller, 1776): 2A, 1A sudanensis Trybom, 1911: 2C, 2A, 1A, 1C Genus Aptinothrips Haliday, 1836 rufus (Haliday, 1836): 1A, 2A, 2C stylifer Trybom, 1894: 2A Genus Ayyaria Karny, 1927 chaetophora Karny, 1927: 2C, 2A, 1A Genus Bathrips Bhatti, 1962 melanicornis (Shumsher, 1946): 2A Genus Bolacothrips Uzel, 1895 indicus (Ananthakrishnan, 1966): 2D striatopennatus (Schmutz, 1913): 1A, 2A Genus Bregmatothrips Hood, 1912 brachycephalus (Shumsher, 1942): 2A Genus Caprithrips Faure, 1933 melanophthalmus (Bagnall, 1927): 2A, 1A Genus Chaetanaphothrips Priesner, 1925 orchidii (Moulton, 1907): 2A, 1A Genus Chirothrips Haliday, 1836 meridionalis Bagnall, 1927: 2A, 1A Genus Ctenothrips Franklin, 1907 barapatharensis Tyagi, Ghosh and Kumar, 2014: 2A niger Kudo, 1977: 2A, 1A smilax Bhatti, 1976: 2A, 1A Genus Dendrothripoides Bagnall, 1923 innoxius (Karny, 1914): 2D, 2A, 1A Genus Diarthrothrips Williams, 1915 nimbus (Ananthakrishnan, 1965): 1A Genus Dichromothrips Priesner, 1932 indicus Mound, 1976: 2C nakahari Mound, 1976: 2C smithi (Zimmerman, 1900): 2D Genus Ernothrips Bhatti, 1967 lobatus (Bhatti, 1967): 2A,1A Genus Exothrips Priesner, 1939 jammuensis Vijay Veer and Srivastava, 1985: 1A, 1B redox Bhatti, 1975: 1A Genus Florithrips Bhatti, 1970 traegardhi (Trybom, 1911): 2A Genus Frankliniella Karny, 1910 intonsa (Trybom, 1895): 2C, 2D schultzei (Trybom, 1910): 2A, 1A, 2D Genus Fulmekiola Karny, 1925 serrata (Kobus, 1892): 2D Genus Kurtomathrips Moulton, 1927 morrilli Moulton, 1927: 1A Genus Lefroyothips Priesner, 1938 lefroyi (Bagnall, 1913): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Megalurothrips Bagnall, 1915 distalis (Karny, 1913): 2D peculiaris (Bagnall, 1918): 2D, 2A usitatus (Bagnall, 1913): 2A, 1A typicus Bagnall, 1915: 2D Genus Microcephalothrips Bagnall, 1926 abdominalis (Crawford, 1910): 2D, 1A, 1B Genus Moundinothrips Bhatti, 1999 robustus (Bhatti, 1995): 1A Genus Mycterothrips Trybom, 1910 consociatus (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1887): 2D

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nilgiriensis (Ananthakrishnan, 1960): 2A, 1A ricini (Shumsher, 1946): 2A Genus Organothrips Hood, 1940 indicus Bhatti, 1974: 2D Genus Oxythrips Uzel, 1895 indicus Bhatti, 1967: 1A, 1B kochummani Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 2A, 1A Genus Parabaliothrips Priesner, 1935 coluckus (Kudo, 1977): 2D takahashii Priesner, 1935: 2A, 1A Genus Rhamphothrips Karny, 1913 pardus (Bhatti, 1967): 1A parviceps (Hood, 1919): 2D santokhi Kulshrestha and Vijay Veer, 1984: 2B Genus Scolothrips Hinds, 1902 rhagebianus Priesner, 1950: 2A Genus Sciothrips Bhatti, 1970 cardamomi (Ramakrishna, 1935): 2D Genus Scirtothrips Shull, 1909 dorsalis Hood, 1919: 2A, 1A, 2D kenyensis Mound, 1968: 2A, 1A mangiferae Priesner, 1932: 2A, 1A Genus Smilothrips Bhatti, 1976 productus Bhatti, 1976: 2A,1A Genus Stenchaetothrips Bagnall, 1926 bambusae (Shumsher, 1946): 1A biformis (Bagnall, 1913): 2D, 1A faurei (Bhatti, 1962): 2A, 1A indicus (Ramakrishna and Margabandhu, 1931): 2A pteratus Bhatti, 1982: 2A spinulae Tyagi and Kumar, 2008: 2A, 1A Genus Taeniothrips Amyot and Serville, 1843 bharokariiensis Kumar and Tyagi, 2014: 2A major Bagnall, 1916: 2A, 1A Genus Tameothrips Bhatti, 1978 arundo Tyagi and Kumar, 2015: 2A Genus Tenothrips Bhatti, 1967 frici (Uzel, 1895): 1A Genus Thrips Linneaus 1758 alatus Bhatti, 1980: 2A, 1A andrewsi (Bagnall, 1921): 2D, 2A, 1A apicatus Priesner, 1934: 2A, 1A arorai Bhatti, 1980: 2A, 1A beharensis (Ramakrishna and Margabandhu, 1939): 1C carthami Shumsher, 1946: 2A, 1A cedri Bhatti, 1980: 2A coloratus Schmutz, 1913: 1A, 2D, 1C dorax Bhatti, 1980: 1A flavidulus (Bagnall, 1923): 2A flavus Schrank, 1776: 1A, 2A, 2C, 2D florum Schmutz, 1913: 2D, 2A, 1A, 1C, 2B formosanus Priesner, 1934: 2D hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D moundi Tyagi and Kumar, 2015: 2A orientalis (Bagnall, 1915): 2D palmi Karny, 1925: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D subnudula (Karny, 1927): 1A, 2A tabaci Lindeman, 1889: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D trehernei Priesner, 1927: 1A, 1B


xenos Bhatti, 1980: 2A, 1A Genus Trichromothrips Priesner, 1930 arorai Bhatti, 1967: 2D Genus Tusothrips Bhatti, 1967 sumatrensis (Karny, 1925): 1A, 1B, 2A Suborder TUBULIFERA Haliday, 1836 Family PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE UZCI, 1895 Subfamily IDOLOTHRIPINAE (Bagnall, 1908) Genus Allothrips Hood, 1908 bicolor Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 2C Genus Acallurothrips Bagnall, 1921 amplus (Faure, 1949): 2D Genus Aesthesiothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1961 jatrophae Ananthakrishnan, 1961: 2B Genus Bactrothrips Karny, 1912 luteus Ananthakrishnan, 1973: 2D Genus Baenothrips Crawford, 1948 asper (Bournier, 1963): 2D Genus Bradythrips Hood and Williams, 1925 herperus Hood and Williams, 1925: 2D Genus Coxothrips Bournier, 1963 tarai (Stannard, 1970): 2D Genus Dinothrips Bagnall, 1908 juglandis Moulton, 1933: 2C spinosus (Schmutz, 1913): 2B sumatrensis Bagnall, 1908: 2D Genus Elaphrothrips Buffa, 1909 curvipes Priesner, 1929: 1C, 2C, 2D denticollis (Bagnall, 1909): 1C, 2D greeni (Bagnall, 1914): 2D insignis Ananthakrishnan, 1973: 2C, 2D procer (Schmutz, 1913): 1C, 2C Genus Ethirothrips Karny, 1925 beesoni (Moulton, 1928): 2B indicus (Bagnall, 1921): 2B longisetis (Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1970): 2C obscurus (Schmutz, 1913): 2B vitreipennis (Priesner, 1939): 2B Genus Holothrips Karny, 1911 fumidus (Ananthakrishnan, 1972): 2C quadrisetis Okajima, 1976: 2C nepalensis (Palikan, 1970): 2C Genus Meiothrips Priesner, 1929 menoni Ananthakrishnan,1964: 2D nepalensis Kudo and Ananthakrishnan, 1974: 2D Genus Nesothrips Kirkaldy, 1907 lativentris (Karny,1913): 1C, 2D Genus Oidanothrips Moulton, 1944 enormis (Ananthakrishnan, 1969): 2D megacephalus (Ananthakrishnan, 1969): 2C Genus Ophthalmothrips Hood, 1919 breviceps (Bagnall, 1914): 1A, 2A Genus Stephanothrips Trybom, 1913 occidentalis Hood and Williams, 1925: 2D Subfamily PHLAEOTHRIPINAE, Uzel, 1895 Genus Ablemothrips Ananthakrishnan 1969 maxillatus Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 2C Genus Adraneothrips Hood, 1925 disjunctus Ananthakrishnan, 1972: 2D

TYAGI and KUMAR : Insecta : Thysanoptera

infirmus Ananthakrishnan, 1971: 2C Genus Androthrips Karny, 1911 flavitibia Moulton, 1933: 2B, 2D ramachandrai Karny, 1926: 2D Genus Apterygothrips Priesner, 1933 hispanicus (Bagnall, 1916): 2B pellucidus (Ananthakrishnan, 1968): 2D Genus Araeothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1976 longisetis Ananthakrishnan, 1976: 2D vamana Muraleedharan, 1982: 2D Genus Arrhenothrips Hood, 1919 longisetis Sen, 1977: 2D Genus Athlibothrips Priesner, 1952 inquilinus (Ananthakrishnan and Varadarasan, 1978): 2D Genus Azaleothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1964 amabilis Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 2C bhattii Vijay Veer and Chauhan, 1990: 1A, 2A Genus Bamboosiella Ananthakrishnan, 1957 hartwigi (Pitkin, 1977): 2D nayari (Ananthakrishnan, 1958): 2D varia (Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969): 2B Genus Callothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1969 ascitus Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 2D Genus Carissothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1964 nigrecens Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 2D Genus Crotonothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1968 nagaensis Muraleedharan, 1982: 2D Genus Dexiothrips Hartwig, 1952 madrasensis (Ananthakrishnan, 1964): 2D Genus Dolichothrips Karny, 1912 assimilis Priesner and Seshadri, 1952: 2D montanus Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 2D zyziphi Bagnall, 1923: 1A, 2A Genus Ecacanthothrips Bagnall, 1909 tibialis (Ashmead, 1905): 2C, 2D Genus Gigantothrips Zimmermann, 1900 elegans Zimmerman, 1900: 1A, 2A, 2D gardneri Ananthakrishnan, 1960: 2B tibialis Bagnall, 1921: 2B, 2D Genus Gynaikothrips Zimmermann, 1900 bengalensis Ananthakrishnan, 1973: 2D Genus Haplothrips Amyot and Serville, 1843 andresi Priesner, 1931: 2D bagrolis Bhatti, 1973: 1A, 1B ceylonicus Schmutz, 1913: 2D ganglbaueri Schmutz, 1913: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2C, 2D gowdeyi (Franklin, 1908): 1A, 2A, 2D mangiferae Priesner, 1930: 1B, 2A montanus (Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1970): 2D reuteri (Karny, 1907): 2B tenuipennis Bagnall, 1918: 2D Genus Hoplandrothrips Hood, 1912 graminis Ananthakrishan, 1964: 2C Genus Karnyothrips Watson, 1923 melaleucus (Bagnall, 1911): 2D Genus Leeuwenia Karny, 1912 coriacea (Bagnall, 1912): 2B eugeniae Bagnall, 1924: 2D vorax Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 2D

309

Genus Liophlaeothrips Priesner, 1919 pavettae Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D succinctus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D Genus Liothrips Uzel, 1895 Subgenus Liothrips Uzel, 1895 aberrans Muraleedharan and Sen, 1978: 1C, 2C, 2D aequilus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D ananthakrishnani Sen, 1976: 2D bosei Moulton, 1928: 2B champakae Ramakrishnan and Maragabandhu, 1938: 2C himalayanus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1970: 2C, 2D mohanrami Bhatti et al., 2006: 2D renukae Muraleedharan and Sen, 1928: 1A, 2A sangali Kulshrestha and Vijay Veer, 1990: 2B succinctus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D morulus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1970: 2C Genus Malacothrips Hinds, 1902 natalensis (Trybom, 1912): 2B Genus Membrothrips Bhatti, 1978 indicus (Hood, 1919): 2D Genus Mesothrips Zimmermann, 1900 acutus Muraleedharan and Sen, 1981: 2D extensivus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D

jordani Zimmerman, 1900: 2D maloti Moulton, 1929: 2B Genus Ocnothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1969 indicus Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 2D Genus Ocythrips Ananthakrishnan, 1972 rarus Ananthakrishnan, 1972: 2C Genus Pegothrips Sen and Muraleedharan, 1976 meghalaya Sen and Muraleedharan, 1976: 2C Genus Plicothrips Bhatti, 1979 apicalis (Bagnall, 1915): 1A, 2A, 2D Genus Podothrips Hood, 1913 graminum Priesner, 1938: 2D Genus Praepodothrips Priesner and Seshadri, 1952 priesneri Ananthakrishnan, 1938: 2D Genus Preeriella Hood, 1939 formosana Okajima, 1998: 2D Genus Sophiothrips Hood, 1934 nigrus Ananthakrishnan, 1971: 2C Genus Stephanothrips Trybom, 1913 occidentalis Hood and Williams, 1925: 2C Genus Xylaplothrips Priesner, 1925 debilis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1971: 2D pusillus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1969: 2D montanus (Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, 1970): 2C

REFERENCES Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and Sen, S. 1980. Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Zoological Survey of India (Handbook Series) 1: 1-234. Bhatti, J.S. 1979. A revised classification of Thysanoptera (Abstract). Workshop on Advances in Insect Taxonomy in India and the Orient, Manali (H.P), October 9-12, 1979, pp. 46-48. Delhi. Bhatti, J.S. 1989. The classification of Thysanoptera into families. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 2: 1-23. Bhatti, J.S. 1992a. The order Tubulifera (Insecta): Its characters and classification into families. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool), 3: 127-162. Bhatti, J.S. 1992b. Family-group names in the Order Tubulifera of the superorder Thysanoptera (Insecta). Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 3: 163-168. Bhatti, J.S. 1998a. New structural features in the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). 1. Amalgamation of labro-maxillary complex with cranium and other cephalic structures. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 5: 147-176. Bhatti, J.S. 1998b. New structural features in the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). 2. Thoracic structures. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 5: 177-252. Bhatti, J.S. 1998c. New structural features in the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). 3. The tarsal hamus and thoracic appendages. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 5: 253-284. Bhatti, J.S. 1998d. New structural features in the Order Tubulifera (Insecta). 4. The ovispan and other abdominal structures. Zool. (J. Pure App. Zool.), 5: 285-352. Bhatti, J.S. 2003. Some newly recognized characters of the Order Tubulifera representing highly conserved character states. Thysanoptera, : 41-48. Bhatti, J.S. 2004. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. Taxa of Thysanoptera 1950 to 1980. Thysanoptera: 85–181. Bhatti, J.S. 2006. The classification of Terebrantia (Insecta) into families. Orient. Insects, 40: 339-375. Bouche. 1833. Naturgeschichte der schaldingen und nutzlichen Garten-Insekten und die bewahrtesten Mittel zur Vertilgung der ersteren, Berlin: 42. Haliday, A.H. 1836. An epitome of the British genera in the Order Thysanoptera with indications of a few of the species. Ento. Mag., 3: 439-451. Kumar, V. and Tyagi, K. 2017. Fauna of Thysanoptera from Himachal Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv. India. (In Press). 310


Kumar, V., Tyagi, K., Ghosh, B. and Singha D. 2014. A new species of Taeniothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from India. Zootaxa, 3884(2): 197-200. Linnaeus, C.K. 1758. Systema Naturae. 10th edition, Holmiae: 1-823. Maisnam, S., Varatharajan, R., Singh, O.T. and Chakravorty, J. 2012. Thysanoptera Fauna of the Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary (Arunachal Pradesh). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112(3): 35-43. Ramakrishna, T.V. 1925. An annotated list of the Thysanoptera known from India and Ceylon. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 30: 861-871. Ramakrishna, T.V. and Margabandhu, V. 1940. Catalogue of Indian Insects. Part 25: 1-64. Thysanoptera. Delhi 6. ThripsWiki. 2017. ThripsWiki-providing information on the World›s thrips. Available from: http://thrips.info/wiki/ (accessed 1 July 2017). Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2014. New records of Thrips (Thysanoptera, Terebrantia, Thripidae) from Himachal Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 114(4): 591-598. Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2015a. The Thrips formosanus group from Asia and Australia with a new species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from India. Zootaxa, 3947(2): 296-300. Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2015b. New Record of Moundinothrips robustus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Himachal Pradesh State of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 115(1): 97-99. Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2015c. Thrips arorai Bhatti (Thysanoptera, Thripidae): first description of the male. Zootaxa, 3904(1): 144-146. Tyagi, K. and Kumar, V. 2016. Thrips (Insecta : Thysanoptera) of India- An Updated Checklist. Halteres, 7: 64-98. Tyagi, K., Ghosh, B. and Kumar, V. 2014. The genus Ctenothrips from India (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with description of one new species and one new record. Zootaxa, 3821(3): 273-279. Tyagi, K., Kumar, V. and Chauhan, N. 2015. A new species of the genus Tameothrips Bhatti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with four new records of thrips from India. Zootaxa, 4007(2): 283-289.

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Chapter 33

Insecta: Hemiptera KAILASH CHANDRA1, M.E. HASSAN2, PARAMITA MUKHERJEE3, SANDEEP KUSHWAHA4 and EMON MUKHOPADHYAY5

Insecta is represented by 10,53,578 species from the world including 65,047 species from India which is about 6.17% of the total global fauna. The hemipteran fauna of Indian Himalaya has been explored thoroughly, consulting published literature which revealed about 1,841 species from six Himalayan states, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal (Darjeeling district). The maximum numbers of species (967) were recorded from Central Himalaya followed by 639 species from Trans Himalaya of Sikkim, 748 species from West Himalaya, 607 species from North-West Himalaya, 166 species from East Himalaya, and a minimum of 17 species from Trans Himalaya Tibetan Plateau.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL RESUME

he Himalayan ecosystem is unique, and perhaps no other single geographical feature had a greater influence on the life, culture and history of the people of the Indian subcontinent than these mountains. Because of climate change and its impacts on the ecology and environment of the Himalaya, efforts have been given to gather scientific information on biodiversity with special reference to Hemiptera (Insecta). The order Hemiptera is the fifth largest group of insects after Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera (Schuh and Slater, 1995; Forero, 2008) and comprises about 1,02,183 species worldwide, of which about 6,479 species under 92 families have been reported from India (Zhang, 2013; Chandra, 2013). The order Hemiptera is divided into four suborders viz., Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha (not reported from India) and Heteroptera. Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha are exclusively terrestrial, but in Heteroptera, Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha are aquatic and semi-aquatic and inhabit fresh water (lentic and lotic), brackish water and sea water (Halobates sp.). In this chapter, the diversity and distribution order Hemiptera in different provinces of Indian Himalaya were studied using published literature.

Much of the diversity of Indian Hemiptera is known by the primary works of Distant (1902, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1916 and 1918) in the form of his seven volumes ‘The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota’. Paiva (1907) listed 105 species belonging to 88 genera under 7 families from Indian Museum collections between 1905-1906 from the Himalayan ranges. Hutchinson (1934) and Mani and Singh (1961) done a significant work, from high-altitude regions of Ladakh. The major contributions made on Himachal fauna include: Ananthasubramanian and Ananthakrishnan (1975), Bhalla (1971), Bharadwaj and Bhalla (1976), Chakrabarti and Bhattacharya (1982), Chakrabarti et al. (1970, 1974), Chowdhuri et al. (1969), Das et al. (1981), Distant (1902-1918), Ghosh (1986), Ghosh et al. (1969), Lal (1974), Mathur (1975), Raychaudhuri, et al. (1980), Sharma and Bhalla (1964), Singh (1970) and Varshney (1992).

T

Ghauri (1971) described a new genus of Euscelinae and a new species of Balclutha Kirkaldy (Cicadellidae) from lower Himalaya. Chakraborty et al. (1971, 1972a, 1972b) described a new genus, four new species of family Aphididae from Northwest Himalaya. Ghosh and

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700,053. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Chandra, K., Hassan, M.E., Mukherjee, P., Kushwaha, S. and Mukhopadhyay, E. 2018. Insecta: Hemiptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 313-351 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Raychaudhuri (1972) studied the fauna of Aphididae from Eastern India with a description of a new subgenus. Datta and Ghosh (1973) described three new species of Typhlocybinae (Cicadellidae) from the Himalayan region. Bhat (1974) described a new species of Cimicidae from Northwest Himalayan region. Basu et al. (1973-74) described three new species with several records of the species belonging to the family Aphididae from NorthEast India. David and Hameed (1975) described a new species and two new records of Lahaal of N.W. Himalaya. Mitra and Muraleedharan (1975) recorded 18 species of Cicadas (Cicadidae) from Arunachal Pradesh. Chakrabarti and Verma (1975) described a new species of aphids from Northwest Himalaya. Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri (1975, 1978a, 1978b) recorded aphids from Sundardanga Valley of Kumaon Himalaya. Chakrabarti (1976, 1977, 1978) described new aphids, three new species belonging to Chaitophorinae of Aphididae and a new genus with two new species respectively belonging to the family Aphididae from Northwest Himalaya. Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri (1976) described three species as new of family Aphididae from North-East Himalaya. Basu et al. (1976) described two new genera of family Aphididae from North-Eastern India. Basu and Mitra (1977a, 1977b) in a series of publications recorded 16 species under 13 genera from Kameng division, 13 species under 9 genera belonging to the family Coreidae from Subansiri and Lohit division from the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Chakrabarti and Maity (1978, 1980) described a new genus, three new species of family Aphididae from North-west India. Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri (1978a, 1978b) studied the Callipterinae aphids of Northwest India and Bhutan. Chakraborty et al. (1994) have recorded 47 species belonging to 37 genera in 15 families of Hemiptera from Namdhapa National Park in Tirap District. Julka et al. (1999) provided distribution of aquatic insects of Northwest Himalaya, India. Khanna and Kumar (2001) prepared an annotated list of 2,672 species including 1837 species of invertebrates from the Himalayan region of which a total of 1590 species of insects including 250 species of Hemiptera from this area. Fortyfive species of water bugs were reported by Thirumalai (2002) from Jammu and Kashmir. Mehta and Julka (2001) have reported a total of 4362 species (7.3%) from North-West Himalaya. Singh et al. (2010) during the study from Kane Wildlife Sanctuary, has recorded 5 species. In recent past, Chandra (2011) during the study of insect diversity of Sikkim (India) has accounted 5892 species belonging to 2382 genera under 261 families and 22 orders of Insects 314

from this region including 549 species belonging to 302 genera under 39 families of Hemiptera from Sikkim. Aukema and Rieger (1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2013) in their 6 volumes of “Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region” published a comprehensive knowledge of Heteroptera from Palaearctic region. Chandra and Kushwaha (2013) reported 10 species of terrestrial bugs from Jammu and Kashmir. Bhagat (2015) during the study of Diversity and updated systematic checklist of Cimicomorpha Bugs of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Bhutyal and Langer (2016) recorded aquatic insect diversity of Kishtwar District of Jammu and Kashmir. Bhagat (2017) reported Auchenorrhyncha fauna (Leafhoppers, treehoppers and planthoppers), covering 94 species, belonging to 63 genera, occurring in diverse areas and localities of Jammu and Kashmir regions. Chandra and Kushwaha (2014) reported 17 species of Hemiptera, 17 species from Tawang District of Arunachal Pradesh.

SPECIES DIVERSITY Hemiptera is the fifth largest group of insects, most of them are phytophagous and feed on roots, leaves, stem, fruits and seeds, and few of them are blood suckers (Triatominae: Reduviidae). Altogether 1,841 species belonging to 70 families are known from the Indian Himalaya including Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Darjeeling district of West Bengal (Table 1). The maximum numbers of species (967) were recorded from Central Himalaya followed by 639 species from Trans Himalaya of Sikkim, 748 species from West Himalaya, 607 species from North-West Himalaya, 166 species from East Himalaya, and a minimum of 17 species from Trans Himalaya Tibetan Plateau (Fig. 1; Table 2). Hemiptera is divided into four suborders viz., Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha (not reported from India) and Heteroptera. Suborder Sternorrhyncha: The suborder Sternorrhyncha includes four major superfamilies viz. Aleyrodoidea (White flies), Aphidoidea (Aphids), Coccoidea (scale insects) and Psylloidea (Jumping plant lice) representing 752 species from the Himalaya. Suborder Auchenorrhyncha: Auchenorrhyncha consists of two infraorders viz. Cicadomorpha and Fulgomorpha. The infraorder Cicadomorpha consists of 3 superfamilies viz. Cercopoidea (spitbugs / cuckoospit / froghoppers), Membracoidea (Treehoppers / cowbugs / hornbugs / leaf hoppers) and Cicadoidea (Cicada) representing 301 species, whereas infraorder Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

A

B

C

D

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

E

P

A. Acanthaspis sexguttata (Fabricius, 1775); B. Anisops barbatus Brooks, 1951; C. Antestiopsis cruciata (Fabricius, 1775); D. Coridius ianus (Fabricius, 1775); E. Cryptotympana intermedia (Signoret, 1849); F. Degonetus serratus (Distant, 1887); G. Diplonychus annulatus (Fabricius, 1781); H. Eurydema pulchrum (Westwood,1837); I. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy, 1898; J. Laccotrephes ruber (Linnaeus, 1764); K. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath, 1895; L. Metochus uniguttatus (Thunberg, 1882); M. Microvelia (Picaultia) douglasi Scott, 1874; N. Platypleura octoguttata (Fabricius, 1798); O. Polididus armatissimus Stål, 1859; P. Scieroptera splendidula cuprea (Walker, 1870).

Fulgomorpha is represented by 76 species from Indian Himalaya. Suborder Heteroptera: Heteroptera consists of 7 infraorders viz. Cimicomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Enicocephalomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Nepomorpha and Pentatomorpha, which includes 19 superfamilies and 50 families representing a total of 712 species from Indian Himalaya. CHANDRA et al. : Insecta: Hemiptera

ENDEMISM Endemism has been found to be highly correlated with a total number of species found in different regions and in different subfamilies of Aphididae in particular. However, this may be not applying to all the Hemipteran group of Insects. The present study includes a total of 52 species are endemic to Himalaya and 17 species from Ladakh region. 315


THREATS AND CONSERVATION Human interference in an aquatic ecosystem is gradually causing shrinkage in wetland hemipteran fauna. In the near future, it may become a threat to some of the beneficial aquatic bugs. Most of the hemipterans are phytophagous and host specific in many cases; attention should be given to preserve the food plants so that ecological harmony is maintained. Also, where natural forests are severely depleted, the plantation forestry should be initiated. Wetland fauna of Hemiptera is not well explored in India. Sincere efforts may, therefore, be made to study these insects based on the systematic collections of base line data from diverse habitats such as waterfalls, slow moving rivulets, fast flowing mountain streams, pools and puddles including most of the freshly dried river beds. The systematic study may reveal interesting results as far as aquatic hemipteran insects are concerned. For control of hemipterous pest species, indiscriminate use of chemicals or insecticides should preferably be stopped. In the case of chemical control schedule, some beneficial insects are also killed along with harmful ones. Instead, biological control method should be encouraged so that ecological balance is restored. Uses of pheromones as insect repellent may be used as one of the tools of biological control programme. Farming the beneficial Hemiptera like lac insect is to be implemented on a large scale because it is directly involved in Indian economy.

GAP AREAS As per the literature analysis, Sikkim shows the highest diversity followed by Uttarakhand, while Jammu and 316

Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh have minimum diversity respectively. It has been also observed that extensive studies have been done from the states of West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh. More surveys are required in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh which will yield many more species.

DISCUSSION Insecta is represented by 10,53,578 species from the world including 65,047 species from India which is about 6.17% of the total global fauna (Chandra et al., 2016). Himalaya is the most populated mountain system among all the world’s mountain areas. The Indian Himalaya typically consists of two zoogeographic realms; Oriental and Palaearctic. The Hemipteran fauna of Indian Himalaya has been explored thoroughly, as literature survey revealed about 1841 species from the six Himalayan states, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal (Darjeeling district). These insects are of great importance causing direct and indirect injuries to various plants and feed on roots, leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, blood suckers (Cimicidae: Triatominae), and act as a vector of many diseases (Polyctenidae), and predate on other insects. On the other hand, there are certain beneficial bugs viz. lac insects producing lac contributing to the Indian revenue. Besides this, water bugs like notonectids play an important role in biological control feeding on mosquito larvae. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 1. Number of genera and species known from Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Family

Genera

Species

2

2

187

660

Suborder STERNORRHYNCHA Superfamily ALEYRODOIDEA 1.

Aleyordidae Superfamily APHIDOIDEA

2.

Aphididae Superfamily COCCOIDEA

3.

Coccidae

5

8

4.

Dactylopiidae

1

1

5.

Diaspididae

14

21

6.

Kermesidae

1

1

7.

Monophlebidae

2

5

8.

Pseudococidae

1

2

18

52

Superfamily PSYLLOIDEA 9.

Psyllidae Suborder AUCHENORRHYNCHA Infraorder CICADOMORPHA Superfamily CERCOPOIDEA

10.

Cercopidae

13

48

11.

Machaerotidae

1

2

39

89

Superfamily CICADOIDEA 12.

Cicadidae Superfamily MEMBRACOIDEA

13.

Cicadellidae

66

118

14.

Membracidae

20

44

Superfamily FULGOROIDEA 15.

Achilidae

3

3

16.

Cixiidae

8

16

17.

Delphacidae

2

2

18.

Derbidae

3

4

19.

Dictyopharidae

2

2

20.

Eurybrachidae

2

3

21.

Flatidae

10

12

22.

Fulgoridae

13

25

23.

Iassidae

1

1

CHANDRA et al. : Insecta: Hemiptera

317


Family

Genera

Species

24.

Nogodinidae

1

2

25.

Ricaniidae

3

4

26.

Tropiduchidae

2

2

5

6

31

43

4

8

61

122

Suborder HETEROPTERA Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA Superfamily CIMICOIDEA 27.

Anthocoridae Superfamily MIRIOIDEA

28.

Miridae Superfamily NABOIDEA

29.

Nabidae Superfamily REDUVIOIDEA

30.

Reduviidae Infraorder GERROMORPHA Superfamily GERROIDEA

31.

Gerridae

14

27

32.

Veliidae

4

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

6

Superfamily MESOVELLOIDEA 33.

Mesovellidae Superfamily HEBROIDEA

34.

Hebridae Superfamily HYDROMETROIDEA

35.

Hydrometridae Infraorder LEPTOPODOMOPRHA

36.

Saldidae Infraorder NEPOMORPHA Superfamily NEPOIDEA

37.

Belostomatidae

2

4

38

Nepidae

2

6

Superfamily OCHTEROIDEA 39

Gelastocoridae

1

3

40

Ochteridae

1

1

Superfamily CORIXOIDEA

318

41

Corixidae

7

10

42.

Micronectidae

1

5



Family

Genera

Species

Superfamily NAUCOROIDEA 43.

Aphelocheiridae

1

2

44.

Naucoridae

2

3

3

16

Superfamily NOTONECTOIDEA 45.

Notonectidae Superfamily PLEOIDEA

46.

Helotrephidae

2

2

47.

Pleidae

1

2

4

5

Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA Superfamily ARADOIDEA 48.

Aradidae Superfamily COREOIDEA

49

Alydidae

2

8

50

Coreidae

15

88

51.

Rhopalidae

3

4

Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA 52.

Berytidae

1

1

53.

Blissidae

1

1

54.

Heterogastridae

8

9

55.

Lygaeidae

10

19

56.

Oxycarenidae

1

1

57.

Rhyparochromidae

20

32

Superfamily PENTATOMOIDEA 58.

Acanthosomatidae

5

16

59.

Cydnidae

4

7

60.

Dinidoridae

2

12

61.

Pentatomidae

68

147

62.

Plataspidae

3

18

63.

Scutellaridae

9

17

64.

Tessarotomidae

5

13

65.

Urostylidae

3

16

Superfamily PYRRHOCOROIDEA 66.

Largidae

5

9

67.

Pyrrhocoridae

11

18

768

1,841

Total


319

Table 2. Number of species in Biotic Provinces of Indian Himalaya. S. No.

Family

Number of Species 1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

2

336

407

181

289

Suborder STERNORRHYNCHA Superfamily ALEYRODOIDEA 1.

Aleyordidae Superfamily APHIDOIDEA

2.

Aphididae Superfamily COCCOIDEA

3.

Coccidae

-

-

-

6

1

1

4.

Dactylopiidae

-

-

-

1

-

-

5.

Diaspididae

-

-

-

15

2

7

6.

Kermesidae

-

-

1

-

-

1

7.

Monophlebidae

-

-

-

1

4

8.

Pseudococidae

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

3

40

10

Superfamily PSYLLOIDEA 9.

Psyllidae Suborder AUCHENORRHYNCHA Infraorder CICADOMORPHA Superfamily CERCOPOIDEA

10.

Cercopidae

-

25

1

2

44

5

11.

Machaerotidae

-

1

-

-

2

-

-

46

17

36

63

8

Superfamily CICADOIDEA 12.

Cicadidae Superfamily MEMBRACOIDEA

13.

Cicadellidae

1

65

14

45

77

5

14.

Membracidae

-

4

3

26

22

4

Superfamily FULGOROIDEA

320

15.

Achilidae

-

2

-

1

2

-

16.

Cixiidae

-

9

6

7

11

5

17.

Delphacidae

-

-

-

2

-

-

18.

Derbidae

-

-

1

2

-

1

19.

Dictyopharidae

-

1

-

1

1

-

20.

Eurybrachidae

-

-

-

1

3

-

21.

Flatidae

-

8

2

3

11

3

22.

Fulgoridae

-

16

6

10

20

5

23.

Iassidae

-

1

-

-

1

-

24.

Nogodinidae

-

1

-

-

2

1



Family

Number of Species 1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

25.

Ricaniidae

-

4

-

-

4

-

26.

Tropiduchidae

-

2

-

-

2

-

-

-

2

1

3

-

-

14

11

5

28

2

-

-

1

4

5

-

1

56

36

35

71

4

Suborder HETEROPTERA Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA Superfamily CIMICOIDEA 27.

Anthocoridae Superfamily MIRIOIDEA

28.

Miridae Superfamily NABOIDEA

29.

Nabidae Superfamily REDUVIOIDEA

30.

Reduviidae Infraorder GERROMORPHA Superfamily GERROIDEA

31.

Gerridae

-

8

1

17

15

-

32.

Veliidae

-

2

-

2

2

2

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

6

-

-

-

Superfamily MESOVELLOIDEA 33.

Mesovellidae Superfamily HEBROIDEA

34.

Hebridae Superfamily HYDROMETROIDEA

35.

Hydrometridae Infraorder LEPTOPODOMOPRHA

36.

Saldidae Infraorder NEPOMORPHA Superfamily NEPOIDEA

37.

Belostomatidae

-

-

1

3

4

2

38.

Nepidae

-

-

1

5

5

-

Superfamily OCHTEROIDEA 39.

Gelastocoridae

-

3

-

-

3

-

40.

Ochteridae

-

-

1

1

1

1

Superfamily CORIXOIDEA 41.

Corixidae

-

5

6

3

5

-

42.

Micronectidae

-

-

3

-

-

3

Superfamily NAUCOROIDEA CHANDRA et al. : Insecta: Hemiptera

321


Number of Species

Family

1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

43.

Aphelocheiridae

-

1

-

-

2

-

44.

Naucoridae

-

-

-

3

-

-

-

2

9

5

2

3

Superfamily NOTONECTOIDEA 45.

Notonectidae Superfamily PLEOIDEA

46.

Helotrephidae

-

-

-

2

-

-

47.

Pleidae

-

-

-

2

-

1

-

2

-

1

2

1

Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA Superfamily ARADOIDEA 48.

Aradidae Superfamily COREOIDEA

49.

Alydidae

-

11

-

2

4

2

50.

Coreidae

-

19

17

12

42

1

51.

Rhopalidae

-

-

2

3

-

-

Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA 52.

Berytidae

-

-

-

1

-

-

53.

Blissidae

-

-

-

1

-

-

54.

Heterogastridae

-

1

1

7

1

-

55.

Lygaeidae

-

2

8

11

5

-

56.

Oxycarenidae

-

-

1

-

-

-

57.

Rhyparochromidae

-

9

16

16

14

1

Superfamily PENTATOMOIDEA 58.

Acanthosomatidae

-

4

7

10

5

-

59.

Cydnidae

-

3

8

1

3

1

60.

Dinidoridae

-

6

2

4

7

16

61.

Pentatomidae

1

61

40

44

82

5

62.

Plataspidae

-

5

-

3

14

1

63.

Scutellaridae

-

9

3

25

13

-

64.

Tessarotomidae

-

2

1

2

10

-

65.

Urostylidae

-

7

-

2

18

-

Superfamily PYRRHOCOROIDEA 66.

Largidae

-

1

7

8

1

1

67.

Pyrrhocoridae

-

4

7

10

5

-

17

639

607

748

967

166

Total

1A (Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountain), 1B (Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau), 1C (Trans Himalaya: Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya: North-West), 2B (Himalaya: West Himalaya), 2C (Himalaya: Central Himalaya) and 2D (Himalaya: East Himalaya). 322


The suborder Sternorrhyncha is represented by a total of 752 species from the Himalayan regions and having no representative of 8 families viz. Margarodidae, Ortheziidae, Eriococcidae, Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Tachardiidae and Lecanodiaspididae. Under suborder Auchenorrhyncha, infraorder Cicadomorpha is represented by 301 species and infraorder Fulgomorpha (lantern flies) represented by 76 species from the Himalayan region. The suborder Heteroptera consists of 7 infraorders which include 19 superfamilies and 50 families, representing a total 712 species from the Himalayan region. Families, Cimicidae, Polytenidae, Pachynomidae (Cimicomorpha); Ceratocombidae (Dipsocoromorpha); Enicocephalidae (Enicocephalomorpha); Leptopodidae (Leptopodomorpha, Stenocephalidae, Malcidae (Pentatomorpha) are not being recorded from the region. Based on the literature review, hemipteran species recorded from different states of Indian Himalayan region was estimated. In Uttarakhand altogether 408 species were reported, which contain 45 species of water bugs, 163 species of aphids, 43 species of Cicadelloidea, 31 species from Cicadoidea, 18 species from Fulgoroidea, 20 species from Lygaeoidea, 40 species from Pentatomoidea, 17 species from Pyrrhocoroidea and 31 species from Reduvioidea. Sikkim shows the maximum diversity and altogether 549 species were reported, which contain 24 species of water bugs, 185 species of aphids, 34 species of Cicadelloidea, 20 species from Cicadoidea, 38 species from Cercopoidea, 20 species from Coreoidea, 22 species from Pentatomoidea, 17 species from Pyrrhocoroidea and 38 species from Reduvioidea. Whereas Arunachal Pradesh represented by 397 species of Hemiptera. Jammu and Kashmir altogether represent 179 species including 61 species of water bugs, 94 species of Cicadomorpha, 15 species of Coccoidea from Himachal Pradesh, 368 species was reported which contain 9 species of water bugs, 20 species of Coccoidea, 25 species of aphids, 22 species of Reduviidae. Altogether 257 species of Hemiptera including 68 species of Sternorrhyncha, 70 species of Auchenorrhyncha and 119 species of Heteroptera were recorded from Darjeeling (West Bengal). Among different faunal groups of Hemiptera, Aphididae shows the maximum diversity followed by the Pentatomidae, Coreidae and Reduviidae. Among the states, Sikkim represents the maximum diversity. However more surveys are required in this unique region (the Himalaya) having different types of habitat, altitudinal temperature and humidity variations in different regions with varied plant variations in different altitudes with torrential streams, aquatic habitat etc. to prepare a comprehensive fauna of Hemiptera from this region with the probabilities of addition of several new taxa. CHANDRA et al. : Insecta: Hemiptera

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order HEMIPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder STERNORRHYNCHA (Amyot and Serville, 1843) Superfamily ALEYRODOIDEA Westwood, 1840 Family ALEYRODIDAE Westwood, 1840 Subfamily ALEYRODINAE Westwood, 1840 Genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker, 1914 bidentatus Singh, 1940: 2A Genus Arunaleyrodes Quaintance and Baker, 1914 geminus Dubey, 2016: 2D Superfamily APHIDOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family APHIDIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Acutosiphon Basu et al., 1970 obliquoris Basu et al., 1970: 1C, 2C Genus Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko, 1914 graminum Raychaudhuri et al., 1980: 2A ignotum Mordivilko, 1914: 2A malvae (Mosley, 1841): 2A moltshanovi Mordvilko, 1914: 2A, 2B phaseoli Chakrabarti et al., 1971: 2A pisum (Harris, 1776): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ranunculum Ghosh, 1986: 2A rubi Narzikulov, 1957: 1C, 2A, 2C rubi elliptici Stroyan and Nagaich, 1964: 2A, 2B rubifoliae Raychaudhuri et al., 1975: 2A rubiformosanus Takahashi, 1971: 1C, 2C sonchifoliae Raychaudhuri et al, 1980: 2A Genus Aiceona Takahashi, 1921 pallid Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972: 2C pseudosugii David et al.,1970: 2A retipennis David, Narayanan and Rajasingh, 1970: 2D titabarenis (Raychaudhuri and Ghosh, 1964): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Akkaia Takahashi 1919 bengaiensis Basu, 1967: 1C, 2C neopolygoni Ghosh et al., 1970: 1C, 2C, 2D sikkimensis Agarwala and Raychaudhuri, 1977: 1C Genus Aleurodaphis Van der Goot, 1917 antennata Chakraborti and Maity, 1982: 2B blumeae Van der Goot, 1917: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Amphicercidus Oestlund, 1922 japonicus (Hori, 1927): 2C lonicerae Maity and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2A, 2B tuberculatus David et al., 1971: 2A Genus Amphorophora Buckton, 1876 bengalensis Lambers and Basu, 1966: 1C, 2A, 2D Genus Anoecia Tullgren, 1909 corni (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B furcata (Theobald, 1915): 2B himalayensis Chakrabarti and Maity, 1978: 2A, 2B nemoralis Borner, 1950: 2B vagans (Koch 1856): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Anomalosiphum Takahashi, 1934 indigoferae Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C Genus Aphidura Hille Ris Lambers, 1956 bharatia David, Sekhon and Bindra, 1970: 2A, 2B Genus Aphis Linnaeus, 1758 achyranthi Theobald, 1929: 2B affinis Del Guercio, 1911: 2A

323

citricola Van der Goot, 1912: 2A, 2B clematidis simlaensis Kumar and Burkhardt, 1970: 2A craccivora Koch, 1854: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C eugeniae Van der Goot, 1917: 2A euphorbiae Kaltenbach, 1843: 2B fabae solanella Theobald, 1914: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C farinosa Gmelin, 1788: 2A frangulae Koch, 1855: 2A, 2B gossypii Glover, 1877: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C kurosawai Takahashi, 1921: 2A, 2B, 2C longisetosus Basu, 1969: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nasturtii Kaltenbach, 1843: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C nerii Fonscolombe, 1841: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C paraverbasci Chakrabarti, 1976: 2A, 2B pollinosa Walker, 1849: 2A polygonacea Matsumura, 1917: 2A pomi de Geer, 1773: 2A, 2B punicae Passerini, 1863: 2A raji (Kumar and Burkhardt, 1970): 2A rhamnifila David, Narayanan and Rajasingh, 1971 rubifolii Thomas, 1879: 2B ruborum longisetosus Basu, 1969: 2A, 2B spiraecola Patch, 1914: 1C, 2C verbasci Schrank, 1801: 2A Genus Aspidophorodon Verma, 1966 harvensis Verma, 1966: 2A indica (David, Rajasingh and Narayanan, 1972): 2A, 2B Genus Astegopteryx Buckton, 1893 bambusae (Buckton, 1893): 2B himalayensis Ghosh, Pal and Raychaudhuri (1974) 1977: 2A, 2B minuta (Van der Goot, 1917): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko, 1914 circumflexus (Buckton, 1876): 1C, 2C dasi Ghosh et al., 1970: 1C, 2C delphinae Das et al, 1981: 2A dicentrae Basu, 1968: 2C linderae (Shinji, 1982): 1C, 2C magnoliae (Essig and Kuwana, 1918): 1C, 2C nipponicum (Essig and Kuwana, 1918): 1C, 2A, 2C, 2D perillae Shinji, 1924: 2A primulum Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C primulum Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C rhamni Ghosh et al., 1971: 2B, 2C sclerodorsi (Kumar and Burkhardt, 1971): 2A sensoriatum David et al., 1971: 2A solani (Kaltenbach, 1843): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C spinacaudatum (Kumar and Burkhdt, 1971): 2A, 2B strobilanthi Ghosh, 1986: 2A Genus Avicennina Narzikulov, 1957 indica Chakrabarti and Maity, 1984: 2A, 2B Genus Baizongia Rondani, 1848 pistaciae (Linn., 1767): 2A, 2B Genus Betacallis Matsumura, 1919 odaiensis Takahashi, 1969: 1C, 2C prunicola Basu et al., 1973: 2D querciphaga Basu et al., 1968: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Basu et al., 1974: 1C, 2C Genus Betulaphis Glendenning, 1926

324

hissarica Narzikulov, 1962: 2B longicornis Quednau and Chakrabarti, 1980: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Brachycaudus Van der Goot, 1913 amygdalinus (Schoutedenh, 1905): 2B cardui (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B rumexicolens (Patch, 1917): 2A, 2B helichrysi (Kaltenbach, 1843): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Brachymyzus Basu, 1964 jasmini Basu, 1964: 2C Genus Brevicoryne Van der Goot, 1915 barbareae Nevsky, 1929: 2A brassicae (Linnaeus,1758): 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Capitophorus Van der Goot, 1913 archangelskii Nevsky, 1928: 2A, 2B carduinus (Walker, 1850): 2D eleagni (Del Guerico, 1894): 1C, 2C formosartemisiae (Takahashi, 1921): 1C, 2C, 2D himachali Chakrabarty and Maity, 1980: 2A himalayensis Ghosh, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1971: 2A, 2D hippophaes (Walker, 1852): 2A, 2B hippophaes javanicus Lambers, 1953: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hippophaes mitegoni Eastop, 1956: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968: 1C, 2B, 2C tricholepidis Chakraborti, 1976: 2B vernoniae Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968: 1C, 2C Genus Cavariella Del Guercio, 1911 aegopodi (Scopoli, 1763): 2A, 2C, 2D aquatica (Gillette and Bragg, 1916): 2A, 2B araliae Takahashi, 1921: 1C, 2C biswasi Ghosh, Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A, 2B, 2D himachali Ghosh, 1986: 2A indica Maity and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2B konoi Takahashi, 1939: 2A nigra Basu, 1964: 2C salicicola Matsumura, 1917: 2C salicis (Monell, 1879): 2A, 2B simlaensis Chowdhury et al., 1969: 2A Genus Cerataphis Lichtenstein, 1882 bambusifoliae Takahashi, 1925: 2A, 2B Genus Ceratoglyphina Van der Goot, 1917 bambusae bengalensis Ghosh, 1972: 1C, 2C Genus Ceratovacuna Van der Goot, 1917 indica Ghosh et al., 1974: 1C, 2C lanigera Zehntner, 1897: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D nekohashi (Sasaki, 1910): 2A, 2B perglandulosa Basu et al., 1973: 1C, 2C, 2D silvestrti (Takahashi, 1927): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Ceruraphis Borner, 1926 eastopi Hille Ris Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2B Genus Cervaphis Van der Goot, 1917 schouteniae Van der Goot, 1917: 2D Genus Chaetogeoica Remaudiere and Tao, 1957 foliodentata (Tao, 1968): 1C, 2C graminiphaga Raychaudhuri, Pal and Ghosh, 1978: 1C, 2C Genus Chaetomyzus Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1962 rhododendri Ghosh et al., 1914: 2A Genus Chaetosiphon Mordvilko, 1914 chaetosiphon (Nevsky, 1928): 2A, 2B


fragaefolii (Cockerell, 1901): 2B glabrum David et al., 1970: 2A gracilicornis David and Narayanan, 1970: 2A heterotrichus Chakraborti et al., 1971: 2B tetrahodun (Walker, 1849): 2A, 2B Genus Chaitophorus Koch, 1854 dorocolus Matsumura, 1919: 2A, 2B, 2D himalayensis (Das, 1918): 2C indicus Ghosh et al., 1970: 2A kapuri Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2C manaliensis Chakrabarti, 1977: 2A niger Mordvilko, 1929: 2A nigritus Lambers, 1966: 2A pakistanicus Lambers, 1966: 2A populeti (Panzer, 1805): 2A populialbae (Fonscolombe, 1841): 2A salijaponicus niger Mordvilko, 1929: 2A, 2B Genus Chakrabartiaphis Remaudiere, 2001 hydrangeae (Chakrabarti and Bhattacharya, 1982): 2A, 2B Genus Chromaphis Walker, 1870 hirsutustibis Kumar and Lavigne, 1970: 2A, 2B juglandicola (Kaltenbach, 1843): 2A, 2B Genus Clethrobius Walker, 1848 comes (Walker, 1848): 2A, 2B dryobius Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D vermai Ghosh and Quednau, 1990: 2A, 2B Genus Cinara Curtis, 1835 atroalbipes David, Narayanan and Rajasingh, 1910: 2A atrotibialis David and Rajasingh, 1968: 1C, 2A, 2C chaetorostrata Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1982: 2A confinis tenuipes (Chakrabarti and Ghosh, 1974): 2A comata Doncaster, 1956: 2B cupressi (Buckton, 1881): 1C, 2C eastopi Pintera, 1966: 2A, 2B, 2C hottesis (Ghosh, Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1969): 2A, 2B indica Verma, 1970: 2B lachnirostris Hille Ris Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2B maculipes Lambers, 1966: 2A pilicornis (Hartig, 1841): 2A, 2B similis (Van der Goot, 1917): 2A tistaensis Agarwala and Raychaudhuri, 1982: 1C, 2C tujafilina (Del Guercio, 1909): 1C, 2C Genus Colorodoa Wilson, 1910 indica Verma, 1974: 2A rufomaculata (Wilson, 1908): 2A Genus Cryptaphis Lambers, 1947 elshotze Bhattacharya and Dey, 2001: 2A, 2B garhwalensis Bhattacharya et al., 1983: 2B rostrata Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1974: 2A salviae Bhattarcharya and Dey, 1906: 2A, 2B Genus Cryptomyzus Oestlund, 1922 taoi Lambers, 1965: 2A Genus Cryptosiphum Buckton, 1879 artemisiae Buckton, 1859: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Doraphis Van der Goot, 1917 populi (Maskell, 1898): 2A Genus Drepanosiphun Koch, 1855 platanoides (Schrank, 1801): 2A


Genus Diphorodon Borner, 1939 cannabis (Passerini, 1860): 2A Genus Drepanosiphum Koch, 1855 oregonensis Granovsky, 1939: 2B pilltanoides (Schrank, 1801): 2B Genus Dysaphis Börner, 1931 alina Ghosh et al., 1969: 2A brancoi (Borner, 1950): 2A, 2B emicis (Memcur, 1934) : 2A foeniculus (Theobald, 1922): 2A, 2B ghanii Stroyan, 1963: 2A microsiphon (Nevski, 1982): 2A multisetosus Basu, 1967: 2A, 2B, 2D pavlovskyana indica Chakrabarti and Medda, 1993: 2A, 2B rumecicola (Hori, 1927): 2A, 2B selinumi Chakrabarti and Medda, 1993: 2A, 2B sharmai Stroyan, 1981: 2A stroyani Ghosh, 1986: 2A tulipae (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841): 2A, 2B Genus Elatobium Mordvilko, 1914 sclerotica Agarwala et al., 1982: 1C, 2C Genus Ephedraphis Hille Ris Lambers, 1959 ephedrae (Nevsky, 1929): 2A, 2B Genus Epipemphigus Hille Ris Lambers, 1966 imaicus (Cholodkovsky, 1912) : 1C, 2C marginalis Chakrabarti and Banerjee, 1993: 2A, 2B Genus Eriosoma Heie, 2006 kashmiricum Ghosh, Verma and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 2A, 2B lanigerum (Hausmann, 1802): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2C lanuginosum (Hartig, 1839): 2A, 2B ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Subgenus Schizoneura Hartig, 1839 longipilosum Chakrabarti and Raychaudhri, 1975: 2B Genus Eoessigia David et al., 1972 indica David et al., 1972: 2A Genus Ericolophium Tao, 1963 sikkimensis Agarwala and Mahaparta, 1986: 2C Genus Erioloma Leach, 1818 lanigerum (Hausmann,1802): 2A, 2B kashmiricum Ghosh et al., 1776: 2A, 2B phaenax (Mordvilko, 1921): 2B Genus Eumyzus Latreille, 1802 darjeelingensis Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1974: 2C, 2B eastopi Maity and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2A, 2B hydrangi Chakrabarti and Bhattacharya, 1985: 2A, 2B impatiensae (Shinji, 1924): 2A, 2B indicus Medda and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2B himalayana Agarwala et al., 1982: 1C, 2C pruni Chakrabarti and Bhattacharya, 1985: 2A, 2B prunicolus Medda and Chakrabarti, 1986: 2A, 2B simlaensis Bhattacharya, 1994: 2A, 2B Genus Euthoracaphis Takahashi, 1938 longisetosa Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1973: 2D Genus Euceraphis Walker, 1870 chuansiensis Tao, 1964: 2A, 2B Genus Eulachnus Del Guercio, 1909 pumliae Inouye, 1939: 2D thunbergii Wilson, 1919: 2D

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Genus Eutrichosiphum Essig and Kuwana, 1918 alnicola (Basu, 1967): 1C, 2A, 2C arunachali Basu et al., 1972: 1C, 2C, 2D assamensis (Ghosh, Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1969): 2A, 2B, 2D atini Raychaudhuri and Chatterjee, 1977: 2A, 2B betulae Mondal et al., 1979: 1C, 2C davidi Raychaudhuri, 1956: 1C, 2C garhwalense Maity and Chakrabarti, 1980: 2A, 2B guerciphaga Chakraborti, and Mairy, 1980: 2B khasyanum (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1962): 2A manaliensis Agarwal and Ghosh, 1993: 2A, 2B neoalnicola Raychaudhuri et al., 1980: 2A, 2B pseudopassania Szelegiewicz, 1968: 2B, 2C pyri Chakrabarti, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972: 2A, 2B, 2D quercifoliae Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2C raychaudhurii (Ghosh, 1969): 2A, 2B, 2D sikkimense Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2C simlaensis Ghosh, 1986: 2A, 2B taoi Ghosh, Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1979: 2A, 2B, 2D tapatii Mondal et al., 1979: 1C, 2A, 2C vandergooti Raychaudhuri, 1956: 2A, 2B Genus Forda Von Heyden, 1837 marginata Koch, 1857: 2A, 2B orientalis George, 1920: 2A, 2B riccobonii (Stefani, 1899): 2B Genus Globulicaudapbis Lambers, 1966 pakistanica Lambers, 1966: 2A Genus Greenidea Schouteden, 1905 artocarpi (Westwood, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2D Subgenus Greenidea Schouteden, 1905 longirostris Basu, 1969: 1C, 2C aborensis (Ghosh, 1974): 2D decaspermi Takahashi, 1933: 1C, 2C ficicola Takahashi, 1916: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C longicornis (Ghosh et al., 1970) : 1C, 2C Subgenus Paragreenidea Raychaudhuri, 1956 symplocosis Ghosh et al., 1970: 1C, 2C parthenocissi Saba and Chokraborti, 1988 : 2B Subegenus Trichosiphum Pergande, 1906 anonae Pergande, 1906: 2B, 2D brachyunguis Chatterjee et al., 1981: 1C, 2C bucktonis Ghosh et al., 1970: 1C, 2B, 2C carpinicola Banerjee and Chakrabarti, 1991: 2A, 2B formosana (Maki, 1917): 2A, 2B, 2D formosana heeri Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2C kumaoni Chokraborti and Raychaudhuri, 1978 : 2B haldari Maityand Chokraborti, 1980 : 2B prunicola Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2C Genus Greenideoida Van der Goot, 1917 bhalukpongensis Ghosh et al., 1971: 2A Subgenus Pentatrichosiphum Basu, 1969 luteum (Basu, 1969): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Geoica Hart, 1894 lucifuga (Zehntner, 1898): 1C, 2C sikkimensis Raychaudhuri et al., 1978: 1C, 2C urticularia (Passerini, 1856): 2A, 2B

326

Genus Glyphinaphis Van der Goot, 1917 bambusae Van der Goot, 1917: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Hamamelistes Shimer, 1867 miyabei (Matsumura, 1917): 2B Genus Himalayaphis Ghosh and Verma, 1973 anemones Ghosh and Verma, 1973: 2A Genus Hysteroneura Davis, 1919 setariae (Thomas, 1878): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Hoplocallis Pintera, 1952 microsetosus (Quednau and Chakraborti, 1976): 2B pictus (Ferrari, 1872): 2A, 2B Genus Hyadaphis Aizenberg, 1956 coriandri Das, 1918: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Hayhurstia del Guercio, 1917 atriplicis (Linn., 1761) : 2A, 2B Genus Hyalomyzus Richards, 1958 fragaricola Ghosh, 1986: 2A himachali Bhattacharya, 1994: 2A raoi Lambers, 1973: 1C, 2C scabripes David and Narayanan, 1968: 2A Genus Hyalopterus Koch, 1854 pruni (Geoffroy, 1762): 2A Genus Hyperomyzus Borner, 1933 carduellinus (Theobald, 1915): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C lactucae (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Impatientinum Mordvilko, 1914 balsamines (Kaltenbach, 1862): 2A, 2B Subgenus Impatientinum Mordvilko, 1914 impatiens (Shinji, 1922): 1C, 2B, 2C impatiensae dalhousiensis Verma, 1969: 2A, 2B smilaceti Agarwala et al., 1982: 1C, 2C Genus Indiaphis Basu, 1969 crassicornis Basu, 1969: 2B, 2C, 2D indica Ghosh et al., 1976: 2A rostrata (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972): 2C Genus Indoidiopterus Chakrabarti et al., 1972 geranii Chowdhuri et al., 1969: 2A, 2B Genus Indotuberoaphis Chakrabarti and Maity, 1984 sorbi Chakrabarti and Maity, 1984: 2A Genus Indiochaitophorus Verma, 1970 furcatus Verma, 1970: 2A Genus Indocinara Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1969 hottesis Ghosh et al., 1969: 2A Genus Indomasonaphis Raychaudhuri et al., 1980 indica Verma, 1972: 2A, 2B inulae (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972) : 2A tuberculatus Chakrabarti et al., 1983: 2A Genus Jacksonia Theobald, 1923 companullata Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1978: 2A, 2B conandri (Takahashi, 1968): 1C, 2C papillata Theobald, 1923: 1C, 2A, 2C sikkimensis Ghosh et al., 1977: 1C, 2C Genus Kaburagia Takagi, 1937 ailanthi Chowdhuri, et al., 1969: 2A, 2B Genus Kaltenbachiella Schoutedon, 1906 carpinicola Ghosh et al., 1981: 2B pallida (Haliday, 1838): 2A, 2B Genus Kurisakia Takahashi, 1924 indica Basu, 1967: 1C, 2C


lambersi Chakraborti and Maity, 1978: 2B nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899): 2B utpali Chakraborti Maity and Bhattacherjee, 1982: 2B Genus Lachnus Burmeister, 1835 acutihirsutus Kumar and Burkhardt, 1970: 2A longirostrum David and Ghosh, 1965: 2A longisetosus Ghosh, 1982: 2A, 2B tropicalis (Van der Goot, 1916): 1C, 2C Genus Liosomaphis Walker, 1868 atra Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2B berberidis (Kaltenbach, 1843): 1C, 2C himalayensis Basu, 1964: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lipaphis Mordvilko, 1928 erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) : 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Longicaudus Van der Goot, 1913 cornuta, Chakrabarti and Banerjee, 1991: 2A, 2B dunlopi Lambers, 1965: 2B himalayensis Lambers, 1965: 2A kumaoni Chakrabarti and Banerjee, 1991: 2B Genus Longisiphoniella Chakrabarti et al., 1988 subterranea Chakrabarti et al., 1988: 2B Genus Macromyzus Takahashi, 1960 Subgenus Anthracosiphoniella Basu, 1969 maculatus (Basu, 1969): 1C, 2C Subgenus Macromyzus Takahashi, 1960 indicus David and Narayanan, 1968 : 2A woodwardi (Takahashi, 1921): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Macrosiphoniella Del Guercio, 1911 alatavica (Nevsky, 1928): 2A, 2B formosartemisiae Takahashi, 1921: 2A, 2B, 2D grandicauda Takahashi and Moritsu, 1963: 2A, 2B himalayana Saha and Chakrabarti, 1988: 2A, 2B kalimpongense Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 2A, 2B kikusanensis Moritsu, 1971: 1C, 2C pseudoartemisiae Shinji, 1933 : 2B, 2C sanborni (Gillette, 1908): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C sikkimartemisiae Agarwala and Raychaudhuri, 1977: 1C, 2C sudhakaris Banerjee, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A, 2B yomogifoliae (Shinji, 1922) : 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Chosoniella Szelegiewicz, 1980 spinipes Basu, 1967: 2C Subgenus Macrosiphoniella Passerini, 1860 pachysiphon Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2C, 2D pseudogeranii Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1974: 2A kikunshana Takahashi, 1937: 1C, 2C Subgenus Sinosiphoniella Tao, 1963 hikosanensis Moritsu, 1949: 1C, 2C Genus Macrosiphum Passerini, 1960 audeni MacDougall, 1926: 2A, 2B euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878): 2A, 2B fagopyri Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972: 2A, 2B Subgenus Macrosiphum Passerini, 1960 pachysiphon Lambers, 1966: 2A, 2B, 2D pseudogerani Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Sitobion Mordvilko, 1914 akebiae (Shinji, 1935): 1C, 2C aulacorthoides David et al., 1971 : 2A, 2C, 2D


bambusicola (Ghosh, 1986) : 2A gravelii (Van der Goot, 1917): 1C, 2C, 2D himalayansis (Ghosh, 1986) : 2A indicum Basu, 1964 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D miscanthi (Takahashi, 1921): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D luteum (Buckton, 1876): 1C, 2C pseudoalupecuri (Chakrabarti, 1977): 2A rosaeformis (Das, 1918): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sikkimense (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968): 1C, 2A, 2C pseudoluteum Ghosh, 1969: 1C, 2C smilacicola sikkimensis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968: 1C, 2C takahashii (Eastop, 1959): 1C, 2C Genus Masonaphis Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 Subgenus Neomasonaphis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972 anaphalidis (Basu, 1964): 2A Genus Matsumuraja Wilson, 1910 capitophoroides Lambers, 1966: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indica Ghosh et al., 1971: 2C urticae Ghosh et al., 1971: 2C Genus Megoura Buckton, 1876 dooarsis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2C Genus Mesocallis Matsumura, 1919 alnicola Ghosh, 1974: 2A, 2B, 2D obtusirostris Ghosh, 1974: 2C Genus Metaphorodon Takahashi, 1961 polygoni (Van der Goot, 1965): 1C, 2C Genus Metopolopium Mordvilko, 1914 dirhodum Walker, 1849: 2B Subgenus Metopolopium Mordvilko, 1914 chandrani David and Narayanan, 1968: 2A darjeelingense Raychaudhuri et al., 1975: 2C darjeelingense lacheni Agarwala et al., 1982: 2C graminum Raychaudhuri et al., 1980: 2A longicaudatum (David and Hammed, 1975) : 2A rubi (Narzikulov, 1957): 2B, 2C rubifoliae Raychaudhuri et al., 1975: 1C, 2A, 2C simlaense Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1974: 2A sonchifoliae Raychaudhuri, 1980: 2A Genus Melanaphis Van der Goot, 1917 arundinariae (Takahashi, 1937): 2A, 2B, 2D meghalayensis meghalayensis Raychaudhuri and Banerjee, 1974: 2A, 2B pahanensis (Takahashi, 1950) : 1C, 2B, 2C vandergooti Raychaudhuri and Banerjee, 1974: 2D bambusae (Fullaway, 1910): 1C, 2C, 2D sacchari (Zehntner, 1897): 2A, 2B, 2D sacchariforma indosacchari (David, 1897): 1C, 2C strobilanthi Medda and Chakrabarti, 1992: 2A, 2B Genus Microlophium Mordvilko, 1914 carnosum (Buckton, 1876): 2A, 2B Genus Micromyzella Eastop, 1955 judenkoi (Carver, 1965): 2A, 2C Genus Micromyzodium David, 1958 dasi Verma, 1969: 2A, 2B, 2D filicium David, 1958: 2A levipes (Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1974): 2D strobilanthi Ghosh 1970: 2A Genus Micromyzus Van der Goot, 1971

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granotiae Ghosh et al., 1970: 2C filicium David, 1970 : 2C kalimpongensis Basu 1967: 2C niger Van der Goot, 1917: 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Mollitrichosiphum Van der Goot, 1917 Subgenus Metatrichosiphon Raychaudhuri, 1956 acutihirsutum Maity and Chakrabarti, 1980: 2A, 2B, 2D alni Ghosh, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1970: 2A, 2B, 2D alnifoliae Chakrabarti and Maity, 1978: 2A, 2B buddleiae Ghosh, Banerjee and Raychaudhuri, 1971: 2A montnum (Van der Goot, 1917): 1C, 2B, 2C nandii Basu, 1964: 1C, 2A, 2C nigriabdominalis Agarwala et al., 1982: 1C, 2C tenuicorpus Okajima, 1908: 1C, 2C trilokum Agarwala and Ghosh, 1993: 1C, 2C Genus Myzakkaia Basu, 1969 kuwanis (Ghosh et al., 1970): 1C, 2C polygonicola Basu, 1969: 2D verbasci (Chowdhuri et al., 1969): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Myzaphis Van der Goot, 1913 avariolosa David et al., 1971: 2A rosarum (Katenbach, 1843) : 2A, 2B turanica Nevsky, 1929: 2A, 2B Genus Myzus Passerini, 1860 cornutus Meeda and Chakrabarti, 1986: 2A, 2B cymbalariae Stroyan, 1954: 2A, 2B, 2D indicus Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 2A, 2B, 2D lefroyi Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 2A, 2B, 2C sorbi Bhattacharya and Chakrabarti, 1982: 2A, 2B Subgenus Myzus Passerini, 1860 ascalonicus Doncaster, 1946: 2A, 2B cerasi (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C dycei Carver, 1961: 2A, 2C, 2D filicis Basu, 1969: 2C formosanus (Basu, 1969) : 1C, 2C leptotrichus David et al., 1972: 2C manoji Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1976 : 2C mumecola Matsumura, 1971 : 2A obtusirostris David, Narayanan and Rajasingh, 1971: 2A, 2B ornatus Laing, 1932: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C persicae (Sulzer, 1776): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C siegesbeckicola Strand,1929 : 1C, 2C umifoliae (Shinji, 1924): 2B Genus Myzocallis Passerini, 1860 pakistanicus (Hille Ris Lambers, 1966): 2A, 2B polychaetus David, 1969: 2A pictus (Ferrari, 1872) : 2A, 2B Genus Nasonovia Mordvilko, 1914 Subgenus Nasonovia Mordvilko, 1914 jammuensis Verma, 1970 : 2A rostrata David and Hameed, 1974 : 2A, 2B Genus Neucranaphis (Remaudiere and Remaudiere, 1997) bambusicola (David, Rajasingh, Narayanan, (1970) 1971): 2A, 2B Genus Neohyalomyzus Basu, Ghosh, and Raychaudhuri, 1976 raoi (Lambers, 1973): 2B, 2C Genus Neomegouropsis Ghosh, Basu, Raychaudhuri, 1977 dooarsis (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969) : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Neoacyrthosiphon Tao, 1963

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dubium Chakrabarti and Maity, 1984: 2A, 2B indicum Ghosh, Verma and Raychaudhuri, 1976: 2A holsti (Takahashi, 1935): 1C, 2C taiheisanum (Takahashi, 1935) : 2C takahashii Ghosh, 1969: 2A Genus Neobetulaphis Basu, 1964 chaetosiphon Quednau and Chakrabarti 1980: 2C pusilla Basu, 1964: 2C Genus Neothoraeapis Takahashi, 1958 garhwalensis Chakraborti and Raha, 1985: 2B Genus Neomasonaphis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972 anaphalidis Basu, 1964 : 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C chakrabartii (Bhattacharya, 1991): 2A, 2B inulae (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972) : 1C, 2A, 2C rhododendris Chakrabarti et al, 1983: 2A, 2B rumicis Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1975 : 2A, 2B tuberculatus (Chakraborti, Mondal and Raha, 1983): 2B Genus Neomyzus van der Goot, 1915 circumflexus (Buckton, 1876): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neothelaxes Chakrabarti and Quednau, 1996 parthenossi Chakrabarti and Quednau, 1996: 2A, 2B viticola Chakrabarti and Quednau, 1996: 2A, 2B Genus Neotoxoptera Theobald, 1915 geranii (Chowdhuri, Basu, Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A, 2B Genus Nippolachnus Matsumura, 1917 bengalensis Basu and Lambers, 1968: 2A, 2C himalayensis (Van der Goot, 1917): 2A, 2C piri Matsumura, 1917: 2A, 2B, 2C querciphaga Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1973: 1C, 2C Genus Nudisiphon Kumar and Burkhadt, 1971 chitinicauda Chakrabarti and Bhattacharya, 1982: 2A folisacculata (Kumar and Burkhadt, 1971): 2A Genus Oedisiphum Van der Goot, 1917 compositarum Van der Goot, 1917: 2A, 2B soureni (Basu, 1964) : 2B, 2C Genus Ovatus Van der Goot, 1913 cretaegarius (Walker, 1850): 2B Genus Paczoskia Mordvilko, 1914 budhium Banerjee et al., 1969: 2B, 2C Genus Panaphis Kirkaldy, 1904 juglandis (Geoze, 1778): 2B Genus Pemphigus Hartig, 1839 dorocola Matsumura, 1917: 2A, 2B eastopi Mondal, 1977: 1C, 2B, 2C immunis Buckton, 1876: 2A, 2B indicus Keifer, 1908: 2A, 2B, 2D matsumurai Monzen, 1929: 2A, 2B mordvilkoi Cholodkovsky, 1912 : 2B nainitalensis Cholodkovsky, 1912 : 2B napeus Buckton, 1896: 2A saliciradicis (Borner, 1950): 2A, 2B siphunculatus Hille Ris Lambers, 1973: 2A, 2B vulgaria Raychaudhuri et al., 1978: 1C, 2C Genus Prociphilus Koch, 1857 micheliae Hille Ris Lambers, 1933: 2A, 2C oriens Mordvilko, 1935: 2A osmanthae Essig and Kawana, 1918: 2A, 2B, 2D taxus (Ghosh et al., 1969) : 2A


Subgenus Stagona Koch, 1857 himalayensis Chakrabarti, 1976: 2A xyloatei (De Geer, 1773): 2B Genus Pentalonia Coquerel, 1859 nigronervosa Coquerel, 1859: 2B Genus Phorodon Passerini, 1860 Subgenus Paraphorodon Tseng and Tao, 1938 cannabis Passerini, 1860: 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Periphyllus Takahashi, 1937 aceriphaga Chakrabarti and Mondal, 1987: 2A, 2B aesculi Lambers, 1933: 2A, 2B bengalensis Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972: 2C caesium Chakrabarti and Saha, 1987: 2A, 2B californiensis Shinji, 1917: 2C garhwalensis Chakrabarti and Mondal, 1987: 2A, 2B himalayensis Chakrabarti, 1977: 2A, 2C hirticornis (Walker, 1848): 2A, 2B pallidus Chakrabarti and Saha, 1987: 2A, 2B pusillus Quednau and Chakraborti, 1976 : 2B testudinaceus (Fernie, 1852): 2A, 2B, 2D vandenboschi Hille Ris Lambers, 1966: 2A villosi Chakraborti, 1977: 2B viridis (Matsumura, 1919): 2A, 2B Genus Pleotrichophorus Borner, 1930 glandulosus (Kaltenbach, 1846) : 2B, 2C Genus Protrama Baker, 1920 longitarsus sclerodensus Kumar, 1973: 1B, 2A Genus Pseudothoracaphis Raychaudhuri et al., 1980 himachali (Raychaudhuri, Ghosh and Das, 1980): 2A Genus Pseudoastegopteryx Ghosh et al., 1977 himalayensis Ghosh et al., 1974: 1C, 2C Genus Pseudoregma Doncaster, 1966 alexanderi (Takahashi, 1924): 1C, 2C bucktoni Ghosh et al.,1893: 1C, 2B, 2C bambusicola (Takahashi, 1971): 1C, 2C orientalis (Agarwala et al., 1982) : 1C, 2C panicola (Takahashi, 1918) : 1C, 2C, 2D subgladulosa (Lambers and Basu, 1969): 1C, 2C Genus Pterochloroides Mordvilko, 1914 parsicae (Cholodkovsky, 1899): 2A Genus Pyrolachnus Basu and Hille Ris Lambers, 1968 imbrjcatus David et al., 1971: 2A pyri (Buckton, 1899): 2C Genus Pseudothoraeapis Raychauduri et al., 1980 himachali Raychaudhuri, Ghosh and Das, 1980 : 2B Genus Pseudoacyrthosiphon Ghoshand Raychaudhuri, 1969 Subgenus Anacyrthosiphon Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969 takahashi (Ghosh, 1969): 2B, 2C Genus Pterocalils Passerin, 1860 affinis Chakraborti, 1988: 2B Genus Pterocomma Buckton, 1879 himachali Raychaudhuri, Ghosh and Das, 1980 : 2B pilosum Buckton, 1879: 2A, 2B populeum (Kaltenbach, 1843): 2A, 2B populifoliae (Fitch, 1851): 1C, 2A, 2C rufipes (Hartig, 1841): 2A, 2B Genus Raychaudhuriealla Chakrabarti, 1978 myzaphoides Chakrabarti, 1978 : 2A, 2B Genus Reticulaphis Takahashi, 1958


distylii rotifera Lambers and Takahashi, 1959: 2A Genus Rhodobium Hill Ris Lambers, 1947 porosum (Sanderson, 1901) : 2B, 2C Genus Rhopalosiphum Koch, 1854 maidis (Fitch, 1835): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C nymphaeae (Linnaeus, 1761): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C padi (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rufiabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899) : 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C yoksumi Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C porosum (Sanderson, 1901): 2B, 2C Genus Rhopalosiphoninus Baker, 1920 ehretis Bhattacharya and Chakrabarti, (1981) 1982: 2A, 2B elsholtze Chakrabarti and Medda, 1989: 2A, 2B Subgenus Neorhopalosiphoninus Ghosh and Ray Choudhuri, 1968 smilacifoliae (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968): 1C, 2C Subgenus Rhopalosiphoninus Baker, 1920 indicus Ghosh, 1986: 2A latysiphon (Davidson, 1912) : 2A longisetosus Chakrabarti and Ghosh, 1974: 2A sensoriatus Chakrabarti, 1978: 2A smilacifoliae Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968: 1C, 2C Genus Schoutedenia Mordvilko, 1921 alnicola (Basu, 1967): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C arunachali Basu et al., 1972: 1C, 2C, 2D assamense (Ghosh et al., 1969): 2A, 2B atini Raychaudhuri and Chatterjee, 1977: 2A betulae Mondal et al., 1979: 1C, 2C emblica (Patel and Kulkarni, 1953): 2A, 2B, 2D khasyanum (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1962): 2A, 2B, 2D manaliensis Agarwala and Ghosh, 1968: 2A neoalnicola Raychaudhuri et al., 1980: 2A quercifoliae Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2B, 2C raychaudhurii Ghosh, 1969: 1C, 2C ralumensis Riibsaamen, 1905: 1C, 2C sikkimense Raychaudhuri et al., 1973: 1C, 2C tapatii Mondal et al., 1979: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C tattakanum (Takahashi, 1925): 2A, 2B Genus Schizaphis Börner, 1931 graminum (Rondoni, 1852) : 1C, 2B, 2C hypersiphonata Basu, 1969: 2C rotundiventris (Signoret, 1860): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Semiaphis Van der Goot, 1913 heraelei (Takahashi, 1921): 1C, 2C Genus Senisetotarsaphis Raychaudhuri et al., 1980 jakhuensis Raychaudhuri et al., 1980: 2A Genus Serratocallis Quednau and Chakraborti, 1976 takahashi Quednau and Chakraborti, 1976: 2A Genus Shinjia Takahashi, 1938 orientalis (Mordvilko, 1929): 2C, 2D pteridifoliae (Shinji, 1929): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Shivaphis Das, 1918 celti Das, 1918: 1C, 2A, 2C celticola (Nevsky, 1929): 2A Genus Sinomegoura Takahashi, 1960 citricola (Vander Goot, 1917): 1C, 2A, 2C, 2D photinae (Takahashi, 1986): 1C, 2C rhododendri (Takahashi, 1937): 1C, 2C Genus Sipha Passerini, 1860

329

maydis (Passerini, 1860): 2A Genus Sitobion Mordvilko, 1914 alopecuri (Takahashi, 1921): 2A, 2B bambusicola (Ghosh, 1986): 2A, 2B fragariae (Walker, 1848): 2A, 2B, 2D himalayensis (Ghosh, 1986): 2A, 2B indicum Basu, 1964: 2A, 2B, 2D miscanthi (Takahashi, 1921): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pseudoalupecuri Chakrabarti, (1976) 1977: 2A, 2B pseudoleuteum Ghosh, 1969: 2A, 2B, 2D rosaeiformis (Das, 1918): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sikkimense (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1968): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D smilacicola (Takahashi, 1924): 2A, 2B Genus Smynthurodes Westwood, 1849 betae Westwood, 1849: 2A, 2B Genus Spinaphis Ghosh, 1986 multisetosa Ghosh, 1986: 2A Genus Stomaphis Walker, 1870 longirostris Fabricius, 1980: 2A Genus Subovalomyzae Basu, 1964 leucosceptri Basu, 1964: 1C, 2C Genus Subovatomyzus Basu, 1964 leucosceptri Basu, 1964: 1C, 2C Genus Sumatraphis Takahashi, 1935 celti Takahashi, 1935: 1C, 2C Genus Taiwaoaphis Takahashi, 1934 dioeni Mandal et al., 1973: 1C, 2C dineni Mondal, et al., 1979: 1C, 2C kalipadi (Raychaudhuri and Ghosh, 1964): 2C randiae Ghosh et al., 1971: 2D Genus Takecallis Matsumura, 1917 affinis Ghosh, 1986: 2A, 2B arundinariae (Essig, 1917): 1C, 2A, 2D, 2C himalayensis Chakrabarti, 1988: 2A Genus Taoia Quednau, 1973 indica (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969): 1C, 2C Genus Tinocallis Matsumura, 1917 distinctus Ghosh et al., 1970: 2C himalayensis Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C nevskyi Rem and Quednau, 1988: 2B saltans (Nevsky, 1929): 2A, 2B Genus Tinocalloides Basu, 1970 montanus Basu, 1969: 1C, 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Taiwanomyzus Tao, 1963 darjeelingensis Ghosh et al., 1917: 2C Genus Takeeallis Matsumura, 1917 himalayensis Chakraborti, 1988: 2B Genus Taoida Quednau, 1973 indica (Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972): 2B Genus Tetraneura Hartig, 1841 basui Lambers, 1969: 1C, 2C indica Ghosh, 1977: 2A javensis Van der goot, 1917: 2A, 2B lambersi Chakrabarti and Maity, 1978: 2A, 2B nigriabdominalis (Sasaki, 1899): 1C, 2C radicicola Strand, 1929: 2A, 2B sikkimensis Raychaudhuri, et al., 1978: 1C, 2C ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B utpali Chakrabarti, Maity and Bhattacharya, 1982: 2A, 2B

330

Genus Thecabius Koch, 1857 affinis (Kaltenbach, 1843): 2A, 2B Genus Toxoptera Koch, 1856 aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841): 1C, 2A, 2C citricidus (Kirkaldy, 1907): 1C, 2A, 2C odinae (Van der Goot, 1917): 1C, 2C Genus Trama Von Heyden, 1837 penecaeca (Stroyan, 1964): 2A, 2B Genus Tricaudatus Narzikulav, 1953 indicus Ghosh, Basu and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A polygoni (Narzikulav, 1953): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Trichaitophorus Takahashi, 1937 aceris Takahashi, 1937: 2A, 2B koyaensis Takahashi, 1961: 2A, 2B recurvispinosus Lambers and Basu, 1966: 2C Genus Trichosiphonaphis Takahashi, 1922 gerberae Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1972: 1C, 2C polygoni (Vander Goot, 1917): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Tuberoaphis Tseng and Tao, 1938 hydrangea digitata Lambers and Basu 1966: 2C Genus Tuberocephalus Shinji, 1917 sasaki (Matsumura, 1917): 1C, 2C Genus Tuberolachnus Mordvilko, 1908 salignus (Gmelin, 1790) : 2A, 2C Genus Uroleucon Mordvilko, 1914 budhium (Banerjee, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969): 2A, 2B, 2D erigeronensie (Thomas, 1878): 2A, 2B fagopyri (Chowdhuri et al., 1969): 2A formosanum (Takahashi, 1921): 2A, 2B formosanus crepidis (Ghosh et al., 1971): 1C, 2C fuscaudatus Chakraborti and Raychaudhuri, 1978: 2B himachali Ghosh, 1975: 2A kashmiricus (Verma, 1966): 2A, 2B kumaoni Banerjee, Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1969: 2A, 2B longisetosus Chakrabarti and Verma, 1975: 2A, 2B minatii Das et al., 1981: 2A simlaensis Chakrabarti et al., 1971: 2A sonchi (Linnaeus, 1767) : 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C tanaceti indica Ghosh, 1986: 2A, 2B, 2D Subgenus Uromelan Mordvilko, 1914 pseudotallaceti (Verma, 1969): 1C, 2C, 2D himachali Ghosh, 1975: 2A lambersi Ghosh et al., 1977: 2C simile Hille Ris Lambers, 1935: 2A, 2B Genus Utamphorophora Knowton, 1946 himalayensis Chakrabarti and Banerjee, 1989: 2A, 2B Genus Vesiculaphis Del Guercio, 1911 kuwanis Ghosh et al., 1971: 1C, 2C pieridis Basu, 1964: 2A, 2B, 2C polygoni Bhattacharya and Dey, 2001: 2A, 2B pruni Chakrabarti and Medda, 1989: 2A, 2B sikkimensis Mondal, 1979: 1C, 2C verbasci Chowdhuri et al., 1969: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Xenomyzus Aisenberg, 1935 scabripes Basu et al., 1976: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Xenosiphonaphis Takahashi, 1961 conandri Takahashi, 1961: 2A, 2B folisacculatus Kumar and Burkhardt, 1971: 2A


Genus Yamatocallis Matsumura, 1917 brevicauda Chakraborti, 1988 : 2B obscura (Ghosh et al., 1970): 2C Genus Yamatochaitophorus Higuchi, 1972 albus Takahashi, 1961: 2A, 2B Superfamily COCCOIDEA Handlirsch, 1903 Family COCCIDAE Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Akermes Cockerell, 1902 montanus (Green, 1908): 2A Genus Ceroplastes Gray, 1928 ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A floridensis Comstock, 1881: 2A rusci Signoret, 1972: 2B Genus Ceroplastodes Cockerell, 1893 cajani Cockerell, 1900: 2A chiton Green, 1909: 2A Genus Coccus Linnaeus, 1758 hesperidium Linnaeus, 1758: 2A Genus Metaceronema Takahashi, 1955 japonica (Maskell, 1897): 2C Family DACTYLOPIIDAE Signoret, 1875 Genus Dactylopius Costa, 1835 indicus Green, 1922: 2A Family DIASPIDIDAE Cockerell, 1900 Genus Aspidiotus Bouche, 1833 destructor Signoret, 1869: 2A Genus Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 litzeae (Green, 1896): 2C vitis (Green, 1896): 2A Genus Chionaspis Signoret, 1869 furfura (Fitch, 1857): 2A himalaica Takagi, 1985: 2A salicis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Cryptoparlatoria Lindinger, 1905 pini Takahashi, 1938: 2A Genus Dentachionaspis MacGillivray, 1921 centripetalis Rao, 1953: 2A Genus Eucornuaspis Borchsenius, 1963 pinnaeformis Borchsenius, 1966: 2C Genus Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868 himalaica Takagi, 1975: 2A pakistanensis Ahmad, 1970: 2A theae Green, 1900: 2C Genus Lineaspis MacGillivray, 1921 caroli (Green, 1919): 2C Genus Parlatoria Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868 oleae (Colvee, 1880): 2A Genus Pinnaspis Cockerell, 1892 strachani (Cooley, 1899): 2A theae (Maskell, 1891): 2C Genus Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921 manni (Green, 1907): 2A, 2C venue (Menon and Khan, 1961): 2A Genus Thysanofiorinia Balachowsky, 1954 leei Williams, 1971: 2B Genus Salicicola Lindinger, 1905 indiaeorientalis (Lindinger, 1911): 2A Genus Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921 perniciosus (Comstock, 1881): 2A


Family KERMESIDAE Latreille, 1798 Genus Pseudopulvinaria Atkinson, 1889 sikkimensis Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C Family MONOPHLEBIDAE Signoret, 1865 Genus Drosicha Walker, 1858 dalbergiae (Green, 1902): 2B leachii (Westwood, 1845): 2B mangiferae (Green, 1903): 2B stebbingii (Green and Morrison, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Labioproctus Green, 1922 poleii Green, 1896: 2C Family PSEUDOCOCIDAE Heymons, 1915 Genus Rastrococcus Ferris, 1954 iceryoides (Green, 1908): 2A resinophila Green, 1916: 2A Superfamily PSYLLOIDEA Latreille, 1798 Family PSYLLIDAE Latreille, 1798 Subfamily APHALARINAE Loew, 1878 Genus Aphalara Foerster, 1848 maculipennis Loew, 1886: 2B ossiannilssoni Mathur, 1975: 2C Subfamily CIRIACREMINAE Enderlein, 1910 Genus Macrohomotoma Kuwayama, 1907 lutheri (Enderlein, 1908): 2C Genus Psausia Enderlein, 1914 indica Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Rhinopsylla Riley, 1883 stylata Crawford, 1912: 2A Subfamily LIVINAE Loew, 1878 Genus Livia Latreille, 1804 juncorum (Latreille, 1798 ): 2B Subfamily PAUROPSYLLINAE Crawford, 1914 Genus Apsylla Crawford, 1912 cistellata (Buckton, 1893): 2B Genus Paurocephala Crawford, 1913 minuta Crawford, 1919: 2B phalaki Mathur, 1975: 2C russellae Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Pauropsylla Rubsaamen, 1899 beesoni Laing, 1930: 2B brevicornis Crawford, 1919: 2B ficicola Kieffer, 1905: 2B maculate Mathur, 1975: 2B nigra Crawford, 1919: 2B purpurescens Mathur, 1975: 2B spondiasae Crawford, 1915: 2B stevensi Laing, 1930: 2C Genus Phacopteron Buckton, 1894 lentiginosum Buckton, 1894: 2B, 2C Subfamily PSYLLINAE Loew, 1878 Genus Acizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1960 indica Heslop-Harrison, 1949: 2B Genus Arytaina Forerster, 1848 fasciata Laing, 1930: 2A spinosa Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Diaphorina Loew, 1879 citri Kuwayma, 1908: 2B communis Mathur, 1975: 2B dunensis Mathur, 1975: 2B

331

Genus Euphyllura Forerster, 1848 caudate Mathur, 1975: 2B concolor Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Psylla Geoffroy, 1972 bengalensis Mathur, 1975: 2C cedrelae Kieffer, 1905: 2B, 2C crataegi (Schrank, 1801): 2B eastopi Mathur, 1975: 2B hyaline Mathur, 1975: 2B longigena Mathur, 1975: 2C longus Mathur, 1975: 2B murrayi Mathur, 1975: 2B quadrimaculata Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Psyllopsis Loew, 1878 fraxini (Linnaeus, 1761): 2B Subfamily TRIOZINAE Loew, 1879 Genus Ceropsylla Riley, 1883 fulvida Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Leuronota Crawford, 1914 corniculata Mathur, 1975: 2B Genus Trioza Foerster, 1848 analis Crawford, 1912: 2A fletcheri Crawford, 1912: 2B fusca Mathur, 1975: 2B gigantean Crawford, 1912: 2C hyalina Crawford, 1912: 2B jambolanae Crawford, 1917: 2B lobata Crawford, 1914: 2C malloticola (Crawford, 1928): 2B pitformis Mathur, 1975: 2B serrate Mathur, 1975: 2B spinulata Mathur, 1975: 2B urticae (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Suborder AUCHENORRHYNCHA Linnaeus 1758 Infraorder CICADOMORPHA Evans, 1946 Superfamily CERCOPOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family CERCOPIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily APHROPHORINAE Evans, 1946 Genus Aphrophora Germ., 1831 bisignata Walker, 1858: 1C, 2C moorei Distant, 1908: 2D Genus Jembrana Distant, 1907 bipartita Distant, 1916: 2C costalis Distant, 1916: 2C, 2D obesa Distant, 1916: 2C, 2D Genus Peuceptyleus Sahlberg, 1871 sigillifer Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Philagra (Walker, 1851) dissimilis Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C fuciformis Walker, 1858 : 1C, 2C Genus Ptyelus St. Farg. and Serv., 1825 nebulus Turton, 1802: 2C Subfamily CALLITETTIXINAE Metcalf and Horton, 1934 Genus Callitattix Stål, 1865 biformis Lallemand, 1927: 2C braconoides (Walker, 1858): 2C contiguus (Walker, 1851): 2B versicolor (Fabricius, 1794): 1C, 2C Genus Clovia Stål, 1866

332

bipunctata Kirby, 1891: 1C, 2C conifera (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2C puncta Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Cosmoscarta Stål, 1869 balteata Distant, 1914: 1C, 2C bispecularis (White, 1844): 1C, 2C decisa Walker, 1858: 1C, 2C dimidiata (Dallas, 1850): 1C, 2C dorsalis Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C dorsimacula Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C egens Walker, 1858 : 1C, 2C egentior Lalleman, 1927: 1C, 2C fictilis Butler, 1874: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D himalayana Distant, 1914: 2D innota Schmidt, 1910: 1C, 2C metallica Distant, 1900: 2C minor Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C nigra Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C nigrofasciata Atkins, 1888: 1C, 2C septempunctata Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C thoracica Distant, 1900: 1C, 2C trigona Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C trifasciata Schmidt, 1910: 1C, 2C Genus Leptataspis Schmidt, 1911 moorei Distant, 1878: 1C, 2C fluviceps (Dallas, 1850): 1C, 2C fruhstorferi Schmidt, 1905: 1C, 2C fuscipennis (Le Peletier and Serville, 1825): 1C, 2C specialis Lallemand, 1927: 1C, 2C Genus Opistharsostethus Schmidt, 1911 menaca Distant, 1900: 1C, 2C nigrofasciatus Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C Genus Phymatostetha Stål, 1870 basiclava Walker, 1858 : 1C, 2C pudens Walker, 1858 : 1C, 2C stalii Butler, 1874 : 1C, 2C Subfamily CERCOPINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Abidama Distant, 1906 producta (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2C Genus Paphnutius Distant, 1916 ostentus Distant, 1916: 1C, 2C Family MACHAEROTIDAE Stål, 1866 Genus Machaerota Burm., 1835 assamensis Distant, 1916: 1C, 2C planitiae Distant, 1906: 2C Superfamily CICADOIDEA Westwood, 1840 Family CICADIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily CICADINAE (Latreille, 1802) Genus Balinta Distant, 1905 octonotata octonotata (Westwood, 1842): 1C, 2C Genus Basa Distant, 1905 singularis (Walker, 1858): 1C, 2C Genus Callogaeana Chou and Yao, 1985 festiva festiva (Fabricius, 1803): 1C, 2C Genus Champaka Distant, 1905 spinosa (Fabricius, 1787): 2C Genus Chremistica Stål, 1870 ribhoi Hajong and Yaakop, 2013: 2C Genus Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857


acberi (Distant, 1888): 2A anoea (Walker, 1850): 2C Genus Cryptotympana Stål, 1861 acuta Signoret, 1848: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D corvus (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D exalbida Distant, 1891: 1C, 2C intermedia (Signoret, 1849): 2B, 2C Genus Diceropyga Stål, 1870 obtecta (Fabricius, 1803): 2C Genus Dundubia Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 helena Distant, 1912: 2B intemerata Walker, 1856: 1C, 2C mannifera (Linn., 1754): 1C, 2C vaginata vaginata (Fabricius, 1787): 1C, 2C Genus Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917 crowfooti Distant, 1912: 2B Genus Gaeana Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 consors Atkinson, 1884: 1C, 2C maculata maculata (Drury, 1773): 1C, 2C sulphurea (Hope, 1839): 2B Genus Gudaba Distant, 1906 maculata Distant, 1912: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Haphsa Distant, 1905 nicomache (Walker, 1850) : 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Hyalessa China, 1925 expansa (Walker, 1858): 1C, 2C, 2D obnubila (Distant, 1888): 2A, 2B Genus Khimbya Distant, 1905 evanescens (Walker, 1905): 2B Genus Lemuriana Distant 1905 apicalis (Germar, 1830): 2B Genus Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866 samia (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2C tuberosa (Signoret, 1847): 1C, 2C Genus Macrosemia Kato, 1925 saturata (Walker, 1858): 1C, 2C umbrata (Distant, 1888): 1C, 2C Genus Mata Distant, 1906 kama (Distant, 1881): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Meimuna Distant, 1905 cassondra Distant, 1912: 2B gamameda (Distant, 1902): 1C, 2C microdon (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2C tripurasura (Distant, 1881): 1C, 2C Genus Mogannia Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 aurea Fraser, 1942: 1C, 2C effecta effecta Distant, 1892: 1C, 2C obliqua Walker, 1858: 1C, 2C venutissima venutissima Stål, 1865: 1C, 2C Genus Oncotympana Stal, 1870 melanoptera (Distant, 1904): 2B obnubila Distant, 1888: 2B Genus Platylomia Stål, 1870 brevis Distant, 1912: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D radha (Distant, 1881): 1C, 2C saturata Walker, 1858: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D similis (Distant, 1888): 1C, 2C Genus Platypleura Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 assamensis Atkinson, 1884: 2C


basialba (Walker, 1850): 2B, 2C bufo (Walker, 1850): 2B mackinnoni Distant, 1904: 2B octoguttata (Fabricius, 1798): 2C polita (Walker, 1850): 2B sphinx Walker, 1850: 2C westwood Stal, 1863: 2B Genus Paranosia Lee, 2014 andersoni (Distant, 1892): 1C, 2C Genus Pomponia Stal, 1866 fusca Olivier, 1790: 2B surya Distant, 1904: 2B thalia (Walker, 1850): 2B Genus Polyneura Westwood, 1842 ducalis Westwood, 1840: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Pycna Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 minor Liu, 1940: 2A repanda repanda (Linneaus, 1758): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C verna Hayashi, 1982: 2C Genus Rustia Stål, 1866 dentivitta (Walker, 1862): 2B tigrina (Distant, 1888): 2A Genus Sulphogaeana Chou and Yao, 1985 festiva (Fabricius, 1803): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sulphurea (Westwood, 1839): 1C, 2C Genus Tanna Distant, 1905 thalia (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2C Genus Terpnosia Distant, 1892 abdullah Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C clio (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2B, 2C confusa Distant, 1905: 1C, 2C ganesa Distant, 1904: 2B lactea (Distant, 1887): 1C, 2C maculipes (Walker, 1850): 2B, 2C psecas (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2C ransonneti (Distant, 1888): 2B Genus Tosena Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 albata Distant, 1878: 2A dives (Westwood, 1842): 1C, 2C mearesiana (Westwood, 1842): 1C, 2C melanoptera (White, 1846): 1C, 2A, 2C melanopteryx (Kirkaldy, 1846): 1C, 2C Subfamily CICADETTINAE Buckton, 1889 Genus Graptotettix Stål, 1866 guttatus Stål, 1866: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Huechys Amyot and Audinet-Serville, 1843 phaenicura (Germar, 1834):1C, 2C sanguinea sanguinea (De Geer, 1773): 1C, 2C Genus Lycurgus China, 1925 pomponius (Distant, 1912): 2B subvittus (Walker, 1850): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Melampsalta Kolenati, 1857 literata (Distant, 1888): 2A Genus Scieroptera Stål, 1866 fumigata (Stål, 1854): 2C splendidula cuprea (Walker, 1870): 1C, 2C Genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 casyapae (Distant, 1888): 2A reticulata (Distant, 1888): 2A

333

Superfamily MEMBRACOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815 Family CICADELLIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily AGALLINAE Osborn and Knull, 1947 Genus Agallia Curtis, 1833 robusta Pruthi, 1930: 2A, 2B Genus Durgades Distant, 1912 mirabilis Pruthi, 1930: 2B, 2C Subfamily APHRODINAE Licent, 1912 Genus Gurawa Distant, 1908 intermediatus Singh-Pruthi, 1936: 1C, 2C vexillum Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C Subfamily CICADELLINAE Latreille, 1825 Genus Atkinsoniella Distant, 1908 opponens (Walker, 1851): 2B, 2C Genus Bothrogonia Melichar, 1926 ferruginea (Fabricius, 1794): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D indistincta (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2B, 2C leopardina Distant, 1908: 2B Genus Cicadella Latreille, 1817 spectra (Distant, 1853): 1C, 2C Genus Cofana Melichar, 1726 mimica (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2B, 2C specta (Distant, 1910): 2B, 2C unimaculata (Signoret, 1854): 2B Genus Kolla Distant, 1908 canida Distant,1908: 1C, 2C maculifrons Schmidt, 1911: 1C, 2C insignis Distant 1908: 2B, 2C Genus Soibanga Distant, 1908 bella Walker, 1851: 2B Genus Tettigella China and Fenna, 1945 rubromaculata Signoret, 1953: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C Genus Tituria Stål, 1865 acutangulata (Distant, 1908): 1B Subfamily COELIDIINAE Dohrn, 1914 Genus Coelidill Germar, 1821 indica (Walker, 1851): 2B Subfamily DELTOCEPHALINAE Dallas, 1870 Genus Balclutha Kirkaldy, 1901 indica (Pruthi, 1930): 1C, 2C Genus Cicadula Zetterstedt, 1840 maculata Singh-Pruthi, 1930: 1C, 2C Genus Coroticus Distant, 1918 tessellates Distant, 1918: 2B Genus Deltocephalus Burmeister, 1840 infirmus Melichar, 1903: 2B nigrifacialis Distant, 1918: 1C, 2C Genus Dio Distant,1918 facialis Distant, 1918: 1C, 2C Genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 coronatus (Distant, 1908): 2B nanus (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Goniagnathus Fieber, 1866 punctifer Walker, 1858: 2B, 2C Genus Michalowskiya Dworakowska, 1972 sikkimensis Dworakowska, 1993: 1C, 2C Genus Mitjaevia Dworakowska, 1970

334

aurea Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C elegantula Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Nephotettix Matsumura, 1902 nigropicta (Stal, 1859): 1C, 2B, 2C virescens Fabricius, 1803: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Paternus Distant, 1918 khewrensis Pruthi, 1936: 2B Genus Salka Dworakowska, 1972 elongata Sohi and Mann, 1994: 1C, 2C jarucha Sohi and Mann, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Sandanella Dworakowska, 1972 crucifera Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Scaphoideus Uhler, 1888 zhangi Vtraktamath and Mohon, 2004: 2B Genus Sikkimasca Dworakowska, 1972 annulata Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Thomsoniella Signoret, 1879 porrecta Signoret, 1858: 2C Genus Viridomarsus Distant, 1918 capitatus Distant, 1918: 2B Subfamily EVACANTHINAE Haupt, 1929 Genus Evacanthus Distant, 1908 extremus (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2C repexus (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Mainda Distant, 1908 praeculta Distant, 1908: 2B Genus Vangama Distant, 1908 steneossaura Distant, 1908: 2B Subfamily HECALINAE Haupt, 1929 . Genus Hecalus Stal, 1864 afbomaculatus (Distant, 1908): 2B, 2C arcuatus (de Motschulsky, 1859): 2B . paykulli (Stal, 1854): 2B porrectus (Walker, 1858): 2B, 2C Genus Parabolocratus Fieber, 1866 albomaculatus (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2C Subfamily IASSINAE Kirkaldy, 1907 Genus Betrachlomorphus Lewis, 1836 chlorophana (Melichar, 1903): 2B indica Lethierry, 1892: 2B Genus Drabescus Stal, 1870 angulatus Signoret, 1880: 2B Subfamily KRISHNINAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Krisna Kirakaldy, 1900 striata Kirkadly, 1901: 2B strigicollis (Spinola, 1850): 2B Subfamily LEDRINAE Kirshbaum, 1867 Genus Ledra Fabricius, 1803 dorsalis Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Ledropsis White, 1944 ohligens Walker, 1858: 1C, 2C Genus Petalocephalus Stal, 1853 cultellifera Walker, 1856: 1C, 2C hearsayi Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C latifrons Walker, 1855: 1C, 2C Subfamily MACROPSINAE Metcalf, 1939 Genus Macropsis Lewis, 1834


garuda (Distant, 1916 ): 2B Subfamily MEGOPHTHALMINAE, Kirkaldy, 1906 Genus Hepneriana (Fauvel, 1899) inquiniata Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C nigrifrons (Dworakowska, 1994): 1C, 2C Genus Igerna Kirkaldy, 1903 keyae Viraktamath, 2011: 1C, 2C himalayensis Viraktamath, 2011: 2C sikkima Viraktamath, 2011: 1C, 2C Genus Matsumurana Dworakowska, 1972 nigrum Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Subfamily NIRVANINAE Esaki, 1932 Genus Farynala Dworakowska, 1994 malhotri Sharma, 1984: 2A Genus Chlorita Fieber, 1872 curvidentata Sharma, 1984: 2A Genus Sobrala Dworakowska, 1994 clara Viraktamath and Wesley, 1988: 1C, 2C Genus Sophonill Walker, 1870 lineaIis (Distant, 1908): 2B Genus Typhlocyba Germar, 1833 irenae Sharma, 1984: 2A piariae Sharma, 1984: 2A Genus Yangida Dworakowska, 1994 basnetti Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Zyginella Dworakowska, 1994 angusta Dworakowska, 1994: 2A mandali Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C nadobna Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Subfamily PENTHIMINAE Kirschbaum, 1868 Genus Neodartus Melichar, 1903 acocephaloides Melichar, 1903: 2C Genus Penthimia Germar, 1821 compacta Walker, 1851: 2B maculosa Distant, 1908: 2B, 2C Subfamily TYPHLOCYBINAE Kirschbaum, 1868 Genus Agurihana Zetterstedt, 1840 decorata Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C hybrida Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C pteridis Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Alberoides Dworakowska, 1970 elsae Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C gallus Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C irmgardae Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C perplexus Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C victor Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C wesleyi Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Alnetoidia Dworakowska, 1970 defecta Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C sikkimensis Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C pavo Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C triseta Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Arboridia Dworakowska, 1970 gracilis Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C inconspicua Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C salka Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Atkinsoniella Distant, 1908 canidia Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C mungphuensis (Distant, 1908): 1C, 2C, 2D


oppnens (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2C similis Schmidt, 1911: 1C, 2C Genus Bolanusoides Distant, 1918 heros Distant, 1918: 2B, 2D modesta Distant, 1918: 2B ornatus Distant, 1918: 2B, 2D Genus Caknesia Dworakowska, 1970 glarusa Dworakowska, 1994: 1C, 2C Genus Conogonia Breddin, 1903 insignis Distant, 1908: 2B, 2C Genus Deltocephalus Burmeister, 1838 accuminatus (Fabricius, 1794): 2A Genus Exitianus Ball, 1929 nanus (Distant, 1908): 2A Genus Hishimonus Ball, 1929 nauniensis Naresh et al., 2016: 2A pantanagarensis Naresh et al., 2016: 2A Genus Idiocerus Lewis, 1836 bimaculatus (Pruthi, 1936): 2B cedarae Viraktamath and Sohi, 1994: 2A deodarae Viraktamath and Sohi, 1994: 2A sharmai Viraktamath and Sohi, 1994: 2A Genus Idioscopus Baker 1915 clypealis (Lethierry, 1889): 2B confuscous (Pruthi, 1936): 2B Family MEMBRACIDAE (Germ., 1821) Subfamily CENTROTINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Hypsauchenia Germ., 1835 hardwickii (Kirby, 1829): 2C, 2D Genus Hypsolyrium Schmidet, 1926 uncinatum (Stål, 1869): 2C Genus Tricentrus Stål, 1866 aeneus Distant, 1916: 2C, 2D allabens Distant, 1916: 2C ananthasubramaniani Sharma and Badan, 1986: 2A assamensis Distant, 1908: 2B banguensis Funkhouser, 1914: 2B, 2C bicolor Distant, 1908: 2B bifurcus Distant, 1916: 2B, 2C compressus Ananthasubramanian, 1980: 2B congestus (Walker, 1858): 2B ferruginosus Funkhouser, 1929: 2B gibbosulus (Walker, 1858): 2B kamaonensis Distant, 1916: 2B projectus Distant, 1908: 2B pubescens Funkhouser, 1929: 2B subangulatus Distant, 1908: 2B, 2C Subfamily DARTHULINAE Metcalf, 1939 Genus Darthula (Gray, 1832) hardwickii (Gray, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Oxyrhachis Germ., 1835 binsarus Distant, 1916: 2B mangiferana Distant, 1916: 2B nigrodorsalis Ananthasubramanian, 1980: 2B Subfamily LEPTOCENTRINI Distant, 1908 Genus Acanthuchus Stål, 1866 minutispinus Funkhouser, 1922: 2C Genus Anchon Distant, 1903 ulniforme Buckton, 1903: 2C

335

Genus Antialcidas Distant, 1916 attenuatus Funkhouser, 1922: 2C Genus Centrotypus Stål, 1866 flavescens Distant, 1908: 2B ortus Distant, 1908: 2B parvus Funkhouser, 1922: 2B Genus Centruchus Fabricius, 1803 brevicornis Funkhouser, 1936: 2A Genus Cryptaspidia Stål, 1870 fasciata Funkhouser, 1936: 2B Genus Demanga Distant, 1908 sooknana Distant, 1908: 2C Genus Ebhul Distant, 1908 maculipennis Funkhouser, 1922: 2C Genus Gargara Ananthasubramanian, 1980 affinis Distant, 1908: 2B majuscula Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C rivulata Distant, 1908:1C, 2C robusta Distant, 1908: 2B sikhimensis Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C tumida Melichar, 1903: 2C varicolor Stål, 1870: 2B Genus Leptocentrus Stål, 1866 obliquus (Walker, 1858) : 2B Genus Maurya Distant, 1916 bicolor Funkhouser, 1936: 2C Genus Occator Distant, 1916 erectus Distant, 1916: 2C, 2D Genus Periaman Distant, 1907 pilosum Distant, 1916: 2B, 2C Genus Sinodemanga Chou and Yuan, 1982 brunnea (Funkhouser, 1922): 2C Genus Telingana (Stål, 1869) canescens (Buckton, 1903): 1C, 2B, 2C Infraorder FULGOMORPHA Evans, 1946 Superfamily FULGOROIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family ACHILIDAE Stål, 1866 Genus Faventilla Stål, 1866 pustulata Walker,1857: 1C, 2C Genus Magadha Distant, 1906 flavisigna (Walker, 1851): 2B Genus Usana Distant, 1906 abdominalis Dlabola, 1906: 1C, 2C Family CIXIIDAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Andes Stål, 1866 inornata Distant, 1911: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D plagosa Distant, 1911: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D variolosa Distant, 1911: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Anila Distant, 1906 gravelyi Muir, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Adolenda Distant, 1911 typical Distant, 1911: 2A Genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 strigipennis Distant, 1911: 1C, 2C suknanicus Distant, 1911: 1C, 2C Genus Brixia Stål, 1856 inornata Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C plagosa Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C variolosa Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C

336

Genus Flavina Stal, 1861 granulata Stal, 1861: 2B Genus Jagannata Distant, 1906 maculata Distant, 1906: 2B Genus Oliarus Stål, 1866 caudatus Walker 1858: 2B, 2C indicus Distant, 1911: 2D punctipennis Distant, 1911: 1C, 2C simlae Distant, 1911: 2A Family DELPHACIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Liburnia Stal, 1866 pusana Distant, 1912: 2B Genus Nilaparvata Distant, 1906 lugens (Stal, 1854): 2B Family DERBIDAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Perandenina Distant, 1911 typica Distant, 1911: 2B Genus Phenice Westwood, 1845 pallata Distant, 1911: 2B Genus Zoraida Kirkaldy, 1900 histrionica Distant, 1914: 2D pterophoroides Westwood, 1851: 2A Family DICTYOPHARIDAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Dictyophara Germar, 1833 nilgiriensis Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C Genus Putula Melichar, 1903 brachycephala Distant, 1906: 2B Family EURYBRACHIDAE Stål, 1862 Genus Eurybrachys Guerin-Meneville, 1834 apicalus Walker, 1851: 2C tomentosa (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C Genus Loxocephala Schaum, 1850 decora Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Family FLATIDAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Anaya Distant, 1906 lactifera (Walker, 1851): 2C Genus Cerynia Stål, 1862 maria (White, 1846): 1C, 2C Genus Cisatra Melichar, 1923 serva Melichar, 1902: 1C, 2C Genus Flata Fabricius, 1798 ferrugata Fabricius, 1803: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Flatida White, 1846 marginella (Oliver, 1791): 1C, 2B, 2C viridula Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C Genus Flatoides Metcalf, 1938 servus Melichar, 1902: 1C, 2C Genus Lawana Distant, 1906 conspersa Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Phromnia Stål, 1862 marginella (Olivier, 1791): 1C, 2C Genus Salurnis Stål, 1870 marginellus Guer., 1834: 1C, 2C Genus Seliza Stål, 1862 ferruginea (Walker, 1851): 2D partita Melichar, 1902: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family FULGORIDAE Dumeril, 1820 Genus Adolenda Distant, 1911 typical Distant, 1911: 2A


Genus Aphaena (Guer., 1834) amabilis Hope, 1843: 1C, 2C apicata Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C aurantia Hope, 1840: 1C, 2C submaculata Duncan, 1840: 1C, 2C Genus Fulgora Linn., 1767 candelaria Linnaeus, 1746: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D spinolae Westwood, 1842: 1C, 2C Genus Laternaria Linnaeus, 1764 clavata (Westwood, 1841): 2B, 2C Genus Limois Stal, 1863 westwoodi (Hope, 1845): 2B Genus Lycorma Stål, 1863 delicatula (White, 1846): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Penthicodes Blanchard, 1845 atkinsoni Schmidt, 1885: 1C, 2C caja (Walker, 1951): 2B pulchella (Guérin-Méneville, 1838): 1C, 2C variegata Guerin-Meneville, 1829: 1C, 2C Genus Phenax (Germar, 1833) variegara (Olivier, 1791): 1C, 2C Genus Polydictya Guerin- Meneville, 1844 affinis Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C tricolor (Westwood, 1845): 2B Genus Purohita Distant, 1906 arundinacea Distant, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pyrilla Walker, 1851 perpusilla (Walker, 1851): 2C Genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839 affinis Westwood, 1838: 1C, 2C candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2C clavata (Westwood, 1839): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Saiva Distant, 1906 cardinalis (Butler, 1874): 1C, 2C gemmata (Westwood, 1848): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D virescens (Westwood, 1842): 2B Family IASSIDAE Spinola, 1839 Genus Vishnuloka Distant, 1906 prominula Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C Family NOGODINIDAE Melichar, 1898 Genus Indogaetulia Schmidt, 1919 montana (Distant, 1912): 2C, 2D nigrovenosa Melichar, 1898: 1C, 2C Family RICANIIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Euricania Melichar, 1898 ocella Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Pochazia Amyot and Serville, 1843 atkinsoni Distant, 1906: 1C, 2C guttifera Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Ricania Germar, 1818 apicalis (Walker, 1851): 1C, 2C Family TROPIDUCHIDAE Stål, 1866 Genus Cixiopsis Matsumura, 1900 atkinsoni (Distant, 1906): 1C, 2C Genus Kallitaxila Kirkaldy, 1901 sinica Walker, 1851: 1C, 2C Suborder HETEROPTERA Latreille, 1810 Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA Leston, Pendergrast and Southwood, 1954


Superfamily CIMICOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family ANTHOCORIDAE Fieber, 1836 Genus Anthocoris Fallen, 1814 annulipes Poppius, 1909: 2C indicus Poppius, 1909: 2C Genus Eriosoma (Leach, 1818) lanigerum Hausmann, 1802: 2B Genus Galchana Distant, 1910 humeralis Distant, 1910: 2A Genus Ostorodias Distant, 1904 contubernalis Distant, 1904: 2A Genus Triphleps Fieber, 1860 sublaevus (Distant, 1904): 2C Superfamily MIROIDEA Hahn, 1833 Family MIRIDAE Hahn, 1833 Subfamily BRYOCORINAE Carvalho, 1957 Genus Helopeltis Signoret, 1858 theivora Waterhouse, 1886: 1C, 2C Genus Dicyphus Fieber, 1858 regulus (Distant, 1909): 2C Genus Pachypeltis Signoret, 1858 dudgeoni (Kirkaldy, 1902): 1C, 2C Genus Harpedona Distant, 1904 sanguinipes Distant, 1909: 2C Subfamily CYLAPINAE Carvalho, 1957 Genus Rhinomiris Kirkaldy, 1902 vicarius (Walker, 1873): 2C Subfamily DERAEOCORINAE Carvalho, 1957 Genus Deraeocoris Kirschbaum, 1856 darjeelingensis Kerzhner and Schuh, 1995: 2C ornandus Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C rufus Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C Genus Termatophylum Reuter, 1884 grande Reuter and Poppius, 1912: 2C Subfamily MIRINAE Carvalho, 1959 Genus Allorhinocoris Reuter, 1876 virescens (Poppius, 1915): 1C, 2C Genus Acalypta Westwood, 1840 detrita Péricart, 1992: 2A vitii Péricart, 1992: 2A Genus Chilocrates Horvath, 1889 patulus Walker, 1873: 2A Genus Calocoris Fieber, 1858 rama Distant, 1909: 2C Genus Cheilocapsidea Poppius, 1915 insignis (Distant, 1909): 2B Genus Creontiades Distant, 1883 pacificus (Stål, 1859): 2A, 2C Genus Compseuta Stål, 1873 russelii Livingstone, 1972: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Dolichomiris Reuter, 1882 antennatis (Distant, 1904): 1C, 2C Genus Eblis Kirkaldy, 1902 amasis Kirkaldy, 1902: 2A Genus Eurystylopsis Poppius, 1911 harmandi Poppius, 1911: 2C Genus Ebutius Distant, 1909 bellus Distant, 1909: 1C, 2C Genus Ildefonsus Distant, (1981)

337

provorsus Distant, 1910: 2C, 2D Genus Jannaeus Distant, 1909 cuneatus Distant, 1909: 2C Genus Liocapsidea Poppius, 1915 nitidicollis Poppius, 1915: 1C, 2C Genus Liocapsus Poppius, 1915 brevirostris Poppius, 1915: 2C Genus Lygocoris Reuter, 1875 exornatus (Distant, 1909): 2B pabulinus (Linnaeus, 1761): 2A sordidus (Distant, 1904): 2B viridiflavus (Poppius, 1914): 2C Genus Lygus Hahn, 1833 albescens Distant, 1904: 2B nigricornis Poppius, 1914: 1C, 2C patrius Distant, 1909: 2D sikkimensis Poppius, 1914: 1C, 2C triguttatus Poppius, 1914: 2C Genus Megacoelum Fieber, 1858 straminipes Distant, 1909: 2A tibialis Distant, 1909: 2A Genus Orthops Fieber, 1858 quails (Distant, 1909): 2A Genus Peltidolygus Poppius, 1915 puncticollis (Poppius, 1915): 1C, 2C Genus Philostephanus Distant, 1909 elongatus (Poppius, 1915): 1C, 2C vitaliter Distant, 1909: 2A Genus Stephanitis Stål, 1873 gallarum Horvath, 1906: 2C Genus Vairocanamiris Yasunaga, 2011 jordiribesi Yasunaga 2011: 1C, 2C Superfamily NABOIDEA Hahn, 1833 Family NABIDAE Costa, 1853 Genus Alloeorhynchus Fieber, 1860 Subgenus Alloeorhynchus Fieber, 1860 collaris Distant, 1904: 2B Genus Gorpis Stål, 1859 humeralis (Distant, 1904): 1C, 2C Genus Nabis Latreille, 1802 brevilineatus Scott, 1874: 2B funebris Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C musooriensis Distant, 1909: 2B indicus Stål, 1873: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Psilistus Stål, 1873 corallinus (Stål, 1873): 1C, 2C Genus Pachynomus Klug, 1830 biguttatus Stål, 1863: 2C Superfamily REDUVIOIDEA Latreille, 1807 Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille, 1807 Subfamily CENTROCNEMINAE Miller, 1956 Genus Neocentrocnemis Miller, 1956 Ståli (Reuter, 1881): 1C, 2C Subfamily ECTRICHODIINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Ectrychotes Burmeister, 1835 dispar Reuter, 1881: 2C pilicornis (Fabricius, 1787): 2B scutellaris (Breddin, 1903): 1C, 2C Genus Haematorrhophus Stål, 1874

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marginatus (Reuter, 1873): 2B Genus Scadra Stål, 1859 fuscicrus Stål, 1859: 2A, 2B maculiventris Stål, 1863: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scutellaris Distant, 1903: 1C, 2C Genus Stegius Distant, 1904 pravus Distant, 1904: 2C Genus Vilius Stål, 1863 melanopterus Stål, 1863: 2A Subfamily EMESINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Bagauda Bergr., 1903 cavernicola Paiva, 1919: 2B Genus Empicoris Wolff, 1811 rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889): 2C Genus Gardena Dohrn, 1859 melinarthrum Dohrn, 1859: 2C Genus Schidium Bergroth, 1916 phasma (Distant, 1904): 2C Subfamily HARPACTORINAE Reuter, 1887 Genus Biasticus Stål, 1866 nigricollis (Dallas, 1850): 1C, 2C fuliginosus Reuter, 1887: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Brassivola Distant, 1904 hystrix Distant, 1904: 2B Genus Coranus Curtis, 1833 emodicus Kintshenko, 1931: 1C, 2C fuscipennis Reuter, 1881: 2A, 2D siva Kirkaldy, 1891: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Epidaus Stål, 1859 atrispinus Distant,1902: 1C, 2B, 2C famulus (Stål, 1863): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Euagorus Burmeister, 1835 plagiatus (Burmeister, 1834): 2A Genus Endochus Stål, 1859 atricapillus Distant, 1902: 1C, 2C inornatus Stål, 1866: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Henricohahnia Breddin, 1900 montana (Distant, 1903): 1C, 2C spinosa Distant, 1903: 1C, 2C tinctoria Miller, 1954: 1C, 2C typica Distant, 1903: 1C, 2C viroopa Muraleedharan, 1976: 1C, 2C Genus Homalosphodrus Stål, 1866 brachialis (Stål, 1863): 2A Genus Isyndus Stål, 1858 reticulates reticulatus (Stål, 1868): 1C, 2C Genus Irantha Stål, 1861 armipes (Stål, 1855): 2B Genus Karenocoris Miller, 1954 inermis (Distant, 1903): 1C, 2C Genus Lophocephala Laporte, 1833 `guerini Laporte, 1833: 2A Genus Macracanthopsis Reuter, 1881 nodipes Reuter, 1881: 1C, 2C Genus Paracydnocoris Miller, 1953 distinctus Miller, 1953: 1C, 2C Genus Platerus Distant, 1903 pitcheri Distant, 1903: 1C, 2C Genus Panthous Stål, 1863


excellens Stål, 1863: 1C, 2C Genus Polididus Stål, 1858 armatissimus Stål, 1859: 1C, 2C Genus Pristhesancus Amyot and Serville, 1843 zetterstedti Stål, 1859: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Rhynocoris Kolenati, 1857 costålis (Stål, 1866): 1C, 2B, 2C marginatus (Fabr., 1794): 2B marginellus (Fabricius, 1803): 1C,2 C monticola (Oshanin, 1870): 2A reuteri (Distant, 1879): 2A squalus (Distant, 1902): 1C, 2A, 2C tristicolor (Reuter, 1881): 1C, 2C Genus Scipinia Stål, 1861 horrida (Stål, 1861): 1C, 2C Genus Sphedanolestes Stål, 1866 fraterculus Bergroth, 1908: 2B funeralis Distant, 1903: 1B, 2B, 2C himalayensis Distant, 1909: 2D indicus Reuter, 1881: 1C, 2C limbativentris Breddin, 1913: 2A pubinotum Reuter, 1881: 1C, 2C pulchriventris (Stål, 1863): 1C, 2C signatus Distant, 1903: 2B Genus Sycanus Amyot and Serville, 1843 affinis Reuter, 1881: 2C collaris (Fabricius, 1785): 2B pyrrhomelas Distant, 1902: 2A Genus Vesbius Stål, 1865 sanguinosus Stål, 1874: 1C, 2C Subfamily HOLOPTILINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Holoptilus Lepeletier and Serville, 1825 flavus Montandon ,1907: 2B Subfamily REDUVIINAE (Distant, 1904) Genus Alloeocranum Reuter, 1881 quadrisignatum (Reuter, 1881): 2A Genus Acanthaspis Amyot and Serville, 1843 angularis Stål, 1859: 2A, 2B annulicornis Stål, 1874: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C apicata Distant, 1903: 1C, 2A, 2C flavipes Stål, 1855: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C fulvipes (Dallas, 1850): 1C, 2C lineatipes Reuter, 1881: 1C, 2C lutipes Walker, 1873: 1C, 2C maculata Distant, 1910: 2A maculata Distant, 1910: 2A micrographa Walker, 1873: 2B pernobilis Reuter, 1881: 2C rama Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C sexguttata (Fabricius, 1775): 1C, 2C trimaculata Reuter, 1887: Himalaya Genus Empyrocoris Miller, 1953 pelia (Distant, 1904): 2A Genus Paralenaeus Reuter, 1881 pyrrhomelas Reuter, 1881: 2C Genus Pasira Stål, 1859 perpusilla (Walker, 1873): 2C Genus Psophis Stål, 1863 erythraea Stål, 1863: Himalaya


Genus Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 boyesi Distant, 1904: 2B delicatula Distant, 1909: 1C, 2C knyvetti Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C transnominalis Distant, 1904: Himalaya Genus Tapeinus Laporte, 1833 fuscipennis (Stål, 1874):1C, 2C Genus Velitra Stål, 1866 rubropicta (Amy. and Serv., 1843): 1C, 2C Subfamily SAICINAE Stål, 1859 Genus Gallobelgicus Distant, 1906 typicus Distant, 1906: 2D Subfamily SALYAVATINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Lisarda Stål, 1859 annulosa Stål, 1874: 2B Subfamily STENOPODAINAE Amoyt and Serville, 1843 Genus Canthesancus Amyot and Serville, 1843 gula Stål, 1863: 1C, 2C Genus Oncocephalus Klug, 1830 annulipes Stål, 1855: 2A fuscinotum Reuter, 1882: 2A impudicus Reuter, 1882: 2B klugi Distant, 1904: 2A micropterus Horvath, 1889: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C morosus Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C notatus (Klug, 1812): 2A Genus Pygolampis Germ., 1817 unicolor Walker, 1873: 1C, 2C Genus Sastrapada Amy and Serv., 1843 baerensprungi (Stål, 1859): 1C, 2C Subfamily TRIBELOCEPHALINAE Stål, 1866 Genus Apocaucus Distant, 1909 laneus Distant, 1909: 2D Genus Tribelocephala Stål, 1853 indica (Walker, 1873): 2C Subfamily PEIRATINAE Stål, 1859 Genus Androclus Stål, 1863 granulatus Stål, 1863: 2B pictus (Herr-Schiiff, 1848): 2B Genus Catamiarus Amy. and Serv., 1843 brevipennis (Serv., 1831): 2A Genus Cleptocoris Stål, 1866 atromaculatus Stål, 1870: 2A, 2B lepturoides (Wolff, 1804): 2B Genus Catamiarus Amy. and Serv., 1843 brevipennis (Serv., 1831): 2B Genus Ectomocoris Mayr, 1865 atrox (Stål, 1855): 1C, 2B, 2C cordiger Stål, 1866: 2B, 2C tibialis Distant, 1904: 1C,2C ochropterus Stål, 1866: 2A quadriguttatus (Fabricius, 1781): 2C posticus Walker, 1873: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lestomerus Amyot and Serville, 1843 sanctus (Fabricius, 1787): 2C Genus Peirates Serville, 1831 flavipes (Walker, 1873): 1C, 2A, 2C punctum (Fabricius, 1794): 2C Genus Spilodermus Stål, 1868

339

quadrinotatus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A Infraorder GERROMORPHA Popov, 1971 Superfamily GERROIDEA Leach, 1815 Family VELIIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Subfamily MICROVELIINAE China and Usinger, 1949 Genus Aquulavelia Thirumalai, 1999 occulta Thirumalai, 1999: 2D Genus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 Subgenus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 lundbladi Gupta and Khandelwal, 2002: 2B diluta Distant, 1909: 1C, 2C Subgenus Picaultia Scott, 2002 douglasi Scott, 1874: 2B, 2D Subfamily RHAGOVELIINAE China and Usinger, 1949 Genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 Subgenus Neorhagovelia Matsuda, 1956 sumatrensis Lundblad, 1933: 1C, 2C Family GERRIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily CYLINDROSTETHINAE Matsuda, 1960 Genus Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865 productus (Spinola, 1840): 2B Subfamily EOTRECHINAE Matsuda, 1960 Genus Amemboa Esaki, 1925 Subgenus Amemboa Esaki, 1925 dentata Polhemus and Andersen, 1984: 2A, 2B Genus Eotrechus Kirkaldy, 1902 longipes Andersen, 1982: 2B brevipes Andersen, 1982: 1C, 2C terrestris Andersen, 1982: 1C, 2C Genus Chimarrhometra Bianchi, 1896 orientalis (Distant, 1879): 2B, 2C Subfamily GERRINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Limnogonus Stål, 1868 Subgenus Limnogonus Stål, 1868 fossarum (Fabricius, 1775): 2C nitidus (Mayr, 1865): 2B, 2C Genus Limnometra Mayr, 1865 anadyomene (Kirkaldy, 1901): 2B Genus Aquarius Schellenberg, 1800 adelaides (Dohrn, 1860): 2B Genus Neogerris Matsumara, 1913 parvula (Stål, 1859): 2B, 2C Genus Gerris Fabricius, 1794 lepcha Distant, 1910: 1C, 2C spinolae Lethierry and Severin, 1896: 1C, 2C gracilicornis (Horvath, 1879): 1C, 2C Subgenus Gerris Fabricius, 1794 sahlbergi Distant, 1879: 2B Subfamily HALOBATINAE Bianchi, 1896 Genus Metrocoris Mayr, 1865 deceptor Basu, Polhemus and Subramanian, 2016: 1C, 2C anderseni Chen and Niesser, 1993: 2B falcatas Chen and Niesser, 1993: 2B communis (Distant, 1910): 2B compar (White, 1883): 2B, 2C tenuicornis Esaki and China, 1926: 2B, 2C nepalensis Distant, 1910: 2B ståli (Dohrn, 1860): 1C, 2C Subfamily PTILOMERINAE (Esaki, 1927)

340

Genus Ptilomera Amoyt and Servile, 1843 Subgenus Ptilomera Amoyt and Servile, 1843 laticaudata (Hardwicke, 1823): 2B himalayensis Hungerford and Matsuda, 1858: 1C, 2C Genus Heterobates Bianchi, 1896 rihandi (Pradhan, 1950): 2B Subfamily RHAGADOTARSINAE Lundblad, 1933 Genus Rhagadotarsus Lundblad, 1933 Subgenus Rhagadotarsus Breddin, 1905 kraepelini Breddin, 1905: 2C Superfamily MESOVELLOIDEA Douglas and Scott, 1867 Family MESOVELIIDAE Douglas and Scott, 1867 Subfamily MESOVELIINAE Douglas and Scott, 1867 Genus Mesovelia Mulsant and Rey, 1852 vittigera Horvath, 1895: 2B Superfamily HEBROIDEA Amyot and Serville, 1843 Family HEBRIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Subfamily HYRCANINAE Andersen, 1981 Genus Hyracanus Distant, 1910 capitatus Distant 1910: 1C, 2C Superfamily HYDROMETROIDEA Billberg, 1820 Family HYDROMETRIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily HYDROMETRINAE Billberg, 1820 Genus Hydrometra Latreille, 1796 greeni Kirkaldy, 1898: 2B Infraorder LEPTOPODOMOPRHA Popov, 1971 Superfamily SALDOIDEA Amyot and Serville, 1843 Family SALDIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Chartoscirta Stål, 1868 elegantula (Jakovlev, 1882): 2A Genus Macrosaldula Leston and Southwood, 1964 indica Vinukurov, 2013: 2A Genus Saldula Van Duzee, 1914 burmanica Lindskog, 1975: 2A orthochila (Fieber, 1859): 2A Genus Salda Fabricius, 1803 dixoni Distant, 1906: 2A inconstanus Distant, 1906: 2A Infraorder NEPOMORPHA Popov, 1968 Superfamily CORIXOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family CORIXIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily CORIXINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Agraptocorixa Kirkaldy, 1898 hyalinipennis (Fabricius, 1803): 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Callicorixini B-White, 1873 gebleri (Fieber, 1848): 2A Genus Hesperocorixa Kirkaldy, 1908 occulata (Lundblad, 1929): 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Sigara Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Tropocorixa Hutchinson, 1940 pruthiana (Hutchinson, 1940): 1C, 2A, 2C Subgenus Vermicorixa Walton, 1940 rambhaensis (Paiva and Dover, 1922): 2A Genus Corixa Geoffroy, 1762 punctata (Illiger, 1807): 1C, 2C Subgenus Vermicorixa Walton, 1940 lateralis Leach, 1819: 2B Subgenus Tropocorixa Hutchinson, 1940 promontoria Distant, 1910: 2B


pruthiana Hutchinson, 1940: 2B Genus Callicorixa B-White, 1873 gebleri (Feiber, 1848): 1C, 2C Subfamily CYMATINAE Walton, 1940 Genus Cymatia Flor, 1860 apparens (Distant , 1910): 2A Family MICRONECTIDAE Jaczewski, 1924 Genus Micronecta Kirkaldy, 1897 Subgenus Basilonecta Hutchinson, 1940 scutellaris (Stål, 1858): 2A Subgenus Pardanecta Wroblewski, 1962 punctata Horvath, 1904: 2D Subgenus Sigmonecta Wroblewski, 1962 quadristrigata Breddin, 1905: 2D Subgenus Unguinecta Nieser, Chen, and Yang, 2005 anatolica anatolica Lindberg, 1922: 2A, 2D decorata Lundblad, 1934: 2A Superfamily NAUCOROIDEA Leach, 1815 Family APHELOCHEIRIDAE Fieber, 1851 Genus Aphelocheirus Westwood, 1833 Subgenus Aphelocheirus Westwood, 1833 pradhanae Zettel, 1998: 1C, 2C thirumalai Basu et al., 2013: 2C Family NAUCORIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily LACCOCORINAE Stål, 1876 Genus Heliocoris Stål, 1876 obliquatus (Spinola, 1873): 2B vicinus Montandon, 1910: 2B Subfamily NAUCORINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Naucoris Geoffory, 1762 nanitalensis Shoeb et al., 2011: 2B Superfamily NEPOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily BELOSTOMATINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Diplonychus Laporte, 1833 annulatus (Fabricius, 1781): 2B, 2C molestus (Dufour, 1863): 2A, 2C Subfamily LETHOCERINAE Lauck and Menke, 1961 Genus Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 indicus (Lepeletier and Serville, 1825): 2B, 2C, 2D rusticus (Fabricius, 1781): 2B, 2C, 2D Family NEPIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily NEPINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Laccotrephes Stål, 1866 griseus (Gúerin-Méneville, 1844): 2B, 2C ruber (Linnaeus, 1764): 2B, 2C Subfamily RANATRINAE Douglas and Scott, 1865 Genus Ranatra Fabricius, 1790 elongata Fabricius, 1790: 2A, 2B filiformis Fabricius, 1790: 2B, 2C longipes Lansbury, 1972: 2C varipes Stål, 1861: 2B, 2C Superfamily NOTONECTOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family NOTONECTIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily ANISOPINAE Hutchinson, 1929 Genus Anisops Spinola, 1837 balillifrons Lundblad,1933: 1C, 2C barbatus Brooks, 1951: 2A bouvieri Kirkaldy, 1904: 2D


campbelli Brooks, 1951: 2A cavifrons Brooks, 1951: 2A exiguus Horvath, 1919: 2A kuroiwae Matsumura, 1915: 1C, 2C, 2D nigrolineatus Lundblad, 1934: 2A, 2D niveus (Fabricius,1775): 2B paranigrolineata Brooks,1951: 2B sardeus sardeus Herrich – Shaffer, 1850: 2A waltairensis Brooks, 1951: 2A Subfamily NOTONECTINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Enithares Spinola, 1837 ciliata (Fabricius, 1798): 2B hungerfordi Brooks, 1948: 2B lineatipes Horvath, 1889: 2A, 2B Genus Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 viridis Delcourt, 1909: 2A Superfamily OCHTEROIDEA Kirkaldy, 1906 Family GELASTOCORIDAE Kirkaldy, 1897 Subfamily NERTHRINAE Kirkaldy, 1906 Genus Nerthra Say, 1832 asiatica (Horvath, 1892): 1C, 2C indica (Atkinson, 1888): 1C, 2C turgidula (Distant, 1906): 1C, 2C Family OCHTERRDAE Kirkaldy, 1906 Genus Ochterus Latreille, 1807 marginatus (Latreille, 1804): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Superfamily PLEOIDEA Fieber, 1851 Family HELOTREPHIDAE Esaki and China, 1927 Subfamily HELOTREPHINAE Esaki and China, 1927 Genus Limnotrephes Esaki and China, 1928 kumaonis Polhemus, 1990: 2B Genus Tiphotrephes Esaki and China, 1928 indicus (Distant, 1910): 2B Family PLEIDAE Fieber, 1851 Genus Paraplea Esaki and China, 1928 frontalis (Fieber, 1844): 2B, 2D indistinguenda (Matsumara, 1905): 2B Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA Leston, Pendergrast and Southwood, 1954 Superfamily ARADOIDEA Brulle, 1836 Family ARADIDAE Brulle, 1836 Genus Aradus Fabricius, 1803 dembickyi Heiss, 2008: 2D Genus Brachyrhynchus (Laporte, 1832) feanus Bergroth, 1889: 1C, 2C membranaceus (Fabricius, 1798): 1C, 2C Genus Mezira (Laporte, 1832) tenuicornis Distant, 1909: 2A Genus Neuroctenus (Laporte, 1832) affinis Distant, 1909: 2B Superfamily COREOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family ALYDIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Subfamily ALYDINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Nariscus Stål, 1866 fisheri (Distant, 1908): 2B Genus Riptortus Stål, 1860 fuscus Fabricius, 1798: 2C linearis (Fabricius, 1775): 2C, 2D

341

pedestris (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C, 2D strenuus Horváth, 1889: 1C, 2C Family COREIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily COREINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Anhomoeus Hsiao, 1963 nepalensis (Distant, 1908): 2A, 2B sulcatus (Distant, 1908): 2A, 2B Genus Acanthocoris Amyot and Serville, 1843 anticus Walker, 1871: 1B, 2C scabrator Fabricius, 1803: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Anoplocnemis Stål, 1873 binotata Distant 1918: 2A compressa Dallas 1852: 1B, 2B, 2C phasicana Fabricius,1781: 1C, 2C Genus Aschistocoris Bergroth, 1909 brevicornis (Dallas, 1852): 1C, 2C Genus Cloresmus Stål, 1860 antennatus Distant, 1908: 1B, 2C khasianus Distant, 1901: 1C, 2C modestus Distant, 1901: 1C, 2C Genus Clavigralla Spinola, 1837 gibbosa Spinola, 1837: 2C horrens Distant, 1902: 2C Genus Cletomorpha Mayr, 1866 hastate (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2C raja Distant, 1901: 2A, 2B, 2C walkeri Kirby, 1891: 2C Genus Cletus Stål, 1860 bipunctatus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1840): 1B, 2A, 2C borealis Blotte, 1934: 2A bovillus Distant, 1918: 2A, 2C calumniater (Fabricius, 1794): 2C feanus Distant, 1902: 2A punctiger (Dallas, 1852): 2A punctulatus (Westwood, 1842): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rubidiventris (Westwood, 1842) : 2A similis Blotte, 1934: 2A trigonus (Thunberg, 1783): 2B, 2C Genus Dalader Amyot and Serville, 1843 acuticosta Amyot and Servile, 1843: 1C, 2C planiventris (Westwood, 1842): 1C, 2C Genus Derepteryx White, 1839 feana Distant, 1902: 1C, 2C grayi White, 1839: 1C, 2C Genus Gralliclava Dolling, 1978 horrens (Dohrn, 1860): 2C Genus Haidara Distant, 1908 producta Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C Genus Helcomeria Stål, 1873 spinosa (Signoret, 1851): 1C, 2C Genus Homoeocerus Burmeister, 1835 albiguttulus Stål, 1873: 1C, 2C angulatus Westwood, 1842: 1C, 2C atkinsoni Distant, 1901: 2A badgleyi Distant, 1908: 2B biguttatus Westwood, 1842: 1C, 2C concisus Walker, 1871: 1C, 2C fasciolatus Stål, 1873: 1C, 2C indus Distant, 1918: 1C, 2C

342

inornatus Stål, 1873: 2C macula Dallas, 1852:2B montanus Distant, 1901: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C punctum Dallas, 1852: 1C, 2C relatus Distant, 1908: 1C, 2C serrifer Westwood, 1842: 2C sikkimensis Distant, 1902: 2C simiolus Distant, 1902: 2C stricornis Scott, 1874: 2B, 2C tinctus Distant, 1883: 2C walkeri Kirby, 1891: 2C Genus Physomerus Burmeister, 1835 grossipes (Fabricius, 1794): 2C parvulus Dallas, 1852: 2B Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Subfamily RHOPALINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Liorhyssus Stål, 1870 hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794): 2A rubicundus (Signoret, 1859): 2A, 2B Genus Peliochrous Stål, 1873 parvipictus (Distant, 1918): 2B Subfamily SERINETHINAE Stål, 1873 Genus Leptocoris Hahn, 1833 augur (Fabricius, 1781): 2B Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA Schilling, 1829 Family BERYTIDAE Fieber, 1851 Genus Gampsocoris Fuss, 1852 bihamatus (Distant, 1909): 2C Family BLISSIDAE Stål, 1862 Genus Macropes Motschulsky, 1859 rufipes Distant, 1911: 2C Family HETEROGASTRIDAE Stål, 1862 Genus Chauliops Scott, 1909 nigrescens Distant, 1909: 2B Genus Dinomachus Distant, 1901 rhacinus Distant, 1906: 2B sikhimensis Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C Genus Heterogaster Schilling, 1829 affinis Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850: 2B Genus Neolethaeus Distant, 1909 assamensis (Distant, 1901): 2B Genus Nerthus Distant, 1909 dudgeoni Distant, 1909: 2A Subfamily APHANINAE Distant, 1914 Genus Eremocoris Fieb, 1861 naini Distant, 1861: 2B Genus Manatanus Distant, 1909 montanus Distant, 1909: 2B Genus Maramaldus Distant, 1909 admistus Distant, 1909: 2B Family LYGAEIDAE Schilling, 1829 Subfamily LYGAEINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Aspilocoryphus Stål, 1874 guttiger (Dallas 1852): 2A Genus Blachia Walker, 1867 ducalis Walker 1867: 1C, 2C Genus Caenocoris Fieber, 1860 marginatus Thunberg, 1882: 2C Genus Consivius Distant 1909


collinus Distant 1909: 2A, 2B Genus Graptostethus Stål, 1868 incertus (Walker, 1872): 2C maculatus (Dallas, 1852): 2B nigriceps Stål, 1874: 2A, 2B trisignatus Distant, 1909: 2C Genus Spilostethus Stål, 1868 pandurus militaris (Fabricius, 1775): 2B saxatilis (Scopoli, 1763): 2A pandoros (Scopoli, 1763): 2B hospes (Fabricius, 1794): 2B Genus Lygaeus Fabricius, 1794 simlus Distant, 1909: 2A Genus Oncopeltus Stål, 1868 rubricatus (Stål, 1870): 2A Subfamily ORSILLINAE Stål, 1872 Genus Nysius Dallas, 1852 ceylanicus (Motschulsky, 1863): 2B inconspicuus Distant, 1904: 1C, 2B, 2C lacustrinus Distant, 1909: 2A, 2B melanicus Distant, 1909: 2A, 2B minor Distant, 1909: 2B montanus (Distant, 1909): 2A, 2B Family OXYCARENIDAE Stål, 1862 Genus Oxycarenus Fieber, 1837 laetus Kirby, 1891: 2A Family RHYPAROCHROMIDAE Slater, 1964 Subfamily RHYPAROCHROMINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Arrianus Distant, 1904 excavatus Distant, 1904: 2C Genus Atkinsonianus Distant, 1909 reticulatus Distant, 1909: 1C, 2C Genus Asylana (Laporte, 1832) punjabensis Distant, 1909: 2A Genus Botocudo Kirkaldy, 1904 picturatus (Distant, 1893): 1C, 2C Genus Dieuches Dohrn, 1860 alternatus Horvath, 1889: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C coloratus (Distant, 1909): 2A femoralis Dohrn, 1860: 2A, 2B, 2C leucoceros (Walker, 1872): 2A, 2C modestus Horvath, 1888: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D uniguttatus Thunberg, 1822: 2A, 2B Genus Drymus Fieber, 1861 bicolour Distant, 1901: 1C, 2C Genus Elasmolomus Stål, 1872 lineosus (Distant, 1901): 2B sordidus (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B Genus Eucosmetus Bergroth, 1894 annulicoris Kiritshenko, 1931: 1C, 2C Genus Eremocoris Fieber, 1861 indicus Breddin, 1907: 2A naini Distant, 1909: 2B Genus Gyndes Stål, 1862 pallicornis (Dallas, 1852): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Hexatrichocoris Kiritshenko, 1931 melleus Kiritshenko, 1931: 1C, 2C Genus Naudarensia Distant, 1904 distantii Kiritshenko, 1931: 1C, 2C


Genus Neolethaeus Distant, 1909 assamensis (Distant, 1901): 2B extremus (Walker, 1872): 2A, 2B Genus Pamera Say, 1931 punctulata (Motschulsky, 1863): 2B Genus Rhyparothesus Scudder, 1962 dudgeoni Distant, 1909: 2A, 2B sparsus (Distant, 1904): 2A, 2B Genus Rhyparochromus Hahn, 1826 Subgenus Xanthochilus Stål, 1872 kangricus (Kirkaldy, 1907): 2A, 2B Subgenus Microtomideus Reuter, 1885 seidenstucker Slater, 1964 : 2A, 2B Genus Metochus Scott, 1874 femoralis Dohrn, 1860: 2A, 2C uniguttatus (Thunberg, 1882): 2B Genus Orthaea Dallas, 1852 cephalotes Kirichenko, 1931: 1C, 2C Genus Scolopostethus Fieber, 1861 montanus (Distant, 1909): 2A, 2B Superfamily PYRRHOCOROIDEA Amyot and Serville, 1843 Family LARGIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Antiloehus Stål, 1863 coqueberti (Fabricius, 1784): 2A, 2B russes Stål, 1863: 2A, 2B Genus Euscopus Stål, 1870 indeeorus (Walker, 1872): 2A, 2B rufipes Stål, 1870: 2A, 2B Genus Iphita Stål, 1870 limbata Stål, 1870: 2D, 2B Genus Physopelta Amyot and Serville, 1843 quadriguttata Bergroth, 1894: 1C, 2C gutta (Burmeister, 1843): 2A, 2B schlanbuschi (Fabricius, 1789): 2A, 2B Genus Artemidorus Distant, 1902 pressus Distant, 1902: 2A, 2B Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Abulfeda Amyot and Serville, 1843 punctata Distant, 1902: 2A Genus Antilochus Stål, 1863 pygmaeus Distant, 1904: 1C, 2C Genus Dindymus Stål, 1861 dembickyi Stehlik, 2006: 1C, 2C thunbergi (Stål, 1855): 1C, 2C rubiginosus Fabricius, 1787: 2C Genus Dysdercus Guerin-Meneville, 1831 evanescens Distant, 1902: 2A, 2B koenigii (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B lanius Stål, 1883: 2B Genus Jindraia Amyot and Serville, 1843 dimorphica (Fabricius, 1775): 2B Genus Pyrrhocoris Fallen, 1814 apterus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2C Genus Pyrrhopeplus Stål, 1870 pictus Distant, 1902: 2C, 2B credualis var. posthumus Horvath, 1892: 2A Genus Macroeerea Spinola 1837 grandis (Gray, 1832): 2A, 2B Genus Melampbaus Stål, 1787

343

faber (Fabricius, 1903): 2B rubrocinctus Stål, 1870: 2B Genus Melamphaus Stål, 1868 rubrocinctus (Stål, 1863): 2A Genus Odontopus Laporte 1832 nigricornis Stål, 1861: 2A, 2B varicornis (Fabricius, 1787): 2B Superfamily PENTATOMOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE Signoret, 1864 Subfamily ACANTHOSOMATINAE Signoret, 1864 Genus Acanthosoma Curtis, 1824 coralliferum Horvath, 1889: 2B Genus Anaxandra Stål, 1876 nigrolineala Stål, 1876: 2B rufescens Dallas, 1851: 2C hamate, Reuter, 1881: 2C laevicornis, Dallas, 1851: 2C cornuta Dallas, 1849: 2C sigillata Stål, 1876: 2C Genus Elasmostethus, 1881 punctatum Dallas, 1851: 2C recurvum (Dallas, 1851): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C lineatum (Dallas, 1949): 2C Genus Sastragala Amy. and Serv., 1843 murreeana Distant, 1900: 2B binotata Distant, 1887: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C edessoides Distant, 1900: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C parmata Distant, 1887: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rufispina Distant, 1887: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Zicorna Amy. and Serv., 1843 caerules (Linnaeus, 1843): 2B Family CYDNIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily CYDNINAE Billberg, 1820 Genus Chilocoris Mayr, 1865 nitidus Mayr, 1865: 2A Genus Macroscytus Fieber, 1860 expansus Sign., 1882: 1C, 2C foveolus (Dallas, 1851): 1C, 2C nigroaeneus (Walker, 1867): 2B Genus Tominotus Mulsant and Rey, 1866 laeviventris Stål, 1876: 2A punctipes Stål, 1876: 1C, 2C Subfamily CEPHALOCTENINAE Mulsant and Rey, 1866 Genus Stibaropus Dallas, 1851 minor (Walker, 1867): 2D Family DINIDORIDAE Stål, 1867 Subfamily DINIDORINAE Stål, 1870 Genus Coridius (Laporte, 1832) brunneus (Westwood, 1837): 2A, 2C, 2D chinensis (Dallas, 1851): 1C, 2C ianus (Fabricius, 1775): 2B nepalensis Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C obscurus (Fabricius, 1775): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C siecifolia Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C Genus Cyclopelta Amyot and Serville, 1843 obscura (Lepeletier and Serville, 1828): 1C, 2B, 2C siccifolia Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C, 2B Family PENTATOMIDAE Leach 1815 Genus Acanthecona Amy. and Serv., 1843

344

binotata Distant, 1879: 2B furecllata (Wolff., 1801): 2B Genus Andrallus Bergroth, 1906 spinidens Fabricius, 1787: 2A Genus Aeschrocoris Bergroth, 1887 fumosus Distant, 1908: 2B obscurus Dallas, 1851 : 1C, 2C tuberculatus Stål, 1865: 1C, 2C Genus Antheminia Mulsant and Rey, 1866 lunulata (Goeze, 1778): 2A Genus Antestiopsis Leston, 1952 anchora (Thunberg, 1783): 1C, 2C cruciata (Fabricius, 1775): 1C, 2C modificata Distant, 1902: 1C, 2C pulchra (Dallas, 1851): 1C, 2C Genus Apodiphus Spinola, 1837 integriceps Horváth, 1888: 2A, 2D pilipes Horváth, 1888: 2A Genus Asyla Walker, 1867 feae Distant, 1902: 2C Genus Agaeus Dallas, 1851 mimus Distant, 1893: 1C, 2C tessellatus Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Alcimocoris Bergroth, 1891 jlavicornis Distant, 1902: 1C, 2C parvus Distant, 1902: 1C, 2C Genus Blachia Walker, 1867 manifesta Distant, 1887: 1C, 2C Genus Cazira Amyot and Serville, 1843 friwaldskyi Horvarth, 1888: 2B ulcerata Burmeister, 1835: 1C, 2C verrucosa Westwood, 1834: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Agonoscelis Spin., 1837 nubila (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B Genus Aednus Dallas, 1851 ventralis Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Bagrada Stål, 1862 hilaris Burmeister, 1835: 2A, 2B Genus Carpocoris Kolenati, 1846 nigricornis (Fabricius, 1794): 2A Genus Cappaea Ellenr, 1862 taprobanensis (Dallas, 1851): 2C Genus Compastes Stål, 1867 bhutanicus (Dallas, 1849): 2C exstimulatus Distant, 1902: 2C spinosus Distant, 1887: 2C Genus Chaubattiana Distant 1912 rubrovittata (Distant, 1912): 2A Genus Critheus Stål, 1868 indicus (Distant, 1900): 1C, 2C Genus Degonetus Distant, 1904 serratus (Distant, 1887): 2B Genus Dolycoris Mulsant and Rey, 1866 baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C indicus Stål, 1876: 2A, 2B Genus Dalpada Amyot and Serville, 1843 affinis Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2B, 2C anandalei Distant, 1908: 1B, 2B, 2C brevivitta (Walker, 1867): 2A


clavata (Fabricius, 1791): 2B, 2D confusa (Distant, 1879): 2B jugatoria (Lethierry, 1891): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D latipes (Westwood, 1837): 2B mcdonaldi Azim and Shafee, 1983: 2A nigricollis (Westwood, 1837): 2A oculata (Fabricius, 1775): 1C, 2C versicolor (Herrich-Schäffer, 1840 ): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Diplostira Dallas, 1851 valida Dallas, 1851: 2C Genus Dunnius Dallas, 1851 fulvescens (Dallas, 1851): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Dunnius Distant, 1902 bellus Distant, 1900: 1C, 2C fulvescens Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Eocanthecona Bergroth, 1915 furcellata (Wolff, 1801): 2A, 2B ornatula (Distant, 1908): 2C Genus Erthesina Spinola, 1837 aberrans Distant, 1918: 2C acuminata Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C fullo (Thunberg, 1783): 2B, 2C guttata (Fabricius, 1787): 2B robertsi Distant, 1908: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Eurydema Laporte, 1833 festivum Linnaeus, 1767: 2A lituriferum Walker, 1867: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C pulchrum (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C Genus Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834 capitatus (Distant, 1902): 2B guttiger (Thunberg, 1783): 1C, 2C montivagus (Distant, 1904): 1C, 2C ventralis (Westwood, 1837): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Fernelius Distant, 1902 indicus Distant, 1902: 2C Genus Gynenica Dallas, 1851 affinis Distant, 1880: 1C, 2C Genus Gonopsis Amyot and Serville, 1843 coccinea Walker, 1868 : 1C, 2C rubescens Distant, 1887: 1C, 2C Genus Glaucias Kirkaldy, 1908 albomaculatus (Distant, 1902): 2A Genus Hoptistodera Westwood, 1837 incisa Distant, 1908: 2C virescens Dallas, 1851: 2C Genus Halyomorpha Mayr, 1864 murrea Distant, 1887: 1C, 2C, 2A picus (Fabricius, 1897): 2B, 2A Genus Hermolaus Distant, 1902 typicus Distant, 1902: 2A, 2B Genus Halys Fabricius, 1803 dentatus Fabricius, 1803: 2C Genus Hoplistodera Westwood, 1837 incisa Distant, 1887: 1C, 2C recurva (Distant, 1900): 2A virescens Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C Genus Halyabbas Distant, 1900 unicolor Distant, 1900: 2B Genus Menida Motschulsky, 1861


Subgenus Menida Motschulsky, 1861 atkinsoni Distant, 1900: 1C, 2C distincta Distant, 1879: 2A formosa Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C labecula Distant, 1900: 2A varipennis Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C Genus Megarhynchus Lap., 1832 rostratus (Fabricius, 1803): 2B Genus Mormidella Horváth, 1889 coralifera Kiritschenko, 1926: 2A pauli Horvath, 1889: 2A Genus Nezara Amyot and Serville, 1843 antennata (Scott, 1874): 2A viridula Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Nevisanus Distant, 1920 alternans (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C Genus Otantestia Breddin, 1900 heterospila (Walker, 1867): 1C, 2C modificata (Distant, 1887): 1C, 2C Genus Oncinoproctus Breddin, 1904 griseolus Breddin, 1904: 1C, 2C Genus Plautia Stål, 1865 affinis (Dallas, 1851): 2B crossota (Dallas, 1851): 2B, 2C, 1C viridicollis (Westwood, 1837): 2B Genus Perillus Stål, 1862 bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A Genus Picromerus Amyot and Serville, 1843 obtusus (Walker, 1867): 1C, 2C Genus Tolumnia Stål, 1868 basalis (Dallas, 1851): 2B immaculata Distant, 1900: 2A latipes Dallas, 1857: 2B, 2C maxima (Distant, 1902): 2B Genus Paranevisanus Distant, 1908 melania Distant, 1908: 2A subgenericus Distant, 1908: 2B Genus Palomena Mulsant and Rey, 1866 reuteri Distant, 1879: 2A, 2B spinosa Distant, 1880: 2B viridissima (Poda, 1761): 1C, 2C Genus Piezodorus Fieber, 1860 rubrofasciatus Fabricius, 1787: 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Placosternum Amyot and Serville, 1843 ficusius Distant, 1918: 2B taurus Fabricius, 1781: 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Priassus Stål, 1867 carinatus (Horvath, 1889): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C exemptus (Walker, 1868): 2B spiniger (Haglund, 1868): 2A Genus Paterculus Distant, 1902 affinis Distant, 1900: 1C, 2C Genus Podops Laporte, 1833 serrata Voll., 1863: 1C, 2C Genus Prionaca Dallas, 1851 nigrescens Distant, 1911: 1C, 2C lata Dallas, 1851: 2A Genus Rolstoniellus Rider, 1997 spinosus (Distant, 1887): 1C, 2C

345

taurus (Distant, 1911): 1C, 2C Genus Rhynchocoris Westwood, 1837 humeralis (Thunberg, 1783): 1C, 2C Genus Scylax Distant, 1887 macrinus Distant, 1887: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Sciocoris Fallen, 1829 funebris Distant, 1918: 1C, 2C indicus Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C, 2B lateralis Fieber, 1851: 2A Genus Scotinophara Stål, 1868 ochracea (Distant, 1901): 2A Genus Scylax Distant, 1887 porrectus (Distant, 1887): 1C, 2C Genus Tropicoris Hahn, 1834 punctipes Stål, 1876: 2C Genus Tetroda Amyot and Serville, 1843 histeroides (Fabricius, 1798): 1C, 2C Genus Zicrona Amyot and Serville, 1843 caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C Genus Zangis Stål, 1867 beryllus (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C dorsalis (Dohrn., 1860): 1C, 2C Family PLATASPIDAE Dallas, 1851 Subfamily PLATASPIDINAE Dallas, 1851 Genus Brachyplatys Boisduval, 1835 carolinae Atkinson, 1889: 1C, 2C punctipes Montandon, 1894: 2C subaeneus (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C vahlii (Fabricius, 1787): 1C, 2C Genus Coptosoma Laporte, 1833 contectum Montandon, 1893: 2C duodecimpunctatum (Germar, 1839): 2C, 2D feanum Montandon, 1894: 2D fimbriatum Distant, 1887: 2C lebongensis Distant, 1918: 1C, 2C lethierryi Montandon, 1892: 1C, 2C marginifrons Distant, 1918: 2C nazirae Atkinson, 1889: 2C nepalense Westwood, 1837: 2C noualhieri Montandon, 1896: 2C siamicum Walker, 1867: 2B variegatum (Herrich-Schaffer, 1839): 2B, 2C Genus Tarichea Stål, 1865 nitens (Dallas, 1851): 2B Family SCUTELLARIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily ODONTOSCELINAE Amyot and Serville, 1843 Genus Arctocoris Germ., 1839 incisus Stål, 1873: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Subfamily SCUTELLERINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Brachyaulax Stål, 1871 oblonga (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C Genus Cantao Amyot and Serville, 1843 ocellatus Thunberg, 1784: 2C, 2B Genus Chrysocoris Hahn, 1834 fascialis (White, 1842): 1C, 2A, 2B grandis (Thunberg, 1783): 1C, 2B, 2C

346

stolli (Wolf, 1801): 1C, 2C Genus Eurostus Dallas, 1851 grosspies Dallas, 1851: 2C Genus Hotea Amyot and Serville, 1843 eureulionoides (Herr.-Sch, 1843): 2C Genus Lamprocoris Stål, 1864 roylii (Westwood, 1837): 2C, 2B spiniger (Dallas, 1849): 2C lateralis Guer., 1803: 2B Genus Poecilocoris Dallas, 1848 druraei (Linnaeus, 1771): 1C, 2C hardwicki (Westwood, 1837): 1C interruptus (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C obesus Dallas, 1851: 2C Genus Scutellera Lamark, 1801 fasciata (Panzer, 1797): 1C, 2C nobilus (Fabricius, 1775): 2B Family TESSAROTOMIDAE Stål, 1865 Subfamily TESSARATOMINAE Stål, 1865 Genus Eurostus Dallas, 1851 grossipes Dallas, 1851: 2C Genus Eusthenes Laporte, 1833 eurytus Distant, 1887: 2B, 2C cupreus (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2C saevus, Stål, 1863: 2C Genus Mattiphus Amyot and Serville, 1843 jaspideus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851): 2A oblongus Dallas, 1851: 2B, 2C Genus Pycanum Amyot and Serville, 1843 ochraceum Distant, 1893: 2C ponderosum Stål, 1854: 1C, 2C Genus Tessaratoma Lepell and Serv., 1825 javanica (Thunberg, 1783): 2C nigripes (Dallas, 1851): 2C quadrata Distant, 1902: 2C Family UROSTYLIDAE Dallas, 1851 Subfamily UROSTYLIDINAE Dallas, 1851 Genus Urochela Dallas, 1850 bimaculata Dallas, 1851: 2B, 2C discrepans Walker, 1867: 1C, 2C guttulata Stål, 1876: 2C pilosa Stål, 1876: 2C pulchra Stål, 1887: 1C, 2C quadripunctata Dallas, 1850: 2C Genus Urolabida Westwood, 1837 grayii (White, 1839): 1C, 2C histrionica (Westwood, 1837): 1C, 2B, 2C tenera Westwood, 1837: 2C uniloba Stål, 1876: 2C Genus Urostylis Westwood, 1837 fumigata Walker, 1867: 1C, 2C gracilis Dallas, 1851: 2C nigromarginalis Reuter, 1881: 2C pallida Dallas, 1851: 1C, 2C punctigera Westwood, 1837: 1C, 2C sinensis Walker, 1867: 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

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Chapter 34

Insecta: Hymenoptera K. RAJMOHANA1, JAGDISH SAINI1, P. GIRISH KUMAR2 and SUNITA PATRA1

Till date, a total of 3,054 species, 816 genera, 52 families and 16 superfamilies of Hymenoptera have been documented from Indian Himalaya. The families Tenthredinidae, Formicidae and Ichneumonidae are the toppers in species diversity in the region. Several taxa of high altitude Hymenoptera have poorly been documented. The bee species Apis dorsata and Apislaboriosa play a vital role in the pollination of the mountain crops and flora. As reported worldwide, in Indian Himalaya too, the pollinators are on the decline. The ecosystem is under threat due to changing climate and also several anthropogenic factors. More intensive and extensive surveys of the region and in-depth taxonomic as well as bio ecological studies on the faunal groups of high ecological significance like Hymenoptera are recommended, so that the new insights emanating would contribute to the conservation scenario of the region.

H

INTRODUCTION

ymenoptera is one of the mega diverse insect orders (Goulet and Huber, 1993), with 2 suborders, 27 superfamilies, 116 families, 7738 genera and 150659 species (Aguiar et al., 2013) globally. However, most of the diversity rich regions of the world are yet to be inventoried extensively, and hence it is challenging to estimate a precise number about this insect order (LaSalle and Gauld, 1993). In the Indian scenariotoo, such estimates tend to be far from accurate, and several new taxa are being constantly discovered. The recent data states the presence of 19 superfamilies, 68 families and 12,605 species of Hymenoptera in India (Chandra, 2011). The Himalayan mountain system plays a significant role in influencing the climate of India. The forests here are rich in bio resources. In accordance with the increase in elevation, succession of vegetation from the tropical to the alpine can be observed. The fauna at foothills are mainly Oriental, but those at the higher elevations resemble mostly the Palaearctic. The Himalayan ecosystem is fragile, and currently, under threat due to varied reasons, the majority being anthropogenic. The climate induced changes need to be monitored and studied. The faunal inventory of the region is far from complete, the terrains

being inaccessible and the conditions hostile. However, enumeration of resources in a region is a prerequisite in planning management as well as conservation measures. As per the published data, a total of 3,054 species in 816 genera, coming under 52 families and 16 superfamilies of Hymenoptera have been documented from Indian Himalaya, so far. However, it would be a highly pretentious claim to consider the present compilation complete, since too much literature lie scattered and several hymenopteran taxa like Crabronidae and Pompilidae in India needs revision. A few other groups like Ceraphronoidea and Cynipoidea lie unexplored. Hence the current list aims just in presenting a preliminary yet broad and generalized view of the Hymenopteran assemblage of the region.

HISTORICAL RESUME With the ‘Fauna of British India–Hymenoptera’ (1897, 1903) by Bingham, started the in-depth studies on Hymenoptera of India. However, work on Indian sawflies was initiated much earlier by Smith (18601878), Cameron (1876-1913), and Kirby (1881-1889). Indian Symphyta is known to rest of the world mainly through the consistent works by Saini and his coworkers. The period of two decades since the publishing of Saini and Singh (1987) to the recent catalog by Saini et al. (2006), were flooded with new information on

1Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal–700053, India. *Email: [email protected] 2Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode, Kerala- 673006, India.

Citation Rajmohana, K., Saini, J., Girish Kumar, P. and Patra, S. 2018. Insecta: Hymenoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 353-398 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

SPECIES DIVERSITY

saw flies, especially from Indian Himalaya. A review of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) from India, by Mani and Sharma (1982) and several monographic works on Chalcidoidea by Narendran (1989, 1994, 1999, 2007 and 2011) give useful insights on Hymenoptera of India as well as that of Himalaya. The State Fauna Series of Zoological Survey of India comprising of West Bengal, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Editor-Director, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010) and also the volumes on conservation series on Western Himalaya (Editor-Director, 1995), have information on the hymenopteran fauna known from the respective regions.

The order Hymenoptera has two broad subdivisions; suborder Symphyta and suborder Apocrita. The Symphyta lack a constriction at their waist, and have their abdomen broadly connected to thorax, while Apocrita has a distinct constriction at their waist. The latter is more diverse taxonomically. Though several classifications of the order exists, the present compilation follows the recent classification of Hymenoptera by Aguiar et al. (2013), (Tables 1, 2; Figs. 1-9). 1. Suborder SYMPHYTA (Figs. 1-3) Symphyta or sawflies with more than 600 species is one of the most abundant group among Hymenoptera of Indian Himalaya. They constitute the most primitive or basal taxa within the order. With saw-like ovipositor, their females cut into the plants and lay their eggs. Being mostly herbivores, their larvae feed on plants and are hence a major menace to forestry. Hence some of them are significant as pests to high elevation horticultural crops. A few of them are parasitic too. Several sawflies are hosts to members of the parasitic Hymenopteran families-Braconidae, Eulophidae and Ichneumonidae.

Other than the Universal Chalcidoidea database (Noyes, 2017), main references consulted in compiling the list of Hymenoptera from India are Bohart and Menke (1976), Gupta and Tikar (1976), Batra (1977), Gupta and Maheshwari (1977), Jonathan (1980), Gupta and Gupta (1983), Singh and Sing (1986), Das and Gupta (1989), Carpenter and Kojima (1996), Carpenter (2001), Gupta and Jonathan (2003), Gupta (2003a, 2003b), Goel and Rao (2004), Lelej (2005), Deans (2005), Rajmohana (2006), Saini et al. (2006), Abe et al. (2007), Girish Kumar (2009a, 2009b), Pauly (2009), Sureshan (2009, 2012), Akhtar et al. (2010), Bartalucci (2010), Rajmohana and Bijoy (2012), Saini and Vikram (2012), Aguiar et al. (2013), Gupta 2013, Xu et al. (2013), Bharti et al. (2016), Pramanik and Dey (2016) and Asher and Pickering (2016).

Five superfamilies namely Tenthredinoidea (595 spp.), Pamphilioidea (2 spp.), Siricoidea (9 spp.), Xiphydroidea (1 sp.) and Orussoidea (5 spp.) have been reported from

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Rhynchium brunneum (Fabricius, 1793); B. Phimenes flavopictus Blanchard, 1845; C. Vespa Soror du Buysson, 1905; D. Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771; E. Amegilla calceifera (Cockerell, 1911); F. Apis dorsata (Fubricius, 1793).

354


612 1353

Symphyta Parasitic Hymenoptera

1089

Aculeata

Fig. 1. Number of species in major groups of Hymenoptera from Indian Himalaya.

Tenthredinoidea

600

Pamphilioidea

500

Siricoidea

595

400

Orussoidea Xiphydrioidea

300 200 100

9

2

5

1

0 Fig. 2. Symphyta superfamilies-Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

Argidae 600

Cimbicidae

500

Diprionidae

560

Tenthredinidae

400

Pamphiliidae

300

Siricidae Orussidae

200 100

22

9

4

2

9

1

5

Xiphydriidae

0 Fig. 3. Symphyta families–Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

the region.Tenthredinoidea is with 4 families, of which family Tenthredinidae is the major one with about 550 spp. Other superfamilies are represented by single familiy each with less than 10 spp. (Table1). A few Palearctic species Arge pagana, Athalia circularis, Cladius pectinicornis, Hemichroa crocea, Nematus nigricornis, Pachyprotasis rapae, Priophorus brullei, Sirex cyaneus, S. juvencus, and Xeris spectru, also have been documented from the region (Saini et al., 2006). 2. Suborder APOCRITA (Figs. 1, 4-8) This group constitutes the bulk of Hymenoptera and are with 11 superfamilies in the region. Of the parasitic RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea with around 475 spp. and Ichneumonoidea with more than 500 spp. top the list, while among Aculeates, Vespoidea with nearly 900 spp. is the most speciose, of which, the major share goes to Formicidae, having 593 species. Compared to Vespoidea, Apoidea have very less number of species. Superfamily APOIDEA (Figs. 4-5) Under Apoidea, from the Indian Himalaya, nine families have been documented, Apidae, constituting the bees, being the most prominent. Sphecidae are also seen in plenty. 337 species of bees belonging to 9 families have 355

been recorded from the Himalayan region (Table 1). Apidae with 122 species tops the list. The rest five being Ampulicidae (9 spp.), Andrenidae (13 spp.), Colletidae (16 spp.), Crabronidae (74 spp.), Halictidae (92 spp.), Megachilidae (93 spp.), Melittidae (2 spp.) and Sphecidae (26spp.) Among the bees, Apidae is represented by 122 species (36% of the total) under 15 genera in the Himalayan region. The Bumble bee genus Bombus Latreille with 49 species has the maximum number of species, followed by the Carpenter bee, Xylocopa Latreille with 17 species. The genera like Braunsapis Michener, Melecta Latreille, Tetragonula Moure, and Tetraloniella Ashmead are less speciose. The true five honey bee species of the region are Apis dorsata, A. laboriosa, A. cerana, A. florea and A. andreniformis. A. dorsata and A. laboriosa play a vital role in pollinating the mountain crops and wild flora. A. laboriosa which nests at an altitude of 25003000m, is the world’s largest honey bee. Their nests are huge and are found overhanging on the South-West sides of vertical mountain cliffs. The ‘Red Honey’ of this species has an intoxicating effect and various relaxing qualities. Their purported medicinal value is due to the presence of gray anatoxin in the nectar collected from white rhododendrons. Superfamily VESPOIDEA (Figs. 4,5) Under this superfamily, the families with major representation are Formicidae and Vespidae. Rest of the families are with comparatively less number of species

and are either under represented or yet awaits discovery from the region. Nearly 150 species of vespid wasps are known from the area. Nearly 600 species of ants are known from this region, the dominating genera being Camponotus Mayr (56 spp.), Polyrhachis Smith (42 spp.), Crematogaster Lund (30 spp.) and Pheidole Westwood (40 spp.). Bharti et al., (2013), published some interesting aspects on the ant species richness, endemicity, and functional groups, along an elevation gradient in the North Western Himalayas. Their findings stated that in lower elevation (500-1000m), where the temperature is comparatively high, the ant fauna was dominated by Indo-Malayan faunal groups. The tropical genera of the Oriental, like Pheidole, Polyrhachis and Crematogaster, and wet tropical species like Harpegnathos venator Smith, Lophomyrmex bedoti Emery, and Meranoplus bicolor Guérin-Méneville outnumbered the rest. Above 2000m, the fauna was mainly showing Palearctic affinity, though a few Afrotropical and Mediterranean elements represented by tramp species like Monomorium pharaonic Linnaeus, Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr and T. simillimum Smith, were also found, The altitudinal range of 1000-2000m representing the lesser Himalayas formed a transition between the Indo-Malayan and Palaearctic regions in the case of ants. The diversity was highest at 2000m and species richness was the maximum at 1000m. Though the ant species richness increased with an initial increase in elevation, it peaked at mid-elevation and soon followed a decreasing Apoidea

876

Chrysidoidea

447

Vespoidea 30

Fig. 4. Aculeata superfamilies–Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

593

9 16

74 92 93

2

26 10 15

5

17

63 49

150 4

An Ap id Am dre ae ni pu da lli e Co cid a C r l l et e ab ida ro e H nid a M lic ae eg tid ac a h e M i li d el ae it Sp tida he e Be cid t a Ch hyl e r y i da sid e D i da ry e Fo nid rm ae M icid u ae Po tilli m da pi e l Sc idae ol Ti iid ph ae i Ve ida sp e id ae

600 500 400 300 200 122 100 13 0

Fig. 5. Aculeata families–species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

356


PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA

trend. Elevations of 3000m and 4000m geologically represent the Greater Himalayas, and at 3000m, the ant fauna was mainly dominated by the cold-resistant genera like Formica Linneaus, Aphaenogaster Mayr, Myrmica Latreille and Temnothorax Mayr. The record of about 14 invasive species among the total 144 species recorded in the study indicate the habitat disturbance in the Himalayan ecosystem. The invasive species were maximum at lower elevations, their number, as well as their occurrence, were found decreasing dramatically at 3000m, with no reports coming from the elevation of 4000m. In contrast to this, endemism increased with elevation and peaked in highaltitude sites.

They are the regulatory groups, keeping in check the population of other insect groups, i.e. their host groups. A few of them attack spider eggs too. They function in a density dependent manner, about their hosts. Six super families of parasitic Hymenoptera (1089 spp.) are represented in the Himalayas. Except, Ichneumonoidea, Stephanoidea and Evanioidea, majority of them are minute in size. The superfamily Ichneumonoidea with nearly 500 species is the best-known group of the region, of which more than 450 species belong to family Ichneumonidae. The superfamily Chalcidoidea though with about 475 species, can be still a lot more diverse in the region.

Superfamily CHRYSIDOIDEA (Figs. 4, 5)

Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA (Figs. 6, 8)

The group encompasses both parasitic as well as cleptoparasitic forms and is represented in Indian Himalaya by three families as in Table 1. Family Chrysididae (15 spp.), popularly called jewel wasps, due to their metallic coloration, are solitary wasps and are cleptoparasitic in the nest of other wasps and bees, while a few of them are egg parasitoids of stick insects. Families Bethylidae (10 spp.) and Drynidae (5 spp.) are comparatively smaller forms and are parasitoids of mostly lepidopteran pests. 600

With nearly 3000 species reported, this is the largest superfamily under parasitic Hymenoptera in India. Nearly 475 species under 17 families are known from the Indian Himalaya. They are the egg, larval or pupal parasitoids of a wide range of insect groups like Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Some are phytophagous and gall inducers or live as inquilines. Hyperparasitisation is also met with in family Eulophidae. This family with more than 100 species tops the list. As per the checklist of the fig 535

476

Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Cynipoidea Diaprioidea Evanoidea Ichneumonoidea Platygastroidea Stephanoidea

500 400 300 200 27

10

1

100

29

6

5

0 Fig. 6. Parasitic Hymenoptera superfamilies–Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

464

da e

5

St ep ha ni

str id

da

Pl at yg a

on i um

ne

co ni

Ic h

ae

e

29

e da

e da Br a

e

71

6

Ev an i

ia pr ii

da

ae D

ae ip id

27

6

4

Cy n

Ce ra ph ro ni

da

e

1

Fi gi tid

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Fig. 7. Parasitic Hymenoptera families excluding those in Chalcidoidea–Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya. RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

357

wasps, by Pramanik and Dey (2016), several species have their distribution in the Himalayan states of India.

Superfamily PLATYGASTROIDEA (Figs. 6, 7)

Though comprising of just two families Braconidae (71 spp.) and Ichneumonidae (461 spp.), Ichneumonoidea is a highly diverse taxon and is the second largest superfamily in India as well as in the Indian Himalaya. They attack the larvae or pupae of mainly lepidopterans. A few ichneumonids are reported from spider eggs too. Both the families, but the braconids, in particular, is sure to have more representation in the region.

This is the third largest superfamily of the parasitic Hymenoptera and are mostly egg parasitoids of a wide range of insect orders like Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and even spiders. Members of subfamily Platygastrinae are known to attack the cecidomyiid gall flies, while those in Sceliotrachelinae are parasitic on the immature stages of hemipterans like whiteflies. Based on the ubiquitous nature of the taxon and its diversity, the documented diversity (29 spp.) in the region is very less.

Superfamily CERAPHRONOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7)

Superfamily STEPHANOIDEA (Figs. 6,7)

The members of this family are primary endoparasitoids of a wide group of entomophagous insects coming under different orders. Some are even secondary parasitoides or hyperparasitoids, of groups like braconid wasps. Though distributed widely, the taxa is very less studied worldwide. The group is highly under explored in the region (1 sp.). Family Megaspilidae is yet to be reported in Indian Himalaya.

Comprising of just a single family, the members are solitary ectoparasitoids of wood boring larvae, mostly of Coleoptera. They exhibit generic level endemism in zoogeographic regions. One genus and five species are known from Indian Himalaya.

Superfamily ICHENUMONOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7)

Superfamily CYNIPOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7) This superfamily comprises of predominantly parasitoid groups, though a few phytophagous forms are also present. Only two families, the Figitidae (6 spp.) and Cynipidae (4 spp.) are speciose. The cynipid wasps are known to induce galls on leaves of herbaceous plants and also on trees, the oak in particular. Some of them also develop as inquilines within the galls induced by other insects. Oak (Quercus spp.) forests represent one of the major components of the climax evergreen vegetation between 1000–3600m in the Central Himalaya (Singh and Singh 1986). Our knowledge on the diversity of the Cynipoidea of not only Himalaya but India as a whole is very weak. No in depth taxonomic studies have been undertaken in India, so far in this taxon.

From the Indian Himalaya, only one family is reported. Members of Evaniidae (6 spp. in Indian Himalayas) are parasitoids in the ootheca of cockroaches. Superfamily DIAPRIOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7) These are minute endoparasitoids, attacking the pupae of Diptera. They are highly diverse and present in all habitats in large numbers. However not much is known (only 27 spp.) regarding their diversity in the Himalayan states. Regarding Hymenoptera distribution in biotic provinces, the highest number of species are recorded from Central Himalaya (1415) followed by Western Himalaya (956), North West Himalaya (900), East Himalaya (544), Ladakh mountains (535) and Trans Himalaya Tibetan Plateau (544).

155 110 57

36 9

2

21

3

10

9

30 1

1

1

3

13

15

Ag a Ap oni he dae lin id Az ae Ch otid a al cid e i En d a e c Eu yrti ch da ar e Eu itid l o ae p Eu hid pe ae Eu lm r y i da to e Le mid uc os ae M pid ym ae a O rida rm e Pe yr ril id a a Pt mp e id er a o Si ma e gn li ip dae ho Tr r ich To ida r e y og ra mid m m ae at id ae

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Superfamily EVANIOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7)

Fig. 8. Chalcidoidea families–Species level diversity in Indian Himalaya.

358


ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE As pollinators Among insects, members of Hymenoptera -the honey bees, bumble bees, stingless bees, and several solitary bees are the most efficient pollinators. A recent study estimated the annual economic value of insect pollinators to agricultural productivity for the major crops cultivated as USD 365 million for Himachal Pradesh and USD 426.8 for Kashmir in the northwestern Indian Himalayas and USD 166.8 million for Uttarakhand in the central Indian Himalayas. In these areas, inadequate pollination in the recent has considerably reduced apple production, affecting the main livelihood of the people of the hill tracts (Partap et al. 2012). As Pests The scarlet oak sawfly or the slug oak sawfly Caliro aquercus coccineae is a pest of oak trees, skeletonizing the leaves, and are seen in India in the sub himalayan belts (Goel and Rao, 2004). Similarly, Athalia proxima or the mustard sawfly, which is present throughout India inflicting damages to the cruciferous crops, has records from the Himalayan states too. A few parasitic Hymenoptera especially under Chalcidoidea and Cynipoidea are gall formers, the galls once induced, retard the growth and vitality of plants. These galls if present in large numbers, affect the plant growth, deterring the economic value of the plantations. The cynipid wasps are the prominent gall makers of oak trees.

GAP AREAS Several taxa of high altitude Hymenoptera have poorly been investigated taxonomically. Abe et al. (2007), in their paper on diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gall wasps, states that considering the richness of the Himalayan flora and the otherwise Holarctic distribution of several aylacine genera, a richer fauna of gall wasps in this group awaits discovery in this region. Same is the case with several other species rich taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera like Platygastroidea, Chalcidoidea and Ceraphronoidea. Except some works in the late nineteenth or early 20th century, no revisionary works or taxonomic compilation have been done in the case of spider wasps, Pompilidae, of the region. Hence extensive and intensive faunal inventorisation efforts are recommended. Molecular studies also needs to be employed to uncover the cryptic species and also to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships between the taxa.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Species are currently going extinct at a faster rate than at any time in the past. The changing climate, habitat destruction, spread of diseases, extensive use of insecticides, etc., have posed threat at least locally to several groups of Hymenoptera. Studies worldwide have proved that pollinators are affected severely due to habitat fragmentation. Large scale modifications at the landscape level, especially the monoculture, have contributed to pollinator decline and this phenomenon has been observed widely in the apple growing tracts of Himalaya,

Fig. 9. Number of Hymenoptera species in Indian Himalaya. RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

359

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species known from Indian Himalaya. Suborder

Functional Gorup

Symphyta

Superfamily Tenthredinoidea

Pamphilioidea Siricoidea Orussoidea Xiphydrioidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea

Apocrita

Parasitic Hymenoptera

Cynipoidea Diaprioidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea

Aculeata

Platygastroidea Stephanoidea Apoidea

Chrysidoidea

Vespoidea

360

Family Argidae Cimbicidae Diprionidae Tenthredinidae Pamphiliidae Siricidae Orussidae Xiphydriidae Ceraphronidae Agaonidae Aphelinidae Azotidae Chalcididae Encyrtidae Eucharitidae Eulophidae Eupelmidae Eurytomidae Leucospidae Mymaridae Ormyridae Perilampidae Pteromalidae Signiphoridae Torymidae Trichogrammatidae Cynipidae Figitidae Diapriidae Evaniidae Braconidae Ichneumonidae Platygastridae Stephanidae Apidae Andrenidae Ampulicidae Colletidae Crabronidae Halictidae Megachilidae Melittidae Sphecidae Bethylidae Chrysididae Drynidae Formicidae Mutillidae Pompilidae Scoliidae Tiphiidae Vespidae Total

No. of Genera No. of Species 5 3 2 77 1 4 1 3 1 6 9 1 6 65 2 43 5 5 1 14 1 1 38 1 6 6 4 3 11 4 17 192 19 1 15 1 3 2 27 8 17 1 9 5 8 3 87 10 10 11 1 40 816

22 9 4 560 2 9 1 5 1 9 36 2 21 155 3 110 10 9 1 30 1 1 57 3 13 15 4 6 27 6 71 464 29 5 122 13 9 16 74 92 93 2 26 10 15 5 593 17 63 49 4 150 3,054


including the state of Himachal Pradesh (Partap et al., 2012). In the past, honey hunting practiced according to the culture and traditions of the hill people were largely been conservative. But the recent commercialization have given way to unscientific approaches of honey harvesting, leading to massive destruction of honey combs and killing of the bees. This has resulted in drastic reduction in the number of bee nests on the mountain cliffs. A noted decline in the population has been reported in the case of A. laboriosa, the high-altitude bee, which is an important pollinator to several mountain crops (Partap et al., 2012). The increased utilization and domestication of exotic species like A. mellifera, have posed threat to the survival of the indigenous honey bees like A. cerana in the hill tracts of Himalaya. Urgent measures have been called for to save the species from getting locally extinct (Partap et al., 2012). Not just to pollinators, the modern agriculture interventions like extensive insecticide applications have adversely affected the parasitic Hymenoptera as well. Since they function in density dependent manner. Their population decline would lead to the proliferation of their herbivorous hosts, causing severe damage to crops.

DISCUSSION Hymenoptera being one of the mega diverse groups, and highly significant ecologically, needs to be studied in detail in the Himalaya region, in order to have a better understanding on the community level interactions, sustaining the ecosystems there. The insights gained would help in deciphering, the climate induced changes affecting this fragile ecosystem, there by leading to improved conservation efforts.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order HYMENOPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder SYMPHYTA Gerstäcker, 1867 Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA Latreille, 1803 Family TENTHREDINIDAE Latreille, 1803 Subfamily ALLANTINAE Rohwer, 1911 Genus Anisotaxonus Saini and Vasu, 1998 garhwali Vasu, 2003: 2B sessaensiss Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D Genus Athalia Leach, 1817 antennata Cameron, 1902: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B arunachalensis Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D bensoni Saini and Deep, 1989: 2A birmanica Benson, 1962: 2C circularis (Klug, 1815): 1A, 1B, 2A icar Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D indiana Benson, 1962: 2A infumata (Marlatt, 1898): 2B, 2C japonica (Klug, 1815): 2A kashmirensis Benson, 1932: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

nigromaculata Cameron, 1902: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C pahalgamensis Saini and Deep, 1989: 1A, 1B proxima (Klug, 1815): 2A, 2B rosae ruficornis (Jakovlev, 1888) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C sikkimensis Benson, 1932: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B zomborii Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2A, 2D Genus Athlophorus Burmeister, 1847 alfkeni Forsius, 1931: 2C assamensis Malaise, 1947: 2A, 2B, 2C bandatus Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1986: 2B caprae Forsius, 1935: 2C cephalomaculus Saini and Vasu, 1997b: 2C maculiventris (Cameron, 1899): 2B, 2C meghalayaensis Saini and Singh, 1987: 2D mimicarius Malaise, 1947: 2D perplexus perplexus (Konow, 1898): 2C pilifrons (Cameron, 1899): 2C, 2D placidus (Konow, 1898): 2D spinicus Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D subconvexus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2B Genus Beleses Cameron, 1877 birmanus (Malaise, 1961): 2A versicolor (Malaise, 1961): 2C Genus Clypea Malaise, 1961 shanica Malaise, 1961: 2B sinobirmana Malaise, 1961: 2D Genus Darjilingia Malaise, 1934 glabra Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2A, 2B, 2C gribodoi (Konow, 1896): 2A, 2B, 2C icar Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2B, 2C Genus Empronus Malaise, 1935 kalatopensis Saini and Deep, 1992: 2A, 2B, 2C obsoletus Malaise, 1935: 2A santokhi Saini and Deep, 1992: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ferna Malaise, 1961 acclivata Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D brevigenata Malaise, 1961: 2A, 2C brevis Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C canalicula Saini and Vasu, 1997c: 2D chambali Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2B dutti Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D himalayana Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2B himenderi Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D longiserra Malaise, 1961: 2D nigra Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D punctifossa Malaise, 1961: 2A pupa Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D sagittata Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D Genus Formosempria Takeuchi, 1929 shanensis Malaise, 1961: 2A Genus Hemathlophorus Malaise, 1945 formosanus (Enslin, 1911): 2D foveatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2B Genus Hemibeleses Takeuchi, 1929 bomdilensis Saini and Deep, 1992: 2D darjeelingensis Saini and Deep, 1992: 2C gopeshwerensis Saini and Deep, 1992: 2B lactatus Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D malari Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D

361

melanopodus (Cameron, 1902): 2A, 2B, 2C nigera Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2B podaalbus Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2B, 2C Genus Hemkuntus Saini and Deep, 1992 religiosus Saini and Deep, 1992: 2B Genus Hennedyella Forsius, 1935 athaloides Forsius, 1935: 1A, 1B typica Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2B, 2D Genus Himindica Saini, 1996 himalayensis (Saini and Deep, 1991): 2A nigroclypeata (Malaise, 1961): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Hypsathalia Benson, 1962 przewalskyi (Jakovlev, 1887): 1A, 1B Genus Indostegia Malaise, 1934 apicicornis Malaise, 1934: 2B ecarinata Vasu, Saini and Smith, 2002: 2C vatsi Vasu, Saini and Smith, 2002: 2C Genus Indotaxonus Malaise, 1957 canaliculus Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2B tajinderi Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2B tricoloricornis (Konow, 1898): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D unicolor Malaise, 1957: 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Kambaitina Malaise, 1961 fulvipicta Malaise, 1961: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D impunctata Saini, Smith and Vasu, 2002: 2C Genus Mallachiella Malaise, 1934a malaisei Saini and Deep, 1993: 2A, 2D nigerrima Muche, 1987: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rufithorax Malaise, 1934: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Monostegidea Rohwer, 1915 garhwalensisSaini and Deep, 1992: 2B leucomelaena Rohwer, 1915: 2A, 2C nigriceps (Cameron, 1902): 2A, 2C obscura (Forsius, 1931): 2C shimlensis Saini and Deep, 1992: 2A Genus Neotaxonus Saini and Vasu, 1996 asperous Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D Genus Nepala Muche, 1986 incerta (Cameron, 1876): 2A, 2B, 2C nigriventris (Saini and Vasu, 1996): 2C quadrata (Saini and Vasu, 1996): 2C, 2D tamuli Malaise, 1961: 2B Genus Ocla Malaise, 1957 glabrifrons Malaise, 1961: 2C Genus Tala Malaise, 1934b smithi Saini and Deep, 1999: 2C Genus Taxonus Hartig, 1837 foveifrons Cameron, 1902: 2A labiatus Cameron, 1902: 2A Genus Ungulia Malaise, 1961 acupunctata Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D auratica Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D brevis Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D fasciativentris Malaise, 1961: 2D himalayaensis Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2B nigritarsis (Cameron, 1902): 2D scutopunctata Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2C Subfamily BLENNOCAMPINAE Genus Amonophadnus Rohwer, 1921

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auriventris Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2D Genus Ardis Konow, 1886 asulca Smith, 1971: 2A synasulca Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2A Genus Corpilus Malaise, 1937 nigerrimus Malaise, 1937: 2B sainii Vasu, 1999: 2B Genus Davida Saini and Vasu, 1996 tenuicornis (Rohwer, 1921): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Diranga Saini and Vasu, 1997 simlaensis (Cameron, 1902): 2A, 2D Genus Eutomostethus Enslin, 1914 assamensis (Rohwer, 1913): 2C, 2D basilimpidus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2A, 2B, 2C , 2D bengalensis Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C bifidus Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2B caerulescens (Cameron, 1876): 2A canaliculus Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2D carinatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D carinoelatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D circularis Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2D clypeiambus Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2D crescenta Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D desectus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D distinctus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D ecarinatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D emarginatus Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2C falcatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D flagellaris Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2D forsiusi Wei, 2000: 2C, gibbus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D hirticornis (Rohwer, 1913): 2C impunctatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C innotatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D intricatus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D nigrans (Konow, 1887): 2C politus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D pullus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C pup Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C remotus Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D scutopunctatus Saini and Vasu,1996: 2D sulcatus Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2C, 2D sikkimensis (Forsius, 1931): 2C trigonalis Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2D unciformis Saini, Vasu and Smith, 2005: 2C vasui Saini, Vasu and Smith, 1995 : 2C vatsi Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C, 2D Genus Loopica Saini and Vasu, 1998 melanopoda Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D nigrescens Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D Genus Neoclia Malaise, 1937 indiana Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C Genus Pasteelsia Malaise, 1964 carinata Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2A Genus Periclista Konow, 1886 bumasta Konow, 1907: 2C Genus Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916 bharti Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D Genus Senoclidea Rohwer, 1912 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

gangtokensis Saini and Vasu, 1996: 2C Subfamily DOLERINAE Genus Dolerus Panzer, 1801 darjeelingi (Saini and Singh, 1987): 2C ferrugenosa (Saini and Singh, 1987): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B infuscatus (Saini and Singh, 1987): 1A, 1B kashmirensis (Cameron, 1906): 1A, 1B manalii (Saini and Singh, 1987): 2A mira (Muche, 1983): 2C nigripleuris Saini and Vasu, 1997: 1A, 1B tangmargensis Saini and Singh, 1989: 1A, 1B Subfamily HETERARTHRINAE Benson, 1952 Genus Birmindia Malaise, 1947 gracilis (Forsius, 1931): 2C, 2D serrulata Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2D Genus Caliroa Costa, 1859 glabrifrons Malaise, 1961: 2A, 2B Genus Heterarthrus Stephens, 1835 indianus Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A Subfamily NEMATINAE Benson, 1958 Genus Amauronematus Konow, 1890 dilatus Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2B kulwantae Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A tesa Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2B Genus Cladius Illiger, 1807 pectinicornis (Geoffroy, 1785): 2A, 2B Genus Craesus Leach, 1817 orientalis Rohwer, 1921: 2A mriduae Vasu, 2003: 2A Genus Hemichroa Stephens, 1835 crocea (Geoffroy, 1785): 2A major (Rohwer, 1915): 2B, 2C smithi Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2C Genus Megadineura Malaise, 1931 himalayana Benson, 1963: 1A, 1B Genus Nematus Panzer, 1801 brunniventris Saini and Chambal, 1995: 2A, 2B, 2C fulvidus Saini and Chambal, 1995: 2B kaleri Saini and Chambal, 1995: 2B maculipodus Saini and Chambal, 1995: 2C Genus Pachynematus Konow, 1890 punamaeSaini and Chambal, 1997: 2A vishvai Saini and Chambal, 1997: 2B Genus Priophorus Dahlbom, 1835 brullei Dahlbom, 1835: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigricans (Cameron, 1902): 2A Genus Pristiphora Latreille, 1810 alta Saini and Chambal, 1996: 2C ecarinata Saini and Chambal, 1996: 2A, 2B nigrescenta Saini and Chambal, 1996: 2B Subfamily SELANDRIINAE Genus Alloselandria Malaise, 1944 indobirmana Malaise, 1944: 2C Genus Anapeptamena Konow, 1898b albipes Konow, 1898: 2C darjeelingensis Saini, Smith and Saini, 2003: 2C dhanoultiensis Saini, Smith and Saini, 2003: 2B Genus Bocerus Malaise, 1944 phaleratus (Konow, 1898): 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Busarbia Cameron, 1899 formosana (Rohwer, 1916): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D okutanii Saini and Smith, 2005: 2D santokhi Saini and Smith, 2005: 2A, 2B, 2C shinoharai Saini and Smith, 2005: 2D viridipes Cameron, 1899: 2C Genus Busarbidea Rohwer, 1915 himalaiensis Rohwer, 1915: 2C nigroclypeata Saini and Saini, 1996: 2B unitarum Malaise, 1944 : 2A, 2B,2C, 2D Genus Busarbina Malaise, 1961 bandatus Saini and Saini, 1995: 2C ferruginosa Saini and Saini, 1995: 2C Genus Canonias Konow, 1900 inopinus rufiventris Malaise, 1947: 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Denticornia Malaise, 1944 ruficornis (Rohwer, 1915): 2A, 2B, 2C sikkimensis (Malaise, 1934): 2C Genus Duplunguis Malaise, 1944 sinobirmanica Malaise, 1944: 2B Genus Hanumantus Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985 bandiensis Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985: 2B Genus Heptamelus Haliday, 1855 gopeshwerensis Saini and Saini, 1997: 2B kalamunitopensis Saini and Saini, 1997: 2B, 2C, 2D marginatus Malaise, 1961: 2C, 2D Genus Neostromboceros Rohwer, 1912 albisclerite Vasu and Saini, 2001: 2D albitarsus Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2C, 2D arunachali Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2D aspersus Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D balbiri Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2D basilineatus (Cameron, 1907) : 2C bifoveatus Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2B, 2C caeruleiceps (Cameron, 1899) : 2C carbonarius Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2B, 2C carinoscutellis Vasu, Saini and Saini, 1997 : 2C, 2D distinctus Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D elost Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2B, 2C fepis Vasu, Saini and Saini, 1997 : 2D garhwali Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2B himalayaensis Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2A, 2B, 2C hyalinicus Vasu, Saini and Saini, 1997 : 2A, 2B iari Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2A, 2B, 2C indobirmanus Malaise, 1944 : 2A, 2C, 2D laevis (Konow, 1898) : 2C, 2D macropunctatus Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2C, 2D maculatus Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2B, 2C, 2D maculipodus Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2A, 2C malaisei Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2C, 2D mandalensis Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2B manganensis Saini, Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2C micropunctatus Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2C, 2D minutus (Enderlein, 1920) : 2A, 2B, 2C nanus Malaise, 1944 ; 2D nigricans Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigrifemur Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigrisclerite Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2B, 2C obsoletus Vasu and Saini, 2000: 2A

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picinoviriscent Vasu and Saini, 2003 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D picinus Vasu and Saini, 2003 : 2C punctatus (Konow, 1908) : 2D punjabicus Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2D rothneyi (Cameron, 1888) : 2C rugifrons Malaise, 1944 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scutipunctatus Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2C peciosus Malaise, 1944 : 2C tarloki Saini, Saini and Vasu, 1999 : 2B tonkinensis Forsius, 1931 : 2B trifoveatus (Cameron, 1902) : 2A unifoveatus Vasu, Saini and Saini, 1999: 2C varicolor Vasu and Saini, 2001: 2C zomborii Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A, 2B Genus Nesoselandria Rohwer, 1910 devinderi Saini, Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2C dirangensis Saini, Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2D emarginata Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2A, 2B fuscitarsus Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2C iari Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2D icar Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2C indica Saini, Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2B, 2C infuscata Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2B, 2C leucopoda Rohwer, 1916 : 2C muchei Saini, Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2B, 2D puparum Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2B, 2C, 2D ruga Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A, 2B, 2C sulciceps Malaise, 1944 : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ridgea Saini and Saini, 1996 kalatopensis Saini and Saini, 1996: 2A, 2B Genus Strongylogaster Dahlbom, 1835 hepaticolor Saini and Saini, 1997: 2A indiana Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2A inpunctata Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2A smithi Saini and Saini, 1997: 2A Genus Thrinax Konow, 1885 garhwalensis (Saini and Saini, 1997) : 2B kumaonensis (Saini and Saini, 1997) : 2B nigrooralis (Malaise, 1947) : 2C, 2D Subfamily TENTHREDININAE Genus Aglaostigma WF Kirby, 1882 birmanicum (Malaise, 1937) : 2D punjabicum (Malaise, 1934) : 2A sarchuckense (Saini and Singh, 1992) : 2C Genus Beldonea Cameron, 1899 lubens (Konow, 1898) : 2C okutanii (Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985) : 2C Genus Conaspidia Konow, 1898b dubiosa Forsius, 1931 : 2C fasciatipennis Turner, 1919 : 2C maculosa Smith and Saini, 2003: 2C sikkimensis Konow, 1898: 2C Genus Macrophya Dahlbom, 1835 andreasi Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2D brancuccii Muche, 1983 : 2A, 2B, 2C gopeshwari Saini, Singh, Singh, and Singh, 1986 : 2B karakorumensis Forsius, 1935: 2A manganensis Saini, Bharti and Singh, 1996 : 2C planata (Mocsáry, 1909) : 2A, 2B, 2C

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pompilina Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C pseudoplanata Saini, Bharti and Singh, 1996 : 2D regia Forsius, 1930 : 2C rufipodus Saini, Bharti and Singh, 1996 : 2B verticalis Konow, 1898: 2C Genus Neocolochelyna Malaise, 1937 montana (Konow, 1898) : 2C rufidorsata (Malaise, 1937) : 2D Genus Neocorymbas Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985 mandali Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985: 2B smithi Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985: 2B Genus Pachyprotasis Hartig, 1837 albicincta Cameron, 1881 : 2A, 2B, 2C alboannulata Forsius, 1935 : 2A, 2C, 2D bengalensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2C birmanica Forsius, 1935 : 2B brunettii Rohwer, 1915: 2C caerulescens caerulescens Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2D caerulescens kashmirica Malaise, 1945 : 1A, 1B, 2A citrinipicta Malaise, 1945 : 2B, 2C, 2D flavipes (Cameron, 1902) : 2A, 2B foveata Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2B, 2C frontata Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C hargurmeeti Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2A, 2B icari Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2B indica (Forsius, 1931) : 2B, 2C kalatopensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2A kulwantae Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2B lachenensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2C longomalari Singh, Dhillon, Singh and Saini, 1987 : 2B, 2D maculiventris Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D maesta Malaise, 1934: 2B, 2C manaliensis Singh, Dhillon, Singh and Saini, 1987 : 2A, 2B mandalensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2B manganensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2C muelleri Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2A, 2B nigricans Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2B opacifrons Malaise, 1945 : 2C pallens Malaise, 1945 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B parapeniata Singh, Dhillon, Singh and Saini, 1987 : 2A, 2B polita Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C, 2D punamae Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D punctulatis Saini and Vasu, 1995: 2A, 2B, 2C ramgarhensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2B salebrousa Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D scalaris Malaise, 1945 : 2D sikkimensis Saini and Kalia, 1989 : 2C subcoreacea Malaise, 1945 : 2C subtilis Malaise, 1945 : 2B subtilissima Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B subulicornis Malaise, 1945 : 2B versicolor Cameron, 1876 : 2A, 2B, 2C vittata Forsius, 1931 : 2C Genus Rhogogaster Konow, 1884 indica Bharti and Saini, 2000: 2B Genus Siobla Cameron, 1877 bengalensis Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985: 2C breviantennata Saini and Vasu, 2000 : 2C chalybeata Saini and Vasu, 2000 : 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

darjeelingia Saini, Singh, Singh and Singh, 1985: 2C davidi Saini and Vasu, 2000 : 2A, 2B fulvitarsus Saini and Vasu, 2000 : 2A, 2B fumipennis Malaise, 1945 : 2C harpeata Saini and Bharti, 1999 : 2C, 2D indica Saini and Bharti, 1996: 2A, 2C mooreana Cameron, 1877 : 2A, 2C, 2D punctata (Cameron, 1899) : 2A, 2B, 2C scapeata Saini and Bharti, 1999 : 2A, 2B turneri Malaise, 1934: 2C varia Saini, Blank and Smith, 2006: 2A, 2B Genus Tenthredo Linné, 1758 Abdominalis (Matsumura, 1912) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C acclivata Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B acco Shinohara, 1998 : 2C acupunctata Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B acutiscutis Konow, 1908: 2C aericeps Konow, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C alami Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B allantosikkimensis Haris, 2004 : 2C altotubercula Saini, Chambal and Vasu, 1998 : 2B angustiannulata Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C annandalei (Rohwer, 1915) : 2B, 2C antennalis Saini, Blank and Smith, 2006: 2A appendicella Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C asperata asperata (Konow, 1906) : 1A, 1B, 2C asperata kashmirensis Malaise, 1945 : 1A, 1B assamensis Konow, 1898: 1A, 1B, 2C auratotarsus Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B balbiriana Saini, Blank and Smith : 2B beesoni (Malaise, 1934) : 2A, 2B, 2C blanki Shinohara, 1998 : 2C bhutanensis Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2C breviantennata Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B, 2C brevitarsus Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B, 2C brunnea (Cameron, 1899) : 2A, 2B caerulea Cameron, 1899 : 2B, 2C capistrata Konow, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C casta Konow, 1908: 2B, 2C, 2D cestata (Konow, 1908) : 2A, 2B, 2C choptai Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B citrinella Malaise, 1945 : 2C clavicornuta Taeger and Blank, 1996 : 2B, 2C clypeata Cameron, 1876 : 2B coccinocerus Wood, 1874 : 2A, 2C cofa Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2A, 2B compressicornuta Taeger and Blank, 1996 : 2A, 2B, 2C concinna Mocsáry, 1909 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cretata Konow, 1898: 2B, 2C, 2D cyanata Konow, 1898: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dalhousiensis Singh, Singh and Dhillon, 1985 : 2A,2C darjeelingensis Singh, Dhillon and Singh, 1985 : 2A, 2B, 2C desecta Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2A devinderi Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2B difSaini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B, 2C dilaticornis Muche, 1986 : 2B dirangensis Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2C, 2D dorsivittata (Cameron, 1902) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ebba Benson, 1941 : 2A RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

elata Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2B elost Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2B equitarsus Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B facepunctata Singh, Dhillon and Singh, 1985 : 2B felderi Radoszkowsky, 1871 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C finschi WF Kirby, 1882 : 2B flatopleura Singh and Saini, 1987: 2B flatoserrulata Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B flavisternum Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2A flavitarsis Konow, 1908: 2B floweri Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A, 2B foveolata Saini and Vasu, 2004: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B fredericki Taeger and Blank, 1996 : 2B frontata Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C fuscitibiae Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2B fuscoventris Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2B galerita (Konow, 1907) : 2C gangriaensis Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B gangtoki Singh and Saini, 1987: 2C garhwali Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A, 2B, 2C geminomaculata Singh and Saini, 1995 : 2A genitalis Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B ginniensis Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2B gobindghati Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A, 2B gopeshwari Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B, 2C gulmargi Singh and Saini, 1987: 1A, 1B, 2A habenata Konow, 1907: 2C harpeata Singh, 1985 : 2A, 2B heinzi Muche, 1982 : 2A, 2B helocerus Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2B hemkunti Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A, 2B himachalica Saini, Singh and Vasu, 1998 : 2A tenthredo hingstoni Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2C hymalayensis (Radoszkowsky, 1871) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B icari Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B ifa Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2C imbricata Muche, 1983 : 2C indica Cameron, 1876 : 2A, 2B, 2C inermis (Malaise, 1945) : 2B infucubitus Saini and Vasu, 2004: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D inguinalis (Konow, 1908) : 2C kalatopensis (Saini and Singh, 1990) : 2A, 2B, 2D kalatopica Saini, Blank and Smith, 2006: 2A, 2B karakorumensis (Forsius, 1935) : 1A, 1B kashmirica Malaise, 1934: 1A, 1B kashmiricola Saini, Blank and Smith : 2A, 2B, 2D kasolensis Singh and Saini, 1994 : 2A, 2B khasiana Cameron, 1899 : 2C kingdonwardi Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C konowiana Saini, Blank and Smith, 2006: 2A, 2B kufrii Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A kulwantae Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A, 2B lacheni Singh and Saini, 1988: 2C laevissima Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C lagidina Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C largifasciata (Konow, 1900) : 2C latifasciata Cameron, 1877 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D levigata Singh and Saini, 1987: 2A, 2B lissuana Malaise, 1945 : 2B

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lucida (Rohwer, 1921) : 2B macropunctata Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2B, 2D maculiger (Jakovlev, 1891) : 2C maculisternum Saini and Vasu, 1999: 2C maecVasu and Saini, 2004 : 2B, 2C, 2D malaiseana Saini, Blank and Smith, 2006 : 2B malkiati Vasu, 2004 : 2B mandali Singh and Saini, 1987: 2B mandalica (Saini and Singh, 1990) : 2B manganensis Singh and Saini, 1987: 2B, 2C marginiceps (Cameron, 1899) : 2C maw Vasu and Saini, 1998: 2B megacephala Cameron, 1899 : 2C melanotarsus Cameron, 1876 : 2C memoriaescalerai Haris, 2004 : 2C micropunctata Saini and Vasu, 2001: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D minutosimplicis Haris, 2004 : 2C mordax Konow, 1908: 2C narkandai Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B nefaensis (Saini and Bharti, 1995) : 2D nigricasta Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2A, 2C nigrobandata Singh and Saini, 1988: 2C nigrobasalis Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigromaculata Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B nigrorufusata Saini and Bharti : 1A, 1B nigroypsilon Haris, 2004 : 2C nimbata Konow, 1906 : 2C notolateralis Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C notomedialis Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C occipitalis Malaise, 1945 : 2B oculissima Konow, 1907: 2C odynerina (Malaise, 1934) : 2D okutanii Singh, 1985 : 2B, 2C, 2D opacifrons Malaise, 1934: 2C opposita (Smith, 1878) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C pannulosa (Konow, 1907) : 2B, 2C parapeniata Singh and Saini, 1987: 2B, 2C parcepilosa Malaise, 1945 : 2C picfa Saini and Vasu, 2004: 2A,2B, 2C, 2D pleuriimpunctata Vasu and Saini, 2004 : 2C podaferrugina Saini, Chambal and Vasu, 1998 : 2A podagrica Konow, 1907: 2B, 2C pompilina Malaise, 1945 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C priva (Konow, 1903) : 2A, 2B, 2C provida (Smith, 1878) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B pseudoappendicella Singh and Saini, 1992 : 2A, 2B, 2C pseudofrontatus Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B pseudoprasina Malaise, 1945 : 2B pulchra Jakovlev, 1891 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D pup Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2B quadrata Vasu and Saini, 1998 : 2D rectangulata Vasu and Saini, 1999: 2C religio Saini, Blank and Smith : 2B rohweriana Saini, Blank and Smith : 2B rotundiventris (Cameron, 1876) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rufipodus Saini and Bharti, 1996 : 2A rugiceps Konow, 1908: 2B, 2C rugiscutellisVasu and Saini, 1999: 2D sainii Shinohara, 1988 : 2B

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salvazii (Malaise, 1934) : 2A santokhi Singh and Saini, 1988: 2C, D sauteri (Rohwer, 1916) : 2C scabrocephala Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B scintillans Malaise, 1945 : 2B, 2C scrobiculata (Konow, 1898) : 2B, 2C segrega Konow, 1908: 2C seraflata Singh, Singh and Dhillon, 1985 : 2A, 2B seriemaculata Malaise, 1945 : 2B serrulata Singh and Saini, 1988: 2B shimlaensis (Saini and Singh, 1990) : 2A siabataka (Rohwer, 1921) : 2B sikkimensis Saini and Bharti, 1997: 2C simlaensis Cameron, 1899 : 2A, 2B, 2C simulata Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B smitensis Singh and Saini, 1988: 2D soederhellae (Malaise, 1945) : 2A spinifera (Forsius, 1931) : 2C spinigera Konow, 1903: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C spinosa Cameron, 1899 : 2A, 2B, 2C splendida (Konow, 1907) : 2A, 2C subflava Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C subrugipleura Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2B subtilissima Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C suta Konow, 1906 : 2B, 2C taegeriana Saini, Blank and Smith : 2A trenchata Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B trigon (Malaise, 1945) : 2C trochanterata (Cameron, 1876) : 2A, 2B, 2C trunca Konow, 1908: 2A, 2B, 2C tuber Saini, Blank and Smith, 1990 : 2B tuberculifera Konow, 1898: 2B, 2C valvicepata Singh and Saini, 1995 : 2A variicolor Malaise, 1945 : 1A, B, 2B, 2C, 2D vatsi Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D violaceipennis Cameron, 1899 : 2A, 2B waltoni Malaise, 1945 : 2A, 2B, 2C wittmeri Muche, 1983 : 2C xanthoptera Cameron, 1876 : 2C yuasai Singh and Saini, 1988: 2A, 2B zomboriana Saini, Blank and Smith : 2A, 2B Genus Tyloceridius Malaise, 1945 dorsatus (Mocsáry, 1883) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Family CIMBICIDAE Kirby, 1837 Genus Abia Leach, 1817 mandalensis Saini and Thind, 1992: 2B ariana (Kirby, 1882) : 2A, 2B Genus Leptocimbex Semenov, 1896 forsiusi Saini and Thind, 1992: 2B potanini marginata (Turner, 1920) : 2B Genus Trichiosoma Leach, 1817 gangroui Saini and Thind, 1992: 2A himalayanum Malaise, 1939 : 2C manii Saini and Thind, 1992: 2A shojaense Saini and Thind, 1992: 2A sikkimense Konow, 1897 : 2C Family DIPRIONIDAE Rohwer, 1910 Genus Diprion Schrank, 1802 kashmirensis Saini and Thind, 1993: 1A, 1B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Gilpinia Benson, 1939 bodyarensis Saini and Thind, 1993: 2B indica (Cameron, 1913) : 2A, 2B polytoma (Hartig, 1834) : 2A, 2B Family ARGIDAE Konow, 1890 Genus Aproceros Malaise, 1931 sikkimensis Saini and Thind, 1992: 2C Genus Arge Schrank, 1802 albocincta (Cameron, 1876) : 2A, 2B bipunctata (Cameron, 1877) : 2A, 2B cameroni Saini and Thind, 1995 : 2A, 2B chalybea (Konow, 1907) : 2C choptaensis Saini and Thind, 1995 : 2B fumipennis (Smith, 1878) : 2A, 2B katrainensis Saini and Thind, 1995 : 2A lutea (Cameron, 1876) : 2B mandalensis Saini and Thind, 1995 : 2B praesternalis Malaise, 1934: 2A, 2B santokhi Saini and Thind, 1995 : 2A, 2B simlaensis (Cameron, 1877) : 2A, 2B, 2C xanthogaster (Cameron, 1876) : 2B, 2C Genus Athermantus Kirby, 1882 imperialis (Smith, 1860) : 2C Genus Cibdela Konow, 1899 chakrataensis Saini and Thind, 1989 : 2B choptaensis Saini and Thind, 1989 : 2B janthina (Klug, 1834) : 2A, 2B ramgarhensis Saini and Thind, 1989 : 2B smithi Saini and Thind, 1989 : 2B Genus Pampsilota Konow, 1899 interstitialis (Cameron, 1877) : 2C nigriceps Rohwer, 1915: 2C Superfamily PAMPHILIOIDEA Cameron, 1890 Family PAMPHILIIDAE Cameron, 1890 Genus Pamphilius Latreille, 1803 himalayanus Shinohara and Singh, 1989 : 2A kashmirensis Beneš, 1971 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C Superfamily SIRICOIDEA Billberg, 1820 Family SIRICIDAE Billberg, 1820 Genus Neoxeris Saini and Singh, 1987 melanocephala Saini and Singh, 1987: 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Sirex Linné, 1761 cyaneus Fabricus, 1781 : 1A, 1B, 2A imperialis WF Kirby, 1882 : 1A, 1B, 2A juvencus (Linné, 1758) : 1A, 1B, 2A melanopoda Benson, 1965 : 1A, 1B, 2B Genus Urocerus Geoffroy, 1762 xanthus (Cameron, 1876) : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Xeris A Costa, 1894 himalayensis Bradley, 1934 : 1A, 1B, 2A indiana Vasu and Saini, 1999 : 2A, 2B spectrum (Linné, 1758) : 2B Superfamily XIPHYDRIOIDEA Leach, 1819 Family XIPHYDRIIDAE Leach, 1819 Genus Gryponeura Benson, 1954 orientalis (Westwood, 1874) : 2C Genus Heteroxiphia Saini and Singh, 1987 maai Saini and Singh, 1987 : 2A heritierae (Rohwer, 1921) : 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Xiphydria Latreille, 1803 concolor Saini and Singh, 1988: 2A togashii Saini and Singh, 1988: 2B Superfamily ORUSSOIDEA Newman, 1834 Family ORUSSIDAE Newman, 1834 Genus Orussus Latreille, 1797 decoomani Maa, 1950 : 2A Suborder APOCRITA Superfamily STEPHANOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family STEPHANIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Foenatopus Smith, 1861 anupam (Narendran and Sureshan, 2003): 2D frontilinea (Morley, 1917): 2C iridipennis Elliott, 1919: 2B similicus (Narendran, 2001): 2A stom (Narendran and Sureshan, 2003): 2D Superfamily CERAPHRONIDAE Haliday Family CERAPHRONIDAE Haliday, 1833 Genus Ceraphron Jurine, 1807 manilae (Ashmead, 1904): Himalaya Superfamily EVANOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family EVANIIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Brachygaster Leach, 1815 bidentata Kieffer, 1911: 2B Genus Evania Fabricius, 1775 appendigaster (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D simlaensis Cameron, 1909: 2A Genus Parevania Kieffer, 1907 kasauliensis Muzaffer, 1943: 2A Genus Prosevania Kieffer, 1911 montana (Kieffer, 1911): 2A origena (Kieffer, 1911): 2A, 2B Superfamily DIAPRIOIDEA Haliday, 1833 Family DIAPRIIDAE Haliday, 1833 Genus Belyta Jurine 1807 indica Sharma,1979: 2A siwalikensis Sharma 1979: 2A sharmai (Sharma, 1980): 2A heretica Buhl 1998: 1A Genus Miota Förster, 1856 dhauladharensis Sharma, 1979: 2A Genus Pantoclis Förster, 1856 dalhousieanus Sharma, 1979: 2A sharmai Buhl, 1998: 2A Genus Zygota Förster, 1856 ahlaca (Sharma, 1980): 2A chambaensis (Sharma, 1979): 2A kashmirensis Buhl, 1998: 1A Genus Aulacopria Kieffer, 1904 ahlaensis Sharma,1979: 2A Genus Basalys Westwood, 1833 karnatakensis (Sharma, 1979): 2A geus Huggert, 1982: 2A,2B geoides Huggert, 1982: 2C lobeli Huggert, 1982: 2D Genus Coptera Say, 1836 dalhousieanus (Sharma, 1979): 2B saraswathi (Sharma, 1979): 2C bharatvarshus (Sharma, 1979): 2C

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srinagari (Mukerjee, 1994 ): 1A Genus Cyathopria Kieffer, 1909 dalhousieanus Sharma, 1979: 2B Genus Entomacis Förster, 1856 indicus Sharma, 1979: 2B Genus Spilomicrus Westwood, 1832 kumaonensis Sharma,1980: 2C proensis Sharma,1979: 2C siwalikensis Sharma,1979: 2A Genus Trichopria Ashmead 1893 contigua Sharma, 1979: 2A montanus Sharma: Himalaya pedicellatus Sharma,1979: 2A Superfamily PLATYGASTROIDEA Haliday, 1833 Family PLATYGASTRIDAE Haliday, 1833 Genus Calotelea Westwood, In Hope 1837 cameroni (Masner, 1965): 2B rufipes Cameron: 2B Genus Ceratobaeus Ashmead, 1893 dunensis Mukerjee, 1993: 2B gangnaniensis Mukerjee, 1993: 2B rishikeshensis Mukerjee, 1993: 2B indicus Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Doddiella Kieffer, 1913 indica Mukerjee, 1993: 2B nigricephala Mukerjee, 1993: 2B Genus Duta Nixon, 1933 indica Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Fusicornia Risbec, 1950 tehrii Mukerjee, 1993: 2B Genus Gryon Haliday, 1833 diadematis Mineo, 1983: 2B Genus Idris Foerster, 1856 dunensis (Mani, 1975): 2B sanctijohani Mukerjee, 1981: 2B sayadreus (Mani and Mukerjee, 1976): 2B Genus Macroteleia Westwood, 1835 indica Sharma, 1978 : 2B lamba Saraswat, 1978 : 2B Genus Microthoron Masner, 1972 dunensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Mirotelenomus Dodd, 1913 indicus Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Neoscelio Dodd, 1913 orientalis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Opisthacantha Ashmead, 1893 dunensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Palpoteleia Kieffer, 1926 indica Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Paridris Kieffer, 1908 dunensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B Genus Platyscelio Kieffer, 1905 dunensis Mukerjee 1993: 2B Genus Probaryconus Kieffer, 1908 dunensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B garhwalensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B khajjiarus (Mani, 1975): 2B Genus Psilanteris Kieffer, 1916 uttaranchalensis Mukerjee, 1994: 2B

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Genus Scelio Latreille, 1805 calcuttaensis Mani, 1936: 2B Genus Telenomus Haliday, 1833 proditor (Nixon): 2B Superfamily CYNIPOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family CYNIPIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Saphonecrus Dalla Torre et Kieffer, 1910 excisus (Kieffer, 1904): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Plagiotrochus Mayr, 1881 semicarpifoliae (Cameron, 1902): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Diplolepis Geoffroy, 1762 rosae (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 haasi Kieffer, 1904: 2C Family FIGITIDAE Hartig, 1840 Genus Alloxysta Foerster, 1869 nottoni Ferrer-Suay and Pujade-Villar, 2015: 2A consobrina (Zetterstedt, 1838): 1A ,1B pleuralis (Cameron, 1879): 1A, 1B Genus Phaenoglyphis Förster, 1869 indica Ferrer-Suay and Pujade-Villar, 2013: 1A, 1B longicornis (Hartig, 1840):1A, 1B Genus Kleidotoma Westwood, 1833 sikkimensis Akhtar, 2013: 2C Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA Latreille, 1817 Family AGAONIDAE Walker, 1846 Subfamily AGAONINAE Walker, 1846 Genus Blastophaga Gravenhorst, 1829 psenes (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Genus Eupristina Saunders, 1883 koningsbergeri Grandi, 1916: 2B, 2D Genus Platyscapa Motschoulsky, 1864 quadraticeps (Mayr, 1885): 2B Genus Ceratosolen Mayr, 1885 emarginatus Mayr, 1906: 2B fusciceps (Mayr, 1885):2D gravelyi Grandi, 1916 :2B Subfamily SYCOPHAGINAE Genus Sycophaga Westwood, 1840 brevitarsus (Grandi, 1916):2D testaceus (Mayr, 1885):2D Genus EukoebeleaAshmead, 1904 cunia Joseph, 1956:2B Family APHELINIDAE Thomson, 1876 Genus Aphelinus Dalman, 1820 abdominalis (Dalman, 1820): 1A, 1B, 2A albipodus Hayat and Fatima, 1992: 1A, 1B, 2A argiope Walker, 1839: 2A asychis Walker, 1839: 2A, 2B gossypii Timberlake, 1924: 1A, 1B, 2A humilis Mercet, 1927: 2A, 2B maculatus Yasnosh, 1979: 2B mali (Haldeman, 1851): 1A, 1B, 2A megadontus Hayat, 1998: 2C polaszeki Hayat, 1999: 2A Genus Aphytis Howard, 1900 diaspidis (Howard, 1881): 1A, 1B paramaculicornis DeBach and Rosen, 1976: 1A, 1B proclia (Walker, 1839): 1A, 1B, 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

theae (Cameron, 1891): 2A Genus Centrodora Förster, 1878 bifasciata Hayat, 1988: 2A hamira Hayat, 2010: 2A idioceri Ferrière, 1931: 1A, 1B mandiana Hayat, 2010: 2A Genus Coccobius Ratzeburg, 1852 cosibus Hayat, 2010: 2A himalayanus Hayat, 2010: 2A himpradianus Hayat, 2010: 2A phoebus Hayat, 2010: 2A Genus Coccophagus Westwood, 1833 pseudococci Compere, 1933: 2A tschirchii Mahdihassan, 1923: 1A, 1B Genus Encarsia Förster, 1878 citrina (Craw, 1891): 1A, 1B, 2A farmani Hayat, 2012: 2B hitam Hayat, 2012: 2B inida Hayat, 2012: 2C insolita Hayat, 2015: 2D khadijae Hayat, 2012: 2B perniciosi (Tower, 1913): 1A, 1B, 2A reeda Hayat, 2012: 2B sikkimiana Hayat, 2012: 2C Genus Marietta Motschulsky, 1863 carnesi (Howard, 1910): 1A, 1B Genus Protaphelinus Mackauer, 1972 nikolskajae (Yasnosh, 1963): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833 chinensis (Howard, 1907): 1A, 1B Family AZOTIDAE Nikolskaya and Yasnosh, 1966 Genus Ablerus Howard, 1894 perspeciosus Girault, 1916: 1A, 1B xenex Hayat, 2010: 2C Family CHALCIDIDAE Latreille, 1817 Genus Antrocephalus Kirby, 1883 dividens (Walker, 1860): 2C hakonensis (Ashmead, 1904): 2B, 2D hypsiphylae Narendran, 1989: 2B Genus Brachymeria Westwood, 1829 alternipes (Walker, 1871): 2D euploeae (Westwood, 1837): 2B femorata (Panzer, 1801): 1A, 1B, 2D lasus (Walker, 1841): 1A, 1B, 2A masoodii Jamal Ahmad, 2009: 1A, 1B rufotibialis Husain and Agarwal, 1982: 1A, 1B minuta (Linnaeus, 1767): 2C tibialis (Walker, 1834): 1A, 1B podagrica (Fabricius, 1787): 2C secundaria (Ruschka, 1922): 2A tachardiae (Cameron, 1913): 2B Genus Conura Spinola, 1837 xanthostigma (Dalman, 1820): 2A Genus Dirhinus Dalman, 1818 himalayanus Westwood, 1836: 2C Genus Epitranuswalker, 1834 albipennis Walker, 1874: 1A, 1B erythrogaster Cameron, 1888: 2C observator Walker, 1862: 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

husaini Ahmad, Khursheed and Azim, 2012: 1A, 1B Genus Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre, 1897 destructor (Waterston, 1922): 2B Family ENCYRTIDAE Walker, 1837 Genus Acerophagus Smith, 1880 solidus Hayat, 1981: 2A Genus Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900 moderatus (Howard, 1897): 2B Genus Aenasius Walker, 1846 advena Compere, 1937: 2B indicus (Narayanan and Subba Rao, 1961): 2A, 2B simlaensis (Kaul and Agarwal, 1986): 2A Genus Alamella Agarwal, 1966 flava Agarwal, 1966 : 2A Genus Agarwalencyrtus Hayat, 1981 dispar Hayat, 2003: 2D Genus Anagyrus Howard, 1896 agraensis Saraswat, 1975: 2A aligarhensis Agarwal and Alam, 1959: 2B almoriensis Shafee, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2B aquilonaris (Noyes and Hayat, 1984): 1A, 1B, 2B dactylopii (Howard, 1898): 2A 2B diversicornis (Howard, 1894): 2D gracilis (Hayat, 1970): 1A, 1B, 2A kamali Moursi, 1948: 2A, 2B mandibularis Sushil and Khan, 1996: 2B mirzai Agarwal and Alam, 1959: 2A obodas Noyes and Hayat, 1994: 2A sabas Noyes and Hayat, 1994: 2B subflaviceps (Girault, 1915): 1A, 1B, 2A tibimaculatus Agarwal, 1965: 2B tricolor (Girault, 1913): 2A Genus Apoleptomastix Kerrich, 1982 bicoloricornis (Girault, 1915): 1A, 1B Genus Arrhenophagus Aurivillius, 1888 chionaspidis Aurivillius, 1888: 2B, 2C confusus Hayat, 2010: 2B Genus Avlakotencyrtus Hayat And Khan, 2015 noyesi Hayat and Khan, 2015: 2B Genus Blastothrix Mayr, 1876 sericea (Dalman, 1820): 2A siddiqii (Bhatnagar, 1952): 2B Genus Blepyrus Howard, 1898 insularis (Cameron, 1886): 2B Genus Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa, 1979 heera Hayat and Khan, 2015: 2B Genus Callipteroma Motschulsky, 1863 testacea Motschulsky, 1863: 2A Genus Cerapteroceroides Ashmead, 1904 japonicus Ashmead, 1904: 2B manaliensis Hayat and Khan, 2015: 2A similis (Ishii, 1925): 2A Genus Cerchysiella Girault, 1914 kamathi (Mani and Saraswat, 1974) : 2A sikkimiana Hayat, 2010 : 2C Genus Chalaruna Hayat, 2015 indica Hayat, 2015 : 2D Genus Charitopus Förster, 1856 panchgania (Mani and Saraswat, 1974) : 2B, 2D

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Genus Cheiloneuromyia Girault, 1915 idnia Hayat, 2015 : 2D Genus Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833 bangalorensis (Subba Rao, 1957) : 2B exitiosus (Perkins, 1906) : 2B latifrons Hayat, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2A, 2B malayensis Noyes and Chua, 1977 : 2B nigricornis Hayat, Alam and Agarwal, 1975 : 2B pyrillae Mani, 1939 : 1A, 1B, 2B quadricolor (Girault,1915) : 2A, 2B Genus Cladiscodes Subba Rao, 1977 orientalis Singh and Agarwal, 1993 : 2D sacchari Subba Rao, 1977 : 2B Genus Coagerus Noyes And Hayat, 1984 bouceki Noyes and Hayat, 1984 : 2B Genus Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844 anceus (Walker, 1837): 2B floridanum (Ashmead, 1900) : 1A, 1B, 2B gracile (Kaul and Agarwal, 1986): 2A, 2B horaxis Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A ilaman Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A jucundum Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A manaliense Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A oreinos Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A transversum Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 2A Genus Encyrtus Latreille, 1809 aurantii (Geoffroy, 1785) : 2B infelix (Embleton, 1902): 2C Genus Eotopus Noyes And Hayat, 1984 beneficus (Shafee, 1981) : 1A, 1B Genus Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923 dewitzii Mahdihassan, 1923 : 1A, 1B, 2B Genus Eugahania Mercet, 1926 indicus Singh and Agarwal, 1993 : 2D Genus Gyranusoidea Compere, 1947 flava Shafee, Alam and Agarwal, 1975 : 2B Genus Homalotylus Mayr, 1876 albiclavatus (Agarwal, 1917): 2A eytelweinii (Ratzeburg, 1844): 2A hemipterinus (De Stefani, 1898): 2A Genus Ixodiphagus Howard, 1907 sureshani Hayat and Kazmi, 2011 : 2D sagarensis (Geevarghese, 1977) : 2A Genus Lakshaphagus Mahdihassan, 1931 fusiscapus (Agarwal, 1965) : 2B indicus Singh and Dobhal, 2014 : 2B Genus Lamennaisia Girault, 1922 ambigua (Nees, 1834): 2A, 2B Genus Leptomastix Förster, 1856 nigrocoxalis Compere, 1928: 2A, 2B tsukumiensis Tachikawa, 1963 : 2C Genus Mahencyrtus Masi, 1917 assamensis Singh and Agarwal, 1993: 2A, 2B ranchiensis (Fatima and Shafee, 1994) : 2B Genus Manicnemus Hayat, 1981 zygonomus (Khan, 1983): 2B Genus Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944 elegans Hayat and Khan, 2013: 2B Genus Mayridia Mercet, 1921

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dunensis Hayat, 2003: 2B Genus Metaphycus Mercet, 1917 flavus (Howard, 1881): 2A indicus Shafee, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2B maculatus Agarwal, 1965: 2A zabica Zeya, 2015 : 2D zebratus (Mercet, 1917): 2A Genus Microterys Thomson, 1876 mirzai Shafee, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2B Genus Neocladia Perkins, 1906 calicutana (Hayat, 2003) : 2C madhukari (Mani and Kaul, 1973): 2A uttara (Hayat, 2003) : 2B Genus Ooencyrtus Ashmead, 1900 bidentatus Hayat, 2015 : 2D clavatus Sushil and Khan, 1995 : 2B lucina Huang and Noyes, 1994 : 2B manii Huang and Noyes, 1994 : 2B neptunus Huang and Noyes, 1994 : 2B parvatianus Hayat and Khan, 2007: 2A phongi Trjapitzin, Myartseva and Kostjukov, 1977: 2B phymatidivorus Sushil and Khan, 1995: 2B segestes Trjapitzin, 1965: 2A, 2B telenomicida (Vassiliev, 1904): 2A utetheisae (Risbec, 1951): 2B Genus Parablatticida Girault, 1915 brevicornis (Dalman, 1820): 2A, 2B, 2D citri (Mercet, 1921): 2B Genus Paraclausenia Hayat, 1980 herbicola Hayat, 1980: 2A Genus Paraphaenodiscus Girault, 1915 ramamurthyi Hayat and Badruddin, 2008: 2A udayveeri Singh, 2016 : 2B Genus Paratetracnemoidea Girault, 1915 malenotti (Mercet, 1918) : 2B Genus Parencyrtomyia Girault, 1915 zedesi Hayat and Kazmi, 2011 : 2D Genus Plagiomerus Rawford, 1910 bangaloriensis Shafee, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2B monticolus Hayat, 2003: 2B Genus Praleurocerus Agarwal, 1974 viridis (Agarwal, 1966): 2B Genus Prionomastix Mayr, 1876 orientalis Rameshkumar and Poorani, 2015: 2D Genus Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915 albifuniculus (Hayat, Alam and Agarwal, 1975): 2A agarwali Hayat, 1981 : 2B clavatus (Girault, 1915): 2A Genus Protyndarichoides Noyes, 1980 aligarhensis (Fatma and Shafee, 1985) : 2B indicus Singh and Agarwal, 1993 : 2D Genus Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900 garuga Singh, 2011 : 2B pauropsylla Hayat, 2015 : 2D phacopteron Singh, 2011 : 2B phylloplectae Sushil and Khan, 1995 : 2B solanensis Sushil and Khan, 1995 : 2A Genus Rhopus Förster, 1856 aligarhensis (Shamim and Shafee, 1989): 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

beatus Hayat and Khan, 2008: 2A mymaricoides (Compere, Subba Rao and Kaur, 1960): 2A nigroclavatus (Ashmead, 1902): 2B, 2A Genus Rhytidothorax Ashmead, 1900 callistus Hayat, Singh and Basha, 2002: 2B horticola Hayat and Kazmi, 2011: 2B, 2D namdapha Hayat and Kazmi, 2011: 2D nigrum Singh and Agarwal, 1993: 2D ramakrishnai Hayat and Kazmi, 2011: 2D Genus Ruanderoma Noyes and Hayat, 1984 sankarani Noyes and Hayat, 1984: 2A Genus Sakencyrtus Hayat, 1981 albiclavus Hayat, 2008: 2A Genus Sharqencyrtus Hayat and Kazmi, 2011 hulbi Hayat and Kazmi, 2011 : 2D Genus Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900 aphidivorus (Mayr, 1876): 1A, 1B, 2A hakki Agarwal, 1963 : 2A, 2B hofferi (Hayat, 1973) : 2B kumaoensis (Bhatnagar, 1952) : 2B rotundatus (Kaul and Agarwal, 1986): 2B Genus Tachardiaephagus Ashmead, 1904 tachardiae (Howard, 1896) : 1A, 1B, 2B Genus Tassonia Girault, 1921 amaura Hayat, 2003: 2B, 2D calunica Hayat, 2003 : 2B gloriae Girault, 1921 : 2A, 2B Genus Teleterebratus Compere and Zinna, 1955 perversus Compere and Zinna, 1955: 2A indicus (Narayanan, 1961) : 1A, 1B perversus Compere and Zinna, 1955: 1A, 1B Genus Tetracnemus Westwood, 1837 attore Usman and Zeya, 2014: 2A heterocornis Mani and Saraswat, 1974: 2B perspicuus Hayat and Kazmi, 1999: 2B Genus Trechnites Thomson, 1876 manaliensis Hayat, Alam and Agarwal, 1975: 2A, 2B albicrus Hayat, 2015: 2D Genus Tyndarichus Howard, 1910 clavicornis (Cameron, 1913) : 2B xezus Hayat and Khan, 2015 : 2B Genus Yasumatsuiola Trjapitzin, 1977 orientalis Trjapitzin, 1977 : 2B Genus Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 1925 tachikawai (Subba Rao, 1965) : 2B Family EUCHARITIDAE Walker, 1846 Genus Psilocharis Heraty, 1994 hypena Heraty, 1994 : 2A Genus Schizaspidia Westwood, 1835 furcifera Westwood, 1835: 2C scutellaris Masi, 1927: 2C Family EULOPHIDAE Westwood, 1829 Genus Anaprostocetus Graham, 1987 dehraensis Graham, 1987 : 2B Genus Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833 ajmerensis (Khan and Shafee, 1981) : 2B artemesiae Narendran, 2007: 2C arunachalicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D barnallicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

calasmus Narendran, 2007 : 2B dala Narendran, 2007 : 2B ille Narendran, 2007 : 2A indicus Özdikmen, 2011 : 2B lasallei Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B nainitalensis (Khan and Shafee, 1988) : 2B namdaphicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D narius Narendran, 2007 : 2B neglectus (Domenichini, 1957) : 1A, 1B, 2A neovanilae Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D shimlicus Narendran, 2007 : 2A taruna Narendran, 2007 : 2D yesica Narendran, 2007 : 2B Genus Aulogymnus Förster, 1851 arifaokhani Özdikmen, 2011 : 2B Genus Baryscapus Förster, 1856 galactopus (Ratzeburg, 1844) : 2A Genus Ceranisus Walker, 1842 menes (Walker, 1839) : 2B Genus Chrysonotomyia Ashmead, 1904 appannai (Chandy Kurian, 1953) : 2B Genus Cirrospilus Westwood, 1832 brevicorpus Shafee and Rizvi, 1988 : 2B Genus Closterocerus Westwood, 1833 phytomyzae Mani, 1971 : 2B scapiatus Singh and Khan, 1996 : 2B Genus Diglyphomorphomyia Girault, 1913 ebifurcata Narendran, 2011 : 2D alodica Narendran, 2011 : 2D Genus Diglyphus Walker, 1844 funicularis Khan, 1985 : 2B horticola Khan, 1985 : 2B kashmiricus Ahmad, Khurseed and Azim, 2013 : 1A, 1B mandibularis Khan, 1985 : 2B Genus Elachertus Spinola, 1811 indicus (Khan and Sushil, 1998) : 2B kashmiricus Narendran, 2011 : 1A, 1B zandanicus Narendran, 2011 : 2D zellus Narendran, 2011 : 2D Genus Elasmus Westwood, 1833 anticles Walker, 1846: 2B brevicornis Gahan, 1922: 2B claripennis (Cameron, 1913) : 2B dalhousieanus Mani and Saraswat, 1972 : 2A indicus Rohwer, 1921 : 2B johnstoni Ferrière, 1929 : 2B queenslandicus Girault, 1913 : 2B Genus Euderus Haliday, 1844 agromyzae Gangrade, 1961 : 2B albitarsis (Zetterstedt, 1838) : 2B Genus Eulophus Geoffroy, 1762 razaki Narendran, 2011 : 1A, 1B velosus Narendran, 2011 : 2C, 2D Genus Euplectrophelinus Girault, 1913 sureshani Narendran, 2011 Genus Euplectrus Westwood, 1832 bristlis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B coimbatorensis Ferrière, 1941 : 1A, 1B himalayaensis Mani, 1935

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longiscapus Khan, Agnohitri and Sushil, 2005: 2B manjericus Narendran, 2011 : 2A pantnagarensis Khan and Agnihotri, 2006 : 2B Genus Farooqiella Jamal Ahmad, 2005 kashmiriensis Jamal Ahmad, 2005 : 1A, 1B Genus Hemiptarsenus Westwood, 1833 nuperus Narendran, 2011 : 2A, 2C varicornis (Girault, 1913) : 2B Genus Holcotetrastichus Graham, 1987 manaliensis Graham, 1991 : 2A Genus Kostjukovius Graham, 1991 keralensis Narendran, 2007 : 2A Genus Kostjurixia Narendran, 2007 laharensis Narendran, 2009 : 2A Genus Mestocharella Girault, 1913 deltoids Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B indica Jaikishan Singh and Khan, 1995 : 2B Genus Neoaceratoneura Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 mangiferae Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov, 1912 horticola Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B indicus Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B liriomyzae Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Neogasterichus Narendran, 2003 achalicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2010 : 2D Genus Neotrichoporoides Girault, 1913 mani Kumar, Thangjam and Khan, 1916 : 2B Genus Nesolynx Ashmead, 1905 thymus (Girault, 1916) : 2B Genus Obesulus Boucek, 1988 indicus Sushil and Khan, 1999 : 2B Genus Oomyzus Rondani, 1870 scaposus (Thomson, 1978) : 2A sokolowskii (Kurdjumov, 1912) : 2A Genus Parachrysocharis Girault, 1913 pantnagarensis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Parasecodella Girault, 1915 pantnagarensis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Pediobius Walker, 1846 antennalis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B bhimtalensis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B elasmi (Ashmead, 1904) : 2B scutilaris Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B shafeei Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Platyplectrus Ferrière, 1941 viridiceps (Ferrière, 1940) : 2A Genus Pnigalio Schrank, 1802 ameti Narendran, 2011 : 2C cadoti Narendran, 2011 : 2C zandani Narendran, 2011 : 2A Genus Propodeochertus Nerandran, 2011 sureshani Narendran, 2011 : 2D Genus Quadrastichus Girault, 1913 plaquoi Reina and La Salle, 2004 : 2A Genus Shardiella Sushil and Khan, 1997 savitri Sushil and Khan, 1997 : 2B Genus Sigmoepilachna Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 indica Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Stenomesius Westwood, 1833

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anati Khan and Jaikishan Singh, 1994 : 2B japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) : 2B pantnagarensis Agnihotri and Khan : 2B Genus Sureshanella Narendran, 2011 nupera Narendran, 2011 : 2C Genus Sympiesis Förster, 1856 acicus Narendran, 2011 : 1A, 1B hyblaeae Surekha, 1996 : 2B hyplosis Narendran, 2011 : 2D jeolikotensis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Tamarixia Mercet, 1924 orientalis Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B Genus Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844 anamikicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D apanteles Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B burki Rawat, Khan and Agnihotri : 2B cotesiae Narendran, 2007 : 1A, 1B hindicus Özdikmen, 2011 : 2B mangifera Khan and Sushil, 1993 : 2B mohani Khan and Sushil, 1993 : 2B neothoracicus Özdikmen, 2011 : 2B obliqua Khan and Sushil, 1993 : 2B orthagae Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B pantnagarensis Khan, 1983 : 2B ramakrishnae Narendran and Sureshan, 2012 : 2D sissoo Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B spirabilis Waterston, 1922 : 2B triozai Khan, Agnihotri and Sushil, 2005 : 2B uttaranchalicus Özdikmen, 2011 : 2B Family EUPELMIDAE Walker, 1833 Genus Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 acherontiae Narayanan, Subba Rao and Ramachandra, 1960 : 2A japonicus Ashmead, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2A kashmirensis Mathur, 1946 : 1A, 1B, 2A ramakrishnai (Mani, 1935) : 2A Genus Balcha Walker, 1862 elegans (Masi, 1927) : 2A Genus Calosota Curtis, 1836 stoma Narendran, 2007 : 2A Genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 kashmiricus Narendran, 2011 : 1A, 1B valsus Narendran, 2001 : 1A, 1B vindex Erdös, 1955 : 1A, 1B Genus Neanastatus Girault, 1913 turneri Ferrière, 1938 : 2B Family EURYTOMIDAE Walker, 1832 Genus Bephrata Cameron, 1884 dalhousiensis Mukerjee, 1981 : 2A Genus Eurytoma Illiger, 1807 morio Boheman, 1836 : 1A, 1B neoverticillata Narendran, 1994 : 1A, 1B sabiae Mani, 1969 : 2A samsonowi Vassiliev, 1915: 1A, 1B Genus Eurytomocharis Ashmead, 1888 sayadriensis Mukerjee, 1981 : 2A Genus Prodecatoma Ashmead, 1904 ahlaensis Mukerjee, 1981 : 2A sabiae Mani, 1969 : 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Tetramesa Walker, 1848 dalhousiae (Mukerjee, 1981): 2A Family LEUCOSPIDAE Walker, 1834 Genus Leucospis Fabricius, 1775 histrio Maindron, 1878 : 2C Family MYMARIDAE Haliday, 1833 Genus Acmopolynema Ogloblin, 1946 orientale (Narayanan, Subba Rao and Kaur, 1960): 2A Genus Alaptus Westwood, 1839 jowainus Rehmat and Anis, 2014 : 2B pyronus Anwar and Zeya, 2014 : 2B ramamurthyi Anwar and Zeya, 2014 : 2B Genus Anagroidea Girault, 1915 himalayana (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) : 2A Genus Anagrus Haliday, 1833 dalhousieanus Mani and Saraswat, 1973 : 2A Genus Arescon Walker, 1846 enocki (Subba Rao and Kaur, 1959): 2A Genus Cosmocomoidea Howard, 1908 hayati (Zeya and Khan, 2012): 2B kashipurensis (Zeya and Khan, 2012): 2B monticola (Zeya, 1995) : 2B Genus Gonatocerus Nees, 1834 solanus Amer and Zeya, 2016 : 2A Genus Lymaenon Walker, 1846 aureus (Girault, 1911) : 1A, 1B bakrotus (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) : 2A manaliensis (Zeya and Anwar, 2011) : 2A munnarus (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) : 1A, 1B ramamurthyi (Zeya and Anwar, 2013) : 2B Genus Mymar Curtis, 1829 schwanni Girault, 1912 : 2A taprobanicum Ward, 1875 : 2A, 2B Genus Ooctonus Haliday, 1833 himalayus Subba Rao, 1989 : 2A Genus Palaeoneura Waterhouse, 1915 bagicha (Narayanan, Subba Rao and Kaur, 1960) : 2A unimaculatum (Hayat and Anis, 1999) : 1A, 1B Genus Polynema Haliday, 1833 alalata Rehmat and Anis, 2016 : 2B anantanagana Narayanan, 1961 : 1A, 1B crassa Mani and Saraswat, 1973 : 2A dhenkunde Mani and Saraswat, 1973 : 2A kalatopense Mani and Saraswat, 1973 : 2A kamathi Mani and Saraswat, 1973 : 2A manaliense Hayat and Anis, 1999 : 2A Genus Pseudanaphes Noyes and Valentine, 1989 sikkimianus Rehmat and Anis, 2012 : 2C Genus Stephanodes Enock, 1909 reduvioli (Perkins, 1905) : 2A, 2B Family PERILAMPIDAE Förster, 1856 Genus Perilampus Latreille, 1809 inimicus Crawford, 1910 : 1A, 1B Family ORMYRIDAE Förster, 1856 Genus Ormyrus Westwood, 1832 benjaminae Narendran, 1999: 2D Family PTEROMALIDAE Dalman, 1820 Genus Acroclisoides Girault and Dodd, 1915 indicus Ferrière, 1931 : 2B RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Agiommatus Crawford, 1911 paria (Motschulsky, 1963): 2B Genus Anisopteromalus Ruschka, 1912 calandrae (Howard, 1881) : 2A Genus Apocrypta Coquerel, 1855 westwoodi Grandi, 1916 : 2D Genus Asaphes Walker, 1834 suspensus (Nees, 1834): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Catolaccus Thomson, 1878 crassiceps (Masi, 1911): 2B Genus Cerocephala Westwood, 1832 dinoderi Gahan, 1925 : 2D Genus Cheiropachus Westwood, 1829 quadrum (Fabricius, 1787) : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Coruna Walker, 1833 clavata Walker, 1833 : 1A, 1B Genus Dinarmus Thomson, 1878 altifrons (Walker, 1862): 2B Genus Dibrachys Förster, 1856 microgastri (Bouché, 1834) : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Dipara Walker, 1833 debanensis Sureshan, 2013 : 2D nigra Sureshan, 2013 : 2D nigriscuta Sureshan, 2013 : 2D thirumalaii Sureshan, 2013 : 2B venkati Sureshan, 2013 : 2D Genus Gastracanthus Westwood, 1833 indicus Sureshan and Dhanya, 2013 : 2D pantnagarensis Gupta and Khan, 2007 : 2B Genus Halticoptera Spinola, 1811 shimlica Narendran and Girish Kumar, 2010 : 2A Genus Heydenia Förster, 1856 indica Narendran, 2001 : 1A, 1B Genus Indoclava Gupta, Khan and Agnihotri longissima Gupta, Khan and Agnihotri : 2B Genus Macromesus Walker, 1848 harithus Narendran, 2001 : 1A, 1B Genus Merismus Walker, 1833 indicus Jamal Ahmad, 1997 : 2B sikkimicus Narendran and Khan, 2010 : 2C Genus Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 pantnagarensis Gupta and Khan, 2006 : 2B ramulosus Narendran, 2012 : 2A Genus Metacolus Förster, 1856 unifasciatus Förster, 1856 : 1A, 1B Genus Mokrzeckia Mokrzecki, 1934 menzeli Subba Rao, 1981 : 2B Genus Netomocera Boucek, 1954 ramakrishnai Sureshan, 2010 : 2D Genus Otitesella Westwood, 1883 digitata Westwood, 1883 : 2B Genus Pachyneuron Walker, 1833 ahlaense Mani and Saraswat, 1974 : 2A aphidis (Bouché, 1834) : 1A, 1B, 2A chambaense Mani and Saraswat, 1875 : 2A groenlandicum (Holmgren, 1872) : 1A, 1B, 2A nelsoni Girault, 1928 : 2A Genus Philotrypesis Forster, 1878 anguliceps (Westwood, 1883): 2B

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dunia Joseph, 1954 : 2B palmata Joseph, 1954 : 2B pilosa Mayr, 1906 : 2B tridentata Joseph, 1954 : 2D Genus Pteromalus Swederus, 1795 puparum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Genus Propicroscytus Szelényi, 1941 oryzae (Subba Rao, 1973): 2D Genus Psilocera Walker, 1833 intermedia Sureshan, 2014 : 2D namdaphaensis Sureshan, 2014 : 2D Genus Rhaphitelus Walker, 1834 maculatus Walker, 1834 : 1A, 1B Genus Roptrocerus Ratzeburg, 1848 xylophagorum (Ratzeburg, 1844) : 2B Genus Solenura Westwood, 1868 ania (Walker, 1846): 2B Genus Stictomischus Thomson, 1876 gangtokicus Narendran, 2011: 2C Genus Sycoryctes Mayr, 1885 roxburghi Joseph, 1956: 2B trifemmensis Joseph, 1956: 2B Genus Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, 1904 forsteni Joseph, 1956 : 2B monilifera (Westwood, 1883): 2B Genus Systasis Walker, 1834 dalbergiae Mani, 1942 : 2B shalimarensis Ahmad, Khursheed and Azim, 2012 : 1A, 1B Genus Theocolax Westwood, 1832 elegans (Westwood, 1874): 2D Genus Walkerella Westwood, 1883 benjamini (Joseph, 1956): 2B, 2D Genus Watshamiella Wiebes, 1981 infida Wiebes, 1981: 2B Family SIGNIPHORIDAE Howard, 1894 Genus Chartocerus Motschulsky, 1859 himalayanus Hayat, 2009 : 2A kerrichi (Agarwal, 1963) : 2A walkeri Hayat, 1974 : 2A Family TORYMIDAE Walker, 1833 Genus Ecdamua Walker, 1862 lehensis Sureshan, 2010 : 2A Genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 albifrons Walker, 1869 : 2D cupressi Mathur, 1955 : 2A kashmiricus Sureshan, 2009 : 1A, 1B Genus Monodontomerus Westwood, 1833 aereus Walker, 1834 : 2A obscurus Westwood, 1833 : 1A, 1B Genus Palachia Boucek, 1969 frontopuncta Narendran, 2009 : 2A Genus Podagrion Spinola, 1811 ahlonei Mani and Kaul, 1972 : 2A Genus Torymus Dalman, 1820 absonus Narendran and Kumar, 2005 : 2A barsulicus Narendran and Razak, 2011 : 1A, 1B himachalicus Narendran and Sureshan, 2005 : 2A orientalis (Masi, 1926) : 2A, 2B stom Narendran and Sudheer, 2005 : 2A

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Family TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE Haliday, 1851 Genus Epoligosita Girault, 1916 ardeeiana Begum and Anis, 2015 : 2B Genus Oligosita Walker, 1851 doonensis Begum and Anis, 2015 : 2B Genus Probrachista Viggiani, 1968 bharatensis Hayat, 2008 : 2A Genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 chilonis Ishii, 1941 : 1A, B, 2A dendrolimi Matsumura, 1926 : 1A, 1B embryophagum (Hartig, 1838) : 1A, 1B exiguum Pinto and Platner, 1978 : 2A japonicum Ashmead, 1904 : 1A, 1B kashmiricum Nagaraja, Ahmad and Gupta, 2007 : 1A, 1B minutum Riley, 1871 : 2A perkinsi Girault, 1912 : 2A pretiosum Riley, 1879 : 2A Genus Trichogrammatoidea Girault, 1911 brasiliensis(Ashmead, 1904) : 2A nana (Zehntner, 1896) : 2A Genus Uscana Girault, 1911 indica Pajni and Tewari, 2002 : 2A Superfamily ICHNEUMONOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family BRACONIDAE Nees, 1811 Genus Adialytus Foerster, 1862 ambiguus (Haliday, 1834) : 1A, 1B salicaphis (Fitch, 1855) : 1A, 1B Genus Aphidius Nees, 1819 absinthii Marshall, 1896 : 1A, 1B areolatus Ashmead, 1906 : 1A, 1B cingulatus Ruthe, 1859 : 1A, 1B colemani Viereck, 1912 : 1A, 1B erysimi (Stary, 1960) : 1A, 1B hortensis Marshall, 1896 : 1A, 1B matricariae Haliday, 1834 : 1A, 1B qadrii (Shuja-Uddin, 1976): 2A rosae Haliday, 1833: 2C salignae Watanabe, 1939 : 1A, 1B setiger Mackauer, 1961b : 1A, 1B smithi Sharma and Subba Rao, 1959 : 1A, 1B similis Stary and Carver, 1979: 2C transcaspicus Telenga, 1958 : 1A, 1B uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, 1960 : 1A, 1B Genus Areopraon Mackauer, 1959 lepelleyi (Waterston, 1926) : 1A, 1B Genus Betuloxys Mackauer, 1960 hortorum (Stary, 1960) : 1A, 1B intermedius (Shuja-Uddin, 1975) : 1A, 1B Genus Binodoxys Mackauer, 1960b acalephae (Marshall, 1896) : 1A, 1B brevicornis (Haliday, 1833): 2A basicurvus (Shuja-Uddin, 1973) : 1A, 1B centaureae (Haliday, 1833) : 1A, 1B ceratovacunae (Agarwala, Saha and Mahapatra, 1987): 2C curvicaudatus Stary, 1979: 2C indicus (Subba Rao and Sharma, 1958) : 1A, 1B jaii (Bhagat, 1982c) : 1A, 1B kashmirensis Takada and Rishi, 1980 : 1A, 1B kumaonensis (Stary and Raychaudhuri, 1982): 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

lacertosus (Haliday, 1833): Himalaya longispinus (Shuja-Uddin, 1983) : 1A, 1B oregama (Agarwala, Saha and Mahapatra, 1987): 2C rubicola (Shuja-Uddin, 1973) : 1A, 1B uroleucon Takada and Rishi, 1980 : 1A, 1B Genus Diaeretiella Stary, 1960a rapae (M’Intosh, 1855) : 1A, 1B Genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 lacertosus (Haliday, 1833): 2A laevicollis (Thomson, 1895) : 1A, 1B niger Gautier, Bonnamour and Gaumont, 1929 : 1A, 1B persicae Froggatt, 1904 : 1A, 1B plagiator (Nees, 1811) : 1A, 1B srinagarensis Stary and Bhagat, 1978 : 1A, 1B urticae Bhagat, 1982b : 1A, 1B Genus Indaphidius Stary, 1979 curvicaudatus Stary, 1979: Himalaya Genus Kashmiria Stary and Bhagat, 1978 aphidis Stary and Bhagat, 1978 : 1A, 1B Genus Lipolexis Foerster, 1862 gracilis Foerster, 1862 : 1A, 1B oregmae (Gahan, 1932) : 1A, 1B Genus Lysiphlebia Stary and Schlinger, 1967 rugosa Stary and Schlinger, 1967: 2A Genus Lysaphidus Foerster, 1862 confusus Tremblay and Eady, 1978 : 1A, 1B Genus Monoctonus (Haliday, 1833) nervosus (Haliday, 1833), 2A Genus Pauesia Quilis, 1931 arcuata Stary and Raychaudhuri, 1982: 2A gulmargensis Bhagat, 1981: 1A, 1B hazratbalensis Bhagat, 1981: 1A, 1B himalayensis Bhagat, 1981: 1A, 1B mashobrica Stary and Raychaudhuri, 1982: 2A pini (Haliday, 1834) : 1A, 1B Genus Praon Haliday, 1833 abjectum Haliday, 1833 : 1A, 1B dorsale (Haliday, 1833): 1A, 1B hyperomyzus Saha, Poddar, Das, Agarwala and Raychaudhuri, 1982: 2A kashmirensis Bhagat, 1982: 1A, 1B mollitrichosiphi Agarwala, Saha and Mahapatra, 1987: 2A stagona Takada and Rishi, 1980 : 1A, 1B volucre (Haliday, 1833) : 1A, 1B Genus Toxares Haliday, 1833 deltiger (Haliday, 1833) : 1A, 1B macrosiphophagum Shuja-Uddin, 1974 : 1A, 1B shigai Takada, 1965 : 1A, 1B zakai Shuja-Uddin, 1974 : 1A, 1B Genus Trioxys Haliday, 1833 pallidus (Haliday, 1833) : 1A, 1B rishii Stary and Bhagat, 1978 : 1A, 1B rosaecola Bhagat, 1982: 1A, 1B soporensis Shuja-Uddin, 1982 : 1A, 1B Family ICHNEUMONIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Acaenitus Latreille, 1809 alecto Morley, 1913 : 2C biumbratus Morley, 1913 : 2C xanthorius Morley, 1913 : 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Achaius Cameron, 1903 flavobalteatus Cameron, 1903 : 2C Genus Acroricnus Ratzeburg, 1852 peronatus (Cameron, 1902) : 2C Genus Acropimpla Townes, 1960 hapaliae (Rao, 1953): 2A, 2C uchidai (Cushman, 1933) : 2C flavoscutis (Cameron, 1907): 2C leucostoma (Cameron, 1907): 2C nigroscutis (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Achorocephalus (Kriechbaumer, 1899) spinosus (Cameron, 1899) : 2C nigricollis nigricollis (Cameron, 1899): 2C punctulatus punctulatus (Cameron, 1899): 2C Genus Afrephialtis Benoit, 1953 latisulcatus latisulcatus (Cameron,1908): 2C latiannulata (Cameron, 1907): 2A, 2C Genus Aglaojoppa Cameron, 1901 caeruleodorsata caeruleodorsata Cameron, 1903: 2C rufofemorata rufofemorata Cameron,1903: 2C lamellate Heinrich, 1967 : 2A paradise Heinrich, 1967 : 2A Genus Agrypon Förster, 1860 nox Morley, 1913 : 2B Genus Alloplasta Förster, 1869 pilosa Cameron, 1903 : 2A Genus Amblyjoppa Cameron, 1902 aelvanus (Cameron, 1897): 2C forticornis forticornis (Cameron, 1903): 2C melanojoppa Cameron, 1905 : 2C varicornis Cameron, 1905 : 2C Genus Anilasta Thomson, 1887 ebenina Gravenhorst : 1A, 1B simlaensis Cameron, 1909 : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Anomalon Panzer, 1804 apicale Cameron, 1905 : 1A, 1B, 2A apicata Cameron, 1905 : 2A binghami Cameron : 2C Genus Apocryptus Uchida, 1932 biserratus Gupta and Gupta, 1983: 2C buddha Gupta and Gupta, 1983: 2C erugatus Gupta and Gupta, 1983: 2C fuscinervis (Cameron, 1903): 2C laevifrons (Cameron, 1903): 2C Genus Arhytis Townes, 1970 maculiscutis (Cameron, 1907): 2A, 2C Genus Augerella Gupta, 1962 orientalis himalayensis (Gupta, 1962): 2C Genus Apophua Morley, 1913 tricarinata Cameron, 1908: 2C Genus Anupama Jonathan, 1982 himalayensis Jonathan, 1982: 2C Genus Banchopsis Rudow 1886 ruficornis (Cameron) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C Genus Banchus Fabricius, 1798 flavomaculatus (Cameron, 1904) : 2A Genus Bassus Fabricius, 1804 clotho Morley, 1913 : 1A, 1B, 2C indica Cameron, 1909 : 2A

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Genus Cnemojoppa Heinrich, 1937 rufipes (Cameron, 1903): 2C Genus Dolichomitus Smith, 1877 malanomerus tinctipennis (Cameron, 1899): 2C Genus Eccoptosage Kriechbaumer, 1898 schizoaspis schizoaspis (Cameron, 1902): 2C waagenii Kriechbaumer, 1898: 2C xanthopsis xanthopsis (Cameron,1903): 2C Genus Eugalta Cameron, 1899 longipes (Cameron, 1906) : 2C albitarsis albitarsis Cameron, 1899: 2C linearis linearis Morley, 1913: 2C Genus Flavopimpla Betrem, 1932 nigromaculata nigromaculata (Cameron, 1899): 2C Genus Barichneumon Thomson, 1893 rufofemoratus (Cameron, 1905): 2C varibalteatus (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Boloderma Morley, 1913 cadmus Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Buodias Cameron, 1902 rugifrons Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Buysmania Cheesman, 1941 oxymora annulitarsis (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Calliephialtes Ashmead, 1900 xanthosoms Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Chiaglas Cameron, 1902 longicornis Cameron, 1903: 2C nigripes Cameron, 1902: 2C nobilitator Heinrich, 1934 : 2C Genus Campoletes Holmgren, 1869 chlorideae Uchida, 1957 : 2C zonata (Gravenhost, 1829) Genus Campoplex Gravenhorst, 1829 buddha Morley, 1913 : 2B longipes Smith : 1A, 1B maximalus Gupta and Maheshwary, 1977: 2C septentrionalis septentrionalis Gupta and Mahashwary, 1977: 2C zonatus Morley, 1913 : 2A Genus Camptotypus Kriechbaumer, 1889 arianus arianus (Cameron, 1899) : 2C maximalus Gupta and Maheshwary, 1977 : 2A, 2C pseudocollinus Gupta and Maheshwary, 1977 : 2A, 2C septentrionalis septentrionalis Gupta and Maheshwary, 1977 : 2A, 2C testaceus (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Casinaria Holmgren, 1859 atrata Morley, 1913 : 2A, 2C ashimae Maheshwary and Gupta, 1977 : 2C indubia (Morley, 1913) : 2A, 2C formosana bharata Maheshwary and Gupta, 1977: 2C Genus Cephalobolus Morley, 1913 parvipes Morley, 1913 : 1A, 1B Genus Charitopimpla Cameron, 1902 flavoscutis Cameron, 1907 : 2C leucostoma Cameron, 1907 : 2C nigroscutis Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Charitojoppa Cameron, 1901 coerulea coerulea Cameron, 1901: 2C

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Genus Chlorocryptus Cameron, 1903 reticulates Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Coccygomimus Saussure, 1892 bilineatus (Cameron, 1900) : 2A, 2C cameroni (Dalla-Torre, 1901) : 2C carinifrons (Cameron, 1899) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C cynator (Morley, 1913): 2C erebus (Cameron, 1899) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C flavipalpis (Cameron, 1899) : 2C indra (Cameron, 1899) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C laothoe (Cameron, 1897) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C turionellae (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B, 2C leucogonia (Cushman, 1933) Genus Coesula Cameron, 1905 fulvipes Cameron, 1905 : 2B Genus Coleocentrus Gravenhorst, 1829 molleri Bingham, 1898 : 2C Genus Etha Cameron, 1903 striatifrons Cameron, 1903 : 2C Genus Mansa Tosquinet, 1896 arsalis (Cameron 1902) : 2C fulvipennis (Cameron, 1902) : 2C tarsalis (Cameron, 1902): 2C Genus Colpotrochia Holmgren, 1856 melanosoma Morley, 1913 : 2C pilosa (Cameron, 1909) : 2A Genus Cosmiojoppa Cameron, 1902 orbitalis Cameron, 1905 : 2A Genus Cratojoppa Cameron, 1907 maculata Cameron, 1907: 2C robusta Cameron, 1901: 2C Genus Cratichneumon Thomson, 1893 rufo-femoratus Cameron : 2C Genus Cryptus Fabricius, 1804 excavates Cameron : 2A nursei Cameron, 1906 : 1A, 1B violaceotinctus Cameron : 1A, 1B Genus Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, 1863 taiwanensis (Momoi, 1968) : 2A, 2C nigripalpis (Cameron, 1909): 2A Genus Ctenochira Forster, 1855 pallipes (Cameron, 1909): 2A Genus Cultrarius Davis, 1897 areolatus Cameron, 1907 : 2C flavobalteatus Cameron, 1903 : 2C purpureotinctus Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Cyrtorhyssa Baltazar, 1961 moellerii (Bingham, 1898) : 2C Genus Delopia Cameron, 1903 definis (Gupta and Gupta, 1978) : 2C femoralis (Gupta and Gupta, 1978) : 2C orientalis (Gupta and Gupta, 1978) : 2C prytanes (Cameron, 1903): 2C simlaensis (Cameron, 1905): 2C townesi (Gupta and Gupta, 1978): 2C virgulata (Gupta and Gupta, 1978): 2C Genus Dimaetha Cameron, 1901 ferruginea (Cameron, 1902) : 2C Genus Dusona Cameron, 1901 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

aspera (Gupta and Gupta, 1976) : 2A cariniscutis (Cameron, 1903): 2C confusus Forst, 1868 cytaeis Cameron, 1903 : 2C dimidiata Gupta and Gupta, 1976 : 2A heptahamuli Gupta and Gupta, 1976 : 2A indicata Morley, 1913 : 2A indicus Gupta and Maheshwary, 1977 : 2A, 2C lapponicus Holmg, 1860 : 2A, 2B, 2C longifemorata Gupta and Gupta, 1976 : 2A mediator Gupta and Gupta, 1976 : 2A novitia Morley, 1913 : 2B proximus Forster, 1868 : 2B prytanes Cameron, 1903 : 2C reticulata Morley, 1913 : 2A simlaensis Cameron, 1905 : 2A similator Gupta and Gupta, 1976 : 2B Genus Echthromorpha Holmgren, 1868 agrestoria notulatoria (Fabricius, 1804) : 2C Genus Ephialtes Gravenhorst, 1829 Crassua Morley, 1913 : 2A iridipennis Morley, 1913 : 2A latiannulatus Cameron, 1907 : 2C longiventris Cameron, 1908 : 2C Genus Ephirhyssa Cresson, 1865 maculicornis Cameron, 1899 : 2C Genus Erioborus Foster vulgaris (Morley, 1913): 2B, 2C perfidus Gravenhorst, 1829 : 2C Genus Eugalta Cameron, 1899 linearis linearis Morley, 1913 : 2C longipes (Cameron, 1906) : 2C vittata Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Euryproctus Holmgren, 1857 annulicornis Cameron, 1903 : 2A spinipes Cameron, 1907 : 2A Genus Exeristes Forster, 1869 albicincta Morley, 1913 : 2C flavoscutis Cameron, 1907 : 2C leucostoma Cameron, 1907 : 2C nigroscutis Cameron, 1907 : 2C pulchella Morley, 1913 : 2C roborator (Fabricius, 1793): 2C tibialis Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Exetastes Gravenhorst, 1829 fornicator (Fabricius, 1781) : 1A, 1B illuso Gravenhorst, 1829 : 2C longipes (Smith, 1878): 2C nigripes Gravenhorst, 1829 : 2C tisiphone Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Exochilum Wesmael, 1849 circumflexum Linnaeus, 1758 : 2A, 2B Genus Exochus Gravenhorst, 1829 flavicaput Morley, 1913 : 2C xanthopus Cameron, 1902 : 2A Genus Faesula Cameron, 1904 maculata Cameron, 1904 : 2C Genus Euryproctus Holmgren, 1857 spinipes (Cameron, 1907): 2A RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Euchalinus Townes, 1961 pugnatus Cameron, 1907 Genus Friona Cameron, 1902 frontella Cameron, 1904: 2C rufescens Morley, 1914: 2C Genus Listrognathus Tscheck, 1870 annulipes (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Lepoprion Townes, 1970 rufo-ornatus (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Losgna Cameron, 1903 simulator Townes et al., 1961: 2C Genus Glypta Gravenhorst, 1829 nigrina Desvignes, 1856 : 2C tricarinata Cameron, 1908 : 2C nursei Cameron, 1902 : 2C Genus Naenaria Cameron, 1903 nigrocoerulea (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Glyptopimpla Morley, 1913 prima Morley, 1913 : 2C Genus Goedratia Boie, 1841 cyanea Heinrich, 1931 : 2C Genus Gotra Cameron, 1902 marginata (Brulle, 1846) : 2C Genus Goryphus Holmgren, 1868 albomaculatus (Cameron, 1902): 2C interceptus (Cameron, 1907) : 2C salutator (Cameron, 1904) : 2C sikkimensis Jonathan and Gupta, 1973: 2C Genus Halphurnia Cameron, 1905 ornatipes (Cameron, 1905) : 2C Genus Hedycryptus Cameron, 1903 orientalis (Cameron, 1897) : 2C Genus Hedyjoppa Cameron, 1904 aurantacea Cameron, 1904 : 2C Genus Camptotypus Kriechbaumer, 1889 arianus (Cameron, 1899): 2C testacea (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Henicospilus Agassiz, 1846 merdarius Gravenhorst, 1829 : 2B, 2C Genus Heteropelma Wesmael, 1849 calcator Wesmael, 1849 : 2C Genus Homocidus Morley, 1911 cinctus Gravenhorst, 1829 : 2C dimidiatus Schrank, 1802 : 2C Genus Ileanta Cameron, 1899 fulvipes Cameron, 1903 : 2C Genus lseropus Foerster, 1956 himalayensis (Camaron, 1899): 2C Genus Eriborus Forster, 1869 mandibularis (Cameron, 1903): 2C pilosellus (Cameron, 1906): 2A, 2C argenteopilosus (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Ishigakia Uchida, 1928 alecto (Morley, 1928): 2C Genus Ischnoceros Gravenhorst, 1829 himalayensis Chandra, 1978 : 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Gregopimpla Momoi, 1965 himalayensis (Cameron, 1899): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C Genus Itoplectis Forster, 1869

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alternans Gravenhorst, 1829 : 1A, 1B himalayensis Gupta, 1988 : 2C sikkimensis Cameron : 2C santoshae Gupta, 1967 : 2A tibetensis Perkins, 1957 : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Darymna Cameron, 1904 forticarinata (Cameron, 1907) : 2C Genus Dicamptus Szepligeti, 1905 reticulatus (Cameron, 1899) : 2C Genus Dichrogaster Doumerc, 1855 liostylus (Thomson, 1885) : 2C Genus Diplazon Viereck, 1914 guptai Diller, 1977 : 2C Genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1829 abdominalis (Szepligeti, 1906): 2C ceria lis Gauld and Mitchell, 1981: 2C concentralis Cushman, 1937: 2C dasychirae Cameron, 1905: 2A, 2C jlavocephalus (Kirby, 1900): 2C heinrichi Gauld and Mitchell, 1981: 2C kanshirensis (Uchida, 1928): 2C laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921): 2A, 2C nigropectus Cameron, 1905: 2A, 2C pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927): 2A, 2C, 2D pudibundae (Uchida, 1928): 2C vestigator (Smith, 1858): 2C yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928): 2A, 2C Genus Formostenus Uchida, 1931 flavofasciatus Jonathan,1980 : 2C Genus Holcojoppa Cameron, 1902 coelopyga (Morley, 1915): 2C Genus Klutiana Betrem, 1933 townesi (Baltazar, 1961): 1A, 1B Genus Kristotomus Mason, 1962 guptai Mason, 1967: 2B Genus Labrossyta Forster, 1869 nigriceps (Cameron, 1902): 2A Genus Lagarista Cameron, 1907 latibalteata Cameron, 1904 : 2C Genus Lachmetha Cameron, 1903 spinitarsis Cameron, 1903: 2C Genus Legnatia Cameron, 1907 maculiscutis (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Hadrocryptus Cameron, 1903 ditissimus (Tosquinet, 1903): 2C Genus Hyperacmus Holmgren, 1858 quintanus (Morley, 1913) : 2C Genus Ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758 albopilosella (Cameron, 1905): 2C flavolineatus (Cameron, 1903): 2C fulvipes (Cameron, 1904): 2C iridipennis (Cameron, 1905): 2A, 2C rufofemoratus (Cameron, 1903): 2A, 2C taihorinus (Uchida, 1932): 2A, 2C Genus lschnojoppa Kriechbaumer, 1898 luteator (Fabricius, 1798): 2C Genus Lareiga Cameron, 1903 alboannulata Cameron, 1905: 2A flavomaculata Cameron, 1905 : 2A

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Genus Leptobatopsis Ashmead 1900 indica (Cameron, 1897) : 2C lepida (Cameron, 1908): 2C spilopus (Cameron, 1908): 2C v-maculata (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Cratichneumon Thomson, 1893 flavomaculata (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Leptopimpla Townes, 1961 longiventris (Cameron, 1908) : 2C Genus Lissopimpla Kreichbaumer, 1889 albopicta albopicta (Walker, 1860): 2C Genus Limnerium Ashmead, 1900 crassifemur Thomson, 1887 : 2A erythropus Cameron, 1905 : 2A fuscicarpus Thomson : 2A himalayense Cameron, 1906 : 2A, 2B quettaense Cameron, 1906 : 2A, 2C renovatum Morley, 1913 : 2A Genus Lissichneumon Cameron, 1906 levis Cameron, 1906 : 2A Genus Lissonota Gravenhorst, 1829 binghami Cameron, 1907 : 2C brevicauda Morley, 1913 : 2C cracentis Chandra and Gupta: 2C minuenta Morley, 1913 : 2C lepida Cameron : 2C minuenta Morley, 1913 : 2C spilopus Cameron, 1906 : 2C v-maculata Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Lissophadnus Cameron 1907 testaceus Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Lissosculpta Heinrich, 1934 alecto (Morley, 1915): 2C javanica (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Maraces Cameron 1902 femoralis (Cameron, 1907): 2C fulvipes (Cameron, 1907): 2C pectinata Cameron, 1902: 2C Genus Melcha Cameron, 1902 annulitarsis (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Mesochorus Gravenhorst 1829 pilicornis (Cameron 1907) : 2C Genus Nematopodias Gravenhorst, 1829 nigromaculatus (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Netelia Gray 1860 inaequalis (Uchida, 1934) : 2C tristrigata (Enderlein, 1912) : 2C virgata (Fourcroy, 1785) : 1A, 2B, 2A, 2C, 2D foersteri Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C grandis Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C himalayensis Kaur and Jonathan, 1976 : 2C turgida Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C japonica (Uchida, 1928) : 2C latro latro (Holmgren, 1868) : 2A, 2C carmichaeli Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C corrugata Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C fuscicornis (Holmgren, 1860) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C imitatrix Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C intermedia (Cameron, 1905) : 2A, 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

kashmirensis (Cameron, 1906) : 2A, 2C, 2D laevis (Cameron, 1905) : 2C lineata (Brulle, 1849) : 2C mirabilis Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C opacula (Thomson, 1888) : 2A, 2C orientalis (Cameron, 1905) : 2A, 2C rimosa (Enderlein, 1912) : 2A, 2C rotunda Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2A, 2C rukmaniae Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C silantzewi (Kokujev, 1899) : 2C guptai Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2A, 2C sikkimensis Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C Genus Necolio Cheesman, 1936 rugifrons (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Nomosphecia Gupta, 1962 zebroides indicus (Gupta, 1962) : 2C Genus Megastylus Schiodte 1838 longicoxis Cameron, 1909 : 2A Genus Seticornuta Cameron, 1907 albopilosa (Cameron 1907): 2C Genus Mesochorus Gravenhorst 1829 calristigmaticus Morley, 1913 : 2C ascialis Bridg : 2C Genus Mesoleius Holmgren, 1856 wahlbergi Holmgren, 1860 : 1A, 1B Genus Mesophadnus Cameron, 1907 spilopterus Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Mesostenoideus Ashmead, 1900 cariniscutis Cameron, 1907 : 2C latispina Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Mesostenus Gravenhorst, 1829 interceptus Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Metopius Panzer 1806 areolatus (Cameron, 1907): 2C dissectorius lar Panzer, 1805 : 2C Genus Pagarenes Cameron, 1903 erythropus Cameron, 1903 Genus Protichneumon Thomson, 1893 binghami (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Heresiarches Wesmael, 1859 rufus (Cameron 1902): 2A Genus Seticornlita Cameron, 1907 albopilosa (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Skeatia Cameron, 1901 cariniscuta (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Torbda Cameron, 1902 genicuiata cameron, 1902: 2C maculipennis Cameron, 1902: 2C nigromaculata (Cameron, 1907) : 2C Genus Leptophion Cameron, 1901 radiatus (Uchida, 1956): 2C Genus Yezoceryx Uchida, 1928 biumbratus (Morley, 1913): 2C xanthorius (Morley, 1913): 2C Genus Monoblastus Hartig, 1837 niger Cameron, 1909 : 2A orientalis Cameron, 1909 : 2A Genus Macromalon Townes, 1959 orientale Kerrich, 1968 : 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Genus Odontocolon Cushman, 1942 indica Chandra, 1978 : 2A Genus Olesicampe Forster, 1869 flavicornis Thomson, 1887 : 2A Genus Ophion Fabricius 1798 albopictus Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B areolatus Cameron, 1899 : 2A bicarinatus Cameron, 1905 caudatus (Cushman, 1947): 2C facetious Gauld and Mitchell, 1981: 2C dentatus Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B luteus Linnaeus, 1758 : 2A, 2C Genus Theronia Holmgren, 1859 rufescens (Morley, 1913) : 2C maskeliyae maskeliyae Cameron, 1905 : 2C zebra iridipennis Cameron, 1907 : 2A, 2C Genus Paniscus Schrank, 1802 intermedius Cameron : 2B montanus Cameron : 1A, 1B ocellaris Thomson : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C testaceus Cameron : 2C Genus Parema Gupta, 1962 nigrobalteata nigrobalteata (Cameron, 1899) : 2C Genus Phytodietus Gravenhorst, 1829 gelitorius (Thunberg, 1822) longicauda (Uchida, 1931) : 2C silvicola Kaur and Jonathan, 1979 : 2C Genus Pimpla Fabricius, 1804 arctica Zetterstedt, 1838 : 1A, 1B, 2A cyanea Morley, 1913 : 2C rufipes (Miller, 1759) : 2A, 2C laothoe Cameron, 1891 : 2B latisulcata Cameron, 1908 : 2C nepe Cameron, 1897 : 2B turionellae Linnaeus, 1758 : 2A Genus Polyclistus Forster, 1869 appendicullatus Cameron, 1902 : 2A erythropus Cameron, 1902 : 2A Genus Prema Gupta, 1962 nigrobalteata nigrobalteata (Cameron, 1899): 2C Genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 marginicollis (Cameron, 1907) : 2B, 2C Genus Pseudeugalta Ashmead, 1900 punctulata Cameron, 1899 : 2C spinosa Cameron, 1899 : 2C Genus Scambus Hartig, 1838 aithomelus Gupta and Tikar, 1968: 1A, 1B flavicrus Gupta and Tikar, 1968 garhwalensis Gupta and Tikar, 1968: 2A indicus ndicus Gupta and Tikar, 1968 : 1A,1B, 2A, 2B, 2C kashmiricus Gupta and Tikar, 1968: 1A, 1B lineipes (Morley, 1913) lucidus Gupta and Tikar, 1968: 2C Genus Setanta Cameron, 1901 himalayensis (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Scenocharops Uchida, 1932 montana Gupta and Maheshwary, 1971 : 2A Genus Heteropelma Wesmael, 1849 amictum (Fabricius, 1775): 2B

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fulvitarse Cameron, 1899: 2A, 2C Genus Scolobates Gravenhorst, 1829 auriculatus Fabricius, 1804 : 1A, 1B testaceus Morley, 1913 : 2B Genus Sinophorus Forster, 1869 nitidus (Brischke, 1880) : 2C collinus Morley, 1913 : 2B Genus Listrodromus Wesmael, 1845 crassipes (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Spilichneumon Thomson, 1894 darjeelingensis Cameron, 1905 : 2C Genus Sericopimpla Kriechbaumer, 1895 albicincta (Morley, 1913): 2C sagrae sagrae (Vollenhoven, 1879): 2C Genus Allophatnus Cameron, 1905 fulvitergus (Tosquinet, 1903): 2C Genus Stictolissonota Cameron, 1907 foveata Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Suvalta Cameron 1903 spinifrons Cameron, 1905 : 2C Genus Epirhyssa Cresson, 1865 tandoni (Jonathan, 1974): 2D Genus Syzeuctus Forster, 1869 claripennis Cameron, 1902 : 2A villosus (Cameron, 1899) : 2A compressus Morley, 1913 2C Genus Cratichneumon Thomson, 1893 flavomaculatus (Cameron, 1905): 2C sanguineoplagiatus (Cameron, 1904) Genus Coelichneumon Thomson, 1893 rufiventris (Cameron, 1903): 2C Genus Exetastes Gravenhorst 1829 longipes (Smith, 1878): 2A Genus Nemosphecia Gupta, 1962 zebroides indicus (Gupta, 1962): 2C Genus Stirexephanes Cameron, 1912 signatus Zonatus (Cameron, 1905): 2C Genus Teleutaea Forster, 1869 prima (Morley, 1913): 2C Genus Theronia Holmgren, 1859 zebra iridipennis Cameron, 1907 : 2C maskeliyae Cameron, 1905 : 2C Genus Trichomma Wesmael, 1849 nigricans Cameron, 1905 : 2B productor Morley, 1913 : 2B Genus Alloplasta Forster, 1869 pilosa (Cameron, 1903): 2A Genus Casinaria Holmgren, 1859 indubia (Morley, 1913): 2B Genus Sychnostigma Baltazar, 1961 binghami Kamath and Gupta, 1972: 2C flavobalteatum (Cameron, 1899): 2C Genus Tryphon Fallen, 1813 antennatus Morley, 1913 : 2B Genus Triancyra Baltazar, 1961 maculicornis (Cameron, 1899): 2C sarojinae Kamath and Gupta, 1972: 2C Genus Venturia binghami Morley, 1913 : 2A

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Genus Xanthocampoplex Morley, 1913 nigromaculatus (Cameron, 1907) : 2C similis Gupta and Gupta, 1971: 2C Genus Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 annulata Cushman, 1925 : 2C appendicularis (Cameron, 1899) : 2C bifida Townes and Chiu, 1970 : 2C brachyparea Krieger, 1914 : 2C calva sexcincta Townes and Chiu, 1970 : 2C curvimaculata (Cameron, 1899) : 2C elegans apicipennis (Cameron, 1899) : 2C fastigiata evittipes Townes and Chiu, 1970 : 2C flavolineata Cameron, 1907 : 2C honorata (Cameron, 1899) : 2C konowi Krieger, 1899 : 2C lepcha (Cameron, 1899) : 2C nana Schulz 1906 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C nigritarsis reciprocata Townes and Chiu : 2C ochraceavalga Krieger, 1914 : 2C pedator (Fabricius, 1775) : 2C polyspila Cameron, 1907 : 2C punctata (Fabricius, 1781) : 2C regina Morley, 1913 : 2C reicherti Krieger, 1914 : 2A sexlineata Cameron, 1907 : 2C sikkimensis Cameron, 1907 : 2C stemmator (Thunberg, 1822) : 2C tricapus impressa Townes and Chiu, 1970 : 2C varimaculata Cameron, 1907 : 2C binghami Cameron, 1908 : 2C cera Cameron, 1908 : 2C kriegeriana Cameron, 1908 : 2C nursei Cameron, 1908 : 2B, 2C pedator (Fabricius, 1775) : 2B polyspila Cameron, 1907 : 2C punctata (Fabricius, 1781) : 2C regina Morley, 1913 : 2C sexlineata Cameron, 1907 : 2C sikkimensis Cameron, 1907 : 2C varimaculata Cameron, 1907 : 2C Genus Xenojoppa Cameron, 1901 crassispina (Cameron, 1901) Genus Xorides Latreille, 1809 anthracinus Gupta and Chandra, 1974 : 1A, 1B, 2A elezabethae (Bingham, 1898) minimus Gupta and Chandra, 1974 : 1A, 1B nigristomus Gupta and Chandra, 1974: 2A vitiosus (Turner, 1919) : 2A Genus Xoridesopus Cameron, 1907 jlavispeculum Gupta and Gupta, 1983: 2C kamathi Gupta and Gupta, 1983: 2C Superfamily CHRYSIDOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family BETHYLIDAE Haliday, 1839 Subfamily BETHYLINAE Haliday, 1839 Genus Goniozus Förster, 1856 armigerae Santhosh and Narendran, 2009 chatterjii Kurian, 1955 : 2B montanus Kieffer, 1908 : Himalaya mori Kurian, 1955 : 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

pulveriae (Kurian) 1954 : 2B Genus Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904 hypsipylae (Kurian) 1955 : 2B Subfamily EPYRINAE (Kieffer, 1914) Genus Epyris Westwood 1832 albopilosus Cameron 1904 : 2C Genus Neodispyris Kurian 1955 duni Kurian 1955 : 2B shishami Kurian 1955 : 2C Subfamily MESITIINAE Genus Sulcomesitius Moczar duni (Kurian) 1955 : 2B Family CHRYSIDIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily CHRYSIDINAE (Kieffer, 1914) Genus Elampus Spinola, 1806 kashmirensis Nurse, 1902 : 1A, 1B Genus Hedychridium aeruginosum (Mocsary): 2C Genus Holopyga Dahlbom, 1854 cupreata Nurse, 1905 : 1A, 1B Genus Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761 begam Mocsary: 2C cupreiventris Bingham, 1903 : 2A perfecta Cameron, 1897 : 2C rani Mocsary: 2C sandaracata Bingham, 1903 : 2C sikkimensis Mocsary, 1899 : 2C stilboides Spinola, 1838 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tamerlana Mocsary: 2A, 2C Genus Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959 shanghaiensis (Smith, 1874): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Primeuchroeus Linsenmaier, 1968 indiacus Bohart, 1988 : 2B Genus Spinolia Dahlbom, 1854 kashmirae Kimsey: 1A, 1B Genus Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 excisifrons (Mocsary): 2C Family DRYINIDAE Halidae, 1833 Subfamily ANTEONINAE Perkins, 1912 Genus Anteon Jurine, 1807 yasumatsui Olmi, 1984: 2B Subfamily DRYININAE Haliday, 1833 Genus Dryinus Latrielle, 1804 stantoni Ashmead, 1904: 2B Subfamily GONATOPODINAE Kieffer, 1906 Genus Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810 besucheti Olmi, 1991: 2B nivosus Olmi, 1984: 1A, 1B yasumatsui Olmi, 1984: 2B Superfamily VESPOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family FORMICIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily AMBLYOPONINAE Forel, 1893 Genus Bannapone Xu, 2000 pertinax (Baroni Urbani, 1978): 2C Genus Myopopone Roger, 1861 castanea (Smith,1860) : 2C, 2D Genus Mystrium Roger, 1862 camillae Emery, 1889: 2B Genus Prionopelta Mayr, 1866 RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

kraepelini Forel, 1905: 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Stigmatomma Roger, 1859 awa (Xu and Chu, 2012): 2D bellii (Forel, 1900): 2C boltoni (Bharti and Wachkoo, 2011): 2A rothneyi (Forel, 1900): 2C xui Bharti and Rilta, 2015: 2C Subfamily DOLICHODERINAE Forel, 1878 Genus Chronoxenus Santschi, 1919 dalyi (Forel, 1895) : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D myops (Forel, 1895) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C walshi (Forel, 1895) : 2C wroughtonii (Forel, 1895) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Dolichoderus Lund, 1831 affinis Emery, 1889 : 2C affinis glabripes Forel, 1895 : 2C feae Emery, 1889 : 2D moggridgei Forel, 1886 : 2C moggridgei bicolor Santschi, 1920 : 2C moggridgei lugubris Santschi, 1920 : 2C sundari Mathew and Tiwari, 2000 : 2D taprobanae (Smith, 1858): 2B taprobanae gracilipes (Mayr, 1879) : 2C thoracicus (Smith, 1860) : 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Iridomyrmex Mayr, 1862 anceps (Roger, 1863): 2C Genus Liometopum Mayr, 1861 lindgreeni Forel, 1902: 2D Genus Ochetellus Shattuck, 1992 glaber (Mayr, 1862) : 2A, 2B Genus Philidris Shattuck, 1992 laevigata (Emery, 1895) : 2D, 2C Genus Tapinoma Foerster, 1850 himalaica Bharti, Kumar and Dubovikoff, 2013 : 1A, 1B, 2A indicum Forel, 1895 : 2C melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D wroughtonii Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Technomyrmex Mayr, 1872 albipes (Smith, 1861) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D brunneus Forel, 1895 : 2C elatior Forel, 1902 : 2A, 2C, 2D pratensis (Smith, 1860) : 2C rector Bolton, 2007 : 2B, 2C, 2D vitiensis Mann, 1921 : 2A Subfamily DORYLINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Aenictus Shuckard, 1840 aitkenii Forel, 1901 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D ambiguus Shuckard, 1840 : 2A, 2C aratus Forel, 1900 : 2A, 2C binghami Forel, 1900 : 2D brevicornis (Mayr, 1879) : 2A, 2C, 2D ceylonicus (Mayr, 1866) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D clavatus Forel, 1901 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D clavatus kanariensis Forel, 1901 : 2D clavitibia Forel, 1901 : 2C, 2D doryloides Wilson, 1964 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fergusoni Forel, 1901 : 2C, 2D gleadowii Forel, 1901 : 2C laeviceps (Smith, 1857) : 2D

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longi Forel, 1901 : 2D pachycerus (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D peguensis Emery, 1895 : 2A, 2B piercei Wheeler and Chapman, 1930 : 2A pubescens Smith, 1859 : 2C, 2D sagei Forel, 1901 : 2A shillongensis Mathew and Tiwari, 2000 : 2D shuckardi Forel, 1901 : 2C, 2D wilsoni Bharti, Wachkoo and Kumar, 2012 : 2A aitkenii Forel, 1900 : 2C Genus Cerapachys Smith, 1857 biroi Forel, 1907 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D browni Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013 : 2A, 2B costatus Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013 : 2A, 2B longitarsus (Mayr, 1879) : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sulcinodis Emery, 1889 : 2C, 2D Genus Dorylus Fabricius, 1793 fulvus (Westwood, 1839) : 2C fulvus juvenculus Shuckard, 1840 : 2C labiatus Shuckard, 1840 : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laevigatus (Smith, 1857) : 2D orientalis Westwood, 1835 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D orientalis obscuriceps Santschi, 1920 : 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Sphinctomyrmex Mayr, 1866 taylori Forel, 1990 : 2C Subfamily ECTATOMMINAE Emery, 1895 Genus Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863 bicolor (Emery, 1889): 2D binghamii (Forel, 1990) : 2C, 2D meghalaya Lattke, 2004: 2D Subfamily FORMICINAE Lepeletier, 1836 Genus Acropyga Roger, 1862 acutiventris Roger, 1862 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914 gracilipes (Smith, 1857) : 2C, 2D Genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 aethiops cachmiriensis Emery, 1925 : 1A, 1B albosparsus Bingham, 1903 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D angusticollis sanguinolentus Forel, 1895 : 2C, 2D arrogans (Smith, 1858) : 2C, 2D barbatus taylori Forel, 1892 : 2C buddhae Forel, 1892 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D camelinus (Smith, 1857) : 2C, 2D cinerascens (Fabricius, 1787) : 2C, 2D compressus (Fabricius, 1787) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D confucii Forel, 1894 : 2C, 2D cotesii Forel, 1893 : 2A, 2B, 2D crassisquamis Forel, 1902 : 2D dolendus Forel, 1892 : 2C, 2D exiguoguttatus Forel, 1886 : 2D gretae Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D himalayanus Forel, 1893 : 1A, 1B, 2A horseshoetus Datta and Ray Chaudhury, 1985 : 2A invidus Forel, 1892 : 2C, 2D irritans (Smith, 1857) : 2C, 2D kattensis Bingham, 1903 : 2C, 2D lamarckii Forel, 1892 : 2A, 2B, 2C longi Forel, 1902) : 2D luteus (Smith, 1858) : 2C, 2D

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mitis (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nicobarensis Mayr, 1865 : 2C, 2D nirvanae Forel, 1893 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C oblongus (Smith, 1858) : 2C oblongus binominatus Forel, 1916 : 2B, 2C, 2D opaciventris Mayr, 1879 : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D parabarbatus Bharti and Wachkoo, 2014 : 2A, 2B parius Emery, 1889 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D phragmaticola Donisthorpe, 1943: 2C puniceps Donisthorpe, 1942 : 2C radiates Forel, 1892 : 2C rothneyi Forel, 1893 : 2B, 2C rufoglaucus (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D selene (Emery, 1889) : 2C, 2D sericeus (Fabricius, 1798) : 1A, 1B, 2C sericeus peguensis Emery, 1895 : 2C siemsseni Forel, 1901 : 2B, 2C, 2D singularis (Smith, 1858) : 2C sklarus Bolton, 1995 : 2C socrates Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B strictus (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C sylvaticus basalis Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B sylvaticus paradichrous Emery, 1925 : 1A, 1B Genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 thraso Forel, 1893 : 2C timidus (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C variegatus (Smith, 1858) : 2C variegatus fuscithorax Dalla Torre, 1893 : 2C variegatus somnificus Forel, 1902 : 2C varius Donisthorpe, 1943 : 2C velox (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C vitreus angustulus Emery, 1925 : 2C wasmanni Emery, 1893 : 2B, 2D wasmanni mutilarius Emery, 1893 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D wroughtonii Forel, 1893 : 2C, 2D Genus Cataglyphis Förster, 1850 cugiai Menozzi, 1939 : 1A, 1B setipes (Forel, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Echinopla Smith, 1857 cherapunjiensis Bharti and Gul, 2012 : 2C Genus Formica Linnaeus, 1758 candida Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B clara Forel, 1886 : 1A, 1B cunicularia Latreille, 1798 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B fusca Linnaeus, 1758 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C gagates Latreille, 1798 : 1A, 1B, 2A gagatoides Ruzsky, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2A kashmirica Starcke, 1935 : 1A, 1B picea Nylander, 1846 : 1A, 1B, 2A polyctena Foerster, 1850 : 1A, 1B, 2A rufibarbis Fabricius, 1793 : 1A, 1B, 2A sanguinea Latreille, 1798 : 1A, 1B, 2A truncorum Fabricius, 1804 : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 alienoflavus Bingham, 1903 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B alienus (Foerster, 1850) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B bicornis (Foerster, 1850) : 1A, 1B breviscapus Seifert, 1992 : 2A brunneus (Latreille, 1798) : : 1A, 1B, 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

crinitus (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2C draco Collingwood, 1982 : 2C, 2D elevates Bharti and Gul, 2013 : 2A himalayanus Bingham, 1903 : : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B lawarai Seifert, 1992 : 1A, 1B, 2A 2B magnus Seifert, 1992 : 2C, 2D mikir Collingwood, 1982 : 2C niger (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B, 2A wittmeri Seifert, 1992 : 1A, 1B Genus Lepisiota Santschi, 1926 annandalei (Mukerjee, 1930) : 2A, 2C bipartita (Smith, 1861) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C capensis (Mayr, 1862) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D capensis lunaris (Emery, 1893) : 1A, 1B, 2A capensis simplex (Forel, 1892) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C fergusoni (Forel, 1895) : 2C frauenfeldi (Mayr, 1855) : 2A, 2C frauenfeldi integra (Forel, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B modesta (Forel, 1894) : 2A, 2B opaca (Forel, 1892) : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D opaca pulchella (Forel, 1892) : 1A, B, 2A, 2C, 2D rothneyi (Forel, 1894) : 2B, 2C rothneyi watsonii (Forel, 1894) : 2C rothneyi wroughtonii (Forel, 1902) : 2A sericea (Forel, 1892) : 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Nylanderia Emery, 1906 birmana (Forel, 1902) : 2A, 2B bourbonica (Forel, 1886) : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D himalayana Wachkoo and Bharti, 2015 :2A indica (Forel, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D smythiesii (Forel, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B taylori (Forel, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B 2C vividula (Nylander, 1846) : 2D yerburyi (Forel, 1894) : 2A, 2C Genus Oecophylla Smith, F, 1860 smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paraparatrechina Donisthorpe, 1947 aseta (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 2B, 2C Genus Paratrechina Motschulsky, 1863 longicornis (Latreille, 1802) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861 balestrierii Menozzi, 1939 : 1A, 2C, 2D dichroa Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C jerdonii Forel, 1894 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C moelleri Bingham, 1903: 2C pontii Menozzi, 1939 : 2C, 2D rogeri Forel, 1894 : 2C Genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 aculeate Mayr, 1879 : 2C armata (Le Guillou, 1842) : 2C, 2D bicolor Smith, 1858 : 2C, 2D bicolor aurinasis Forel, 1901 : 2C binghamii Forel, 1893 : 2C convexa Roger, 1863 : 2D corporaali Santschi, 1928 : 2C dives Smith, 1857 : 2C, 2D dives belli Forel, 1912 : 2C exercita (Walker, 1859) : 1A, 1B, 2C exercita lucidiventris Forel, 1907 : 2A RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

exercita obtusisquama Forel, 1902 : 2A gracilior Forel, 1893 : 2C, 2D halidayi Emery, 1889 : 2D hemiopticoides Mukerjee, 1930 : 2C hippomanes Smith, 1861 : 2D hippomanes ceylonensis Emery, 1893 : 2D illaudata Walker, 1859 : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D illaudata pauperata Emery, 1889 : 2C indificans (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C lacteipennis Smith, 1858 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laevissima Smith, 1858 : 2C, 2D menelas Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B punctillata Roger, 1863 : 2C punctillata fergusoni Forel, 1902 : 2A, 2C punctillata smythiesii Forel, 1895 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B punjabi Bharti, 2003 : 2A rastellata (Latreille, 1802) : 2C, 2D saevissima Smith, 1860 : 2C saevissima argentea Mayr, 1862: 2C scissa (Roger, 1862) : 2C spinigera Mayr, 1879 : 2C striata Mayr, 1862 : 2C, 2D striatorugosa Mayr, 1862 : 2D sylvicola (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C thompsoni Bingham, 1903 - 2A, 2C thrinax Roger, 1863 : 2C, 2D tibialis Smith, 1858 : 2B, 2C, 2D tibialis caligata Emery, 1895 : 2B tibialis parsis Emery, 1900 : 2C tubericeps Forel, 1893 : 2A, 2C vicina Roger, 1863 : 2D wroughtonii Forel, 1894 : 2C Genus Prenolepis Mayr, 1861 fisheri Bharti and Wachkoo, 2012 : 2B naoroji Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Pseudolasius Emery, 1887 binghami Emery, 1911 : 2C diversus Wachkoo and Bharti, 2014 : 2B emeryi Forel, 1911 :2C familiaris (Smith, 1860) : 2C, 2D machhediensis Bharti, Gul and Sharma, 2012 : 1A, 1B, 2A polymorphicus Wachkoo and Bharti, 2014 : 2A Subfamily Leptanillinae Emery, 1910 Genus Leptanilla Emery, 1870 lamellate Bharti and Kumar, 2012: 2A Subfamily MYRMICINAE Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 Genus Aphaenogaster Mayr, 1853 annandalei Mukerjee, 1930 : 2A beccarii Emery, 1887 : 2C, 2D beesoni Donisthorpe, 1933 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B cavernicola Donisthorpe, 1938 : 2A cristata (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D feae Emery, 1889 : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D longiceps (Smith, 1858) : 2C, 2D rothneyi (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sagei (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B sagei pachei (Forel, 1906) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B schurri (Forel, 1902) : 2A, 2C, 2D smythiesii (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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smythiesii prudens (Forel, 1902) :1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Cardiocondyla Emery, 1869 kagutsuchi Terayama, 1999 : 2A, 2C, 2D mauritanica Forel, 1890 : 2A, 2C, 2D minutior Forel, 1899 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B obscurior Wheeler, 1929 : 2A tiwarii Ghosh, Sheela and Kundu, 2005 : 2C wroughtonii (Forel, 1890) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 affinis (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D asina (Forel, 1902) : 2C, 2D bengalensis (Forel, 1902) : 2C carinata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 2A dentata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B diversa (Jerdon, 1851) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hornata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 2A lamellifrons (Forel, 1902) :2C leei (Forel, 1902) : 2C lignata Westwood, 1840 : 2C, 2D nana (Roger, 1863) : 2D obtusidenta (Xu, 2003) : 2C, 2D propomegata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 1A, 1B, 2A rectangulata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 1A, 1B rothneyi (Forel, 1902) : 2C spinata Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B terayamai Bharti and Akbar, 2014) : 2D wroughtonii (Forel, 1902) : 2C Genus Cataulacus Smith, 1853 granulatus (Latreille, 1802) : 2A, 2D latus Forel, 1891 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D taprobanae Smith, 1853 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Crematogaster Lund, 1831 aberrans Forel, 1892 : 2C, 2D aitkenii Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D anthracina Smith, 1857 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D binghamii Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D biroi Mayr, 1897 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D biroi smythiesii Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D brunnea contemta Mayr, 1879 : 2A, 2C, 2D brunnea nicevillei Emery, 1922 : 2C brunnea nilgirica Emery, 1922 : 2C brunnea rabula Forel, 1902 : 2C brunnea ruginota Santschi, 1928 : 2C buddhae Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D dalyi Forel, 1902 : 2C dohrni artifex Mayr, 1879 : 2D ebenina Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D flava Forel, 1886 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D himalayana Forel, 1902 : 2A perelegans Forel, 1902 : 2A politula Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D ransonneti Mayr, 1868 : 2C rogenhoferi Mayr, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D rothneyi Mayr, 1879 : 1A 1B, 2C rothneyi civa Forel, 1902 : 2C rufa (Jerdon, 1851): 2C sagei Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sagei laevinota Forel, 1902 : 2A sikkimensis Forel, 1904: 2C

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subnuda Mayr, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D travancorensis Forel, 1902 : 2C walshi Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D wroughtonii Forel, 1902 : 2C Genus Dilobocondyla Santschi, 1910 gasteroreticulatus Bharti and Kumar, 2013 : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Gauromyrmex Menozzi, 1933 acanthinus (Karavaiev, 1935) : 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Kartidris Bolton, 1991 nyos Bolton, 1991 : 2C Genus Liomyrmex Mayr, 1865 gestroi (Emery, 1887) : 2C Genus Lophomyrmex Emery, 1892 ambiguus Rigato, 1994 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bedoti Emery, 1893 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D birmanus Emery, 1893 : 2C, 2D changlangensis Sheela and Ghosh, 2008 : 2D kali Rigato, 1994: 2C, 2D quadrispinosus (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D terraceensis Bharti and Kumar, 2012 : 2A Genus Mayriella Forel, 1902 transfuga Baroni Urbani, 1977 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D warchalowskii Borowiec, 2007 : 2D Genus Meranoplus Smith, 1853 bellii Forel, 1902 : 2C bicolor (Guerin-Meneville, 1844) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D levis Donisthorpe, 1942 : 2D rothneyi Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D Genus Messor Forel, 1890 himalayanus (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A instabilis (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B semirufus (Andre, 1883) : 1A, 1B Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 atomum Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B dichroum Forel, 1902 : 2C floricola (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D indicum Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D indicus (Smith, 1873) : 2C kempi Mukerjee, 1930 : 2C latinode Mayr, 1872 : 2B, 2C, 2D longi Forel, 1902:2D luisae Forel, 1904: 1A, 1B monomorium Bolton, 1987: 2A, 2B, 2C orientale Mayr, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sagei Forel, 1902: 1A, 1B, 2B schurri Forel, 1902: 2C Genus Myrmecina Curtis, 1829 striata Emery, 1889: 2C, 2D Genus Myrmica Latreille, 1804 adrijae Bharti, 2012: 2B aimonissabaudiae Menozzi, 1939 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D cachmiriensis Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B, 2B curvispinosa Bharti and Sharma, 2013: 2B elmesi Bharti and Sharma, 2011: 1A, 1B ereptrix Bolton, 1988: 1A, 1B foreliana Radchenko and Elmes, 2001: 1A, 1B fortior Forel, 1904: 1A, 1B hecate Weber, 1947 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

indica Weber, 1950 : 2C, 2D inezae Forel, 1902: 2B kothiensis Bharti and Sharma, 2013: 2B kozlovi Ruzsky, 1915: 2C, 2D longisculpta Bharti and Sharma, 2011: 1A, 1B nefaria Bharti, 2012: 2B nitida Radchenko and Elmes, 1999: 1A, 1B, 2B ordinaria Radchenko and Elmes, 1999 : 1A, 1B pachei Forel, 1906 : 2C, 2D petita Radchenko and Elmes, 1999 : 1A, 1B radchenkoi Bharti and Sharma, 2011: 1A, 1B religiosa Bharti and Gul, 2013: 2B rhytida Radchenko and Elmes, 1999: 1A, 1B, 2A ritae Emery, 1889: 2C rugosa Mayr, 1865 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rupestris Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D smythiesii Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A urbanii Radchenko and Elmes, 1998: 2D varisculpta Radchenko and Elmes, 2009: 1A, 1B wardi Radchenko and Elmes, 1999: 1A, 1B, 2A weberi Elmes and Radchenko, 2009 : 2C williamsi Radchenko and Elmes, 1999: 1A, 1B wittmeri Radchenko and Elmes, 1999 : 2A, 2B Genus Myrmicaria Saunders, 1842 brunnea Saunders, 1842 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D brunnea subcarinata (Smith, 1857) : 2C fodica (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C, 2D Genus Paratopula Wheeler, 1919 ceylonica (Emery, 1901) : 2C Genus Perissomyrmex Smith, 1947 monticola Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 1993 : 2C Genus Pheidole Westwood, 1839 bandata Bharti, 2004: 2A binghamii Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B constanciae Forel, 1902 : 2C diffusa (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C, 2D duneraensis Bharti, 2001 : 2A fergusoni Forel, 1902 : 2C fervens Smith, 1858 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D grayi Forel, 1902 : 2C hospita Bingham, 1903 : 2C indica Mayr, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D jucunda Forel, 1885 : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D jucunda fossulata Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C lanuginosa Wilson, 1984 : 2D latinoda Roger, 1863 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D latinoda angustior Forel, 1902: 1A, 1B latinoda major Forel, 1885 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C malabarica (Jerdon, 1851): 2C malinsii Forel, 1902 : 2C minor (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C multidens Forel, 1902 : 2C mus Forel, 1902 : 2C noda Smith, 1874 : 2B, 2C, 2D parasitica Wilson, 1984: 2D parva Mayr, 1865 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pronotalis Forel, 1902 : 2A, 2C providens (Sykes, 1835) : 2C roberti Forel, 1902 : 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

rogersi Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D rogersi taylori Forel, 1902 : 2C sagei Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B sharpi Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B sharpi hoogwerfi Forel, 1902 : 2C singaporensis Ozdikmen, 2010 : 1A, 1B smythiesii Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D spathifera Forel, 1902: 1A, 1B, 2C spathifera aspatha Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2C sulcaticeps Roger, 1863 : 2C sykesii Forel, 1902 : 2C, 2D terraceensis Bharti, 2001 : 2A watsoni Forel, 1902 : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D woodmasoni Forel, 1885 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866 sulcatus Emery, 1895 : 2C Genus Recurvidris Bolton, 1992 recurvispinosa (Forel, 1890) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rhopalomastix Forel, 1900 rothneyi Forel, 1900 : 2C Genus Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 geminata (Fabricius, 1804) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Stenamma Westwood, 1839 jhitingriense Bharti, Gul and Sharma, 2012: 2A kashmirense Baroni Urbani, 1977 : 1A, 1B, 2A wilsoni Bharti, Gul and Sharma, 2012 : 2A Genus Strumigenys Smith, 1860 aduncomala De Andrade, 2007: 2D assamensis Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 1994: 2D emmae (Emery, 1890): 2C, 2D exilirhina Bolton, 2000 : 2B, 2C, 2D godeffroyi Mayr, 1866 : 2C, 2D hemisobek (Bolton, 2000) : 2C lyroessa (Roger, 1862) : 2C, 2D membranifera Emery, 1869 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mitis (Brown, 2000) : 2D nannosobek (Bolton, 2000): 2C nanzanensis Lin and Wu, 1996 : 2C nepalensis Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 1994 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D podarge (Bolton, 2000) : 2A smythiesii Forel, 1902 : 2A, 2D virgila Bolton, 2000 : 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 desioi (Menozzi, 1939) 1A, 1B, 2A desioi melanicus (Menozzi, 1939) 1A, 1B, 2A fultonii (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A himachalensis Bharti, Gul and Schulz, 2012: 1A, 1B, 2A inermis (Forel, 1902) : 2A kashmirensis Bharti, Gul and Schulz, 2012 : 1A, 1B, 2A microreticulatus Bharti, Gul and schulz, 2012: 2A rothneyi (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rothneyi simlensis (Forel, 1904): 2A schurri (Forel, 1902) : 2A wroughtonii (Forel, 1904) : 1A, 1B Genus Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 barryi Mathew, 1981 : 2C, 2D belgaense Forel, 1902: 2C bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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browni Bolton, 1980 : 2D christiei Forel, 1902 : 2C coonoorense Forel, 1902) : 2A, 2B, 2C decamerum (Forel, 1902) : 2C elisabethae Forel, 1904 : 1A, 1B fergusoni Forel, 1902 : 2C indicum Forel, 1913 : 2C inglebyi Forel, 1902 : 2C lanuginosum Mayr, 1870 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mixtum Forel, 1902 : 2C obesum Andre, 1887 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pacificum Mayr, 1870 : 2C, 2D salvatum Forel, 1902 : 2A scabrum Mayr, 1879 : 2C shivalikense Bharti and Kumar, 2012 : 2A, 2B simillimum (Smith, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D smithi Mayr, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D tonganum Mayr, 1870 : 2A, 2B tortuosum Roger, 1863 : 2C triangulatum Bharti and Kumar, 2012: 2A, 2B urbanii Bolton, 1977 : 2C walshi (Forel, 1890) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D wroughtonii (Forel, 1902): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Trichomyrmex Mayr, 1865 aberrans (Forel, 1902) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D criniceps (Mayr, 1879) : 2C, 2D destructor (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D glaber (Andre, 1883) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scabriceps (Mayr, 1879) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D wroughtoni Forel, 1902 : 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Vollenhovia Mayr, 1865 gastropunctata Bharti and Kumar, 2013: 2A Subfamily PONERINAE Lepeletier, 1835 Genus Anochetus Mayr, 1861 cryptus Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013: 1A, 1B, 2A graeffei Mayr, 1870 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D kanariensis Forel, 1900: 2C madaraszi Mayr, 1897 : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D myops Emery, 1893 : 2A, 2C, 2D rufus (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C validus Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013 : 1A, 1B Genus Bothroponera Mayr, 1862 henryi Donisthorpe, 1942 : 2C rubiginosa (Emery, 1889) : 2C, 2D sulcata (Mayr, 1867) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D sulcata fossulata (Forel, 1900) : 2C sulcata sulcatotesserinoda (Forel, 1900): 2C tesseronoda (Emery, 1877) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D jerdonii (Forel, 1900) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D luteipes (Mayr, 1862) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D luteipes continentalis (Karavaiev, 1925) : 2C nigrita (Emery, 1895) : 2B, 2C obscurans (Walker, 1859) : 2A Genus Buniapone Schmidt and Shattuck, 2014 amblyops (Emery, 1887) : 2A, 2C Genus Centromyrmex Mayr, 1866 feae (Emery, 1889) : 2C Genus Cryptopone Emery, 1893 subterranea Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013: 1A, 1B, 2A

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testacea Emery, 1893 : 2C Genus Diacamma Mayr, 1862 assamense Emery, 1897 : 2C, 2D cyaneiventre Andre, 1887 : 2C indicum Santschi, 1920 : 2C, 2D rugosum (Le Guillou, 1842) : 2C, 2D rugosum jerdoni Forel, 1903 : 2C rugosum sculptum (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C, 2D rugosum sikkimense Forel, 1903 : scalpratum (Smith, 1858) : 2C Genus Ectomomyrmex Mayr, 1867 annamitus (Andre, 1892) : 2C annamitus arcuatus Forel, 1900 : 2C astutus (Smith, 1858) : 2C, 2D javanus Mayr, 1867 : 2C, 2D leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886) : 2C, 2D striolatus Donisthorpe, 1933 : 2A, 2B Genus Harpegnathos Jerdon, 1851 saltator Jerdon, 1851 : 2C venator (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hypoponera Santschi, 1938 aitkenii (Forel, 1900) : 2C assmuthi (Forel, 1905) : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D confinis (Roger, 1860) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D kashmirensis Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo and Singh, 2015: 1A, 1B ragusai (Emery, 1894) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D schmidti Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo and Singh, 2015 : 2D shattucki Bharti, Akbar, Wachkoo and Singh, 2015 : 2D truncata (Smith, 1860) : 2C wroughtonii (Forel, 1900) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Leptogenys Roger, 1861 birmana Forel, 1900 : 2C carinata Donisthorpe, 1943 : 2C chinensis (Mayr, 1870) : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D dalyi Forel, 1900 : 2C dentilobis Forel, 1900: 2C, 2D diminuta (Smith, 1857) : 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D diminuta deceptrix Forel, 1901 : 2C, 2D diminuta diminutolaeviceps Forel, 1900 :2C, 2D diminuta laeviceps (Smith, 1857) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D diminuta palliseri Forel, 1900 : 2C diminuta striatula Emery, 1895 : 2C diminuta woodmasoni (Forel, 1886) : 2C, 2D hysterica Forel, 1900 : 2A, 2B iridipennis (Smith, 1858) : 2C kitteli (Mayr, 1870) : 2A, 2C, 2D kitteli minor Forel, 1900 : 2C lattkei Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013 : 2A longiscapa Donisthorpe, 1943 : 2C lucidula Emery, 1895 : 2B, 2C moelleri (Bingham, 1903) : 2C peuqueti (Andre, 1887) : 2C processionalis (Jerdon, 1851) : 2C punctiventris (Mayr, 1879) : 2C roberti Forel, 1900 : 2D roberti coonoorensis Forel, 1900 : 2C transitionis Bharti and Wachkoo, 2013 : 2A Genus Mesoponera Emery, 1900 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

melanaria (Emery, 1893) : 2C Genus Myopias Roger, 1861 shivalikensis Bharti and Wachkoo, 2012 : 1A, 1B Genus Odontomachus Latreille, 1804 monticola Emery, 1892 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D rixosus Smith, 1857 : 1A, 1B, 2D simillimus Smith, 1858 : 2C, 2D Genus Odontoponera Mayr, 1862 denticulata (Smith, 1858) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Parvaponera Schmidt and Shattuck, 2014 darwinii (Forel, 1893) : 2C, 2D Genus Platythyrea Roger, 1863 parallela (Smith, 1859) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sagei Forel, 1900 : 2A, 2C Genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 indica Bharti and Wachkoo, 2012 : 2A, 2C paedericera Zhou, 2001 : 2D sikkimensis Bharti and Rilta, 2015 : 2C taylori Bharti and Wachkoo, 2012 : 2A, 2B Genus Pseudoneoponera Donisthorpe, 1943 bispinosa Smith, 1858 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rufipes (Jerdon, 1851) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PROCERATIINAE Emery, 1895 Genus Discothyrea Roger, 1863 stumperi Baroni Urbani, 1977 : 2C Genus Proceratium Roger, 1863 williamsi Mathew and Tiwari, 2000 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PSEUDOMYRMECINAE Smith, 1952 Genus Tetraponera Smith, 1852 allaborans (Walker, 1859): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D attenuate Smith, 1877: 2C, 2D binghami (Forel, 1902) 2C, 2D nigra (Jerdon, 1851): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nitida (Smith, 1860): 2C rufonigra (Jerdon, 1851): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family VESPIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Parapolybia Saussure, 1853 indica indica (Saussure, 1853): 2C varia (Fabricius, 1787): 2C Genus Vespula Thomson, 1869 austriaca (Panzer, 1799): 1A,1B flaviceps (Smith, 1872): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C germanica (Fabricius, 1793): 1A, 1B nursei Archer, 1981: 1A, 1B, 2A orbata orbata (Buysson, 1902) : 2C structor (Smith, 1870): 1A,1B, 2A, 2B Genus Provespa Ashmead, 1903 anomala (Saussure, 1853) : 2C barthelemyi (du Buysson, 1905): 2C, 2D Genus Cochlischnogaster Dong and Otsuka, 1997 dadugangensis Dong and Otsuka, 1997 : 2D Genus Parischnogaster Schulthess, 1914 mellyi (de Saussure, 1852) : 2D, 2C Genus Eustenogaster van der Vecht, 1969 hauxwellii (Bingham, 1894) : 2C scitula (Bingham, 1897) : 2C, 2D Genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 affinis (Linnaeus, 1764) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D analis Fabricius, 1775: 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

auraria Smith, 1852 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D basalis Smith, 1852 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bicolor Fabricius, 1787 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D binghami du Buysson, 1905 : 2C, 2D ducalis Smith, 1852 : 2C fumida van der Vecht, 1905 : 2C, 2D mandarinia Smith, 1852 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mocsaryana du Buysson, 1905 : 2C orientalis Linnaeus, 1771: 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D soror du Buysson, 1905 : 2D tropica (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D velutina Lepeletier, 1836 : 2C, 2D vivax Smith, 1870 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Polistes Latreille, 1802 gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767): 1A,1B nimpha (Christ, 1791): 1A, 1B associus Kohl, 1898: 1A,1B gigas Kirby, 1826: 2C tenebricosus sulcatus Smith, 1852: 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D olivaceus (De Geer, 1773) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D wattii Cameron, 1900 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rothneyi rothneyi Cameron, 1900 : 2C rothneyi sikkimensis van der Vecht, 1968: 2C rothneyi carletoni van der Vecht, 1968: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B sulcatus Smith, 1852 : 2C adustus Bingham, 1897 : 2C santoshae Das and Gupta, 1989:2C khasianus Cameron, 1900 : 2C opacus Gusenleitner, 2006 : 2C quadricingulatus Gusenleitner, 2006 : 1A, 1B, 2B rubellus Gusenleitner, 2006 : 2C strigosus atratus Das and Gupta, 1989: 2C sagittarius de Saussure, 1853: 2A,B,2C assamensis Bingham, 1897: 2C stigma tamulus (Fabricius, 1798) : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831 brevita Das and Gupta, 1989 : 2A, 2B, 2C colorata van der Vecht, 1941 : 2A, 2B cyathiformis (Fabricius, 1804) : 2B, 2C, 2D fasciata (Fabricius, 1804) : 2B, 2C, 2D jacobsoni (du Buysson, 1908) : 2B, 2C marginata (Lepeletier, 1836) : 2B mathematica (Smith, 1860) : 2B ornaticeps (Cameron, 1900) : 2C rufocollaris (Cameron, 1900) : 2B, 2C rufoplagiata (Cameron, 1905) : 2B santoshae Das and Gupta, 1989 : 2C, 2D scitula (Bingham, 1897) : 2C, 2D sericea (Cameron, 1905) : 2C stigma (Smith, 1858) : 2C variegata (Smith, 1852) : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 laticlypeus Giordani Soika, 1972 : 2C Genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 argentatum (Fabricius, 1804) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lugubrinum (Cameron, 1900) : 2C metallicum (de Saussure, 1852) : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ancistrocerus Wesmael, 1836 antelope (Panzer, 1798) : 1A, 1B

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nigricornis (Curtis, 1826) : 1A, 1B rufoluteus Gusenleitner, 1996 : 2B sikhimensis (Bingham, 1897) : 2C Genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 aurantica Giordani Soika, 1981 : 2B biguttata (Fabricius, 1787) : 2C, 2D bipustulata (de Saussure, 1855) : 2C, 2D ceylonica (de Saussure, 1867) : 2B, 2C excelsa pallida Giordani Soika, 1982 : 2A, 2B guttata diffinis (de Saussure, 1855) : 2B, 2C guttata guttata (Smith, 1852) : 2B, 2C kashmirensis Giordani Soika, 1977 : 1A, 1B ovalis (de Saussure, 1853) : 2B, C pruthii Giordani Soika, 1982 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, rufescens (Smith, 1857) : 2C sibilans (Cameron, 1903) : 2A, 2B, 2C tytides (Cameron, 1904) : 2C Genus Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863 abdominale (Illiger, 1802) : 2C coracinum (van der Vecht, 1963) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C flavolineatum (Smith, 1857) : 2C, 2D flavomarginatum (Smith, 1852) : 2B, 2C Genus Antodynerus Saussure, 1855 flavescens(Fabricius, 1775) : 2B, 2C limbatus(de Saussure, 1852) : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D punctatipennis (de Saussure, 1852) : 2B, 2C Genus Apodynerus de Saussure, 1855 formosensis indicus Giordani Soika, 1994 : 2D icarioides (Bingham, 1897) : 2C troglodytes (de Saussure, 1856) : 2C, 2D Genus Calligaster de Saussure, 1852 himalayensis (Cameron, 1904) : 2C Genus Coeleumenes van der Vecht, 1963 burmanicus (Bingham, 1897) : 2C impavidus impavidus (Bingham, 1897) : 2C Genus Cyrtolabulus van der Vecht, 1969 punctatus (Meade-Waldo, 1910) : 2A suavis (van der Vecht, 1963) : 2B Genus Delta de Saussure, 1855 companiforme gracilior (Giordani Soika, 1986) : 2C conoideum (Gmelin, 1790) : 2C, 2D dimidiatipenne (de Saussure, 1852) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D esuriens (Fabricius, 1787) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pyriforme pyriforme (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ectopioglossa Perkins (1912) sublaevis (Smith, 1857):2C Genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 affinissimus de Saussure, 1852 : 1A, 1B, 2D architectus Smith, 1859 : 2C, 2D atrophicus (Fabricius, 1798) : 2C persimilis Giordani Soika, 1960 : : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B placens Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B 2A punctatus de Saussure, 1852 : 2B, 2C, 2D sikkimensis Giordani Soika, 1986 : 2C Genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre, 1904 koenigsmanni Giordani Soika, 1972 : 2C unifasciatus Gusenleitner, 1998 : 2C Genus Gribodia Zavattari, 1912 punctatissima Giordani Soika, 1974 : 2C

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Genus Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910 indetonsus (Morawitz, 1895) : 2C Genus Labus de Saussure, 1867 humbertianus de Saussure, 1867 : 2A, 2C, 2D pusillus van der Vecht, 1963 : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Orancistrocerus van der Vecht, 1963 aterrimus khasianus (Cameron, 1900) : 2D moelleri (Bingham, 1897) : 2C Genus Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961 edwardsii (de Saussure, 1852) : 2B, 2C Genus Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970 darugiriensis Kumar, Carpenter and Sharma, 2014 : 2C, 2D miniatus miniatus (de Saussure, 1855) : 2B, 2C rufoniger Giordani Soika, 1994 : 2D, 2C Genus Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925 feai Giordani Soika, 1994 : 2C holzschuhi Gusenleitner, 1987 : 2D incorruptus demens Giordani Soika, 1972 : 2C irritatus Giordani Soika, 1972 : 2C Genus Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855 paradoxum laetum Giordani Soika, 1986 :2C brevirostratus (de Saussure, 1855) :2C quadrispinosus acutus Liu, 1941 : 2C Genus Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992 flavopictus (Blanchard, 1845) : 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudonortonia Giordani Soika, 1936 bhamensis bhamensis Giordani Soika, 1941 : 2C Genus Pseudozumia de Saussure, 1875 indica continentalis Giordani Soika : 2C Genus Rhynchium Spinola, 1806 brunneum (Fabricius, 1793) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D carnaticum (Fabricius, 1798) : 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855 sichelii (de Saussure, 1856) : 2C, 2D Genus Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836 parvilineatus (Cameron, 1904) 2C crassicornis (Panzer, 1798) : 2A gracilis (Brullé, 1832) : 1A, 1B tukvarensis (Meade-Waldo, 1910) : 2A, 2C violaceipennis Giordani Soika, 1966 : 2C Genus Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939 fraternus (Bingham, 1897) : 2B 2C hostis (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B Genus Xenorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 nitidulum (Fabricius, 1798) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Zethus Fabricius, 1804 dolosus Bingham, 1897 : 2C indicus Giordani Soika, 1960 : 2C trimaculatus Cameron, 1904 : 2C Family SCOLIIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Austroscolia (Betrem, 1927) nudata (Smith, 1855) : 2A, 2B ruficeps ruficeps (Smith, 1855) : 2C Genus Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941 annulata annulata (Fabricius, 1793) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D collaris collaris (Fabricius, 1775) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Carinoscolia Betrem 1927 bhamoensis (Magretti, 1892) : 2C opalina opalina Smith, 1857 : 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Colpacampsomeris Betrem, 1967 indica indica (de Saussure, 1855) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D opalina opalina (Smith) : 2C Genus Liacos Guerin, 1830 erythrosoma erythrosoma (Burmeister) : 2D, 2C Genus Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928 asiatica himalayana (Betrem, 1928) : 2A, 2C dehraensis (Betrem, 1928) : 2B grossiformis (Betrem, 1928) : 2B prismatica (Smith, 1855) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D reticulata (Cameron, 1892) : 2A shillongensis (Betrem, 1928) : 2B, 2C Genus Megascolia Betrem, 1928 almoraensis Gupta and Jonathan, 2003 : 2B azurea christiana (Betrem and Guiglia, 1958) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fulvifrons (de Saussure, 1854) : 2C procer procer (Illiger, 1802) : 2D rubida (Gribodo, 1893) : 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Micromeriella Betrem, 1971 marginella marginella: 2B Genus Phalerimeris Betrem, 1967 phalerata phalerata (de Saussure) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Scolia Fabricius, 1775 affinis Guerin, 1830 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bilunatade Saussure, 1863 : 2B binotata binotata Fabricius, 1804 : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D carmichaeli Betrem, 1933 : 2C, 2D clypeata rufohirta Betrem, 1933 : 2B cruenta Klug, 1810 : 2B, 2C cyanipennis Fabricius, 1804 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C dehraensis Betrem, 1918 : 2A, 2B desidiosa Bingham, 1896 : 2B, 2C elizabethae Bingham, 1897 : 2C fasciatopunctata dunensis Betrem, 1928 : 2A, 2B, 2C felderi Betrem, 1928 : 2C fichteli Betrem, 1928 : 2C, 2D formosicola malaisei Gupta and Jonathan, 2003 : 2B gilgitensis Betrem, 1928 : 2A kangraensis Betrem, 1928 : 2D laeviceps Kirby, 1889 : 2C nobilis nobilis and Saussure, 1858 : 2C quadripustulata Fabricius, 1781 : 2C rugifrons Betrem, 1928 : 2C, 2D sikkimensis Bingham, 1896 : 2C sinensis Saussure, 1864 : 2A superciliaris staudingeri Betrem, 1928 : 2B venusta Smith, 1855 : 2C wagneri Betrem, 1896 : 2C Genus Sericocampsomeris Betrem, 1941 rubromaculata rubromaculata (Smith) : 2C, 2D stygia stygia (Illiger) : 2C, 2D Family TIPHIIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 pulchaukiae Allen 1975: 1A, 1B davarae Allen 1975: 1A, 1B rufipes smith: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D consueta smith: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family MUTILLIDAE Latrielle, 1802 RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

Subfamily MYRMILLINAE Bischoff, 1920 Genus Bischoffitilla Lelej, 2002 acasta (Cameron, 1902): 2B Subfamily MUTILLINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Kurzenkotilla Lelej, 2005 scrobiculata (Hammer, 1962): 2B Genus Mutilla Linnaeus, 1758 semiviolacea André, 1896: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ephucilla Lelej, 1995 drola (Zavattari, 1913): 2C Genus Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870 cameroni Lelej, 2005: 2A hilaris Hammer, 1962: 2B, 2C kashmirensis Hammer, 1962: 1A, 1B sonata (Nurse, 1902): 2A Genus Pagdenidia Lelej, 1996 bicornuta (Hammer, 1962): 2C hymalajensis (Radoszkowski, 1885): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Radoszkowskius Ashmead, 1903 aeruginosus (Hammer, 1962): 2C Genus Trogaspidia Ashmead, 1899 artaxa (Cameron, 1904): 2A chota (Nurse, 1902): 2A regina Hammer, 1962: 2A, 2C Subfamily SPHAEROPTHALMINAE Ashmead, 1903 Genus Orientilla Lelej, 1979 schmideggeri Lelej, 2005: 2A Subfamily EPHUTINAE Ashmead, 1903 Genus Odontomutilla Ashmead, 1899 paderua Das and Girish Kumar, 2017: 2A sikkimensis André, 1904: 2C Family POMPILIDAE Latreille, 1804 Genus Hemipepsis Dahlbom, 1844 aenea (Cameron), 1904: 2C audax (Smith), 1855: 2C fenestrata (Smith), 1855: 2C fervida fervida (Smith), 1855: 2C ichneumonea (Guerin), 1831: 2C indica (Cameron), 1891: 2C perplexa (Smith, 1911): 2B flavus (Fabricius, 1775) : 2B Genus Aporus Spinola, 1808 cotesi Cameron, 1891 : 2B blandus (Guerin): 2B orientalis (Cameron): 2C, 2B tinctus (Smith): 2B Genus Anoplius Dufour, 1834 orodes Cameron, 1903 : 2C Genus Macromeris Arnaud, 1979 violacea Lepeletier: 2B Genus Auplopus Spinola, 1841 albilabris (Bingham): 2B laeviculus (Bingham) : 2B frauenfeldiana (Saussure): 2B Genus Salius Fabricius, 1798 bipartitus (Lepeletier, 1845): 2C, 2B ceylonicus (Saussure): 2C exilipes Bingham: 2C fenestratus (Smith): 2C

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flavus (Fabricius): 2C, 2B fulgidipennis (Saussure): 2C geminus Bingham: 2C, 2B grassator Bingham: 2C ichneumoneus (Guerien): 2C indicus Cameron: 2C madraspatanus (Smith): 2C, 2B nicevillii Bingham: 2C, 2B perplexus Smith: 2C, 2B rothneyi Cameron: 2C, 2B sinensis (Smith): 2C, 2B smithii Bingham: 2C terrenus Bingham: 2C Genus Pseudagenia Kohl, 1884 bipennis (Saussure): 2C hypsipyle Bingham: 2C alaris Saussure: 2C danae Bingham: 2C tincta Smith: 2C pedunculata Smith: 2C Genus Pompilus Fabricius, 1798 analis Fabricius, 1781 : 2C, 2B arrogans Smith, 1873 : 2C, 2B bioculatus Bingham, 1896 : 2C, 2B bracatus Bingham, 1896 : 2C, 2B bracatus, Bingham, 1896 : 2C canifrons (Smith, 1855): 2C, 2B daedalus Bingham, 1896 : 2C herbigradus Bingham, 1897 : 2C leucophaeus, Smith, 1873 : 2C limbatus Smith, 1861 : 2C lusciosus Bingham, 1896 : 2C maculipes Smith, 1870 : 2C, 2B moestus Klug, 1834 : 1A multipictus, Smith, 1879 : 2B perplexus Smith, 1855 : 2C, 2B reflexux Smith, 1855 : 2C, 2B rothneyi Cameron, 1891 : 2C subsericeus Saussure, 1865 : 2C, 2B vagabundus, Smith, 1855 : 2C zebra Cameron: 2C Genus Leptodialepis Haupt, 1929 praestabilis (Haupt, 1929): 2C Genus Malloscelis Haupt, 1935 exilipes (Bingham, 1896): 2C Superfamily APOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family APIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Amegilla Friese, 1897 brookiae (Bingham, 1890): 2B calceifera (Cockerell, 1911): 2B cingulifera (Cockerell, 1910) : 2B confusa (Smith, 1854) : 1A, 1B, 2C himalajensis (Radoszkowski, 1882) : 2A, 2C Genus Anthophora Latreille, 1802 atroalba (Lepeletier, 1841) : 1A, 1B, 2A iole ( Bingham, 1898) : 2A megarrhina (Cockerell, 1910) : 2C plagiata (Illiger, 1806) : 1A, 1B,2C Genus Apis Linnaeus, 1758

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andreniformis Smith, 1858: 2C cerana Fabricius, 1793 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dorsata Fabricius, 1793 : 1A, B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D florea Fabricius, 1787 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laboriosa Smith, 1871 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bombus Latreille, 1802 abnormis (Tkalců, 1968) : 2C asiaticus Morawitz, 1875 : 1A, 1B, 2C avinoviellus (Skorikov, 1914) : 1A, 1B biroi Vogt, 1911 : 1A, B, 2A bohemicus (Seidl, 1838) : 2A branickii (Radoszkowski, 1893) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C cornutus (Frison, 1933) : 2A, 2B eximius Smith, 1852 : 2C ferganicus (Radoszkowski, 1893) : 1A, 1B, 2A festivus Smith : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flavescens Smith, 1852 : 2B, 2C, 2D funerarius Smith, 1852 : 2B, 2C genalis Friese, 1918 : 2C, 2D grahami (Frison, 1933) : 2C haemorrhoidalis Smith, 1852 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C himalayanus (Skorikov, 1914) : 1A, 1B hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D infirmus (Tkalců, 1968) : 2C kashmirensis Friese, 1909 : 2A, 2C keriensis Morawitz, 1887 : 1A, 1B, 2A ladakhensis Richards, 1928 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C lemniscatus Skorikov, 1912 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lepidus Skorikov, 1912 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D luteipes Richards, 1934 : 2C, 2D melanurus Lepeletier, 1836 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C miniatus Bingham, 1897 : 2B, 2C mirus (Tkalců, 1968) : 2C nobilis Friese, 1905 : 2A, 2C novus (Frison, 1933) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B oberti Morawitz, 1883 : 1A, 1B parthenius Richards, 1934 : 2A, 2B, 2C personatus Smith, 1879 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C pressus (Frison, 1935) : 2B, 2C pyrosoma Morawitz, 1890 : 1A, 1B rotundiceps Friese, 1916 : 2B, 2C, 2D rufofasciatus Smith, 1852 : 1A, 1B, 2C semenovianus (Skorikov, 1914) : 1A, 1B sibiricus (Fabricius, 1781) : 2C simillimus Smith, 1852 : 1A 1B, 2B skorikovi (Popov, 1927) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C subtypicus (Skorikov, 1914) ; 1A, 1B tanguticus Morawitz, 1887 : 2C tibetanus (Morawitz, 1887) : 2C trifasciatus Smith : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tunicatus Smith, 1852 : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C turneri (Richards, 1929) : 2C, 2D waltoni Cockerell, 1910 : 2C breviceps Smith, 1852 : 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Braunsapis Michener, 1969 picitarsis (Cameron, 1903) : 2B Genus Ceratina latreille, 1802 bhawani Bingham, 1908 : 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

binghami Cockerell, 1908 : 2C cavifrons Shiokawa, 2006 : 2B demotica Baker, 2002 : 2A hieroglyphica Smith, 1854 : 2A incognita Bingham, 1898 : 2A loquata Nurse, 1902 : 2A moderata Cameron, 1897 : 2A, 2B muscatella Nurse, 1902 : 2A simillima Smith, 1854 : 2A splendida Shiokawa, 2008 : 2B Genus Elaphropoda Lieftinck, 1966 khasiana (Schulz, 1906) : 2B magrettii (Bingham, 1897) : 2B nuda (Radoszkowski, 1882) : 2C Genus Eucera Scopoli, 1770 diana Nurse, 1904 : 1A, 1B Genus Habropoda Smith, 1854 deiopea (Cameron, 1897) : 2A hookeri Cockerell, 1920 : 2A, 2B krishna Bingham, 1908 : 2C radoszkowskii (Dalla Torre, 1896) : 2A, 2C Genus Melecta Latreille, 1802 kashmirensis (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B Genus Nomada Scopoli, 1770 acutilabris Schwarz, 1990 : 2B annexa Nurse, 1904 : 1A, 1B arida Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B beata Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B glabriventris Schwarz, 1990 : 1A, 1B jammuensis Schwarz, 1990 : 1A, 1B ladakhiensis Schwarz, 1990 : 1A, 1B lucilla Nurse, 1902 : 2A lusca Smith, 1854 : 2C maculipennis (Cameron, 1902) : 2A radiata Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B solitaria Smith, 1854 : 2A turneri Meade-Waldo, 1913 : 2C Genus Tetragonula Moure, 1961 iridipennis (Smith, 1854) : 2B, 2C Genus Tetralonioidella Strand, 1914 himalayana (Bingham, 1897) 2B Genus Thyreus Panzer, 1806 himalayensis (Radoszkowski, 1893) : 2A, 2C histrio (Fabricius, 1775) : 2B, 2C massuri (Radoszkowski, 1893) : 2A, 2B, 2C ramosa (Lepeletier, 1841 : 2A takaonis (Cockerell, 1911) : 2B, 2C Genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 ruficornis Fabricius, 1804 : 1A, 1B, 2C acutipennis Smith, 1854 : 2C aestuans (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2C amethystina (Fabricius, 1793) : 2C assimilis Ritsema, 1880 : 1A, 1B auripennis Lepeletier, 1841 : 1A,1B, 2B, 2C bentoni Cockerell, 1919 : 2A, 2B bryorum (Fabricius, 1775) : 2C coerulea (Fabricius) : 2C dejeanii Lepeletier, 1841, : 2A, 2C fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798) : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

flavonigrescens Smith, 1854, : 2C latipes (Drury, 1773) : 2C minor Maidl, 1912 : 2C tenuiscapa Westwood, 1840 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1804) : 2C valga Gerstäcker, 1872 : 1A, 1B violacea (Linnaeus) : 1A, 1B Family ANDRENIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Andrena Fabricius, 1775 anonyma Cameron, 1897 : 2B arima Cameron, 1909 : 2A brunneipennis Bingham, 1908 : 2A burkelli Bingham, 1908 : 2A cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2B communis Smith, 1879 : 2B floridula Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B, 2A gracillima Cameron, 1897 : 2B mephistophelica Cameron, 1897 : 2B morosa Cameron, 1897 : 2B patella Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B rothneyi Cameron, 1897 : 2A, 2B rupshuensis Cockerell, 1911 : 1A, 1B Family COLLETIDAE Lepeletier, 1841 Genus Colletes Latreille, 1802 bischoffi Noskiewicz, 1936 : 2B dudgeonii Bingham, 1897 : 2C eous Morice, 1904 : 1A, 1B floralis Eversmann, 1852 : 1A, 1B laevigena Noskiewicz, 1936 : 1A, 1B reticulatus (Cameron, 1897) : 2A, 2B sanctus Cockerell, 1910: 1A, 1B sodalis (Cameron, 1897) : 2B tibeticus Kuhlmann, 2002 : 1A, 1B Genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 advocata (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B basimacula (Cameron, 1904) : 2C feai (Vachal, 1894) : 2D fervidus (Smith, 1878) : 1A, 1B kashmirensis (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B secretus (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B vetustus (Nurse, 1903) : 1A, 1B Family HALICTIDAE Thomson, 1869 Genus Dufourea Lepeletier, 1841 gkuruensis (Warncke, 1979) : 1A, 1B kashmirensis (Warncke 1979) : 1A, 1B ladakhensis (Warncke, 1979) : 1A, 1B Genus Halictus Latreille, 1804 brunnescens (Eversmann, 1852 : 2B constrictus Smith, 1853 : 2A duplocinctus Vachal, 1902 : 1A, 1B fimbriatus Smith, 1853 : 2A minor Morawitz, 1876 : 2A paropamisos Ebmer, 1978 : 1A, 1B propinquus Smith, 1853 : 2A, 2B resurgens Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B subauratoides Blüthgen, 1926 : 2B, 2C subauratus (Rossi, 1792) : 1A, 1B vicinus Vachal, 1895 : 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Lasioglossum Curtis, 1833

391

albescens (Smith, 1853) : 2A, 2B, 2C algirum (Blüthgen, 1923) : 2B alphenum (Cameron, 1897) : 2B buccinum (Vachal, 1895) : 2C cameronellum (Cockerell, 1911) : 2A catileps (Blüthgen, 1926) : 1A, 1B cavillosum (Vachal, 1895) : 2B compressum (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2B, 2C cuniculum (Vachal, 1895) : 2B deliense (Strand, 1910) : 2D didomenon Ebmer, 1980 : 1A, 2B discursum (Cameron, 1897) : 2B dolus Ebmer, 1974 : 1A, 1B dynastes (Bingham, 1898) : 1A, 1B, 2A eduardi (Blüthgen, 1931) : 2C epipygiale (Blüthgen, 1924) : 2B excisum Ebmer, 1998 : 2C feai (Vachal, 1895) : 2C fulgens (Nurse, 1902) : 2A funebre (Cameron, 1897) : 2B, 2C himalayense (Bingham, 1898) : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C hypsiston Ebmer, 1980 : 1A, 1B krishna (Nurse, 1901) : 1A, 1B, 2A leucozonium (Schrank, 1781) : 1A, 1B, 2A marginatum (Brullé, 1832) : 1A, 1B, 2B massuricum (Blüthgen, 1926) : 1A, 1B, 2A matianense (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2A melachloron Ebmer, 1983 : 1A, 1B nursei (Blüthgen, 1926) : 1A, 1B oppositum (Smith, 1875) : 2C orpheus (Nurse, 1904) : 2A perihirtulum (Cockerell, 1937) : 2A polyctor (Bingham, 1908) : 2B pseudoccidens (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2C reliquum (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2A rugolatum (Smith, 1853) : 2A salutatrix (Cameron, 1897) : 2A, 2B, 2C sanitarium (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2C serenum (Cameron, 1897) : 2B shoichi Ebmer, 2004 : 2B sikkimense (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2C sikkimicum (Blüthgen, 1926) : 2C simlaense (Cameron, 1909) : 2A splendidulum (Vachal, 1895) : 2A, C spodiozonium (Vachal, 1895) : 2A sublaterale (Blüthgen, 1931) : 2A tardum (Cameron, 1897) : 1A, 1B, 2B tschibuklinum (Blüthgen, 1931) : 1A, 1B vagans (Smith, 1857) : 2B villosulum (Kirby, 1802) : 2A xystonotum (Vachal, 1895) : 2C Genus Lipotriches Gerstaecker, 1858 himalayana (Nurse, 1901) : 2A immsi (Cockerell, 1920) : 2B kangrae (Nurse, 1904) : 2A pulchriventris (Cameron, 1897) : 2B, 2C Genus Nomia Latreille, 1804 terminata Smith, 1875 : 2C aurata Bingham, 1897 : 2B carinata Smith, 1875 : 2C

392

kulliensis S Tomar and M Tomar, 2005 : 2A nitidata Strand, 1913 : 2C, 2D Genus Patellapis Friese, 1909 reticulosa (Dalla Torre, 1896) : 2B Genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 decorus (Cameron, 1897) : 2B dissimilandus (Cameron, 1897) : 2B fumipennis Smith, 1853 : 2C gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B indicus Bingham, 1898 : 2A invidus (Cameron, 1897) : 2B iridipennis Smith, 1879 : 2A lasimensis Blüthgen, 1927 : 2A monilicornis (Kirby, 1802) : 1A, 1B montanus Smith, 1879 : 2B perplexus Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B setiger Blüthgen, 1925 : 2A sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927 : 2C simlaellus Blüthgen, 1927 : 2A simlaensis Blüthgen, 1925 : 2A tantalus Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B Genus Steganomus Ritsema, 1873 gracilis Cameron, 1898 : 2B Family MEGACHILIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Anthidiellum Cockerell, 1904 anale (Friese, 1914) : 2C Genus Anthidium Fabricius, 1804 conciliatum Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B, 2A himalayense Gupta and Simlote, 1995 : 2A kashmirense Mavromoustakis, 1937 : 1A, 1B sikkimense Mavromoustakis, 1937 : 2C Genus Chelostoma Latreille, 1809 aureocinctum (Bingham, 1897) : 2C Genus Coelioxys Latreille, 1809 confusa Smith, 1875 : 2A, 2C coturnix Pérez, 1884 : 2A, 2B cuneata Smith, 1875 : 2A emarginata Förster, 1853 : 2C fuscipennis Smith, 1854 : 2A lata Cameron, 1908 : 1A, 1B, 2A pasteeli Gupta, 1992 : 2A quadrifasciata Gupta, 1992 : 2A Genus Euaspis Gerstaecker, 1857 carbonaria (Smith, 1854) : 1A, 1B, 2C edentate Baker, 1995 : 2B strandi Meyer, 1921 : 2C Genus Heriades Spinola, 1808 auroscopata (Gupta, Simlote and Sharma, 1993) : 2A bidentata (Gupta and Simlote, 1993) : 2A chrysogaster (Cameron, 1897) : 2B erecta Gupta, 1987 : 2A fasciata (Gupta, Sharma and Simlote, 1993): 2A haryanensis (Gupta, Sharma and Simlote, 1993) : 2A hexadenticulata (Gupta, Sharma and Simlote, 1993) : 2A himalayensis Gupta, 1993 : 2A indica (Gupta, Sharma and Simlote, 1993) : 2A lobata (Gupta and Sharma, 1993 : 2A micheneri (Gupta and Sharma, 1993) : 2A nigroa (Gupta and Sharma, 1993) : 2A nursei (Gupta and Sharma, 1993) : 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

orientalis Gupta, 1987 : 2A parvula Bingham, 1897 : 2A patella (Nurse, 1902) : 2A, 2B rufoflagellata Gupta and Simlote, 1993 : 2A rufomarginata (Gupta, Sharma and Simlote, 1993): 2A solanensis (Gupta, Simlote and Sharma, 1993) : 2A Genus Hoplitis Klug, 1807 indostana (Cameron, 1908) : 1A, 1B Genus Hoplitis_SENSU_LATO himachali (Gupta, 1991) : 2A Genus Lithurgus Berthold, 1827 atratus Smith, 1853 : 2B, C taprobanae Cameron, 1902 Genus Megachile Latreille, 1802 amputata Smith, 1857 : 2C anthracina Smith, 1853 : 2B bhavanae Bingham, 1897 : 2C bicolor (Fabricius, 1781) : 2C binghami Meade-Waldo, 1912 : 2C centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758) : 1A, 1B cephalotes Smith, 1853 ; 2B conjuncta Smith, 1853 : 2C disjuncta (Fabricius, 1781) : 2B fulvofasciata Radoszkowski, 1882 : 2C gribodoi Radoszkowksi, 1882 ; 2C griseopicta Radoszkowski, 1882 : 2C heterotrichia Cameron, 1909 : 2A implicator Cameron, 1897 : 2B inepta Cameron, 1909 : 2A kashmirensis (Tkalců, 1988) : 1A, 1B ladacensis Cockerell, 1911 : 1A, 1B ladakhensis (Tkalců, 1988) : 1A, 1B lateritia Smith, 1859 : 2C maligna Cameron, 1897 : 2B melanoneura Cameron, 1909 : 2A moelleri Bingham, 1897 : 2C monticola Smith, 1853 : 2C mystacea (Fabricius, 1775) : 2C nana Bingham, 1897 : 2C parvula Cameron, 1897 : 2B penetrate Smith, 1879 : 2B rupshuensis Cockerell, 1911 : 1A, 1B saigonensis Cockerell, 1920 : 2C sikkimi Radoszkowski, 1882 : 2C simlaensis Cameron, 1909 : 2A stirostoma Cameron, 1913 : 2B studiosella Cockerell, 1911 : 2A stulta Bingham, 1897 : 2C sycophanta Cameron, 1897 : 2B tuberculata Smith, 1857 : 2C umbripennis Smith, 1853 : 2C vigilans Smith, 1878 : 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Noteriades Cockerell, 1931 himalayensis Gupta and Simlote, 1993 : 2A infasciata Simlote and Gupta, 1993 : 2A pulchripes (Cameron, 1897) : 2B striolatus (Cameron, 1906) : 2A tergofasciata Simlote and Gupta, 1993: 2A Genus Orientoheriades fasciatus Gupta, Sharma, and Simlote, 1993 RAJMOHANA et al. : Insecta: Hymenoptera

lobatus Gupta and Sharma, 1993 micheneri Gupta and Sharma, 1993 Genus Osmia Panzer, 1806 adae Bingham, 1897 : 2B gulmargensis Nurse, 1903 : 1A 1B kashmirensis Nurse, 1903 : 1A, 1B Genus Pachyanthidium Friese, 1905 himalayense (Gupta and Sharma, 1993) : 2A Genus Protosmia Ducke, 1900 devia Tkalců, 1978 : 1A, 1B Genus Pseudoheriades Peters, 1970 himalayensis Sharma, Simlote and Gupta, 1993 : 2A Genus Trachusa Panzer, 1804 longicornis (Friese, 1902) : 2C Family MELITTIDAE Schenck, 1860 Genus Melitta Kirby, 1802 cameroni (Cockerell, 1910) : 2A harrietae (Bingham, 1897) : 1A, 1B Family AMPULICIDAE Shuckard, 1840 Genus Trirogma Westwood, 1841 caerulea Westwood: 2B Genus Dolichurus Latreille, 1809 bipunctatus Bingham, 1896: 2C taprobanae Smith, 1869: 2B, 2C Genus Ampulex Jurine, 1807 compressa (Fabricius, 1793) : 2D crudelis Bingham, 1897: 2C dissector (Thunberg) : 2B latifrons Kohl, 1893: 2C ruficoxis Cameron, 1902: 2C sikkimensis (Kriechbaumer, 1874) : 2C Family CRABRONIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Pemphredon Latreille , 1796 fuscipennis (Cameron): 2B Subfamily PEMPHREDONINAE Bohart and Menke, 1976 Genus Psen (Latrielle, 1796) orientalis Cameron, 1890: 1A, 1B, 2B Genus Psenulus (Kohl, 1897) pulcherrimus (Bingham, 1896): 2B Genus Carinostigmus Tsuneki, 1954 congruus (Walker, 1860): 2B, 2C Subfamily ASTATINAE Bohart and Menke, 1976 Genus Astata Latreille, 1796 nigricans Cameron, 1889: 2D Genus Dryudella Spinola, 1843 maculifrons (Cameron, 1889): 2D orientalis (Smith, 1856): 2D Subfamily LARRINAE Bohart and Menke, 1976 Genus Larra Fabricius, 1793 simillima (Smith, 1856): 2B maura (Fabricius, 1787): 2B Genus Liris Fabricius, 1804 aurulenta (Fabricius, 1787): 2C ducalis (Smith, 1860): 2C deplanata binghami Tsuneki, 1967 : 2B nigriventris (Cameron): 2B subtessellata (Smith, 1856): 2B jaculator (Smith, 1856): 2B laboriosa (Smith, 1856): 2B haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1804): 2C

393

Genus Dicranorhina Shuckard, 1840 ruficornis (Cameron, 1889): 2C varicornis (Cameron, 1904): 2C Genus Tachytes Panzer, 1806 sinensis (Smith, 1856): 2B argyreus (Smith, 1856): 2B modestus Smith, 1856: 2C vicinus Cameron, 1889: 2B, 1A, 1B vischnu Cameron, 1889: 1A ,1B Genus Tachysphex Kohl, 1883 bengalensis Cameron, 1889: 2C Genus Lyroda Say, 1837 formosa (Smith, 1889): 2C nigra (Cameron, 1904): 2C venusta Bingham, 1897: 2C Genus Parapiagetia Kohl, 1897 erythropoda (Cameron, 1889): 2B Genus Pison Jurine erythropus Kohl, 1884: 2B punctifrons Shuckard, 1838: 2B rugosum Smith, 1856: 2B striolatum Cameron: 2B obliteratum Smith: 2B Genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 gracilescens Smith, 1860: 2B intrudens Smith, 1870: 2C pileatum Smith, 1856: 2B canaliculatum errans de Saussure, 1867: 2B Subfamily CRABRONINAE Bohart and Menke, 1976 Tribe CRABRONINI Bohart and Menke, 1976 Genus Crossocerus Lepeletier and Brullé, 1835 annandali (Bingham, 1908): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B 2C,2D ardens (Cameron, 1890): 2B diacanthus (Gussakovskij, 1930): 1A, 1B eques (Nurse, 1902): 2B kohli (Bischoff, 1922): 1A, 1B Genus Crabro Fabricius, 1776 funestus Kohl, 1915: 2C Genus Hingstoniola Turner and Waterston, 1926 duplicata (Turner and Waterston, 1926): 2C Genus Dasyproctus Lepeletier and Brullé, 1835 buddha (Cameron): 2B opifex (Bingham): 2B agilis orientalis Cameron, 1890: 2B, 2C oppidanus Leclercq, 1972: 2C Genus Ectemnius Dahlbom, 1845 agycus (Cameron, 1904): 2B asiaticus Leclercq, 1950: 2C fulvopilosellus (Cameron, 1902): 2C martjanowii (F Morawitz, 1892): 2C palitans (Bingham): 2B trichiosomus (Cameron, 1904): 2B violaceipennis (Cameron, 1907): 2C Genus Lestica Billberg, 1820 alacer (Bingham, 1896): 2C quadriceps (Bingham): 2B Subfamily NYSSONINAE Genus Lestiphorus Lepeletier, 1832 greeni (Bingham, 1896): 2A Genus Ammatomus Costa, 1859

394

albipes (Bingham, 1897): 2C Tribe STIZINI Genus Stizus Latrielle, 1802 biclipeatus (Christ, 1791): 2C vespiformis (Fabricius): 2B Genus Bembecinus A Costa, 1859 proximus (Handlirsch): 2B Genus Bembix Fabricius, 1775 fossoria Smith, 1878: 1A,1B latitarsis Handlirsch: 2B sulphurescens Dahlbom: 2B Genus Stizoides Guérin-Méneville, 1844 blandinus (Smith): 2B Subfamily PHILANTHINAE Bohart and Menke, 1976 Genus Cerceris Latreille, 1802 basimacula Cameron, 1907: 2C instabilis Smith: 2B mastogaster Smith: 2B pictiventris Dhalbom: 2B stratiotes Schletterer, 1887: 2B tristis Cameron, 1890: 2C vigilans Smith, 1856: 2C vischnu Cameron: 2B Family SPHECIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Parapsammophila Taschenberg, 1869 erytlzrocephalus (Fabricius) : 2B Genus Podalonia Fernald, 1927 hirticeps (Cameron) : 2B laeta (Bingham) 2B Genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 bengalense Dahlbom, 1845: 2B, 2C malignum (Kohl, 1906) : 2C Genus Sceliphron Klug, 1801 javanum (Lepeletier, 1845): 2D intrudens (Smith, 1859): 2C madraspatanum (Fabricius, 1793): 2B,2C rectum Kohl, 1918: 2C curvatum (Smith): 2B formosum (Smith, 1865): 2D Genus Chlorion Latreille, 1802-1803 lobatum (Fabricius, 1775): 2B,2D Genus Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 argentatus Fabricius, 1793: 2D, 2C praedator luteipennis Mocsary, 1883: 2D praedator melanopoda Strand: 2B pruinosus Germar: 2B sericeus fabricii Dahlbom, 1843: 2B, 2C subtruncatus Dahlbom, 1843: 2D, 2C Genus Isodontia Patton, 1880 aurifrons (Smith, 1859): 2C edax (Bingham, 1897): 2C nigella (Smith): 2B Genus Prionyx van der Linden, 1827 viduatus (Christ, 1791): 2C Genus Ammophila W Kirby, 1798 atripes Smith, 1852: 2D, 2C basalis Smith, 1856: 2D, 2C laevigata Smith, 1856: 2D, 2C punctata Smith, 1856: 2C

for his help in compiling this list.


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Chapter 35

Insecta : Coleoptera DEVANSHU GUPTA1, KAILASH CHANDRA2, PRIYANKA DAS3 and JOYJIT GHOSH4

With the aim to document beetle diversity in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya, this compilation reports about 10,533 species of beetles belonging to 2,684 genera under 107 families, accounting 47.3% of the total beetle diversity of India (22,299 species) and nearly 2.7% of its global diversity (3,89,487 species). Out of them, seven families are highly diverse, Staphylinidae (21%), Scarabaeidae (10%), Carabidae (9%), Chrysomelidae (9%), Curculionidae (7%), Elateridae (5%), and Tenebrionidae (5%). About half of the species (5,081) are distributed in Central Himalaya comprising most of the Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong regions of West Bengal state. West Himalaya is similarly enriched with 4,075 species, and North-West Himalaya possesses 2,903 species. East Himalaya has been less investigated so far, with only 1,015 species recorded from highly diverse and less explored Arunachal Pradesh. Eighty-two species show broad distributional range in North West, West, Central and East Himalayas. Besides widely distributed species, there are species which have been reported from only a single biotic province or a single locality. Central Himalaya has 3,583 such species, West Himalaya 2,241 species, North West Himalaya 1,556 species, and East Himalaya 487 species, which have not yet been recorded from any other province of IH. The diversity in the Trans Himalayan biotic provinces is little known, with highest in Tibetan Plateau (0.45%), followed by Ladakh Mountains (0.34%), and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (0.21%). A major part of Trans Himalaya is cold desert and is unsuitable for living, though beetles are recorded from the region, and further studies may result in a good number of species from the area. Beetles perform various ecological roles such as bio-control agents, pollinators, decomposers, pests of crops and forest plantations. Thus every niche occupying by the beetle communities need to be explored for habitat analysis and resource management.

T

INTRODUCTION

he order Coleoptera includes hard-bodied beetles which are holometabolous with complex metamorphosis, and their forewings are folded into chitinous elytra, hind wings membranous, protected under elytra while in resting stage. They are distinguished by mandibulate mouthparts, antennae with 11 or fewer antennomeres, larvae worm-like, and the male aedeagus, and the female ovipositor is retracted into the abdominal apex when not in use. Based on the number of named animal diversity, beetles are the most species-rich group on this planet today. As per estimate made by Zhang (2013), around 3,89,487 extant species belonging to 29,500 genera

and 176 families under four suborders (Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, and Polyphaga) are known globally with many are known by a single locality or by the single specimen. Fossil taxa include 31 families and 2,928 species globally. This much diversity is the outcome of some 250 million years of evolution since the earliest beetle fossils found in the Permian period. Exploration of beetle fauna is not equal in every part of the globe, so a higher number of species is expected as this is the most diversified insect order. Grove and Stork (2000) hypothesized that about 70–95% of all the beetle species are yet to be discovered and described and also emphasized that it would take 200 years to explore the entire beetle fauna of the world.

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Gupta, D., Chandra, K., Das, P. and Ghosh, J. 2018. Insecta : Coleoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 399-590 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

The beetles are ubiquitous and found in almost all ecosystems except arctic snow and the sea water. With a broad range of anatomical and biological diversity, they represent about one-fourth of the total animal diversity of the world and the present era can be said to be the ‘Age of the Beetles’. The estimates made by Ramakrishna and Alfred (2007) on the status of Indian Coleoptera, include about 17,431 species under 113 species. However, current documentation and data compilation by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), on the known beetle diversity of India, roughly resulted in the list of 22,299 species, so far from the country. The number of named beetle diversity of India may raise if the database of all the known species is prepared by compiling all the scattered publications made on the group on a single online dataset. Biogeographically, India is classified into ten different biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-Arid, Gangetic Plains, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, Northeast, Islands, and Coasts each with characteristics biota, and broadly representing similar climatic conditions (Rodgers et al., 2002). ZSI is currently involved in its ambitious project to document the faunal diversity of all the ten biogeographic zones of the country with the distribution of species in biotic provinces. In this connection, this compilation aims to list all the named species of order Coleoptera from Indian Himalaya (IH) representing two biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya, and Himalaya. IH is divided into seven biotic provinces: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains (1A), Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (1B), Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (1C), North-West Himalaya (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C), and East Himalaya (2D) (Rodgers et al., 2002). To date, the beetle diversity of IH includes 10,533 species arranged in 2,684 genera, 287 subfamilies, and 107 families under three suborders: Myxophaga, Adephaga, and Polyphaga (see systematic list; Tables 1, 2). The distribution of each species in different biotic provinces of IH is also given. The suprageneric classification adopted here is after Slipinski et al. (2011) with further modifications by Bouchard et al. (2011). The species are listed with their valid names. The names of species, genera, tribes, subtribes, and subfamilies are given in alphabetical orders.

HISTORICAL RESUME Linnaeus (1758) in his 10th volume of ‘Systema Naturae’ named about 50 beetles from India, out of them, 41 species were from Himalaya. Since Linnaeus, an immense amount of literature has been generated on the taxonomy and diversity of order Coleoptera from India, including IH. The systematic list of beetles of IH is prepared by consulting and compiling the multiple literature sources such as Fauna of British India and India, State Fauna 400

Series (ZSI), World Checklists and Catalogues, Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, revisions of genera and families, research papers on beetle faunistics, and various online databases. The primary references have been cited here from where the data is compiled. Zoological Records (1864-2017) were also scrutinized rigorously for finalization of the species list. The first major compilation on order Coleoptera from India was printed between 1906-1949 in the form 19 books titled ‘Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma’. This series covered the information on following families Cerambycidae (Gahan, 1906), Chrysomelidae (Jacoby, 1908; Maulik, 1919, 1926, 1936), Scarabaeidae (Arrow, 1910, 1917, 1931), Cicindelidae and Paussidae (Fowler, 1912), Curculionidae (Marshall, 1916), Erotylidae, Languriidae and Endomychidae (Arrow, 1925), Carabidae (Andrewes, 1929, 1935), Staphylinidae (Cameron, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1939a, 1939b) and Lucanidae, Passalidae (Arrow, 1949). Later, Vazirani (1984: Haliplidae and Gyrinidae), Pajni (1990: Curculionidae: Eremninae), Sengupta and Pal (1996: Silvanidae), and Maiti and Saha (2004, 2009: Scolytidae) published five ‘Fauna of India’ volumes on five major families. A very significant series of works were written during 1910-1940 entitled “Coleopterorum Catalogus” and ‘Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa’ comprising the list of the global beetle fauna. The works included in the series are Ahlwarth (1910), Bickhardt (1910), Roon (1910), Schönfeldt (1910), Wagner (1910), Hagedorn (1910), Zaitzev (1910), Léveillé (1910), Pape (1910), Gestro (1910a, 1910b), Olivier (1910a, 1910b), Schmidt (1910, 1912), Gebien (1910a, 1910b, 1911a, 1911b), Bernhauer and Schubert (1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916), Borchmann (1910a, 1910b, 1917), Pic (1910, 1911a, 1911b, 1912a, 1912b, 1913, 1914, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1937), Csiki (1910a, 1910b, 1910c, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1919, 1924, 1927a, 1927b, 1928a, 1928b, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932a, 1932b, 1933a, 1933b, 1934a, 1934b, 1936), Gillet (1911), Kuhnt (1911), Ritsema (1911), Dalla Torre (1911a, 1911b, 1911c, 1911d, 1912a, 1912b, 1912c, 1913), Weise (1911, 1916, 1924), Strohmeyer (1912), Boucomont (1912), Arrow (1912, 1937), Aurivillius (1912, 1922, 1923), Lameere (1913), Jeannel (1914), Spaeth (1914), Méquignon (1914), Ohaus (1915), Clavareau (1913a, 1913b, 1914), Schenkling (1915a, 1915b, 1921, 1922, 1923a, 1923b, 1925, 1927a, 1927b, 1928a, 1928b, 1928c, 1931, 1934, 1935), Zimmermann (1920), Knisch (1924), Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz (1926), Horn (1926), Hetschko (1926a, 1926b, 1930a, 1930b, 1930c), Obenberger (1926, 1930, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937), Raffray (1927), Boucomont and Gillet (1927), Kleine (1927, 1933), Blair (1928), Hatch (1928, 1929), Wolfrum (1929, 1953), Schenkling and Marshall (1929, 1931a, 1931b, 1934, 1936, 1939), Dalla Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Torre and Hustache (1930), Dalla Torre and Voss (1930, 1937, 1952), Dalla Torre and Emden (1931), Korschefsky (1931, 1932), Dalla Torre and Schenkling (1932), Dalla Torre et al. (1932a, 1932b, 1936, 1937, 1939), Günther and Zumpt (1933), Hustache (1934, 1936, 1938), Klima (1934a, 1934b, 1934c, 1935, 1936), Hincks and Dibb (1935, 1958), Voss (1935, 1952, 1953), Lona (1936, 1937, 1938), Greiner (1937), Lesne (1938), Emden and Emden (1939), Delkeskamp (1939, 1977, 1978), Heikertinger and Csiki (1939, 1940), Corporal (1950), Hincks (1950), Janssens (1953), Jolivet (1957, 1970), Uhmann (1957, 1958, 1964), Monrós (1958, 1960), Benesh (1960), McDermot (1966), Wilcox (1971, 1972, 1973, 1975), and Machatschke (1972, 1974). As a primary aim to document the faunal diversity of Indian states, ZSI has published many ‘State Fauna Series’ over the years. The distributional data of following papers of State Fauna Series (ZSI) on the beetle diversity of various families of the states lying across IH was used for compiling the species list: West Bengal: Rhysodidae, Paussidae and Cicindelidae (Saha et al., 1995), Carabidae (Saha, 1995; Mukhopadhyay et al., 1996), Dytiscidae (Biswas et al., 1995), Gyrinidae and Haliplidae (Biswas et al., 1995), Hydrophilidae (Biswas and Mukhopadhyay, 1995), Histeridae (Chakraborty and Biswas, 1995), Staphylinidae (Biswas and Biswas, 1995), Scarabaeidae (Chatterjee and Biswas, 1995), Coccinellidae (Chakraborty et al., 1996), Meloidae (Saha and Das, 1996a), Tenebrionidae (Saha and Das, 1996b), Chrysomelidae (Basu, 1996), Scolytidae (Saha and Maity, 1996); Sikkim: Cicindelidae (Mukhopadhyay and Halder, 2003a), Gyrinidae and Dytiscidae (Mukhopadhyay and Ghosh, 2003a), Hydrophilidae (Mukhopadhyay and Sengupta, 2003), Histeridae (Chakraborty and Biswas, 2003a), Scarabaeidae (Chatterjee and Biswas, 2003), Rhizophagidae (Pal, 2003a), Silvanidae (Pal, 2003b), Languriidae (Pal, 2003c), Erotylidae (Pal, 2003d), Endomychidae (Pal, 2003e), Coccinellidae (Chakraborty and Biswas, 2003b), Discolomidae (Pal, 2003f), Colydidae (Pal, 2003g), Inopeplidae (Pal, 2003h), Cerambycidae (Mukhopadhyay and Halder, 2003b), Curculionidae (Mukhopadhyay and Halder, 2003c), Platypodidae (Nandi and Mukhopadhyay, 2003), Elateridae (Mukhopadhyay and Chakraborty, 2003), Staphylinidae (Biswas, 2003), Scolytidae (Saha and Maiti, 1984); Arunachal Pradesh: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae (Sewak, 2006); Uttarakhand: Gyrinidae and Dytiscidae (Mukhopadhyay and Ghosh, 2010), Coccinellidae (Chakraborty, 2010a), Histeridae (Chakraborty, 2010b), Scarabaeidae (Chatterjee, 2010), Hydrophilidae (Mukhopadhyay, 2010), and Staphylinidae (Mukhopadhyay and Sar, 2010). Eleven volumes including revised and updated versions of 'Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera' have GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

been published till date with the first volume in 2003. The updated status on the taxonomy of different taxa is presented with utmost accuracy with the distribution of each species. The initial volume of 'Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera' was edited by Löbl and Smetana in 2003 on suborders, Archostemata, Myxophaga, and Adephaga which is recently revised and updated by Löbl and Löbl (2017). Two books on superfamilies, Hydrophiloidea, and Staphylinoidea have been published so far, first by Löbl and Smetana (2004) and the revised and updated version in 2015 by Löbl and Löbl. Löbl and Smetana (2006) also edited Catalogue of Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, and Byrrhoidea which was further revised and updated by Löbl and Löbl (2016). The other volumes include Löbl and Smetana, (2007: Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, Lymexyloidea, Cleroidea, and Cucujoidea; 2008: Tenebrionoidea; 2010: Chrysomeloidea; 2011, 2013: Curculionoidea). Relevant articles containing information on the distributional records of beetles from the areas under IH, published in the ‘Records of Indian Museum’ and ‘Records of the Zoological Survey of India’, and on following different families are: Cleridae (Schenkling, 1908), Anthribidae (Jordan, 1913a, 1913b), Lucanidae and Passalidae (Gravely, 1915; Vazirani, 1965; Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985a; Pal, 1992a), Carabidae (Dover and Ribeiro, 1923; Saha and Biswas, 1985), Coccinellidae (Kapur, 1951, 1956, 1972; Ghosh et al., 1991), Scarabaeidae (Kacker, 1966; Chatterjee and Saha, 1981; Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985b; Chandra et al., 2012), Endomychidae (Vazirani and Saha, 1972), Meloidae (Saha, 1979), Scolytidae (Saha and Maiti, 1984, 1992), Cerambycidae (Sengupta and Sengupta, 1981; Basak and Biswas, 1985), Chrysomelidae (Vazirani, 1972; Basu and Sengupta, 1980; Basu, 1985), Laemophloidae (Mukhopadhyay, 1985), Silvanidae (Pal, 1985; Pal and Baraik, 2012), Staphylinidae (Biswas and Biswas, 1985), Histeridae (Pal and Biswas, 1985), Erotylidae, Endomychidae and Languriidae (Pal, 1992b), Curculionidae (Kumar, 1994; Mukhopadhyay, 2011), Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, and Hydrophilidae (Ghosh and Hegde, 2013), and Dytiscidae (Ghosh, 2015). Mathias Hartmann, Henryk Baumbach, and Jörge Weipert edited five books titled ‘Biodiversity and Natural Heritage of the Himalaya’ containing the information on various animal groups by different authors. The main contribution in the books on the beetle diversity of Himalaya are: Schmidt (2003a, 2003b, 2006, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2012: Carabidae), Schawaller (2003a, 2003b, 2006, 2012: Tenebrionidae), Hieke (2003, 2012: Carabidae), Skale and Jäch (2003: Epimetopidae, 2006: Hydraenidae), Švec (2003, 2012: Leiodidae), SprecherUebersax (2003: Lucanidae), Ahrens (2003: Scarabaeidae, 401

Sericini), Jäger and Putz (2003: Byrrhidae), Skalicky (2003: Heteroceridae), Háva and Farkač (2003: Nosodendridae), Háva (2003, 2006, 2009, 2015a: Dermestidae, 2012: Nosodendridae), Gerstmeier (2003, 2006: Cleridae, Thanerocleridae; 2009, 2015: Cleridae), Canepari (2003, 2012: Coccinellidae), Ziegler (2003: Coccinellidae), Telnov (2003: Trictenotomidae, Anthicidae), Holzschuh (2003, 2006, 2009, 2012: Cerambycidae), Medvedev (2003, 2009, 2012, 2015: Chrysomelidae), Meregalli (2003a: Curculionidae, Molytinae), Kataev and Schmidt (2006: Carabidae, Harpalini), Schülke (2006: Staphylinidae, Tachyporinae), Pace and Alpone (2006: Staphylinidae), Keith (2006: Melolonthidae), Klausnitzer (2006, 2012: Scirtidae), Reike (2006: Latridiidae), Niisato and Weigel (2006: Cerambycidae), Weigel (2006, 2012: Cerambycidae), Magnano (2006: Curculionidae), Huber and Schmidt (2009, 2012: Carabidae), Jäch and Skale (2009: Hydraenidae), Ahrens and Fabrizi (2009: Scarabaeidae), Putz (2009: Byrrhidae), Brancucci (2009: Cantharidae), Kazantsev (2009, 2012: Cantharidae, 2015: Lampyridae), Sprecher-Uebersax et al. (2009: Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), Weigel and Holzscuh (2009: Cerambycidae), Bruschi and Taglianti (2012: Carabidae), Kataev and Wrase (2012: Carabidae), Pace (2012: Staphylinidae), Ricchiardi (2012: Scarabaeidae), Gerstmeier et al. (2012: Cleridae), Balkenohl and Schmidt (2015: Carabidae), Jaeger (2015a: Carabidae), Kataev (2015: Carabidae), Assing (2015: Staphylinidae), Bordoni (2015: Staphylinidae), Kopetz (2015: Cantharidae), Young (2015: Pyrochroidae), and Legalov (2015: Rhynchitidae). To catalogue beetles of the world distinguished Coleopterists around the world published various catalogues and checklist (print and online) which were considered for compiling this checklist: Hansen (1998: Hydraenidae, 1999: Hydrophilidae), Krajcik (1998, 1999: Cetoniinae, 2001: Lucanidae, 2005: Dynastinae, 2006: Scarabaeinae, 2007: Rutelinae, 2012: Scarabaeoidea), Mascagni and Sforzi (1999: Heteroceridae), Herman (2001a, 2001b, 2001c, 2001d, 2001e, 2001f, 2001g: Staphylinidae), Spangler et al. (2001: Limnichidae), Iwan (2002: Platynotini; Tenebrionidae), Sforzi and Bartolozzi (2004: Brentidae), Nilsson and Vondel (2005: Amphizoidae, Aspidytidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae and Paelobiidae), Háva and Löbl (2005: Jacobsoniidae), Lorenz (2005, 2017: Carabidae), Borowski and Węgrzynowicz (2007: Bostrichidae), Legalov (2007: Rhynchitidae; Attelabidae), Ahrens (2007: Sericini: Melolonthinae), Bellamy (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2009: Buprestidae), Gimmel (2008 online: Phalacridae), Shockley et al. (2009: Endomychidae), Angelini (2010: Agathidiini, Leiodidae), Häckel et al. (2010: Broscini, Carabidae), Gimmel (2011; Propalticidae), Mazur (2011: Histeridae), Nilsson (2011: Noteridae, 2015: Dytiscidae), Chamorro 402

(2011: Cryptocephalinae, Chrysomelidae), Hájek (2011: Callirhipidae), Häckel and Farkač (2012; Panagaeinae, Carabidae), Kolibáč (2013: Trogossitidae), Zidek (2013; Trogidae), Háva (2014a: Nosodendridae, 2014b: Derodontidae, 2015b: Dermestidae), Bremer and Lillig (2014: Amarygmini, Rhysopaussini and Falsocossyphini; Tenebrionidae), Iwan et al. (2014: Gonocephalum; Tenebrionidae), Węgrzynowicz (2015: Biphyllidae), Staines (2015: Chrysomelidae; Cassidinae), Jäch et al. (2016: Elmidae and Protelmidae), Ahrens and Fabrizi (2016: Sericini, Melolonthinae), Nilsson and Hájek (2016: Palearctic Dytiscidae), Danilevsky (2017: Cerambycoidea) Roguet (2017: Lamiinae, Cerambycidae), Yunakov (2017: Curculionidae, Entiminae), Schoolmeesters (2017: Scarabaeoidea), Tavakilian and Chevillotte (2017: Cerambycidae), and Alonso-Zarazaga et al. (2017: Curculionoidea). In the journal Entomologica Basiliensia, a series of very significant papers were published on Himalayan Coleoptera. Few of them consulted are Chûjö (1975: Erotylidae, Languriidae, Helotidae; 1977: Endomychidae), Lopatin (1975, 1991: Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae), Würmli (1975: Chrysomelidae, Hispinae), Bell (1977: Rhysodidae), Daccordi (1977: Chrysomelinae), Kimoto (1977: Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae), Löbl (1977: Scaphididae), Wittmer (1977, 1978a, 1984: Malachiidae), Wittmer and Brancucci (1978: Cantharidae), Coiffait (1977, 1978, 1984: Staphylinidae), Mukhopadhyay and Sengupta (1978: Laemophloeinae), Jelínek (1978: Nitidulidae), Puthz (1980: Staphylinidae), Klausnitzer (1980: Helodidae), Švihla (1980: Oedemeridae), Brancucci (1980, 1988: Dytiscidae), Sengupta and Pal (1980a, 1980b: Henoticus, Himascelis, Cryptophagidae), Heinz (1983: Carabidae), Sabatinelli (1983a, 1983b, 1983c: Scarabaeidae), Sengupta (1983: Stephostethus, Lathridiidae), Suzuki and Dolin (1984: Penia, Elateridae), Rougemont (1985: Staphylinidae), Scheuern (1988: Liatongus, Scarabaeidae), Schmutzenhofer (1988: Trypodendron, Scolytidae), Medvedev (1988, 1992, 1993: Chrysomelidae), Kasantsev (1991, 1992: Lycidae), Dolin (1992: Elateridae), Colonneli (1993: Curculionidae), and Schimmel (1993: Elateridae). Mani (1955, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1968), Mani and Singh (1955, 1958, 1961), and Mani et al. (1955) tremendously worked on high altitude entomology and surveyed different regions of the Himalaya and collected insects including beetles. Angelini and Marzo (1983) described new species and new records of Agathidium from Himalaya, from the expeditions of Basel Natural History Museum. Charles and Michael (1990) revised the family Byturidae (Coleoptera) from Asia. Burckhardt and Slipinski (1996) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

reviewed genus Ancistria in the family Passandridae of the world (Cucujoidea). Lyubarsky (1997, 1999, 2014), Otero (2001, 2002, 2004), and Johnson (2012) tremendously contributed to the families Cryptophagidae, and Languriidae of India, China, and Himalaya. Iperti (1999) studied the biodiversity of predaceous Coccinellidae with their role in bioindication and their economic importance. Geiser (2007, 2010) described new species of Prionoceridae from India and Sumatra. Gerstmeier and Bernhard (2010) revised the genus Tillicera Spinola, 1841 (Cleridae). Horak (2009) revised some of the Mordellini and described four new species from the oriental region. Hájek (2009) revised the genus Eulichas Jacobson, 1913 (Eulichadidae). Batelka (2011) contributed to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the old world species of Macrosiagon (Ripiphoridae). Jin et al. (2013) studied the genera of Dascillinae (Dascillidae) with a review of the Asian species of Dascillus, Petalon, and Sinocaulus. Yang et al. (2013) published a taxonomic revision of the latifrons species-group of the genus Callimerus (Cleridae). Meregalli (2013) reviewed Niphadonyx (Curculionidae), a high-altitude weevil genus of the Himalayas and North-West China. Batelka and Ha´jek (2015) proposed new synonyms, combinations and faunistic records in the genus Denierella (Meloidae). Beaver and Sanguansub (2015) reviewed the genus Carchesiopygus (Curculionidae: Platypodinae), providing the keys to species. Lee (2016) reported new species and faunistic records of Psephenidae from Asia. Teruo et al. (2017) described five new species of the nominotypical subgenus of genus Parascatonomus (Scarabaeidae) from Southeast Asia. During last decade lots of literature has been generated on the taxonomy of family Carabidae from IH. Dostal and Zettel (1999), and Hieke (2000) revised and reported new species of the genera Axonya and Amara respectively. Deuve (2001, 2006) described new carabids from the Philippines, Sikkim, Nepal, and China. Schmidt (2004) revised the subgenus Bembidionetolitzkya belonging to the genus Bembidion of the Himalaya. He (2016) further described 34 new species and subspecies Trechini ground beetles from the Himalaya and the southern Tibetan Plateau. Imura (2005) reported a new species of genus Cychropsis (Carabidae) from Arunachal Pradesh. Tian and Deuve (2005) explored the species of the genus Orthogonius from Bhutan and Sikkim. Zamotajlov and Wrase (2006) described new taxa of the tribe Patrobini from the East Himalaya. Sawada and Wiesner (2006) recorded of tiger beetles collected from north India. Morvan (2006) published new species of subfamily GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

Platyninae from the region of the Himalayas. Kataev (2010, 2012), and Kataev and Wrase (2013, 2016) studied Carabidae from the Palaearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental regions. Werner and Wiesner (2008) newly recorded some tiger beetles from India with a description of new taxa. Bhardwaj et al. (2008) studied the occurrence of tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) in Chilla Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand. Jaeger (2009, 2013, 2015a, 2015b), and Jaeger et al. (2016) published on the tribe Harpalini (Carabidae) from Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Valainis (2010) reviewed Palearctic fauna and distribution of genus Omophron. Cassola (2011) presented a checklist of Indian tiger beetle (Cicindelidae) and emphasized on its conservation status. Barsevskis (2011) described new species of the genus Notiophilus from India and Afghanistan. A new species of the genus Badister from North India was published by Anichtchenko (2012). Kirschenhofer (2012, 2013) contributed on the genera Aristolebia, Coptodera, Dolichoctis, and Setolebia and the tribe Chlaeniini (Carabidae) from Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions respectively. Baehr (2013) solved the Dolichoctis striata complex in tribe Lebiini. The Asian species of Afidentula Kapur were recently revised by Tomaszewska and Szawaryn (2013). Häckel and Kirschenhofer (2014) contributed to the knowledge East Palearctic and Oriental species of genera Craspedophorus Hope, 1838, and Tinoderus Chaudoir, 1879. Hartmann (2016) studied the species of the genus Mastax Fischer Von Waldheim, 1825 of the Himalaya (Brachininae). Anichtchenko and Kirschenhofer (2017) contributed to the knowledge of Asian species of subgenus Pseudochlaeniellus Jeannel, 1949 (Carabidae, Chlaenius). Different authors working in ZSI made significant contributions to the diversity and distribution of beetles from IH. Sengupta (1976) studied Lathridiinae (Lathridiidae) from India. Chandra (1988), Chandra and Uniyal (2007), Chandra and Gupta (2012a, 2012b, 2017), Gupta and Chandra (2016), and Gupta et al. (2016, 2017) significantly contributed on scarab beetles of Indian Himalaya described new taxa from Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim areas. Chandra (1999) published an annotated check-list of Aphodiinae (Scarabaeidae) from India and further in 2005 he recorded Scarabaeidae from all the districts of Western Himalayan, Himachal Pradesh. Chandra (2011a, 2011b) reviewed insect diversity of Sikkim and the states and union territories in India. Pal (1988) recorded subtribe Anopidiina (Tenebrionidae) from Sikkim. Biswas (2000), and Mukhopadhyay and Ghosh (2003b) recorded aquatic Coleoptera from Renuka and Asan Wetlands respectively. Pal and Sengupta (2003) worked on a collection Sphindidae from Western Himalaya. Veer (2011) studied the diversity of dermestid 403

beetles from India, providing identification key to adults of Indian genera. Ghosh (2011, 2014, 2015), Ghosh et al. (2011), and Ghosh and Hegde (2013) recorded some of the aquatic beetles (Noteridae, Dytiscidae, and Hydrophilidae) from North-West and West Himalayas. Ghosh and Nilsson (2012) published a catalog of family Dytiscidae of India and adjacent countries. Sar (2012, 2015, 2016a, 2016b) studied the diversity of the rove beetles from Himachal Pradesh. Pal and Dasgupta (2014), Dasgupta et al. (2015) and Dasgupta and Pal (2016) recently described various new taxa of Nitidulidae from India Himalaya. Mandelshtam and Petrov (2010a, 2010b) described Dryocoetes and Scolytus (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Afghanistan and Northern India. Ramamurthy and Ayri (2010), Ramesha and Ramamurthy (2011), Ramesha (2015), and Mahendiran and Ramamurthy (2013) revised the genera, Indomias, Baris, Acythopeus, and Pachynotus (Curculionidae) respectively. Feroz et al. (2015) recently reported Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae, Dermestidae and Curculionidae from Kargil (Ladakh). Mukhopadhyay (2016) revised Indian flat bark beetles (Cucujidae and Laemophloeidae). Poorani and Sambath (2017) recorded 11 species of lady bird beetles from Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The inventory of beetle fauna of Indian Himalaya includes about 10,533 species accommodated in 2,684

genera, 287 subfamilies, and 107 families under three suborders: Myxophaga (4 species; 2 families), Adephaga (1,145 species; 6 families), and Polyphaga (9,384 species; 99 families) (Table 1, Fig. 2b; see systematic list). Out of them, seven families are highly diverse, Staphylinidae (21%), Scarabaeidae (10%), Carabidae (9%), Chrysomelidae (9%), Curculionidae (7%), Elateridae (5%), and Tenebrionidae (5%). Regarding richness, the highly diverse beetle fauna of IH represents about 47.2% of the beetle fauna of India (22,299 species) and approximately 2.7% of its global diversity (3,89,487 species) (Fig. 2a). About half of the species (5,081 species) are distributed in Central Himalaya comprising most of the Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong regions in the state of West Bengal. West Himalaya is similarly enriched with 4,075 species, and North-West Himalaya possesses 2,903 species. East Himalaya has been less investigated so far, with only 1,015 species recorded from highly diverse and less explored Arunachal Pradesh. Very few records are present from Trans Himalaya. Forty-eight species are listed from Tibetan Plateau, 36 from Ladakh Mountains, and 20 species from Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (Table 2; Fig. 1). The number of species in each family of order Coleoptera, distributed in biotic provinces of IH are given in Table 2 and graphically shown in Figs. 3-13. The status of the diversity and distribution of different groups of beetles are as follows.

Fig. 1. Number of species of order Coleoptera (beetles) known from biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

404


2a

2b

3,89,487

22,299 World

India

9,384

1,145

10,533 Himalaya

Polyphaga

Adephaga

4 Myxophaga

Figs. 2a. Number of species of Beetles known from World, Indian and Indian Himalaya. 2b. Number of species in suborders of order Coleoptera known from Indian Himalaya.

Suborder MYXOPHAGA (Fig. 3) This suborder includes more than 100 species from the world and about seven species belonging to 2 genera under two families: Hydroscaphidae (5) and Sphaeriusidae (2) (Bouchard et al., 2009; Chandra et al., 2017) from India. Altogether four species are recorded from IH, two species each in Hydroscaphidae and Sphaeriusidae. Both the species in Hydroscaphidae are present in West Himalaya whereas West Himalaya and Central Himalaya each represented by a single species of Sphaeriusidae. The minute beetles in both the families thrive on algal mats above which thin water film flows particularly at the edges of running water (Fikáček and Šípková, 2009). Suborder ADEPHAGA (Fig. 3) Adephaga is the 2nd largest suborder, comprising of more than 46,245 extant species belonging to 1,799 genera under 11 families globally (Slipinski et al., 2011; Nilsson, 2011, 2015). About 3,045 species of this suborder are known from India (Ramakrishna and Alfred, 2007; Cassola, 2011; Ghosh and Nilsson, 2012; Vazirani, 1984; Chandra et al., 2017). Among them, 1,145 species belonging to 272 genera under six families are present in IH, accounting more than one-third of the total species diversity of the country (Table 1; see systematic list). Carabidae includes a maximum number of species 979 followed by Dytiscidae (123), Gyrinidae (27), Rhysodidae (7), Noteridae (6), and Haliplidae (3) (Table 1). Carabidae and Rhysodidae are terrestrial families, whereas Dytiscidae, Haliplidae, Gyrinidae, and Noteridae predominantly found in aquatic habitats. In terms of both generic and specific diversity, the majority of adephagan beetles belong to family Carabidae (979 species, 227 genera) which are distributed in all the biotic provinces of IH with the highest diversity in West Himalaya (420) followed by Central Himalaya (378), North-West Himalaya (335), East Himalaya (92), Tibetan Plateau (8), Ladakh Mountains (9), and Sikkim-Trans GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

Himalaya (3) (Table 2). Broscosoma gracile, B. ribbei, and Pterostichus kangchenjunga show their distribution from higher altitudinal regions of Sikkim-Trans Himalaya. The dominant genera of Carabidae are Bembidion (81), Amara (43), Tachyura (31), Chlaenius (27), Carabus (23), Cylindera (23), and Nebria (21). The species in these genera are widely distributed in the region. The most diverse family of Adephaga associated with aquatic beetles is Dytiscidae, which includes 254 species from India and slightly less than half of its diversity is present in IH. North-West Himalaya represents the maximum diversity of Dytiscidae with 62 species followed by West Himalaya (59), Central Himalaya (57), and East Himalaya (14). Only six species are recorded from Tibetan Plateau. See Table 2 and Fig. 3 for the number of species in Rhysodidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, and Noteridae in biotic provinces of IH. Suborder POLYPHAGA Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA (Figs. 3, 4) Out of 234 species of Hydrophiloidea reported from India, 135 species belonging to 33 genera, 5 subfamilies under 6 families are known from IH. Hydrophilidae is the major family (118 species, 28 genera) followed by Helophoridae (7 species, 1 genus), Georissidae (6 species, 1 genus), Epimetopidae (2 species, 1 genus), Syntelidae (1 species, 1 genus) and Spercheidae (1 species, 1 genus) (Table 1). Laccobius with 41 species (Hydrophilidae) is the most diversified genus of Hydrophiloidea known from IH. Maximum diversity of Hydrophilidae is present in West Himalaya (80) followed by Central Himalaya (51), and North-West Himalaya (26). The other families are mostly confined to North West and West Himalayas with a single species record of Georissidae and Syntelidae from Central Himalaya. The adult hydrophilids are poor swimmers and feed on plant material, but larger species are predaceous. Superfamily HISTEROIDEA (Fig. 4) Out of 260 species of Histeroidea, recorded from India, 100 species belonging to 33 genera and eight subfamilies 405

in a single family, Histeridae are reported from the IH (Mazur, 2011; Table 1). The major species-rich genera are Atholus (9), Platylister, Saprinus (8 each), and Hister (7). West Himalaya includes the highest diversity with 49 species followed by Central Himalaya (47), East Himalaya (21), and North-West Himalaya (20). Adult histerids are highly predaceous, feeding on maggots in dung, and decomposing organic materials. Superfamily STAPHYLINOIDEA (Figs. 4, 5) Staphylinoidea, being one of the major components of global beetle fauna, includes 62,220 species under six families; Hydraenidae, Ptiliidae, Agyrtidae, Leiodidae, Silphidae, and Staphylinidae. About one-fifth of the beetles, found in IH belong to Staphylinoidea comprising 2,284 species belonging to 419 genera under 32 subfamilies. Staphylinidae is the dominant family (2,106) followed by Leiodidae (105), Hydraenidae (32), Silphidae (26), Agyrtidae (9), and Ptiliidae (6). Hydraenidae includes 32 species belonging to 5 genera under 2 subfamilies, means 71% of Indian hydranid beetles are distributed in IH. West Himalaya has the maximum record of 25 species, followed by Central Himalaya 6 species and North West Himalaya 5 species. In subfamily Ochthebiinae, genus Ochthebius solely comprises 18 species and majority of them are distributed in West Himalaya. Ptiliidae is comparatively less known from India, approximately 60% of the known species are distributed in IH. Currently, from IH, six species belonging to 2 genera under 2 subfamilies are reported followed with 4 from West Himalaya, 3 from Central Himalaya and 2 are recorded from North West Himalaya. Of the known global species of Agyrtidae, 16% is known from India, of which 82% is recorded from IH. Reported two subfamilies from IH include 9 species under 3 genera. North West Himalaya has a record of maximum 6 species, followed with Central Himalaya with 3 species, West Himalaya 2 species, and a single species is reported from East Himalaya. The genus Apteroloma in subfamily Pterolomatinae includes five species, which constitutes the major diversity. Leiodidae is the 2nd large family in this superfamily, with 3,700 species described globally. There are 105 species included in 21 genera under three subfamilies from IH. Agathidium with 51 species represents almost half of the diversity in the family. The species in the family are restricted in Central Himalaya (64), West Himalaya (29), and North West Himalaya (22). 406

Silphidae includes 200 described species from the world of which almost 14% of diversity occur in India. From IH, 26 species belonging to 9 genera under two subfamilies are known currently. Maximum of 18 species are reported from North West Himalaya, 11 species from West Himalaya, 10 species from Central Himalaya, and 3 species from East Himalaya. Thanatophilus dentiger is the only species recorded from Tibetan Plateau of Trans Himalaya. The genus Nicrophorus in Nicrophorinae with ten species shares the significant diversity. Staphylinidae is the largest family in Coleoptera, with 56,000 species described from the world. India contributes almost 7% of its global diversity. From IH a total of 2,106 species belonging to 379 genera under 21 subfamilies are recorded. The subfamily Aleocharinae comprises the maximum number of 695 species, followed by Staphylininae (329), Paederinae (214), Steninae (146), Tachyporinae (140), Scaphidiinae (127), Oxytelinae (111), Omaliinae (100), Osoriinae (79), Pselaphinae (65), Scydmaeninae (28), Euaesthetinae (25), Proteininae (18), Piestinae (6), Trichophyinae and Pseudopsinae (5 each), Apateticinae and Oxyporinae (4 each), Micropeplinae (3), Habrocerinae and Megalopsidiinae (1 each). The most species-rich genera in this family are: Atheta with 121 species is the leading genus trailed by Stenus (106), Gyrophaena (85), Scaphisoma (57), and Oxypoda (48). Members of this family are distributed more or less throughout the entire IH. West Himalaya holds the record for a maximum number of 1,026 species, followed by Central Himalaya (826), North West Himalaya (738), East Himalaya (53), Ladakh Mountains (6), Tibetan Plateau (4), and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (2). Hydraenidae and Leiodidae are commonly referred to as minute moss beetles and round fungus beetles respectively, preferring moist areas to thrive. Whereas, the species in the families Agyrtidae and Silphidae are of forensic importance as they feed mainly on carrion. Ptiliids exploit organic matter, such as leaf litter, decaying logs, compost heaps, tree holes, decaying fungi, animal dung, under bark, seaweed on seashores. Some Aleochara species parasitize flies, and used in biocontrol applications. Most importantly, the staphylinids use organic components of healthy ecosystems, both natural and modified by humans (Bouchard et al. 2009). Superfamily SCARABAEOIDEA (Fig. 5) Out of the total, 2,211 species of Scarabaeoidea known from India, 1,150 species belonging to 267 genera, 20 subfamilies under six families are known from IH to date. Scarabaeidae is the major family (983 species, 218 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

genera), followed by Lucanidae (105 species, 21 genera), Geotrupidae (35 species, 14 genera), Passalidae (16 species, 8 genera), Hybosoridae (6 species, 4 genera), and Trogidae (5 species, 2 genera). Most of the species in the families, Geotrupidae, Hybosoridae, and Scarabaeidae (Scarabaeinae, Aegialiinae, and Aphodiinae) are dung feeders whereas the other families/subfamilies rely mostly on plants for feeding. In Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae with 339 species represents maximum diversity followed by Scarabaeinae (241), Rutelinae (153), Cetoniinae (120), Aphodiinae (99), Dynastinae (26), Orphninae, Aegialiinae (2 each), and Chironinae (1). In a broader sense, 345 species in Scarabaeidae exclusively feed on dung and carrion and whereas 638 species are phytophagous. The dung beetle genus, Onthophagus (Scarabaeinae) is one of the highly diverse genera of animal phyla including more than 2,500 species globally; represent about 250 species from India and 117 species from IH. The major phytophagous genera are Maladera (59), Anomala (52), Serica (27), Popillia (22), Mimela (21), and Protaetia (18). The maximum diversity is present in Central Himalaya (508), followed by West Himalaya (352), North West Himalaya (296), East Himalaya (196), Sikkim-Trans Himalaya, Ladakh Mountains (11 each), and Tibetan Plateau (7). Anomala dimidiata, Clinteria klugi, Xylotrupes gideon, Oryctes rhinoceros, Mimela fulgidivittata, Melolontha (Melolontha) indica are serious pests of various commercial crops. Most of the lucanids are distributed in Central and East Himalayas with Dorcus (26), Prosopocoilus (15) and Lucanus (13) being the dominant genera. Passalidae is also more restricted towards Central and East Himalaya with 13 species from each province respectively. Geotrupidae shows the uniform distribution in IH except in East Himalaya, which includes only 3 species, 2 of them have been recently described from the region. The minor families, Trogidae and Hybosoridae show the same pattern of distribution with no record of trogids from East Himalaya. Superfamily SCIRTOIDEA (Fig. 5) This small superfamily includes 89 species from India, and among them, 38 species belonging to 10 genera under two families, Scirtidae (30) and Clambidae (8) have been recorded from IH. Scirtidae comprises of 9 genera; Elodes, Hydrocyphon (6 each), Contacyphon, Exochomoscirtes (4 each), Dermestocyphon, Ypsiloncyphon (3 each) Odeles (2), Sacodes, and Scirtes (1 each). Clambidae includes only a single genus Clambus with 6 species from West GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

Himalaya and 4 species from Central Himalaya. The members of this superfamily prefer marshy areas and feed on fungus. Mainly they are collected near edges of the water source. Superfamily DASCILLOIDEA (Fig. 5) The only family in this superfamily is Dascillidae, representing 8 species under 2 genera; Dascillus (5), and Petalon (3). Five species are recorded from Central Himalaya, 4 from West Himalaya and only a single species record from East Himalaya. Superfamily BUPRESTOIDEA (Fig. 6) The jewel beetles in the family Buprestidae include about 225 species belonging to 38 genera and 5 subfamilies; Agrilinae (126), Buprestinae, Chrysochroinae (44 each), and Polycestinae (8), Julodinae (11). The maximum number of species are recorded from Central Himalaya (114) followed by North West Himalaya (54), West Himalaya (52), and East Himalaya (23). Twenty-six though recorded from Indian Himalaya but distribution in the specific biotic province cannot be traced because of lack locality data. The most diverse genera are Trachys (32), Agrilus (26), Sphenoptera (20), Anthaxia (19), Chrysobothris, Coraebus (16 each), and Meliboeus (12). Superfamily BYRRHOIDEA (Figs. 6, 7) Out of 212 species of Byrrhoidea from India, 109 species belonging to 42 genera, 11 subfamilies under ten families are known from IH. Limnichidae (22 species, 8 genera) is the most diverse family, followed by Psephenidae (21 species, 9 genera), Byrrhidae (18 species, 4 genera), Elmidae (11 species, 9 genera), Heteroceridae (17 species, 3 genera), Callirhipidae (5 species, 3 genera), Dryopidae (5 species, 3 genera), Eulichadidae (4 species, 1 genus), Ptilodactylidae (3 species, 1 genus), and Chelonariidae (3 species, 1 genus). Byrrhidae and Psephenidae are distributed in all the biotic provinces of IH, whereas all the species in the families; Ptilodactylidae, and Chelonariidae are recorded from North West Himalaya and Heteroceridae from Central Himalaya. The species in this superfamily are monophyletic and mainly feed on moss, require moist habitat and even some prefer mud. Superfamily ELATEROIDEA (Fig. 7) From IH, 762 species are recorded under 6 families; Elateridae (528 species, 91 genera), Lycidae (62 species, 16 genera), Cantharidae (163 species, 22 genera), Lampyridae (6 species, 4 genera), Rhagophthalmidae (2 species, 2 genera), and Eucnemidae (1 species, 1 genus). The leading family Elateridae represent most of its 407

species from Central Himalaya (263) followed by West Himalaya (174), North West Himalaya (114), and East Himalaya (11). Only a single species, Sericus lahaulensis is recorded from Ladakh Mountains. Agrypnus (69), Melanotus (65), Silesis (49), Penia (32), and Cardiophorus (22) are most species-rich genera in this family. The beetles in this family are usually termed as click beetles which prefer nectar, pollen and sometimes small insects like aphids for feeding. Out of 163 species of Cantharidae from IH, 106 are present in Central Himalaya, 35 in West Himalaya, 21 in North West Himalaya. Four species are recorded from Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau and five from East Himalaya. Themus (41), Malthinus (21), Lycocerus (20), Micropodabrus (18), and Ichthyurus (12) are the dominant genera in this family. In Lycidae, 37 species are reported from Central Himalaya, 21 from West Himalaya and 11 from North West Himalaya. There is no record of this family from Trans Himalaya and East Himalaya. Lycostomus (16), Plateros (15), and Calochromus (9) are dominant genera from IH in this family. Eucnemidae includes only single species Otho himalayensis from Central Himalaya. Two species in Rhagophthalmidae, i.e., Dodecatoma riedeli is recorded from West Himalaya and Rhagophthalmus sulcatus from Central Himalaya. Five species of family Lampyridae are recorded from Central Himalaya and a single species from West Himalaya. The families, Lampyridae (fireflies) and Phengodidae, include species which possess bioluminescence properties, for attracting opposite sex for mating mates or prey. Superfamily DERODONTOIDEA (Fig. 7) Derodontoidea is a less diverse superfamily, comprising 8 species from India, out of them, 7 species belonging to 2 genera under 2 families; Nosodendridae (6 species, 1 genus) and Jacobsoniidae (1 species, 1 genus) are reported from IH. Nosodendron (Nosodendridae) has 6 species with 4 recorded from Central Himalaya and 3 from East Himalaya. Sarothrias hygrophilus, the only species in Jacobsoniidae is recorded from East Himalaya. The species mainly occupy spaces under bark, in plant litter or fungi. Superfamily BOSTRICHOIDEA (Figs. 7, 8) Altogether, 94 species belonging to 46 genera, 16 subfamilies under 3 families of Bostrichoidea are recorded from IH, out of 191 species from India. Dermestidae (42 species, 10 genera) includes a maximum number 408

of species, followed by Ptinidae (33 species, 23 genera) and Bostrichidae (19 species, 13 genera). The species in Dermestidae are widely distributed in all the biotic provinces of IH except Sikkim region of Trans Himalaya. Dermestinus undulates, Attagenus indicus, A. gobicola, and Anthrenus indicus are recorded from Ladakh and Pseudohadrotoma indica from Tibetan Plateau. Attagenus (Dermestidae) with 11 species is the most diversified genus in the superfamily. Attagenus cyphonoides, A. fasciatus, and Trogoderma granarium from IH are widely distributed species in India. Most of the genera in Dermestidae are scavengers; feed on dead animals or plants, hairs, skin, and dead insects. Dermestes is exclusively detected in animal carcasses as museum pests. Another family Bostrichidae includes wood-boring beetles, mainly on conifers. Spider beetles in Ptinidae are also scavengers. Superfamily LYMEXYLOIDEA (Fig. 8) Lymexylidae is the single family of Lymexyloidea, with a single species, Hymaloxylon quercus recorded from IH. The species in this family are known as ship timber beetles which invade forest plants as well as wooden furniture. Superfamily CLEROIDEA (Fig. 8) A total of 228 species accommodated in 67 genera, 9 subfamilies, and 5 families of superfamily Cleroidea have been recorded from IH. Melyridae comprises highest number of species (141 species, 37 genera), followed by Cleridae (75 species, 25 genera), Prionoceridae (11 species, 3 genera), Trogossitidae (2 species, 2 genera), and Thanerocleridae (2 species, 1 genus). In Melyridae, the subfamily Malachiinae has 109 species, Dasytinae 28 species, and Rhadalinae 4 species. The maximum diversity of Melyridae is present in West Himalaya (68), followed by North West Himalaya (47), and Central Himalaya (28). East Himalaya and Trans Himalaya lack information on the distribution of Melyridae. In Trogossitidae, Anacypta cicatricosa show uniform distribution in IH whereas Alindria orientalis has been recorded so far from North West Himalaya. The species also show the same pattern of distribution in Thanerocleridae as in Trogossitidae. In case of Cleridae, West Himalaya and Central Himalaya each represent 38 species respectively. Superfamily CUCUJOIDEA (Figs. 8, 9, 10) This superfamily includes 1,295 species from India, out of which about 733 species are known from the Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

IH belonging to 232 genera, 40 subfamilies under 21 families. Coccinellidae is the largest family with 203 species belonging to 56 genera, followed by Nitidulidae (120 species, 31 genera), Erotylidae (92 species, 30 genera), Latridiidae (52 species, 11 genera), Cryptophagidae (48 species, 12 genera), Endomychidae (44 species, 22 genera), Silvanidae (35 species, 13 genera), Laemophloeidae (33 species, 13 genera), Helotidae (27 species, 3 genera), Monotomidae (19 species, 9 genera), Phalacridae (13 species, 7 genera), Cerylonidae (9 species, 5 genera), Discolomatidae (8 species, 3 genera), Sphindidae (7 species, 2 genera), Cucujidae (6 species, 2 genera), Bothrideridae (5 species, 5 genera), Passandridae (5 species, 3 genera), Biphyllidae (3 species, 1 genus), Kateridae (2 species, 2 genera), Propalticidae (1 species, 1 genus), and Byturidae (1 species, 1 genus). In, Coccinellidae which includes ladybird beetles, Epilachna (27), Nephus (23) and Scymnus (20) are the dominant genera. The maximum species diversity is reported from Central Himalaya (133), followed by West Himalaya (107), North West Himalaya (68) and East Himalaya (11). Only two species are reported from Trans-Himalaya. Harmonia axyridis known from Central Himalaya was introduced in other countries for its predation activity, supporting biological control (Parvez and Omkar, 2006). Epuraea (32) and Aethina (12) are highly diverse genera in Nitidulidae. Majority of the species are distributed in Central Himalaya (76), followed by West Himalaya (40), North West Himalaya (16) and East Himalaya (10). Erotylidae with Anadastus (17 species) and Doubledaya (10 species) as major genera comprise 58 species from Central Himalaya, 25 species from West Himalaya, 21 species from East Himalaya, and 11 species from North West Himalaya. Superfamily TENEBRIONOIDEA (Figs. 10, 11, 12) This superfamily includes 1,523 species from India, out of which 899 species are reported from IH belonging to 231 genera, 34 subfamilies under 18 families. Tenebrionidae is the largest family with 491 species belonging to 123 genera, followed by Anthicidae (178 species, 24 genera), Meloidae (58 species, 17 genera), Oedemeridae (36 species, 12 genera), Zopheridae (23 species, 13 genera), Mordellidae (23 species, 11 genera), Scraptiidae (22 species, 3 genera), Aderidae (19 species, 4 genera), Salpingidae (12 species, 5 genera), Melandryidae (9 species, 5 genera), Ripiphoridae (6 species, 1 genus), Pyrochroidae (5 species, 3 genera), Tetratomidae (4 species, 3 genera), Mycetophagidae (4 species, 2 genera), Ciidae (3 species, 1 genus), GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

Trictenotomidae (2 species, 2 genera), Archeocrypticidae (2 species, 1 genus), and Prostomidae (1 species, 1 genus). In Tenebrionidae, Laena (75), Gonocephalum (44), Bioramix (28), Blaps (22), Derispia (15) and Ascelosodis (13) are the dominant genera with the species broadly showing the uniform distribution in Indian Himalayan ranges. The maximum species diversity is reported from Central Himalaya (207), followed by North West Himalaya (178), West Himalaya (95) and East Himalaya (60). Only six species are reported from Trans-Himalaya. In Anthicidae, Anthelephila (38), Clavicollis (31), Nitorus (21), and Anthicus (18) are highly diverse genera. Majority of the species are distributed in Central Himalaya (115), followed by West Himalaya (105), North West Himalaya (51) and East Himalaya (8). Meloidae which includes blister beetles comprises 58 species, distributed in North West Himalaya (30), West Himalaya (28), Central Himalaya (19), and East Himalaya (5). Only a single species is reported from Trans-Himalaya. Mordellidae and Scraptiidae report 23 species and 22 species from IH respectively. Prostomidae includes a single species Prostomis morsitans from Central Himalaya. Three species of Ciidae (Cis fasciculosus, C. gardneri, and C. orius) are reported from West Himalaya. Two species of Trictenotomidae (Autocrates aeneus and Trictenotoma mniszechi) are recorded from West Himalaya and Central Himalaya. Archeocrypticidae includes two species, Sivacrypticus bengalicus, and S. kashmirensis, both from North West Himalaya and Central Himalaya respectively. Tenebrionids are the most adaptive as they can endure freezing temperature to desert ecosystem. The species of Anthicidae resemble ant, and mainly feed on pollen, fungi and small insects. The beetles in Meloidae are known as blister beetles as their haemolymph produce blister when it comes into contact with human skin. Superfamily CHRYSOMELOIDEA (Figs. 12, 13) Being one of the highly diverse superfamilies of beetles from India, it is represented by 1,636 species belonging to 490 genera, 20 subfamilies under 4 families; Chrysomelidae (884 species, 232 genera), Cerambycidae (749 species, 255 genera), Megalopodidae (15 species, 5 genera), and Disteniidae (3 species, 3 genera). In Chrysomelidae, the subfamily wise species diversity is as follows: Galerucinae (238), Alticinae (203), Cassidinae (125), Cryptocephalinae (91), Bruchinae (79), Eumolpinae (66), Criocerinae (46), Chrysomelinae (31), Sagrinae (3), and Lamprosomatinae (2). Bruchidius (37), 409

Dactylispa (33), Cryptocephalus (31), Lema, Longitarsus (30 each), Monolepta, and Aphthona (19 each) are the most species-rich genera of this family from IH. As far as biotic province distribution is concerned, TransHimalaya reports only three species, while in the Himalaya biogeographic zone, Central Himalaya has the maximum diversity (553), followed by West Himalaya (236), North West Himalaya (184) and East Himalaya (114). Aspidimorpha dorsata, A. furcata, A. sanctaecrucis, and Aulacophora foveicollis are pests of various crops. The genus Zygogramma is native to North America but has been used to control Parthenium hysterophorus in India and Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Russia. Zygogramma bicolorata has been introduced used to control Parthenium hysterophorus in India. Family Cerambycidae or the longhorn beetles includes 749 species belonging to 255 genera under seven subfamilies. In this family, subfamily wise species distribution is as follows: Lamiinae (495), Cerambycinae (202), Prioninae (31), Lepturinae (11), Spondylidinae (6), Apatophyseinae (3), and Necydalinae (2). The dominant genera in this family are Pterolophia (57 species), Glenea (24 species), Acalolepta (25 species), Obereopsis (25 species), Nupserha (21 species), Exocentrus (20 species), and Demonax (17 species). Central Himalaya has the maximum diversity (456) followed by West Himalaya (188), East Himalaya (152), and North West Himalaya (102). Acalolepta nivosa, Aeolesthes holosericea, Apomecyna histrio, Bandar pascoei, Batocera rubus, Batocera rufomaculata, Chelidonium argentatum, Eucomatocera vittata, Neoplocaederus obesus, Pseudonemophas versteegi, and Purpuricenus sanguinolentus known from IH are serious pests of forest plantations attacking mostly woods. Disteniidae is a small family includes 3 species belonging to 3 genera; Cyrtonops, Distenia, and Dynamostes. Only a single species is distributed in West Himalaya, the other 2 species are reported from the Central Himalaya. Fifteen species represent Megalopodidae from IH belonging to 5 genera; Zeugophora (7), Temnaspis (4), Colobaspis (2), Poecilomorpha, and Pedrilliomorpha (1 each). In this family, no species are distributed from the Trans-Himalaya, while in the Himalaya biogeographic zone, Central Himalaya has the maximum diversity (8 species) followed by West Himalaya (4 species) and North West Himalaya (3 species). Superfamily CURCULIONOIDEA (Fig. 13) A total of 955 species belonging to 351 genera, 30 subfamilies under 5 families of Curculionoidea 410

are recorded from IH. Curculionidae is the largest family having 693 species belonging to 224 genera, 14 subfamilies, followed by Attelabidae (114 species, 53 genera), Brentidae (69 species, 35 genera), Anthribidae (43 species, 23 genera), Dryophthoridae (35 species, 18 genera), and Brachyceridae (4 species, 2 genera). The subfamily wise species richness of Curculionidae is as follows: Entiminae (252), Scolytinae (17), Molytinae (72), Platypodinae (46), Cryptorhynchinae (33), Ceutorhynchinae (28), Conoderinae (22), Curculioninae (19), Cossoninae (16), Lixinae (13), Baridinae (10), Bagoinae (9), Hyperinae and Mesoptiliinae (1 each). The maximum diversity of Curculionidae is in West Himalaya (298) followed by Central Himalaya (285), North West Himalaya (203) and East Himalaya (16). Leptomias (52), Myllocerus (18), Platypus (14), Crossotarsus (13), Scolytoplatypus (13), and Rhadinomerus (13) are the most species-rich genera which are widely distributed in IH. In Attelabidae, Rhynchitinae is highly diverse subfamily with 68 species followed by Apoderinae (32), and Attelabinae (14). Regarding diversity of attelabids in biotic provinces of IH, Central Himalaya with 58 species is relatively rich followed by West Himalaya (48), North West Himalaya (20) and East Himalaya (6). Forty-one species of family Brentidae are known from Central Himalaya, 25 from West Himalaya, 12 from North West Himalaya. East Himalaya has only two species of this family till date. Out of 43 species, known from IH, Anthribidae has 21 species distributed in Central Himalaya, 10 species in West Himalaya, and 5 species in East Himalaya. Dryophthoridae includes 35 species belonging to 18 genera and four subfamilies. Maximum diversity is reported from Central Himalaya (28), followed by West Himalaya (10) and East Himalaya and North West Himalaya (1 each). The beetles in this superfamily are commonly known as weevils mainly designated as pests, but some species of the subfamily Apioninae (Brentidae) are host specific, so they were being introduced in new areas of the world as to control the dispersal of invasive weeds biologically (Bouchard et al., 2009). An exclusive feature they possess is an extension from their head to buccal cavity modified into rostrum, help them to perforate deep the plant tissue and slurp the sap. Curculionids are serious forest as well as agricultural pests with Myllocerus undecimpustulatus, and Myllocerus discolor reported from Uttarakhand as a pest of maize. Anthribidae, Attelabidae, and Brentidae are mainly pests of stored grains. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Table 1. Coleoptera diversity in each family known from World, India and Indian Himalaya S. No.

Taxa

Number of Species

IH

World

India

IH

Subfamily

Genera

Suborder MYXOPHAGA Superfamily SPHAERIUSOIDEA 1.

Hydroscaphidae

22

5***

2

-

1

2.

Sphaeriusidae

20

2***

2

-

1

1,000

73***

27

1

5

350

14*

7

-

3

Suborder ADEPHAGA 3.

Gyrinidae

4.

Rhysodidae

5.

Carabidae

40,000

2,678*

979

14

227

6.

Haliplidae

220

10***

3

-

1

7.

Noteridae

258

16***

6

1

3

8.

Dytiscidae

4,303

254**

123

7

33

Suborder POLYPHAGA Series STAPHYLINIFORMIA Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA 9.

Hydrophilidae

2,835

212***

118

5

28

10.

Helophoridae

192

7***

7

-

1

11.

Epimetopidae

29

4***

2

-

1

12.

Spercheidae

18

3***

1

-

1

13.

Georissidae

80

7***

6

-

1

14.

Synteliidae

7

1

1

-

1

4,300

260

100

8

33

1,600

45***

32

2

5

Superfamily HISTEROIDEA 15.

Histeridae Superfamily STAPHYLINOIDEA

16.

Hydraenidae

17.

Ptiliidae

650

10

6

2

2

18.

Agyrtidae

70

11

9

2

3

19.

Leiodidae

3,700

120

105

3

21

20.

Silphidae

200

29

26

2

9

21.

Staphylinidae

56,000

3,000*

2,106

21

379

Series SCARABAEIFORMIA Superfamily SCARABAEOIDEA 22.

Geotrupidae

920

68

35

2

14

23.

Passalidae

800

29

16

2

8

24.

Trogidae

300

17

5

2

2

25.

Lucanidae

1,500

178

105

3

21

GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

411


Taxa

Number of Species

IH

World

India

IH

Subfamily

Genera

26.

Hybosoridae

580

28

6

2

4

27.

Scarabaeidae

27,000

1,891

983

9

218

Series SCIRTIFORMIA Superfamily SCIRTOIDEA 28.

Scirtidae

800

75***

30

1

9

29.

Clambidae

170

14

8

1

1

80

17

8

1

2

14,700

604

225

5

38

430

30

18

2

4

1,500

24***

11

2

9

Series ELATERIFORMIA Superfamily DASCILLOIDEA 30.

Dascillidae Superfamily BUPRESTOIDEA

31.

Buprestidae Superfamily BYRRHOIDEA

32.

Byrrhidae

33.

Elmidae

34.

Dryopidae

300

10***

5

-

3

35.

Limnichidae

390

61

22

3

8

36.

Heteroceridae

300

32

17

1

3

37.

Psephenidae

290

24***

21

3

9

38.

Ptilodactylidae

500

3

3

-

1

39.

Chelonariidae

250

4

3

-

1

40.

Eulichadidae

30

4

4

-

1

41.

Callirhipidae

150

20

5

-

3

Superfamily ELATEROIDEA 42.

Eucnemidae

1,500

29

1

1

1

43.

Elateridae

10,000

861

528

11

91

44.

Lycidae

4,600

180

62

6

16

45.

Rhagophthalmidae

30

2

2

1

2

46.

Lampyridae

2,200

50

6

3

4

47.

Cantharidae

5,100

233

163

4

22

Series DERODONTIFORMIA Superfamily DERODONTOIDEA 48.

Nosodendridae

50

6

6

-

1

49.

Jacobsoniidae

20

2

1

-

1

412



Taxa

Number of Species

IH

World

India

IH

Subfamily

Genera

Series BOSTRICHIFORMIA Superfamily BOSTRICHOIDEA 50.

Dermestidae

1,200

99

42

5

10

51.

Bostrichidae

570

63

19

3

13

52.

Ptinidae

2,200

29

33

8

23

70

6

1

1

1

600

11

2

1

2

2

1

1

Series CUCUJIFORMIA Superfamily LYMEXYLOIDEA 53.

Lymexylidae Superfamily CLEROIDEA

54.

Trogossitidae

55.

Thanerocleridae

56.

Cleridae

57.

Prionoceridae

58.

Melyridae

3,400

175

75

4

25

160

7

11

-

3

6,000

141

141

3

37

Superfamily CUCUJOIDEA 59.

Byturidae

24

2

1

-

1

60.

Helotidae

107

29

27

-

3

61.

Sphindidae

59

6

7

2

2

62.

Biphyllidae

200

19

3

-

1

63.

Erotylidae

3,500

179

92

3

30

64.

Monotomidae

250

16

19

2

9

65.

Cryptophagidae

600

50

48

2

12

66.

Silvanidae

500

73

35

2

13

67.

Cucujidae

44

7

6

-

2

68.

Passandridae

109

8

5

-

3

69.

Phalacridae

640

13

13

2

7

70.

Propalticidae

30

2

1

-

1

71.

Laemophloeidae

430

33

33

1

13

72.

Kateretidae

95

2

2

-

2

73.

Nitidulidae

4,500

213

120

8

31

74.

Bothrideridae

400

5

5

3

5

75.

Cerylonidae

450

14

9

2

5

76.

Discolomatidae

400

8

8

-

3

77.

Endomychidae

1,800

130

44

5

22

78.

Coccinellidae

6,000

430

203

6

56

79.

Latridiidae

1,050

55

52

2

11


413


Number of Species

Taxa

IH

World

India

IH

Subfamily

Genera

Superfamily TENEBRIONOIDEA 80.

Mycetophagidae

130

9

4

1

2

81.

Archeocrypticidae

60

9

2

-

1

82.

Ciidae

650

14

3

1

1

83.

Tetratomidae

150

5

4

3

3

84.

Melandryidae

420

9

9

2

5

85.

Mordellidae

1,500

21

23

1

11

86.

Ripiphoridae

400

11

6

1

1

87.

Zopheridae

1,700

23

23

2

13

88.

Tenebrionidae

20,000

857

491

6

123

89.

Prostomidae

30

1

1

-

1

90.

Oedemeridae

500

51

36

2

12

91.

Meloidae

3000

126

58

3

17

92.

Trictenotomidae

13

4

2

-

2

93.

Pyrochroidae

167

11

5

1

3

94.

Salpingidae

300

12

12

4

5

95.

Anthicidae

3000

315

178

5

24

96.

Aderidae

900

19

19

-

4

97.

Scraptiidae

500

22

22

2

3

Superfamily CHRYSOMELOIDEA 98.

Cerambycidae

30,079

1,545****

749

7

255

99.

Megalopodidae

350

13

15

2

5

100.

Disteniidae

340

9

3

1

3

101.

Chrysomelidae

32,500

2,736

884

10

232

Superfamily CURCULIONOIDEA 102.

Anthribidae

3,900

261

43

2

23

103.

Attelabidae

2,500

242

114

3

53

104.

Brentidae

4,000

353

69

7

35

105.

Dryophthoridae

1,200

35

35

4

18

106.

Brachyceridae

1,200

4

4

2

2

107.

Curculionidae

51,000

2,500*

693

14

224

3,89,487

22,299

10,533

285

2,684

Total

World: Zhang (2013), and Roskov et al. (2017). India: *Ramakrishna and Alfred (2007), **Ghosh and Nilsson (2012), ***Chandra et al. (2017), and ****Kariyanna et al. (2017). 414


Table 2. Coleoptera species in each family known from biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. S. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

28. 29.

30.

Taxa Suborder MYXOPHAGA Superfamily SPHAERIUSOIDEA Hydroscaphidae Sphaeriusidae Suborder ADEPHAGA Gyrinidae Rhysodidae Carabidae Haliplidae Noteridae Dytiscidae Suborder POLYPHAGA Series STAPHYLINIFORMIA Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA Hydrophilidae Helophoridae Epimetopidae Spercheidae Georissidae Synteliidae Superfamily HISTEROIDEA Histeridae Superfamily STAPHYLINOIDEA Hydraenidae Ptiliidae Agyrtidae Leiodidae Silphidae Staphylinidae Series SCARABAEIFORMIA Superfamily SCARABAEOIDEA Geotrupidae Passalidae Trogidae Lucanidae Hybosoridae Scarabaeidae Series SCIRTIFORMIA Superfamily SCIRTOIDEA Scirtidae Clambidae Series ELATERIFORMIA Superfamily DASCILLOIDEA Dascillidae


Number of Species 1A

1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

-

-

-

-

2 1

1

-

9 -

8 6

3 -

9 2 335 1 4 62

16 1 420 3 1 59

13 2 378 3 57

3 2 92 1 14

-

1 -

-

26 5 1 -

80 2 1 1 6 -

51 1 1

6 -

-

-

-

20

49

47

21

6

1 4

2

5 2 6 22 18 738

25 4 2 29 11 1,026

6 3 3 64 10 826

1 3 53

11

7

4 11

14 2 2 13 3 296

10 3 15 4 352

16 13 5 73 3 508

3 13 43 2 196

-

-

-

6 -

2 6

19 4

8 -

-

-

-

-

4

5

1 415

Table 2. contd. S. No. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 416

Taxa Superfamily BUPRESTOIDEA Buprestidae Superfamily BYRRHOIDEA Byrrhidae Elmidae Dryopidae Limnichidae Heteroceridae Psephenidae Ptilodactylidae Chelonariidae Eulichadidae Callirhipidae Superfamily ELATEROIDEA Eucnemidae Elateridae Lycidae Rhagophthalmidae Lampyridae Cantharidae Series DERODONTIFORMIA Superfamily DERODONTOIDEA Nosodendridae Jacobsoniidae Superfamily BOSTRICHOIDEA Dermestidae Bostrichidae Ptinidae Series CUCUJIFORMIA Superfamily LYMEXYLOIDEA Lymexylidae Superfamily CLEROIDEA Trogossitidae Thanerocleridae Cleridae Prionoceridae Melyridae Superfamily CUCUJOIDEA Byturidae Helotidae Sphindidae Biphyllidae Erotylidae Monotomidae Cryptophagidae Silvanidae


1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

-

-

-

54

52

114

23

-

-

-

11 4 1 2 3 3 1 -

6 9 2 18 17 10 2 2

3 7 8 3 3

5 2 7 -

1 -

4

-

114 11 1 21

174 21 1 35

1 263 37 1 5 106

11 5

-

-

-

-

-

4 -

3 1

4 -

1 -

-

14 10 8

24 7 17

10 4 11

4 5

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

4

-

2 2 9 4 47

1 38 4 68

1 1 38 5 28

1 1 1 -

-

1 -

-

4 11 4 20 7

1 1 2 3 25 6 25 14

21 1 58 8 27 23

3 21 1 22



Taxa

67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79.

Cucujidae Passandridae Phalacridae Propalticidae Laemophloeidae Kateretidae Nitidulidae Bothrideridae Cerylonidae Discolomatidae Endomychidae Coccinellidae Latridiidae Superfamily TENEBRIONOIDEA Mycetophagidae Archeocrypticidae Ciidae Tetratomidae Melandryidae Mordellidae Ripiphoridae Zopheridae Tenebrionidae Prostomidae Oedemeridae Meloidae Trictenotomidae Pyrochroidae Salpingidae Anthicidae Aderidae Scraptiidae Superfamily CHRYSOMELOIDEA Cerambycidae Megalopodidae Disteniidae Chrysomelidae Superfamily CURCULIONOIDEA Anthribidae Attelabidae Brentidae Dryophthoridae Brachyceridae Curculionidae Total

80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107.



1B

1C

2A

2B

2C

2D

-

2 -

-

1 1 7 1 16 4 4 68 19

3 2 12 21 1 40 1 2 2 14 107 28

1 2 1 19 1 76 4 4 4 27 133 36

4 14 10 1 2 10 11 -

1 -

6 1 -

-

1 1 1 1 4 3 178 19 30 1 51 4 2

3 3 1 4 9 3 5 95 7 28 1 4 105 15 17

1 1 2 3 14 4 15 207 1 12 19 2 4 7 115 2 6

4 60 4 5 8 8 -

1 1

2

-

102 3 184

188 4 1 236

456 8 2 553

152 114

2 36

48

20

20 12 1 1 203 2,903

10 48 26 10 298 4,075

21 58 41 28 3 285 5,081

5 6 2 1 16 1,015 417

Fig. 3. Number of species in families of order Coleoptera known from biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

418




419


420




421


422




423


424




425


426




427


ENDEMISM From available information, India appears to possess about 15 percent of its beetle species (3100), endemic to the country (Ramakrishna and Alfred, 2007). However, the coleopteran fauna of adjoining countries, like Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Pakistan is far less known than that in India. Therefore, uncertainty is there whether a significant number of species described from India have extended range of distribution to those countries or not. Hence, it is not possible to conclude the profile of endemicity of the Indian and Himalayan beetles at most accuracy till the information of entire beetle diversity of India and neighboring countries is compiled in the form of catalog and checklists. In case of 428

carabids, Mani (1968) hypothesized that about 50% of the species are endemic to the Himalaya and a much larger proportion of the species are endemic to the vast elevated area of the Northwest Himalaya and Pamirs Region.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION IUCN Red List includes about 1,191 species of order Coleoptera, in different categories globally (IUCN, 2017). As per IUCN Red List-2017, updated on 14 September 2017, there are about 177 species as Threatened locally or globally among them 18 species are Critically Endangered, 93 species Endangered, and 66 species Vulnerable. About 12 species are extinct, 76 species are near-threatened, 463 species each in Data Deficient and Least Concern categories. No species from India has gained a position Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

in this list. In the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 of India, only 38 species belonging to 4 families have been included in Part II of Schedule II. With a broad array of anatomical and biological diversity, the beetles represent about one-fourth of the total animal diversity of the world and the present era can be said to be the ‘Age of the Beetles.’ This much diversity is the outcome of some 250 million years of evolution since the earliest beetle fossils found in the Permian period. Like other insects groups such as butterflies and odonates, the range and stability of the beetles are at risk mainly due to the anthropogenic activities. In the course of time, significant numbers of beetles are facing the risk of extinction (Dunn, 2005). There are two primary ways of threats to diversity: 1. change in the habitat and reduction in the faunal diversity caused by human activities and 2. effects of pollution and pressure of invasive species on native species. Forest fragmentation have severe effects on many native, and critical species that have lesser mobility also is the case with flightless beetles. Howden and Nealis (1975) observed that the dung beetles response negatively to the anthropogenic clearings in the forest. Atmospheric pollution which is left over by-products of human activities and released chemicals into the environment result to threats for the beetle population. Industrial pollution is leading to chemical changes in water bodies, soils, or the surrounding atmosphere by accidental spillage and waste discharges and the resultant environment cause threat to the beetles. Mittal (2005) found altered food quality because of pollutants and increased use of cattle antibiotics as the primary cause of the decline in dung beetle diversity in Northern India. Another threat to the beetles, like many other insects, is due to the chemical insecticides used in the agriculture. It is a wellknown fact that many insects are highly sensitive to the organo-phosphorous compounds. Thiele (1977) reported that carabid populations are susceptible to herbicides and insecticides. Parathion, an insecticide, on applying in crops had the most devastating effects on beetle populations. Exotic species of both plants and animals are a massive threat to native biota. There are many occasions where several species are introduced to the region from outside their natural habitat for human benefits were turned to be a threat to the native fauna. Roads running through forests whether paved or unpaved, narrow or wide, and varying forms of the edge may affect species in at least three different ways (i) reduce available habitat, (ii) alter patterns of movement and (iii) extending side effects into forests (Dunn and Danoff-Burg, 2007). Unnecessary collection of insects has resulted in an adverse effect from the conservation point of view as large size of beetles especially in families, Lucanidae, and Scarabaeidae attract attention to the trade dealers. Goka et al. (2004) discussed the case of the widespread Dorcus antaeus, with the GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

anachronism that it is prohibited to collect this beetle in much of its Himalayan range (Bhutan, Nepal, India). Jewel beetles are attracted to the collectors by their beautiful appearance and texture. These beetles are mostly collected in the wild. Many species are utilized as biological control agents against pest weeds (New, 2010). Ladybird beetles are colorful and are recognized easily (Iperti, 1999). The conservation interest of the ladybirds relates to their predatory role, about the nontarget impacts of polyphagous predators introduced as biological control agents, where there is a possibility of the alien species harming the native species. Many beetles are sensitive to chemical insecticides. Reserves should be made and surrounded by sufficient ‘buffer’ area which is kept free from pesticides. As the reserves lie close to agricultural fields, they receive windblown spray or dust material from the nearby fields. Further, insecticides should never be used in reserves, and even it is required to protect the desirable tree species from insect destruction. In commercial livestock farming today, the common usage of chemical compounds with insecticidal, acaricidal or anthelmintic are accumulated in the faeces of the treated animals (Strong and Wall, 1990) and via this route, the residues are transferred to pasture environment and then to the nontargeting species using the dung as resource, like dung beetles (Floate et al., 2005; McKellar, 1997). Mitigation procedures also should be done by the education and empowerment of livestock farmers which will make use proper usage of antiparasitic products, the timing of treatment. The tiger beetles and ground beetles are flagship groups of insects having conservation interests and impacts in many parts of the world. They are considered as beneficial predators in crops and approaches to enhance their use as agents in conservation biological control and wider conservation activities (New, 2010). The giant stag beetles are threatened by over-collecting and deforestation, removal of dead wood, habitat fragmentation. They are important indicators of forest quality as they are xylophagous or saproxylic insects that are significant in conservation prospect (Speight, 1989). The conservation of beetles and their various habitats should come under attention as conservationists still focus on vertebrates and models of conservation strategies and thereby neglect the need of preservation of the beetles and other insect groups (Tscharntke 1992). Beetles act as invaluable role as an ecological indicator since they have intimate and particular biological relations with an incredibly diverse range of other organisms in the ecosystem. Many invertebrate species are characterized by a hyper-diversity related to species richness and also in ecological niches that they occupy (Spector, 2006) Thus it is not possible to monitor all invertebrate groups or to undertake comprehensive surveys of all invertebrate species at any given scale (Spector, 2006). 429

B

A

C

F

E

H

D

I

G

J

A. Dineutus (Protodineutus) indicus (Aubé, 1838) [Gyrinidae]; B. Cybister (Cybister) tripunctatus lateralis (Fabricius, 1798) [Dytiscidae]; C. Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes (Fabricius, 1792) [Hydrophilidae]; D. Canthydrus laetabilis (Walker, 1858) [Noteridae]; E. Anthia (Anthia) sexguttata sexguttata (Fabricius, 1775) [Carabidae]; F. Phelotrupes (Phelotrupes) orientalis (Westwood in Royle, 1839) [Geotrupidae]; G. Odontolabis cuvera cuvera Hope, 1842 [Lucanidae]; H. Melolontha guttigera Sharp, 1876 [Scarabaeidae]; I. Agestrata orichalca orichalca (Linnaeus, 1769) [Scarabaeidae]; J. Popillia cyanea Hope, 1831 [Scarabaeidae].

430


K

L

M

O

N

Q P

K. Clinteria spuria Burmeister, 1847 [Scarabaeidae]; L. Onthophagus (Proagoderus) pactolus (Fabricius, 1787) [Scarabaeidae]; M. Sternocera (Sternocera) chrysis (Fabricius, 1775) [Buprestidae]; N. Lanelater luridus (Fabricius, 1781) [Elateridae]; O. Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781) [Coccinellidae]; P. Aspidimorpha (Aspidimorpha) sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1794) [Chrysomelidae]; Q. Anoplophora stanleyana Hope, 1839 [Cerambycidae].


431

GAP AREAS Beetles, being the largest and highly diverse insect order, are distributed throughout the Indian Himalaya. Biogeographically, IH includes two biogeographic zones, Trans Himalaya and Himalaya. There are few records for the species in Trans Himalayan region, and most of the species represent Himalayan fauna. Himalaya further is subdivided into four biotic provinces, North West, West, Central, and East Himalayas as mentioned earlier. An analysis of the distribution of beetles in different biotic provinces provided very significant outputs regarding range and gap areas at the species level. Out of 10,533 species of beetles known from IH, 82 are cosmopolitan as most of them show broad distributional range in all the four major biotic provinces. Besides widely distributed species, there are many species which have been reported from only a single biotic province or a single locality. Central Himalaya has 3,583 species, West Himalaya 2,241 species, North West Himalaya 1,556 species, and East Himalaya 487 species, which have not yet been recorded from any other province of IH (Fig. 14). The reason behind this recorded distributional pattern may be that in most of the cases the species is only known from the type material and the lack of extensive surveys and proper identification of the collected material. The estimated diversity of beetles from IH can incline many

folds, as many areas in IH are less explored, mainly East Himalaya and North West Himalaya. There are about 686 species only known from North West and West Himalayas and 256 species from Central and East Himalayas. Mani (1968) postulated that the discontinuity of distribution of mountains, the unevenness of the ground on mountains and the general ruggedness of the terrain are effective barriers to dispersal and migration of the species. He (1968) further stated that the ecological specializations of the insects, the climatic factors at high altitude, the topographic and physiographic barriers, vegetational conditions, also the edaphic factors are limiting factors for species distribution. There are several gaps in the species distribution pattern like about 576 species distributed in between West and Central Himalayas, 144 species between North West and Central Himalayas, and 41 species between West and East Himalayas. Fourteen species are distributed in West and East Himalayas. For these species, if proper surveys will be conducted, there are chances to report the increase in the range extension of these species. Trans Himalaya, with three provinces Ladakh Mountains, Tibetan Plateau and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim, include high elevation areas and even very less number of beetles are reported from this zone. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D 2A, 2B, 2C 2A, 2C, 2D

41

2A, 2B, 2D 2B, 2C, 2D

576

2A, 2B 2C, 2D

144

2B, 2C

14 144

2A, 2C 2A, 2D

576 686

2B, 2D

686 265

45

20

71

45

71

20

330

330

330

82

82

82

2A

2B

2C

41 14 256 71 45 20 82 2D

Fig. 14. Graph showing the comparative diversity of beetles in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

432


Extensive field surveys in combination with detailed taxonomic studies concentrating particular group are needed in various regions of IH, especially from the unexplored regions such as places in East Himalaya, and Trans Himalaya (Ladakh Mountains, Tibetan Plateau, and Upper Sikkim) to get proper data on the inventory of beetle diversity from this region. As per our observations, most of the collection localities from IH are located in Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Pahalgam, Peer Pranjal Range, Sri Nagar, Ladakh, Kargil (Jammu and Kashmir), Kangra Valley, Kulu, Manali, Shimla, Chail, Solan, Pin Valley, Lahul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), Doon Valley, Dehradun, Nainital, Kumaon, Garhwal, Almora-Pithorgarh, Haldwani, Mussoorie, Ranikhet (Uttarakhand), Gangtok, Namchi, Lachen, Yumthang, (Sikkim), Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Lopchu, Pedong, Samsing, Mirik (West Bengal), Dafla Hills, Abor Hills, Tawang and Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh). So other areas must be explored and surveyed for having more data and information on the beetle diversity from the IH. Based on museum specimens, many a new species have been described recently from East Himalaya such as Bolboceras darjeelicans (Central Himalaya; Geotrupidae), Pukupuku arunachalensis (East Himalaya; Scarabaeidae), Odontotrypes (Odontotrupes) tawangensis (East Himalaya; Geotrupidae), and Cryptarcha raychaudhurii (East and Central Himalayas; Nitidulidae). So, there is every possibility of discovering more new species from the museum collections or the fresh collections if unexplored areas are systematically surveyed. About 107 families are reported from IH with few families documented poorly. For example, Lymexylidae consists only one species from IH out of 6 species from

India. Ciidae includes only three species from IH out of 14 species known from India. Families like Corylophidae, Synchroidae, Mycteridae, Brachypsectridae, Throscidae, Drillidae, Glaresidae, Ochodaeidae, and Glaphyridae have no representation from IH, though they are recorded from other parts of India. So, these families need a proper study to get more knowledge. Regarding taxonomic studies, there are required revisionary works on a particular group of beetles to delimit the species within the genus. It is also necessary to undertake studies on molecular profiles and DNA barcoding of economically significant groups of species which are pests, as well as biological control agents. The studies are also required to investigate the effect of climate change, and habitat fragmentation on the diversity and distribution of beetles taking into consideration tiger beetles, and dung beetles and model organisms as indicator taxa.

DISCUSSION For the first time, a checklist of order Coleoptera has been prepared from IH which includes 10,533 species accommodated in 2,684 genera, 287 subfamilies, and 107 families under three suborders: Myxophaga (2 families), Adephaga (6 families), and Polyphaga (99 families). Seven families are highly diverse, Staphylinidae (21%), Scarabaeidae (10%), Carabidae (9%), Chrysomelidae (9%), Curculionidae (7%), Elateridae (5%), and Tenebrionidae (5%). Not only in terms its global richness, but the beetles also represent one of the major group found in the mountains of Indian Himalaya, representing about 47.2% of the beetle fauna of India (22,299 species) and approximately 2.7% of its global diversity (3,89,487 species). About one-third of the total faunal diversity of IH is represented by beetles, which is further distributed in almost all the biotic provinces.

Fig. 15. The course of description of Beetles reported from Indian Himalaya on a decadal basis.


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Chandra et al. (2016) reported about 65,407 species of insects occurring in different biogeographic zones of from India. Beetles of IH represent about 16% of the total named insect diversity of the country which is the result of dedicated studies by distinguished taxonomists, naturalists, and collectors across the world. If we see the rate of description of beetles of IH on a decadal basis, we find interesting trends, since the first species described by Linnaeus (1758) to current year (Fig. 15). During the first decade, the beginning of binomial nomenclature Linnaeus himself named about 41 species from IH. In the late 18th Century, species description took a slow pace until 1809, even though 134 species were described during 1798-1807. In the 19th century, the species description rate took at a rapid pace with the highest in the mid of the century with primary authors were Hope, Westwood, and Motschulsky. The rate of description of Himalayan beetles was highest during the periods when Fauna of British India volumes were printed with the significant contributions made by Cameron, Champion, Andrewes, Jacoby, Arrow, Marshall, and Gahan. Cameron described approximately 928 species. From 1928 to 1948, species description slowed down a bit in compared to previous decades. Then a rapid decrease was observed during 1948-1957 with only 155 species descriptions. In between the periods, 1978-2007 the species description slightly increased with Löbl, Coiffait, Wittmer, Pace, Holzschuh, Pajni, Ahrens, Vats, Kashyap, and Chauhan, Sengupta, and Medvedev being major contributors. Most of the Himalaya beetles were described in the 20th century (6324 species) and 19th century (3129 species). In the 21st century so far 807 species, have been described from the area. Considering the distribution in biotic provinces of IH, Central Himalaya is the richest in diversity (51%), followed by West Himalaya (40%), North-West Himalaya (29%), and East Himalaya (10%). The diversity in the Trans Himalayan biotic provinces is little known, with highest in Tibetan Plateau (0.45%), followed by Ladakh Mountains (0.34%), and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim (0.21%). The current status highlights the gap areas in the beetle diversity in different parts of IH. Central Himalaya records the maximum number of species as this part has been explored extensively whereas the top of this, Trans Himalaya-Sikkim lacks information. East Himalaya is a major part of Himalayan biodiversity hotspot holds many endemic species, so, more exploration in this region is expected to explore many undescribed species. Most of the species not only from IH but also from the world are known from a single specimen or a single locality. Moreover, many of the species are known to taxonomists by the type specimens only because of the 434

lack proper taxonomic identification and knowledge. The distribution of the beetles, like other insect groups, is not uniform throughout India and some areas obviously more enriched with many forms than the other regions. Biogeographically, India is divided into ten different biogeographic zones: Trans Himalaya, Himalaya, Gangetic Plains, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Peninsula, Northeast, Islands, and Coasts each with characteristics biota, and broadly representing similar climatic conditions. It is a general perception that the areas belonging to the hot-spots: the Himalaya, the Western Ghats and the Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands are likely to contain a rich assemblage of species in different families. There are about 22,299 species of beetles so far cataloged from the country, and surprisingly half of them are present in IH. The number of described diversity of beetles from India may increase if the database of all the known species is prepared, and the scattered publications made in different groups will be compiled and brought on the single online dataset. The beetle diversity of all the other biogeographic zones if assessed in the form of a detailed inventory will surely provide a bigger picture of the total diversity of the country. Regarding collection localities also, India has been explored less with very few collection areas representing this much diversity (Sengupta, 2005). Collection cum field in remote regions will undoubtedly reveal the hidden diversity from these areas.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order COLEOPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder MYXOPHAGA Crowson, 1955 Superfamily SPHAERIUSOIDEA Erichson, 1845 Family HYDROSCAPHIDAE LeConte, 1874 Genus Hydroscapha LeConte, 1874 substrigosa Champion, 1920: 2B turbinata Champion, 1925: 2B Family SPHAERIUSIDAE Erichson, 1845 Genus Sphaerius Waltl, 1838 gustavlohsei (Löbl, 1995): 2C laeviventris Champion, 1923: 2B Suborder ADEPHAGA Schellenberg, 1806 Family GYRINIDAE Latreille, 1810 Subfamily GYRININAE Latreille, 1810 Tribe DINEUTINI Desmarest, 1851 Genus Dineutus Macleay, 1825 Subgenus Protodineutus Ochs, 1926 indicus (Aubé, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Spinosodineutes Hatch, 1925 spinosus spinosus (Fabricius, 1781): 2B, 2C unidentatus (Aube, 1838): 2B Tribe GYRININI Latreille, 1810 Genus Gyrinus Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Gyrinus Geoffroy, 1762 convexiusculus Macleay, 1871: Himalaya distinctus Aubé, 1838: 2A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Metagyrinus Brinck, 1955 arrowi (Régimbart, 1907): 2A, 2B Tribe ORECTOCHILININI Régimbart, 1882 Genus Orectochilus Dejean, 1833 murinus murinus Régimbart, 1892: 2A, 2B, 2C murinus occidentalis Ochs, 1955: 2B nuristanicus himalayensis Ochs, 1955: 2B Genus Patrus Aubé, 1838 andamanicus Régimbart, 1883: 2D cameroni (Ochs, 1925): 2A, 2B cribratellus metallescens (Régimbart, 1907): 2C, 2D cuneatus (Régimbart, 1892): 2A, 2B, 2C desgodinsi (Régimbart, 1886): 2C discifer (Walker, 1859): 2C figuratus (Régimbart, 1892): 2A, 2B, 2C gangeticus Wiedemann, 1821: 2C haemorrhous (Régimbart, 1892): Himalaya horni (Ochs, 1933): 2C kempi (Ochs, 1925): 2D limbatus (Régimbart, 1884): 2B marginepennis angustilimbus (Ochs, 1925): 2B metallicus (Régimbart, 1884): 2B, 2C neglectus (Ochs, 1925): 2A, 2B oblongiusculus (Régimbart, 1886): 2A, 2B, 2C productus (Régimbart, 1884): 2C uttarpradeshensis Fery, 2014: 2B Family RHYSODIDAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe CLINIDIINI Bell and Bell, 1978 Genus Rhyzodiastes Fairmaire, 1895 Subgenus Temoana Bell and Bell, 1985 mishmicus (Arrow, 1942): 2D Tribe OMOGLYMMIINI Bell and Bell, 1978 Genus Omoglymmius Ganglbauer, 1891 Subgenus Orthoglymmius Bell and Bell, 1978 alticola (Grouvelle, 1913): 2D darjeelingensis Saha and Biswas, 1995: 2C Genus Yamatosa Bell and Bell, 1979 arrowi (Grouvelle, 1908): 2C boysi (Arrow, 1901): 2A draco (Bell, 1977): 2A reitteri (Bell, 1977): 2B, 2C Family CARABIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily NEBRIINAE Laporte, 1834 Tribe NEBRIINI Laporte, 1834 Genus Leistus Frölich, 1799 Subgenus Evanoleistus Jedlička, 1965 andrewesi Perrault, 1985: 2C chalcites Andrewes, 1936: 2C championi Andrewes, 1920: 2B harpagon Farkač, 1998: 2A indus Tschitschérine, 1903: 2C kashmirensis Andrewes, 1927: 2A natruc Farkač, 1998: 2B negrei Perrault, 1985: 2C nivium Andrewes, 1925: 2A Subgenus Pogonophorus Latreille, 1802 sikkimensis Perrault, 1984: 2C Genus Nebria Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Epinebriola Daniel, 1904


barbata Andrewes, 1929: 2A ganeshi Ledoux, 1984: 2A masrina masrina Andrewes, 1924: 2A orestias Andrewes, 1932: 2C pindarica Andrewes, 1925: 2B poplii Ledoux, 1984: 2B rasa Andrewes, 1936: 2C restricta Ledoux and Roux, 2005: 2B Subgenus Eunebria Jeannel, 1937 cameroni Andrewes, 1925 : 2A, 2B cinctella Andrewes, 1925: 2B limbigera babaulti Andrewes, 1924: 2A limbigera limbigera Solsky, 1874: 2A, 2B psammophila Solsky, 1874: 2A xanthacra xanthacra Chaudoir, 1850: 2A, 2B Subgenus Patrobonebria Bänninger, 1923 capillosa Ledoux and Roux, 1992: 2B desgodinsi Oberthür, 1883: 2A, 2B, 2C elegans Andrewes, 1925: 2B himalayica Bates, 1889: 2A, 2B, 2C hiekeiana Huber and Baur, 2016: 2A incognita Huber and Baur, 2016: 2B Subgenus Pseudonebriola Ledoux and Roux, 1989 tyschkanica Kryzhanovskij and Shilenkov, 1976: 2A Tribe NOTIOPHILINI Motschulsky, 1850 Genus Notiophilus Duméril, 1806 dostali Barševskis, 2011: 2A orientalis Chaudoir, 1850 : 2A, 2B radians radians Andrewes, 1926: 2A, 2B Tribe OPISTHIINI Dupuis, 1912 Genus Paropisthius Casey, 1920 indicus indicus (Chaudoir, 1863): 2B, 2D unctulus Andrewes, 1932: 2B Subfamily CICINDELINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe CICINDELINI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe CICINDELINA Latreille, 1802 Genus Calochroa Hope, 1838 assamensis (Parry, 1844): 2C, 2D bicolor atavus (Horn, 1921): 2A, 2B bicolor bicolor (Fabricius, 1781) : 2B, 2C flavomaculata flavomaculata (Hope, 1831): 2B octogramma octogramma (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D octonotata (Wiedemann, 1819): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Callytron Gistel, 1848 limosum (Saunders, 1834): 2C Genus Calomera Motschulsky, 1862 angulata angulata (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cardoni (Fleutiaux, 1890): 2C chloris (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D funerea assimilis (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D plumigera macrograptina (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2B Genus Chaetodera Jeannel, 1946 albina (Wiedemann, 1819): 2B, 2C vigintiguttata (Herbst, 1806): 2B, 2C Genus Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Ancylia Rivalier, 1961 guttata Wiedemann, 1823: 2B Subgenus Cosmodela Rivalier, 1961

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aurulenta juxtata (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2C duponti duponti (Dejean, 1826): 2D fleutiauxi fleutiauxi (Horn, 1915): 2C, 2D intermedia intermedia (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B virgula (Fleutiaux, 1894): 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758 granulata stoliczkana Bates, 1843: 2A Subgenus Pancallia Rivalier, 1961 aurofasciata Dejean, 1831: 2C Subgenus Sophiodela Nakane, 1955 chinensis Degeer, 1774 : 2B, 2C Genus Cylindera Westwood, 1831 Subgenus Cylindera Westwood, 1831 delavayi (Fairmaire, 1886): 2C, 2D dromicoides (Chaudoir, 1852): 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Eriodera Rivalier, 1961 albopunctata (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Eugrapha Rivalier, 1950 agnata (Fleutiaux, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C bigemina (Klug, 1834): 2A, 2B, 2C brevis (Horn, 1905): 2A, 2B cognata (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B, 2C erudita (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B, 2C grammophora (Chaudoir, 1852): 2B, 2C mesoepisternalis (Horn, 1933): 2A minuta (Olivier, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C venosa (Kollar, 1836): 2B, 2C Subgenus Ifasina Jeannel, 1946 cyclobregma (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2C, 2D decempunctata (Oejean, 1825): 2B, 2C foveolata (Schaum, 1863): 2B, 2C limitisca (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2C melitops (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2D seriepunctata ( Horn, 1892): 2C, 2D spinolae (Gestro, 1889): 2C, 2D sikhimensis (Mandl, 1982): 2C subtilesignata (Mandl, 1970): 2A, 2B, 2C viduata (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C viridilabris (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B Genus Jansenia Chaudoir, 1865 chloropleura chloropleura (Chaudoir, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2C rugosiceps (Chaudoir, 1865): 2C viridicincta (Horn, 1894): 2A Genus Lophyra Motschulsky, 1859 Subgenus Lophyra Motschulsky, 1859 cancellata intemperata (Acciavatti and Pearson, 1989): 2B, 2C catena catena (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2C striatifrons (Chaudoir, 1852): 2B Subgenus Spilodia Rivalier, 1961 lefroyi ( Horn, 1908): 2A lineifrons (Chaudoir, 1865): 2B multiguttata (Dejean, 1825): 2B, 2C, 2D parvimaculata (Fowler, 1912): 2B, 2C, 2D striolata striolata (llliger, 1800): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D vittigera (Dejean, 1825): 2B Genus Myriochila Motschulsky, 1858 fastidiosa fastidiosa (Dejean, 1825): 2A fastidiosa leucoloma (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B

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Subgenus Myriochila Motschulsky, 1858 atelesta (Chaudoir, 1854): 2B, 2C melancholica melancholica (Fabricius, 1798): 2A undulata (Dejean, 1825): 2B, 2C Genus Plutacia Rivalier, 1961 dives (Gory, 1833): 2C Genus Setinteridenta Acciavatti, 1987 rhytidopteroides (Horn, 1924): 2B, 2C Subtribe DROMICINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Heptodonta Hope, 1838 pulchella (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Pronyssa Bates, 1874 kraatzi (Horn, 1899): 2C nodicollis Bates, 1874: 2B, 2C Genus Prothyma Hope, 1838 Subgenus Genoprothyma Rivalier, 1964 assamensis Rivalier, 1964: 2C Subgenus Prothyma Hope, 1838 proxima (Chaudoir, 1860): 2C Subtribe THERATINA Horn, 1893 Genus Therates Latreille, 1816 annandalei Horn, 1908: 2C arunachalcolus Sawada and Wiesner, 2006: 2D dohertyi Horn, 1905: 2C, 2D hennigi dormeri Horn, 1898: 2D obliquus Fleutiaux, 1893 : 2C waagenorum Horn, 1900: 198 : 2C westbengalensis Wiesner, 1996: 2C Tribe COLLYRIDINI Brullé, 1834 Subtribe COLLYRIDINA Brullé, 1834 Genus Collyris Fabricius, 1801 longicollis (Fabricius, 1787): 2B, 2C Genus Neocollyris Horn, 1901 Subgenus Isocollyris Naviaux, 1994 variicornis (Chaudoir, 1865): 2C Subgenus Leptocollyris Naviaux, 1995 brancuccii Naviaux, 1992: 2C variitarsis (Chaudoir, 1860): 2C Subgenus Neocollyris Horn, 1901 bonellii arunensis Naviaux, 1994: 2C distincta (Chaudoir, 1861): 2C fuscitarsis (Schmidt-Göbel, 1846): 2C hiekei Naviaux, 1994: 2C insignis (Chaudoir, 1864): 2C redtenbacheri (Horn, 1894): 2C saphyrina (Chaudoir, 1850): 2C smaragdina (Horn, 1894): 2C Subgenus Orthocollyris Naviaux, 1995 attenuata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2C Subtribe TRICONDYLINA Naviaux, 1991 Genus Tricondyla Latreille, 1822 macrodera macrodera Chaudoir, 1860: 2C, 2D macrodera stristiceps Chaudoir, 1864: 2C Subfamily CARABINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe CARABINI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe CALOSOMATINA Jeannel, 1940 Genus Calosoma Weber, 1801 Subgenus Calosoma Weber, 1801 beesoni Andrewes, 1919: 2A, 2B


himalayanum Gestro, 1875: 1B, 2A, 2B Subgenus Campalita Motschulsky, 1866 maderae indicum Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B Genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Imaibius Bates, 1889 barysomus barysomus Bates, 1889: 2A barysomus heroicus Semenov, 1907: 2A barysomus huegeli (Roeschke, 1907): 2A barysomus kishengangai Heinz, 1993: 2A boysii bhadarwahensis Deuve, 1982: 2A boysii boysii Tatum, 1851: 2A, 2B caschmirensis caschmirensis Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2B dardiellus dardiellus Bates, 1889: 2A dardiellus perobscurus Deuve, 1980: 2A dardiellus polymorphus Heinz, 1993: 2A dardiellus sonamargensis Deuve, 1981: 2A dardiellus subpunctulus (Roeschke, 1907): 2A epipleuralis Semenov, 1907: 2A gridellii gridellii Breuning, 1959: 2A leepai Heinz, 1993: 2A piffli Mandl, 1961: 2A rostianus Semenov, 1907: 2A stoliczkanus brauni Heinz, 1993: 2A Subgenus Meganebrius Kraatz, 1895 indicus indicus Fairmaire, 1889: 2C indicus sikkimensis Mandl, 1982: 2C Subgenus Neoplesius Reitter, 1896 wagae sanchari Andrewes, 1921: 2C wagae schmidi Breuning, 1973: 2C wagae wagae Fairmaire, 1882: 2B Tribe CYCHRINI Perty, 1830 Subtribe CYCHRINA Perty, 1830 Genus Cychrus Fabricius, 1794 Subgenus Cychropsis Boileau, 1901 dembickyi (Imura, 2005): 2D sikkimensis Fairmaire, 1901: 2C wittmeri (Mandl, 1975): 2C wittmerianus wittmerianus (Deuve, 1983): 2C Subfamily OMOPHRONINAE Bonelli, 1810 Tribe OMOPHRONINI Bonelli, 1810 Genus Omophron Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Omophron Latreille, 1802 axillare Chaudoir, 1868: 2A, 2B chelys Andrewes, 1921: 2C gemmeum Andrewes, 1921: 2B oberthueri Gestro, 1892: 2B, 2C rotundatum Ghaudoir, 1852: 2A smaragdus Andrewes, 1921: 2B testudo Andrewes, 1919: 2C virens Andrewes, 1929: 2B Subfamily SCARITINAE Bonelli, 1810 Tribe CLIVININI Rafinesque, 1815 Subtribe CLIVININA Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Clivina Latreille, 1802 arunachalensis Saha and Biswas, 1985: 2D attenuata (Herbst, 1806): 2A, 2C, 2D championi Kult, 1951: 2B gamma Andrewes, 1929: 2B semicarinata Putzeys, 1877: 2B


tranquebarica Bonelli, 1813: 2B westwoodi Putzeys, 1866: 2B, 2D Genus Coryza Putzeys, 1866 maculata (Nietner, 1856): 2B semirubra Andrewes, 1926: 2A, 2B Genus Pseudoclivina Kult, 1947 assamensis (Putzeys, 1846): 2B memnonia (Dejean, 1831): 2D Genus Sparostes Putzeys, 1866 striatulus Putzeys, 1866: 2C Subtribe REICHEINA Jeannel, 1957 Genus Trilophus Andrewes, 1927 interpunctatus (Putzeys, 1867): Himalaya serratus Balkenohl, 1999: Himalaya weberi Balkenohl, 1999: 2B Tribe DYSCHIRIINI Kolbe, 1880 Genus Dyschirius Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Dyschiriodes Jeannel, 1941 bengalensis Andrewes, 1929: 2B mesopotamicus Müller, 1922: 2A Subgenus Dyschirius Bonelli, 1810 tricuspius Andrewes, 1929: 2B Subgenus Eudyschirius Fedorenko, 1996 championi Andrewes, 1929: 2B constrictus Andrewes, 1929: 2B disjunctus Andrewes, 1929: 2B himalaicus (Fedorenko, 1997): 2B schaumii variabilis Andrewes, 1929: 2A, 2B sonamargensis Balkenhol, 1994: 2A speculifer Andrewes, 1929: 2B Subgenus Paradyschirius Fedorenko, 1996 bifrons Andrewes, 1929: 2B hingstoni Andrewes, 1929: 2B tenuescens Andrewes, 1929: 2B verticalis Putzeys, 1878: 2B Genus Reicheiodes Ganglbauer, 1891 Subgenus Himalayodes Dostal, 1993 convexipennis (Balkenohl, 1994): 2C Tribe SCARITINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe OXYLOBINA Andrewes, 1929 Genus Oxylobus Chaudoir, 1855 alveolatus Chaudoir, 1879: 2B porcatus (Fabricius, 1798): 2B punctatosulcatus Chaudoir, 1855: Himalaya Subtribe SCAPTERINA Putzeys, 1866 Genus Parathlibops Basilewsky, 1958 wittmeri Casale, 1980: 2C Genus Scapterus Dejean, 1826 guerini Dejean, 1826: 2B sulcatus Putzeys, 1861: 2B Subtribe SCARITINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Distichus Motschulsky, 1858 Subgenus Baenningostichus Dostal, 1999 rectifrons (Bates, 1892): 2C Subgenus Distichus Motschulsky, 1858 parvus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B picicornis (Dejean, 1831): 2B, 2C puncticollis (Chaudoir, 1855): 2B Genus Haplogaster Chaudoir, 1879

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himalayicus Banninger, 1935: 2C ovatus Chaudoir, 1879: 2C Genus Scarites Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Parallelomorphus Motschulsky, 1849 inconspicuus Chaudoir, 1855: 2A, 2B, 2C indus Olivier, 1795: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D punctum Wiedemann, 1823: 2B subcylindricus Chaudoir, 1843: 2B subnitens Chaudoir, 1855: 2B Subgenus Scallophorites Motschulsky, 1858 cycloderus Chaudoir, 1880: 2C guineensis Dejean, 183l: 2B Subgenus Scarites Fabricius, 1775 bengalensis Dejean, 1826: 2A, 2B derogatus Andrewes, 1929: 2B dubiosus Andrewes, 1929: 2B pinguis Andrewes, 1929: 2B praedator Chaudoir, 1880: 2A, 2B, 2C raptor Andrewes, 1932: 2B selene Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2B sulcatus sulcatus Olivier, 1795: 2B, 2C trachydermon Andrewes, 1936: Himalaya Subfamily BROSCINAE Hope, 1838 Tribe BROSCINI Hope, 1838 Subtribe BROSCINA Hope, 1838 Genus Axonya Andrewes, 1923 championi Andrewes, 1923: 2A, 2B, 2D similis Dostal and Zettel, 1999: 2C Genus Broscosoma Rosenhauer, 1846 gracile Andrewes, 1927: 1C ribbei Putzeys, 1877: 1C, 2C tawangense Deuve, 2006: 2D Genus Broscus Panzer, 1813 bipilifer Andrewes, 1927: 2C taurulus Andrewes, 1927: 2C Genus Chaetobroscus Semenov, 1900 anomalus (Chaudoir, 1878): 1A, 2A kezukai Dostal, 1984: 1B, 2A meurguesae meurgueseae Morvan, 1984: 2A meurguesae deuvei Morvan, 1984: 2A meurguesae gangabalensis Morvan, 1984: 2A meurguesae pahalgamensis Morvan, 1984: 2A Genus Craspedonotus Schaum, 1863 himalayanus Semenov, 1910: 2A, 2B Genus Nepalobroscus Habu, 1973 bipilifer (Andrewes, 1927): 2C taurulus (Andrewes, 1927): 2C Subfamily APOTOMINAE LeConte, 1853 Genus Apotomus Illiger, 1807 atripennis Motschulsky, 1858: 2B hirsutulus Bates, 1892: 2B Subfamily SIAGONINAE Bonelli, 1813 Tribe SIAGONINI Bonelli, 1813 Genus Siagona Latreille, 1804 atrata Dejean, 1825: 2C baconi Chaudoir, 1876: 2C dilutipes Chaudoir, 1850: 2A europaea Dejean, 1826: 2A, 2B pumila Andrewes, 1921: 2B

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Subfamily MELAENINAE Alluaud, 1934 Tribe CYMBIONOTINI Andrewes, 1933 Genus Cymbionotum Baudi di Selve, 1864 fascigerum (Chaudoir, 1852): 2B Subfamily TRECHINAE Bonelli, 1810 Tribe BEMBIDIINI Stephens, 1827 Subtribe BEMBIDIINA Stephens, 1827 Genus Amerizus Chaudoir, 1868 Subgenus Tiruka Andrewes, 1935 bolivari (Andrewes, 1927): 2C Genus Amerizus species insertae sedis arunachalensis Deuve, 2006: 2D casalei Perrault, 1985: 2C deuvei Perrault, 1985: 2A kashmiricus (Jedlička, 1938): 2A ledouxi Perrault, 1985: 2B Genus Asaphidion Gozis, 1886 championi Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C cuprascens Andrewes, 1925: 2B formosum Andrewes, 1935: 2B indicum (Chaudoir, 1850): 2A, 2B, 2C obscurum Andrewes, 1925: 2B ornatum Andrewes, 1925: 2B substriatum Andrewes, 1925: 2B triste Andrewes, 1935: 2C viride Andrewes, 1925: 2C Genus Bembidion Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Asioperyphus Vysoký, 1986 ladas ladas Andrewes, 1924: 2A ladas lehense Miiller-Motzfeld, 1985: 1B notatum Andrewes, 1922: 2B, 2C pamiricola pamiricola Lutshnik, 1930: 2A xanthochiton Andrewes, 1922: 2C Subgenus Bembidion Latreille, 1802 caporiaccoi Netolitzky, 1935: 2A quadripustulatum trimaculatum Andrewes, 1927: 2B Subgenus Bembidionetolitzkya Strand, 1929 astrabadense (Mannerheim in Chaudoir, 1844): 2B atrox Andrewes, 1935: Himalaya cimmerium Andrewes, 1922: 2B irregulare Netolitzky, 1935: Himalaya livens Andrewes, 1930: Himalaya milosfassatii Schmidt, 2004: 2A nivicola Andrewes, 1923: 2A orinum Andrewes, 1922: 2B persephone persephone Andrewes, 1926: 2B piceocyaneum piceocyaneum Solsky, 1874: 2A pluto pluto Andrewes, 1924: 2A satanas satanas Andrewes, 1924: 1A, 2A Subgenus Chlorodium Motschulsky, 1864 loricatum Andrewes, 1922: 2B Subgenus Emphanes Motschulsky, 1850 axillare eupages Andrewes, 1934: 2A Subgenus Euperyphus Jeannel, 1941 regale Andrewes, 1922: 2B Subgenus Hydrium Leconte, 1847 chalcodes Andrewes, 1935: 2A Subgenus Jammuphanes Schimidt and Marggi, 2014 algidum Andrewes, 1935: 2A


klausnitzeri Schimidt and Marggi, 2014: 2A liparum Andrewes, 1935: 2A sinuosum Schimidt and Marggi, 2014: 2A Subgenus Microserrullula Netolitzky, 1921 discordans Netolitzky, 1935: 2A luniferum Andrewes, 1924: 2B splendens Andrewes, 1923: 2B xanthacrum Chaudoir, 1850: 2A, 2D Subgenus Neja Motschulsky, 1864 striaticeps Andrewes, 1935: 2A Subgenus Notaphocampa Netolitzky, 1914 niloticum niloticum Dejean, 1831: 2B, 2D Subgenus Ocydromus Clairville, 1806 hasurada hasurada Andrewes, 1924: 1A, 2A, 2B saxatile flavipalpe Netolitzky, 1930: 2A Subgenus Ocyturanes Müller-Motzfeld, 1986 babaulti Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B menander Andrewes, 1935: 2B xestum Andrewes, 1923: 2A, 2B Subgenus Omoperyphus Netolitzky, 1931 kempi Andrewes, 1922: 2A, 2B manicatum Andrewes, 1935: 2A Subgenus Pamirium Netolitzky, 1920 himalayanum Andrewes, 1924: 1A, 2A Subgenus Peryphidium Tschitschérine, 1895 gagates gagates Andrewes, 1924 : 2A, 2B Subgenus Peryphophila Netolitzky, 1939 clarum Andrewes, 1923: 2B, 2C endymion Andrewes, 1935: 2B eurydice Andrewes, 1926: 2B Subgenus Peryphus Dejean, 1821 abbreviatum uvidum Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B bracculatum Bates, 1889: 1A, 2B bualei vorax Andrewes, 1935: 2B charon Andrewes, 1926: 2B gilgit gilgit Andrewes, 1935: 1A, 2A gilgit peratrum De Monte, 1956: Himalaya insidiosum betegara Andrewes, 1924: 2A insidiosum clops Andrewes, 1935: 2A insidiosum ixion Andrewes, 1934: 2A insidiosum luntaka Andrewes, 1924: 1B, 2A ladakense ladakense Andrewes, 1924: 1A languens Andrewes, 1935: 2A obscurellum corporaali Netolitzky, 1935: 1B phaedrum Andrewes, 1923: 2A, 2B polites Andrewes, 1935: 2B psilodorum Andrewes, 1933: 2A radians Andrewes, 1922: 2C rubidum Andrewes, 1924: 2A sillemi Netolitzky, 1935: 2A solskyi Netolitzky, 1934: 2A Subgenus Philochthemphanes Netolitzky, 1943 exquisitum Andrewes, 1923: 2B, 2C leptaleum Andrewes, 1922: 2C Subgenus Princidium Motschulsky, 1864 compactum Andrewes, 1922: 2B Subgenus Terminophanes Müller-Motzfeld, 1998 kaschmirense dux Andrewes, 1935: 2A kaschmirense kaschmirense Netolitzky, 1920: 2A


kaschmirense ochropus Andrewes, 1935: 2A leve Andrewes, 1924: 2A terminale dardum Bates, 1889: 2A Subgenus Testedium Motschulsky, 1864 beesoni Andrewes, 1933: 2A Subgenus Thaumatoperyphus Netolitzky, 1935 ajmonis Netolitzky, 1935: 2A Subgenus Trichoplataphus Netolitzky, 1914 kara Andrewes, 1921: 2C Genus Bembidion species incertae sedis chakrata Andrewes, 1935: 2B, 2C holconotum Andrewes, 1935: 2A ledouxianum Kirschenhofer, 1989: 2A limatum Andrewes, 1924: 2A psuchrum Andrewes, 1922: 2B Genus Sinechostictus Motschulsky, 1864 cameroni cameroni Andrewes, 1922: 2A exaratus exaratus Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C Subtribe TACHYINA Motschulsky, 1862 Genus Elaphropus Motschulsky, 1839 asthenes (Andrewes, 1925): 2B haliploides (Bates, 1892): 2B, 2C latissimus gracilis Motschulsky, 1862: 2B opacus (Andrewes, 1925): 2B orphnaeus (Andrewes, 1935): 2B saundersi (Andrewes, 1925): 2C Genus Polyderis Motschulsky, 1862 brachys (Andrewes, 1925): 2B ochrias (Andrewes, 1925): 2B truncatus (Nietner, 1858): 2B Genus Tachys Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Paratachys Casey, 1918 fasciatus fasciatus (Motschulsky, 1851): 2B micros (Fischer von Waldheim, 1828): 2A pallescens Bates, 1873: 2A Genus Tachyta Kirby, 1837 Subgenus Tachyta Kirby, 1837 umbrosa (Motschulsky, 1851): 2B Genus Tachyura Motschulsky, 1862 Subgenus Amaurotachys Jeannel, 1946 notaphoida (Bates, 1886): 2B Subgenus Nototachys Alluaud, 1930 compta (Andrewes, 1922): 2B, 2C Subgenus Sphaerotachys Müller, 1926 fumicata (Motschulsky, 1851): 2B socia (Schaum, 1863): 2B Subgenus Tachyphanes Jeannel, 1946 amabilis ornata (Apetz, 1854): 2B belli (Andrewes, 1925): 2B chalcea (Andrewes, 1925): 2B klugi (Nietner, 1858): 2B lata (Peyron, 1858): 2A, 2B orientalis (Nietner, 1858): 2B Subgenus Tachyura Motschulsky, 1862 babaulti (Andrewes, 1924): 2B blanda (Andrewes, 1924): 2B ceylanica (Nietner, 1858): 2B, 2C championi (Andrewes, 1925): 2B, 2C characta (Andrewes, 1925): 2B

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laotina (Andrewes, 1925): 2B poeciloptera (Bates, 1873): 2B, 2C polita polita (Motschulsky, 1851): 2B polypora (Andrewes, 1925): 2B stevensi (Andrewes, 1925): 2A, 2B, 2C tagax (Andrewes, 1925): 2B, 2C tetraspila (Solsky, 1874): 2B thoracica (Kolenati, 1845): 2A vafra (Andrewes, 1935): 2B vagabunda (Andrewes, 1935): 2B Subgenus Tachyuropsis Shilenkov, 2002 bombycina (Andrewes, 1925): 2B, 2C castanea (Andrewes, 1925): 2B, 2C dulcis (Andrewes, 1925): 2B holozschuhi Baehr, 2015: 2B micraulax (Andrewes, 1924): 2B, 2C, 2D rhombophora (Andrewes, 1925): 2B, 2C Tribe TRECHINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe PERILEPTINA Sloane, 1903 Genus Neoblemus Jeannel, 1923 andrewesi Jeannel, 1923: 2B championi Jeannel, 1923: 2B, 2C Genus Perileptus Schaum, 1860 Subgenus Parablemus Müller, 1939 cameroni Jeannel, 1923: 2B, 2C Subgenus Perileptus Schaum, 1860 imaicus Jeannel, 1923: 2B, 2C indicus Jeannel, 1923: 2B, 2C microps Andrewes, 1935: 2B robustus Jeannel, 1923: 2B Subtribe TRECHINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Agonotrechus Jeannel, 1923 andrewesi Jeannel, 1923: 2C iris Andrewes, 1935: 2B Genus Epaphiopsis Uéno, 1953 Subgenus Allepaphiama Uéno and Pawlowski, 1983 arunachala Schmidt, 2016: 2D himalayica Uéno and Pawlowski, 1983: 2C Genus Stevensius Jeannel, 1923 brunneoides Deuve, 2001: 2C brunneus Uéno, 1977: 2C lampros Jeannel, 1923: 2C Genus Trechus Oairville, 1806 Subgenus Trechus Clairville, 1806 babaulti Jeannel, 1935: 2A balfourbrownei Uéno, 1965: 2C beesoni Jeannel, 1930: 2A bhadarwahensis Deuve, 1982: 2A brancuccii Deuve, 2006: 2D calashensis Deuve, 1982: 2A cameroni bistriatus Jeannel, 1928: 2A cameroni cameroni Jeannel, 1923: 2A caspiricus Deuve, 1982: 2A championi Jeannel, 1920: 2B, 2C hingstoni Jeannel, 1928: 2C imaicus Jeannel, 1923: 2C indicus indicus Putzeys, 1870: 2B, 2C indicus macroderus Jeannel, 1928: 2A meurguesianus Deuve, 1980: 2A

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perissus Andrewes, 1936: 2C pumilio Jeannel, 1923: 2B selaensis Deuve, 2006: 2D thibetanus Jeannel, 1928: 2C Subfamily PATROBINAE Kirby, 1837 Tribe LISSOPOGONINI Zamotajlov, 1999 Genus Lissopogonus Andrewes, 1923 glabellus Andrewes, 1923: 2B, 2C, 2D Tribe PATROBINI Kirby, 1837 Subtribe DELTOMERODINA Zamotajlov, 2002 Genus Deltomerodes Deuve, 1992 stenomus (Andrewes, 1936): 2C Genus Himalopenetretus Zamotajlov, 2002 franzi (Zamotajlov and Sciaky, 1998): 2B Genus Parapatrobus Zamotajlov, 1992 sikkimensis (Deuve and Ledoux, 1987): 2C Subgenus Propenetretus Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006 selaensis Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006: 2D Genus Indopatrobus Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006 bashtai Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006: 2D Genus Ledouxius Zamotajlov, 1992 Subgenus Ledouxius Zamotajlov, 1992 longulus (Ledoux, 1984): 2A meurguesae (Ledoux, 1984): 2A microcephalus (Ledoux, 1984): 2A oblongus oblongus (Ledoux, 1984): 2A oblongus pahalgamensis (Ledoux, 1984): 2A umbilicatus (Ledoux, 1984): 2A Genus Parapenetretus Kurnakov, 1960 Subgenus Propenetretus Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006 selaensis Zamotajlov and Wrase, 2006: 2D Subfamily PAUSSINAE Latreille, 1807 Tribe OZAENINI Hope, 1838 Genus Anentmetus Andrewes, 1924 pluto Andrewes, 1924: 2B Tribe PAUSSINI Latreille, 1807 Subtribe CERAPTERINA Billberg, 1820 Genus Cerapterus Swederus, 1788 Subgenus Cerapterus Swederus, 1788 latipes Swederus, 1788: 2B Subtribe CERATODERINA Darlington, 1950 Genus Ceratoderus Westwood, 1841 bifasciatus (Kollar, 1836): 2B klapperichi Reichensperger, 1954: 2B Genus Melanospilus Westwood, 1845 bensoni Westwood, 1845: 2B Subtribe PAUSSINA Latreille, 1807 Genus Paussus Linnaeus, 1775 boysii Westwood, 1845: 2B hardwickii Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B hearseyanus hearseyanus Westwood, 1842: 2B jerdani Westwood, 1847: 2B nauceras Benson, 1846: 2B pilicornis Donovan, 1804: 2B ploiophorus Benson, 1846: 2B politus Westwood, 1850: Himalaya rufitarsis Westwood, 1833: 2B saundersii Westwood, 1841: 2A sesquisulcatus sesquisulcatus Wasmann, 1899: 2B


wroughtoni Wasmann, 1894: 2B Subtribe PLATYRHOPALINA Jeannel, 1946 Genus Platyrhopalopsis Desneux, 1905 Subgenus Platyrhopalides Wasmann, 1918 badgleyi Fowler, 1912: 2C Subgenus Platyrhopalopsis Desneux, 1905 melleii (Westwood, 1833): Himalaya picteti (Westwood, 1874): 2B Genus Platyrhopalus Westwood, 1833 acutidens Westwood, 1833: 2A, 2B denticornis (Donovan, 1804): 2B intermedius Benson, 1846: 2B, 2C paussoides Wasmann, 1904: 2B, 2C westwoodii Saunders, 1838: 2A Tribe PROTOPAUSSINI Gestro, 1892 Genus Protopaussus Gestro, 1892 almorensis Champion, 1923: 2B basilewskyi Luna de Carvalho, 1967: 2C Subfamily BRACHININAE Bonelli, 1810 Tribe BRACHININI Bonelli, 1810 Genus Brachinus Weber, 1801 species incertae sedis chaudoirianus Jakobson, 1908: 2A dryas Andrewes, 1936: 2C eucosmus Andrewes, 1937: 2B hazardı Andrewes, 1930: 2C hexagrammus Chaudoir, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D inops Andrewes, 1932: 2B longipalpis longipalpis Wiedemam, 1821: 2B, 2C pallidipes Reiuer, 1919: 2A, 2B peltastes Andrewes, 1931: 2B sexmaculatus Dejean, 1825: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sordidus Andrewes, 1933: 2B stenoderus Bates, 1873: 2A stevensi Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C suturellus Chaudoir, 1876: 2A, 2B Genus Mastax Fischer von Waldheim, 1828 annulata Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B elegantula Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C histrio (Fabricius, 1801): 2A laeviceps Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B nepalensis Morvan, 1977: 2B vegeta Andreas, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pheropsophus Solier, 1833 Subgenus Stenaptinus Maindron, 1906 catoirei (Dejean, 1825): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chaudoiri Arrow, 1901: 2C consularis (Schmidt-Göbel, 1846): 2A, 2B hilaris (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lineifrons Chaudoir, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C lissoderus Chaudoir, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D picicollis Chaudoir, 1876: 2D prophylax Heller, 1903: 2D scythropus Andrewes, 1923: 2C sobrinus (Dejean, 1826): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Styphlomerus Chaudoir, 1875 Subgenus Styphlomerinus Jeannel, 1949 ruficeps Chaudoir, 1876: 2B Subfamily HARPALINAE Bonelli, 1810


Tribe ABACETINI Chaudoir, 1872 Genus Abacetus Dejean, 1828 Subgenus Caricus Motschulsky, 1866 carinifer Andrewes, 1942: 2C Subgenus Distrigus Dejean, 1828 iricolor Andrewes, 1936: 2B silvanus Andrewes, 1942: 2B Genus Abacetus species incertae sedis borealis Andrewes, 1942: 2B candidus Andrewes, 1942: 2B luteipes Andrewes, 1942: 2B optatus Andrewes, 1942: 2B Tribe ANTHIINI Bonelli, 1813 Genus Anthia Weber, 1801 Subgenus Anthia Weber, 1801 sexguttata sexguttata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe CHLAENIINI Brulle, 1834 Subtribe CALLISTINA Laporte, 1834 Genus Callistomimus Chaudoir, 1872 sikkimensis Andrewes, 1921: 2C Genus Pristomachaerus Bates, 1873 coarctatus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1851): 2B, 2C Subtribe CHLAENIINA Laporte, 1834 Genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Amblygenius LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1851 championi Andrewes, 1923: 2B omochlorus Andrewes, 1931: 2B Subgenus Chlaeniellus Reitter, 1908 atratulus atratulus Mandl, 1983: 1B atratulus kenyeryae Mandl, 1983: 2A flavipes Ménétriés, 1832 : 2A, 2C fugax Chaudoir, 1876: Himalaya tenuilimbatus Ballion, 1871: 2A Subgenus Chlaeniostenodes Basilewsky, 1953 dureli Maindron, 1899: 2C Subgenus Chlaenioctenus Bates, 1892 bodhidharma Li and Liang, 2013 : 2C eneides Bates, 1892: 2D sikkimensis Kirschenhofer, 2013: 2C Subgenus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 auripilis Andrewes, 1936: 2B Subgenus Haplochlaenius Lutshnik, 1933 costiger almorae Andrewes, 1920: 2B Subgenus Homalolachnus Laferté-Sénectere, 1851 himalayicus Andrewes, 1923: 2B Subgenus Lithochlaenius Kryzhanovskij, 1976 agilis Chaudoir, 1856: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Pachydinodes Kuntzen, 1919 leucops (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A pictus Chaudoir, 1856: Himalaya posticus (Fabricius, 1798): Himalaya Subgenus Parachlaenites Jeannel, 1949 chlorodius Dejean, 1826: 2B, 2C pretiosus Chaudoir, 1856: Himalaya Subgenus Pseudochlaeniellus Jeannel, 1949 nigrosuturatus Mandl, 1978: 2B puncticollis Dejean, 1826: 2A, 2B sobrinus Dejean, 1826: 2B Subgenus Rhopalopalpus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1851

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janthinus Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A Subgenus Stenochlaenius Reitter, 1908 dostojevskii Tschitschérine, 1895: 2A kashmiricus (Grundmann, 1955): 2A Genus Chlaenius species incertae sedis rufithorax Wiedemann, 1821: 2B Genus Vachinius Casale, 1984 Subgenus Vachinius Casale, 1984 subglaber (Andrewes, 1937): 2C Tribe DRYPTINI Bonelli, 1810 Genus Dendrocellus Schmidt-Gobel, 1846 geniculatus (Klug, 1834): 2A, 2B, 2D nepalensis (Hope, 1831): 2C rugicollis (Chaudoir, 1861): Himalaya Genus Drypta Latreille, 1796 Subgenus Drypta Latreille, 1796 flavipes Wiedemann, 1823: 2A Tribe GALERITINI LeConte, 1853 Subtribe GALERITINA LeConte, 1853 Genus Galerita Fabricius, 1801 indica Chaudoir, 1861: Himalaya orientalis Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2D ruficeps Chaudoir, 1861: Himalaya Subtribe PLANETINA Jedlička, 1941 Genus Planetes Macleay, 1825 Subgenus Planetes Macleay, 1825 bimaculatus Macleay, 1825: 2D Tribe HARPALINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe AMBLYSTOMINA Fauvel, 1889 Genus Amblystomus Erichson, 1837 bivittatus Andrewes, 1919: 2B indicus (Nietner, 1858): 2B Subtribe ANISODACTYLINA Lacordaire, 1854 Genus Anisodactylus Dejean, 1829 Subgenus Anisodactylus Dejean, 1829 karennius (Bates, 1892): 2C, 2D Genus Chydaeus Chaudoir, 1854 andrewesi andrewesi Schauberger, 1932: 2C, 2D bedeli interjectus Kataev and Schmidt, 2002: 2C, 2D bedeli longipennis Kataev and Schmidt, 2002: 2A, 2B obscurus Chaudoir, 1854: 2C obtusicollis Schauberger, 1932: 2C, 2D salvazae Schauberger, 1932 : 2C semenowi (Tschitschérine, 1899): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gnathaphanus Macleay, 1825 vulneripennis (Macleay, 1825): 2B Genus Progonochaetus Müller, 1938 indicus Kataev, 2002: 2B Genus Pseudognathaphanus Schauberger, 1932 exaratus (Bates, 1892): 2C punctilabris (Macleay, 1825): 2C rusticus (Andrewes, 1920): 2B Subtribe DITOMINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Dixus Billberg, 1820 semicylindricus (Piochard de la Brûlerie, 1872): 2B Subtribe HARPALINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Acinopus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Acinopus Dejean, 1821 laevigatus Schauberger, 1927: 2A

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Genus Coleolissus Bates, 1892 Subgenus Coleolissus Bates, 1892 iris Andrewes, 1924: 2B noeli Andrewes, 1930: 2C perlucens (Bates, 1878): 2A, 2B splendens (Ito, 1997): 2B Genus Dioryche Macleay, 1825 chinnada Andrewes, 1921: 2B indochinensis (Bates, 1889): 2C lucidula (Dejean, 1829): 2B nagpurensis (Bates, 1891): 2C subrecta Kataev, 2012: 2B torta torta (Macleay, 1825): 2C, 2D Genus Harpaliscus Bates, 1892 birmanicus (Bates, 1892): 2B, 2C stevensi (Schauberger, 1934): 2C Genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Cryptophonus Brandmayr and Zetto Brandmayr, 1982 grilli Kataev, 2002: 2B idiotus Bates, 1889: 2A Subgenus Harpalus Latreille, 1802 amarellus Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B davidianus basharicus Schauberger, 1933: 2A fuscipalpis Sturm, 1818: 2A indicola indicola Bates, 1878: 2A, 2C indicola kashmirensis Bates, 1889: 2A indicola kirschenhoferi Katev, 2002: 2A indicola shograensis Katev, 2002: 2A indicola uriensis Schauberger, 1933: 2A melaneus melaneus Bates, 1878: 2A melaneus sherpicus Katev, 2002: 2A, 2B salinus agonus Tschitschérine, 1894: 2A Subgenus Pseudoophonus Motschulsky, 1844 indicus indicus Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D meridianus Andrewes, 1923: 2A Subgenus Zangoharpalus Huang, 1998 praticola Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Harpalus species incertae sedis calciatii Della Beffa, 1931: 2A Genus Kareya Andrewes, 1919 edentata (Bates, 1892): 2A, 2B, 2C erebia (Bates, 1892): 2C grandiceps (Bates, 1892): 2C major (Bates, 1891): 2C sublaevis (Bates, 1891): 2B, 2D Genus Lampetes Andrewes, 1940 assamensis (Schauberger, 1935): 2C lucens (Bates, 1889): 2C pseudolucens (Schauberger, 1935): 2B Genus Liodaptus Bates, 1889 birmanus Bates, 1889: 2B Genus Ophoniscus Bates, 1892 iridulus Bates, 1892: 2C Genus Ophonus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Hesperophonus Antoine, 1959 chlorizans Solsky, 1874: 2A Genus Oxycentrus Chaudoir, 1854 Subgenus Oxycentrus Chaudoir, 1854 assamensis Kirschenhofer, 1992: 2C


parallelus Chaudoir, 1854: 2B sikkimensis Kirschenhofer, 1992: 2C Genus Parophonus Ganglbauer, 1891 Subgenus Hyparpalus Alluaud, 1930 acutangulus (Bates, 1891): 2B lividus (Andrewes, 1923): 2B indicus (Andrewes, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C subtilis (Bates, 1892): 2B Genus Platymetopus Dejean, 1829 figuratus pictus Andrewes, 1923: 2B flavilabris (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C pictus Andrewes, 1923: 2B rugosus (Nietner, 1857): 2C Genus Prakasha Andrewes, 1919 amariformis (Bates, 1892): 2B Genus Siopelus Murray, 1859 Subgenus Siopelus Murray, 1859 tamilnadensis Kataev, 2002: 2B Genus Trichotichnus Morawitz, 1863 Subgenus Bottchrus Jedlička, 1935 birmanicus Bates, 1892 : 2B, 2C formosus Schauberger, 1935: 2C hingstoni Andrewes, 1930: 2C loebli Ito, 1998: 2C opacus Ito, 1998: 2C Subgenus Trichotichnus Morawitz, 1863 anthracinus Landin, 1955: 2D aquilo Andrewes, 1930: 2C emarginatus Andrewes, 1930: 2C glabellus Andrewes, 1930: 2C liparus Andrewes, 1926: 2C Genus Xenodochus Andrewes, 1941 dabreui (Andrewes, 1924): 2B Subtribe STENOLOPHINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Acupalpus Latreille, 1829 Subgenus Stenolophidius Jeannel, 1948 sinuellus Bates, 1892: 2B Subgenus Subacupalpus Habu, 1978 sikkimensis Andrewes, 1930: 2B, 2C Genus Anthracus Motschulsky, 1850 anichtchenkoi Jaeger, 2015: 2B annamensis (Bates, 1889): 2A, 2B horni (Andrewes, 1923): 2B skalei Jaeger, 2015: 2C weigeli Jaeger, 2015: 2B Genus Batoscelis Dejean, 1836 hellmichi (Jedlička, 1965): 2B Genus Bradycellus Erichson, 1837 Subgenus Bradycellus Erichson, 1837 bicolor Jaeger, 1998: 2C Subgenus Tachycellus Morawitz, 1862 picipes Ito and Jaeger, 2000: 2C Genus Dicheirotrichus Jacquelin du Val, 1857 Subgenus Trichocellus Ganglbauer, 1891 glasunowi (Tschitschérine, 1899): 2A roborowskii (Tschitschérine, 1899): 2A Genus Hemiaulax Bates, 1892 himalayensis (Delia Beffa, 1931): 2A Genus Loxoncus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 GUPTA et al. : Insecta : Coleoptera

Subgenus Loxoncus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 discophorus (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A, 2B rutilans (Bates, 1889): 2C Subgenus Xoloncus Kataev, 2003 microgonus (Bates, 1886): 2A Genus Pachytrachelus Chaudoir, 1852 cribriceps Chaudoir, 1852: 2A, 2C Genus Parabradycellus Ito, 2003 yunnanus (Jedlička, 1931): 2C Genus Psychristus Andrewes, 1930 Subgenus Psychristus Andrewes, 1930 amicorum Jaeger, 1997: 2C andrewesi Jaeger, 1997: 2C brunneus Jaeger, 2009: 2B consimilis Jaeger, 1997: 2C discretus Andrewes, 1930: 2B, 2C, 2D liparops Andrewes, 1930: 2C shibatai (Ito, 1985): 2B Genus Stenolophus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Astenolophus Habu, 1973 rufoabdominalis Kataev, 1997: 2C Subgenus Egadroma Motschulsky, 1855 bajaurae Andrewes, 1924: 2A nepalensis (Jedlička, 1965): 2B nitens (Motschulsky, 1864): 2B, 2C ovchinnikovi Kataev and Wrase, 2013: 2B quinquepustulatus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B smaragdulus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Tribe HELLUONINI Hope, 1838 Subtribe OMPHRINA Jedlička, 1941 Genus Colfax Andrewes, 1920 stevensi Andrewes, 1920: 2C Genus Macrocheilus Hope, 1838 bensoni Hope, 1838: 2B, 2D impictus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B niger Andrewes, 1920: 2B Genus Omphra Dejean, 1825 complanata Reiche, 1843: 2A hirta (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2B pilosa (Klug, 1834): 2A, 2B Tribe HEXAGONIINI Horn, 1881 Genus Hexagonia Kirby, 1825 apicalis Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C caurina Andrewes, 1935: 2B fleutiauxi Dupuis, 1913: 2C, 2D longithorax (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B, 2D stenodes Andrewes, 1935: 2D terminata Kirby, 1825: 2B uninotata Andrewes, 1935: 2B Tribe LEBIINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe APENINA Ball, 1982 Genus Platytarus Fairmaire, 1850 boysii (Chaudoir, 1850): 2A bucculentus Andrewes, 1935: 2B dicraeus Andrewes, 1935: 2A Subtribe CALLEIDINA Chaudoir, 1873 Genus Anomotarus Chaudoir, 1875 Subgenus Anomotarus Chaudoir, 1875 stigmulus (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A

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Genus Calleida Latreille, 1824 Subgenus Callidiola Jeannel, 1949 doriae Bates, 1892 : 2C pallipes Andrewes, 1931: 2B rapax Andrewes, 1933: 2B Subtribe CYMINDIDINA Laporte, 1834 Genus Cymindis Latreille, 1805 Subgenus Arrhostus Motschulsky, 1864 facchinii Kabak, 2006: 2A glabrella Bates, 1878: 2A nobilis Andrewes, 1933: 2A Subgenus Cymindis Latreille, 1806 babaulti Andrewes, 1924: 2A nitens Andrewes, 1935: 2A quadrimaculata Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A rubriceps Andrewes, 1934: 1B Subgenus Paracymindis Jedlička, 1968 mannerheimi Gebler, 1843: 2A Genus Taridius Chaudoir, 1875 stevensi stevensi Andrewes, 1923: 2B, 2C Subtribe DEMETRIADINA Bates, 1886 Genus Peliocypas Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 himalayicus (Andrewes, 1923): 2B luridus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C ochroides Andrewes, 1933: 2B schereri (Jedlička, 1964): 2C signifer (Schmidt-Göbel, 1846): 2B suturalis Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2B, 2C Subtribe DROMIUSINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Apristus Chaudoir, 1846 aeneomicans Chaudoir, 1850: 2A aratus Andrewes, 1932: 2B gracilis Mateu, 1991: 2B lucidus Andrewes, 1932: 2B phoebus Andrewes, 1932: 2B spatiosus Andrewes, 1932: 2B Genus Calodromius Reitter, 1905 sphex (Andrewes, 1933): 2B Genus Dromius Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Dromius Bonelli, 1810 codonotus Andrewes, 1933: 2B cymindoides Andrewes, 1933: 2B eremnus Andrewes, 1933: 2B, 2C Subgenus Klepterus Péringuey, 1896 comma Andrewes, 1933: 2C indicus Andrewes, 1923: 2C orestes Andrewes, 1933: 2B Genus Lionychus Wissmann, 1846 Subgenus Lionychus Wissmann, 1846 himalayicus Andrewes, 1931: 2B planus Mateu, 1978: 2B Genus Microlestes Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 asiaticus Mateu, 1971: 2C demessus demessus Andrewes, 1923: 2A naini (Jedlička, 1964): 2B Genus Omophagus Andrewes, 1937 artus Andrewes, 1937: 2B Genus Paradromius Fowler, 1887 Subgenus Rugodromius Landin, 1954

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brancuccii Mateu, 1984: 2B Genus Philorhizus Hope, 1838 adoxus (Andrewes, 1923): 2C Genus Singilis Rambur, 1837 nepalensis (Kirschenhofer, 1994): 2A Genus Syntomus Hope, 1838 cymindulus (Bates, 1892): 2C fuscomaculatus (Motschulsky, 1844): 2A, 2B hastatus (Andrewes, 1931): 2B impar Andrewes, 1930: 2C Genus Tilius Chaudoir, 1876 holosericeus (Chaudoir, 1850): 2A Genus Zolotarevskyella Mateu, 1953 afghana Mateu, 1976: 2B Subtribe GALLERUCIDIINA Chaudoir, 1872 Genus Lebidia Morawitz, 1862 bioculata himalayica Andrewes, 1924: 2C octocelis Andrewes, 1924: 2C Subtribe LEBIINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Lebia Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Lebia Latreille, 1802 boysii Chaudoir, 1850: 2A fuscula Chaudoir, 1871: 2A Subgenus Nematopeza Chaudoir, 1871 baconi (Chaudoir, 1871): 2A basalis (Chaudoir, 1852): 2A indica Liebke, 1938: 2A Subgenus Poecilothais Maindron, 1905 aglaia Andrewes, 1930: 2C Subgenus Stephana Chaudoir, 1871 princeps Chaudoir, 1852: 2A, 2C Subtribe PERICALINA Hope, 1838 Genus Amblops Andrewes, 1931 piceus Andrewes, 1931: 2B Genus Catascopus Kirby, 1825 Subgenus Catascopus Kirby, 1825 elegans elegans (Weber, 1801): 2C, 2D elegans scintillans Bates, 1892: 2B, 2C facialis (Wiedemann, 1819): 2C, 2D regalis (Schmidt-Göbel, 1846): 2C, 2D violaceus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C, 2D Genus Coptodera Dejean, 1825 Subgenus Coptoderina Jeannel, 1949 interrupta Schmidt-Goebel, 1846: 2D uttaranchalensis Kirschenhofer, 2012: 2B Genus Dolichoctis Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 iridea Bates, 1892: 2C sikkimensis Baehr, 2013: 2C spinosissima Baehr, 2013: 2B stevensi Baehr, 2013: 2C Genus Holcoderus Chaudoir, 1869 aeripennis Andrewes, 1931: 2B alacer Andrewes, 1937: 2C niger Andrewes, 1937: 2C Genus Lioptera Chaudoir, 1869 brevicornis Heller, 1903:2C oberthueri Heller, 1903: 2C Genus Miscelus Klug, 1834 javanus Klug, 1834: 2C


Genus Mochtherus Schimdt-Göbel, 1846 tetraspilotus (Macleay, 1825): 2D Genus Pericalus Macleay, 1825 distinctus Dupuis, 1913: 2C ornatus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C Genus Peripristus Chaudoir, 1869 ater (Laporte, 1835): 2D Subtribe PHYSODERINA Chaudoir, 1877 Genus Anchista Nietner, 1856 brunnea (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B nubila Andrewes, 1931: 2B Genus Paraphaea Bates, 1873 binotata (Dejean, 1825): 2C Genus Physodera Eschscholtz, 1829 dejeani Eschscholtz, 1829: 2C Tribe LICININI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe DICAELINA Ball, 1959 Genus Diplocheila Brullé, 1834 Subgenus Isorembus Jeannel, 1949 cordicollis (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1851): 2B Subgenus Neorembus Ball, 1959 latifrons latifrons (Dejean, 1831): 2A Subtribe LICININA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Badister Clairville, 1806 Subgenus Badister Clairville, 1806 thoracicus Wiedemann, 1823: 2B meridionalis Puel, 1925: 2A Tribe MASOREINI Chaudoir, 1871 Genus Masoreus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Masoreus Dejean, 1821 orientalis orientalis Dejean, 1828: 2C Tribe MORIONINI Brullé, 1835 Genus Morion Latreille, 1810 orientalis Dejean, 1825: 2D Tribe ODACANTHINI Laporte, 1834 Genus Archicolliuris Liebke, 1931 bimaculata bimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A Genus Ophionea Klug, 1821 Subgenus Ophionea Klug, 1821 bhamoensis Bates, 1892: 2C Tribe OODINI LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1851 Genus Miltodes Andrewes, 1922 ellipticus Andrewes, 1937: 2B Genus Oodes Boiielli, 1810 sikkimensis Andrewes, 1940: 2C Tribe ORTHOGONIINI Schaum, 1857 Genus Orthogonius Macleay, 1825 dureli Tian and Deuve, 2005: 2C himalaya Tian and Deuve, 2006: 2C himalayicus Tian and Deuve, 2005: 2C opacus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C Tribe PANAGAEINI Bonelli, 1810 Genus Adischissus Fedorenko, 2015 notulatus notulatus (Fabricius, 1801): 2B Genus Craspedophorus Hope, 1838 bisemilunatus Xie and Yu, 1991: 2B gracilipes (Bates, 1892): 2D hexagonus Chaudoir, 1862: 2B incostatus Kirschenhofer, 2000: 2B


sikkimensis Haeckel and Kirschenhofer, 2014: 2C Genus Microcosmodes Strand, 1936 elegans (Dejean, 1826): 2B flavopilosus (LaFerté and Sénectére, 1851): 2B Tribe PENTAGONICINI Bates, 1873 Genus Pentagonica Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 erichsoni Schmidt-Göbel, 1846: 2C nitidicollis Baehr, 2011: 2C Tribe PLATYNINI Bonelli, 1810 Genus Agonum Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Agonum Bonelli, 1810 indiae (Louwerens, 1953): 2C mesostictum (Bates, 1889): 2A Genus Agonum species incertae sedis abnormale Jedlička, 1960: 2A comatum (Andrewes, 1923): 2B ladakense (Bates, 1878): 2A praetor (Andrewes, 1930): 2C Genus Andrewesius Andrewes, 1939 vikara (Andrewes, 1923): 2C vulpinus (Andrewes, 1923): 2C Genus Aparupa Andrewes, 1930 andrewesi Casale, 1980: 2C exophthalmica Andrewes, 1930: 2C villosa Andrewes, 1930: 2C Genus Arhytinus Bates, 1889 bembidioides Bates, 1889: 2C Genus Callidagonum Lorenz, 1998 pallidum (Jedlička, 1955): 2C Genus Colpodes Macleay, 1825 acroglyptus aberanus (Jedlička, 1955): 2C baconi (Chaudoir, 1878): 2C elegantellus (Lorenz, 1998): 2C impressiceps (Louwerens, 1953): 2C impunctatus (Andrewes, 1923): 2C komala (Andrewes, 1932): 2B planops (Louwerens, 1953): Himalaya shebbearei (Andrewes, 1930): 2C semiviridis Louwerens, 1953: 2C Genus Deliaesianum Morvan, 1999 bengalense (Chaudoir, 1878): 2C kucerai Morvan, 2007: 2C Genus Deltocolpodes Morvan, 1992 championi Morvan, 1992: 2C jalepensis Morvan, 1992: 2C pierremorvani Deuve, 2006: 2D sikkimensis Morvan, 1992: 2C Genus Dicranoncus Chaudoir, 1850 femoralis Chaudoir, 1850: 2C Genus Dirotus Macleay, 1825 sikkimensis Jedlička, 1955: 2C Genus Euleptus Klug, 1833 ooderus Chaudoir, 1850: 2A Genus Lepcha Andrewes, 1930 cameroni Morvan, 1997: 2C holzschuhi Morvan, 1997: 2C jelepa Andrewes, 1930: 2C lampra Andrewes, 1930: 2C ovoidea Morvan, 1997: 2C

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similis Morvan, 1997: 2C subdiscola Morvan, 1997: 2C Genus Loxocrepis Eschscholtz, 1929 cruralis (Chaudoir, 1879): 2C Genus Lucicolpodes Schmidt, 2000 Subgenus Lucicolpodes Schmidt, 2000 eberti mahakaliensis Schmidt, 2009: 2A obsoletus (Louwerens, 1953) : Himalaya Genus Meleagros Kirschenhofer, 1999 sikkimensis (Andrewes, 1923): 2C Genus Metacolpodes Jeannel, 1948 species incertae sedis hardwickii (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Onycholabis Bates, 1873 acutangulus Andrewes, 1923: 2B Genus Platynus Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Batenus Motschulsky, 1865 azbleotroades (Morvan, 1996): 2A batesi (Morvan, 2004): 2A benardi (Andrewes, 1924): 2A eulabes (Bates, 1889): 2A fur (Andrewes, 1930): 2C grassator (Andrewes, 1932): 2B henvelus (Morvan, 1996): 2A incisus (Andrewes, 1927): 2A praedator (Andrewes, 1930): 2C rarus Schmidt, 2009: 2A ustus belli (Andrewes, 1927): 2A ustus ustus (Andrewes, 1927): 2A viator (Andrewes, 1931): 2A, 2B Genus Platynus species incertae sedis bruskelchus (Morvan, 1996): 2B deuvei (Morvan, 1996): 2A meurguesae meurguesae (Morvan, 1996): 2C meurguesae hiemeieri (Morvan, 1996): 2C pakistanensis ledouxi (Morvan, 1996): 2A Genus Rupa Jedlička, 1935 Subgenus Rupa Jedlička, 1935 lama Schmidt, 1998: 2C Genus Sericoda Kirby, 1837 lissoptera (Chaudoir, 1854): 2A, 2B, 2C quadripunctata (DeGeer, 1774): 2A, 2B Genus Skorlagad Morvan, 1999 cameroni (Louwerens, 1953): 2C kornbihanik Morvan, 2007: 2C kucerai Morvan, 2007: 2C Genus Skouedhirraad Morvan, 1999 sikkimensis Morvan, 1999: 2C Genus Xestagonum Habu, 1978 ambulator (Andrewes, 1930): 2C bisetosum Morvan, 2007: 2A brancuccianum Morvan, 2007: 2D caesitium (Andrewes, 1924): 2B cursor (Andrewes, 1930): 2C melittus (Bates, 1889): 2A robustum Morvan, 2007: 2A sikkimensis Morvan, 1998: 2C viridicans (Andrewes, 1926): 2B Tribe PTEROSTICHINI Bonelli, 1810

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Genus Caelostomus Macleay, 1825 inermis (Bates, 1892): 2D Genus Euryaptus Bates, 1892 kirschenhoferi Straneo, 1983: 2B Genus Lesticus Dejean, 1828 Subgenus Lesticus Dejean, 1828 cavicollis Straneo, 1985: 2C tricostatus Chaudoir, 1868: 2C Subgenus Triplogenius Chaudoir, 1852 indus Tschitschérine, 1900: 2C planicollis (Dejean, 1828): 2A politocollis (Motschulsky, 1865): Himalaya Genus Nirmala Andrewes, 1930 odelli odelli Andrewes, 1930: 2C Genus Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Bothriopterus Chaudoir, 1835 aeneocupreus (Fairmaire, 1887): 2D Subgenus Ethira Andrewes, 1936 cometes (Andrewes, 1936): 2A depilatus (Bates, 1889): 2A heinzianus Sciaky, 1996: 2A pilifer (Bates, 1878): 2A pseudopilifer (Straneo, 1957): 2A rugiceps Straneo, (1984): 2A seticeps (Straneo, 1984a): 2A Subgenus Pseudethira Sciaky, 1996 atrox (Andrewes, 1937): 2C championi Andrewes, 1926: 2B exochus Andrewes, 1930: 2C dolens (Tschitschérine, 1900): 2C harmandi (Tschitschérine, 1900): 2C kangchenjunga Schmidt, 2012: 1C leica Schmidt, 2012: 2D nowitzkii (Tschitschérine, 1899): 2C Genus Pterostichus species incertae sedis aristochroides Deuve, 2006: 2D leviculus Andrewes, 1933: 2A lidarus (Andrewes, 1937): 2A sintanus Andrewes, 1927: 2A styx (Andrewes, 1937): 2C Genus Trigonotoma Dejean, 1828 baehri Kirschenhofer, 1997: 2B Tribe SPHODRINI Laporte, 1834 Subtribe CALATHINA Laporte, 1834 Genus Calathus Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Calathus Bonelli, 1810 kirschenhoferi Battoni, 1982: 2A Subgenus Neocalathus Ball and Negre, 1972 kollari Putzeys, 1873: 2A, 2C Genus Calathus species incertae sedis algens Andrewes, 1934: 2A gelascens Andrewes, 1934: 2A himalayae Bates, 1891: 2A suffuscus Andrewes, 1934: 2A Subtribe DOLICHINA Audouin and Brullé, 1834 Genus Xestopus Andrewes, 1937 alticola (Fairmaire, 1889): 2C Subtribe PRISTOSIINA Lindroth, 1956 Genus Pristosia Motschulsky, 1865


amaroides (Putzeys, 1877): 2C aquilo (Andrewes, 1934): 2C atrema (Andrewes, 1926): 2C braccata (Andrewes, 1934): 2A brancuccii Deuve, Lassalle and Quéirmec, 1985: 2B chambae (Andrewes, 1934): 2A championi (Andrewes, 1934): 2B clara (Andrewes, 1924): 2A, 2C dodensis Deuve, Lassalle and Quéirmec, 1985: 2A glacialis (Andrewes, 1934): 2A lacerans holzschuhi Battoni, 1982: 2A lacerans lacerans (Bates, 1889): 2A ledouxi Deuve, Lassalle and Quéinnec, 1985: 2A leptodes (Andrewes, 1934): 2B leurops dharamsalae Battoni, 1987: 2A leurops leurops (Andrewes, 1934): 2A macra (Andrewes, 1934): 2A Subtribe SPHODRINA Laporte, 1834 Genus Himalosphodrus Casale, 1988 cnesipus (Andrewes, 1937): 2A, 2B Genus Laemostenus Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Pristonychus Dejean, 1828 brancuccii (Casale, 1982): 2B colossus Casale, 1988: 2A kashmirensis kashmirensis (Bates, 1889): 2A lestes (Andrewes, 1937): 2A spinifer (Schaufiass, 1862): 2A tentiobtusus (Morvan, 1979): 2C terricola terricola (Herbst, 1784): 2A wittmeri (Morvan, 1978): 2C Genus Sphodropsis Seidlitz, 1887 heinzi Casale, 1982: 2A physignathus Andrewes, 1937: 2A Genus Sphodrus Clairville, 1806 leucophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Subtribe SYNUCHINA Lindroth, 1956 Genus Synuchus Gyllenhal, 1810 andrewesi Habu, 1955: Himalaya adelosia (Andrewes, 1934): 2B himalayicus (Jedlička, 1935): 2A pallipes (Andrewes, 1934): 2B sikkimensis (Andrewes, 1934): 2C Tribe ZABRINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe AMARINA Zimmermann, 1831 Genus Amara Bonelli, 1810 Subgenus Amara Bonelli, 1810 aenea (DeGeer, 1774): 2A, 2B andrewesi Baliani, 1932: 2A, 2B bamidunyae Bates, 1878: 2A, 2B darjelingensis Putzeys, 1877: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D familiaris (Duftschmid, 1812): 2A nila Andrewes, 1924: 2A, 2B, 2C robusta Baliani, 1932: 2A, 2B, 2C similata (Gyllenhal, 1810): 2A Subgenus Bradytulus Tschitschérine, 1894 alecto Andrewes, 1930: 2C arrowi arrowi Baliani, 1934: 2B bradyta Hieke, 1988: 2A dentibasis Hieke, 1988: 2B


celioides Baliani, 1934: 2C chumbiensis Hieke, 2003: 2C curtonotoides Hieke, 2000: 2C dentibasis Hieke, 1988: 2B hingstoni Baliani, 1934: 2C histrio Andrewes, 1930: 2C jannui Hieke, 1988: 2C micans Tschitscherin, 1894: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mimetica Hieke, 2003: 2D sublimis Andrewes, 1930: 2C splendens Andrewes, 1926: 2B Subgenus Bradytus Stephens, 1827 apricaria (Paykull, 1790): 2A batesi Csiki, 1929: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D elegantula Tschitschérine, 1899: 2C Subgenus Celia Zimmermann, 1832 rupicola Zimmermann, 1832: 2A Subgenus Cumeres Andrewes, 1924 lamia Andrewes, 1924: 1B pinguis Andrewes, 1930: 2C walterheinzi Hieke, 1988: 1A Subgenus Harpaloamara Baliani, 1934 latithorax Baliani, 1934: 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Paracelia Bedel, 1899 aimonissaboudiae Baliani, 1932: 2A diabolica Hieke, 1988: 2A saxicola indica (Putzeys, 1866): 2A, 2B obtusangula Baliani, 1934: 2A, 2B Subgenus Pseudoamara Baliani, 1934 birmana Baliani, 1934: 2D Subgenus Pseudoleiromorpha Hieke, 1981 cameroni Baliani, 1934: 2A gangotriensis Hieke, 1988: 2C incrassata Baliani, 1934: 2B junkarensis Hieke, 2012: 1A parkeri Baliani, 1934: 2A tragbaliensis Hieke, 1990: 2A wrasei Hieke, 1988: 2B Genus Xenocelia Hieke, 2001 abbreviata (Chaudoir, 1842): 2A sikkimensis Andrewes, 1930: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe ZUPHIINI Bonelli, 1810 Subtribe LELEUPIDIINA Basilewsky, 1951 Genus Gunvorita Landin, 1955 besucheti Baehr, 1998: 2C elegans Landin, 1955: 2C indica Darlington, 1968: 2C inermis Baehr, 1998: 2C laeviceps Baehr, 1998: 2C ovaliceps Baehr, 1998: 2C Subtribe ZUPHIINA Bonelli, 1810 Genus Zuphium Latreille, 1806 Subgenus Zuphium Latreille, 1806 olens olens (Rossi, 1790): 2B Family HALIPLIDAE Kirby, 1837 Genus Haliplus Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Liaphlus Guignot, 1928 angustifrons Régimbart, 1892: 2A, 2B, 2D arrowi Guignot, 1936: 2B

447

pruthii Vazirani, 1966: 2B Family NOTERIDAE Thomson, 1860 Subfamily NOTERINAE Thomson, 1860 Tribe NEOHYDROCOPTINI Zalat, Saleh, Angus and Kaschef, 2000 Genus Neohydrocoptus Sato, 1972 subvittulus (Motschulsky, 1859): 2A Tribe NOTERINI Thomson, 1860 Genus Canthydrus Sharp, 1882 laetabilis (Walker, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C luctuosus (Aubé, 1838): 2C ritsemae (Régimbart, 1880): 2C Genus Noterus Clairville, 1806 clavicornis (DeGeer, 1774): 2A crassicornis (Müller, 1776): 2A Family DYTISCIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily AGABINAE Thomson, 1867 Tribe AGABINI Thomson, 1867 Genus Agabus Leach, 1817 Subgenus Acatodes Thomson, 1859 amoenus sinuaticollis Régimbart, 1899: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Gaurodytes Thomson, 1859 adustus Guignot, 1954: 1B biguttatus (Olivier, 1795): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1767): 1B, 2A conspersus (Marsham, 1802): 2A, 2B debilipes Régimbart, 1899: 2A, 2B, 2C freudei Guéorguiev, 1975: 2A, 2B guttatus guttatus (Paykull, 1798): 2A, 2C lobonyx Guignot, 1952: 2C longissimus Régimbart, 1899: 2C solskii Jakovlev, 1897: 2A winkleri (Gschwendtner, 1923): 2A Genus Hydronebrius Jakovlev, 1897 kashmirensis (Vazirani, 1964): 2A Genus Platambus Thomson, 1859 balfourbrownei Vazirani, 1965: 2B biswasi Vazirani, 1965: 2B kempi (Vazirani, 1970): 2C lindbergi V.B. Guéorguiev, 1963: 2A, 2B lineatus Gschwendtner, 1935: 2A, 2D nepalensis (Guéorguiev, 1968): 2C, 2D sogdianus (Jakovlev, 1897): 2A wewalkai Brancucci, 1982: 2A Tribe HYDROTRUPINI Roughley, 2000 Genus Platynectes Régimbart, 1879 Subgenus Gueorguievtes Vazirani, 1976 kashmiranus kashmiranus Balfour-Browne, 1944: 2A, 2B, 2C Subfamily COLYMBETINAE Erichson, 1837 Tribe COLYMBETINI Erichson, 1837 Genus Colymbetes Clairville, 1806 fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Rhantus Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Rhantus Dejean, 1833 ovalis Gschwendtner, 1936: 2A, 2C sexualis Zimmermann, 1919: 2A, 2B, 2C sikkimensis Régimbart, 1899: 2A, 2B, 2C suturalis (Macleay, 1825): 1B, 2A, 2C taprobanicus Sharp, 1890: 2A, 2B, 2C

448

Subfamily COPELATINAE Branden, 1885 Tribe COPELATINI Branden, 1885 Genus Copelatus Erichson, 1832 bacchusi Wewalka, 1981: 2B filiformis Sharp, 1882: Himalaya indicus Sharp, 1882: 2B Genus Lacconectus Motschulsky, 1855 arunachal Brancucci, 2006: 2D basalis Sharp, 1882: 2B fulvescens Motschulsky, 1855: 2C holzschuhi Brancucci, 1986: 2C klausnitzeri Brancucci, 2006: 2D nicolasi Brancucci, 1986: 2C, 2D ovalis Gschwendtner, 1936: 2D ritsemae Régimbart, 1883: 2C sikkimensis Brancucci, 1989: 2C Subfamily CYBISTRINAE Sharp, 1880 Tribe CYBISTRINI Sharp, 1882 Genus Cybister Curtis, 1827 Subgenus Cybister Curtis, 1827 cognatus Sharp, 1882: 2A gracilis Sharp, 1882: 2C lateralimarginalis torquatus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1829): 2A limbatus (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C, 2D rugulosus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A tripunctatus lateralis (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C ventralis Sharp, 1882: 2B, 2C Subgenus Melanectes Brinck, 1945 convexus Sharp, 1882: 2B, 2C posticus Aubé, 1838: 2A, 2B sugillatus Erichson, 1834: 2A, 2B, 2C Subfamily DYTISCINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe ACILIINI Thomson, 1867 Genus Rhantaticus Sharp, 1882 congestus (Klug, 1833): 2B, 2D Genus Sandracottus Sharp, 1882 dejeanii (Aubé, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2D festivus (Illiger, 1801): 2A, 2D mixtus (Blanchard, 1843): 2B, 2C Tribe DYTISCINI Leach, 1815 Genus Dytiscus Linnaeus, 1758 latro Sharp, 1882: 2A thianschanicus (Gschwendtner, 1923): 2A Tribe ERETINI Crotch, 1873 Genus Eretes Laporte, 1833 griseus (Fabricius, 1781): 2A sticticus (Linnaeus, 1767): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe HYDATICINI Sharp, 1882 Genus Hydaticus Leach, 1817 Subgenus Prodaticus Sharp, 1882 bengalensis Régimbart, 1899: 2B bipunctatus bipunctatus Wehncke, 1876: 2C fabricii fabricii (Macleay, 1825): 2A, 2B, 2C histrio Clark, 1864: 2A, 2B incertus Régimbart, 1888: 2A luczonicus Aubé, 1838: 2B satoi satoi Wewalka, 1975: 2C vittatus vittatus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C


Subfamily HYDROPORINAE Aubé, 1836 Tribe BIDESSINI Sharp, 1880 Genus Clypeodytes Régimbart, 1894 Subgenus Clypeodytes Régimbart, 1894 bufo (Sharp, 1890): 2C Genus Geodessus Brancucci, 1979 besucheti Brancucci, 1979: 2A, 2C Genus Hydroglyphus Motschulsky, 1853 angularis (Klug, 1834): 2C flammulatus (Sharp, 1882): 2A, 2B, 2C geminus (Fabricius, 1792): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C inconstans (Régimbart, 1892): 2B, 2C pradhani (Vazirani, 1969): 2A regimbarti (Gschwendtner, 1936): 2A Genus Leiodytes Guignot, 1936 indicus (Régimbart, 1892): 2B Genus Peschetius Guignot, 1942 quadricostatus (Aubé, 1838): 2B Genus Pseuduvarus Biström, 1988 vitticollis (Boheman, 1848): 2C Tribe HYDROPORINI Aubé, 1836 Subtribe DERONECTINA Galewski, 1994 Genus Boreonectes Angus, 2010 emmerichi (Falkenström, 1936): 2C griseostriatus (De Geer, 1774): 1B Genus Deronectes Sharp, 1882 vestitus (Gebler, 1848): 2A Genus Nebrioporus Régimbart, 1906b airumlus (Kolenati, 1845): 2A, 2B balli (Vazirani, 1970): 2A, 2B indicus (Sharp, 1882): 2A, 2B, 2D insignis (Klug, 1834): 2A melanogrammus (Régimbart, 1899): 2A, 2B Subtribe HYDROPORINA Aubé, 1836 Genus Hydroporus Clairville, 1806 discretus discretus Fairmaire and Brisout de Barneville, 1859: 2A martensi Brancucci, 1981: 2A Tribe HYDROVATINI Sharp, 1880 Genus Hydrovatus Motschulsky, 1853 castaneus Motschulsky, 1855: 2C confertus Sharp, 1882: 2B subrotundatus Motschulsky, 1859: 2B sinister Sharp, 1890: 2C Tribe HYGROTINI Portevin, 1929 Genus Herophydrus Sharp, 1880 musicus (Klug, 1834): 2B vaziranii (Nilsson, 1999): 2A Genus Hygrotus Stephens, 1828 Subgenus Coelambus Thomson, 1860 confluens (Fabricius, 1787): 2A flaviventris (Motschulsky, 1860): 2A impressopunctatus (Schaller, 1783): 2A Genus Hyphoporus Sharp, 1880 anitae Vazirani, 1969: 2B aper Sharp, 1882: 2B dehraduni Vazirani, 1969: 2B elevatus Sharp, 1882: 2B severini Régimbart, 1892: 2B


Tribe HYPHYDRINI, Gistel, 1848 Genus Allopachria Zimmermann, 1924 umbrosa Zimmermann, 1927: 2B Genus Hyphydrus Illiger, 1802 gschwendtneri Guignot, 1942: 2A, 2C lyratus flavicans Régimbart, 1892: 2B renardi Severin, 1890: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Microdytes Balfour-Browne, 1946 championi Balfour-Browne, 1946: 2B, 2C elgae Hendrich, Balke and Wewalka, 1995: 2D schoenmanni Wewalka, 1997: 2C Subfamily LACCOPHILINAE Gistel, 1856 Tribe LACCOPHILINI Gistel, 1856 Genus Laccophilus Leach, 1815 chinensis Boheman, 1858: 2A, 2B, 2C flexuosus Aubé, 1838: 2A, 2B, 2C elegans Sharp, 1882: 2C ellipticus Régimbart, 1899: 2C indicus Gschwendtner, 1936: 2B, 2C inefficiens (Walker, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C kempi kempi Gschwendtner, 1936: 2C medialis Sharp, 1882: 2C minutus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A parvulus parvulus Aubé, 1838: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D punctatissimus Brancucci, 1983: 2B ritsemae Régimbart, 1880: 2C sharpi Régimbart, 1889: 2A, 2B, 2C uniformis Motschulsky, 1859: 2C Genus Neptosternus Sharp, 1882 circumductus Régimbart, 1899: 2B Suborder POLYPHAGA Emery, 1886 Series STAPHYLINIFORMIA Latreille, 1802 Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family HELOPHORIDAE Leach, 1815 Genus Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 hammondi Angus, 1970: 2A Subgenus Lihelophorus Zaitzev, 1908 ser Zaitzev, 1908: 2A yangae Angus, Fikáček and Jia, 2016: 1B Subgenus Rhopalohelophorus Kuwert, 1886 frater Orchymont, 1926: 2A, 2B imaensis Orchymont, 1926: 2A mervensis Semenov, 1900: 2A montanus Orchymont, 1926: 2B Family EPIMETOPIDAE Zaitzev, 1908 Genus Eumetopus Balfour-Browne, 1949 asperatus (Champion, 1919): 2A, 2B bullatus (Sharp, 1875): Himalaya Family GEORISSIDAE Laporte, 1840 Genus Georissus Latreille, 1809 Subgenus Neogeorissus Satô, 1972 bipartitus Champion, 1923: 2B coelosternus Champion, 1923: 2B fusicornis Champion, 1923: 2B, 2C instabilis instabilis Champion, 1923: 2B instabilis minusculus Champion, 1923: 2B septemcostatus Champion, 1923: 2B Family SPERCHEIDAE Erichson, 1837

449

Genus Spercheus Kugelann, 1798 belli belli Champion, 1919: 2B Family HYDROPHILIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily HYDROPHILINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe AMPHIOPINI Kuwert, 1890 Genus Amphiops Erichson, 1843 pedestris Sharp, 1890: 2A Tribe BEROSINI Mulsant, 1844 Genus Berosus Leach, 1817 Subgenus Berosus Leach, 1817 nigriceps (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C pulchellus Macleay, 1825: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Enoplurus Hope, 1838 chinensis Knisch, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C fairmairei Zaitzev, 1908: 2C incretus Orchymont, 1937: 2B indicus (Motschulsky, 1861): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Regimbartia Zaitzev, 1908 attenuata (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe LACCOBIINI Houlbert, 1922 Genus Laccobius Erichson, 1837 Subgenus Cyclolaccobius Gentili, 1991 almoranus Gentili, 1995: 2B bacchusi Gentili, 1979: 2A, 2B confusus Gentili, 1996: 2A cribratus Gentili, 1989: 2B cyclicus Gentili, 1996: 2C fuscus Gentili, 1995: 2A, 2B globulus Gentili, 1995: 2B hanka Gentili and Fikáček, 2009: 2D hingstoni Orchymont, 1926: 2B imperialis Knisch, 1924: 2B, 2C inermis Gentili, 1995: 2B josefi Gentili and Fikáček, 2009: 2D kumaonicus Gentili, 1988: 2B patruelis Knisch, 1924: 2A, 2B regalis Knisch, 1924: 2B Subgenus Dimorpholaccobius Zaitzev, 1938 hindukuschi Chiesa, 1966: 2A, 2B kashmirensis Orchymont, 1943: 2A, 2B simulans Orchymont, 1923: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Glyptolaccobius Gentili, 1989 affinis Knisch, 1927: 2B egregius Gentili, 1995: 2B incisus Gentili, 1989: 2B silvester Gentili, 2006: 2B Subgenus Microlaccobius Gentili, 1974 argillaceus Sahlberg, 1900: 2B, 2C exilis Gentili, 1974: 2B, 2C gangeticus Gentili, 1979: 2B, 2C gracilis Motschulsky, 1855: 2B himalayanus Gentili, 1988: 2C indonesiae Gentili, 1979: 2C kaszabi Chiesa, 1966: 2A mistus Gentili, 1989: 2C nepalensis Gentili, 1982: 2C orientalis Knisch, 1924: 2B, 2C problematicus Gentili, 1988: 2B, 2C roseiceps Régimbart, 1903: 2B

450

rotundatus Régimbart, 1903: 2A sublaevis Sahlberg, 1900: 2B Genus Paracymus Thomson, 1867 vulgatus Wooldridge, 1977: 2B, 2C evanescens (Sharp, 1890): 2C Genus Pelthydrus Orchymont, 1919 Subgenus Globipelthydrus Schönmann, 1994 championi Orchymont, 1926: 2B minutus Orchymont, 1919: 2B Tribe HYDROBIUSINI Mulsant, 1844 Genus Ametor Semenov, 1900 rudesculptus Semenov, 1900: 2A, 2C rugosus (Knisch, 1924): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe HYDROPHILINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Hydrobiomorpha Blackburn, 1888 spinicollis nordica Mouchamps, 1959: 2C Genus Hydrophilus Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Hydrophilus Geoffroy, 1762 bilineatus caschmirensis Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2C indicus (Bedel, 1891): 2B, 2C olivaceus Fabricius, 1781: 2B piceus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A rufocinctus (Bedel, 1891): 2B, 2C senegalensis (Percheron, 1835): 2B, 2C Genus Sternolophus Solier, 1834 Subgenus Neosternolophus Zaitzev, 1909 inconspicuus (Nietner, 1856): 2C Subgenus Sternolophus Solier, 1834 decens Zaitzev, 1909: 2B rufipes (Fabricius, 1792): 2A, 2B, 2C Subfamily CHAETARTHRIINAE Bedel, 1881 Tribe ANACAENINI Hansen, 1991 Genus Anacaena Thomson, 1859 laevis Orchymont, 1936: 2B laevoides Komarek, 2006: 2B Genus Crenitis Bedel, 1881 Subgenus Crenitis Bedel, 1881 orientalis Satô, 1979: 2C Tribe CHAETARTHRIINI Bedel, 1881 Genus Chaetarthria Stephens, 1835 almorana Knisch, 1924: 2B indica Orchymont, 1920: 2C Genus Thysanarthria Orchymont, 1926 championi (Knisch, 1924): 2B Subfamily ENOCHRINAE Short and Fikáček, 2013 Genus Enochrus Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Methydrus Rey, 1885 esuriens (Walker, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C icterus Knisch, 1924: 2B natalensis (Gemminger and Harold, 1868): Himalaya rubrocinctus (Régimbart, 1903): 2A, 2B tetraspilus Régimbart, 1903: 2B Subfamily ACIDOCERINAE Zaitzev, 1908 Genus Agraphydrus Regimbart, 1903 Subgenus Agraphydrus Régimbart, 1903 kempi (Orchymont, 1922): 2B, 2D montanus Minoshima et al., 2015: 2C pauculus (Knisch, 1924): 2B


pygmaeus (Knisch, 1924): 2B stagnalis (Orchymont, 1937): 2B Subgenus Gymnhelochares Orchymont, 1932 indicus Orchymont, 1932: 2B Genus Helochares Mulsant, 1844 Subgenus Helochares Mulsant, 1844 pallens (Macleay, 1825): 2C sanchoralis Sharp, 1890: 2A Subgenus Hydrobaticus Macleay, 1873 anchoralis Sharp, 1890: 2A, 2B crenatuloides Orchymont, 1943: 2B crenatus Régimbart, 1903: 2A, 2C densus Sharp, 1890: 2B lentus Sharp, 1890: 2B, 2C Subfamily SPHAERIDIINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe COELOSTOMATINI Heyden, 1891 Genus Coelostoma Brullé, 1835 Subgenus Coelostoma Brullé, 1835 montanum Mouchamps, 1958: 2B Subgenus Holocoelostoma Mouchamps, 1958 bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972: 2B stultum (Walker, 1858): 2B, 2C Subgenus Lachnocoelostoma Mouchamps, 1958 bipunctatum Jayaswal, 1972: 2B, 2D horni (Régimbart, 1902): 2B, 2C Genus Dactylosternum Wollaston, 1854 abdominale (Fabricius, 1792): 2C hydrophiloides (Macleay, 1825): 2B, 2C Tribe MEGASTERNINI Mulsant, 1844 Genus Armostus Sharp, 1890 crenulatus (Régimbart, 1903): 2B optatus Sharp, 1890: 2B Genus Cercyon Leach, 1817 Subgenus Cercyon Leach, 1817 aequalipunctus Hebauer, 2002: 2B dilutus Régimbart, 1903: 2C maindroni Régimbart, 1903: 2B nigriceps (Marsham, 1802): 2C pseudodilutus Satô, 1979: 2C Subgenus Clinocercyon d’Orchymont, 1942 conjiciens (Walker, 1858): 2B Subgenus Dicyrtocercyon Ganglbauer, 1904 diversipunctus Hebauer, 2002: 2B Genus Cryptopleurum Mulsant, 1844 ferrugineum Motschulsky, 1863: Himalaya subtile Sharp, 1884: Himalaya Genus Pachysternum Motschulsky, 1863 cardoni Orchymont, 1926: 2C, 2D nigrovittatum Motschulsky, 1863: 2B, 2C stevensi Orchymont, 1926: 2B, 2C Tribe OMICRINI Smetana, 1975 Genus Microgioton Orchymont, 1937 grandis Bameul, 1994: 2C Genus Noteropagus Orchymont, 1919 politus Orchymont, 1919: 2B Genus Peratogonus Sharp, 1884 grandis Malcolm, 1981: 2C Genus Psalitrus d’Orchymont, 1919 championi d’Orchymont, 1919: 2B


fallax Balfour-Browne, 1948: 2B Tribe SPHAERIDIINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Sphaeridium Fabricius, 1775 dimidiatum Gory, 1834: 2B, 2C discolor Orchymont, 1933: 2B daemonicum Fikacek and Kropacek, 2015: 2D quinquemaculatum Fabricius, 1798: 2B reticulatum Orchymont, 1929: 2A, 2B seriatum Orchymont, 1913: 2C severini Orchymont, 1919: 2C substriatum Faldermann, 1838: 2A Family SYNTELIIDAE Lewis, 1882 Genus Syntelia Westwood, 1864 indica Westwood, 1864: 2C Family HISTERIDAE Gyllenhal, 1808 Subfamily ABRAEINAE Macleay, 1819 Tribe ABRAEINI Macleay, 1819 Genus Chaetabraeus Portevin, 1929 Subgenus Chaetabraeus Portevin, 1929 bacchusi Gomy, 1985: 2B orientalis (Lewis, 1907): 2B Subgenus Mazureus Gomy, 1991 paria Marseul, 1856: 2C Tribe ACRITINI Wenzel, 1944 Genus Acritus LeConte, 1853 Subgenus Acritus LeConte, 1853 copricola Cooman, 1932: 2C exquisitus Cooman, 1932: 2B nepalensis Gomy, 1977: 2B pascuarum Cooman, 1947: 2D Subfamily DENDROPHILINAE Reitter, 1909 Tribe ANAPLEINI Olexa, 1982 Genus Anapleus Horn, 1873 davidneelae Gomy, 1995: 2B Tribe BACANIINI Kryzhanovskij, 1976 Genus Antongilus Gomy, 1969 bengalensis Mazur, 1989: 2C Genus Mullerister Cooman, 1936 christinae (Mazur, 1989): 2C Tribe PAROMALINI Reitter, 1909 Genus Eulomalus Cooman, 1937 pupulus Cooman, 1937: 2B Genus Pachylomalus Schmidt, 1897 Subgenus Canidius Cooman, 1941 andrewesi Lewis, 1904: 2B Genus Paromalus Erichson, 1834 Subgenus Paromalus Erichson, 1834 babaulti (Cooman, 1935): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Platylomalus Cooman, 1948 calcuttanus Ôhara, 1989: 2A mendicus (Lewis, 1892): 2B, 2C oceanitis (Marseul, 1855): 2B, 2C submetallicus (Lewis, 1892): 2C tcibodae (Marseul, 1879): 2D Subfamily HISTERINAE Gyllenhal, 1808 Tribe EXOSTERNINI Bickhardt, 1914 Genus Epitoxus Lewis, 1900 asiaticus Vienna, 1986: 2C mazuri Yélamos and Tishechkin, 1999: 2B

451

Genus Paratropus Gerstaecker, 1867 himalayicus Reichardt, 1926: 2B termitophilus (Desbordes, 1925): 2B wenzeli Kanaar, 1997: 2B Genus Sitalia Lewis, 1900 severini (Lewis, 1892): 2B Tribe HISTERINI Gyllenhal, 1808 Genus Asiaster Cooman, 1948 vestitus (Lewis, 1891): 2B Genus Atholus Thomson, 1859 arrowi (Desbordes, 1923): 2C coelestis Marseul, 1857: 2B, 2C duodecimstriatus duodecimstriatus (Schrank, 1781): 2D duodecimstriatus quatuordecimstriatus (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2D maindronii (Lewis, 1901): 2B, 2C philippinensis (Marseul, 1854): 2B, 2C pirithous (Marseul, 1873): 2B silvicola (Lewis, 1901): 2B, 2C striatipennis (Lewis, 1892): 2C Genus Hister Linnaeus, 1758 furcipes Marseul, 1854: 2B inexspectatus Desbordes, 1923: 2C, 2D javanicus Paykull, 1811: 2C melanarius Erichson, 1834: 2A, 2B paraincognitus Chakraborty and Biswas, 2003: 2C pullatus Erichson, 1834: 2B, 2C thibetanus Marseul, 1857: 2D Genus Margarinotus Marseul, 1854 Subgenus Grammostethus Lewis, 1906 navus (Marseul, 1854): 2C planiceps (Lewis, 1888): 2C socius Lewis, 1907: 2A Subgenus Paralister Bickhardt, 1917 aoudicus (Marseul, 1862): 2A indiicola (Desbordes, 1919): 2A Subgenus Ptomister Houlbert and Monnot, 1922 agnatus (Lewis, 1884): 2A incognitus (Marseul, 1854): 2A Genus Nasaltus Mazur and Węgrzynowicz, 2008 chinensis (Quensel, 1806): 2B, 2C, 2D marseuli Mazur and Węgrzynowicz, 2008: 2B orientalis (Paykull, 1811): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pachylister Lewis, 1904 Subgenus Pachylister Lewis, 1904 ceylanus pygidialis Lewis, 1906: 2A distorsus (Illiger, 1807): 2B reflexilabris (Marseul, 1854): 2A Tribe HOLOLEPTINI Hope, 1840 Genus Hololepta Paykull, 1811 Subgenus Hololepta Paykull, 1811 elongata Erichson, 1834: 2B, 2C, 2D indica Erichson, 1834: 2C laevigata Guérin-Méneville, 1833: 2C salva Lewis, 1914: 2C Tribe PLATYSOMATINI Bickhardt, 1914 Genus Apobletes Marseul, 1861 marginicollis Lewis, 1888: 2B, 2C, 2D planidorsum Bickhardt, 1912: 2C, 2D

452

schaumei Marseul, 1861: 2B Genus Eblisia Lewis, 1889 Subgenus Chronus Lewis, 1914 scaliformis (Desbordes, 1923): 2C Genus Plaesius Erichson, 1834 Subgenus Hyposolenus Lewis, 1907 bengalensis Lewis, 1906: 2C Genus Platylister Lewis, 1892 Subgenus Platylister Lewis, 1892 atratus (Erichson, 1834): 2B, 2C borneolus (Marseul, 1861): 2C cambodjensis (Marseul, 1864): 2C, 2D neogii Chakraborty and Biswas, 2000: 2D odiosus (Marseul, 1861): 2B sororius Lewis, 1904: 2B strialis (Marseul, 1864): 2C, 2D Subgenus Popinus Mazur, 1999 confucii (Marseul, 1857): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Platysoma Leach, 1817 Subgenus Platysoma Leach, 1817 brahmani Lewis, 1910: 2B, 2C brevistriatum Lewis, 1888: 2B, 2C dufali Marseul, 1864: 2C minax Mazur, 1999: 2B, 2C Genus Silinus Lewis, 1907 mirabilis (Lewis, 1900): 2B, 2C palmipes (Lewis, 1889): 2C procerus (Lewis, 1911): 2B, 2C Subfamily NIPONIINAE Fowler, 1912 Genus Niponius Lewis, 1885 canalicollis (Lewis, 1901): 2A, 2B, 2D himalayensis Gardner, 1926: 2B substriatus Gardner, 1926: 2B Subfamily ONTHOPHILINAE Macleay, 1819 Genus Epiechinus Lewis, 1891 hispidus (Paykull, 1811): 2B Genus Onthophilus Leach, 1817 sculptilis Lewis, 1892: 2C Subfamily SAPRININAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Hypocacculus Bickhardt, 1914 Subgenus Colpellus Reichardt, 1932 biskrensis (Marseul, 1876): 2A Subgenus Hypocaccus Thomson, 1867 sinae (Marseul, 1862): 2C, 2D Genus Saprinus Erichson, 1834 Subgenus Saprinus Erichson, 1834 aeneolus Marseul, 1870: 2A chalcites (Illiger, 1807): 2A cupreus Erichson, 1834: 2C diversegenitalis Olexa, 1992: 2B lateralis Motschulsky, 1849: 2A splendens (Paykull, 1811): 2A, 2B suturalis Marseul, 1862: 2A tenuistrius sparsutus Solsky, 1876: 2A Subfamily TRIBALINAE Bickhardt, 1914 Genus Parepierus Bickhardt, 1913 amandus (Schmidt, 1892): 2D corticicola Bickhardt, 1913: 2B, 2D Genus Tribalus Erichson, 1834


Subgenus Eutribalus Bickhardt, 1921 colombius Marseul, 1864: 2B, 2C, 2D koenigius Marseul, 1864: 2B Subgenus Tribalus Erichson, 1834 bicarinatus Lewis, 1908: 2A Subfamily TRYPETICINAE Bickhardt, 1913 Genus Trypeticus Marseul, 1864 beesoni Desbordes, 1922: 2D dohertyi (Lewis, 1891): 2C Superfamily STAPHYLINOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family HYDRAENIDAE Mulsant, 1844 Subfamily HYDRAENINAE Mulsant, 1844 Tribe HYDRAENINI Mulsant, 1844 Genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794 Subgenus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794 bihamata Champion, 1920: 2A, 2B cirrata Champion, 1920: 2A, 2B cirratoides Janssens, 1980: 2C tenjikuana Satô, 1979: 2C Subgenus Hydraenopsis Janssens, 1972 formula d’Orchymont, 1932: 2C indica d’Orchymont, 1920: 2A maculicollis Champion, 1920: 2B wittmeri Satô, 1979: 2C Tribe LIMNEBIINI Mulsant, 1844 Genus Laeliaena Sahlberg, 1900 sahlbergi Champion, 1920: 2B Genus Limnebius Leach, 1815 almoranus Knisch, 1924: 2B championi Balfour-Browne, 1956: 2B distinctus Knisch, 1924: 2A, 2B nigritus Balfour-Browne, 1956: 2A, 2B Subfamily OCHTHEBIINAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Ochthebius Leach, 1815 Subgenus Asiobates Thomson, 1859 amplicollis Champion, 1925: 2B Subgenus Ochthebius Leach, 1815 almorensis Jäch, 1989: 2B andraei explanatus Orchymont, 1937: 2C championi Jäch, 1989: 2B delhiensis Jäch, 1992: 2B imbensimbi Jäch, 1989: 2B indicus (Ieniştea, 1988): 2B klapperichi Jäch, 1989: 2B kosiensis Champion, 1920: 2B minabensis Ferro, 1983: 2B nitidipennis Champion, 1920: 2B opacipennis Champion, 1920: 2B orientalis Janssens, 1962: 2B ovatus Jäch, 1989: 2C rivalis Champion, 1920: 2B scintillans Champion, 1920: 2B sexfoveatus Champion, 1920: 2B strigosus Champion, 1921: 2B Genus Protochthebius Perkins, 1997 jagthanae (Champion, 1921): 2B Family PTILIIDAE Erichson, 1845 Subfamily PTILIINAE Erichson, 1845 Tribe PTENIDIINI Flach, 1889


Genus Ptenidium Erichson, 1845 Subgenus Gillmeisterium Flach, 1889 sikkimense Johnson, 1970: 2B, 2C steeli Johnson, 1970: 2C Subgenus Ptenidium Erichson, 1845 kumaonense Johnson, 1972: 2B subpunctatum Johnson, 1972: 2B Subfamily ACROTRICHINAE Reitter, 1909 Tribe ACROTRICHINI Reitter, 1909 Genus Acrotrichis Motschulsky, 1848 Subgenus Acrotrichis Motschulsky, 1848 fascicularis (Herbst, 1793): 2A Subgenus Ctenopteryx Flach, 1889 grandicollis (Mannerheim, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C Family AGYRTIDAE Thomson, 1859 Subfamily AGYRTINAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Agyrtes Frolich, 1799 Subgenus Agyrtecanus Reitter, 1901 kashmirensis Schawaller, 1979: 2A Genus Ipelates Reitter, 1885 castaneicolor (Champion, 1923): 2C himalajanus Schawaller, 1979: 2A sikkimensis (Portevin, 1905): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PTEROLOMATINAE Thomson, 1862 Genus Apteroloma Hatch, 1927 anglorossicum (Semenov, 1891): 2A gibbum (Champion, 1923): 2B harmandi (Portevin, 1903): 2A, 2C kashmirense (Hlisnikovský, 1968): 2A rosti (Portevin, 1907): 2A Family LEIODIDAE Fleming, 1821 Subfamily CHOLEVINAE Kirby, 1837 Tribe ANEMADINI Hatch, 1928 Subtribe ANEMADINA Hatch, 1928 Genus Anemadus Reitter, 1885 asperatus Champion, 1923: 2B kuluensis Champion, 1927: 2A Subtribe NEMADINA Jeannel, 1936 Genus Micronemadus Jeannel, 1936 pusillimus (Kraatz, 1877): 2C Genus Nemadus Thomson, 1867 Subgenus Nemadus Thomson, 1867 besucheti Perreau, 1991: 2C longipilis Szymczakowski, 1961: 2A Tribe CHOLEVINI Kirby, 1837 Subtribe CATOPINA Chaudoir, 1845 Genus Catops Paykull, 1798 bicolor (Portevin, 1903): 2C championi Szymczakowski, 1974: 2C malloryi Henrot and Szymczakowski, 1971: 2C montanus Schweiger, 1956: 2C parcus Szymczakowski, 1974: 2C vestitus Murray, 1856: 2C Genus Rybinskiella Reitter, 1906 Subgenus Sintania Pic, 1908 himalayica (Pic, 1908): 2A kashmirensis (Pic, 1908): 2A spinosa Frank, 1988: 2A wittmeri Frank, 1988: 2A

453

Subtribe CHOLEVINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Nargus Thomson, 1867 Subgenus Nargus Thomson, 1867 beatus Szymczakowski, 1965: 2B Tribe PTOMAPHAGINI Jeannel, 1911 Subtribe PTOMAPHAGININA Szymczakowski, 1964 Genus Ptomaphaginus Portevin, 1914 bengalicola Perreau, 1991: 2C bucculentus Szymczakowski, 1974: 2C palpalis Szymczakowski, 1974: 2C rubidus (Champion, 1927): 2B truncatus Perreau, 1988: 2C Genus Ptomaphaminus Perreau, 2000 bengalominus (Perreau, 1991): 2C kumaominus (Perreau, 1991): 2B Subfamily COLONINAE Horn, 1880 Genus Colon Herbst, 1797 Subgenus Myloechus Latreille, 1806 costicolle Szymczakowski, 1980: 2C Subfamily LEIODINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe AGATHIDIINI Westwood, 1838 Genus Agathidium Panzer, 1797 Subgenus Agathidium Panzer, 1797 alatum alatum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2B apterum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C barahbisense Angelini and De Marzo, 1985: 2A brunneum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A crassum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C darjeelingense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C eremita Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C fallax Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C fulungense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A garhwalense Angelini and De Marzo, 1983: 2B gulmargense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A harmandi Portevin, 1905: 2C indicum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C indra Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C kashmirense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A, 2B khasicum Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C laevigatum laevigatum Erichson, 1845: 2A, 2C laevipenne Portevin, 1926: 2A lebongense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C martensi Angelini and De Marzo, 1983: 2C montanum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A, 2C pauperum Angelini and De Marzo, 1983: 2A proximum Angelini, 1996: 2B pseudoparia Angelini and De Marzo, 1983: 2C pusillum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C riedeli Angelini, 1996: 2B shimlense Angelini and Stephenson, 1990: 2A sikh Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C sikkimense Angelini and De Marzo, 1983: 2C subopacum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2B, 2C testaceum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2A transversum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C varuna Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C wittmeri Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C zbyneki Švec, 2011: 2B Subgenus Macroceble Angelini, 1993

454

abominabile Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C anophthalmicum Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C brancuccii Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C breve Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C quaterfoveatum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C shermathangense Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C singmaricum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C unumvesciculatum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C Subgenus Microceble Angelini and de Marzo, 1986 biimpressum Champion, 1927: 2B duofoveatum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C laticorne Portevin, 1922: 2B, 2C maculicolle Champion, 1924: 2B ravana Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C semirufum Angelini and De Marzo, 1981: 2C sevokense Angelini and De Marzo, 1984: 2C Subgenus Neoceble Gozis, 1886 kumaonicum Angelini and De Marzo, 1985: 2A, 2B Genus Stetholiodes Fall, 1910 loebli Angelini and De Marzo, 1987: 2C striatipennis (Portevin, 1926): 2A Tribe LEIODINI Fleming, 1821 Genus Cyrtusa Erichson, 1845 meghalayana Daffner, 1985: 2C Genus Leiodes Latreille, 1797 atricolor Champion, 1923: 2B bengalica Daffner, 1986: 2C besucheti Daffner, 1986: 2C contracta Portevin, 1903: 2B, 2C franki Daffner, 1986: 2C major (Portevin, 1926): 2A, 2B variabilis Daffner, 1986: 2B Genus Liocyrtusa Daffner, 1982 rotundata (Champion, 1924): 2B Genus Zeadolopus Broun, 1903 bengalicus Daffner, 1983: 2C globus Daffner, 1983: 2B Tribe PSEUDOLIODINI Portevin, 1926 Genus Colenis Erichson, 1842 Subgenus Colenis Erichson, 1842 estriata Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Colenisia Fauvel, 1903 pygmaea (Portevin, 1905): 2C Genus Dermatohomoeus Hlisnikovsky, 1963 indicus Daffner, 1988: 2B insularis (Hlisnikovský, 1972): 2B loeblianus Daffner, 1988: 2C portevini (Champion, 1923): 2B Genus Pseudcolenis Reitter, 1885 Subgenus Pseudcolenis Reitter, 1885 aciculata Daffner, 1988: 2C acuminata Švec, 2009: 2B besucheti Daffner, 1988: 2C bouvieri (Portevin, 1903): 2C disparilis (Champion, 1924): 2B, 2C flavicollis Daffner, 1988: 2C indica (Portevin, 1926): 2A rastrata (Champion, 1923): 2B strigosa (Portevin, 1905): 2A, 2C


Tribe SCOTOCRYPTINI Reitter, 1884 Genus Creagrophorus Matthews, 1888 loebli Daffner, 1985: 2C Tribe SOGDINI Lopatin, 1961 Genus Hydnobius Schmidt, 1841 contractus Champion, 1919: 2B Family SILPHIDAE Latreille, 1806 Subfamily SILPHINAE Latreille, 1806 Genus Aclypea Reitter, 1885 turkestanica (Ballion, 1871): 2A Genus Diamesus Hope, 1840 osculans (Vigors, 1825): 2B, 2C Genus Necrodes Leach, 1815 littoralis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B nigricornis Harold, 1875: 2B Genus Necrophila Kirby and Spence, 1828 Subgenus Calosilpha Portevin, 1920 brunnicollis (Kraatz, 1877): 2C cyaniventris (Motschulsky, 1870): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ioptera (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Deutosilpha Portevin, 1920 rufithorax (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B Genus Oiceoptoma Leach, 1815 hypocrita (Portevin, 1903): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Phosphuga Leach, 1817 atrata atrata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Silpha Linnaeus, 1758 carinata Herbst, 1783: 2A obscura obscura Linnaeus, 1758: 2A Genus Thanatophilus Leach, 1815 dentiger (Semenov, 1890): 1B, 2A, 2B minutes Kraatz, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C porrectus (Semenov, 1890): 2A roborowskyi (Jakovlev, 1887): 2C Subfamily NICROPHORINAE Kirby, 1837 Genus Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775 antennatus (Reitter, 1885): 2A concolor Kraatz, 1877: 2A encaustus Fairmaire, 1896: 2A, 2B investigator Zetterstedt, 1824: 2A melissae Sikes and Madge, 2006: 2D nepalensis Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D trumboi Sikes and Madge, 2006: 2C validus Portevin, 1920: 2C vespillo (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A vestigator Herschel, 1807: 2A Family STAPHYLINIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily OMALIINAE Macleay, 1825 Tribe ANTHOPHAGINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Amphichroum Kraatz, 1857 altivagans Cameron, 1941: 2A anthobioides Champion, 1925: 2B pindarense Champion, 1920: 2B Genus Anthobium Leach, 1819 Subgenus Anthobium Leach, 1819 cavicrus (Champion, 1925): 2B fusculum (Erichson, 1839): 2A gracilipalpe (Champion, 1920): 2B


monticola (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B nigrum (Cameron, 1924): 2A rugosum (Champion, 1925): 2B Subgenus Prionothorax Luze, 1905 altivagans (Cameron, 1941): 2A kashmiricum (Cameron, 1941): 2A sociale (Cameron, 1941): 2A Genus Deinopteroloma Jansson, 1947 notabile (Cameron, 1941): 2C Genus Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 Subgenus Geodromicus Redtenbacher, 1857 affinis Cameron, 1934: 1A alticola Cameron, 1945: 2A amnicola Champion, 1920: 2B brevitarsis Champion, 1925: 2B championi Cameron, 1924: 2B cimicoides Cameron, 1941: 2A consors Cameron, 1945: 2A crassipalpis Champion, 1920: 2B curvipes Cameron, 1924: 2A depressus Cameron, 1941: 2A kashmirensis Cameron, 1930: 2A longicornis Coiffait, 1983: 2A longipalpis Coiffait, 1983: 2A peraffinis Cameron, 1945: 2A perplexus Cameron, 1941: 2A recticollis Cameron, 1924: 2B ruficornis Cameron, 1941: 2A similis Cameron, 1930: 2A subsimilis Cameron, 1941: 2C trisulcatus Coiffait, 1983: 2A Genus Hygrodromicus Tronquet, 1981 cachemiricus Coiffait, 1983: 2B coriaceus (Cameron, 1924): 2B ledouxi Coiffait, 1983: 2A meurguesae Coiffait, 1981: 2B palliditarsis Coiffait, 1983: 2B punctatissimus Coiffait, 1983: 2B wittmeri Coiffait, 1984: 2A Genus Hygrogeus Mulsant and Rey, 1880 alticola Coiffait, 1983: 2B coeruleipennis Coiffait, 1983: 2A cyanipennis Cameron, 1924: 2B gulmargensis Coiffait, 1983: 2A languidus Coiffait, 1983: 2A ledouxi Coiffait, 1983: 2A minor Coiffait, 1983: 1B montanus Coiffait, 1983: 2B rugosicollis Coiffait, 1983: 2B sulcicollis Coiffait, 1983: 2A Genus Lesteva Latreille, 1797 species incertae sedis brevipennis Cameron, 1941: 2A championi Lohse, 1982: 2A, 2B fluviata Champion, 1920: 2B kargilensis Cameron, 1934: 1A steeli Lohse, 1982: 2A torrentum Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Mannerheimia Mäklin, 1880 brevipennis (Motschulsky, 1860): Himalaya

455

cachemirica Coiffait, 1982: 2A goriensis Champion, 1925: 2B obscura Coiffait, 1982: 2A scutellata Coiffait, 1982: 2A vicina Coiffait, 1982: 2A Genus Olophrum Erichson, 1839 kashmiricum kashmiricum Cameron, 1941: 2A kashmiricum parvum Cameron, 1941: 2A Genus Philorinum Kraatz, 1857 florivagum Champion, 1923: 2A, 2B Genus Trichodromeus Luze, 1903 armatus (Cameron, 1941): 2A kumaonensis (Champion, 1925): 2B kumaonensis var brevisulcus (Champion, 1925): 2B pusillus (Coiffait, 1983): 1B Tribe APHAENOSTEMMINI Peyerimhoff, 1914 Genus Aphaenostemmus Peyerimhoff, 1914 associatus (Cameron, 1940): 2B himalayicus Bernhauer, 1943: 2B indicus (Cameron, 1940): 2B Tribe CORYPHIINI Jakobson, 1908 Subtribe CORYPHIINA Jakobson, 1908 Genus Coryphiodes Bernhauer, 1898 franzi Zerche, 1993: 2A Genus Coryphiopsis Zerche, 1990 indica Zerche, 1990: 2C Genus Coryphium Stephens, 1834 sikkimense Zerche, 1990: 1C Tribe EUSPHALERINI Hatch, 1957 Genus Eusphalerum Kraatz, 1857 sikkimi (Fauvel, 1904): 2C wittmerianum Zanetti, 2003: 2B Tribe OMALIINI McLeay, 1825 Genus Dropephylla Mulsant and Rey, 1880 almorensis (Champion, 1920): 2A, 2B flavipennis (Cameron, 1930): 2B monticola (Cameron, 1930): 2B rufa (Coiffait, 1982): 2A Genus Omaliopsis Jeannel, 1940 himalayica (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B Genus Omalium Gravenhorst, 1802 alticola Cameron, 1941: 2A altivagans Bernhauer, 1915: 2A beesoni Cameron, 1924: 2B cariosum Cameron, 1924: 2B, 2C gartneri Coiffait, 1982: 1B humerale Cameron, 1924: 2B marginatum Cameron, 1941: 2A monticola Cameron, 1941: 2A secretum Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Paraphloeostiba Steel, 1960 singularis (Kraatz, 1859): 2C subopaca (Cameron, 1924): 2A Genus Phloeonomus Heer, 1839 morosus Cameron, 1924: 2B Subgenus Phloeonomus Heer, 1839 opacus Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B Genus Phloeostiba Thomson, 1858 basui Biswas, 2003: 2C

456

bhaumiki Biswas, 2003: 2C gangtokensis Biswas, 2003: 2C pinicola (Champion, 1920): 2B Genus Tetradelus Fauvel, 1904 trigonuroides Fauvel, 1904: 2C Subfamily PROTEININAE Erichson, 1839 Tribe PROTEININI Erichson, 1839 Genus Megarthrus Stephens, 1829 alticola Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2C antennalis Cameron, 1941: 2C basicornis Fauvel, 1904: 2A, 2C birmanus Fauvel, 1895: 2B elevatus Coiffait, 1977: 2B flavolimbatus Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2C ivani Cuccodoro, 2003: 2C nigerrimus Cameron, 1941: 2A notabilis Cameron, 1941: 2C saddu Cuccodoro, 2003: 2C septempunctatus Champion, 1925: 2B, 2C sexpunctatus Cameron, 1941: 2C tibialis Coiffait, 1977: 2B trisinuatus Cameron, 1924: 2B umbonatus Fauvel, 1895: 2A, 2C Genus Proteinus Latreille, 1797 fuscotestaceus Cameron, 1924: 2B kashmiricus Cameron, 1941: 2A ruficollis Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B Subfamily MICROPEPLINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Micropeplus Latreille, 1809 fulvus japonicus Sharp, 1874: 2A, 2B sikkimi Fauvel, 1902: 2C vulcanus Fauvel, 1902: 2C Subfamily PSELAPHINAE Latreille, 1802 Supertribe BATRISITAE Reitter, 1882 Tribe BATRISINI Reitter, 1882 Subtribe BATRISINA Reitter, 1882 Genus Batrisiella Raffray, 1904 foveola Jeannel, 1960: 2B hastata Jeannel, 1960: 2B tibialis Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Batrisocenus Raffray, 1903 quinquearticulatus Raffray, 1912: 2B Genus Batrisodiola Jeannel, 1960 transversicollis Jeannel, 1960: 2C Genus Batrisopachys Jeannel, 1960 tibialis Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Batristhenes Jeannel, 1960 clypealis Jeannel, 1960: 2B clypeatus Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Coryphomodes Jeannel, 1960 calcaratus Jeannel, 1960: 2A cristatus Jeannel, 196: 2B humeralis Jeannel, 1960: 2A Genus Hingstoniella Jeannel, 1960 lata Jeannel, 1960: 2C Genus Plocamarthrus Jeannel, 1960 abdominalis Jeannel, 1960: 2A cameroni Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B championi Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B


planiceps Jeannel, 1960: 2C Genus Sathytes Westwood, 1870 appendiculatus Löbl, 1979: 2C fuliginosus (Jeannel, 1960): 2C montanus Löbl, 1979: 2A simplex Löbl, 1979: 2C Genus Tribasodites Jeannel, 1960 antennalis Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B frontalis Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B Genus Trisinarthrus Jeannel, 1960 depressifrons Jeannel, 1960: 2C Genus Trisiniotus Jeannel, 1960 nodicornis Jeannel, 1960: 2B Supertribe CLAVIGERITAE Leach, 1815 Tribe CLAVIGERINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe CLAVIGERODINA Schaufuss, 1882 Genus Fustiger LeConte, 1866 wittmeri Besuchet, 1977: 2C Supertribe EUPLECTITAE Streubel, 1839 Tribe BYTHINOPLECTINI Schaufuss, 1890 Subtribe PYXIDICERINA Raffray, 1904 Genus Nandius Coulon, 1990 myriamae Coulon, 1990: 2B Tribe TRICHONYCHINI Reitter, 1882 Subtribe PANAPHANTINA Jeannel, 1950 Genus Asymoplectus Raffray, 1887 cameroni Jeannel, 1960: 2A caudatus Jeannel, 1960: 2A convexicollis Jeannel, 1960: 2B crenulatus Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Philiopsis Raffray, 1893 sulcicollis Jeannel, 1960: 2C Supertribe GONIACERITAE Reitter, 1882 Tribe ARNYLLIINI Jeannel, 1952 Genus Harmophorus Motschulsky, 1851 stevensi (Jeannel, 1960): 2C Tribe BRACHYGLUTINI Raffray, 1904 Subtribe BRACHYGLUTINA Raffray, 1904 Genus Diroptrus Motschulsky, 1858 monilicornis Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Reichenbachella Jeannel, 1949 sardana Jeannel, 1960: 2A Genus Rybaxis Saulcy, 1876 ocellata Raffray, 1908: 2B Genus Trissemus Jeannel, 1949 Subgenus Trissemus Jeannel, 1949 brevicornis Jeannel, 1960: 2A cameroni Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B championi Jeannel, 1960: 2B cursitans Jeannel, 1960: 2B distans Jeannel, 1960: 2B duplicatus Jeannel, 1960: 2C haldwaniensis Jeannel, 1960: 2B hamulatus Jeannel, 1960: 2B Tribe INIOCYPHINI Park, 1951 Subtribe NATYPLEURINA Newton and Thayer, 1992 Genus Morana Sharp, 1874 derosa Kurbatov, Cuccodoro and Löbl, 2007: 2C loquax Kurbatov, Cuccodoro and Löbl, 2007: 2C


Tribe PROTERINI Jeannel, 1949 Genus Cephalaxis Jeannel, 1960 championi Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Salpictomelus Jeannel, 1960 pachys Jeannel, 1960: 2B Supertribe PSELAPHITAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe CTENISTINI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Ctenisomorphus Raffray, 1890 indicus (Jeannel, 1960): 2B Genus Ctenistes Reichenbach, 1816 Subgenus Ctenistes Reichenbach, 1816 gracilis Jeannel, 1960: 2B Genus Poroderus Sharp, 1883 cameroni Jeannel, 1960: 2B championi (Jeannel, 1960): 2B Tribe ODONTALGINI Jeannel, 1949 Genus Odontalgus Raffray, 1877 vestitus Schaufuss, 1886: 2B Tribe PSELAPHINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Mentraphus Sharp, 1883 subtilis (Motschulsky, 1851): 2C Genus Pselaphotrichus Besuchet, 1986 indicus (Jeannel, 1960): 2B Genus Pselaphus Herbst, 1791 pilicollis Reitter, 1883: 2B Tribe TMESIPHORINI Jeannel, 1949 Genus Tmesiphorus LeConte, 1849 championi Jeannel, 1960: 2A, 2B iyeri Raffray, 1912: 2B Tribe TYRINI Reitter, 1882 Subtribe CENTROPHTHALMINA Jeannel, 1949 Genus Centrophthalmus Schmidt-Göbel, 1838 elegans Raffray, 1912: 2B Subtribe TYRINA Reitter, 1882 Genus Horniella Raffray, 1905 himalayica Yin and Li, 2014: 2B Genus Indoophodes Hlaváč, 2003 cameroni (Jeannel, 1960): 2C Genus Labomimus Sharp, 1883 championi Jeannel, 1960: 2B harmandi Raffray, 1904: 2C Genus Pselaphodes Westwood, 1870 spinosus Champion, 1925: 2B Genus Tyrodes Raffray, 1908 championi (Jeannel, 1960): 2B, 2C Genus Tyrus Aubé, 1833 indus Raffray, 1912: 2B Subfamily TACHYPORINAE Macleay, 1825 Tribe MEGARTHROPSINI Cameron, 1919 Genus Nepaliodes Coiffait, 1977 variolosus Coiffait, 1977: 2B, 2C Tribe MYCETOPORINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Bolitobius Leach, 1819 Subgenus Bolitobius Leach, 1819 commodus Herman, 2001: 2B septemseriatus Champion, 1923: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Bryoporus Kraatz, 1857 lineipennis (Fauvel, 1904): 2A Genus Ischnosoma Stephens, 1829

457

convexum (Sharp, 1888): 2B duplicatum (Sharp, 1888): 2B fasciatocolle (Champion, 1922): 2B, 2C gratiosum (Cameron, 1932): 2C ham Kocian, 2003: 2C himalayicum (Cameron, 1926): 2B nepalense (Scheerpeltz, 1976): 2A quadriguttatum quadriguttatum (Champion, 1923): 2B, 2C sem Kocian, 2003: 2C Genus Lordithon Thomson, 1859 beesoni (Cameron, 1932): 2B biplagiatus (Cameron, 1932): 2C centralis (Cameron, 1932): 2C championi (Cameron, 1932): 2C difficilis (Cameron, 1932): 2C distinctus (Schubert, 1906): 2A, 2B elegans (Cameron, 1932): 2C femoralis (Cameron, 1932): 2C gratellus (Cameron, 1932): 2A humerulus Herman, 2001: 2A lambda (Fauvel, 1895): 2C monticola (Cameron, 1926): 2A proximus (Cameron, 1926): 2A scapularis (Cameron, 1932): 2C simlaensis (Cameron, 1926): 2A simulans (Cameron, 1932): 2C spinipes (Champion, 1922): 2B tarsalis (Cameron, 1932): 2C transversulus (Reitter, 1909): 2A, 2B, 2C xanthopterus (Champion, 1922): 2B Genus Mycetoporus Mannerheim, 1830 cachemiricus Coiffait, 1984: 2A perniger Cameron, 1926: 2A riedeli Schülke, 1990: 2B schawalleri Coiffait, 1982: 2A Tribe TACHYPORINI Macleay, 1825 Genus Cilea Jacquelin du Val, 1856 limbifera (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B Genus Coproporus Kraatz, 1857 bivittatus Bernhauer, 1915: 2A brunnicollis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2C castaneipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2B fasciipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2B, 2C himachalensis Coiffait, 1984: 2A himalayicus Cameron, 1926: 2B, 2C intermedius Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B melanarius (Erichson, 1839): 2C monticola Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B ruficollis Cameron, 1926: 2B tachyporoides Kraatz, 1859: 2B Genus Euconosoma Cameron, 1918 loebli Campbell, 1987: 2D Genus Olophrinus Fauvel, 1895 loebli Campbell, 1993: 2C striatus Fauvel, 1895: 2B Genus Pseudotachinus Cameron, 1932 pseudoniger Schülke, 2005: 2B Genus Sepedophilus Gistel, 1856 analis (Fauvel, 1895): Himalaya

458

beesoni (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B birmanus (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2C brevis (Fauvel, 1895): 2A c-rufum (Cameron, 1926): 2A haemisphaericus (Bernhauer, 1915): 2C himalayicus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B, 2C kashmiricus (Bernhauer, 1915): 2C maculicollis (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B marginatus (Cameron, 1926): 2A nigerrimus (Cameron, 1944): 2B obscurevittatus (Cameron, 1926): 2B obscurus (Cameron, 1926): 2A ochraceus (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B parkeri (Cameron, 1926): 2B persimilis (Cameron, 1932): 2C quadrifasciatus (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B quadrimaculatus (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B robustus (Cameron, 1919): 2A, 2B, 2C rufoguttatus (Cameron, 1926): 2A rufulus (Hochhuth, 1849): 2A rufus (Kraatz, 1859): Himalaya suavis (Fauvel, 1895): 2A subgracilis (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B subtestaceus (Cameron, 1926): 2B tristis (Cameron, 1926): 2B unicolor (Cameron, 1926): 2A variabilis (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B virgula (Fauvel, 1895): 2A vittatus (Cameron, 1926): 2A Genus Symmixus Bernhauer, 1915 sikkimensis Bernhauer, 1915: 2C Genus Tachinomorphus Kraatz, 1859 assamensis Cameron, 1932: 2B fulvipes (Erichson, 1840): 2B, 2C Genus Tachinus Gravenhorst, 1802 Subgenus Tachinoderus Motschulsky, 1858 ablusus Herman, 2001: 2C brunneicollis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B, 2C cameroni Ullrich, 1975: 2C himalayicus Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B himalayicides Newton, 2015: 2A, 2B monticola Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B oblongopunctatus Ullrich, 1975: 2C parabirmanus Schülke, 2006: 2C pulcher Coiffait, 1984: 2C semiruber Cameron, 1926: 2A simlaensis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B subflavus Ullrich, 1975: 2C Subgenus Tachinus Gravenhorst, 1802 abruptus Ullrich, 1975: 2B alienus Ullrich, 1975: 2A, 2B bhutanicus Ullrich, 1975: 2B championi Ullrich, 1975: 2B concinnus Ullrich, 1975: 2C coriaceoides Schülke, 2006: 2C coriaceus Cameron, 1926: 2B javanus Cameron, 1937: 2C lacinipennis (Scheerpeltz, 1976): 2A limbicollis Cameron, 1944: 2C


malaisei Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C muscophilus Ullrich, 1975: 2C oblongus Ullrich, 1975: 2C orientalis Ullrich, 1975: 2C ornatus Cameron, 1944: 2C paracoriaceus Schülke, 2006: 2C paralleliventris Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C piceoides Schülke, 2006: 2B, 2C piceus Cameron, 1932: 2C rufitarsis Hochhuth, 1849: 2A sakaii Li and Ohbayashi, 1996: 2C scorteus Schubert, 1908: 2A, 2C, 2D sikkimi Ullrich, 1975: 2C Subgenus Badura Mulsant and Rey, 1873 nana (Kraatz, 1859): 2B Genus Tachyporus Gravenhorst, 1802 Subgenus Palporus Campbell, 1979 nitidulus (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B Subgenus Tachyporus Gravenhorst, 1802 almorensis Cameron, 1932: 2B alticola Cameron, 1932: 2B assimilis Cameron, 1926: 2B beesoni Cameron, 1932: 2A cachemiricus Coiffait, 1982: 2A flavopictus Fauvel, 1895: 2C gracilicornis Luze, 1904: 2A himalayicus Bernhauer, 1920: 2A, 2B, 2C hypnorum (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B montanus Bernhauer, 1915: 2A, 2B, 2C pusillus Gravenhorst, 1806: 2A sahlbergi Luze, 1901: 2A simlaensis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B singularis Cameron, 1926: 2B suturalis Cameron, 1932: 2C triangulus Cameron, 1928: 2C undulatus Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2C Subfamily TRICHOPHYINAE Thomson, 1858 Genus Trichophya Mannerheim, 1830 antennalis Cameron, 1932: 2A kashmirica Cameron, 1944: 2A obsoleta Cameron, 1926: 2B pilicornis (Gyllenhal, 1810): 2A, 2B rudis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B Subfamily HABROCERINAE Mulsant and Rey, 1876 Genus Habrocerus Erichson, 1839 indicus Assing and Wunderle, 1995: 2C Subfamily ALEOCHARINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe ALEOCHARINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe ALEOCHARINA Fleming, 1821 Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst, 1802 Subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst, 1802 croceipennis Motschulsky, 1858: 2B germana Cameron, 1939: 2B hindustana Motschulsky, 1858: Himalaya indicides Newton, 2015: 2C nigrolucens Cameron, 1939: 2C niasiana Cameron, 1925: 2B pallidipennis Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Baryodma Thomson, 1858


milu Likovský, 1984: 2B siwalikensis Likovský, 1984: 2A Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant and Rey, 1874 bilineata Gyllenhal, 1810: 2A, 2B bipustulata (Linnaeus, 1760): 2A, 2B punctiventris Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B verna Say, 1833: 2A, 2B Subgenus Heterochara Mulsant and Rey, 1874 dilatata Erichson, 1839: 2B Subgenus Maseochara Sharp, 1883 horni (Bernhauer, 1902): 2C javana (Fauvel, 1904): 2C Subgenus Mesochara Cameron, 1939 aerata Cameron, 1939: 2C almorensis Cameron, 1939: 2B confusa Cameron, 1939: 2C himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B inornata Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Subgenus Rheochara Mulsant and Rey, 1875 montivaga (Cameron, 1939): 2B simlaensis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2C Subgenus Xenochara Mulsant and Rey, 1874 asiatica Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B cuniculorum Kraatz, 1858: 2B incerta Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A moesta Gravenhorst, 1802: 2A, 2B pernigra Schubert, 1906: 2A rutilipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B sparsa Heer, 1839: 2A, 2B tristis Gravenhorst, 1806: 2A, 2B trivialis Kraatz, 1859: 2B Genus Amarochara Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Amarochara Thomson, 1858 umbrosa (Erichson, 1837): 2A Subgenus Lasiochara Ganglbauer, 1895 heterogaster Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C sororcula Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Indiachara Pace, 2012 bageshwarensis Pace, 2012: 2B Genus Rencoma Blackwelder, 1952 basiventris (Cameron, 1939): 2C Genus Tetrasticta Kraatz, 1857 brevipennis (Bernhauer, 1903): 2A, 2B mendosa Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Tinotus Sharp, 1883 castaneus Cameron, 1939: 2B indicus Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C kashmiricus Cameron, 1939: 2A rufipennis Cameron, 1939: 2B taprobanensis Likovský, 1984: Himalaya Subtribe COMPACTOPEDIINA Kistner, 1970 Genus Discoxenus Wasmann, 1904 assmuthi Wasmann, 1904: 2B Tribe ATHETINI Casey, 1910 Subtribe ATHETINA Casey, 1910 Genus Acrotona Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Acrotona Thomson, 1859 abalienata (Pace, 1991): 2B annuliventris (Kraatz, 1859): 2A

459

clientulina (Cameron, 1939): 2B fletcheri (Cameron, 1939): 2B ghumensis (Pace, 1987): 2C gurkha (Pace, 1991): 2A imitatrix (Pace, 1993): 2A inquinata (Cameron, 1939): 2C lugensides Newton, 2015: 2B muscorum (Brisout de Barneville, 1860): 2A, 2B mutata (Gemminger and Harold, 1868): Himalaya nigerrima (Aubé, 1850): 2A, 2B ocularis (Cameron, 1939): 2C orphanella (Cameron, 1944): 2A ostentata (Pace, 1991): 2A, 2B paedida (Erichson, 1840): 2A, 2B persecuta (Pace, 1987): 2C rufiventris (Cameron, 1920): 2B ruralis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B scabrosa (Cameron, 1939): 2B stillans (Pace, 1987): 2A suspiciosa kathmanduorum (Pace, 1987): 2A, 2B suspiciosa suspiciosa (Motschulsky, 1860): 2B trivialis (Cameron, 1939): 2B vicaria (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Alomaina Pace, 1991 indica Pace, 1991: 2C Genus Amidobia Thomson, 1858 ghumiana Pace, 1987: 2C umbratica (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B Genus Amischa Thomson, 1858 kashmirica Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Atheta Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Atheta Thomson, 1858 antennalis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B confusa Cameron, 1939: 2B coriaria (Kraatz, 1856): 2B distinguenda Cameron, 1939: 2C hammondi Pace, 1987: 2B kotgarhensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B lamellata Cameron, 1939: 2B luteipennis Cameron, 1939: 2C necrophaga Cameron, 1939: 2B nigrolucens Cameron, 1939: 2A nigrolucida Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C nigrituloidides Newton, 2015: 2B perplexa Cameron, 1939: 2B praereticulata Pace, 1986: 2A sauteri Bernhauer, 1907: 2B simplex Cameron, 1939: 2A subconformis Cameron, 1939: 2B subincisa Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B triangulum (Kraatz, 1856): 2A tridentata (Kraatz, 1859): 2B nana (Kraatz, 1859): 2B Subgenus Badura Mulsant and Rey, 1873 profuga Pace, 1988: 2A Subgenus Chaetida Mulsant and Rey, 1873 arunachalensis Pace, 2011: 2D longicornis (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A, 2B Subgenus Coprothassa Thomson, 1859

460

pseudosordida Cameron, 1939: 2C rufoflava Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B rufoflavescens Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Datomicra Mulsant and Rey, 1874 dadopora Thomson, 1867: 2A innoxia Pace, 1986: 2A sordiduloides sordiduloides Cameron, 1939: 2A stricta Pace, 1987: 2A subaptera Pace, 1986: 2A subarenicola Cameron, 1939: 2A subnigra Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Subgenus Dimetrota Mulsant and Rey, 1873 abdita Pace, 1987: 2A adjacens Cameron, 1939: 2A arniensis Pace, 1991: 2B associata Cameron, 1939: 2A atramentaria (Gyllenhal, 1810): 2B confinis Cameron, 1939: 2A contigua Cameron, 1939: 2B deprava Cameron, 1944: 2A derivata Cameron, 1939: 2C discors Cameron, 1939: 2C discriminata Pace, 1987: 2A, 2B furtiva Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C hapoliensis Pace, 2011: 2D innotescens Pace, 1991: 2A nigrans Cameron, 1939: 2A percelata Pace, 1991: 2B piceata Schubert, 1906: 2A politissima Cameron, 1939: 2B prodita Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C reitteriana (Bernhauer, 1939): 2D quadraticollis Cameron, 1939: 2C quadridens Cameron, 1939: 2B sangchanesis Likovský, 1984: 2B scabrella Cameron, 1939: 2B suballocera Cameron, 1939: 2A subatomaria Cameron, 1939: 2B subatricolor Cameron, 1939: 2B sublugens Cameron, 1939: 2A subsericans Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B sulcicollis Cameron, 1939: 2C umbra Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B unicolor Cameron, 1939: 2A Subgenus Microdota Mulsant and Rey, 1873 alia Cameron, 1939: 2B amiculoides Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B aptera Pace, 1984: 2A bitruncata Pace, 1990: 2D contaminata Pace, 1987: 2B contingens Cameron, 1939: 2B dehraensis Pace, 1990: 2B gracillima Cameron, 1939: 2A inconspicua Cameron, 1939: 2B intercursa Pace, 1986: 2A lentula Cameron, 1939: 2A masuriensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C mediocris Cameron, 1939: 2B microphallica Pace, 1986: 2A


optica Cameron, 1939: 2B pauxilla Cameron, 1944: 2B perconfusa Pace, 1990: 2A pergrata Pace, 1986: 2A placita Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C puerilis Cameron, 1939: 2C rufonigra Cameron, 1939: 2A scrobicollis (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C seclusa Cameron, 1939: 2B sericella Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B subaegra Cameron, 1939: 2B subscabra Cameron, 1939: 2A tarda Cameron, 1939: 2A zagipalensis Pace, 1986: 2A Subgenus Mocyta Mulsant and Rey, 1874 fungi kaschmirensis Bernhauer, 1934: 2A subclientula Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Subgenus Oreostiba Ganglbauer, 1895 sagulata Pace, 1988: 2A Subgenus Parameotica Ganglbauer, 1895 fulvescens Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Subgenus Philhygra Mulsant and Rey, 1873 brachycephala Cameron, 1939: 2A incurata Pace, 1991: 2A sinuatocrenata Bernhauer, 1916: 2B subvolans Pace, 1986: 2A spermatecalis Pace, 1988: 2A sororcula Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B subamicula Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C subluctuosa Cameron, 1939: 2A Subgenus Sipalatheta Pace, 1993 difformis Pace, 1993: 2B Subgenus Traumoecia Mulsant and Rey, 1873 discedens Cameron, 1939: 2B formosa Cameron, 1939: 2B praevia Cameron, 1939: 2A subcorticina Cameron, 1939: 2A suspecta Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Umbala Blackwelder, 1952 mimetica Cameron, 1939: 2B stevensi Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Atheta species incertae sedis chatterjeei Cameron, 1939: 2B congruens Cameron, 1944: 2A disparilior Pace, 1987: 2B heterogyna Cameron, 1939: 2B incerta Cameron, 1939: 2A nimborum Cameron, 1939: 2B thinoecioides Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Bellatheta Roubal, 1928 Subgenus Bellatheta Roubal, 1928 altireptans (Pace, 1991): 2A kashmirensis (Pace, 1985): 2A pretiosa (Pace, 1985): 2A Genus Berca Blackwelder, 1952 Subgenus Berca Blackwelder, 1952 indica (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Boreophilia Benick, 1973 subplana (Sahlberg, 1880): 2C


Genus Hydrosmecta Thomson, 1858 armata (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B gracilis (Cameron, 1939): 2B kashmirica (Cameron, 1939): 2A siwalikensis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B subgracilis (Cameron, 1939): 2B subtenella (Cameron, 1939): 2A tenuis Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Liogluta Thomson, 1858 bicristata (Cameron, 1939): 2B bituberculata (Cameron, 1939): 2B nimbicola (Cameron, 1939): 2A nimborum (Cameron, 1939): 2B philhygroides (Cameron, 1939): 2B submerdaria (Cameron, 1939): 2B subnitidula (Cameron, 1939): 2B, 2C subumbonata (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B Genus Nehemitropia Lohse, 1971 lividipennis (Mannerheim, 1830): 2B Genus Nepalota Pace, 1987 devi Pace, 1991: 2A Genus Notothecta Thomson, 1858 species incertae sedis pseudocoriaria (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Paraloconota Cameron, 1939 almorensis (Cameron, 1939): 2B cyanescens (Cameron, 1939): 2A derougemonti (Pace, 1986): 2A dissociata (Cameron, 1939): 2B fuscata (Cameron, 1944): 2A jaloriensis (Cameron, 1939): 2A muscicola (Cameron, 1939): 2A tronqueti Pace, 1988: 2A Genus Platyola Mulsant and Rey, 1875 cingulata (Cameron, 1920): 2A, 2B flava (Cameron, 1939): 2A Genus Stethusa Casey, 1910 ascendens (Cameron, 1939): 2B subvicina (Cameron, 1939): 2A Subtribe SCHISTOGENIINA Fenyes, 1918 Genus Eutaenoglossa Pace, 1984 kashmirensis Pace, 1984: 2A Genus Litoglossa Cameron, 1939 opaca Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Pseudoxypoda Cameron, 1939 colorata Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Schistogenia Kraatz, 1857 crenicollis Kraatz, 1857: 2B Subtribe THAMIARAEINA Fenyes, 1921 Genus Thamiaraea Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Miatharaea Pace, 1991 flavicollis Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C masuriensis Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Thamiaraea Thomson, 1858 adjacens Cameron, 1944: 2C bispina Cameron, 1939: 2C championi Cameron, 1939: 2A crenulata Cameron, 1939: 2A crenulicauda Cameron, 1939: 2C

461

dimorpha Cameron, 1939: 2B discreta Cameron, 1939: 2B gardneri Cameron, 1939: 2C germana Cameron, 1939: 2C inconspicua Cameron, 1944: 2B kotgarhensis Cameron, 1939: 2A montana Cameron, 1939: 2A parvula Cameron, 1944: 2A ruficornis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C subcoriacea Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C submontana Cameron, 1939: 2B tricolorata Cameron, 1939: 2B Tribe DIESTOTINI Mulsant and Rey, 1871 Genus Diestota Mulsant and Rey, 1870 Subgenus Diestota Mulsant and Rey, 1870 indica Cameron, 1939: 2C testacea (Kraatz, 1859): 2D Tribe DIMONOMERINI Cameron, 1933 Genus Dimonomera Cameron, 1933 indica Cameron, 1933: 2B Tribe DORYLOPHILINI Fenyes, 1921 Genus Demerinda Cameron, 1927 termitophila Cameron, 1927: 2B Genus Rhopalinda Cameron, 1927 termitophila Cameron, 1927: 2B Tribe EUSTENIAMORPHINI Bernhauer and Scheerpeltz, 1926 Genus Eusteniamorpha Cameron, 1920 indica Cameron, 1929: 2B Tribe FALAGRIINI Mulsant and Rey, 1873 Genus Anaulacaspis Ganglbauer, 1895 beesoni (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Borboropora Kraatz, 1862 indica Assing, 2015: 2D Genus Cordalia Jacobs, 1925 longicornis Cameron, 1939: 2C mirica Assing, 2009: 2D spoliata Assing, 2009: 2D vestita (Boheman, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Falagria Leach, 1819 caesa Erichson, 1837: 2A, 2B vicina Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Falagrioma Casey, 1906 almorensis (Cameron, 1944): 2B densipennis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B pygmaea (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B scutellata (Cameron, 1939): 2B subscutellata (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Myrmecocephalus Macleay, 1873 alutipennis (Cameron, 1939): 2B chakratanus (Cameron, 1944): 2B championi (Cameron, 1939): 2B, 2C differens (Cameron, 1936): 2A festivus (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B genalis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B granulatus (Cameron, 1939): 2C himalayicus (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B houlberti (Coiffait, 1987): 2A longiceps (Cameron, 1939): 2B mannoti (Coiffait, 1987): 2C

462

nigrita (Cameron, 1939): 2A nilgiriensis (Fauvel, 1904): 2A opacellus (Cameron, 1939): 2B pallipennis pallipennis (Cameron, 1939): 2B, 2D philippinus (Cameron, 1941): 2D schawalleri (Coiffait, 1982): 2A semipolitus Cameron, 1944: 2B soror (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B Tribe GEOSTIBINI Seevers, 1978 Genus Alevonota Thomson, 1858 basicornis (Pace, 1985): 2A subcorticalis (Cameron, 1939): 2A Genus Aloconota Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Aloconota Thomson, 1858 beesoni (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B chakratiana (Cameron, 1939): 2B connexa (Cameron, 1939): 2B fluminea (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B inaequalis (Cameron, 1944): 2C mima Pace, 1988: 2A morosa (Cameron, 1939): 2A riparia (Cameron, 1939): 2A simlaensis (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B subcyanea (Cameron, 1939): 2B sulcifrons sulcifrons (Stephens, 1832): 2A Genus Geostiba Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Indatheta Cameron, 1939 notabilis (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Pelioptera Kraatz, 1857 Subgenus Pelioptera Kraatz, 1857 championides (Newton, 2015): 2B exasperata (Kraatz, 1859): 2B micans Kraatz, 1857: 2A, 2B, 2C opaca Kraatz, 1857: 2B Genus Pelioptera species incertae sedis beesoni Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C fraterna Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Tropimenelytron Pace, 1983 angusticolle Cameron, 1939: 2C indicum (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe HOMALOTINI Heer, 1839 Subtribe BOLITOCHARINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Bolitochara Mannerheim, 1830 indica Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Caloderina Ganglbauer, 1895 indica Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Leptusa Kraatz, 1856 Subgenus Chondrelytropisalia Scheerpeltz, 1976 indica indica Cameron, 1939: 2C indica opulenta Pace, 1982: 2C indica tigrensis Pace, 1984: 2C Subgenus Homopisalia Pace, 1982 bengalensis Pace, 1982: 2C Genus Neoleptusa Cameron, 1939 Subgenus Neoleptusa Cameron, 1939 brunnea Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Neomalota Cameron, 1920 flavipennis Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Phymatura Sahlberg, 1876


aspericeps Cameron, 1939: 2C intermedia Cameron, 1939: 2C jucunda Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B pictides Newton, 2015: 2A Genus Pseudatheta Cameron, 1920 elegans Cameron, 1920: 2A indica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Sulepta Cameron, 1939 kashmirica Cameron, 1939: 2A Subtribe GYROPHAENINA Kraatz, 1856 Genus Brachida Mulsant and Rey, 1871 sublaevipennis Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Encephalus Stephens, 1832 Subgenus Orphnebioidea Schubert, 1908 aberrans (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2C fraternus (Cameron, 1939): 2C rosti (Schubert, 1908): 2A tuberculiventris (Bernhauer, 1915): 2A Genus Gyrophaena Mannerheim, 1830 Subgenus Enkentrophaena Eichelbaum, 1913 championi Cameron, 1939: 2B sequens Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Gyrophaena Mannerheim, 1830 abjecta Cameron, 1939: 2C abnormalides Newton, 2015: 2C almorensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B amica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B anepsia Cameron, 1939: 2A antennaria Cameron, 1939: 2C beesoni Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B biarmata Cameron, 1939: 2C bicornis Cameron, 1939: 2C bicornuta Cameron, 1939: 2A bigladiosa Cameron, 1939: 2C bisinuata Cameron, 1939: 2B bispinosa Cameron, 1939: 2A cicatricosa Motschulsky, 1858: 2B cognata Cameron, 1939: 2A deficiens Cameron, 1939: 2C dejecta Cameron, 1939: 2A densicollis Cameron, 1939: 2A densipennis Cameron, 1939: 2C difficilis Cameron, 1939: 2C dispersa Cameron, 1939: 2C distincta Cameron, 1939: 2A faguana Cameron, 1939: 2A faguensis Likovsky, 1984: 2A ferruginea Cameron, 1939: 2C festiva Cameron, 1939: 2A fissidens Cameron, 1939: 2A flavescens Cameron, 1939: 2B fletcheri Cameron, 1939: 2A forcipata Cameron, 1939: 2A gardneri Cameron, 1939: 2C ghumensis Cameron, 1939: 2C glareosa Cameron, 1939: 2A gratella Cameron, 1939: 2C gregaria Cameron, 1939: 2C himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2C


incola Cameron, 1939: 2B indigena Cameron, 1939: 2A kaliana Cameron, 1939: 2B kashmirensis Bernhauer, 1923: 2A kotgarhensis Cameron, 1939: 2A lacca Cameron, 1939: 2A laeta Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B lepcha Cameron, 1939: 2C limbata Cameron, 1939: 2A maculicornis Cameron, 1939: 2C madrasiana Cameron, 1939: 2B minuta Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C mixta Cameron, 1939: 2C montivagans Cameron, 1939: 2A multifida Cameron, 1939: 2C nigrita Cameron, 1939: 2C nilambura Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B obscurella Cameron, 1939: 2C pagana Cameron, 1939: 2A pallida Cameron, 1939: 2A parkeri Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C permutaria Schubert, 1906: 2A picipes Cameron, 1939: 2C proxima Cameron, 1939: 2C quadricarinata Cameron, 1939: 2C quadrifida Cameron, 1939: 2A quadrispinosa Cameron, 1939: 2A rubeola Cameron, 1939: 2A rufobrunnea Cameron, 1939: 2A seriata Cameron, 1939: 2A sexcarinata Cameron, 1939: 2C sexspinosa Cameron, 1939: 2C sexualis Cameron, 1939: 2C sikkimensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C siva Cameron, 1939: 2A soror Bernhauer, 1923: 2A sororcula Cameron, 1939: 2C sparsipennis Cameron, 1939: 2C submetallica Cameron, 1939: 2A suspecta Cameron, 1939: 2C tenuipunctata Cameron, 1939: 2C thoracica Cameron, 1939: 2C tripartita Cameron, 1939: 2C vexans Cameron, 1939: 2C xanthocera Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Phaenogyra Mulsant and Rey, 1871 ferrugata Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Gyrophaena species incertae sedis gulmargensis Pace, 2003: 2A Genus Pseudobrachida Cameron, 1920 siwalikensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Pseudoligota Cameron, 1920 affinis Cameron, 1939: 2A karnyi (Cameron, 1925): 2A, 2B soror Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Sternotropa Cameron, 1920 antennalis Cameron, 1939: 2C apicalis Cameron, 1939: 2A nana Cameron, 1939: 2B

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obscura Cameron, 1939: 2B ochracea Cameron, 1939: 2B ruficornis Cameron, 1939: 2C Subtribe HOMALOTINA Heer, 1839 Genus Anomognathus Solier, 1849 cingulatus Cameron, 1939: 2C franzi Pace, 1982: 2A himalayicus Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B laetus Cameron, 1939: 2C masuriensis Cameron, 1939: 2B minutus Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C Genus Chledophila Cameron, 1920 almorensis Cameron, 1939: 2B nigriceps Cameron, 1939: 2C similis Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C Genus Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 uniformis (Cameron, 1939): 2C Genus Stenomastax Cameron, 1933 basiventris Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B cribrum (Fauvel, 1878): 2B curticornis Cameron, 1939: 2C denticauda Cameron, 1939: 2C differens Cameron, 1939: 2C fuscipennis (Kraatz, 1859) : 2C laetus Cameron, 1939: 2B longipennis Cameron, 1939: 2C nigrescens Fauvel, 1905: 2D platygaster (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C ruficollis Cameron, 1939: 2C sikkimiensis Pace, 1984: 2C soror Cameron, 1939: 2C variventris (Kraatz, 1859): 2D Subtribe SILUSINA Fenyes, 1918 Genus Coenonica Kraatz, 1857 arcusifera Pace, 1998: 2D championi Cameron, 1939: 2D granulipennis Cameron, 1939: 2B mangpuensis Cameron, 1939: 2C modiglianii Cameron, 1939: 2B punctatissima Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B renominata Cameron, 1943: 2C subopaca Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Neosilusa Cameron, 1920 ceylonica (Kraatz, 1857): 2A, 2B Genus Silusa Erichson, 1837 Subgenus Silusa Erichson, 1837 indica Cameron, 1939: 2B infuscata Cameron, 1939: 2B nigra Cameron, 1939: 2A Subgenus Stenusa Kraatz, 1856 distincta (Cameron, 1939): 2C Genus Troposilusa Cameron, 1939 armata Cameron, 1939: 2C Tribe HOPLANDRIINI Casey, 1910 Genus Gonionycha Cameron, 1939 indica Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Pseudoplandria Fenyes, 1921 beesoni Cameron, 1939: 2C brevicornis Cameron, 1939: 2C

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championi Cameron, 1939: 2B gratella Cameron, 1939: 2B indica Cameron, 1939: 2B masuriana Cameron, 1939: 2B nigra Cameron, 1939: 2C siwalikensis Cameron, 1939: 2A splendida Cameron, 1939: 2C Tribe HYGRONOMINI Thomson, 1859 Subtribe HYGRONOMINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Hygrochara Cameron, 1939 indica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B magniceps Cameron, 1939: 2A majuscula Cameron, 1939: 2B masuriensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B minuta Cameron, 1939: 2A secreta Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Tribe HYPOCYPHTINI Laporte, 1835 Genus Cypha Leach, 1819 championi (Cameron, 1944): 2B indica (Cameron, 1944): 2B laeviuscula (Mannerheim, 1830): 2A marginalis (Cameron, 1932): 2B puer (Pace, 1985): 2C senilis (Pace, 1985): 2C Genus Holobus Solier, 1849 hystrix (Pace, 1985): 2B kashmiricus kashmiricus (Cameron, 1945): 2A Genus Oligota Mannerheim, 1830 besuchetiella (Pace, 1985): 2C gardneri Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B monticola Cameron, 1939: 2A pusillima (Gravenhorst, 1806): 2A, 2B Genus Paracyptus Cameron, 1944 glaberrimus Cameron, 1944: 2C Genus Typhlocyptus Saulcy, 1878 loebli Pace, 1985: 2C Tribe LEUCOCRASPEDINI Fenyes, 1921 Genus Leucocraspedum Kraatz, 1859 dilutum Bernhauer, 1922: 2B scorpio (Blackburn, 1895): 2B Tribe LOMECHUSINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe MYRMEDONIINA Thomson, 1867 Genus Amaurodera Fauvel, 1905 angularis Assing, 2015: 2C bomfordi (Eppelsheim, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C cameroni Assing, 2003: 2B, 2D elegans Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C ilamica Assing, 2005: 2C soror Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B veluticollis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2D Genus Doratoporus Wasmann, 1893 mendax Wasmann, 1893: 2C Genus Drusilla Leach, 1819 Subgenus Drusilla Leach, 1819 bituberculata (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B mixta (Cameron, 1939): 2B obliqua (Bernhauer, 1916): 2B proxima (Cameron, 1939): 2B ruficornis (Cameron, 1939): 2B


stevensi (Cameron, 1939): 2C Genus Episkiodrusilla Pace, 2013 rubricollis (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Orphnebius Motschulsky, 1858 Subgenus Deroleptus Bernhauer, 1915 gracilior Assing, 2016: 2D dispar Assing, 2016: 2D Subgenus Mesocephalobius Bernhauer, 1929 cachemiricus Coiffait, 1983: 2A oculatus Coiffait, 1982: 2A siwalikensis Cameron, 1939: 2A Subgenus Orphnebius Motschulsky, 1858 flaviventris Champion, 1921: 2B hauseri Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A Genus Orphnebius species incertae sedis bicuspis Assing, 2016: 2D jumlaicus Assing, 2006: 2A spinans Assing, 2016: 2D Genus Pella Stephens, 1835 kuluensis (Cameron, 1939): 2A Genus Porus Westwood, 1839 ochraceus Westwood, 1839: 2C Genus Pseudoporus Wasmann, 1893 furcifer Wasmann, 1893: 2C Genus Tetrabothrus Bernhauer, 1915 laticornis (Wasmann, 1896): 2C indicus Cameron, 1939 inflexus Assing, 2015: 2D uttaricus Assing, 2006: 2B Genus Zyras Stephens, 1835 Subgenus Glossacantha Gemminger and Harold, 1868 armifrons (Eppelsheim, 1890): 2B deceptivus Cameron, 1944: 2B fraternus Cameron, 1939: 2B kumaonensis Cameron, 1939: 2B peraffinis Cameron, 1939: 2B reversus Cameron, 1939: 2B triaculeatus Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C Subgenus Termidonia Motschulsky, 1860 agilis Cameron, 1939: 2B bicolor (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A nigripennis Bernhauer, 1915: 2C siwalikensis Cameron, 1939: 2A stevensi Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Zyras Stephens, 1835 championi Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B coloratus Cameron, 1939: 2B condignus Last, 1969: 2B exasperatus Schubert, 1908: 2A gardneri Cameron, 1939: 2C hirsutiventris (Champion, 1927): 2B kraatzi Schubert, 1908: 2A, 2B nigroaeneus Cameron, 1939: 2A perforatus (Champion, 1921): 2B, 2C pindarae (Champion, 1921): 2B ruficauda Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Zyrastilbus Cameron, 1939 almorensis Cameron, 1939: 2B Tribe MASURIINI Cameron, 1939


Genus Masuria Cameron, 1928 Subgenus Masuria Cameron, 1928 ferruginea Cameron, 1928: 2A, 2B parva Cameron, 1939: 2C picipes Cameron, 1928: 2A, 2B plumbea Cameron, 1928: 2A, 2B rubida Cameron, 1939: 2C rufescens Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Oncosomechusa Pace, 1982 besucheti (Pace, 1982): 2C Tribe MESOPORINI Cameron, 1959 Genus Mimodictyon Cameron, 1944 indicola Cameron, 1944: 2A Tribe MYLLAENINI Ganglbauer, 1895 Genus Myllaena Erichson, 1837 bicolor Cameron, 1939: 2C brevipennis Cameron, 1939: 2C cameroniella Pace, 1987: 2C himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2B indica Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C infuscata Kraatz, 1853: 2A kashmirica Cameron, 1944: 2A lateritia Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B longicornis Cameron, 1939: 2C miriensis Pace, 2011: 2D monticola Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B, 2C terminalis Cameron, 1939: 2C ziroensis Pace, 2011: 2D Genus Mimoxypoda Cameron, 1925 Subgenus Mimoxypoda Cameron, 1925 indica Cameron, 1939: 2B parva (Cameron, 1939): 2C Genus Philomina Blackwelder, 1952 fluviatilis (Cameron, 1939): 2A indorum Pace, 2011: 2D torrentum (Cameron, 1939): 2B, 2C Tribe OXYPODINI Thomson, 1859 Subtribe MEOTICINA Seevers, 1978 Genus Apimela Mulsant and Rey, 1874 consors Pace, 1992: 2D pallescens (Cameron, 1939): 2A Genus Haploglossa Kraatz, 1856 indica (Cameron, 1939): 2B Subtribe OXYPODINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Cephalocousya Lohse, 1971 franzi Pace, 1984: 2A nivicola (Thomson, 1871): 1B Genus Cousya Mulsant and Rey, 1875 ajmonis (Bernhauer, 1935): 2A beesoni (Cameron, 1939): 2B colorata (Cameron, 1939): 2B crassicornis (Cameron, 1939): 2C derougemonti Pace, 1986: 2A goriensis (Cameron, 1939): 2B himalayica (Cameron, 1939): 2B laeta (Cameron, 1939): 2B muscicola (Cameron, 1939): 2C quadrisulcata (Bernhauer, 1935): 2A Genus Franzidota Pace, 1982

465

colorata (Cameron, 1939): 2C loebli (Pace, 1984): 2C virgula (Fauvel, 1905): 2B Genus Ischnoglossa Kraatz, 1856 Subgenus Ischnoglossa Kraatz, 1856 indica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B kashmirica Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Ocalea Erichson, 1837 Subgenus Ocalea Erichson, 1837 championi Cameron, 1939: 2B glaciei Pace, 1992: 2A himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B simlaensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B submetallica Cameron, 1939: 2C Subgenus Tetrocalea Cameron, 1939 rufobrunnea Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Oxypoda Mannerheim, 1830 Subgenus Baeoglena Thomson, 1867 brunnea Cameron, 1939: 2B gracilenta Cameron, 1939: 2C muscicola Cameron, 1939: 2C rufoferruginea Cameron, 1939: 2A sororcula Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Bessopora Thomson, 1859 consimilis Cameron, 1939: 2B gahanensis Likovsky, 1984: 2A, 2C hammondi Pace, 1993: 2B ledouxi Pace, 1988: 2A rubra Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Subgenus Mycetodrepa Thomson, 1859 almorensis Cameron, 1939: 2B, 2C amabilis Cameron, 1939: 2B fraterna Cameron, 1939: 2B gardneri Cameron, 1939: 2B marginalis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B propinqua Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Oxypoda Mannerheim, 1830 cameroni Pace, 1992: 2B himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B monticolides Newton, 2015: 2A morosa Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Podoxya Mulsant and Rey, 1875 atrata Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B beesoni Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B chakratiensis Pace, 1987: 2A, 2B decipiens Cameron, 1939: 2B dohertyi Cameron, 1939: 2B flavescens Cameron, 1939: 2C fraterna Cameron, 1939: 2B heterogaster Cameron, 1939: 2B kashmirica Cameron, 1939: 2A masuriana Cameron, 1939: 2B mixta Cameron, 1939: 2C montivaga Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B nigra Cameron, 1939: 2A nigrita Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B nigrolucens Cameron, 1939: 2C proxima Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B pusilla Pace, 1992: 2A

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shuteae Pace, 1993: 2B simlaensis Cameron, 1939: 2A subconformis Cameron, 1939: 2C subsericea Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B suturalis Pace, 1992: 2A tenuis Cameron, 1939: 2B uniformis Cameron, 1939: 2A vivida Cameron, 1939: 2B Subgenus Sphenoma Mannerheim, 1830 aulica Pace, 1984: 2A connexa Cameron, 1939: 2C Genus Oxypoda species incertae sedis kraatziana (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B Genus Parapimela Cameron, 1939 indica Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B persimilis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Pseudocyusa Cameron, 1939 kashmirica Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Pseudomeotica Cameron, 1939 colorata Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Stichoglossa Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856 lateralis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Genus Tetralaucopora Bernhauer, 1928 championi (Cameron, 1939): 2B fuscobrunnea (Cameron, 1939): 2C germana (Cameron, 1939): 2B ripicola (Cameron, 1939): 2B subcyanea (Cameron, 1939): 2B Subtribe PHLOEOPORINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Phloeopora Erichson, 1837 granulicauda Cameron, 1939: 2A himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2A montana Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B Tribe PLACUSINI Mulsant and Rey, 1871 Genus Placusa Erichson, 1837 Subgenus Placusa Erichson, 1837 acuminata Kraatz, 1859: 2B funebris Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B gracilicornis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2C himalayica Cameron, 1939: 2B inconspicua Cameron, 1939: 2B quadrispinosa Cameron, 1939: 2B sexdentata Cameron, 1939: 2B simlaensis Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B subnitida Cameron, 1939: 2B tachyporoides (Waltl, 1838): 2B, 2C Tribe PRONOMAEINI Mulsant and Rey, 1873 Genus Pronomaea Erichson, 1837 thaxteri Bernhauer, 1915: 2D Tribe PYGOSTENINI Fauvel, 1899 Genus Odontoxenus Kistner, 1958 brevicornis (Cameron, 1926): 2B longesetosus (Cameron, 1926): 2B proximus (Cameron, 1932): 2B Tribe TACHYUSINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Almoria Cameron, 1939 championi Cameron, 1939: 2B Genus Brachyusa Mulsant and Rey, 1874 beesoni Cameron, 1939: 2A, 2B


Genus Gnypeta Thomson, 1858 cyanea Cameron, 1939: 2A Genus Ischnopoda Stephens, 1835 apicipennis (Cameron, 1939): 2B indica (Cameron, 1939): 2B kashmirensis (Pace, 1986): 2A Genus Outachyusa Pace, 1991 nepalensis Pace, 1991: 2A velox (Cameron, 1939): 2B Genus Tachyusa Erichson, 1837 elegans Cameron, 1939: 2B schuberti Jakobson, 1909: 2A Tribe TAXICERINI Lohse, 1989 Genus Taxicera Mulsant and Rey, 1873 Subgenus Taxicera Mulsant and Rey, 1873 atra (Cameron, 1939): 2B necrophila (Cameron, 1939): 2A, 2B tertiana (Cameron, 1939): 2A Subfamily ALEOCHARINAE, taxa incertae sedis Genus Typhlomalota Cameron, 1947 glenniei Cameron, 1947: 2B Subfamily APATETICINAE Fauvel, 1895 Genus Apatetica Westwood, 1848 lebioides Westwood, 1848: 2C sikkimi Fauvel, 1895: 2C sumatrana Cameron, 1930: 2B, 2C viridipennis Fauvel, 1895: 2C Subfamily SCAPHIDIINAE Latreille, 1806 Tribe CYPARIINI Achard, 1924 Genus Cyparium Erichson, 1845 bowringi Achard, 1922: 2A montanum Achard, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C plagipenne Achard, 1922: 2B, 2C Tribe SCAPHIINI Achard, 1924 Genus Scaphium Kirby, 1837 quadraticolle Solsky, 1874: 2A Tribe SCAPHIDIINI Latreille, 1806 Genus Scaphidium Olivier, 1790 arrowi Achard, 1920: 2C baconi Pic, 1915: Himalaya biseriatum Champion, 1927: 2B, 2C biundulatum Champion, 1927: 2C brunneopictum (Achard, 1922): 2C cinnamomeum Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B compressum Achard, 1915: 2C dureli (Achard, 1922): 2C grande Gestro, 1879: 2C harmandi Achard, 1920: 2C melanogaster Löbl, 1992: 2A semilimbatum Pic, 1917: 2C septemnotatum Champion, 1927: 2C sylhetense Achard, 1920: 2B, 2C Tribe SCAPHISOMATINI Casey, 1894 Genus Baeocera Erichson, 1845 bengalensis Löbl, 1984: 2C callida Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B dentipes Löbl, 1986: 2B excelsa Löbl, 1986: 2B hamifera Löbl, 1977: 2C


inaequicornis Champion, 1927: 2B inculta Löbl, 1984: 2C inermis Löbl, 1988: 2A longicornis (Löbl, 1971): 2B, 2C microps Löbl, 1984: 2C microptera Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B monstrosa (Löbl, 1971): 2A, 2B pigra (Löbl, 1971): 2B pseudovilis Löbl, 1986: 2B, 2C pubiventris Löbl, 1990: 2A puncticollis Löbl, 1977: 2C serendibensis (Löbl, 1971): 2B, 2C signata Löbl, 1984: 2C sordidoides Löbl, 1992: 2B thoracica Löbl, 1992: 2A ventralis (Löbl, 1973): 2A, 2B, 2C vilis Löbl, 1984: 2B, 2C wittmeri Löbl, 1977: 2B, 2C Genus Baeoceroxidium Ogawa and Löbl, 2013 piliferum (Löbl, 1984): 2C Genus Bironium Csiki, 1909 distinctum (Achard, 1920): 2C Genus Kasibaeocera Leschen and Löbl, 2005 mussardi (Löbl, 1971): 2B, 2C Genus Pseudobironium Pic, 1920 almoranum Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B, 2D conspectum Löbl and Tang, 2013: 2C rufitarse Löbl, 1992: 2C Genus Scaphicoma Motschulsky, 1863 arcuata (Champion, 1927): 2B, 2C Genus Scaphisoma Leach, 1815 absurdum Löbl, 1986: 2C antennatum Achard, 1920: 2C armatum Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B, 2C assimile curvistria Reitter, 1891: 2A aurun Löbl, 1979: 2B, 2C bedeli Achard, 1920: 2C besucheti Löbl, 1971: 2A, 2B binhanum (Pic, 1921): 2B, 2C championi Löbl, 1981: 2B clavigerum Löbl, 1992: 2C corbetti Löbl, 1986: 2B cruciatum Champion, 1927: 2B diabolum Löbl, 1986: 2C dohertyi Pic, 1915: 2C echinatum Löbl, 1986: 2C falciferum Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B flexuosum Löbl, 1986: 2B forcipatum Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B, 2C fraterculum Löbl, 1986: 2C fulcratum Löbl, 1992: 2A imitator Löbl, 1986: 2C immodicum Löbl, 1986: 2A indra Löbl, 1986: 2C inhospitale Löbl, 1990: 2A innotatum Pic, 1926: 2B kashmirense Achard, 1920: 2A kaszabianum Löbl, 1986: 2C leucopyga Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B, 2C

467

luctans Löbl, 1986: 2C maindroni Achard, 1920: 2A, 2B malignum Löbl, 1986: 2B, 2C mimicum Löbl, 1986: 2C minax Löbl, 1986: 2C minutissimum Champion, 1927: 2B minutum Achard, 1920: 2C monticola (Löbl, 1987): 2C nebulosoides Löbl, 1997: 2C necopinum Löbl, 1986: 2C nefastum Löbl, 1986: 2C nigrofasciatum Pic, 1915: 2A, 2B notatum Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B, 2C peraffine Löbl, 1986: 2B prehensor Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B, 2C pseudodelictum Löbl, 1986: 2C pseudorufum Löbl, 1986: 2C pulchellum Löbl, 1986: 2B, 2C quadrifasciatum Löbl, 1986: 2A, 2B, 2C rufum Achard, 1923: 2A, 2C sikkimense Löbl, 1992: 2C spurium Löbl, 1971: 2B suknense Löbl, 1986: 2C tetrastictum Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B tonkineum Pic, 1922: 2B unicolor Achard, 1923: 2B uniforme Löbl, 1986: 2C varians Löbl, 1992: 2C varium Löbl, 1986: 2C Genus Scaphobaeocera Csiki, 1909 aberrans Löbl, 1984: 2C bengalensis (Löbl, 1984): 2C difficilis Löbl, 1979: 2B discreta Löbl, 1984: 2B dorsalis Löbl, 1980: 2C minuta (Achard, 1920): 2C mussardi Löbl, 1971: 2C nuda Löbl, 1979: 2C spinigera Löbl, 1979: 2C stephensoni Löbl, 1988: 2A tibialis Löbl, 1984: 2C timida Löbl, 1984: 2A, 2B Genus Scaphoxium Löbl, 1979 eximium Löbl, 1986: 2B gibbosum (Champion, 1927): 2B intermedium Löbl, 1984: 2B, 2C singlanum Löbl, 1984: 2C sparsum Löbl, 1979: 2B, 2C taiwanum (Löbl, 1980): 2B Genus Toxidium LeConte, 1860 curtilineatum Champion, 1927: 2B vagans Löbl, 1984: 2C Genus Vituratella Reitter, 1908 termitophilum (Champion, 1927): 2B Genus Xotidium Löbl, 1992 uniforme Löbl, 1992: 2A, 2B Subfamily PIESTINAE Erichson, 1839 Genus Eupiestus Kraatz, 1859 angulatus Fauvel, 1902: 2C

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feae Fauvel, 1895: 2C, 2D sculpticollis Kraatz, 1859: 2C sikkimi Fauvel, 1902: 2C spinifer Fauvel, 1895: 2C Genus Siagonium Kirby and Spence, 1815 indicum Fauvel, 1902: 2C Subfamily OSORIINAE Erichson, 1839 Tribe ELEUSININI Sharp, 1887 Genus Eleusis Laporte, 1835 andrewesi Cameron, 1930: 2C beesoni Cameron, 1930: 2B biimpressa Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C biswasi Biswas, 2003: 2C biswasianus Schulke, 2015: 2C feae Fauvel, 1895: 2C ghumensis Herman, 2001: 2C humilis (Erichson, 1840): 2B, 2C, 2D pauxilla Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C persimilis Cameron, 1945: 2C plagiata Fauvel, 1904: 2C rotundiceps Fauvel, 1904: 2C secreta Cameron, 1930: 2A sikkimensis Cameron, 1945: 2C suturalis Cameron, 1940: 2C teestaensis Herman, 2001: 2C Tribe LEPTOCHIRINI Sharp, 1887 Genus Borolinus Bernhauer, 1903 minutus (Laporte, 1840): 2C, 2D sikkimensis Bernhauer, 1919: 2C, 2D Genus Leptochirus Germar, 1824 Subgenus Strongylochirus Bernhauer, 1903 atkinsoni Fauvel, 1895: 2D quadridens Motschulsky, 1857: 2D laevis Laporte, 1840: 2D Genus Plastus Bernhauer, 1903 Subgenus Barychirus Greenslade, 1971 colossalis (Bernhauer, 1928): Himalaya Subgenus Eutriacanthus Jakobson, 1908 apicalis (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2C bipunctatus (Fauvel, 1895): 2C, 2D Subgenus Plastus Bernhauer, 1903 ascendens (Fauvel, 1903): 2C eucerus (Cameron, 1930): 2C gardneri (Cameron, 1930): 2C kuluensis (Bernhauer, 1914): 2A sikkimensis (Cameron, 1930): 2C Genus Priochirus Sharp, 1887 Subgenus Cephalomerus Bernhauer, 1903 bengalensis Cameron, 1945: 2C bifoveatus (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2C combustus (Fauvel, 1902): 2C maitrta Dvořak, 1957: 2B rubiginosus Cameron, 1930: 2C sanguinosus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C Subgenus Euleptarthrus Jakobson, 1908 longicornis (Fauvel, 1864): 2C micrognathus (Fauvel, 1902): 2C Genus Thoracochirus Bernhauer, 1903 assamensis Cameron, 1930: 2C


denticollis Cameron, 1945: 2C Tribe OSORIINI Erichson, 1839 Genus Bacillopsis Normand, 1920 Genus Indosorius Coiffait, 1978 mangpuensis (Cameron, 1942): 2C pullus Coiffait, 1982: 2C rufipes (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B sikkimensis (Bernhauer, 1920): 2C Genus Mimogonus Fauvel, 1903 niger Cameron, 1930: 2C Genus Osorius Guérin-Méneville, 1829 almorensis Cameron, 1945: 2B alticola Cameron, 1942: 2C calvus Eppelsheim, 1895: 2C darjeelingensis Herman, 2001: 2C gardneri Cameron, 1930: 2C lopchuensis Cameron, 1930: 2C masuriensis Cameron, 1942: 2B peraffinis Cameron, 1942: 2C puncticollis Kraatz, 1859: 2A stevensi Cameron, 1942: 2C Tribe THORACOPHORINI Reitter, 1909 Subtribe CLAVILISPININA Newton and Thayer, 1992 Genus Eulibia Cameron, 1945 albizziae Cameron, 1945: 2B Subtribe LISPININA Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910 Genus Lispinus Erichson, 1839 Subgenus Lispinus Erichson, 1839 bhaumiki Biswas, 2003: 2C fulgidus Cameron, 1940: 2C malaisei Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C quadricollis Cameron, 1924: 2B quadrinotatus Fauvel, 1904: 2D rufotestaceus Cameron, 1940: 2C Subgenus Pseudolispinodes Bernhauer, 1926 bistriatus (Fauvel, 1895): 2B, 2C Genus Nacaeus Blackwelder, 1942 beesoni (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B brevicornis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B coriaceus (Fauvel, 1895): 2C jyeri (Bernhauer, 1914): 2B, 2C Genus Neolosus Blackwelder, 1942 aberrans (Fauvel, 1904): 2C brevipennis (Fauvel, 1904): 2A, 2B, 2C distinguendus (Cameron, 1925): 2B longipennis (Cameron, 1925): 2C lopchuensis (Cameron, 1945): 2C olisthaeriformis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C rugipennis (Cameron, 1945): 2C tirapensis Biswas and Biswas, 1985: 2D Subtribe THORACOPHORINA Reitter, 1909 Genus Tetrapleurus Bernhauer, 1914 denticollis Cameron, 1940: 2A, 2B himalayicus Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Thoracophorus Motschulsky, 1837 montanus Cameron, 1945: 2C Tribe THORACOPHORINI, taxa incertae sedis Genus Allotrochus Fagel, 1955 chatterjeei (Cameron, 1930): 2B


nanus (Cameron, 1940): 2C Subfamily OXYTELINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe BLEDIINI Adam, 2001 Genus Bledius Leach, 1819 Subgenus Bargus Schiodte, 1866 fuscicornis Cameron, 1930: 2B Subgenus Pucerus Mulsant and Rey, 1878 bali Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1989: 2C beesoni Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B dilutipennis Motschulsky, 1858: 2B gracilicornis Kraatz, 1859: 2C niloticus Erichson, 1840: 2C ranglicus Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1989: 2C suravius Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1989: 2C teestaius Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1989: 2C transversus Cameron, 1930: 2B verres Erichson, 1840: 2A, 2B Subgenus Teratobledius Adam, 2001 indicus Cameron, 1930: 2B Genus Bledius species incertae sedis bispinus Kraatz, 1859: 2B championi Bernhauer, 1926: 2B hindustanus Cameron, 1942: 2B lucidus Sharp, 1874: 2B soesilae Makhan, 2013: 2B Tribe COPROPHILINI Heer, 1839 Genus Coprophilus Latreille, 1829 Subgenus Coprophilus Latreille, 1829 alticola Fauvel, 1904: 2A kashmiricus Cameron, 1941: 2A Subgenus Zonyptilus Motschulsky, 1845 bimaculatus Luze, 1904: 2A longicollis Cameron, 1941: 2C major Coiffait, 1982: 2A subplagiatus Cameron, 1928: 2C Tribe OXYTELINI Fleming, 1821 Genus Anotylus Thomson, 1859 aeneotinctus (Cameron, 1930): 2B alternans (Cameron, 1930): 2A, 2B andrewesi (Cameron, 1930): 2C bengalensis (Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1980): 2C cadaverinus (Cameron, 1942): 2C cameroni (Scheerpeltz, 1933): 2B cephalotes (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A cimicoides (Fauvel, 1895): 2B, 2C contiguus (Cameron, 1942): 2A cribrum (Fauvel, 1905): 2A, 2B, 2C currus Herman, 1970: 2C disparatus (Cameron, 1928): 2B falsus (Cameron, 1942): 2C frater (Cameron, 1930): 2A, 2B gardneri (Cameron, 1930): 2C glareosus (Wollaston, 1854): 2B hirtulus (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A, 2B kashmiricus (Cameron, 1942): 2A laetus (Cameron, 1930): 2A, 2B megacephalus (Fauvel, 1904): 2A, 2C micans (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C myrmecophilus (Cameron, 1914): 2B

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nitidifrons (Wollaston, 1871): 2B nitidulus Gravenhorst, 1802: 2A, 2B opacellus (Cameron, 1930): 2B malaisei (Scheerpeltz, 1965): 2B pseudopsinus (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C pumiloides (Cameron, 1930): 2B ruber (Cameron, 1930): 2B rubicundus (Cameron, 1930): 2A, 2B rubidus (Cameron, 1930): 2B rufus (Kraatz, 1859): 2C seticornis (Fauvel, 1895): 2B sikkimi (Fauvel, 1905): 2C simlaensis (Cameron, 1930): 2A sordidus (Cameron, 1930): 2B subsculpturatus (Cameron, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Oxytelus Gravenhorst, 1802 Subgenus Oxytelus Gravenhorst, 1802 bengalensis Erichson, 1840: 2B, 2C incisus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C nigriceps Kraatz, 1859: 2B wittmeri Coiffait, 1984: 2B Subgenus Tanycraerus Thomson, 1859 almorensis Cameron, 1930: 2B hingstoni Cameron, 1928: 2C lucens Bernhauer, 1903: 2C megaceros Fauvel, 1895: 2B pallidipennis Cameron, 1930: 2B proximus Cameron, 1942: 2C punctipennis Fauvel, 1905: 2A, 2B, 2C robustus Schubert, 1906: 2A varipennis varipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2B, 2C Genus Platystethus Mannerheim, 1830 Subgenus Craetopycrus Tottenham, 1939 cornutus cornutus (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A, 2B crassicornis Motschulsky, 1858: 2B degener Mulsant and Rey, 1878: Himalaya nitens (Sahlberg, 1832): 2A Genus Platystethus species incertae sedis cameroni Herman, 2001: 2C Tribe THINOBIINI Sahlberg, 1876 Genus Aploderus Stephens, 1833 indicus Cameron, 1942: 2C Genus Carpelimus Leach, 1819 Subgenus Bucephalinus Koch, 1934 laticeps (Cameron, 1930): 2B Subgenus Carpelimus Leach, 1819 coriaceus (Cameron, 1930): 2B siamensis (Fauvel, 1886): 2A Subgenus Paratrogophloeus Hatch, 1957 rivularis (Motschulsky, 1860): 2B Subgenus Trogophloeus Mannerheim, 1830 flavipennis (Cameron, 1930): 2B granulatus (Cameron, 1930): 2B palitans (Cameron, 1930): 2B pseudonepalicus Gildenkov, 2013: 2C torrentum (Cameron, 1930): 2B vagans (Cameron, 1930): 2B Genus Ochthephilus Mulsant and Rey, 1856 basicornis (Cameron, 1941): 2C

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championi (Bernhauer, 1926): 2B davidi Makranczy, 2014: 2B indicus Makranczy, 2014: 2A kashmiricus (Cameron, 1941): 2A monticola (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2C nepalensis (Scheerpeltz, 1976): 2A, 2B, 2C nigerrimus (Cameron, 1941): 2C nitidus (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2C proximus (Cameron, 1941): 2C ritae Makranczy, 2014: 2B tichomirovae Makranczy, 2014: 2A, 2B Genus Thinobius Kiesenwetter, 1844 Subgenus Thinobius Kiesenwetter, 1844 orientalis Herman, 1970: 2B pruinosus Cameron, 1924: 2A simlaensis Cameron, 1930: 2A Genus Thinobius species incertae sedis himalayicus Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Thinodromus Kraatz, 1857 Subgenus Amisammus Gozis, 1886 distinctus (Fairmaire and Laboulbene, 1856): 2B Genus Thinodromus species incertae sedis abnormalis (Cameron, 1930): 2B amplipennis Cameron, 1941: 2C lunatus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B ripicola (Cameron, 1941): 2C vulneratus (Bernhauer, 1926): 2B Subfamily OXYPORINAE Fleming, 1821 Genus Oxyporus Fabricius, 1775 excellens Cameron, 1943: 2C nigriceps Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B terminalis Cameron, 1943: 2C tricolor Cameron, 1943: 2C Subfamily MEGALOPSIDIINAE Leng, 1920 Genus Megalopinus Eichelbaum, 1915 species incertae sedis helferi (Dormitzer, 1851): 2B Subfamily STENINAE Macleay, 1825 Genus Dianous Leach, 1819 aereus Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B, 2C andrewesi Cameron, 1914: 2B, 2C annandalei Bernhauer, 1911: 2B, 2C aurichalceus (Champion, 1920): 2A, 2B azureus Champion, 1919: 2B bifoveifrons Champion, 1921: 2B bracteatus (Champion, 1920): 2A, 2B caeruleonotatus Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B cameroni Champion, 1919: 2B, 2C championi Cameron, 1920: 2C chetri Rougemont, 1980: 2B cribrarius Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B cupreoaeneus (Champion, 1923): 2B cupreonitens Puthz, 2015: 2D cyanogaster Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B distigma Champion, 1919: 2B gracilipes Champion, 1921: 2B gracilis Puthz, 1978: 2C guillaumei Puthz, 2015: 2D inaequalis inaequalis Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B, 2C


latitarsis Benick, 1942: 2A, 2C lobigerus Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B luteoguttatus Champion, 1919: 2B minor Champion, 1919: 2B nigrovirens Fauvel, 1895: 2A, 2B obliquenotatus Champion, 1921: 2C pallitarsis Benick, 1942: 2C punctiventris Champion, 1919: 2B radiatus Champion, 1919: 2A, 2B robustus Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B scabricollis Champion, 1919: 2B siwalikensis Cameron, 1927: 2A, 2B subtortuosus Champion, 1921: 2B subvorticosus Champion, 1919: 2B tortuosus Champion, 1919: 2B tortus Cameron, 1927: 2B versicolor Cameron, 1914: 2B, 2C verticosus Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C viriditinctus Champion, 1920: 2A, 2B wittmeri Rougemont, 1985: 2C Genus Stenus Latreille, 1797 Subgenus Tesnus Rey, 1884 absurdus Puthz, 1976: 2C aeneopullus Puthz, 1978: 2C aenigma Schulke, 2015: 2C almorensis Cameron, 1930: 2B, 2C amoenus Benick, 1916: 2B, 2C angusticollis Eppelsheim, 1895: 2B barbatus Nietner, 1857: 2C basicornis basicornis Kraatz, 1859: 2B, 2C beesoni Cameron, 1930: 2B belli Fauvel, 1904: 2B bengle Hromadka, 1980: 2A bhutanus Puthz, 1975: 2B, 2C bihamatus Puthz, 1971: 2B bivulneratus Motschulsky, 1858: 2B, 2C brahmanus Puthz, 1976: 2C brunnescens Puthz, 1976: 2C brunnipes castigator Cameron, 1931: 2B calcarifer Puthz, 1991: 2B calcariventris Puthz, 1980: 2C ceylonicus Bernhauer, 1902: 2B, 2C chakratianus Cameron, 1930: 2B coelogaster Champion, 1924: 2B commaculatus Puthz, 1983: 2C confluens Cameron, 1918: 2C correctus Cameron, 1931: 2B crassipennis Puthz, 1991: 2C crenicollis Eppelsheim, 1895: 2B, 2C cribellatus Motschulsky, 1858: 2B, 2C delectus Puthz, 1978: 2C dembickyi Puthz, 2013: 2D diffidens Cameron, 1914: 2B escensus Puthz, 1970: 2B, 2C falsidicus Puthz, 1991: 2B fistulosus Benick, 1925: 2B flavidulus paederinus Champion, 1924: 2B flavovittatus Champion, 1920: 2B, 2C flexuosus Champion, 1920: 2B


furcillatus Puthz, 1969: 2B fuscipes Gravenhorst, 1802: Himalaya gardneri Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B, 2C gestroi Fauvel, 1895: 2B imitatus Puthz, 1980: 2B immsi Bernhauer, 1915: 2B, 2C inconspicuus Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B incorrectus Puthz, 2013: 2C indecoratus Puthz, 1980: 2C intererrans Puthz, 2013: 2B interlatens Puthz, 2013: 2B iustus Puthz, 1976: 2C kashmiricus Cameron, 1943: 2A kraatzi Bernhauer, 1911: 2A, 2B kurseonginus Bernhauer, 1911: 2C languor Benick, 1926: 2A, 2B, 2C lomholdti Rougemont, 1983: 2B lopchuensis Cameron, 1930: 2C luteonotatus Puthz, 1981: 2C maculifer Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2C masurianus Cameron, 1930: 2B millepunctus Fauvel, 1904: 2C monomerus Fauvel, 1895: 2B, 2C montivagans Cameron, 1943: 2C morosus Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B morvani Rougemont, 1986: 2C musicola Cameron, 1930: 2A nepalensis Puthz, 1972: 2C nitidiceps Puthz, 1980: 2A, 2B notatipennis Puthz, 1981: 2B obliquenotatus Cameron, 1930: 2B ocreatus Puthz, 1970: 2B opilionipes Puthz, 1978: 2C panthera Hromádka, 2001: 2B peramicus Puthz, 2013: 2A, 2B peratus Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B piliferus piliferus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C plumbatus Puthz, 1980: 2B plumbeus Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B pseudopictus Cameron, 1943: 2C pseudoscaber Puthz, 1968: 2A rorellus cursorius Benick, 1921: 2B rubronotatus Cameron, 1943: 2B, 2C salebrosus Benick, 1942: 2C sannator Puthz, 1991: 2C sannio Puthz, 1980: 2C seminiger Champion, 1920: 2A, 2B separandus Cameron, 1943: 2C signifer Fauvel, 1895: 2B sikh Puthz, 1985: 2A, 2B sikkimensis Cameron, 1928: 2C similioides Puthz, 1968: 2A simlaensis Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B sparsepilosus Puthz, 1969: 2B stigmaticus Fauvel, 1895: 2B, 2C subcordatus Puthz, 1972: 2A, 2B submetallicus Cameron, 1930: 2A, 2B subsimilis Benick, 1942: 2C succinifer Rougemont, 1983: 2B

471

tenuimargo Cameron, 1930: 2C tortuosus Cameron, 1930: 2B tronqueti Puthz, 2013: 2D vegetus Puthz, 1975: 2C virgula Fauvel, 1895: 2B, 2C viridanoides Puthz, 1970: 2C viridanus Champion, 1925: 2A, 2B viridescens Cameron, 1930: 2B viridivestis Puthz, 2008: 2B wasmanni Fauvel, 1895: 2B, 2C Subfamily EUAESTHETINAE Thomson, 1859 Tribe EUAESTHETINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Edaphus Motschulsky, 1856 aculeiventris Puthz, 2011: 2B binodulus Cameron, 1943: 2C brevipennis Cameron, 1943: 2C cameroni Puthz, 1974: 2C cornelli Puthz, 2011: 2B divisicollis Puthz, 1979: 2C fossicollis Puthz, 1979: 2C furcaticollis Puthz, 1979: 2C gracilis Puthz, 1979: 2C impennatus Puthz, 1979: 2C kashmiricus Puthz, 1979: 2A punctulatus Puthz, 1979: 2C similior Puthz, 1979: 2C sybaris Puthz, 1979: 2C topali Puthz, 1979: 2C Genus Octavius Fauvel, 1873 apicidens Puthz, 1985: 2C dentatus Puthz, 1985: 2C edentulus Puthz, 1985: 2C Tribe NORDENSKIOLDIINI Bernhauer and Schubert, 1911 Genus Edaphosoma Scheerpeltz, 1976 sikkimense (Puthz, 1979): 2C Tribe STENAESTHETINI Bernhauer and Schubert, 1911 Genus Stenaesthetus Sharp, 1874 angulatipenis Puthz, 2013: 2C hastifer Puthz, 2013: 2C indicus (Cameron, 1943): 2C quadrisulcatus Cameron, 1930: 2B, 2C scaber Puthz, 2013: 2C sunioides Sharp, 1874: 2B, 2C Subfamily SCYDMAENINAE Leach, 1815 Supertribe SCYDMAENITAE Leach, 1815 Tribe CYRTOSCYDMINI Schaufuss, 1889 Genus Euconnus Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Himaloconnus Franz, 1979 ramamensis Franz, 1979: 2C topali Franz, 1979: 2C Subgenus Napochus Thomson, 1859 gurubathani Franz, 1981: 2C kurseongensis Franz, 1979: 2C lebongensis Franz, 1979: 2C topalianus Franz, 1979: 2C Genus Euconnus species incertae sedis bengalensis Franz, 1979: 2C chimkhonanus Franz, 1979: 2C crassus Franz, 1979: 2C

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criniger Franz, 1979: 2C darjeelingensis Franz, 1979: 2C fuscoflavus Franz, 1979: 2C ghumensis Franz, 1979: 2C kashmirensis Franz, 1979: 2A lebongianus Franz, 1979: 2C napochiformis Franz, 1979: 2C ornatus Franz, 1979: 2C paradarjeelingensis Franz, 1981: 2C parakashmirensis Franz, 1980: 2A reconditus Franz, 1979: 2C schawalleri Franz, 1980: 2A wittmeri Franz, 1979: 2C wittmerianus Franz, 1979: 2C Genus Neuraphes Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Pararaphes Reitter, 1891 aruensis Franz, 1979: 2A Genus Scydmoraphes Reitter, 1891 rothangensis Franz, 1981: 2A Genus Stenichnus Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Stenichnus Thomson, 1859 Tribe SCYDMAENINI Leach, 1815 Genus Scydmaenus Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Cholerus Thomson, 1859 foveocephalus Lhoste, 1937: 2A, 2B Genus Scydmaenus species incertae sedis lebongensis Franz, 1979: 2C parapandeanus Franz, 1979: 2C Subfamily PSEUDOPSINAE Ganglbauer, 1895 Genus Pseudopsis Newman, 1834 atratula Zerche, 1992: 2B himalayensis Herman, 1975: 2A prolixa Herman, 1975: 2B suchi Herman, 1983: 2C susae Herman, 1983: 2B Subfamily PAEDERINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe PAEDERINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe ASTENINA Hatch, 1957 Genus Astenus Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Astenopleuritus Coiffait, 1982 caspiracus Coiffait, 1982: 2A flavescens Scheerpeltz, 1933: 2A, 2B gratellus (Fauvel, 1879): 2B, 2C marginalis Cameron, 1931: 2B melanurus (Kuster, 1853): 2B pulchripennis Cameron, 1931: 2B semibrunneus Cameron, 1931: 2B, 2C simlaensis Cameron, 1931: 2A suturalis Cameron, 1931: 2B Subgenus Astenus Dejean, 1833 cachemiricus Coiffait, 1982: 2A indicus indicus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C ladakhensis Coiffait, 1982: 1A varians Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2B Genus Astenus species incertae sedis asitus Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1983: 2C bisalicus Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1983: 2C bispinus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C diversiventris Cameron, 1943: 2C


ghumensis Cameron, 1943: 2C gracilentus (Fauvel, 1879): 2A, 2B, 2C gratus Cameron, 1931: 2B jhopus Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1983: 2C kashmiricus Cameron, 1943: 2A sikkimensis Biswas, 2003: 2C tanicus Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1983: 2B Genus Nazeris Fauvel, 1873 flavapicalis Assing, 2014: 2C flavocaudatus Assing, 2014: 2C indicus Cameron, 1943: 2C sikh Shavrin, 2011: 2B sikkimensis Assing, 2014: 2C Genus Sclerochiton Kraatz, 1859 hastatus Assing, 2011: 2B Subtribe CRYPTOBIINA Casey, 1905 Genus Cephalochetus Kraatz, 1859 rufus (Cameron, 1918): 2A Genus Homaeotarsus Hochhuth, 1851 Subgenus Hesperobium Casey, 1886 humeralis (Cameron, 1924): 2B kumaonensis (Champion, 1921): 2B marginatus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B, 2C rosti (Schubert, 1908): 2B Genus Homaeotarsus species incertae sedis bernhaueri (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Monocrypta Casey, 1905 indica (Kraatz, 1859): 2C Genus Ochthephilum Stephens, 1829 biforme (Fauvel, 1895): 2C brachypterum (Cameron, 1943): 2C capitale (Cameron, 1924): 2A cylindroderum (Champion, 1925): 2A, 2B fluviatile (Champion, 1921): 2A, 2B gastrale (Fauvel, 1895): 2C mutator (Fauvel, 1895): 2C nisum (Fauvel, 1895): 2C ocypoides (Champion, 1921): 2B paricolor (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A sanguinolentum (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B sharpi (Fauvel, 1895): 2C sikkimense (Cameron, 1931): 2C spectabile (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2C waageni (Bernhauer, 1915): 2C Subtribe DOLICAONINA Casey, 1905 Genus Pinobius Macleay, 1873 bifidus Assing, 2014: 2B robustus (Kraatz, 1859): 2A Subtribe LATHROBIINA Laporte, 1835 Genus Domene Fauvel, 1873 Subgenus Neodomene Blackwelder, 1939 indica Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 Subgenus Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 discissum Assing, 2012: 2C gladiator Coiffait, 1982: 2A meurguesae Coiffait, 1983: 2B separatum Assing, 2012: 2C uttaricum Assing, 2013: 2B


Genus Lobrathium Mulsant and Rey, 1878 alticola (Cameron, 1943): 2A badium (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B bicarinatum Assing, 2012: 2B brunneum (Cameron, 1931): 2C cylindricolle (Cameron, 1924): 2B flavipenne Assing, 2012: 2A guttula (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C mordens Assing, 2012: 2A, 2B ochreonotatum Champion, 1922: 2B semicaeruleum Cameron, 1921: 2A, 2B, 2C subcaeruleum Assing, 2014: 2A triste (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B Genus Micrillus Raffray, 1873 indicus (Eppelsheim, 1890): 2B Genus Platydomene Ganglbauer, 1895 shavrini Assing, 2014: 2B Genus Pseudobium Mulsant and Rey, 1878 assimile Cameron, 1924: 2B laeviventre Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B semiflavum Cameron, 1924: 2B Genus Pseudolathra Casey, 1905 Subgenus Allolathra Coiffait, 1972 himalayana Assing, 2012: 2B nigerrima (Cameron, 1924): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pulchella (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B separanda Assing, 2013: 2B tonsa Assing, 2013: 2C transversicollis Assing, 2012: 2B unicolor (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C, 2D vellicans Assing, 2012: 2B Subtribe MEDONINA Casey, 1905 Genus Acanthoglossa Kraatz, 1859 testaceipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Charichirus Sharp, 1889 chinensis (Boheman, 1858): 2A, 2C immaculatus Cameron, 1943: 2C principalis (Scheerpeltz, 1933): 2C Genus Exomedon Cameron, 1931 sikkimensis Coiffait, 1982: 2C Genus Hypomedon Mulsant and Rey, 1878 debilicornis (Wollaston, 1857): 2B Genus Lithocharis Dejean, 1833 lamellifera Cameron, 1928: 2B nigriceps Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B, 2C penicillata Cameron, 1928: 2B sororcula Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B, 2C uvida Kraatz, 1859: 2B Genus Medon Stephens, 1833 birmanus Fauvel, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C breviusculus (Kraatz, 1859): 2C castaneipennis Cameron, 1924: 2A cinnamopterus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B corniger Assing, 2013: 2C dolorosus Cameron, 1924: 2B exasperatus Cameron, 1924: 2B fauveli Bernhauer and Schubert, 1912: 2B fungi Cameron, 1943: 2C ghumensis Cameron, 1943: 2C

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gratus Cameron, 1931: 2B labralis (Cameron, 1943): 2C melancholicus Cameron, 1943: 2C morosus Cameron, 1943: 2C niger Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B opacellus Fauvel, 1895: 2C parkeri Cameron, 1924: 2B planus (Kraatz, 1859): 2C rangpoensis Biswas, 2003: 2C rufoferrugineus Cameron, 1924: 2B siwalikensis Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2B umbilicatus Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B Genus Neosclerus Cameron, 1924 brevipennis (Cameron, 1943): 2C, 2D dupleseriatus Assing, 2011: 2A, 2B fortepunctatus Cameron, 1924: 2B frater Cameron, 1924: 2B granulicollis Cameron, 1924: 2B, 2C nigerrimus Kraatz, 1859: 2C Genus Orsunius Assing, 2011 immsi (Bernhauer, 1914): 2A, 2B Genus Panscopaeus Sharp, 1889 stilicinus (Cameron, 1931): 2B, 2C Genus Pseudomedon Mulsant and Rey, 1878 bengalensis Assing, 2012: 2C Genus Sunius Stephens, 1829 cameroni Assing, 2011: 2C laevior (Cameron, 1943): 2C melanocephalus (Fabricius, 1792): Himalaya Genus Thinocharis Kraatz, 1859 debilis Cameron, 1931: 2A nigrescens Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2B pygmaea Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B ruficollis Cameron, 1931: 2B Genus Trisunius Assing, 2011 monticola (Cameron, 1931): 2B, 2C Subtribe PAEDERINA Fleming, 1821 Genus Paederidus Mulsant and Rey, 1878 atrocyaneus (Champion, 1927): 2A, 2C Genus Paederus Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Eopaederus Scheerpeltz, 1957 alternans Walker, 1858: Himalaya birmanus Fauvel, 1895: 2A basalis Bernhauer, 1914: 2A, 2B nigricornis Bernhauer, 1911: 2A, 2B, 2C pubescens Cameron, 1914: 2B Subgenus Heteropaederus Scheerpeltz, 1957 fuscipes fuscipes Curtis, 1826: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Paederus species incertae sedis himalayicus Bernhauer, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C hingstoni Cameron, 1928: 2C nigripennis Cameron, 1924: 2A, 2B Subtribe SCOPAEINA Mulsant and Rey, 1878 Genus Micranops Cameron, 1913 pallidulus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B Genus Scopaeus Erichson, 1839 Subgenus Scopaeus Erichson, 1839 beesoni Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2B fulvus Cameron, 1931: 2B

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gangtokensis Biswas, 2003: 2C germanus Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2C humilis Cameron, 1931: 2B, 2C janaki Frisch, 2005: 2B limbatus Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B, 2C lucidus Cameron, 1931: 2B micros Kraatz, 1859: 2C monticola Cameron, 1931: 2B nitidulus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C obscuripes Cameron, 1931: 2B orbiceps Cameron, 1931: 2A puberulus Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B puncticeps Kraatz, 1859: 2C subfasciatus Kraatz, 1859: 2B testaceus Motschulsky, 1858: 2B velutinus Motschulsky, 1858: 2B Subtribe STILICINA Casey, 1905 Genus Rugilus Leach, 1819 Subgenus Eurystilicus Fagel, 1953 ceylanensis (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C plagiatus (Cameron, 1924): 2B rufescens (Sharp, 1874): 2B, 2C simlaensis (Cameron, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C velutinus (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Rugilus Leach, 1819 bhotius (Rougemont, 1987): 2C caporiaccoi (Bernhauer, 1934): 2A gogonensis (Coiffait, 1978): 2C gracilis (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Rugilus species incertae sedis pygmaeus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C Genus Stilicoderus Sharp, 1889 feae Fauvel, 1895: 2B, 2C fenestratus Fauvel, 1895: 2B kambaitiensis (Scheerpeltz, 1965): 2B, 2C malaisei Scheerpeltz, 1965: 2C, 2D, minor Cameron, 1931: 2C nepalensis (Rougemont, 1986): 2C variolosus Coiffait, 1975: 2C Genus Stiliderus Motschulsky, 1858 cicatricosus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C occidentalis Rougemont, 1986: 2A, 2B smetanai Rougemont, 1986: 2B Subtribe STILICOPSINA Casey, 1905 Genus Dibelonetes Sahlberg, 1847 bengalensis Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1980: 2C bhaumiki Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1980: 2C indicus Cameron, 1931: 2C sikkimensis Biswas and Sen Gupta, 1980: 2C Genus Stilicopsis Sachse, 1852 flavipennis Cameron, 1931: 2B indica Cameron, 1931: 2B, 2C pallida Cameron, 1931: 2B, 2C trinotata (Kraatz, 1859): 2C Tribe PAEDERINI, taxa incertae sedis Genus Dysanabatium Bernhauer, 1915 aeneipenne (Cameron, 1924): 2B Genus Enallagium Bernhauer, 1915 castaneipenne (Cameron, 1924): 2A


Genus Medome Cameron, 1931 bicolor Cameron, 1931: 2B Genus Ophryomedon Wasmann, 1916 crenatus Wasmann, 1916: 2B Genus Pachymedon Blackwelder, 1939 brancuccii Coiffait, 1982: 2B dubius Coiffait, 1982: 2B Genus Stilicastenus Coiffait, 1975 fasciatus Coiffait, 1975: 2C Genus Sunesta Blackwelder, 1939 dorsolineata (Cameron, 1924): 2B Tribe PINOPHILINI Nordmann, 1837 Subtribe PINOPHILINA Nordmann, 1837 Genus Pinophilus Gravenhorst, 1802 bomfordi Eppelsheim, 1890: 2A, 2B depressus Kraatz, 1859: Himalaya hindostanus Cameron, 1945: 2B leucopus Kraatz, 1859: 2A melanomerus Kraatz, 1859: 2B nigripes Cameron, 1914: Himalaya Subtribe PROCIRRINA Bernhauer and Schubert, 1912 Genus Oedichirus Erichson, 1839 dimidiatus Eppelsheim, 1890: 2B longipennis Kraatz, 1859: Himalaya Genus Palaminus Erichson, 1839 andrewesi Cameron, 1931: 2A, 2C indicus Kraatz, 1859: 2C monticola Cameron, 1931: 2C morosus Cameron, 1924: 2C rufulus Coiffait, 1978: 2C Genus Procirrus Latreille, 1829 feae Fauvel, 1895b: 2B Subfamily STAPHYLININAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe DIOCHINI Casey, 1906 Genus Diochus Erichson, 1839 conicollis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B ochraceus Cameron, 1926: 2A punctipennis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B Tribe OTHIINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Othius Stephens, 1829 apicalis Cameron, 1926: 2B, 2C cachemiricus Coiffait, 1982: 2A extraordinarius Assing, 1998: 2A flavocaudatus Cameron, 1926: 2A kashmiricus Cameron, 1943: 2A monticola Cameron, 1943: 2C pokharensis Coiffait, 1983: 2A, 2B, 2C ruficornis Cameron, 1928: 2C uttaricus Assing, 2008: 2B yusmargensis Coiffait, 1982: 2A Tribe STAPHYLININI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe AMBLYOPININA Seevers, 1944 Genus Ctenandropus Cameron, 1926 nigriceps Cameron, 1926: 2B Genus Heterothops Stephens, 1829 dissimilis (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A franzi Coiffait, 1982: 2B hindustanus Cameron, 1932: 2B indicus Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B


khairo Smetana, 1988: 2B persimilis Cameron, 1932: 2A, 2B pusillus Coiffait, 1982: 2A, 2B, 2C saano Smetana, 1988: 2A Subtribe ANISOLININA Hayashi, 1993 Genus Anisolinus Sharp, 1889 caeruleipennis (Cameron, 1932): 2C Genus Misantlius Sharp, 1885 sikkimensis Schillhammer, 2004: 2C, 2D Genus Pammegus Fauvel, 1895 deceptivus Schillhammer, 2002: 2C Genus Philomyceta Cameron, 1944 affinis Cameron, 1944: 2C caeruleipennis Cameron, 1944: 2C Genus Tolmerinus Bernhauer, 1923 abdominalis Cameron, 1926: 2B cameroni Scheerpeltz, 1933: 2B inornatus Cameron, 1926: 2B ruficollis (Schubert, 1908): 2A, 2B rufipes Cameron, 1926: 2B wittmeri Coiffait, 1982: 2C Subtribe PHILONTHINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Belonuchus Nordmann, 1837 gardneri Cameron, 1932: 2C punctifrons (Cameron, 1926): 2B Genus Bisnius Stephens, 1829 deuvei (Coiffait, 1982): 2A diversus (Schubert, 1906): 2A fimetarius (Gravenhorst, 1802): Himalaya nichinaiensis (Coiffait, 1982): 2A protenus (Schubert, 1906): 2A, 2B schawalleri (Coiffait, 1982): 2A sordidus (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A Genus Craspedomerus Bernhauer, 1911 bernhaueri Cameron, 1926: 2B glenoides (Schubert, 1908): 2A violaceipennis Cameron, 1928: 2C, 2D Genus Eccoptolonthus Bernhauer, 1912 eustilbus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C Genus Erichsonius Fauvel, 1874 Subgenus Sectophilonthus Tottenham, 1949 affinis (Cameron, 1926): 2B Genus Erichsonius species incertae sedis basalis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B major (Cameron, 1943): 2C mangpuensis (Cameron, 1943): 2C monticola (Cameron, 1943): 2C Genus Gabriopalpus Schillhammer, 2000 ecitolycoides Schillhammer, 2000: 2A Genus Gabrius Stephens, 1829 almorensis (Cameron, 1932): 2B autumnalis (Cameron, 1932): 2B caporiaccoi Gridelli, 1934: 2A capucinus Schillhammer, 1997: 2B coeruleipennis Coiffait, 1983: 2A, 2B confusus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B darjeelingensis Schillhammer, 1997: 2C deceptivus (Cameron, 1943): 2A, 2B deceptor (Cameron, 1932): 2B

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falsimitator Schillhammer, 1997: 2B fimetarioides (Scheerpeltz, 1976): 2A, 2B furtivus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B gratellus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B himalayicus (Bernhauer, 1915): 2A humidulus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B ignobilis (Cameron, 1943): 2A kabulensis Tronquet, 1981: 2A lapidicola (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B loebli Schillhammer, 1997: 2B, 2C mediocris (Cameron, 1943): 2A neptunus Schillhammer, 1997: 2C nigritulus (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A parkeri (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B perexcelsus (Tottenham, 1939): 2A, 2B piger Schillhammer, 1997: 2A rufocinctus dubiosus Schillhammer, 1997: 2C rupicola (Cameron, 1943): 2C sagittifer sagittifer Schillhammer, 1997: 2A, 2B tolkieni Schillhammer, 1997: 2C vicinus (Cameron, 1932): 2A, 2B Genus Gabronthus Tottenham, 1955 lineifrons (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B Genus Hesperus Fauvel, 1874 Subgenus Hesperus Fauvel, 1874 amabilis (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C distinctus (Cameron, 1931): 2C wasmanni Fauvel, 1895: 2C Genus Neobisnius Ganglbauer, 1895 cameroni Wendeler, 1928: 2B praelongus (Gemminger and Harold, 1868): 2C Genus Philonthoblerius Tottenham, 1949 notabilis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C Genus Philonthus Stephens, 1829 Subgenus Onychophilonthus Neresheimer and Wagner, 1924 anepsius Cameron, 1926: 2A funeralis Cameron, 1943: 2C kashmiranus Bernhauer, 1915: 2A Subgenus Philonthus Stephens, 1829 aberrans Cameron, 1932: 2B, 2C adversus Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914: 2C aeger Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C aeneipennis Boheman, 1858: 2A, 2B aeripennis Cameron, 1943: 2C aliquatenus Schubert, 1908: 2A, 2B amplicollis Schillhammer, 2003: 2B amplitarsis Schillhammer, 2001: 2B assamensis Cameron, 1932: 2C atricoxis Cameron, 1943: 2A azuripennis Cameron, 1928: 2C batotensis Cameron, 1932: 2A beesoni Cameron, 1926b: 2A, 2B bengalensis Bernhauer, 1911: 2B, 2C birmanus Fauvel, 1895: 2B brevithorax Bernhauer, 1934: 2A, 2B cameroni Scheerpeltz, 1933: 2A carbonarius (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2C caucasicus Nordmann, 1837: 2A chatterjeei Cameron, 1926: 2B

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christiei Bernhauer, 1920: 2A, 2B, 2C cinctulus (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2B cognatus Stephens, 1832: 2A congruens Cameron, 1932: 2B convalescens Eppelsheim, 1890: 2A, 2C crassicornis Fauvel, 1895: 2B cruentatus (Gmelin, 1790): 2B cyanelytrius Kraatz, 1859: 2A, 2B dejectus Cameron, 1932: 2B densus Cameron, 1926: 2B discoideus (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A, 2B distincticornis Cameron, 1932: 2B, 2C donckieri Bernhauer, 1915: 2A, 2B flavohumeralis Schillhammer, 2003: 2C fletcheri Cameron, 1943: 2A foetidus Cameron, 1932: 2A, 2B gardneri Cameron, 1932: 2C gemellus Kraatz, 1859: 2B gentilicius Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B gulmargensis Coiffait, 1982: 2A humilis Cameron, 1932: 2B idiocerus Kraatz, 1859: 2B incultus Cameron, 1932: 2B industanus Fauvel, 1903: 2B, 2C ingratulus Cameron, 1932: 2B kashmiricus Cameron, 1932: 2A kempi Cameron, 1924: 2B kotgarhensis Cameron, 1932: 2A, 2B lidarensis Cameron, 1932: 2A maindroni Fauvel, 1903: 2B, 2C montivagans Cameron, 1943: 2C nigricoxis Cameron, 1928: 2A, 2C obsoletus Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A, 2C paederoides (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C paradoxus Cameron, 1932: 2B parvicornis (Gravenhorst, 1802): 2A peregrinus Fauvel, 1866: 2A, 2B, 2C persimilis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B politus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A puncticeps Cameron, 1926: 2A purpuripennis Reitter, 1887: 2C, 2D remotus Fauvel, 1895: 2A, 2B riparius Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B, 2C rivularis Cameron, 1932: 2A, 2B, 2C schuhi Schillhammer, 2003: 2B semiaenescens Bernhauer, 1920: 2B simpliciventris Bernhauer, 1933: 2A, 2B siwalikensis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B speciosus Cameron, 1926: 2B subjectus Cameron, 1932: 2C terminipennis Tottenham, 1939: 2A, 2B tractatus Eppelsheim, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C tricoloris Schubert, 1908: 2A, 2B varians (Paykull, 1789): 2A variipennis Kraatz, 1859: 2B Genus Rabigus Mulsant and Rey, 1876 basipilosus basipilosus (Schubert, 1908): 2A ladakhensis Coiffait, 1982: 1A jumlensis Coiffait, 1982: 2A


pulloides Coiffait, 1982: 2A Genus Taxiplagus Bernhauer, 1915 termitophagus (Cameron, 1926): 2B Subtribe QUEDIINA Kraatz, 1857 Genus Acylophorus Nordmann, 1837 beesoni Cameron, 1926: 2B daai Smetana, 1988: 2B furcatus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C microcephalus Cameron, 1932: 2B, 2C raato Smetana, 1988: 2C Genus Anchocerus Fauvel, 1905 birmanus Fauvel, 1905: 2B monticola Cameron, 1926: 2B nepalicus Smetana, 1988: 2C Genus Indoquedius Blackwelder, 1952 aberrans (Cameron, 1932): 2C baliyo Smetana, 1988: 2C bipunctatus (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2A, 2B daai Smetana, 1988: 2A, 2B filicornis (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2B, 2C sikkimensis (Cameron, 1932): 2C Genus Paratolmerus Cameron, 1932 pilosiventris Cameron, 1932: 2C Genus Quedius Stephens, 1829 Subgenus Distichalius Casey, 1915 chatterjeei Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B deceptor Cameron, 1944: 2B, 2C kashmirensis Cameron, 1944: 2A, 2B Subgenus Microsaurus Dejean, 1833 adjacens Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B antennalis Cameron, 1932: 2C apicicornis Eppelsheim, 1895: 2C beesoni Cameron, 1932: 2B, 2C dui Smetana, 1988: 2A flavocaudatus Cameron, 1944: 2B franzi najik (Smetana, 1992): 1C inquietus (Champion, 1925): 2B, 2C milansaar Smetana, 1988: 2A ochripennis (Menetries, 1832): 2A placidus Cameron, 1932: 2C ripicola Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B, 2C spectabilis Kraatz, 1859: Himalaya stevensi Cameron, 1932: 2C Subgenus Raphirus Stephens, 1829 anomalus Cameron, 1926: 2B assamensis Cameron, 1932: 2B aureiventris Bernhauer, 1915: 2A, 2B, 2C daksumensis Coiffait, 1982: 2A durgaa Smetana, 1988: 2C fluviatilis Cameron, 1926: 2A, 2B gardneri Cameron, 1932: 2C himalayicus Bernhauer, 1915: 2A, 2B, 2C kaalo Smetana, 1988: 2B muscicola Cameron, 1932: 2A, 2B, 2C pahelo Smetana, 1992: 2C paschim Smetana, 1988: 2B rugosus Cameron, 1921: 2B, 2C taruni Smetana, 1988: 2C tonglu Smetana, 1988: 2C


Genus Stevensia Cameron, 1932 longipennis Cameron, 1932: 2C Subtribe STAPHYLININA Latreille, 1802 Genus Abemus Mulsant and Rey, 1876 olivaceus Cameron, 1928: 2C Genus Creophilus Leach, 1819 maxillosus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C flavipennis (Hope, 1831): 2A Genus Dinothenarus Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Dinothenarus Thomson, 1858 ruficeps (Cameron, 1932): 2A xanthocephalus (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Parabemus Reitter, 1909 dehradunensis (Bernhauer, 1915): 2A, 2B prainae (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2C Genus Eucibdelus Kraatz, 1859 Subgenus Eucibdelus Kraatz, 1859 gracilis Kraatz, 1859: 2B Genus Eucibdelus species incertae sedis angusticeps Bernhauer, 1920: 2C hoebarthi Bernhauer, 1933: 2A stevensi Cameron, 1932: 2C Genus Naddia Fauvel, 1867 assamensis Cameron, 1932: 2C decipiens Cameron, 1932: 2C wittmeri Coiffait, 1982: 2C Genus Nelmanwaslus Smetana, 2006 stevensi (Cameron, 1932): 2C Genus Ocypus Leach, 1819 Subgenus Ocypus Leach, 1819 cameroni Smetana and Davies, 2000: Himalaya sikkimensis (Bernhauer, 1920): 2C wasmanni (Bernhauer, 1920): 2C Subgenus Pseudocypus Mulsant and Rey, 1876 aereus (Cameron, 1928): 2C helleni (Muller, 1926): 2A, 2B Genus Ocypus species incertae sedis caeruleus (Cameron, 1932): 2C sikkimensides Newton, 2015: 2C Genus Ontholestes Ganglbauer, 1895 aurosparsus (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C tenuicornis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B Genus Parapalaestrinus Bernhauer, 1923 mutilarius (Erichson, 1840): 2B Genus Platydracus Thomson, 1858 Subgenus Platydracus Thomson, 1858 asemus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C brevipennis Smetana and Davies, 2000: Himalaya dudgeoni (Cameron, 1932): 2A goryi (Laporte, 1835): 2B indicus (Kraatz, 1859): 2B lomii (Cerruti, 1951): 2A maculipennis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B marginatus (Cameron, 1944): 2C parvulus Smetana and Davies, 2000: 2C semipurpureus (Kraatz, 1859): Himalaya sparsus (Cameron, 1932): 2C submarmorellus (Schubert, 1908): 2A, 2B yolensis (Cerruti, 1951): 2A

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Genus Rhynchocheilus Sharp, 1889 argenteus (Fauvel, 1895): 2C Genus Rhyncocheilus Fauvel, 1882 aureus (Fabricius, 1787): 2A Genus Saniderus Fauvel, 1895 ruficollis Fauvel, 1895: 2D Genus Staphylinus Linnaeus, 1758 dimidiaticornis Gemminger, 1851: 2A Genus Thoracostrongylus Bernhauer, 1915 birmanus (Fauvel, 1895): 2C Genus Trichocosmetes Kraatz, 1859 leucomus (Erichson, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Wasmannellus Bernhauer, 1920 tristis Bernhauer, 1920: 2C Subtribe TANYGNATHININA Reitter, 1909 Genus Atanygnathus Jakobson, 1909 paani Smetana, 1988: 2B sasuraa Smetana, 1988: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe STAPHYLININI, taxa incertae sedis Genus Algon Sharp, 1874 aureoviridis Schillhammer, 2006: 2C gemmatus Schillhammer, 2006: 2C immsi Bernhauer, 1915: 2B oculatus Cameron, 1932: 2C psittacus Fauvel, 1895: 2B semiaureus Fauvel, 1895: 2C tigrimontis Schillhammer, 2006: 2C uniformis Cameron, 1932: 2C Genus Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, 1842 vulneratus (Fauvel, 1878): 2C Genus Korgella Özdikmen, 2005 calculosa (Smetana, 1995): 2B Genus Rientis Sharp, 1874 rudepunctata (Schubert, 1908): 2A semiaerea Cameron, 1928: 2C Tribe XANTHOLININI Erichson, 1839 Genus Achmonia Bordoni, 2003 eppelsheimi (Bernhauer and Schubert, 1914): 2B, 2C Genus Atopolinus Coiffait, 1982 palustris Bordoni, 2014: 2C subnigroaeneus (Coiffait, 1982): 2C Genus Edulia Bordoni, 2007 purpurescens (Cameron, 1926): 2A, 2B Genus Erymus Bordoni, 2002 apateticus Bordoni, 2002: 2B blasurus Bordoni, 2002: 2C gracilis (Fauvel, 1895): 2B, 2C Genus Gauropterus Thomson, 1860 morio (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B Genus Gyrohypnus Leach, 1819 Subgenus Gyrohypnus Leach, 1819 birmanus Cameron, 1932: 2C Genus Indolinus Bordoni, 2002 mitomorphoides (Coiffait, 1984): 2B, 2C Genus Indomorphus Bordoni, 2002 parcus (Eppelsheim, 1895): 2B, 2C shavrini Bordoni, 2013: 2B Genus Leptacinus Erichson, 1839 karakorus Coiffait, 1975: 1A, 2A

478

Genus Liotesba Scheerpeltz, 1965 subsimilis (Cameron, 1945): 2B Genus Medhiama Bordoni, 2002 paupera (Sharp, 1889): 2A, 2C Genus Megalinus Mulsant and Rey, 1877 metallicus (Fauvel, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C ruficaudatus (Cameron, 1932): 2C Genus Metolinus Cameron, 1920 almorae Bordoni, 2002: 2B gardneri (Cameron, 1945): 2B leucocnemis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C microparamerus (Coiffait, 1977): 2B, 2C nepalicus (Coiffait, 1975): 2B, 2C Genus Mitomorphus Kraatz, 1859 cribriceps Cameron, 1926: 2A indicus Kraatz, 1859: 2B, 2C topali Bordoni, 2002: Himalaya Genus Nepalinus Coiffait, 1975 aethiops (Bernhauer, 1920): 2C anagastus Bordoni, 2002: 2C baronii (Coiffait, 1982): 2B piceus (Cameron, 1926): 2B, 2C Genus Pachycorynus Motschulsky, 1858 dimidiatus Motschulsky, 1858: 2A, 2B, 2C niger Cameron, 1932: 2C rougemonti Bordoni, 2009: 2D Genus Phacophallus Coiffait, 1956 flavipennis (Kraatz, 1859): 2B, 2C pallidipennis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B, 2C parumpunctatus (Gyllenhal, 1827): 2C Genus Sagarmatha Bordoni, 2002 himalayensis Bordoni, 2002: 2C Genus Someira Bordoni, 2002 bengalensisBordoni, 2002: 2C brevipennis (Cameron, 1943): 2C Genus Thyreocephalus Guérin-Méneville, 1844 amphidaseus Bordoni, 2002: 2B anachoreta (Erichson, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C jocheni Bordoni, 2002: 2C lacustris Bordoni, 2003: 2C Genus Ulisseus A Bordoni, 2002 dispilus (Erichson, 1839): 2B Genus Xantholinus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Purrolinus Coiffait, 1956 cachemiricus Coiffait, 1983: 2A diabolicus Cameron, 1926: 2B hypsibathus Bernhauer, 1915: 2A, 2B modestus Cameron, 1926: 2B parviparamerus (Coiffait, 1982): 2A peregrinus Bordoni, 2002: 2B Genus Xanthophius Motschulsky, 1860 filum (Kraatz, 1859): 2A, 2B Series SCARABAEIFORMIA Crowson, 1960 Superfamily SCARABAEOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family GEOTRUPIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily BOLBOCERATINAE Mulsant, 1842 Tribe BOLBELASMINI Nikolajev, 1996 Genus Bolbelasmus Boucomont, 1911 Subgenus Kolbeus Boucomont, 1911


krikkeni Nikolajev, 1979: 2C Genus Bolbogonium Boucomont, 1911 davatchii (Baraud, 1973): 2A, 2B impressum (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B pseudopunctatissimum Krikken, 1977: 2A, 2B triangulum (Westwood, 1852): 2A, 2B Tribe BOLBOCERATINI Mulsant, 1842 Genus Bolboceras Kirby, 1819 darjeelicans Gupta and Chandra, 2016: 2C perpunctatum Krikken, 2013: 2C schulzei Krikken, 2013: 2B Tribe BOLBOCHROMINI Nikolajev, 1970 Genus Bolbocerodema Nikolajev, 1973 sikkimense (Krikken, 1979): 2C Genus Bolbochromus Boucomont, 1909 Subgenus Bolbochromus Boucomont, 1909 plagiatus (Westwood, 1852): 2B Tribe EUBOLBITINI Nikolajev, 1970 Genus Bolboceratops Krikken, 1978 indicus (Westwood, 1848): 2C Genus Bolbohamatum Krikken, 1980 calanus (Westwood, 1848): 2B cyclops (Olivier, 1789): 2A laterale (Westwood, 1848): 2A, 2C laevicolle (Westwood, 1848): Himalaya pseudogrande Krikken, 1980: 2A robustum Krikken, 1980: Himalaya Tribe ODONTEINI Shokhin, 2007 Genus Odonteus Samouelle, 1819 orientalis (Mittal, 1998): 2B Subfamily GEOTRUPINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe ENOPLOTRUPINI Paulian, 1945 Genus Enoplotrupes Lucas, 1869 Subgenus Enoplotrupes Lucas, 1869 rhinoceros Kral, Maly and Schneider, 2012: 2D Subgenus Gynoplotrupes Oberthür, 1883 bieti bieti (Oberthur, 1883): 2B, 2C Genus Phelotrupes Jekel, 1866 Subgenus Eogeotrupes Bovo and Zunino, 1983 amethystinus (Jekel, 1866): 2C cambeforti Kral Maly and Schneider, 2001: 2C Subgenus Phelotrupes Jekel, 1866 jekeli (Harold, 1869): 2C holzschuhi Král, Maly and Schneider, 2001: 2C orientalis (Westwood in Royle, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe GEOTRUPINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Ceratophyus Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 sulcicornis (Fairmaire, 1887): 2C, 2D Genus Geotrupes Latreille, 1797 Subgenus Geotrupes Latreille, 1797 jakowlewi Semenov, 1891: 2A kashmirensis Sharp, 1878: 2A Subgenus Glyptogeotrupes Nikolajev, 1979 kuluensis Bates, 1891: 2A, 2C Genus Odontotrypes Fairmaire, 1887 Subgenus Odontotrupes Boucomont, 1905 orichalceus (Fairmare, 1895): 2C tawangensis Gupta, Chandra and Hillert, 2016: 2D Subgenus Odontotrypes Fairmaire, 1887


balthasari (Mikšić, 1958): 2C rufipes (Boucomont, 1905): 2A semiscribrosus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Genus Thorectes Mulsant, 1842 shankara Carpaneto and Mignani, 1999: 2A Family PASSALIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily AULACOCYCLINAE Kaup, 1868 Genus Ceracupes Kaup, 1871 fronticornis (Westwood, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire, 1880 mishmi Kon, Araya and Johki, 2015: 2D Genus Taeniocerus Kaup, 1871 bicuspis (Kaup, 1868): 2C, 2D Subfamily PASSALINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Aceraius Kaup, 1868 grandis (Burmeister, 1847): 2C, 2D helferi (Kuwert, 1891): 2C, 2D Genus Leptaulax Kaup, 1868 bicolor (Fabricius, 1801): 2C, 2D cyclotaenius Kuwert, 1891: 2C, 2D dentatus (Fabricius, 1792): 2C, 2D roepstorffi Kuwert, 1898: 2D Genus Macrolinus Kaup, 1868 sikkimensis (Stoliczka, 1873): 2C, 2D Genus Ophrygonius Zang, 1904 birmanicus Gravely, 1914: 2D cantori (Percheron, 1844): 2B, 2C convexifrons (Zang, 1904): 2C Genus Tiberioides Gravely, 1913 austeni Gravely, 1914: 2C, 2D borealis (Arrow, 1907): 2C kuwerti (Arrow, 1907): 2C, 2D Family TROGIDAE Macleay, 1819 Subfamily OMORGINAE Nikolajev, 2005 Genus Afromorgus Scholtz, 1986 granulatus (Herbst, 1783): 2A, 2C italicus (Reiche, 1853): 2B, 2C omacanthus (Harold, 1872): 2B, 2C pauliani (Haaf, 1954): 2C Subfamily TROGINAE Macleay, 1819 Genus Trox Fabricius, 1775 brahminus Pittino,1985: 2A, 2B, 2C Family LUCANIDAE Latreille, 1804 Subfamily AESALINAE Macleay, 1819 Tribe AESALINI Macleay, 1819 Genus Himaloaesalus Huang and Chen, 2013 himalayicus (Kurosawa, 1985): 2C Subfamily SYNDESINAE Macleay, 1819 Tribe CERUCHINI LeConte, 1861 Genus Ceruchus Macleay, 1819 atavus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Subfamily LUCANINAE Latreille, 1804 Tribe AEGINI Huang and Chen, 2013 Genus Aegus Macleay, 1819 linealis Didier, 1928: 2C Tribe CYCLOMMATINI Huang and Chen, 2013 Genus Cyclommatus Parry, 1863 albersii Kraatz, 1894: 2C, 2D multidentatus (Westwood, 1848): 2C, 2D

479

strigiceps (Westwood, 1848): 2C Tribe DORCINI Parry, 1864 Genus Aulacostethus Waterhouse, 1869 archeri Waterhouse, 1869: 2C Genus Dorcus Macleay, 1819 antaeus antaeus Hope, 1842: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D apatani (Okuda and Maeda, 2015): 2D curvidens curvidens (Hope, 1840): 2B, 2C, 2D cylindricus Thomson, 1862: 2A, 2B derelictus Parry, 1862: 2C donckieri donckieri (Boileau, 1898): 2C dungkharpai (Okuda and Maeda, 2015): 2D elegans (Parry, 1862): 2C fukinukii (Schenk, 2000): 2D fuliginosus (Didier, 1929): 2A imrani (Okuda and Maeda, 2015): 2D kikunoae Hosoguchi, 2004: 2C lineatopunctatus lineatopunctatus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C, 2D macleayii (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2C monpa Okuda and Maeda, 2014: 2D nepalensis (Hope, 1831): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ratiocinativus Westwood, 1871: 1C, 2C reichei Hope, 1842: 2C sewertzowi Semenow, 1891: 2A submolaris (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2A, 2B suturalis Westwood, 1871: 2A, 2C tityus Hope, 1842: 2C ursulus Arrow, 1938: 2C velutinus Thomson, 1862: 2C, 2D wemckeni (Schenk, 2008): 2D yaksha yaksha Gravely, 1915: 2C Genus Falcicornis Planet, 1894 bisignatus (Parry, 1862): 2C, 2D fulvonotatus (Parry, 1862): 2C heyangi Huang and Chen, 2013: 2D himalayae (Schenk, 2009): 2D humilis (Arrow, 1935): 2C, 2D Genus Kirchnerius Schenk, 2009 bulbosus (Hope, 1840): 2C parryi (Boileau, 1913): 2C spencei spencei (Hope, 1840): 2C, 2D Genus Prosopocoilus Hope and Westwood, 1845 astacoides astacoides (Hope, 1840): 2C, 2D astacoides castaneus (Hope, 1845): 2B, 2C buddha (Hope, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D cardoni Didier, 1927: 2C confucius (Hope, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D girafa girafa (Olivier, 1789): 2B, 2C maclellandi maclellandi (Hope, 1842): 2C, 2D occipitalis (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2D oweni oweni (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2C, 2D parryi Boileau, 1913: 2C politus (Parry, 1862): 2C pouillaudei Houlbert, 1915: 2C spencei (Hope, 1840): 2C suturalis (Olivier, 1789): 2C valgipes Kriesche, 1940: 2A, 2B Genus Rhaetus Parry, 1864 westwoodii westwoodi (Parry, 1862): 2C

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Genus Rhaetulus Westwood, 1871 crenatus boileaui Didier, 1925: 2D crenatus fukinukii (Nagai, 2002): 2D Genus Serrognathus Motschulsky, 1862 titanus Boisduval, 1835: 2C, 2D Tribe FIGULINI Burmeister, 1847 Genus Figulus Macleay, 1819 caviceps Boileau, 1902: 2C tapinus Bomnas, 1986: 2B Genus Nigidius Macleay, 1819 himalayae Gravely, 1915: 2C hemantai Okuda and Maeda, 2016: 2D Tribe LUCANINI Latreille, 1804 Genus Cyclorasis Thomson, 1862 platycephalus (Hope, 1842): 2C subnitens (Parry, 1862): 2C Genus Eolucanus Kurosawa, 1970 gracilis gracilis (Albers, 1889): 2C gracilis sharchokpai (Okuda and Maeda, 2014): 2D kerleyi (Boucher, 1995): 2B oberthuri (Planet, 1896): 2C, 2D Genus Lucanus Scopoli, 1763 atratus Hope, 1831: 2C cantori Hope, 1842: 2C confusus Boucher, 1995: 2C deuvei deuvei Lacroix, 1988: 2A groulti Planet, 1897: 2B laminifer laminifer Waterhouse, 1890: 2C lunifer Westwood, 1839: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mearesii Hope, 1842: 2B, 2C, 2D mishmi Okuda and Maeda, 2014: 2D nyishwini bretschneideri Schenk, 2008: 2D smithii Parry, 1862: 2C wemckeni Schenk, 2006: 2D westermanni Hope and Westwood, 1845: 2C Genus Prismognathus Motschulsky, 1860 bretschneideri Schenk, 2008: 2D kucerai Baba, 2004: 2B lucidus Boileau, 1904: 2C platycephalus (Hope, 1842): 2C mekolaorum Okuda and Maeda, 2015: 2D miyashitai miyashitai Ikeda, 1997: 2D passingi Okuda and Maeda, 2015: 2D subnitens (Parry, 1862): 2C Genus Tetrarthrius Didier, 1926 castaneus Didier, 1926: 2C lucidus (Boileau, 1904): 2C ruficephalus (Lacroix, 1978): 2C Tribe ODONTOLABINI Parry, 1870 Genus Neolucanus Thomson, 1862 angulatus (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2C baladeva (Hope, 1842): 1C, 2C, 2D castanopterus castanopterus (Hope, 1831): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D confucius (Lacroix, 1972): 2C impressus (Waterhouse, 1869): 2C marginatus marginatus Waterhouse, 1872: 2C rudolphi Schenk, 2008: 2D saundersi Parry, 1864: 2C waterhousei Boileau, 1899: 2C


Genus Odontolabis Hope, 1842 cuvera cuvera Hope, 1842: 2C siva (Hope and Westwood, 1845): 2C, 2D Family HYBOSORIDAE Erichson, 1847 Subfamily CERATOCANTHINAE Martínez, 1968 Genus Madrasostes Paulian, 1975 feae (Gestro, 1898): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pterorthochaetes Gestro, 1898 dembickyi Ballerio, 2014: 2D Subfamily HYBOSORINAE Erichson, 1847 Genus Hybosorus Macleay, 1819 illigeri Reiche, 1853: 2C orientalis Westwood, 1846: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Phaeochrous Laporte, 1840 emarginatus emarginatus Castelnau, 1840: 2A, 2B intermedius occidentalis Kuijten, 1978: 2A, 2B Family SCARABAEIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily AEGIALIINAE Laporte, 1840 Genus Silluvia Landin, 1949 Subgenus Silluvia Landin, 1949 himalayana (Petrovitz, 1968): 2C petrovitzi (Stebnicka, 1977): 2A Subfamily APHODIINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe APHODIINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe APHODIINA Leach, 1815 Genus Acrossus Mulsant, 1842 angustiarum (Balthasar, 1967): 2B, 2C binaevulus (Heyden, 1887): 2C devabhumi (Mittal, 1993): 2B eberti (Balthasar, 1965): 2B emodus (Petrovitz, 1976): 2C opacipennis (Schmidt, 1910): 2C ritsemae (Schmidt, 1909): 2C ustulatus (Harold, 1862): 2A, 2B Genus Aganocrossus Reitter, 1895 postpilosus (Reitter, 1895): 2C urostigma (Harold, 1862): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Agoliinus Schmidt, 1913 durrelli Rakovič and Mencl, 2011: 2C Genus Alocoderus Schmidt, 1913 elongatulus (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C teyrovskyi (Balthasar, 1935): 2B, 2C Genus Aparammoecius Petrovitz, 1958 mahriensis (Stebnicka, 1983): 2B schawalleri (Stebnicka, 1989): 2A topali (Pittino, 1997): 2A waniaramensis (Pittino, 1997): 2A zojilae (Stebnicka, 1981): 2A Genus Aphodius Hellwig, 1798 elegans Allibert, 1847: 2D fasciger Harold, 1881: 2C, 2D irregularis Westwood, 1839: 2A, 2B, 2C pedellus (De Geer, 1774): 2A Genus Bodilus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 liesenfeldti (Petrovitz, 1958): 2B, 2C Genus Brachiaphodius Koshantschikov, 1913 nainiensis (Petrovitz, 1963): 2B pilifer (Paulian, 1934): 2C pilosus (Harold, 1874): 2B, 2C


Genus Calamosternus Motschulsky, 1860 srinagarensis (Pittino, 2001): 2A Genus Carinaulus Tesař, 1945 meghalayensis (Červenka, 2000): 2B Genus Chilothorax Motschulsky, 1860 tenuimanus (Sharp, 1878): 2A Genus Emadiellus Schmidt, 1913 rufopustulatus rufopustulatus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B Genus Esymus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 himalyananus (Koshantschikov, 1916): 2A Genus Gilletianus Balthasar, 1933 assamensis (Petrovitz, 1976): 2D costatulus (Schmidt, 1908): 2A, 2C segmentaroides (Schmidt, 1909): 2B Genus Koshantschikovius Schmidt, 1913 andrewesi (Schmidt, 1908): 2B Genus Labarrus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 lividus (Olivier, 1789): 2B rugosocapita (Mittal, 1993): 2A, 2B translucidus (Petrovitz, 1961): 2B Genus Loboparius Schmidt, 1913 drumonti (Rakovič and Mencl, 2010): 2A immarginatus immarginatus (Schmidt, 1907): 2C immarginatus kumaoensis (Petrovitz, 1962): 2B mirificus (Balthasar, 1933): 2C scheibei (Balthasar, 1956): 2C schereri (Petrovitz, 1963): 2B Genus Loraphodius Reitter, 1892 kashmirensis (Sharp, 1878): 1B Genus Mesontoplatys Motschulsky, 1864 parvulus (Harold, 1871): 2A, 2B, 2D rufolaterus (Motschulsky, 1864): 2B Genus Neagolius Koshantschikov, 1912 orinus (Koshantschikov, 1912): 2A Genus Neocalaphodius Bordat, 1990 moestus (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2B mussooriensis (Mittal, 1993): 2B Genus Nialus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 jhavanicus (Balthasar, 1971): 2D Genus Odontacrossus Dellacasa, Král, Dellacasa and Bordat, 2014 trisuliensis (Stebnicka, 1986): 2D Genus Otophorus Mulsant, 1842 haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Orammoecius Král, 2017 arunachalensis Král, Rakovič and Mencl, 2017: 2D Genus Oxyaphodius Balthasar, 1965 sikkimensis (Balthasar, 1965): 2C Genus Oxyomus Dejean, 1833 cameratus Schmidt, 1908: 2B miliaris Schmidt, 1908: 2C nubigenus Petrovitz, 1968: 2B, 2C simillimus Schmidt, 1908: 2B Genus Paradidactylia Balthasar, 1937 biseriata (Schmidt, 1908): 2B brivioi (Petrovitz, 1961): 2B Genus Paulianellus Balthasar, 1938 jacksoni (Petrovitz, 1975): 2C mureensis (Stebnicka, 1980): 2C

481

Genus Pharaphodius Reitter, 1892 campestris (Mittal, 1993): 2B cornutus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B crenatus (Harold, 1862): 2A, 2B marginellus (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B parvatia (Mittal, 1993): 2B Genus Plagiogonus Mulsant, 1842 oberthueri (Paulian, 1936): 2B, 2C palea (Balthasar, 1967): 2C ramamiensis (Stebnicka, 1982): 2C Genus Planolinus Mulsant and Rey, 1870 rufoanalis (Petrovitz, 1961): 2A Genus Pleuraphodius Schmidt, 1913 lewisi (Waterhouse, 1875): 2B Genus Teuchestes Mulsant, 1842 analis (Fabricius, 1787): 2C Genus Trichaphodius Schmidt, 1913 hindustanicus (Balthasar, 1935): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tristaphodius Balthasar, 1932 mortuorum (Balthasar, 1932): 2C Genus Trichonotulus Bedel, 1911 vultuosus Balthasar, 1971: 2A Tribe CORYTHODERINI Schmidt, 1910 Genus Chaetopisthes Westwood, 1847 Subgenus Chaetopisthes Westwood, 1847 latipes Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B Subgenus Neochaetopisthes Wasmann, 1918 brevipes Wasmann, 1923: 2B longulus Wasmann, 1923: 2B saetiger Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B semisulcatus Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B septentrionalis Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2A Genus Termitopisthes Wasman, 1918 forticulus Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B kistneri Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B parallelus Wassmann, 1923: 2B schmidti Champion, 1923: 2B submissus Tangelder and Krikken, 1982: 2B wasmanni Schmidt, 1911: 2B Tribe EUPARIINI Schmidt, 1910 Genus Saprosites Redtenbacher, 1858 japonicus Waterhouse, 1875: 2C Tribe PSAMMODIINI Mulsant, 1842 Subtribe PSAMMODIINA Mulsant, 1842 Genus Leiopsammodius Rakovič, 1981 gestroi (Clouët des Pesruches, 1900): 2B, 2D Genus Psammodius Fallen, 1807 macnamarae Pittino, 1984: 2B Subtribe RHYSSEMINA Pittino and Mariani, 1986 Genus Pittinius Rakovič and Král, 1997 omnisetosus Rakovič and Král, 1997: 2B Genus Rhyssemodes Reitter, 1892 sindicus Pittino, 1984: 2B Genus Rhyssemus Mulsant, 1842 bufonis Boucomont, 1935: 2A falcatus Petrovitz, 1961: 1A freudei Balthasar, 1960: 2B indicus Clouët des Pesruches, 1901: 2B inscitus (Walker, 1858): 2B

482

Subfamily CHIRONINAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Chiron Macleay, 1819 cylindrus Fabricius, 1798: 2A, 2B Subfamily SCARABAEINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe ATEUCHINI Perty, 1830 Genus Delopleurus Erichson, 1847 parvus (Sharp, 1875): Himalaya striatus Arrow, 1931: 2B Genus Parachorius Harold, 1873 globosus Arrow, 1931: 2C hookeri Arrow, 1931: 2C thomsoni Harold, 1873: 2C Genus Paraphytus Harold, 1877 hindu Arrow, 1913: 2D ritsemae Harold, 1880: 2D Tribe CANTHONINI van Lansberge, 1875 Genus Cassolus Sharp, 1875 humeralis Arrow, 1907: 2C Genus Ochicanthon Vaz de Mello, 2003 obscurum (Boucomont, 1920): 2D tristoides (Paulian, 1983): 2C Genus Panelus Lewis, 1895 assamensis Arrow, 1907: 2C, 2D Tribe COPRINI Leach, 1815 Genus Catharsius Hope, 1837 birmanensis Lansberge, 1874: 2B, 2C granulatus Sharp, 1875: 2C molossus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pithecius (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2D sagax (Quensel, 1806) : 2A, 2B Genus Copris Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Copris Geoffroy, 1762 corpulentus Gillet, 1910: 2D delicatus Arrow, 1931: 2C, 2D fricator (Fabricius, 1787): 2B, 2D magicus Harold, 1881: 2B, 2C, 2D numa Lansberge, 1886: 2D repertus Walker, 1858: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sarpedon Harold, 1868: 2A, 2B siangensis Biswas, 1980: 2D Subgenus Sinocopris Ochi, Kon and Bai, 2009 sabinus Gillet, 1910: 2A, 2B sacontala Redtenbacher, 1848: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Copris species incertae sedis iris Sharp, 1881: 1C, 2C, 2D siamensis Gillet, 1910: 2D Genus Heliocopris Hope, 1837 bucephalus (Fabricius, 1775) : 2A dominus Bates, 1808: 2D midas (Fabricius, 1775) : 2A, 2B Genus Metacatharsius Montreuil, 1998 inermis (Laporte, 1840): 2B Genus Microcopris Balthasar, 1958 vitalisi (Gillet, 1921): 2D Genus Paracopris Balthasar, 1939 andrewesi (Waterhouse, 1891): Himalaya compressipennis (Gillet, 1910): 2C excisus (Waterhouse, 1891): 2A, 2B furciceps (Felsche, 1910): 2C, 2D


imitans Felsche, 1910: Himalaya punjabensis (Gillet, 1921): 2A, 2B punctulatus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2D surdus (Arrow, 1931): 2B Genus Synapsis Bates, 1868 birmanicus Gillet, 1907: 2D brahmina (Hope, 1831): 2C gilleti Arrow, 1931: 2C tridens Sharp, 1881: 2C Tribe GYMNOPLEURINI Lacordaire, 1856 Genus Allogymnopleurus Janssens, 1940 maculosus (Macleay, 1821): 2B Genus Garreta Janssens, 1940 dejeani (Castelnau, 1840): 2A, 2B mundus (Wiedemann, 1819): Himalaya opacus (Redtenbacher, 1848): 2A, 2B ruficornis (Motschulsky, 1854): 2A, 2B Genus Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 Subgenus Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 bombayensis Arrow, 1931: 2A cyaneus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B flagellatus hornei Waterhouse, 1890: 2A Subgenus Metagymnopleurus Kabakov, 2006 gemmatus Harold, 1871: 2A, 2B, 2D miliaris (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B parvus (Macleay, 1821): 2A, 2B Genus Paragymnopleurus Shipp, 1897 sinuatus assamensis (Waterhouse, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C 2D Tribe ONITICELLINI Kolbe, 1905 Subtribe DREPANOCERINA van Lansberge, 1875 Genus Eodrepanus Barbero, Palestrini and Roggero, 2009 striatulus (Paulian, 1945): 2D Genus Sinodrepanus Simonis, 1985 falsus (Sharp, 1785): 2D Genus Tibiodrepanus Krikken, 2009 setosus (Wiedemann, 1823) : 2A, 2B, 2C sinicus (Harold, 1868): 2B Subtribe ONITICELLINA Kolbe, 1905 Genus Euoniticellus Janssens, 1953 pallipes (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B pallens (Olivier, 1789): 2A, 2B Genus Liatongus Reitter, 1892 affinis (Arrow, 1908): 2C gagatinus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D medius (Fairmaire, 1889): 2A mergacerus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D phanaeoides (Westwood, 1840): 2A, 2B, 2D rhinoceros Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2C triacanthus (Boucomont, 1920): 2C vertagus (Fabricius, 1798) : 2A, 2B Genus Oniticellus Dejean, 1821 cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) : 2A, 2B, 2D gayeni Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D namdaphaensis Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D subhendui Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D Genus Tiniocellus Péringuey, 1902 imbellis (Bates, 1891): 2A spinipes (Roth, 1851): 2A, 2D Tribe ONITINI Laporte, 1840


Genus Cheironitis van Lansberge, 1875 arrowi (Janssens, 1937): 2A Genus Onitis Fabricius, 1798 castaneus Redentenbacher, 1848: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D crassus Sharp, 1875: 2B excavatus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2D falcatus (Wulfen, 1786) : 2A, 2D feae Felsche, 1907: 2D humerosus (Pallas, 1771): 2A lama Lansberge, 1875: 2B philemon Fabricius, 1801: 2A, 2B, 2D punctatostriatus Janssens, 1937: 2C siva Gillet, 1911: 2D subopacus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2D virens Lansberge 1875: 2A, 2B Tribe ONTHOPHAGINI Burmeister, 1846 Genus Caccobius Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Caccobius Thomson, 1859 denticollis Harold, 1867: 2A, 2B, 2C pantherinus Arrow, 1931: 2A Subgenus Caccophilus Jekel, 1872 aterrimus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B diminutivus (Walker, 1858): 2B, 2C himalayanus Jekel, 1872: 2A, 2B indicus Harold, 1867: 1A, 2A, 2B inermis Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D meridionalis Boucomont, 1914: 2A, 2B torticornis Arrow, 1931: 2B ultor Sharp, 1875: 2A, 2B unicornis (Fabricius, 1798): 2B vulcanus (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2B Genus Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 bonasus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B catta (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B Genus Euonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 schnabeli (Splichal, 1910): 2A Genus Haroldius Boucomont, 1914 stevensi Arrow, 1931: 2C Genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Altonthophagus Kabakov, 1990 concolor Sharp, 1878: 2A, 2B cupreiceps Arrow, 1907: 2C tibetanus Arrow, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2D Subgenus Colobonthophagus Balthasar, 1963 aenescens (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B armatus Blanchard, 1853: 2D arunensis Scheuern, 1995: 2C bengalensis Harold, 1886: 2B dama (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hindu Arrow, 1931: 2A occipitalis Lansberge, 1885: 2D paliceps Arrow, 1931: 2B quadridentatus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B ramosus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B ramosellus Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tragus (Fabricius, 1792): Himalaya Subgenus Furconthophagus Zunino, 1979 amicus (Gillet, 1925): 2B, 2C centricornis (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2D

483

troglodyta (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B variegatus (Fabricius, 1798): 2D Subgenus Gibbonthophagus Balthasar, 1963 dubernardi Boucomont, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C duporti Boucomont, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2D luridipennis Boheman, 1858: 2B, 2D taurinus (White, 1844): 1A, 2A, 2B Subgenus Indonthophagus Kabakov, 2006 ensifer Boucomont, 1914: 2D mopsus (Fabricius, 1792): 1A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Macronthophagus Ochi, 2003 manipurensis Arrow, 1907: 2D nilgirensis Gillet, 1922: 2D rubricollis Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Matashia Matsumura, 1938 fossor Arrow, 1931: 2C kuluensis Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B, 2D Subgenus Micronthophagus Balthasar, 1963 hystrix Boucomont, 1914: 2B, 2C Subgenus Onthophagiellus Balthasar, 1935 crassicollis Boucomont, 1913: 2D Subgenus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 expansicornis Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B quaestus Sharp, 1875: 2A, 2B Subgenus Palaeonthophagus Zunino, 1979 conspersus Reitter, 1892: 2A marginalis nigrimargo Goidanich, 1926: 2A, 2B sutleinensis Splichal, 1910: 2A Subgenus Paraphanaeomorphus Balthasar, 1959 bifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781): 2B, 2C comottoi Lansberge, 1885: 2A, 2B, 2D frugivorus Arrow, 1931: 2C phanaeiformis Boucomont, 1914: 2D vaulogeri Boucomont, 1923: 2B, 2D Subgenus Parentius Zunino, 1979 mauritii Boucomont, 1920: 2D Subgenus Phanaeomorphus Balthasar, 1963 gagates Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2D gagatoides Kabakov, 2006: 2A, 2B hingstoni Arrow, 1931: 2C Subgenus Proagoderus van Lansberge, 1883 amplexus Sharp, 1875: 2A, 2B pactolus (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B tirapensis Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D Subgenus Serrophorus Balthasar, 1963 atropolitus d’Orbigny, 1902: 2A, 2B, 2C laevis asiaticus Boucomont, 1919: 2B, 2C, 2D laevis stevensi Arrow, 1931: 2C rectecornutus Lansberge, 1883: 2D sagittarius (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2D senex Boucomont, 1914: 2C seniculus (Fabricius, 1781): 2D Subgenus Sinonthophagus Kabakov, 2006 productus Arrow, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C rugulosus Harold, 1886: 2D Subgenus Strandius Balthasar, 1963 subansiriensis Biswas, 1979: 2D Subgenus Sunenaga Ochi, 2003 anguliceps Boucomont, 1914: 2C

484

avocetta Arrow, 1933: 2C digitatus Arrow, 1933: 2C Genus Onthophagus species incertae sedis abacus Boucomont, 1921: 2B abreui Arrow, 1931: 2B agaricophilus Arrow, 1931: 2B arboreus Arrow, 1931: 2B arunachalensis Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D balawaicus Scheuern, 1995: 2B beesoni Arrow, 1931: 2B bengali Gordon and Oppenheimer, 1977: 2D bison Boucomont, 1919: 2D brutus Arrow, 1931: 2C cervus (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2D chrysurus Arrow, 1931: 2C circulifer Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2C compactus Arrow, 1933: 2B concursator Balthasar, 1960: 2A deflexicollis Lansberge, 1883: 2B, 2C, 2D dynastoides Arrow, 1931: Himalaya exquisitus Arrow, 1931: 2B, 2C falcifer Harold, 1880: 1C, 2C falsus Gillet, 1925: 2A, 2B fasciatus Boucomont, 1914: 2A, 2B furcicollis Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D furcillifer Bates, 1891: 2A, 2B. germanus Gillet, 1927: 2B, 2C gratus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B griseosetosus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B hamaticeps Arrow, 1931: 2B jucundus Arrow, 1931: 2D kashmirensis Balthasar, 1966: 1A kumaonensis Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B kulti Balthasar, 1952: 2A lapillus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2C laevigatus (Fabricius, 1798): 2D lilliputanus Lansberge, 1883: 2A, 2B mirandus Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B nasalis Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B necrophagus Arrow, 1931: 2B orientalis Harold, 1868: 2B, 2C, 2D pacificus Lansberge, 1885: 2B, 2D planifrons Frey, 1962: 2D politus (Fabricius, 1798): 2D porcus Arrow, 1931: 2D productus Arrow, 1907: 2B, 2C rachelis Martin-Piera, 1985: 2A, 2C rana Arrow, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2D remotus Harold, 1879: 2D royi Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D rubripennis Arrow, 1907: 2C, 2D sikkimensis Gillet, 1925: 2C songsokensis Biswas and Chatterjee, 1985: 2D spinifex (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B sternalis Arrow, 1931: 2B subansiriensis Biswas, 1978: 2D tarandus Fabricius, 1792: 2A, 2B triceratops Arrow, 1913: 2D unifasciatus (Schaller, 1783): 2B


Genus Parascatonomus Paulian, 1932 Subgenus Granulidorsum Ochi, Kon and Barclay, 2017 rudis Sharp, 1875: 2D Subgenus Pseudonthophagus Ochi, Kon and Barclay, 2017 penicillatus Harold, 1879: 2C Genus Parascatonomus species incertae sedis discedens Sharp, 1875: 2C sikkimpolitus Ochi, Kon and Barclay, 2017: 2C Genus Phalops Erichson, 1848 divisus (Wiedemann, 1823) : 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe SCARABAEINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Escarabaeus Zídek and Pokorný, 2011 bannuensis (Janssens, 1940): 2A brahminus (Laporte, 1840): 2A Genus Kheper Janssens, 1940 devotus Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A Genus Scarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 gangeticus (Castelnau, 1840): 2A sacer Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B Tribe SISYPHINI Mulsant, 1842 Genus Sisyphus Latreille, 1806 Subgenus Sisyphus Latreille, 1806 aages Moxey, 1962: 2C crispatus hirtus Wiedemann, 1823: 2A denticrus Fairmaire, 1886: 2C indicus Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D longipes (Olivier, 1789): Himalaya moltaensis Vazirani, 1967: 2B neglectus Gory, 1833: 2B, 2C Subfamily ORPHNINAE Erichson, 1847 Tribe ORPHNINI Erichson, 1847 Genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819 Subgenus Orphnus Macleay, 1819 impressus Westwood, 1846: 2B mysoriensis Westwood, 1846: 2B Subfamily MELOLONTHINAE Leach, 1819 Tribe DIPHYCERINI Medvedev, 1952 Genus Diphycerus Fairmaire, 1878 alcedo Arrow, 1920: 2C Genus Xenoceraspis Arrow, 1920 kurseonganus (Moser, 1917): 2C longimacularius Zhang, 1988: 2D Tribe DIPLOTAXINI Kirby, 1837 Genus Apogonia Kirby, 1819 aenescens Hope, 1831: 2D cribricollis Burmeister, 1855: 2C diversicollis Moser, 1914: 2C ferruginea (Fabricius, 1781): 2A nigricans Hope in Gray, 1831: 2A sequens Frey, 1975: 2B setosa Arrow, 1921: 2A splendida Boheman, 1858: 2C uniformis Blanchard, 1850: 2C vicina Burmeister, 1855: 2C villosella Blanchard, 1850: 2A Tribe EUCHIRINI Hope, 1840 Genus Cheirotonus Hope, 1840 macleayii Hope, 1840: 2C parrii Gray, 1848: 2A, 2B, 2C


Tribe HEPTOPHYLLINI Medvedev, 1951 Genus Hilyotrogus Fairmaire, 1886 flavosericeus (Brenske, 1896): 2C holosericeus (Kollar and Redthenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B kolbei (Brenske, 1892): 2C luteoserica (Brenske, 1897): 2C sikkimensis Moser, 1913: 2C Tribe HOPLIINI Latreille, 1829 Genus Ectinohoplia Redtenbacher, 1868 ahrensis (Sabatinelli, 1997): 2C huettenbacheri Nonfried, 1892: Himalaya indica Moser, 1912: Himalaya Genus Hoplia Illiger, 1803 species incertae sedis coeruleosignata Moser 1916: 2A, 2C fulvofemorata Moser, 1912: 2C grisea Moser, 1912: 2B, 2C hirsuta Moser, 1912: 2C indica Moser, 1912: 2C mahayana Sabatinelli, 1983: 2C nigromaculata Moser, 1912: 2C polita Bates, 1891: 1A, 2A sabatinellii Rey, 2006: 2C tuberculicollis Moser, 1912: 2C tuberculifrons Moser, 1912: 2C viridissima Brenske, 1894: 2C viridula viridula Brenske 1899: 1C, 2C Tribe LEUCOPHOLINI Burmeister, 1855 Genus Asactopholis Brenske, 1894 bicolor bicolor (Sharp, 1876): 2B microsquamosus (Frey, 1972): 2B, 2C Genus Cyphochilus Waterhouse, 1867 candidus (Olivier, 1789): 2C Genus Lepidiota Kirby, 1828 albistigma Burmeister, 1855: 2A bimaculata (Saunders, 1839): 2A, 2C discedens Sharp, 1876: 2C punctatipennis Blanchard, 1851: 2C richteri Brenske, 1893: Himalaya stigma (Fabricius, 1798): 2A sticticoptera Blanchard, 1851: 2B Genus Leucopholis Dejean, 1833 crassa Brenske, 1893: 2C Genus Leucophorus Brenske, 1894 flabellatus Brenske, 1894: 2B Tribe MELOLONTHINI Leach, 1819 Genus Clypeolontha Li andYang, 1999 alboplagiata alboplagiata (Brenske, 1898): 2C Genus Cryptotrogus Kraatz, 1888 pajnii Mittal, 1979: 2A Genus Melolontha Fabricius, 1775 aeneicollis Bates, 1891: 2A cuprescens Blanchard, 1871: 2A, 2B flabellata Sharp, 1876: 2C furcicauda Ancey, 1881: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C guttigera Sharp, 1876: 2C, 2D indica Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B nepalensis (Blanchard, 1851): 2A virescens Brenske, 1896: 2A, 2C Genus Polyphylla Harris, 1841

485

Subgenus Gynexophylla Medvedev, 1951 edentula (Harold, 1878): 2B sikkimensis albosparsa Moser, 1919: 2A sikkimensis sikkimensis Brenske, 1896: 2B, 2C Tribe PACHYDEMINI Burmeister, 1855 Genus Kryzhanovskia Nikolajev and Kabakov, 1977 cashmirensis Keith, 2006: 2A Tribe RHIZOTROGINI Burmeister, 1855 Genus Asophrops Petrovitz, 1961 punjabensis (Arrow, 1948): 2B Genus Brachyllus Brenske, 1896 frontalis (Brenske, 1892): 2C sprecherae Keith, 2006: 2D ulcerosus Brenke, 1896: 2C Genus Brahmina Blanchard, 1851 Subgenus Brahmina Blanchard, 1851 cribricollis (Redtenbacher, 1842): 2A Genus Brahmina species incertae sedis adaequata Moser, 1910: 2C braeti Brenske, 1896: 2C cardoni Brenske, 1892: 2C carinifrons (Moser, 1913): 2C coriacea (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B crinicollis Burmeister, 1855: 2A, 2B cuprea Mittal and Pajni, 1977: 2B flabellata Brenske, 1892: 2C kurseongana Moser, 1924: 2C plagiatula Brenske, 1896: 2C rugosicollis Frey, 1971: 2B sikkimensis Brenske, 1892: 2C simlana Moser, 1913: 2A sulcifrons Moser, 1913: 2C tuberculifrons Moser, 1926: 2A Genus Chilotrogus Reitter, 1905 batillarius (Bates, 1891): 2A fabriziae Keith, 2007: 2C himachali (Mittal, 1988): 2A lahauli (Chandra, 1991): 1A stoliczkae (Sharp, 1878): 2A, 2B Genus Dasytrogus Reitter, 1902 Subgenus Leucotrogus Nikolajev, 2004 palpalis (Moser, 1924): 2A Genus Eotrichia Medvedev, 1951 biehli (Brenske, 1892): 2C braeti (Brenske, 1896): 2C cavifrons (Brenske, 1892): 2C frontalis (Brenske, 1892): 2C glabricollis (Brenske, 1896): 2C laticollis (Moser, 1921): 2C longipennis (Blanchard, 1851): 2A, 2B scrobiculata (Brenske, 1892): 2C sericina (Frey, 1971): 2C setosifrons (Khan and Ghai, 1982): 2A sikkimensis (Brenske, 1892): 2A, 2C staudingeri (Brenske, 1892): 2C Genus Glacilitarsus Matsumoto, 2014 clypealis (Brenske, 1896): 2C Genus Holochelus Reitter, 1889 Subgenus Pakistanotrogus Keith, 2006

486

puchneri Keith, 2006: 2A Genus Holotrichia Hope, 1837 anthracina Brenske, 1892: 2C consanguinea Blanchard, 1850: 2B dubiosa Frey, 1971: 2C dubitabilis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A impressa (Burmeister, 1855): 2C nagpurensis Khan and Ghai, 1982: 2B nigricollis Brenske, 1892: 2C nubiliventris (Bates, 1891): 2A obscura Brenske, 1892: 2C occipitalis (Bates, 1891): 2A ochrogaster (Bates, 1891): 2A ondulata Khan and Ghai, 1982: 2C problematica Brenske, 1899: 2A pulvinosa (Sharp, 1878: Himalaya semihirta Frey, 1971: 2C serrata (Fabricius, 1787): 2C seticollis Moser, 1913: 2C sikkimana Saylor, 1937: 2C Genus Miridiba Reitter, 1902 Subgenus Miridiba Reitter, 1902 brancuccii (Sabatinelli, 1983): 2C diversiceps (Moser, 1912): 2C imitatrix (Brenske, 1899): 2C newari (Sabatinelli and Migliaccio, 1982): 2C Genus Panotrogus Reitter, 1902 batillinus (Bates, 1891): 2A hirsutus (Moser, 1913): 2A, 2C inexpectatus Keith, 2001: 2A schmidti Keith, 2006: 2B Genus Pectinichelus Ballion, 1871 Subgenus Cryphaeobius Kraatz, 1882 simlanus (Moser, 1913): 2B Subgenus Pectinichelus Ballion, 1871 tuberculifrons (Moser, 1926): 2A Genus Pseudopanotrogus Petrovitz, 1969 donckieri (Brenske, 1892): 2A, 2C extrarius Keith, 2005: 2C kuluensis (Moser, 1919): 2A lassallei Keith, 2010: 2A pusillus (Arrow, 1921): 2A, 2B rosettae (Frey, 1971): 2B Genus Pseudosymmachia Dalla Torre, 1913 kashmirensis (Moser, 1915): 2A Genus Sophrops Fairmaire, 1887 cardoni (Brenske, 1892): 2C cotesi (Brenske, 1892): 2C defreinai Frey, 1973: 2B heteropyga (Moser, 1913): 2C himalayica (Brenske, 1892): 2C setosus (Brenske, 1892): 2C thoracicus (Brenske, 1892): 2C Tribe SCHIZONYCHINI Burmeister, 1855 Genus Idionycha Arrow, 1932 verticalis (Moser, 1915): 2A Genus Schizonycha Dejean, 1833 ruficollis (Fabricius,1781): 2A, 2B Tribe SERICINI Kirby, 1837


Genus Amiserica Nomura, 1974 breviflabellata Ahrens, 2004: 2C costulata (Frey, 1969): 2C flavolucida Ahrens, 2003: 2D hunliana Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2D longiflabellata Ahrens, 2004: 2C krausei Ahrens, 2004: 2B patibilis Ahrens, 2004: 2C recurva Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D sparsesetosa Ahrens, 1999: 2C, 2D Genus Autoserica Brenske, 1897 comosa Brenske, 1898: 2C umbilicata Brenske, 1898: 2C Genus Calloserica Brenske, 1894 bertiae Ahrens, 2000: 2C cambeforti Ahrens, 2000: 2C lachungensis Ahrens, 2000: 2C tigrina Brenske, 1894: 2C Genus Chrysoserica Brenske, 1897 angoris Ahrens, 2001: 2C auricoma (Brenske, 1896): 2C stebnickae Ahrens, 2001: 2A Genus Gynaecoserica Brenske, 1897 aniniensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2011: 2D annuliforceps Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D arunachalensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D bomdilana Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D cymosa (Brenske, 1896): 2C dirangensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D etalinensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2D exilis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D fulgida Arrow, 1946: 2C lubosi Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D marginipes (Brenske, 1896): 2C pellecta (Brenske, 1896): 2C perdita Ahrens, 2004: 2C singhikensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C tawangensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D tumba Ahrens, 2004: 2C variipennis variipennis (Moser, 1916): 2C vogleri Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D Genus Hemiserica Brenske, 1894 nasuta Brenske, 1894: 2B, 2C nasutella Ahrens, 2004: 2C Genus Lasioserica Brenske, 1896 bispinosa Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D braeti Brenske, 1896: 2C dekensis Ahrens, 1999: 2C maculata galadrielae Ahrens, 1996: 2C, 2D maculata maculata (Brenske, 1894): 2B nobilis (Brenske, 1894): 2C pilosella Brenske, 1896: 2C sikkimensis Ahrens, 1996: 2C smithi Ahrens, 2005: 2C soror Ahrens, 2004: 2C thoracica Brenske, 1898: 2C verschraegheni Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2C Genus Leuroserica Arrow, 1946 fulgida Arrow, 1946: 2C


stemmleri (Frey, 1975): 2D Genus Maladera Mulsant and Rey, 1871 Subgenus Cephaloserica Brenske, 1900 affinis (Blanchard, 1850): 2B cardoni (Brenske, 1896): 2B, 2C insanabilis (Brenske, 1894): 2A, 2B iridescens (Blanchard, 1850): 2A, 2B nagporeana (Brenske, 1898): 2A, 2B rufocuprea (Blanchard, 1850): 2B Subgenus Cycloserica Reitter, 1896 kerleyi Ahrens, 2004: 2C paraquinquidens Ahrens, 2004: 2C quinquidens (Brenske, 1896): 2B Subgenus Omaladera Reitter, 1896 dierli (Frey, 1969): 2B emmrichi Ahrens, 2004: 2B gardneri Ahrens, 2004: 2B himalayica himalayica (Brenske, 1896): 2C simlana (Brenske, 1898): 2A, 2B sprecherae Ahrens, 2004: 2D stevensi Ahrens, 2004: 2C Genus Maladera species incertae sedis allopruinosa (Ahrens, 1998): 2C bagmatiensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C basalis Moser, 1915: 2B bengalensis (Brenske, 1898): 2B bhutanensis (Frey, 1975): 2C conspicua Ahrens, 2004: 2C consularis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D duvivieri (Brenske, 1896): 2C ferruginea (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B festina (Brenske, 1898): 2C fumosa (Brenske, 1898): 2B gopaldharae Ahrens, 2004: 2C haldwaniensis Ahrens, 2004: 2B, 2C holzschuhi Ahrens, 2004: 2B hunliensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2D impubis Ahrens, 2004: 2C krali Ahrens, 2004: 2C lugubris (Brenske, 1896): 2B marginella (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C merkli Ahrens, 2004: 2B modestula (Brenske, 1902): 2C mussooriensis Ahrens, 2004: 2B opaca (Frey, 1975): 2C paris Ahrens, 2004: 2C pokharae Ahrens, 2004: 2B prenai Ahrens, 2004: 2C raptiensis Ahrens, 2004: 2B rufoplagiata (Fairmaire, 1893): 2C rustica (Brenske, 1896): 2B schenklingi (Moser, 1918): 2A schereri (Frey, 1975): 2C servitrita (Brenske, 1898): 2D sericella (Brenske, 1898): 2C sikkimensis (Brenske, 1898): 2C siniaevi Ahrens, 2004: 2C, 2D siwakiliana Ahrens, 2004: 2B spei Ahrens, 2004: 2C

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subspinosa (Brenske, 1898): 2B thomsoni (Brenske, 1894): 2A, 2B trichotibialis Ahrens, 2004: 2C tumida Ahrens, 2004: 2B uhligi Ahrens, 2004: 2C umbratica (Brenske, 1898): 2C Genus Microserica Brenske, 1894 affinis Arrow, 1946: 2D interrogator (Arrow, 1946): 2B lucens Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D marginata (Brenske, 1896): 2C myagdiana Ahrens, 1998: 2B pedongensis Ahrens, 1998: 2C pruinosa (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B roingensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2D truncata (Brenske, 1898): 2C viridicollis Arrow, 1913: 2C Genus Neoserica Brenske, 1894 arunachalana Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D crenatolineata Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D exoleta Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D incompta Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D inops Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D inspergata Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D lenangensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D pubiforceps Ahrens, 2004: 2C rutilans Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D Genus Nepaloserica Frey, 1965 barbara Ahrens and Sabatinelli, 1996: 2C brevipes Ahrens and Sabatinelli, 1996: 2C fabriziae Ahrens, 1999: 2C goomensis Ahrens, 1999: 2C Genus Oxyserica Brenske, 1900 darjeelingia (Brenske, 1898): 2C hellmichi (Frey, 1965): Himalaya kurseongana (Moser, 1915): 2C pygidialis pygidialis Brenske, 1900: 2B pygidialis annapurnae (Ahrens, 1995): Himalaya Genus Pachyserica Brenske, 1897 albosquamosa Brenske, 1898: 2B, 2C, 2D darjeelingensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C gracilis Ahrens, 2004: 2B himalayensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C jendeki Ahrens, 2004: 2C marmorata (Blanchard, 1850): 2B olafi Ahrens, 2004: 2C pellingensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C stabilis Ahrens, 2004: 2C Genus Serica Macleay, 1819 Subgenus Serica Macleay, 1819 almorae Ahrens, 1999: 2B angustatotibialis Ahrens, 1999: 2C assequens Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D eberti (Frey, 1965): 2B, 2C guidoi Ahrens, 1999: 2B, 2C khajiaris Mittal, 1988: 2A, 2B, 2D khasiana (Moser, 1918): 2B kumaonensis Ahrens, 1999: 2B lama Ahrens, 1999: 2C

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mureensis Ahrens, 1999: 2C narya Ahrens, 1999: 2C nebulosa Ahrens, 1999: 2C olivacea Brenske, 1896: 2C opaciclypealis Ahrens, 1999: 2C pigrans Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D ramosa Ahrens, 1999: 2B rectidens Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D ribbei Ahrens, 1999: 2C thibetana Brenske, 1897: 2A, 2B, 2C tongluana Ahrens, 1999: 2C tukucheana Ahrens, 1999: 2C Genus Serica (sensu lato) feresegregata Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2016: 2D Genus Serica species incertae sedis falcifera Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D palaea Ahrens, 2004: 2C pilumna Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D sticta Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D Genus Sericania Motschulsky, 1860 babaulti Ahrens, 2004: 2B costulata (Moser, 1915): 2B dubiosa Ahrens, 2004: 2A hazarensis Ahrens, 2004: Himalaya heinzi Ahrens, 2004: 2A kashmirensis (Moser, 1919): 1B pacis Ahrens, 2004: 2A piattellai Ahrens, 2004: 2A poonchensis Ahrens, 2004: 2A Genus Tetraserica Ahrens, 2004 brahmaputrae Ahrens, 2004: 2C, 2D crenatula Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D disoccupata Ahrens, 2004: 2C ferrugata (Blanchard, 1850): 2A, 2B hilaris Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D rungbongensis Ahrens, 2004: 2C schneideri Ahrens, 2004: 2C Genus Xenoserica Ahrens, 2005 pindarensis (Ahrens, 2000): 2B selaensis Ahrens and Fabrizi, 2009: 2D sindhensis (Ahrens, 2000): 2A Subfamily RUTELINAE Macleay, 1819 Tribe ADORETINI Burmeister, 1844 Genus Adoretus Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Adoretus Dejean, 1833 bicolor Brenske,1893: 2C bimarginatus Ohaus, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C caliginosus Burmeister, 1844: 2A, 2C duvauceli Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2C horticola Arrow, 1917: 2B incurvatus Ohaus, 1914: 2A ladakanus ladakanus Ohaus, 1914 : 1B lasiopygus Burmeister, 1855: 2A, 2B, 2C limbatus Blanchard, 1851: 2A lithobius Ohaus, 1914 : 2A, 2B pallens Blanchard, 1851: 2A progrediens Ohaus, 1914: Himalaya posticalis Arrow, 1917: 2C serratipes Arrow, 1914: 2C


simplex Sharp, 1878: 2A stoliczkae Ohaus, 1914: 1B versutus Harold, 1869 : 2B Subgenus Chaetadoretus Ohaus, 1914 costopilosus Ohaus, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C lasius Ohaus, 1914: 2C Genus Adoretus species incertae sedis rugosus Arrow, 1914: 2A, 2B Subtribe ADORRHINYPTIINA Arrow, 1917 Genus Adorrhinyptia Arrow, 1917 dorsalis (Burmeister, 1855): 2C ruficollis (Kraatz, 1895): 2C Subtribe PACHYRHINADORETINA Ohaus, 1912 Genus Pachyrhinadoretus Ohaus, 1912 frontatus (Burmeister, 1855): 2A Tribe ANOMALINI Streubel, 1839 Subtribe ANISOPLIINA Burmeister, 1844 Genus Rhinyptia Burmeister, 1844 Subgenus Rhinyptia Burmeister, 1844 indica Burmeister, 1844: 2C suturalis Kraatz, 1895: 2A meridionalis Arrow, 1911: 2B Genus Tropiorhynchus Blanchard, 1851 orientis (Newman, 1838): 2A, 2C podagricus (Burmeister, 1844): 2A Subtribe ANOMALINA Streubel, 1839 Genus Adoretosoma Blanchard, 1851 bruschii Sabatinelli, 1991: 2C elegans Blanchard, 1851: 2C fulviventre Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C galerucina (Arrow, 1917): 2C signaticolle (Nonfried, 1893): 1C, 2C, 2D singhikense (Kacker, 1972): 2C Genus Anomala Samouelle, 1819 aegrota Arrow, 1917: 2C agilis Arrow, 1917: 2C angusta Arrow, 1912: 2C anthracina Arrow, 1912: 2C bella Arrow, 1917: 2C, 2D bengalensis Blanchard, 1851: 2A biharensis Arrow, 1917: 2B bilobata Arrow, 1912: 2C bilunata Fairmaire, 1888: 2C brachypus Bates, 1891: 2A cantori (Hope, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chlorosoma Arrow, 1917: 2A cinderella Arrow, 1917: 2C clerica Arrow, 1917: 2C chloropus Arrow, 1917: 2D comma Arrow, 1917: 2A, 2C corvina Arrow, 1913: 2C dimidiata barbata Burmeister, 1855: 2A, 2B dimidiata dimidiata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dorsalis (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C euops Arrow, 1917: 2B filigera Ohaus, 1933: 2C flaviventris Arrow, 1912: 2C flavofasciata Arrow, 1912: 2C flavonotata Arrow, 1912: 2C


flavopicta Arrow, 1912: 2C grandis (Hope, 1839): 2C lineatopennis Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C marginipennis Arrow, 1912: 2C nainitalii Shah, 1983: 2B pellucida Arrow, 1911: 2A, 2B perplexa perplexa (Hope, 1839):1C, 2C, 2D platypyga Fairmaire, 1893: 2C polita Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2B pontualei Sabatinelli, 1997: 2C propinqua Arrow, 1912: 2B, 2C pyroscelis (Hope,1841): 2C ruficapilla Burmeister, 1855: 2B rufiventris Redtenbacher, 1844: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rugosa Arrow, 1899: 2A, 2B, 2C singularis Arrow, 1917: 2A spiloptera Burmeister, 1855: 2C testacea Hope, 1831: 2B tristis Arrow, 1917: 2B, 2C trochanterica Arrow, 1917: 2C, 2D varicolor (Gyllenthal, 1817): 2A, 2B, 2C varians (Olivier, 1789): 2C variegata Hope, 1831: 2C variivestis Arrow, 1917: 2D viridilatera Arrow, 1917: 2C xanthoptera Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Callistethus Blanchard, 1851 amphilissus (Arrow, 1917): 2A auronitens (Hope, 1835): 2A, 2B, 2C pterygophorus (Ohaus, 1903): 2C stoliczkae (Sharp, 1873): 2A, 2B, 2C tumidicauda tumidicauda (Arrow, 1912): 2C, 2D xanthonotus (Arrow, 1917): 2A Genus Mimela Kirby, 1823 bicolor Hope, 1836: 2C, 2D dehaani (Hope, 1839): 2C flavomarginata Ohaus, 1915: 2C fulgidivittata Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2C, 2D glabra Hope, 1842: 2C heterochropus heterochropus Blanchard, 1851: 2C, 2D horsfieldii Hope, 1836: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laevigata Arrow, 1908: 2C marginalis Arrow, 1908: 1C, 2B, 2C ohausi Arrow,1908: 2C passerinii passerinii Hope, 1842: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pectoralis Blanchard, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C princeps Hope, 1842: 1C, 2C pusilla Arrow, 1917: 2B rugicauda Arrow, 1917: 2C schneideri Ohaus, 1905: 2C sericea Ohaus, 1905: 2C siliguria (Arrow, 1917): 2B, 2C vernicata (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C vittaticollis Burmeister, 1855: 2C werneri Sabatinelli, 1997: 2B, 2C Genus Pseudosinghala Heller, 1891 transversa (Burmeister, 1855): 2C Genus Trichanomala Arrow, 1917 fimbriata (Newman,1838): 2B, 2C

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Subtribe POPILLIINA Ohaus, 1918 Genus Callistopopillia Ohaus, 1903 iris (Candeze, 1869): 1B, 2B, 2C lurida Arrow, 1917: Himalaya Genus Dactylopopillia Arrow, 1917 virescens (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C Genus Ischnopopillia Kraatz, 1892 chalconota (Machatschke, 1975): 2C erythroptera erythroptera Kraatz, 1892: 2C festiva (Arrow, 1917): 2C lateralis (Hope, 1831): 2C moorei Kraatz, 1892: 2A, 2B pusilla (Arrow, 1912): 2C Genus Popillia Dejean, 1821 acuta (Newman, 1838): 2A clypealis Ohaus, 1897: 2A, 2B cupricollis Hope, 1831: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cyanea Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C feae Kraatz, 1892: 2C, 2D gemma Newman, 1839: 2C impressipyga Ohaus, 1897: 2C laevicollis Kraatz, 1892: 2B, 2C lasiopyga Lin, 1987 : 2C lucida Newman, 1838: 2B macclellandi Hope, 1845: 2A, 2C, 2D marginicollis Hope, 1831: 2B, 2C minuta Hope, 1831: 2C nitida Hope, 1831: 2C nottrotti Kraatz, 1892: 2B, 2C, 2D pilicollis Kraatz, 1892: 2B, 2C pilosa Arrow, 1913: 2A, 2B puncticollis Kraatz, 1897: 2C semicuprea Kraatz, 1892: 2C sikkimensis Lin, 1987: 2C simlana Arrow, 1913: 2A sulcata Redtenbacher, 1848: 2A, 2B Genus Spilopopillia Kraatz, 1892 sexguttata (Fairmaire, 1887): 2C Tribe RUTELINI Macleay, 1819 Genus Cyphelytra Waterhouse, 1875 ochracea Waterhouse, 1875: 2C Genus Parastasia Westwood, 1842 akebono Wada, 2015: 2D alternata Arrow, 1899: 2C indica Ohaus, 1898: 2C rufopicta Westwood, 1842: 2C Genus Peperonota Westwood, 1847 harringtoni Westwood, 1847: 2C Genus Pukupuku Muramoto, 2006 arunachalensis Gupta, Chandra and Bezdek, 2017: 2D Subfamily DYNASTINAE Macleay, 1819 Tribe CYCLOCEPHALINI Laporte, 1840 Genus Peltonotus Burmeister, 1847 morio Burmeister, 1847: 2B, 2C Tribe DYNASTINI Macleay, 1819 Genus Eupatorus Burmeister, 1847 hardwickii (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Trypoxylus Minck, 1920 dichotomus dichotomus (Linnaeus, 1771): 2C

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Genus Xylotrupes Hope, 1837 gideon (Linnaeus, 1767): 2A, 2B, 2C mniszechii mniszechii Thomson, 1859: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe ORYCTINI Mulsant, 1842 Genus Oryctes Illiger, 1798 Subgenus Oryctes Hellwig, 1798 nasicornis nasicornis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B nasicornis illigeri Minck, 1915: 2A, 2B Subgenus Rykanes Minck, 1919 rhinoceros Linnaeus, 1758: 2D Genus Trichogomphus Burmeister, 1847 martabani Guerin-Meneville, 1834: 2C Tribe PENTODONTINI Mulsant, 1842 Genus Alissonotum Arrow, 1908 binodulum (Fairmaire,1891): 1A, 2A, 2D crassum Arrow, 1908: 2B elongatum Arrow, 1910: 2D impressicolle Arrow, 1908: 2C piceum (Fabricius, 1775): 2C simile Arrow 1910: 2A, 2C Genus Heteronychus Dejean, 1833 annulatus Bates,1891: 2A, 2B lioderes Redtenbacher, 1868: 2A, 2B, 2C sublaevis (Fairmaire,1893): 2A, 2B Genus Pentodon Hope, 1837 bidens bidens (Pallas, 1771): 2A Genus Phyllognathus Eschscholtz, 1830 dionysius (Fabricius, 1792): 2A, 2C Tribe Phileurini Burmeister, 1847 Genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 Subgenus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 assamensis Fairmaire, 1898: 2C himalayanus Endrödi, 1976: 2C montanus Prell, 1913: 2C perforatus Arrow, 1908: 2A planatus (Wiedemann,1823): 2B, 2C, 2D platypterus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B, 2C Subfamily CETONIINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe CETONIINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe CETONIINA Leach, 1815 Genus Anatona Burmeister, 1842 castanoptera (Burmeister, 1842): 2A, 2C, 2D stillata (Newman, 1838): 2A, 2B Genus Cetonia Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Indocetonia Mikšić, 1965 bensoni (Westwood, 1849): 2A, 2B rhododendri Gestro, 1891: 2B, 2C rutilans (Janson, 1881): 2C wrzecionkoi Krajčík, 2008: 2C, 2D Genus Gametis Burmeister, 1842 andrewsi (Janson, 1901): 2C histrio (Olivier, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D jucunda (Faldermann, 1835): 2A, 2B, 2C versicolor (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B Genus Glycosia Schoch, 1896 luctifera dureli Pouillaude, 1914: 2C luctifera luctifera Fairmaire, 1878: 2C tricolor (Olivier, 1789): 2C Genus Chiloloba Burmeister, 1842


acuta (Wiedemann, 1823): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842 Subgenus Caloglycyphana Mikšić, 1968 catena catena Arrow, 1910: 2C Subgenus Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842 horsfieldi (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Glycyphaniola Mikšić, 1968 nepalensis Kraatz, 1894: 2A, 2C tonkinensis Moser, 1914: 2C Genus Glycyphana species incertae sedis minima Bates, 1891: 2A Genus Protaetia Burmeister, 1842 Subgenus Liocola Thomson, 1859 auripes Hope, 1831: 2C himalayana Mikšić, 1987: Himalaya Subgenus Macroliocola Alexis and Delpont, 1998 montana Nonfried, 1892: 2C Subgenus Macroprotaetia Mikšić, 1965 gestroi Miksic, 1970: 2C Subgenus Pachyprotaetia Mikšić, 1965 confusa (Gory and Percheron , 1833): 2B Subgenus Potosia Mulsant and Rey, 1871 impavida (Janson, 1879): 1A, 2A indica Miksic, 1965: 2A neglecta (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subgenus Eumimimetica Kraatz, 1881 terrosa (Gory and Percheron , 1833): 2C Subgenus Protaetia Burmeister, 1842 cariana cariana (Gestro, 1891): 2C, 2D coenosa (Westwood, 1849): 2A, 2B fusca (Herbst, 1790): 2A, 2C rana Arrow, 1910: 2C Subgenus Protaetiola Mikšić, 1963 caudata Arrow, 1910: 2C Subgenus Pseudonetocia Medvedev, 1964 kulabensis (Reitter, 1899): 2A Subgenus Indoprotaetia Mikšić, 1968 alboguttata (Vigors, 1826): 2B, 2C wiebesi Miksic, 1966: 2C Genus Protaetia, species incertae sedis flavoguttata Redtenbacher, 1844 : 2A Subtribe LEUCOCELINA Kraatz, 1882 Genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842 gronbechi Petrovitz, 1955: 2A Tribe CREMASTOCHEILINI Burmeister and Schaum, 1841 Subtribe COENOCHILINA Burmeister, 1842 Genus Coenochilus Schaum, 1841 arrowi Schein, 1954: 2B campbelli, Saunders, 1841: 2C curtipes Westwood, 1874: 2D Subtribe CREMASTOCHEILINA Burmeister and Schaum, 1841 Genus Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1858 pusilla Arrow, 1910: 2C Subtribe MACROMINA Burmeister and Schaum, 1840 Genus Campsiura Hope, 1831 Subgenus Campsiura Hope, 1831 melanopus (Schaum ,1841): 2C xanthorrhina Hope, 1831: 2C


Subgenus Eucampsiura Mikšić, 1987 javanica Gory and Percheron, 1833: 2C nigripennis nigripennis Schaum, 1841: 2C Tribe DIPLOGNATHINI Burmeister, 1842 Genus Anthracophora Burmeister, 1842 crucifera (Olivier, 1789): 2B, 2C dalmanni (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Tribe GOLIATHINI Latreille, 1829 Subtribe CORYPHOCERINA Burmeister, 1842 Genus Dicheros Gory and Percheron, 1833 Subgenus Hemicoryphocera Mikšić, 1974 childreni Westwood, 1842: 2C Genus Diphyllomorpha Hope, 1843 glaberrima (Westwood, 1842): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C olivacea subopaca Arrow, 1907: 2C parryi (Westwood, 1842): 1C, 2C Genus Euchloropus Arrow, 1907 laetus (Fabricius, 1801): 2C Genus Hemiheterorrhina Mikšić, 1974 dispar (Arrow, 1907): 2C, 2D mutabilis (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B Genus Heterorhina Westwood, 1842 Subgenus Heterorhina Westwood, 1842 coxalis Blanchard, 1850: 2B nigritarsis nigritarsis (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B obesa obesa Janson, 1884: 2B, 2C punctatissima Westwood, 1842: 2C, 2D tibialis Westwood, 1842: 2C Subgenus Heterorrhiniolla Mikšić, 1974 amoena (Hope, 1841): 2C porphyretica Westwood, 1849: 2A Genus Heterorhina species incertae sedis elegans (Fabricius, 1781): 2B Genus Jumnos Saunders, 1839 roylei (Hope, 1839): 2A ruckeri ruckeri Saunders, 1839: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Rhomborrhina Hope, 1837 Subgenus Pseudorhomborrhina Mikšić, 1956 yunnana Moser, 1907: 2C Subgenus Rhomborhina Hope, 1837 mellyi mellyi Gory and Percheron, 1833: 2C microcephala Westwood, 1842: 2C resplendens heros (Gory and Percheron, 1833): 1C, 2C Genus Torynorrhina Arrow, 1907 apicalis (Westwood, 1842): 2C distincta (Hope, 1841): 2C flammea (Gestro, 1888): 2D hyacinthina (Hope, 1841): 2A, 2C opalina (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Trigonophorus Hope, 1831 Subgenus Trigonophorus Hope, 1831 gracilipes Westwood, 1845: 2C nepalensis Hope, 1831: 2C, 2D saundersi Westwood, 1842: 2C scintillans Arrow, 1910: 2C Subtribe DICRONOCEPHALINA Krikken, 1984 Genus Dicronocephalus Hope, 1831 bieti Pouil, 1914: 2C wallichi Hope, 1831: 2C

491

Tribe GYMNETINI Kirby, 1827 Subtribe GYMNETINA Kirby, 1827 Genus Clinteria Burmeister, 1842 arunachala Chatterjee and Saha, 1981: 2D confinis pseudoconfinis Schürhoff, 1942: 2A, 2B, 2C ducalis ducalis White, 1856: 2A, 2B, 2C spuria Burmeister, 1847: 2A hoffmeisteri White, 1847: 2C, 2D pumila (Swartz, 1817): 2C klugi klugi (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C spilota (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe PHAEDIMINI Schoch, 1894 Genus Philistina Macleay, 1838 Subgenus Cephalocosmus Kraatz, 1895 microphylla Wood-Mason, 1881: 2C Subgenus Demba Jákl, 2016 arunachalensis Jákl, 2016: 2D Tribe SCHIZORHININI Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe LOMAPTERINA Burmeister, 1842 Genus Agestrata Eschscholtz, 1829 orichalca orichalca (Linnaeus, 1769): 2C, 2D Genus Thaumastopeus Kraatz, 1885 nigritus (Fröhlich, 1792): 2A, 2C Tribe TAENIODERINI Mikšić, 1976 Subtribe CHALCOTHEINA Mikšić, 1976 Genus Clerota Burmeister, 1842 bourgoini Valck-Lucassen, 1931: 2C shiva Valck-Lucassen, 1931: 2C Subtribe TAENIODERINA Mikšić, 1976 Genus Bombodes Westwood, 1848 westwoodi Thomson, 1857: 2C Genus Coilodera Hope, 1831 mearesii (Westwood, 1842): 2C penicillata penicillata (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Euselates Thomson, 1880 Subgenus Euselates Thomson, 1880 antennatus (Wallace, 1868): 2C jansoni (Arrow, 1910): 2C perraudieri (Fairmaire, 1893): 2C quadrilineatus (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D virgata (Janson, 1892): 2C, 2D Genus Macronotops Krikken, 1977 sexmaculatus (Kraatz, 1894): 2C Genus Taeniodera Burmeister, 1842 batillifera (Bourgoin, 1914): 2C crucicollis Lansberge, 1887: 2C indica Janson, 1909: 2C nigricollis (Janson, 1881): 2C, 2D oberthueri Lansberge, 1887: 2C, 2D Tribe TRICHIINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe TRICHIINA Fleming, 1821 Genus Indotrichius Krikken, 2009 sikkimensis (Krajčík, 2008): 2C Genus Paratrichius Janson, 1881 rubrodecoratus Tesar, 1952: 2C Tribe VALGINI Mulsant, 1842 Genus Dasyvalgus Kolbe, 1904 carbonarius Arrow, 1910: 2C, 2D grandis Pic, 1928: 2C, 2D

492

penicillatus (Blanchard, 1850): 2A proximus Ricchiardi, 1994: 2C, 2D sabatinellii Ricchiardi, 1994: 2C, 2D Genus Indovalgus Ricchiardi, 2013 podicalis (Blanchard, 1850): 2B Genus Neovalgus Miyake, 1985 assamensis Krajčík, 2011: 2D Genus Oreoderus Burmeister, 1842 bhutanus Arrow, 1910: 2C crassipes Arrow, 1944: 2B sikkimensis Ricchiardi, 2001: 2C Series SCIRTIFORMIA Fleming, 1821 Superfamily SCIRTOIDEA Fleming, 1821 Family SCIRTIDAE Fleming, 1821 Subfamily SCIRTINAE Fleming, 1821 Genus Contacyphon Gozis, 1886 fasciatus (Pic, 1931): 2A litigiosus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C rotundulus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C suspiciosus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C Genus Dermestocyphon Pic, 1918 Subgenus Himacyphon Ruta, Yoshitomi and Klausnitzer, 2013 optatus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2B, 2C Subgenus Oreocyphon Klausnitzer, 2008 honorus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2B, 2C umbratilis (Klausnitzer, 1976): 2C Genus Elodes Latreille, 1797 burmensis (Klausnitzer, 1974): 2C, 2D cognatus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2A indubius (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C longiusculus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C rufotestaceus (Klausnitzer, 1976): 2C sororum Pic, 1918: 2C Genus Exochomoscirtes Pic, 1916 arunachalensis Ruta and Yoshitomi, 2010: 2D bezdeki Ruta and Yoshitomi, 2010 : 2D herthae Klausnitzer, 2010: 2D holgerdathei Klausnitzer, 2010: 2D Genus Hydrocyphon Redtenbacher, 1858 alticola (Klausnitzer, 1976): 2C amaurus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C, 2D celatus Klausnitzer, 1980: 2A dubius (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C sieberi (Klausnitzer, 2010): 2C subinterrogationis Klausnitzer, 2012: 2C Genus Odeles Klausnitzer, 2004 nigrovittata (Bourgeois, 1896): 2A wittmeri (Klausnitzer, 1976): 2A, 2C Genus Sacodes LeConte, 1854 cognata (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2A Genus Scirtes Illiger, 1807 biinterruptus Pic, 1918: 2C Genus Ypsiloncyphon Klausnitzer, 2009 minutulus (Klausnitzer, 1980): 2C serratus Klausnitzer, 2015: 2D zimmermanni Klausnitzer, 2015: 2D Family CLAMBIDAE Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Subfamily CLAMBINAE Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Genus Clambus Fischer von Waldheim, 1821


bengalensis Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2C crinitus Endrödy-Younga, 1978: 2B croceus Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2B formosanus indicus Endrödy-Younga,1978: 2B kumaonis Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2B mus Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2C ruber Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2B, 2C wittmeri Endrödy-Younga, 1986: 2B, 2C Series ELATERIFORMIA Crowson, 1960 Superfamily DASCILLOIDEA Guérin-Méneville, 1843 Family DASCILLIDAE Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Subfamily DASCILLINAE Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Tribe DASCILLINI Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Genus Dascillus Latreille, 1797 compressus Ślipiński and Pang, 2013: 2C costatus Pic, 1927: 2B, 2C pallidofemoratus Pic, 1911: 2B, 2C russus Jin, Ślipiński and Pang, 2013: 2D vittatus (Pic, 1914): 2C Genus Petalon Schönherr, 1833 bengalensis (Pic, 1911): 2B, 2C fulvulus (Wiedemann, 1819): 2B indicus (Guérin-Méneville, 1861): Himalaya Superfamily BUPRESTOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family BUPRESTIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily JULODINAE Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Sternocera Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Sternocera Eschscholtz, 1829 aurosignata Thomson, 1878: 2C chrysis (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C dasypleuros Kollar, 1844: 2A Subfamily POLYCESTINAE Lacordaire, 1857 Tribe ACMAEODERINI Kerremans, 1893 Genus Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Acmaeotethya Eschscholtz, 1829 uvarovi Obenberger, 1928: 2A Subgenus Cobosiella Volkovitsh, 1979 holynskii Volkovitsh, 2011: 2B stictipennis Laporte and Gory, 1835: 2B Subgenus Lisposcelis Volkovitsh, 1979 jakobsoni Obenberger, 1928: 2A Subgenus Paracmaeodera Volkovitsh, 1979 aurifera aurifera Laporte and Gory, 1835: 2B aurifera siwalika Hołyński, 1993: 2B Genus Microacmaeodera Cobos, 1966 Subgenus Microacmaeodera Cobos, 1966 longicornnis Cobos, 1966: 2A wittmeri Volkovitsh, 1986: 2A Subfamily CHRYSOCHROINAE Laporte, 1835 Tribe CHRYSOCHROINI Laporte, 1835 Genus Agelia Laporte and Gory, 1835 Subgenus Agelia Laporte and Gory, 1835 pectinicornis (Laporte and Gory, 1835): 2B, 2C Genus Catoxantha Dejean, 1833 gigantea (Schaller, 1783): 2C Genus Chrysochroa Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Chooxantha Hołyński, 2009 edwardsii Hope, 1843: 2C Subgenus Chrysochroa Dejean, 1833


rajah assamensis Guérin-Méneville, 1847: 2C unidentata (Fabricius, 1775): 2C, 2D Subgenus Chrysoxantha Hołyński, 2009 buqueti (Gory, 1833): 2C Genus Demochroa White, 1859 Subgenus Demoxantha Hołyński, 2009 gratiosa indica Csiki, 1900: 2C Genus Philocteanus Deyrolle, 1864 buphthalmus Thomson, 1878: 2C plutus (Laporte and Gory, 1835): 2D rubroaureus (De Geer, 1778): 2D Genus Xanthocata Kubáň, 2016 bonvouloirii (Deyrolle, 1861): 2C Tribe DICERCINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Capnodis Eschscholtz, 1829 indica Thomson, 1879: 2A, 2B miliaris metallica Ballion, 1871: 2A parumstriata Ballion, 1871: Himalaya sexmaculata Ballion, 1871: 2A tenebricosa bucharica Obenberger, 1945: 2A Genus Cardiaspis Saunders, 1866 mouhotii Saunders, 1866: 2C Genus Lampetis Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Spinthoptera Casey, 1909 affinis Saunders, 1866: 2C fastuosa (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2C orientalis (Laporte and Gory, 1836): 2C viridicuprea (Saunders, 1866): 2D Tribe POECILONOTINI Jakobson, 1913 Genus Lamprodila Motschulsky, 1860 Subgenus Palmar Schaefer, 1949 assamensis (Stebbing, 1914): 2D magnifica (Kerremans, 1892): 2C, 2D subcoerulea (Kerremans, 1895): 2C Tribe SPHENOPTERINI Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Sphenoptera Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Deudora Jakovlev, 1899 Subgenus Chilostetha Jakovlev, 1889 sikha Obenberger, 1926: Himalaya Subgenus Deudora Jakovlev, 1899 splichali Obenberger, 1914: Himalaya Subgenus Hoplistura Jakovlev, 1889 beesoni Obenberger, 1926: 2B crebepunctata Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya cyaniceps Kerremans, 1890: Himalaya kerremansi Jakovlev, 1901: Himalaya krisna Obenberger, 1926: Himalaya lineifrons Kerremans, 1892: 2A punjabensis Obenberger, 1926: Himalaya Subgenus Sphenoptera Dejean, 1833 jacobsonorum Kalashian and Volkovitsh, 2009: 2A Subgenus Tropeopeltis Jakovlev, 1902 andamanensis Waterhouse, 1877: 2C aterrima Kerremans, 1914: 2A deobani Obenberger, 1926: 2B dichrosoma Obenberger, 1926: Himalaya himalayensis Théry, 1910: 2A hypsibata Obenberger, 1927: 2A konbirensis Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya

493

lafertei lafertei Thomson, 1878: 2A, 2B mediocris Kerremans, 1893: Himalaya nigrescens Thomson, 1878: Himalaya Subfamily BUPRESTINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe ACTENODINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Belionota Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Belionota Eschscholtz, 1829 prasina (Thunberg, 1789): 2C Tribe ANTHAXIINI Gory and Laporte, 1839 Genus Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 baconis Thomson, 1879: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cashmirensis Obenberger, 1938: 2A combusta Obenberger, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C hypsigenia Obenberger, 1938: 2A, 2B, 2C setipennis Obenberger, 1928: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Haplanthaxia Reitter, 1911 auricollis Kerremans, 1903: 2A, 2B, 2C collaris Kerremans, 1893: 2A, 2B holynskii Bílý, 1990: 2B kaszabi Cobos, 1966: 2B morosa Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya osmastoni Stebbing, 1911: 2A, 2B robusticornis Bílý, 1990: 2B rudis Kerremans, 1893: 2B vicesimatetria Bílý, 2015: 2C Subgenus Melanthaxia Richter, 1949 aeneopicea Kerremans, 1900: 2A malickyi Obenberger, 1925: 2A Subgenus Merocratus Bílý, 1989 bellissima Bílý, 1990: 2C Subgenus Thailandia Bílý, 1990 capitata Kerremans, 1892: 2B phyllanthi Obenberger, 1956: 2B Tribe BUPRESTINI Leach, 1815 Genus Buprestis Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Akiyamaia Kurosawa, 1988 costipennis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A, 2B Subgenus Ancylocheira Eschscholtz, 1829 decemspilota Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe CHRYSOBOTHRINI Gory and Laporte, 1938 Genus Chrysobothris Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Chrysobothris Eschscholtz, 1829 andamana Kerremans, 1891: 2B brahma Obenberger, 1917: Himalaya cashmirensis Obenberger, 1934: 2A, 2C chrysostigma chrysostigma (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A dudichi Gebhardt, 1926: 2D femorata (Olivier, 1790): 2A felixi Gebhardt, 1926: 2D horvathi Gebhardt, 1926: 2D indica Laporte and Gory, 1837: 2B, 2C kucerai Barries, 2008: 2B parvipunctata Obenberger, 1914: 2B quadraticollis Kerremans, 1892: 2C sapphirina (Swartz, 1817): Himalaya sexnotata Gory, 1841: 2B, 2C violacea Kerremans, 1892: 2D znojkoi Semenov and Richter, 1934: 2A

494

Tribe COOMANIELLINI Bílý, 1974 Genus Coomaniella Bourgoin, 1924 Subgenus Coomaniella Bourgoin, 1924 purpurascens Baudon, 1966: 2C Tribe MELANOPHILINI Bedel, 1921 Genus Melanophila Eschscholtz, 1829 acuminata (De Geer, 1774): 2A ignicola Champion, 1918: 2B Genus Trachypteris Kirby, 1837 picta indica (Théry, 1930): 2B picta picta (Pallas, 1773): 2A Tribe THOMASSETIINI Bellamy, 1987 Subtribe PHILANTHAXIINA Hołyński, 1988 Genus Philanthaxia Deyrolle, 1864 reticulata Bily, 1997: 2B Subfamily AGRILINAE Laporte, 1835 Tribe AGRILINI Laporte, 1835 Subtribe AGRILINA Laporte, 1835 Genus Agrilus Curtis, 1825 alpenae Baudon, 1968: 2D ambiguous Kerremans, 1895: 2C babaulti Théry, 1930: 2A bifoveolatus Kerremans, 1895: 2C, 2D caligans Bourgoin, 1925: 2A, 2B cyaneoniger Saunders, 1873: 2A darjiling Jendek, 2001: 2C decoloratus Kerremans, 1892: 2A, 2B, 2D dionides Thomson, 1879: 2A discalis Saunders, 1873: 2A ethlius Gory, 1841: 2A, 2B fusciapex Jendek, 2011: 2D jaminae Baudon, 1968: 2D lafertei Kerremans, 1892: 2D lineatomaculatus Jendek, 1994: 2C, 2D lukesi Obenberger, 1936: 2C malloti Théry, 1930: 2B monogrammus Thomson, 1879: 2A, 2B morio Kerremans, 1895: 2C nepalensis Tôyama, 1988: 2C, 2D niveoguttatus Kerremans, 1892: 2B, 2C, 2D odetteae Baudon, 1968: 2D proteus Abeille de Perrin, 1893: 2A rougeoti Descarpentries and Villiers, 1963: 2B sikkimensis Obenberger, 1928: 2C spectabilis Kerremans, 1895: 2C, 2D Genus Sambus Deyrolle, 1864 chalcosomus Thomson, 1879: 2C deyrollei Thomson, 1878: 2C femoralis Kerremans, 1892: 2C fulgidicollis Kerremans, 1900: 2C gibbicollis Kerremans, 1892: 2C gmelinae Théry, 1930: 2B melanoderus Kerremans, 1892: 2A, 2B, 2C nickerli Obenberger, 1924: 2B prainae Hauser, 1900: 2C Tribe APHANISTICINI Jacquelin du Val, 1859 Subtribe APHANISTICINA Jacquelin du Val, 1859 Genus Aphanisticus Latreille, 1810 aureocupreus (Kerremans, 1892): 2C


metallescens Kerremans, 1892: 2C obsoletulus Obenberger, 1918: 2B perraudierei van de Pool, 1892: 2B Genus Endelus Deyrolle, 1864 Subgenus Endelus Deyrolle, 1864 himalayanus Bílý, 1983: 2C nepalensis Bílý, 1983: 2C wittmeri Bílý, 1983: 2C Subtribe CYLINDROMORPHINA Portevin, 1931 Genus Paracylindromorphus Théry, 1930 assamensis Obenberger, 1947: Himalaya bodongi (Kerremans, 1914): 2A cashmirensis Obenberger, 1935: 2A simlaicus (Obenberger, 1924): 2A Tribe CORAEBINI Bedel, 1921 Subtribe AMORPHOSOMATINA Majer, 2000 Genus Amorphosoma Laporte, 1835 afghanicum (Alexeev and Volkovitsh, 1992): 2C bispinosum (Wiedemann, 1823): 2C himalayanum (Obenberger, 1958): 2B pectorale Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya Genus Coroebina Obenberger, 1923 beatricis Obenberger, 1944: Himalaya chloropicta (Kerremans, 1892): 2B gentilis (Kerremans, 1890): 2B gongis (Gory, 1841): Himalaya kashmirensis Obenberger, 1934: Himalaya specialis Obenberger, 1934: Himalaya Subtribe CORAEBINA Bedel, 1921 Genus Coraebus Gory and Laporte, 1839 aeneopictus (Kerremans, 1895): 2C aurofasciatus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C cingulatus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C coeruleus Kerremans, 1892: 2C. 2D conspicuus Thomson, 1878: 2C gestroi Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya hastanus Gory and Laporte, 1839: 2C mirus Kubáň, 1996: 2C olexai Bílý, 1983: 2C pseudopurpura Kubáň, 1997: 2C quadriundulatus Motschulsky, 1866: 2A sauteri Kerremans, 1912: 2C semipurpureus Fairmaire, 1889: 2C sidae sidae Kerremans, 1888: 2C spectabilis Bílý, 1983: 2C violaceipennis Saunders, 1866: 2C Genus Mundaria Kerremans, 1894 typica Kerremans, 1894: 2C Subtribe MELIBOEINA Majer, 2000 Genus Meliboeus Deyrolle, 1864 Subgenus Meliboeus Deyrolle, 1864 annon (Gory, 1841): 2C babaulti Théry, 1930: 2A chrysomelinus Kerremans, 1892: 2C coraeboides (Kerremans, 1892): 2C cyaneus (Ballion, 1870): 2A helferi Obenberger, 1922: 2C indicola Kerremans, 1892: 2C indignus Obenberger, 1931: 2C


minutus Kerremans, 1893: 2C nickerli Obenberger, 1922: Himalaya semenovi Obenberger, 1931: 2C sikkimensis Obenberger, 1922: 2C Subtribe TOXOSCELINA Majer, 2000 Genus Cryptodactylus Deyrolle, 1864 cyaneoniger Kerremans, 1892: 2C Genus Indiadactylus Bellamy, 1992 indicus (Obenberger, 1924): 2B nigricans (Kerremans, 1890): 2C Genus Polyonychus Chevrolat, 1838 mucidus Chevrolat, 1838: 2A Tribe TRACHEINI Laporte, 1835 Subtribe PACHYSCHELINA Böving and Craighead, 1931 Genus Pachyschelus Solier, 1833 brancuccii Bílý, 1983: 2C Subtribe TRACHYINA Laporte, 1835 Genus Habroloma Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Parahabroloma Kurosawa, 1959 aeneocupreum (Kerremans, 1890): 2C anchiale (Obenberger, 1929): 2C integrum (Kerremans, 1892): Himalaya tecmessa (Obenberger, 1929): 2C Genus Trachys Fabricius, 1801 althaea Obenberger, 1929: 2C andrewesi Kerremans, 1893: 2C asiaticus Kerremans, 1900: 2A astarte Obenberger, 1929: 2C atrus Kerremans, 1893: 2C commixtus Thomson, 1879: 2B curia Obenberger, 1929: 2C danae Obenberger, 1929: 2C excavatus Kerremans, 1893: 2C fallax Kerremans, 1893: 2C flaviceps Kerremans, 1892: Himalaya ida Obenberger, 1929: Himalaya ine Obenberger, 1918: 2C jo Obenberger, 1918: 2C juno Obenberger, 1918: 2C maculatus Kerremans, 1894: 2C mansuetus Kerremans, 1894: 2C minimus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2C nitidus Kerremans, 1893: 2C obesulus Obenberger, 1918: 2C pacificus Kerremans, 1894: 2C parvulus Kerremans, 1893: 2C pilosulus Kerremans, 1893: 2C plebejus Kerremans, 1894: 2C proserpina Obenberger, 1929: 2C rotundatus Kerremans, 1893: 2C simulans Kerremans, 1893: 2C sordidulus Obenberger, 1918: 2C suspectatrix Obenberger, 1918: 2C transversus Kerremans, 1892: 2C tristiculus Obenberger, 1918: 2C vicarians Obenberger, 1918: 2C Superfamily BYRRHOIDEA Latreille, 1804 Family BYRRHIDAE Latreille, 1804 Subfamily BYRRHINAE Latreille, 1804

495

Tribe SIMPLOCARIINI Mulsant and Rey, 1869 Genus Simplocaria Stephens, 1829 Subgenus Simplocaria Stephens, 1829 indica Pütz, 2002: 2B longistriata Champion, 1923: 2B Tribe MORYCHINI Moursy, 1961 Genus Morychus Erichson, 1847 nepalensis (Paulus, 1982): 2C selaensis Pütz, 2009: 2D Tribe BYRRHINI Latreille, 1804 Genus Byrrhus Linnaeus, 1767 Subgenus Asiatobyrrhus Paulus, 1971 degiovannii Fabbri, 2000: 2A kaszabi Fiori and Fiori, 1986: 2A nodulosus Champion, 1923: 2A singularis Pic, 1923: 2A staveni Fabbri, 2000: 2A subverrucosus Champion, 1923: 2A tagliaferrii Fabbri, 2000: 2A, 2B Subgenus Byrrhocaulus Fairmaire, 1901 allemandi Fabbri and Pütz, 1997: 2C Subgenus Byrrhus Linnaeus, 1767 indicus Fairmaire, 1901: 2C Subgenus Seminolus Mulsant and Rey, 1869 reuteri Pütz, 2009: 2D Subfamily SYNCALYPTINAE Mulsant and Rey, 1869 Tribe SYNCALYPTINI Mulsant and Rey, 1869 Genus Curimopsis Ganglbauer, 1902 Subgenus Curimopsis Ganglbauer, 1902 curimoides (Champion, 1923): 2A, 2B, 2D klapperichi Pütz, 2002: 2A longisetis (Champion, 1923): 2A, 2B, 2D magna (Paulus, 1971): 2A, 2B, 2D Family ELMIDAE Curtis, 1830 Subfamily LARAINAE LeConte, 1861 Tribe POTAMOPHILINI Mulsant and Rey, 1872 Genus Laorina Jäch, 1997 schillhammeri Jäch, 1997: 2B Subfamily ELMINAE Curtis, 1830 Tribe ELMINI Curtis, 1830 Subtribe ELMINA Curtis, 1830 Genus Grouvellinus Champion, 1923 duplaris Champion, 1923: 2A, 2B unicostatus Champion, 1923: 2A, 2B Genus Heterlimnius Hinton, 1935 jaechi Kamite, 2009: 2B Subtribe STENELMINA Mulsant and Rey, 1872 Genus Leptelmis Sharp, 1888 fracticollis Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Stenelmis Dufour, 1835 debilis Champion, 1927: 2A fissicollis Champion, 1923: 2B Tribe MACRONYCHINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Indosolus Bollow, 1940 acutangulus (Champion, 1923): 2B Genus Macronychus Müller, 1806 indicus Hinton, 1940: 2B Genus Paramacronychus Nomura, 1958 crassipes (Champion, 1927): 2A

496

Genus Zaitzevia Champion, 1923 solidicornis Champion, 1923: 2B Family DRYOPIDAE Billberg, 1820 (1817) Genus Dryops Olivier, 1791 monticola Grouvelle, 1913: 2D osellai Olmi, 1978: 2A Genus Elmomorphus Sharp, 1888 montanus (Grouvelle, 1913): 2D Genus Helichus Erichson, 1847 lareynioides Champion, 1924: 2B tenuis Champion, 1924: 2B Family LIMNICHIDAE Erichson, 1846 Subfamily LIMNICHINAE Erichson, 1846 Genus Byrrhinus Motschulsky, 1858 flavicornis Champion, 1923: 2C hirsutulus Champion, 1923: 2B, 2C marginatus Champion, 1923: 2B monilicornis Champion, 1923: 2B sikkimensis Champion, 1923: 2C Genus Caccothryptus Sharp, 1902 ripicola Champion, 1923: 2B testudo Champion, 1923: 2B occidentalis Hernando and Ribera, 2017: 2B Genus Limnichus Dejean, 1821 cuneatus Champion, 1923: 2B globosus Champion, 1923: 2B obliteratus Champion, 1923: 2B subnotatus Champion, 1923: 2B trachyformis Pic, 1922: 2B, 2C unistriatus Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Pelochares Mulsant and Rey, 1869 acuminatus Champion, 1923: 2B, 2C oblongulus Champion, 1925: 2B rugiventris Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Platypelochares Champion, 1923 latimargo Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Pseudothryptus Hernando and Ribera, 2005 multiseriatus (Champion, 1923): 2C Subfamily CEPHALOBYRRHINAE Champion, 1925 Genus Cephalobyrrhus Pic, 1923 gibbicollis Champion, 1925: 2B subelongatus Pic, 1923: 2C Subfamily THAUMASTODINAE Champion, 1924 Genus Acontosceles Champion, 1924 hydroporoides Champion, 1924: 2B Family HETEROCERIDAE Macleay, 1825 Subfamily HETEROCERINAE Macleay, 1825 Tribe AUGYLINI Pacheco, 1964 Genus Augyles Schiödte, 1866 Subgenus Augyles Schiödte, 1866 cantus Miller, 1995: 2B feae (Grouvelle, 1896): 2B fornicatus (Mamitza, 1933): 2B gracilis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B grohmanni (Mascagni, 1987): 2B haldwaniensis Skalický, 2003: 2B ivojenisi (Mascagni, 1995):2B laticollis (Mamitza, 1933): 2B manfredjaechi (Mascagni, 1995): 2B


marshalli (Mamitza, 1928): 2B pucholti Skalický, 2001: 2B saano (Mascagni, 1995): 2B suturalis (Grouvelle ,1896): 2B Tribe HETEROCERINI Macleay, 1825 Genus Heterocerus Fabricius, 1792 holosericeus Rosenhauer, 1856: 2B magnus Mamitza, 1933: 2B philippensis javanicus Grouvelle, 1896: 2B Tribe MICILINI Pacheco, 1964 Genus Micilus Mulsant and Rey, 1872 minutissimus (Sahlberg, 1900): 2B Family PSEPHENIDAE Lacordaire, 1854 Subfamily EUBRIINAE Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Dicranopselaphus Guérin-Méneville, 1861 impairs Lee, Yang and Satô, 2000: 2D nepalensis Lee and Yang, 1996: 2C, 2D septemspinosus Lee, Yang and Satô 2000: 2D Genus Granuleubria Jäch and Lee, 1994 marginata (Pic, 1944): 2B Genus Macroeubria Pic, 1916 diffusa Lee, Yang and Satô, 1999: 2C, 2D Genus Microeubria Lee and Yang, 1994 minima (Champion, 1924): 2B, 2C reticulata Lee and Jäch, 1996: 2C semistriata (Champion, 1921): 2B, 2C wittmeri Lee and Yang, 1998: 2C Genus Schinostethus Waterhouse, 1880 Subgenus Schinostethus Waterhouse, 1880 niger Lee, Yang and Brown, 1993: 2C nigricornis Waterhouse, 1880: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Sundodrupeus Pic, 1916 dembickyi Lee, 2016: 2D geiseri Lee, 2016: 2D transversus Lee and Jäch, 2007: 2B Subfamily PSEPHENINAE Lacordaire, 1854 Genus Mataeophephus Waterhouse, 1876 tenuipes (Champion, 1921): 2B Genus Odontanax Lee, Satô and Yang, 2000 laosensis (Pic, 1923): 2D Subfamily PSEPHENOIDINAE Bollow, 1938 Genus Afropsephenoides Basilewsky, 1959 volatilis (Champion, 1924): 2B Genus Psephenoides Gahan, 1914 gahani Champion, 1920: 2B immsi Gahan, 1914: 2B rajouri Chowdhari, 1977: 2A subopacus (Pic, 1954): 2B Family PTILODACTYLIDAE Laporte, 1838 Subfamily PTILODACTYLINAE Laporte, 1838 Genus Ptilodactyla Illiger, 1807 angustatipennis Pic, 1916: 2A ardua Satô, 1979: 2A brancuccii darjeelingiana Satô, 1979: 2A Family CHELONARIIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Pseudochelonarium Pic, 1916 Subgenus Pseudochelonarium Pic, 1916 assamensis Méquignon, 1935: 2A aureovestitum Méquignon, 1935: 2A


subhirtum Méquignon, 1935: 2A Family EULICHADIDAE Crowson, 1973 Genus Eulichas Jakobson, 1913 Subgenus Eulichas Jakobson, 1913 gigantea (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A sikkimensis Pic, 1913: 2B, 2C trapezicollis Fairmaire, 1891: 2C uniformis (Pic, 1911): 2B, 2C Family CALLIRHIPIDAE Emden, 1924 Genus Callirhipis Latreille, 1829 Subgenus Callirhipis Latreille, 1829 robusta indica Emden, 1936: 2B Genus Ennometes Pascoe, 1866 incertus Emden, 1936: 2B Genus Simianus Blanchard, 1853 cyaneicollis (Waterhouse, 1877): 2C globicollis (Emden, 1924): 2C obscurus sikkimensis (Emden, 1932): 2C Superfamily ELATEROIDEA Leach, 1815 Family EUCNEMIDAE Eschscholtz, 1829 Subfamily MELASINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe CALYPTOCERINI Muona, 1993 Genus Otho Lacordaire, 1857 himalayensis Lucht, 1989: 2C Family ELATERIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily OXYNOPTERINAE Canděze, 1857 Tribe CAMPSOSTERNINI Fleutiaux, 1927 Genus Campsosternus Latreille, 1834 brunneicornis Canděze, 1889: 2C dohrnii dohrnii Westwood, 1848: 2C rasilus Schimmel, 1994: 2C stephensii (Hope, 1831): 2C Tribe PECTOCERINI Gurjeva, 1974 Genus Pectocera Hope, 1842 cantori Hope, 1842: 2A, 2C chaurengiensis Schimmel, 1994: 2B deboisae Schimmel, 1994: 2C indica Schimmel, 1994: 2B ingridae Schimmel, 1994: 2A, 2C kashmirensis Schimmel, 1997: 2A sikkimensis Schimmel, 1994: 2C Subfamily AGRYPNINAE Canděze, 1857 Tribe AGRYPNINI Canděze, 1857 Genus Adelocera Latreille, 1829 adspersus (Canděze, 1857): 2C collisa Candeze, 1889: 2C imfoveatus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B nitidus (Canděze, 1857): Himalaya pentagonalus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B Genus Agraeus Canděze, 1857 bhasini Fleutiaux, 1932: 2B feai Fleutiaux, 1935: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Agrypnus Eschscholtz, 1829 acristatus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B aequalis (Canděze, 1900): 2A agrestis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B argentosquamus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B argillaceus (Solski, 1871): 2C arorai Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A

497

bipapulatus (Canděze, 1865): 2C bengalensis Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C binus (Canděze, 1889): 2A blackburni Hayek, 1973: 2C boomensis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B brachychaetus (Kollar, 1844): 2C brunnipennis (Canděze, 1857): 2C campestris Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B cashmiriensis (DeliaBeffa, 1931): 2A coaretatus (Canděze, 1874): Himalaya coenosus (Hope, 1831): 2C colonicus (Canděze, 1882): 2B confertus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B consobrinus (Canděze, 1857): 2A, 2B costicollis (Canděze, 1857): 2B, 2C darjeelingensis Chakraborty and Chakraborty, 2006: 2C ellipticus (Canděze, 1857): 2A, 2B fuscoluridus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B haedulus (Canděze, 1857): Himalaya himalayanus (Jagemann, 1944): 2B holontelius Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B impectinatus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A indianus Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C inlustris Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B jacksoni Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B jurulosus (Canděze, 1889): 2A, 2C kuluensis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A kumayuni Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2B lapideus (Canděze, 1857): 2B, 2C lucidus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B luctuosus (Candeze, 1893): 2C lupinosus (Canděze, 1857): Himalaya maisus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B mohanensis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B muticus (Herbst, 1806): 2B niger (Schwarz, 1905): 2C pardalinus (Canděze, 1882): 2C planocorpus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B plantaferusus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B planus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B, 2C pratermissus (Canděze, 1874): Himalaya rameshi Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B repercussus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B saltatus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B scutellatus (Canděze, 1857): 2B serrula (Canděze, 1857): 2C solanensis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A souslapisus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A squamqfraxineus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B sternoviridis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B subargillus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A subfaenum Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B sublapideus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B substramentum Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B thuligadensis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B tostus (Canděze, 1857): 2B transversus (Canděze, 1857): 2B triticumunis Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B truncatus (Herbst, 1806): 2C

498

tuberculosus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B tuberosus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B upadhyai Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B vatsai Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A Genus Lacon Laporte, 1838 carinatus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B collisus Canděze, 1889: 2C elegantissimus Prosvirov, 2016: 2A flavopilosus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B monticola (Canděze, 1897): Himalaya nigrofucus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B olivieri (Canděze, 1874): 2C punctatus oblongus (Delia Beffa, 1931): 2A robustus Fleutiaux, 1902: Himalaya sanguineus (Canděze, 1863): 2D Genus Lanelater Arnett, 1952 afoveatus Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B bipunctatus (Canděze, 1857): 2B cinereus (Canděze, 1857): 2B, 2C densus Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B fuscipes (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C glabrosus Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B kalimpongensis Chakraborty and Chakraborti, 2006: 2C lucerus Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B luridus (Fabricius, 1781): 2C robustus (Fleutiaux, 1902): 2C scutopentagonus Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B vishvai Vats and Kashyap, 1993: 2B Genus Meristhus Canděze, 1857 Subgenus Meristhus Canděze, 1857 crenulatus Vats and Kashyap, 1996: 2B sikkimensis Cate, 2007 : 2C Subgenus Sulcimerus Fleutiaux, 1947 quadripunctatus Canděze, 1857: 2B Genus Octocryptus Canděze, 1892 babaulti Fleutiaux, 1944: 2A cardoni Canděze, 1892: Himalaya kalesarensis Vats and Kashyap, 1995: 2B Genus Rismethus Fleutiaux, 1947 lotharensis (Öhira and Becker, 1973): 2C pistrinarius (Canděze, 1857): 2B Tribe CONODERINI Fleutiaux, 1919 Genus Aeoloderma Fleutiaux, 1928 brachmana (Canděze, 1859): Himalaya Genus Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 bicarinatus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B chitrakutensis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A, 2B dohrni (Canděze, 1878): Himalaya elegans (Canděze, 1878): Himalaya garhwalensis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B longipennis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B nigripes Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A, 2B nigrolineatus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B nigromaculosus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B tapovanensis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B Genus Drasterius Eschscholtz, 1829 brahminus Canděze, 1859: 2B collaris collaris Canděze, 1859: 2B prosternalis (Canděze, 1878): Himalaya


sulcatulus Canděze, 1859: 2B Genus Heteroderes Latreille, 1834 amaculatus Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B farus Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B kuluensis Jagemann, 1945: 2A lenis Canděze, 1859: 2A, 2B macroderes Canděze, 1859: 2C pecirkai Jagemann, 1945: 2A sericeus Canděze, 1859: 2B tabularis Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B Tribe HEMIRHIPINI Canděze, 1857 Subtribe CHALCOLEPIDIINA Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Cryptalaus Öhira, 1967 berus (Candéze, 1856): 2C cenchris (Canděze, 1857): 2C eryx (Canděze, 1874): 2C griseofasciatus (Schwarz, 1902): 2C lynceus (Canděze, 1874): Himalaya sculptus (Westwood, 1848): 2C sordidus (Westwood, 1848): 2C Tribe PSEUDOMELANACTINI Arnett, 1967 Subfamily AGRYPNINAE, incertae sedis Genus Tetrigus Canděze, 1857 submontanus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A Subfamily ELATERINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe ADRASTINI Canděze, 1863 Genus Glyphonyx Candeze, 1863 Subgenus Glyphonyx Canděze, 1863 acristatus Vats and Chauchan, 1992: 2B depremems Vats and Chauchan, 1992: 2B scutellecrista Vats and Chauchan, 1992: 2B Genus Silesis Canděze, 1863 atramentarius Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C beckeri Platia and Schimmel, 1993: 2C bhaktai Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C brancuccii Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C brevicarinatus Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C brignolii Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C canaliculars Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C candezei Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C carinoscutellis Garg and Vasu, 1997: 2C, 2D catei Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2B, 2C coactus Garg and Vasu, 1997: 2C convexicollis Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C convexus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C cylindriformis Öhira and Becker, 1971: 2C dilatatus Platia and Schimmel, 1993: 2C ecarinatus Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2D excavattis Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C fluens Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C fruhstorferi Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C granarius Canděze, 1895: 2C grisescens Canděze, 1895: 2C humilis Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C incognitus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C lebischi Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C longipennis Schwarz, 1902: 2B, 2C migliaccioi Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C mikkolai Platia, 2006: 2C


nepalensis Ôhira and Becker, 1971: 2C nigriceps Candeze, 1892: 2C numerosus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C parvulus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C pasangi Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2B, 2C raii Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C rugosus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C sabatinelli Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2B, 2C sanguinicollis Canděze, 1863: 2A, 2B schawalleri Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C schuhi Platia and Schimmel, 1993: 2B sericeus Canděze, 1878: 2B, 2C sherpana Öhira and Becker, 1971: 2C simulatus Canděze, 1863: 2A, 2B, 2C spiniformis Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C subrugosus Platia and Schimmel, 1993: 2C suturalis (Canděze, 1892): 2B umbilicatus Platia, 2006: 2C vatsi Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1998: 2C vignai Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C wewalkai Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C wittmeri Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 2C Tribe ADRASTINI, species incertae sedis Genus Adrastus Eschscholtz, 1829 aequalis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B rougeatrus Vats and Chuahan, 1992: 2B Tribe AMPEDINI Gistel, 1856 Genus Ampedus Dejean, 1833 Subgenus Ampedus Dejean, 1833 abdominalis Schimmel, 1993: 2A babaulti Schimmel, 1993: 2A brancuccii Schimmel, 1993: 2C chopalensis Schimmel, 1993: 2A coccineus (Canděze, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2C foveolatus Schimmel, 1993: 2B hayekae Schimmel, 1993: 2B pakistanicus Platia, 1988: 2A quercicollis Schimmel, 1993: 2A radula (Canděze, 1900): 2A, 2B sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A schawalleri Schimmel, 1993: 2A sikkimensis Schimmel, 1993: 2C wittmeri Schimmel, 1993: 2A Subgenus Parelater Canděze, 1882 coccineus (Canděze, 1865): 2B, 2C Tribe DICREPIDIINI Canděze, 1859 Genus Adiaphorus Canděze, 1859 elevatus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B levisus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B Genus Lampropsephus Fleutiaux , 1929 cyaneus (Candeze, 1878): 2C Genus Propsephus Hyslop, 1921 cyaneus Canděze, 1878: 2C Tribe ELATERINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe ELATERINA Leach, 1815 Genus Agonischius Canděze, 1863 chamoliensis Vats and Chauchan, 1994: 2B chauhani Vats and Chauchan, 1994: 2B cyanoreflexus Vats and Chauchan, 1994: 2B

499

indicus Fleutiaux, 1933: 2B, 2C lateritius Fleutiaux, 1940: 2C monticola Canděze, 1895: 2C pantolamprus Canděze, 1863: Himalaya simulator Canděze, 1865: 2C thoracicus Fleutiaux, 1889: 2C Genus Aphanobius Eschscholtz, 1829 alaomorphus Canděze, 1863: 2C melanurus Schwarz, 1896: Himalaya touffus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A, 2B Genus Elater Linnaeus, 1758 brancuccii Schimmel, 1996: 2C Genus Ludigenoides Platia, 2004 minor (Candèze, 1888): 2D Genus Ludigenus Canděze, 1863 kalpanas Chakraborty and Chakrabarti, 2006: 2C Genus Ludioschema Reitter, 1891 atkinsoni (Canděze, 1895): 2C longum (Canděze, 1895): 2C metallicum (Canděze, 1895): 2C obscuripes (Gyllenhal, 1817): 2A simulator (Canděze, 1897): 2C Genus Mulsanteus Gozis, 1875. pokharanus Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C godawariensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C hartmanni Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C holzschuhi Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C indicus Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2011: 2A murenus Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C nepalensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C sikkimensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2007: 2C Genus Parallelostethus Schwarz, 1906 acutus (Canděze, 1863): 2C Genus Singhalenus Candèze, 1859 candezei Schwarz, 1896: 2C Genus Vuilletus Fleutiaux, 1940 altus (Canděze, 1889): 2C confusus Platia, 2008: 2C himalayanus Platia, 2008: 2C Subtribe SERICOSOMINA Hyslop, 1917 Genus Sericus Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Sericus Eschscholtz, 1829 lahaulensis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 1A Tribe MEGAPENTHINI Gurjeva, 1973 Genus Abelater Fleutiaux, 1947 himalayanus Schimmel, 2004: 2C rubiginosus (Canděze, 1878): 2C Genus Amamipenthes Kishii, 1973 gardneri Schimmel, 2004: 2C harmandı Schimmel, 2004: 2C Genus Gamepenthes Fleutiaux, 1928 bengalensis Schimmel, 2004: 2C octomaculatus (Schwarz, 1898): 2C Genus Hayekpenthes Öhira, 1970 girardi Schimmel, 2004: 2C indicus Schimmel, 2004: 2C Genus Megapenthes Kiesenwetter, 1858 bengalensis Schimel, 1998: 2C holzschuhi Schimmel, 2004: 2C

500

linearis Canděze, 1865: 2C variabilis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A Genus Melanoxanthus Eschscholtz, 1838 doriae Canděze, 1878: 2D flavithorax Schimmel, 2004: 2C lansbergi Canděze, 1882: 2C, 2D melanurus Canděze, 1878: 2C mirabilis (Fleutiaux, 1928): 2C Genus Procraerus Reitter, 1905 kathmandulis (Öhira and Becker, 1974): 2C Genus Sawadapenthes Öhira, 1970 himalayansis Schimmel, 2004: 2C rugosus Schimmel, 2004: 2C Genus Simodactylus Canděze, 1859 anticus Candeze,1892: 2C bimaculatus Fleutiaux, 1918: 2C Genus Xanthopenthes Fleutiaux, 1928 kucerai Schimmel, 2004: 2B werneri Schimmel, 1999: 2B wittmeri Schimmel, 1999: 2C Subtribe SYNAPTINA Gistel, 1856 Genus Ctenoplus Candeze, 1863 cateianus Fuller and Platia, 2006: 2C deceptus Fuller and Platia, 2006: 2B indicus Fuller and Platia, 2006: 2C Tribe MEGAPENTHINI, species incertae sedis Genus Melanoxanthus Eschscholtz, 1829 agranulosus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2B Genus Megapenthes Kiesenwetter, 1858 variabilis Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A, 2B Tribe PHYSORHININI Canděze, 1859 Genus Anchastus LeConte, 1853 falsus Canděze, 1897: 2C humeralis Canděze, 1859: 2B imitans Canděze, 1897: 2C parvicollis (Canděze, 1897): 2C Genus Podeonius Kiesenwetter, 1858 himalayanus Schimmel, 2003: 2C kucerai Schimmel, 2006: 2D parvicollis (Canděze, 1896): 2C Subfamily MELANOTINAE Canděze, 1859 (1856) Genus Melanotus Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Melanotus Eschscholtz, 1829 adlbaueri Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C arunachalensis Platia, 2007: 2D atkinsoni Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B ausobskyi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A, 2C babaulti Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A, 2B badgleyi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C beesoni Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A, 2B bequesti Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A bhaktai Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C bhutanensis Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C bifoveatus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B breuili Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A brunnipes (Germar, 1824): 2A castanipes (Paykull, 1800): 2B championi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A coolsi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C


crassus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C desgodinsi Platia, 2007: 2D dureli Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C elongatus (Hope, 1831): 2C elsasseri Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A fuscus (Fabricius, 1801): 2C gardneri Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A gorodinskii Platia, 2005: 2A gracilifasciatus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C himalayanus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A holzschuhi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C hopei Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C horai Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A indicus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B jansoni Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A kumaunensis Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B latissimus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C lebischi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C loebli Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A, 2B longiconis Canděze, 1860: 2C longipilosus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2A moffartsi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A nigricollis (Schwarz, 1901): 2C oblongissimus Platia and Schimmel, 2002: 2C opicus Canděze, 1900: 2A perlongus Canděze, 1900: 2A planipennis Canděze, 1900: 2A platypus Vats and Chuahan, 1991: 2A, 2B porioni Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A pulverosus (Hope, 1831): 2C punctosus (Walker, 1858): 2A, 2B raii Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C rollei Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A sabatinellii Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A, 2B schawalleri Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A seríatus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A sikkimensis Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C smetanai Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2A subcarinatus Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B thomasi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B unicolor Fleutiaux, 1930: 2C waltersi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B zerchei Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2C Subgenus Spheniscosomus Schwarz, 1892 bertrandi Platia and Schimmel, 2001: Himalaya deyrollei Platia and Schimmel, 2002: 2C haemorrhous Canděze, 1860: 2B sulcatus Canděze, 1860: 2C telum Canděze, 1895: 2C werneri Platia and Schimmel, 2001: 2B, 2C Genus Metriaulacus Schwarz, 1901 gobius (Canděze, 1860): 2A, 2C Genus Priopus Laporte, 1840 angulatus (Candeze, 1860): 2C dureli Platia and Schimmel, 1995: 2C, 2D miniaticollis (Hope, 1831): 2C miniatus (Hope, 1831): 2C minidiversus Platia and Schimmel, 1996: 2C ornatus (Canděze, 1891): 2C


prominens (Erichson, 1841): 2C trimaculatus (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C vafer (Erichson, 1841): 2C Subfamily HYPNOIDINAE Schwarz, 1906 Tribe HYPNOIDINI Schwarz, 1906 Genus Hypnoidus Dillwyn, 1829 audryae Stibick, 1980: 2B beckeri Stibick, 1980: 2C cachemirensis (Canděze, 1897): 2A candezei Fleutiaux, 1905: 2A deuvei Dolin and Cate, 2001: 2A heinrichi Stibick, 1980: 2C leseigneuri Stibick, 1980: 2C mendeli Dolin and Cate, 2001: 2A persimilis Dolin and Cate, 2001: 2A problematicus Dolin and Cate, 2003: 2B tilloae Stibick, 1980: 2B topali Dolin and Cate, 2001: 2A Genus Ligmargus Stibick, 1976 margae Stibick, 1980: 2B Subfamily DENTICOLLINAE Stein and Weise, 1877 (1856) Tribe DENTICOLLINI Stein and Weise, 1877 (1856) Subtribe ATHOUINA Canděze, 1859 Genus Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 baconi Canděze, 1860: Himalaya nigrinus Canděze, 1900: 2A Genus Neoathousius Schimmel and Platia, 1991 brancuccii Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2B exiguus Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2B hiermeieri Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2B manaliensis Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2A minusculus Schimmel, 1998: 2A recticornis Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2B Genus Tropihypnus Reitter, 1905 chatterjeei (Tlcuúeaix, 1928): 2B gardneri (Fleutiaux, 1928): 2A, 2B namsooa Stibick, 1968: 2C punjabae Stibick, 1968: 2C rungbongi Stibick, 1968: 2C Tribe CTENICERINI Fleutiaux, 1936 (1863) Genus Anostirus Thomson, 1859 semiaurantiacus (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Genus Borowiecianus Schimmel and Platia, 2007 gorodinskii Schimmel and Platia, 2007: 2A Genus Gnathodicrus Fleutiaux, 1934 nepalensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2011: 2C Genus Metanomus Buysson, 1887 badrinathensis (Vats and Chauhan, 1992): 2A, 2B indiana (Garg and Saini, 1996): 2A Genus Neopristilophus Buysson, 1894 parvus (Vats and Chauhan, 1992): 2B Genus Paraphotistus Kishii, 1966 Subgenus Mosotalesus Kishii, 1977 picticollis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Genus Poemnites Buysson, 1894 Subgenus Poemnites Buysson, 1894 famelicus (Canděze, 1889): 2C fraudator (Canděze, 1897): 2C himalayana (Garg and Saini, 1996): 2A

501

longiantennus (Vats and Chauhan, 1992): 2A, 2B Genus Selatosomus Stephens, 1830 Subgenus Selatosomus Stephens, 1830 alpinus (Vats and Chauhan, 1992): 2A ampliatus (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A whitii (Canděze, 1863): 2A Subfamily DIMINAE Canděze, 1863 Tribe DIMINI Canděze, 1863 Genus Dima Charpentier, 1825 convexiculata Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C pseudoleistoides (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 2C Genus Neocsikia Öhira and Becker, 1972 krishna W Suzuki, 1982: 2C Genus Paracsikia Schimmel and Platia, 1991 brunnea Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C indica (Fleutiaux, 1916): 2C minima (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 2C parvula Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C Genus Penia Laporte, 1838 brevis Canděze, 1863: Himalaya canaliculata Canděze, 1863: 2C concolor Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C eschscholtzi (Hope, 1831): 2C girardi Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C gracilis Canděze, 1863: Himalaya hayekae Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C hirtella Canděze, 1863: 2C holzschuhi Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C jansoni Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C kaszabi Dolin and Suzuki, 1987: 2C lateralis Schwarz, 1905: 2C longipes Canděze, 1863: 2C longiuscula Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C marmorata Schwarz, 1905: 2C martensi Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C nebrioides Canděze, 1863: 2C nigra (Schwarz, 1905): 2C ohirai Suzuki and Dolin, 1987: 2C opatroides Canděze, 1895: 2C plagiata Canděze, 1891: 2C pseudolateralis Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C pseudoplagiata Schimmel and Platia, 1992: 2B raii Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C rugosa Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C rustica Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C sachtlebeni Dolin and Suzuki, 1987: 2C sikkimensis Schimmel, 2006: 2C similis Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C suzukii Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 2C tomentosa Canděze, 1863: 2C wittmeri Suzuki and Dolin, 1984: 2C zeisingi Schimmel, 2002: 2C Tribe SENODONIINI Dolin, 2000 Genus Senodonia Laporte, 1838 brancuccii Schimmel and Platia, 1992: 2C emodi (Canděze, 1863): 2C flagellaris (Garg and Saini, 1996): 2C kucerai Schimmel, 2006: 2D montanus (Vats and Kashyap, 1992): 2A

502

Subfamily HEMIOPINAE Fleutiuax, 1941 Tribe HEMIOPINI Fleutiuax, 1941 Genus Hemiops Laporte, 1838 crassa (Gyllenhal, 1817): 2C flava Laporte, 1838: 2B, 2C Genus Plectrosternus Lacordaire, 1857 convexus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B rufus Lacordaire, 1857: 2C Subfamily NEGASTRIINAE Nakane and Kishii, 1956 Genus Arhaphes Canděze, 1860 opacus (Canděze, 1878): Himalaya Genus Cardiohypnus Fleutiaux, 1928 beesoni Fleutiaux, 1928: 2B brancuccii Dolin, 1992: 2B stephensi Fleutiaux, 1928: 2C wittmeri Dolin, 1992: 2A Genus Quasimus Gozis, 1886 Subgenus Miquasus Kishii, 1959 besucheti Dolin, 2001: 2C Subgenus Quasimus Gozis, 1886 abruptus Dolin, 1997: 2A, 2C atomarius (Canděze, 1882): 2C bengalicus Dolin, 2001: 2C brancuccii Dolin, 1993: 2C elongatissimus Dolin, 1993: 2A holzschuhi Dolin, 2001: 2A, 2C inopinatus Dolin, 2001: 2C obovatus Dolin, 1993: 2B, 2C pakistanicus Dolin, 1993: Himalaya parallelus (Schwarz, 1902): 2C persimilis Dolin, 1993: 2C sausai Dolin, 2001: 2C Subgenus Wittmeroquasimus Dolin, 1993 interpositus Dolin, 1993: Himalaya ocellatus Dolin, 1993: Himalaya sikkimensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2011: 2C Genus Yukoana Kishii, 1959 kashmirensis (Dolin, 1993): 2A Genus Zorochros Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Thurana Stibick, 1971 perpusillus (Canděze, 1878): 2C Subgenus Zorochros Thomson, 1859 birganjianus (Öhira and Becker, 1973): 2C godavariensis (Öhira and Becker, 1974): 2C oblongus (Fleutiaux, 1934): 2A pictus (Canděze, 1892): 2B Subfamily NEGASTRIINAE, species incertae sedis Genus Hypnoidus Dillwyn, 1829 quadrimaculatus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B Genus Monadicus Candèze, 1860 amriki Garg, Vasu and Vats, 1995: 2C colocassius Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B pyrusus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B Subfamily CARDIOPHORINAE Canděze, 1860 Tribe CARDIOPHORINI Canděze, 1860 Genus Cardiophorus Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Cardiophorus Eschscholtz, 1829 aequabilis (Candeze, 1860): 2C bucculatus Canděze, 1860: 2B


costicollis Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B doggeri Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2A eximius Canděze, 1860: 2C ferrugatipes Canděze, 1895: 2C flavocapillus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B flexus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B gangeticus (Candeze, 1860): 2C haridwarensis Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B indentilis Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B indicus Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C nigricans Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B nigrosuturus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B nitidus Canděze, 1878: Himalaya quadriflavonotatus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B sericapilosus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B serratus Mukhopadhyay and Chakraborty, 2003: 2C sikkimensis Garg, Saini and Vasu, 1997: 2C sinoconstrictus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B triangularis Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2A, 2B unicus Vats and Chauhan, 1991: 2B Genus Cardiotarsus Eschscholtz, 1838 longipennis Schwarz, 1902: Himalaya Genus Dicronychus Brullé, 1832 consentaneus (Kollar, 1848): 2A submontanus Vats, 1984: 2B Genus Phorocardius Fleutiaux, 1931 bombycinus (Canděze, 1895): 2C comptus (Canděze, 1860: 202): Himalaya moorii (Canděze, 1860): 2C vicinus (Kollar, 1848): 2A Subfamily DENDROMETRINAE Gistel, 1856 Tribe PROSTERNINI Gistel, 1856 Genus Corymbitodes Buysson, 1904 chassaini Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2015: 2B bengalensis Schimmel and Tarnawski, 2015: 2B Family ELATERIDAE, species incertae sedis Genus Chalcolepis Candèze, 1857 kashyapi Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B pannus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2A, 2B rotundoextremus Vats and Kashyap, 1992: 2B Genus Tetralobus LePeletier and Audinet, 1825 quadrifoveatus Vats and Kashyap, 1995: 2B Genus Cardiorhinus Eschscholtz, 1829 truncatus Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B Genus Ctenicera Latreille, 1829 montana Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A subnivosus Vats and Chauhan, 1992: 2A Genus Glyphochilus Candèze, 1859 spissus Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B Genus Horistonotus Candèze, 1860 spatulatus Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2A, 2B Genus Orientis Vats and Kashyap, 1992 bicoloris Vats and Chauhan, 1993: 2B Family LYCIDAE Laporte, 1838 Subfamily LYCINAE Laporte, 1838 Tribe LYCINI Laporte, 1838 Genus Lycostomus Motschulsky, 1861 Subgenus Lycostomus Motschulsky, 1861 ambiguus Waterhouse, 1879: 2A


auriculatus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A darjeelensis Kazantsev, 1991: 2C decorus Kleine, 1935: 2B delectus Kazantsev, 1991: 2C delicuus Kazantsev, 1991: 2C nigripes (Fabricius, 1787): 2C patruelis Bourgeois, 1883: 2C praeustus (Fabricius, 1792): 2A, 2B, 2C purpureivestis Gorham, 1895: 2A restitutes Bourgeois, 1885: 2B, 2C rubrocinctus rubrocinctus Fairmaire, 1886: 2C similis (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C thoracicus Waterhouse, 1879: 2C Tribe MACROLYCINI Kleine, 1928 Genus Macrolycus Waterhouse, 1878 bowringi Waterhouse, 1878: 2C Subfamily EROTINAE LeConte, 1881 Tribe EROTINI LeConte, 1881 Genus Helcophorus Fairmaire, 1891 brevilobus (Bocáková, 1994): 2A gobindanus Kazantsev, 2004: 2B miniatus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A ostindicus (Kazantsev, 1996): 2C Tribe TAPHINI Bocák and Bocáková, 1990 Genus Coloberos Bourgeois, 1885 tenellus Bourgeois, 1885: 2C Genus Taphes Waterhouse, 1878 brevicollis Waterhouse, 1878: 2B Genus Lycoprogentes Pic, 1915 himalejicus (Bourgeois, 1882): 2C pouilloni Pic, 1915: 2C Subfamily PLATERODINAE Kleine, 1928 Tribe LIBNETINI Bocák and Bocáková, 1990 Genus Dihammatus Waterhouse, 1879 wittmeri Kazantsev, 1992: 2C Genus Libnetis Waterhouse, 1879 bicoloratus Kleine, 1939: 2C similis Kleine, 1928: 2B Tribe LYPONIINI Bocák and Bocáková, 1990 Genus Ponyalis Fairmaire, 1900 himalejica (Bourgeois, 1885): 2C Tribe PLATERODINI Kleine, 1928 Genus Plateros Bourgeois, 1879 brancuccii Kazantsev, 1991: 2C brevehumeralis (Pic, 1928): 2C cimicoides Kleine, 1928: 2B, 2C confrater Kleine, 1928: 2B flavonotatus Kleine, 1928: 2B fuscodiscus Kazantsev, 1993: Himalaya gurkha (Kazantsev, 2001): 2B harmandı Bourgeois, 1902: 2C mahabharaticus (Kazantsev, 2001): 2B manaliensis (Bocáková, 1997): 2A nigrosulcatus Kleine, 1928: 2C proximus Bourgeois, 1902: 2C sherpa (Kazantsev and Yang, 1999): 2C sincerus Kleine, 1928: 2B suturalis Pic, 1919: 2B Subfamily MINIDULITICOLINAE Kazantsev, 2003

503

Genus Platerodrilus Pic, 1921 indicus Wittmer, 1966: 2C Subfamily METRIORRHYNCHINAE Kleine, 1926 Tribe CONDERINI Bocák and Bocáková, 1990 Genus Conderis Waterhouse, 1879 major Waterhouse, 1879: 2C signicollis (Kirsch, 1875): 2C waterhousei Bourgeois, 1885: 2B, 2C Tribe METRIORRHYNCHINI Kleine, 1926 Genus Cautires Waterhouse, 1879 incorruptus Kleine, 1928: 2C nigrostriatus Kleine, 1928: 2C postmaculatus Kleine, 1926: 2B Genus Cladophorus Guérin-Méneville, 1831 rudeplicatus Pic, 1925: 2C Genus Xylobanus Waterhouse, 1879 alveolus Bourgeois, 1885: 2C fastidiosus Waterhouse, 1879: Himalaya putris Kleine, 1926: 2B Subfamily CALOCHROMINAE Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Calochromus Guérin-Méneville, 1833 costulatus Kleine, 1928: 2A darjeelinensis Bourgeois, 1883: 2C impressipes Pic, 1916: 2C kaschmirensis Kleine, 1928: 2A, 2B nigrovittatus Pic, 1925: 2C orbatus Waterhouse, 1877: 2C serraticornis Kleine, 1928: 2B singaporensis Pic, 1925: 2B triguttatus Kleine, 1928: 2B Family RHAGOPHTHALMIDAE Olivier, 1907 Subfamily RHAGOPHTHALMINAE Olivier, 1907 Genus Dodecatoma Westwood, 1843 riedeli Wittmer, 1995: 2B Genus Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1853 sulcatus Pic, 1925: 2C Family LAMPYRIDAE Latreille, 1817 Subfamily CYPHONOCERINAE Crowson, 1972 Genus Cyphonocerus Kiesenwetter, 1879 harmandı (Olivier, 1903): 2C Subfamily LAMPYRINAE Latreille, 1817 Tribe LAMPYRINI Latreille, 1817 Genus Diaphanes Motschulsky, 1853 harmandı Pic, 1925: 2C indicus Motschulsky, 1854: 2C Tribe PHOTININI Olivier, 1907 Genus Lamprigera Motschulsky, 1853 nitidicollis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Subfamily LUCIOLINAE Lacordaire, 1857 Tribe LUCIOLINI Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Luciola Laporte, 1833 Subgenus Luciola Laporte, 1833 flecheri Pic, 1935: 2C nitescens Olivier, 1903: 2C Family CANTHARIDAE Imhoff, 1856 (1815) Subfamily CANTHARINAE Imhoff, 1856 (1815) Tribe PODABRINI LeConte, 1881 Genus Dichelotarsus Motschulsky, 1860 septemnotatus (Pic, 1907): Himalaya

504

Tribe CANTHARINI Imhoff, 1856 (1815) Genus Cantharis Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Cantharis Linnaeus, 1758 bouvieri Pic, 1924: 2C coriacea (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Subgenus Cyrtomoptila Motschulsky, 1860 biocellata (Fairmaire, 1891): 1B Genus Falsopodabrus Pic, 1927 himalaicus Wittmer, 1974: 2C martensi (Wittmer, 1979): 2C refossicollis (Pic, 1907): 2C Genus Leiothorax Wittmer, 1978 kashmirensis Wittmer, 1978: 2A Genus Lycocerus Gorham, 1889 bicoloripennis (Pic, 1924): 2C bilamellatus (Wittmer, 1995): 2C bisbicostatus (Pic, 1924): 2C cordieri Pic, 1915: 2B, 2C cyanurus (Hope, 1831): 2C harmandı Pic, 1925: 2C harmandianus (Kazantsev, 2007): 2C lateritius Gorham, 1889: Himalaya lineatocollis (Hope, 1831): 2C maculicollis (Hope, 1831): 2C magniceps (Wittmer, 1995): 2C multistriatus (Pic, 1906): 2C newtoni (Pic, 1921): 2C podabroides (Champion, 1926): 2C rubripennis (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C rubrispinis (Kazantsev, 2007): 2C semiextensus (Wittmer, 1995): 2C suzukii (Wittmer, 1995): 2C trimaculatus (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C xanthogaster (Champion, 1926): 2B Genus Macrohabronychus Wittmer, 1981 Subgenus Habronychus Wittmer, 1982 biungulatus (Champion, 1925): 2B semimetallicus (Wittmer, 1997): 2C Subgenus Macrohabronychus Wittmer, 1981 harmandı (Pic, 1924): 2C inaequalis inaequalis (Pic, 1924): 2C multilaculatus lopehuensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C multimaculatus multimaculatus (Pic, 1916): 2B parallelus (Champion, 1926): 2C septemnotatus (Pic, 1907): 2C Genus Micropodabrus Pic, 1920 abdominalis (Pic, 1906): 2C albonotatus (Pic, 1924): 2C albovarius Wittmer, 1983: 2C diffusus Wittmer, 1983: 2C eburneus (Bourgeois, 1902): 2C fumidiformis Wittner, 1983: 2C fumidus (Champion, 1926): 2B fuscolineatus (Champion, 1926): 2B lesnei (Pic, 1924): 2C lineolatus (Pic, 1924): 2C marmoratus (Bourgeois, 1902): 2C purpurascens (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C rufolineatus Wittmer, 1983: 2C


sikkimensis Wittmer, 1989: 2C specialithorax (Pic, 1916): 2C tenuicollis (Champion, 1926): 2C tigerhillensis Wittmer, 1995: 2C Genus Pakabsidia Wittmer, 1972 himachalica Wittmer, 1997: 2A kuluana Wittmer, 1979: 2A ladakhensis Wittmer, 1997: 1B lateriemarginata Wittmer, 1997: 1B semiopaca (Pic, 1909): 2A seximpressus (Pic, 1921): 2C sikkimensis (Wittmer, 1997): 2C sintanana (Pic, 1938): 2A Genus Podabrinus Fairmaire, 1896 oedemeroides Fairmaire, 1896: 2C Genus Podistra Motschulsky, 1839 species incertae sedis longicornis Witmer, 1978: 2A Genus Prothemus Champion, 1926 neglectus Champion, 1926: 2C Genus Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830 Subgenus Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 183 tongluensis Champion, 1926: 2C Genus Stenothemus Bourgeois, 1907 angulatus Wittmer, 1974: 2C decolor Bourgeois, 1907: 2C dentatus alexandrae Švihla, 2004: 2C expansus Wittmer, 1974: 2C harmandi (Bourgeois, 1902): 2C piligerus Champion, 1925: 2C volaticomimus Wittmer, 1974: 2B volaticus Champion, 1925: Himalaya Genus Themus Motschulsky, 1858 Subgenus Gallerucocantharis Pic, 1913 tincticornis Wittmer, 1997: 2C Subgenus Haplothemus Wittmer, 1973 bicoloriceps Kopetz, 2004: 2C cultellatus Wittmer, 1973: 2C excavatus Kopetz, 2004: 2C, 2D fuliginosus fuliginosus Bourgeois, 1891: 2C gnatongensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C inequalithorax Pic, 1916: 2C lamellatus Wittmer, 1973: 2C recurvus Wittmer, 1973: 2C reflexus Wittmer, 1995: 2C simlanus (Pic, 1924): 2B tigerensis Wittmer, 1987: 2C Subgenus Telephorops Fairmaire, 1886 cavipennis Fairmaire, 1897: 2C chalybeipennis Gorham, 1889: Himalaya crassimargo Champion, 1926: 2C separandus Wittmer, 1975: 2C Subgenus Themus Motschulsky, 1858 chatengensis Wittmer, 1973: 2C comans Champion, 1926: 2B elongatior elongatior Pic, 1955: 2C glasunovi glasunovi (Barovskij, 1909): 2A hobsoni himalaicus Wittmer, 1973: 2B khasianus (Gorham, 1889): 2B, 2C


kumaonensis Wittmer, 1973: 2B lahoulensis Wittmer, 1973: 1B lineatofemoralis (Pic, 1917): 2B, 2C longipennis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A maximus maximus (Pic, 1907): 2B menieri menieri Wittmer, 1981: 2C namnasae Wittmer, 1973: 2C pindarae pindarae Champion, 1926: 2B pindaraemimus pindaraemimus Wittmer, 1973: 2C praelongus Champion, 1926: 2B robustus Wittmer, 1973: 2A semistrangulatus (Pic, 1917): 2C sikkimensis (Pic, 1911): 2B, 2C stevensi Champion, 1926: 2C subviridipennis flavoscutellaris Pic, 1936: 2B subviridipennis subviridipennis Pic, 1916: 2C subviridipennis vicinus Wittmer, 1973: 2A tabulatus Wittmer, 1973: 2A, 2B tumlonganus (Pic, 1916): 2C Subfamily SILINAE Mulsant, 1862 Tribe SILINI Mulsant, 1862 Genus Asiosilis Wittmer, 1977 birmanica (Pic, 1911): 2C dehraduna (Wittmer, 1957): 2B himalaica Wittmer, 1977: 2A, 2B newtoni (Pic, 1927): 2C obscuritarsis (Pic, 1907): Himalaya pectinicornis (Champion, 1924): 2B singularicomis (Pic, 1924): 2C Genus Laemoglyptus Fairmaire, 1886 bomfordii Fairmaire, 1897: 2B ramifer (Champion, 1926): 2C vicinus Pic, 1921: 2C Genus Podosilis Wittmer, 1978 bicoloriceps Wittmer, 1997: 2C fruhstorferi (Pic, 1906): 2C Genus Sphaerarthrum Waterhouse, 1884 stygianum (Gorham, 1889): 2C Subfamily MALTHININAE Kiesenwetter, 1852 Tribe MALTHININI Kiesenwetter, 1852 Genus Malthinus Latreille, 1806 Subgenus Indomalthinus Brancucci, 1978 albidipennis Pic, 1907: 2A, 2B bengalensis Brancucci, 1978: 2C bhaktai Brancucci, 1978: 2C dirangensis Kopetz, 2015: 2D ganesh Brancucci, 1981: 2A, 2B sprecheri Kopetz, 2015: 2D spissicornis Champion, 1926: 2B sikkimensis Pic, 1924: 2C tantricus Brancucci, 1978: 2C Subgenus Malthinus Latreille, 1806 basimarginatus Wittmer, 1966: 2D bhaumiki Wittmer, 1978: 2C brunneomarginatus Wittmer, 1978: 2C dentatofemoralis Wittmer, 1987: 2C kamengensis Wittmer, 1966: 2D kaschmirensis Wittmer, 1974: 2A lineatocollis Champion, 1920: 2B

505

lopchuensis Wittmer, 1978: 2C manaliensis Wittmer, 1995: 2A paulocrassus Wittmer, 1974: 2A ramamensis Wittmer, 1978: 2C sikkimensis Pic, 1924: 2C Tribe MALTHODINI Böving and Craighead, 1930 Genus Maltypus Motschulsky, 1860 bengalicus Wittmer, 1978: 2C Genus Protomaltypus Wittmer, 1978 ghumensis Wittmer, 1978: 2C indicus (Wittmer, 1957): 2C Subfamily CHAULIOGNATHINAE LeConte, 1861 Tribe ICHTHYURINI Champion, 1915 Genus Ichthyurus Westwood, 1848 abnormis Gestro, 1892: 2C annulatus Champion, 1924: 2C bidens Champion, 1925: 2B distorticornis Champion, 1925: 2B gianellii Gestro, 1888: 2C himalaicis Champion, 1920: 2C maculifrons Champion, 1920: Himalaya malthiniformis Champion, 1924: 2B oblongonotatus Champion, 1927: 2B ranikhetensis Champion, 1924: 2B saccularis Champion, 1927: 2C tridens Champion, 1924: 2B Series DERODONTIFORMIA LeConte, 1861 Superfamily DERODONTOIDEA LeConte, 1861 Family NOSODENDRIDAE Erichson, 1846 Genus Nosodendron Latreille, 1804 Subgenus Nosodendron Latreille, 1804 disjectum Champion, 1923: 2D assamense Háva, 2012: 2D hispidum Champion, 1923: 2C, 2D rugiferum Champion, 1923: 2C punctulatum (Reitter, 1886): 2C sikkimense Champion, 1923: 2C Family JACOBSONIIDAE Heller, 1926 Genus Sarothrias Grouvelle, 1918 hygrophilus Pal, 1998: 2D Series BOSTRICHIFORMIA Forbes, 1926 Superfamily BOSTRICHOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family DERMESTIDAE Latreille, 1804 Subfamily DERMESTINAE Latreille, 1804 Tribe DERMESTINI Latreille, 1804 Genus Dermestes Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Dermestes Linnaeus, 1758 ater DeGeer, 1774: 2A, 2B, 2D maculatus DeGeer, 1774: 2A, 2B Subgenus Dermestinus Zhantiev, 1967 coronatus Steven, 1808: 2B tessellatocollis pici Mroczkowski, 1963: 2A, 2B, 2C undulatus Brahm, 1790: 1A, 2A Subgenus Montandonia Jacquet, 1886 fulvicollis Reitter, 1881: 2B Subfamily THORICTINAE Agassiz, 1846 Tribe THAUMAPHRASTINI Anderson, 1949 Genus Thorictodes Reitter, 1875 erraticus Champion, 1922: 2B

506

Subfamily TRINODINAE Casey, 1900 Tribe TRINODINI Casey, 1900 Genus Evorinea Beal, 1961 indica (Arrow, 1915): 2C paraindica Háva, 2016: 2B Subfamily ATTAGENINAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe ATTAGENINI Laporte, 1840 Genus Attagenus Latreille, 1802 Subgenus Aethriostoma Motschulsky, 1858 sparsutus (Reitter, 1881): 2C undulatus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C Subgenus Attagenus Latreille, 1802 cyphonoides Reitter, 1881: widespread fasciatus (Thunberg, 1795): widespread gobicola Frivaldszky, 1892: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus Kalík, 1954: 1A, 2B lobatus Rosenhauer, 1856: 2B longipennis Pic, 1904: 2A pellio (Linnaeus 1758): 2A, 2B, 2D sikkimensis Pic, 1942: 2C unicolor unicolor (Brahm, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2D Subfamily MEGATOMINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe ANTHRENINI Casey, 1900 Subtribe ANTHRENINA Gistel, 1848 Genus Anthrenus Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Anthrenodes Chobaut, 1898 occultus Háva, 2006: 2A, 2B Subgenus Anthrenus Geoffroy, 1762 indicus Kadej, Háva and Kalík, 2007: 1A, 2A Subgenus Anthrenops Reitter, 1881 subclaviger Reitter, 1881: 2A, 2B, 2C coloratus Reitter, 1881: widespread Subgenus Florilinus Mulsant and Rey, 1868 muserorum (Linnaeus, 1761): 2A, 2B zhantievi Háva and Kadej, 2006: 2A Subgenus Solskinus Mroczkowski, 1962 sinensis Arrow, 1915: 2B, 2D Tribe MEGATOMINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe CRYPTORHOPALINA Pierce, 1960 Genus Orphinus Motschulsky, 1858 Subgenus Orphinus Motschulsky, 1858 fulvipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1838): 2B hartmanni Háva, 2001: 2C nilgirensis Arrow, 1915: 2A sikkimensis Háva and Herrmann, 2004: 2C unifasciatus Háva, 2006: 2A Genus Thaumaglossa Redtenbacher, 1868 bimaculata Arrow,1915: 2B hilleri Reitter, 1881: 2B indiana indiana Veer, Chauhan and Singh, 2004: 2B wittmeri Háva, 2006: 2C Subtribe MEGATOMINA Leach, 1815 Genus Megatoma Herbst, 1792 Subgenus Pseudohadrotoma Kalík, 1951 indica Háva, 2000: 1B Subtribe TROGODERMINA Mulsant and Rey, 1868 Genus Phradonoma Jacquelin du Val, 1859 nobile (Reitter, 1881): 2B tricolor (Arrow, 1915): 2B


Genus Trogoderma Dejean, 1821 granarium Everts, 1898: widespread inclusum LeConte, 1854: 2B halsteadi Veer and Rao, 1994: 2B Family BOSTRICHIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily BOSTRICHINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe BOSTRICHINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Bostrychopsis Lesne, 1899 bengalensis (Lesne, 1895): 2B roonwali (Rai, 1966): 2B Tribe SINOXYLONINI Lesne, 1899 Genus Sinoxylon Duftschmid, 1825 atratum kohlarianum Lesne, 1906: 2A capillatum Lesne, 1895: 2A oleare Lesne, 1932: 2A pugnax Lesne, 1904: 2A Tribe XYLOPERTHINI Lesne, 1921 Genus Octodesmus Lesné, 1901 parvulus (Lesné, 1897): 2B Genus Paraxylion Lesné, 1941 bifer (Lesné, 1932): 2A, 2B Genus Psicula Lesné, 1941 heterogama Lesné, 1941: 2C Genus Xylodectes Lesné, 1901 ornatus (Lesné, 1897): 2C Genus Xylopsocus Lesné, 1901 capucinus (Fabricius, 1781): 2C distinctus Rai, 1967: 2B Subfamily DINODERINAE Thomson, 1863 Genus Dinoderus Stephens, 1830 Subgenus Dinoderastes Lesné, 1914 exilis Lesné, 1932: 2C Genus Prostephanus Lense, 1897 truncatus (Horn, 1878): 2B Genus Stephanopachys Waterhouse, 1888 himalayanus Lesné, 1932: 2A Subfamily LYCTINAE Billberg, 1820 Tribe LYCTINI Billberg, 1820 Genus Lyctoxylon Reitter, 1879 beesonianum Lesne, 1936: 2A convictor Lesne, 1936: 2A Genus Lyctus Fabricius, 1792 africanus Lense, 1907: 2B Tribe TROGOXYLINI Lesné, 1921 Genus Trogoxylon LeConte, 1862 auriculatum Lesné, 1932: 2A Family PTINIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily GIBBIINAE Mulsant and Rey, 1868 Tribe GIBBIINI Mulsant and Rey, 1868 Genus Gibbium Scopoli, 1777 aequinoctiale Boieldieu, 1854: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PTININAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe PTININI Latreille, 1802 Genus Cyphoniptus Bellés, 1992 sulcithorax (Pic, 1899): 2C, 2D Genus Dignomus Wollaston, 1862 impressithorax (Pic, 1896): 2A, 2B Genus Niptus Boieldieu, 1856 hololeucus (Faldermann, 1835): 2A, 2D


Genus Ptinus Linnaeus, 1767 Subgenus Cyphoderes Mulsant and Rey, 1868 japonicus Reitter, 1877: 2C Subgenus Ptinus Linnaeus, 1767 fur (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2D latro Fabricius, 1775: 2D Subgenus Tectoptnus lablokoff-Khnzorian and Karapetyan, 1986 tectus Boieldieu, 1856: 2C Subfamily ANOBIINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe GASTRALLINI White, 1982 Genus Gastrallus Jacquelin du Val, 1860 indicus Reitter, 1913: 2B insulcatus Pic, 1937: 2B Tribe HADROBREGMINI White, 1982 Genus Priobium Motschulsky, 1845 luteopilosum (Pic, 1901): 2B Genus Trichodesma LeConte, 1861 Subgenus Trichodesma LeConte, 1861 pulchra Pic, 1903: 2C Tribe STEGOBIINI White, 1982 Genus Neoligomerus Espaňól, 1981 elongatus Espanol, 1981: 2A Genus Stegobium Motschulsky, 1860 paniceum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Subfamily DORCATOMINAE Thomson, 1859 Tribe DORCATOMINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Caenocara Thomson, 1859 indica Espanol, 1977: 2C Genus Dorcatoma Herbst, 1792 species incertae sedis gardneri Pic, 1937: 2B Genus Mizodorcatoma Hayashi, 1955 densepunctata Espanol, 1977: 2C trisulcata (Champion, 1924): 2B uenoi Sakai, 1983: 2C Tribe PROTHECINI White, 1982 Genus Stagetodes Espanol, 1970 denticornis (Champion, 1919): 2B Genus Stagetus Wollaston, 1861 beesoni (Pic, 1937) : 2A gardneri (Pic, 1937): 2B indicus (Pic, 1937): 2B proximus (Pic, 1937): 2B Tribe PROTHECINI genera incertae sedis Genus Macrodorcatoma Pic, 1937 multistriata Pic, 1937: 2B Subfamily ERNOBIINAE Pic, 1912 Tribe ERNOBIINI Pic, 1912 Genus Ernobius Thompson, 1859 indicus Pic, 1943: 2C Subfamily MESOCOELOPODINAE Mulsant and Rey, 1864 Tribe MESOCOELOPODINI Mulsant and Rey, 1864 Genus Nesocoelopus Espanol, 1977 indicus (Pic, 1914): 2A Tribe TRICORYNINI White, 1982 Genus Stagetomorphus Pic, 1914 indicus Pic, 1914: 2A, 2B Subfamily PTILININAE Shuckard, 1840 Tribe PTILININI Shuckard, 1840

507

Genus Indanobium Espanol, 1970 binodulus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B Genus Ptilinus Geoffroy, 1762 sulcatus Pic, 1937: 2B Subfamily XYLETININAE Gistel, 1856 Tribe LASIODERMINI White, 1982 Genus Lasioderma Stephens, 1835 serricorne (Fabricius, 1792): 2A, 2B Tribe XYLETININI Gistel, 1856 Genus Neoxyletinus Espanol, 1983 assamensis Español, 1983: 2C sikkimensis Español, 1983: 2C Series CUCUJIFORMIA Lameere, 1938 Superfamily LYMEXYLOIDEA Fleming, 1821 Family LYMEXYLIDAE Fleming, 1821 Subfamily ATRACTOCERINAE Laporte, 1840 Genus Hymaloxylon Kurosawa, 1985 quercus (Gardner, 1935): 2B Superfamily CLEROIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family TROGOSSITIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily TROGOSSITINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe GYMNOCHILINI Lacordaire, 1854 Genus Anacypta Illiger, 1807 cicatricosa (Reitter, 1880): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Tribe TROGOSSITINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Alindria Erichson, 1844 orientalis (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A Family THANEROCLERIDAE Chapin, 1924 Subfamily THANEROCLERINAE Chaplin, 1924 Tribe THANEROCLERINI Chapin, 1924 Subtribe THANEROCLERINA Chaplin, 1924 Genus Thaneroclerus Lefebvre, 1838 buquet (Lefebvre, 1835): 2A, 2C, 2D quasitardatus Corporaal, 1939: 2A Family CLERIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily TILLINAE Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 Genus Cladiscus Chevrolat, 1843 pectinicornis (Klug, 1842): 2B sanguinicollis (Spinola, 1844): 2C Genus Cylidroctenus Kraatz, 1899 chalybaeum (Westwood, 1849): 2B, 2C Genus Cylidrus Latreille, 1829 beesoni Corporaal, 1926: 2B cyaneus (Fabricius, 1787): 2B Genus Diplopherusa Heller, 1922 rosti (Schenkling, 1908): 2A Genus Elasmocylidrus Corporaal, 1939 tricolor (Corporaal, 1926): 2B Genus Gracilotillus Pic, 1933 fasciatus (Schenkling, 1908): 2A, 2B Genus Nodepus Gorham, 1892 conicicollis Gorham, 1892: 2B Genus Orthocladiscus Corporaal and van der Wiel, 1948 longipennis (Westwood, 1849): 2C Genus Tilloidea Laporte, 1832 notata (Klug, 1842): 2B, 2C unifasciata (Fabricius, 1787): 2B Genus Tillus Olivier, 1790 succincta Spinola, 1844: 2B

508

unifasciatus var. cingulatus Corporaal, 1939: 2B vicarius Corporaal, 1935: 2A, 2B Subfamily HYDNOCERINAE Spinola, 1844 Tribe CALLIMERINI Kolibáč, 1998 Genus Callimerus Gorham, 1876 albofasciatus (Thomson, 1860): Himalaya albovarius (Westwood, 1849): Himalaya amabilis Gorham, 1876: Himalaya benedictus Gorham, 1893: Himalaya decoratus (Gorham, 1893): 2C distinctus Corporaal, 1939: 2B dorsalis (Thomson, 1860): Himalaya grandjeani Schenkling, 1901: Himalaya hydnoceroides Gorham, 1893: 2C latesignatus (Gorham, 1892): 2C tenuissimus (Corporaal, 1926): 2C Subfamily CLERINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Anthicoclerus Schenkling, 1906 anthicoides (Westwood, 1849): 2C ruficollis Corporaal, 1926: 2B Genus Omadius Laporte, 1838 mediofasciatus (Westwood, 1852): 2C tricinctus (Gorham, 1892): 2C Genus Opilo Latreille, 1802 castaneipennis (White, 1849): 2B, 2C discodirus Corporaal, 1926: 2B impressipennis Gorham, 1903: 2A rugulicollis Schenkling, 1906: 2C sordidus Westwood, 1852: 2B, 2C theresae Pic, 1951: 2C Genus Orthrius Gorham, 1876 binotatus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1829): 2C brachialis Gorham, 1893: 2B dorsalis Schenkling, 1902: 2C rufotestaceus Schenkling, 1902: 2A, 2B, 2C stevensi Corporaal, 1926: 2C striatopunctatus Schenkling, 1901: 2A, 2B, 2C tuberculicollis Schenkling, 1902: 2C Genus Stigmatium Gray, 1832 birmanicum Gorham, 1892: 2B cicindeloides Gray, 1832: 2C indicus Pic, 1938: 2C mutillaecolor (White, 1849): 2C torulentus (Westwood, 1855): 2B Genus Thanasimus Latreille, 1806 carbonarius Gorham, 1893: 2C himalayensis Stebbing, 1914: 2A, 2B subscutellaris Westwood, 1852: 2A, 2B Genus Tillicera Spinola, 1841 callosa Gerstmeier and Bernhard, 2010: 2C javana Spinola, 1844: 2C bibalteata Gorham, 1892: 2C soror Schenkling, 1902: 2C Genus Xenorthrius Gorham, 1892 cruralis Gerstmeier and Eberle, 2010: 2C mouhoti Gorham, 1892: 2B oblongopunctatus Gerstmeier and Eberle, 2010: 2C robustus Corporaal, 1939: 2B, 2C Subfamily KORYNETINAE Laporte, 1838


Genus Allochotes Westwood, 1875 punctipennis Champion, 1923: 2B Genus Necrobia Olivier, 1795 ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775): 2B rufipes (Degeer, 1775): 2B Genus Opetiopalpus Spinola, 1844 obesus Westwood, 1849: 2B Genus Tarsostenus Spinola, 1844 univittatus Rossi, 1792: 2B, 2C Genus Teneropsis Chapin, 1924 atricornis (Pic, 1926): 2C discrepans (Gorham, 1892): 2B, 2C extraneus (Gorham, 1877): 2C Genus Tenerus Laporte, 1838 curticollis Schenkling, 1906: 2C femoralis Corporaal, 1939: 2B flavicollis Gorham, 1877: 2B melanurus Gorham, 1877: 2B praeustus Laporte, 1838: 2B proximus Schenkling, 1908: 2B quadrimaculatus Corporaal, 1926: 2B signaticollis Laporte, 1838: 2B Family PRIONOCERIDAE Lacordaire, 1857 Tribe LOBONYCHINI Majer, 1987 Genus Lobonyx Jacquelin du Val, 1859 bicoloripes Pic, 1924: 2C exasperatus Champion, 1920: 2B kashmirensis Fairmaire, 1891: 2A sericeus (Champion, 1920): 2A Tribe PRIONOCERINI Lacordaire, 1857 Genus Idgia Laporte, 1838 abori Pic, 1913: 2D assimilis (Hope, 1831): 2B melanura (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1848): 2A, 2C thibetanus (Obenberger, 1918): 2B viridescens Gorham, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Prionocerus Perty, 1831 bicolor Redtenbacher, 1868: 2C coeruleipennis Perty, 1831: 2C Family MELYRIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily RHADALINAE LeConte, 1862 Tribe APLOCNEMINI Majer, 1987 Genus Kubanius Majer, 1983 aurescens (Champion, 1922): 2B Subfamily MELYRINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe CERALLINI Pic, 1929 Genus Procerallus Champion, 1922 altivolans Champion, 1925: 2B aplocnemiformis (Pic, 1915): 2A, 2B picipes Champion, 1927: 2A Subfamliy DASYTINAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe CHAETOMALACHIINI Majer, 1987 Genus Achaetomalachius Majer, 1989 cinereus Majer, 1996: 2A coloratus Karel, 1996: 2A danacaeoides (Champion, 1922): 2A discretus (Gorham, 1895): 2A kangraensis (Champion, 1925): 2A kashmirensis (Champion, 1922): 2A


kumaonensis (Champion, 1922): 2B mutabilis (Champion, 1922): 2B scabricollis (Champion, 1922): 2A tenuicornis Majer, 1996: 2B Genus Danaceothrix Majer, 1989 monilicornis (Champion, 1922): 2B Genus Haplothrix Schilsky, 1896 vana Majer, 1989: 2A Genus Hladilium Majer, 1996 amplexum (Champion, 1925): 2C cambiense (Gorham, 1895): 2A, 2B himalayanum (Pic, 1911): 2A insulcatum (Pic, 1922): 2A perpolitum Majer, 1996: 2A speculiferum (Champion, 1922): 2B Genus Mimothrix Majer, 1989 histrio Majer, 1995: 2C olivacea Majer, 1989: 2C scortea Majer, 1995: 2A trapezicollis Majer, 1995: 1B Genus Neothrix Majer, 1989 aspercollis (Champion, 1925): 2B Tribe DANACEINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Indamauronia Majer, 1997 westwoodi (Champion, 1922): 2A, 2B Genus Cyrdothrix Majer, 1989 atra Majer, 1989: 2A Genus Danacaemimus Champion, 1922 nigropectus Champion, 1922: 2B Genus Bilyella Majer, 1988 brevispina Majer, 1988: 2A vaginata Majer, 1988: 2A Subfamily MALACHIINAE Fleming, 1821 Tribe CARPHURINI Champion, 1923 Genus Carphuroides Champion, 1923 almorensis Champion, 1925: 2B astruci (Pic, 1918): 2C bhaktai (Wittmer, 1981): 2C brendelli Wittmer, 1995: 2B grossepunctatus Wittmer, 1981: 2C lopchuensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C pellingensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C sikkimensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C smetaceki Wittmer, 1981: 2B Genus Carphurus Erichson, 1840 nigritulus Champion, 1923: 2B sivalikensis Wittmer, 1981: 2B Genus Telocarphurus Wittmer, 1939 eglini Wittmer, 1981: 2C Tribe MALACHIINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe APALOCHRINA Mulsant and Rey, 1867 Genus Laius Guerin-Meneville, 1838 brancucci Wittmer, 1989: 2B bulbifer Champion, 1921: 2B caeruleipennis Pic, 1914: 2A foveicornis Pic, 1917: 2B lunatus Champion, 1921: 2B nodifrons Champion, 1921: 2B partepolitus Wittmer, 1986: 2B

509

schuhi Wittmer, 1994: 2B sikkimensis Pic, 1914: 2C Subtribe ATTALINA Abeille de Perrin, 1890 Genus Attalus Erichson, 1840 Subgenus Attalus Erichson, 1840 nigropustulatus Champion, 1925: 2B Genus Attalus species incertae sedis fruhstorferi Pic, 1905: 2C Genus Malachiomimus Champion, 1921 latifrons Champion, 1921: 2B luteipes Champion, 1921: 2B Genus Nepachys Thomson, 1859 kashmirensis Wittmer, 1984: 2A Subtribe COLOTINA Abeille de Perrin, 1890 Genus Colotes Erichson, 1840 Subgenus Colotes Erichson, 1840 almorensis Wittmer, 1977: 2B atrofemoratus Champion, 1922: 2B banihalensis Wittmer, 1981: 2A gorhami Champion, 1921: 2A, 2B impressicornis Wittmer, 1994: 2A simlaensis Wittmer, 1977: 2A Subtribe EBAEINA Portevin, 1931 Genus Ebaeus Erichson, 1840 Subgenus Ebaeus Erichson, 1840 alboterminatus (Champion, 1921): 2A, 2B ampliterminatus Wittmer, 1968: 2A bifurcates Champion, 1927: 2A bilineatus Champion, 1927: 2A chopalensis Wittmer, 1981: 2A lahinvanensis Wittmer, 1981: 2A nigerrimus Wittmer, 1981: 2B nodifer Witmer, 1981: 2A pinorum Wittmer, 1981: 2A pseudothoracicus Wittmer, 1978: 1B srinagarensis Wittemer, 1981: 2A tenuicornis Champion, 1922: 2B vinculatus Wittemer, 1981: 2A Genus Hypebaeina Wittmer, 1995 nainiensis Champion, 1922: 2B Genus Hypebaeus Kiesenwetter, 1863 Subgenus Hypebaeus Kiesenwetter, 1863 adumbratus Champion, 1921: 2B albocaudatus Champion, 1921: 2B albomaculatus Pic, 1924: 2C apiceimpressus Wittmer, 1981: 2A atronotatus Champion, 1925: 2B bicornutus Wittmer, 1981: 2A cerastes Champion, 1921: 2B clavatus Pic, 1922: 2B confusus Pic, 1925: 2C coronatus himachalicus Wittmer, 1981: 2A dalailamai Wittmer, 1981: 2C darjeelingensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C drassicus drassicus Wittmer, 1978: 1B drassicus fatulaensis Wittmer, 1978: 2A flexuosus Champion, 1922: 2B foveatus Champion, 1922: 2B ingeae Wittmer, 1978: 2A

510

krokeri Evers, 1986: 2A lenis Champion, 1922: 2B lopchuensis Wittmer, 1981: 2C pseudolamellatus Wittmer, 1981: 2B pseudonepalensis Wittmer, 1981: 2B quadrisignatus Champion, 1921: 2B quinqueplagiatus Champion, 1921: 2A schereri Wittmer, 1966: 2C spinicornis Champion, 1921: 2B stevensi Champion, 1922: 2C suffusus Champion, 1922: 2B sulcicauda Champion, 1921: 2B tincticollis Champion, 1921: 2B triangularis Champion, 1922: 2B triguttatus Champion, 1921: 2A uncatus Champion, 1921: 2B Genus Hypomixis Wittmer, 1995 cuspidata (Champion, 1922): 2B kalimpongensis Wittmer, 1995: 2C ladakhensis (Wittmer, 1978): 1B lamellata (Champion, 1921): 2B transversus (Wittmer, 1994): 2C Genus Hypotroglops Wittmer, 1983 impressus Wittmer, 1983: 2C Genus Incisomalachius Pic, 1914 notaticeps Pic, 1914: 2B Genus Indiattalus Pic, 1915 diversipennis (Pic, 1915): Himalaya Genus Indiebaeus Wittmer, 1957 cyaneonotatus (Pic, 1903): 2B, 2C dentistylus Wittmer, 1957: 2C metallipennis Wittmer, 1995: 2C Genus Tropiebaeus Wittmer, 1957 carinatifer (Pic, 1919): 2B carinatipennis (Pic, 1905): 2C cavernosus (Champion, 1922): 2B externecostatus (Pic, 1925): 2B garhwalensis Wittmer, 1957: 2B kuluensis (Pic, 1910): 2A puncticeps Wittmer, 1980: 2C Subtribe ILLOPINA Jakobson, 1911 Genus Condylops Redtenbacher, 1850 cristatus (Champion, 1921): 2B flabellatus (Champion, 1925): 2B Genus Hedybius Erichson, 1840 nigroplagiatus (Champion, 1922): 2B Subtribe MALACHIINA Fleming, 1821 Genus Charopus Erichson, 1840 laptelensis Champion, 1925: 2B Genus Clanoptilus Motschulsky, 1854 Subgenus Clanoptilus Motschulsky, 1854 indicus (Pic, 1913): 2B sikkimensis (Pic, 1907): 2B, 2C Tribe MALACHIINI Fleming, 1821 Genus Malachius Fabricius, 1775 kumaonensis Evers, 1985: 2B Species incertae sedis testaceipes Wittmer, 1960: 2B Genus Microlipus LeConte, 1852


rosti (Pic, 1914): 2A senguptai (Wittmer, 1974): 2A superbus (Pic, 1914): 2A Tribe TROGLOPINI Mulsant and Rey, 1867 Genus Cephaloncus Westwood, 1863 kumaonensis Wittmer, 1979: 2B Superfamily CUCUJOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family BYTURIDAE Jacquelin du Vaf, 1858 Genus Byturus Latreille, 1797 wittmeri Sengupta, 1978: 2B Family HELOTIDAE Chapuis, 1876 Genus Helota Macleay, 1825 boysii Ritsema, 1889: 2C bretaudeaui Ritsema, 1894: 2C culta Olliff, 1883: 2C fairmairei Ritsema, 1889: Himalaya fulvitarsis Ritsema, 1889: 2C guerinii Hope, 1840: Himalaya longipes Ritsema, 1889: 2C oberthueri Ritsema, 1889: 2C servillei Hope,1840: 2C severini Ritsema, 1893: 2C Genus Metahelotella Kirejtshuk, 2000 immaculata (Ritsema, 1891): 2C semifulva (Ritsema, 1881): 2C Genus Neohelota Ohta, 1929 affinis (Ritsema, 1891): 2C attenuata (Ritsema,1894): 2C barclayi Lee and Votruba, 2014: 2D boulei (Ritsema, 1915): 2D consanguinea (Ritsema, 1915): 2C culta (Olliff, 1883): 2C curvipes (Oberthur, 1883): Himalaya desgodinsi (Ritsema, 1893): 2C dubia (Ritsema, 1891): 2C fryi (Ritsema, 1894): 2B guttata (Ritsema, 1893): 2C laevigata (Oberthur, 1883): 2C, 2D margarethae (Ritsema, 1900): 2C pusilla (Oberthur, 1883): 2C tibialis (Ritsema, 1893): 2C Family SPHINDIDAE Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Subfamily SPHINDINAE Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Genus Sphindus Dejean, 1821 himalayaensis Lesné, 1925: 2C semirufus Champion, 1922: 2B Subfamily ASPIDIPHORINAE Kiesenwetter, 1877 Genus Aspidiphorus Dejean, 1821 asiaticus Champion, 1924: 2B bhuswargabasi Sengupta and Pal, 1982: 2A dravida Sengupta and Pal, 1982: 2A maheswar Pal and Sengupta, 2003: 2A uma Pal and Sengupta, 2003: 2A Family BIPHYLLIDAE LeConte, 1861 Genus Biphyllus Dejean, 1821 cardoni (Grouvelle, 1916): 2B fastidiosus (Grouvelle, 1916): 2B rosti (Grouvelle, 1916): 2B Family EROTYLIDAE Latreille, 1802


Subfamily CRYPTOPHILINAE Casey, 1900 Tribe CRYPTOPHILINI Casey, 1900 Genus Cryptophilus Reitter, 1874 integer (Heer, 1841): 2C, 2D Subfamily LANGURIINAE Crotch, 1873 Tribe HAPALIPINI Leschen, 2003 Genus Bolerus Grouvelle, 1919 lateralis (Arrow, 1925): 2C Tribe LANGURIINI Crotch, 1873 Genus Anadastus Gorham, 1887 Analis (Fairmaire, 1889): Himalaya bifasciatus (Motschulsky, 1860): 2B, 2C brevilinea Arrow, 1925: 2B densus Arrow, 1925: 2C, 2D dohertyi Arrow, 1925: 2C filiformis (Fabricius, 1801): 2C, 2D flavimanus Arrow, 1925: 2C gratus Gorham, 1896: 2C laticornis Arrow, 1925: 2C longior Arrow, 1925: 2C loricatus Arrow, 1925: 2C nigriventris (Motschulsky, 1860): 2C ochreipennis (Fowler, 1890): 2D parallelus Arrow, 1925: 2B parvulus (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B pulchellus Arrow, 1925: 2B scutellatus (Crotch, 1876): 2D Genus Basulanguria Sengupta and Mukherjee, 1977 lavanica Sengupta and Mukherjee, 1977: 2C Genus Caenolanguria Gorham, 1887 asssamensis (Fowler, 1886): 2B birmanica (Harold, 1879): 2B, 2C Genus Doubledaya White, 1850 atripennis Arrow, 1925: 2C, 2D dilatipes (Gorham, 1896): 2C forcipata Arrow, 1925: 2C monticola Villiers, 1945: 2C mouhoti (Crotch, 1876): 2C ruficollis (Kraatz, 1900): 2C, 2D schenklingi (Fowler, 1908): 2C severini Fowler, 1893: 2C ustulata Arrow, 1925: 2C viator White, 1850: 2C Genus Epilanguria Fowler, 1908 tenuicornis Fowler, 1908: India Genus Languriophasma Arrow, 1925 cyanea (Hope, 1835): 2B discoidalis (Fowler, 1908): 2D laeta Arrow, 1925: 2A, 2D Genus Megalanguria Arrow, 1925 felix Arrow, 1925: 2C metasternalis (Crotch, 1876): 2C Genus Pentelanguria Crotch, 1876 elateroides Crotch, 1876: 2C notopedalis Crotch, 1876: 2C Genus Tetraphala Sturm, 1843 cuprea (Arrow, 1925): 2B, 2C elongata (Fabricius, 1801): 2C, 2D tumidicollis (Kraatz, 1900): 2D

511

variventris (Kraatz, 1900): 2A, 2C Subfamily EROTYLINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe DACNINI Crotch, 1876 Genus Dacne Latreille, 1797 Subgenus Dacne Latreille, 1797 indica (Crotch, 1876): 2A, 2B Genus Dromodacne Arrow, 1925 vivax Arrow, 1925: 2B Tribe ENCAUSTINI Crotch, 1876 Subtribe ENCAUSTINA Crotch, 1876 Genus Aulacochilus Chevrolat, 1837 episcaphoides (Gorham, 1883): 2C janthinus Lacorâaim, 1842: 2D indicus (Gorham, 1895): 2B nigrorufus (Pal, 1993): 2C, 2D oblongus (Arrow, 1925): 2C quadripustulatus (Fabricius, 1801): 2C Genus Encaustes Lacordaire, 1842 marginalis birmanica Gorham, 1896: 2C verticalis gigantea Boheman, 1868: 2C Genus Micrencaustes Crotch, 1876 Subgenus Micrencaustes Crotch, 1876 decipiens Arrow, 1925: 2C dehaanii (Laporte, 1840): 2C Subtribe MEGALODACNINA Sengupta, 1969 Genus Episcapha Dejean, 1836 Subgenus Episcapha Dejean, 1836 quadrimacula (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B, 2C septentrionis (Heller, 1920): 2C Subgenus Psiloscapha Heller, 1920 indica Crotch, 1876: 2C, 2D Genus Episcapha, species incertae sedis nocte Pal, 1993: 2D xanthopustulata Gorham, 1890: 2D Genus Episcaphula Crotch, 1876 Subgenus Episcaphula Crotch, 1876 andamanensis Gorham, 1888: 2C consimilis (Arrow, 1925): 2B, 2C, 2D laevis (Arrow, 1925): 2C Subgenus Isoscaphula Heller, 1920 singalensis Csiki, 1901: 2B, 2C tonkinensis Heller, 1920: 2C vitalisi (Arrow, 1922): 2C, 2D Subgenus Lanugodacne Heller, 1920 helleri Mader, 1934: 2C Genus Paracoptengis Heller, 1920 brahminicus (Gorham, 1883): 2D Tribe TRITOMINI Curtis, 1834 Genus Amblyopus Chevrolat, 1837 cinctipennis Lacordaire, 1842: 2B pallidicornis Arrow, 1925: 2B substriatus Gorham, 1896: 2B, 2C triplacoides Gorham, 1895: 2B vittatus (Olivier, 1807): 2C Genus Cyrtomorphus Lacordaire, 1842 dux Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Dactylotritoma Arrow, 1925 apicata (Crotch, 1876): 2B Genus Neotriplax Lewis, 1887

512

rubens (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Ortitma Heller, 1920 cebana (Gorham, 1896): 2B Genus Pseudotritoma Gorham, 1888 jucunda (Arrow, 1925): 2A, 2B Genus Rhodotritoma Arrow, 1925 coccinea (Crotch, 1876): 2A nigricornis Arrow, 1925: 2C sanguinea (Crotch, 1876): 2A, 2B Genus Spondotriplax Crotch, 1876 fulviceps Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Tetratritoma Arrow, 1925 angustata Arrow, 1925: 2A militaris Arrow, 1925: 2A, 2C Genus Triplacidea Gorham, 1901 motschulskyi (Bedel, 1873): 2A Genus Tritoma Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Tritoma Fabricius, 1775 excellens Arrow, 1925: 2A infanta Arrow, 1925: 2C laxicornis Arrow, 1925: 2C recurrens Arrow, 1925: 2B scutigera Arrow, 1925: 2D viridipennis Arrow, 1925: 2C Family MONOTOMIDAE Laporte, 1840 Subfamily RHIZOPHAGINAE Redtenbacher, 1845 Genus Rhizophagus Herbst, 1793 Subgenus Rhizophagus Herbst, 1793 beasoni Sengupta and De, 1988: 2A championi Sengupta and De, 1988: 2B ghumus Sengupta and De, 1988: 2C indicus Méquignon, 1913: 2B kali Sengupta and De, 1988: 2B pahalgamus Sengupta and Biswas, 1977: 2A pratapi Sengupta and De, 1988: 2A singularis Sengupta and De, 1988: 2A Subfamily MONOTOMINAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe EUROPINI Sen Gupta, 1988 Genus Europs Wollaston, 1854 Subgenus Europs Wollaston, 1854 alutaceus Champion, 1924: 2B indicus Grouvelle, 1903: 2C Genus Indoleptipsius Pal, 1996 ushae Pal, 1996: 2D Genus Malinica Sengupta, 1988 ranjana Sengupta, 1988: 2C Genus Mimemodes Reitter, 1876 harmandı (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C megalocephalus Champion, 1924: 2B nigratus Sengupta, 1979: 2C Genus Monotomopsis Grouvelle, 1896 andrewesi Grouvelle, 1908: 2B Genus Renuka Sengupta, 1988 rita Sengupta, 1988: 2C Genus Tarunius Sengupta, 1977 punctatus Sengupta, 1977: 2C Tribe MONOTOMINI Laporte, 1840 Genus Monotoma Herbst, 1793 spinicollis Aubé, 1837: 2C


Family CRYPTOPHAGIDAE Kirby, 1837 Subfamily CRYPTOPHAGINAE Kirby, 1837 Tribe CAENOSCELINI Casey, 1863 Genus Caenoscelis Thomson, 1863 franzi Sengupta and Basak, 1985: 2C Genus Himascelis Sen Gupta, 1978 brunneus Sen Gupta, 1978: 2A, 2C kashmirensis Sen Gupta and Pal, 1980: 2A nigratus Sengupta, 1978: 2C Genus Sternodea Reitter, 1875 franzi Johnson, 2012: 2A Tribe CRYPTOPHAGINI Kirby, 1826 Genus Antherophagus Latreille, 1829 himalaicus Champion, 1922: 1B, 2A, 2B microphthalmicus Grouvelle, 1919: 2C nigricollis Champion, 1925: 2B Genus Cryptophagus Herbst, 1792 affinis Sturm, 1845: 2A anxiosus Grouvelle, 1916: 2C auropubens Grouvelle, 1916: 2A, 2C aurovestitus Bruce, 1945: 2B atratus Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B bengalensis Sen Gupta, 1980: 2B, 2C castanescens Grouvelle, 1916: 2A, 2C cellaris (Scopoli, 1763): 2B, 2C clavator Champion, 1924: 2A, 2B curtus Grouvelle, 1916: 2C eliae Otero, 2002: 2B heteroclitus Lyubarsky, 1997: 2A himalaicus Bruce, 1952: 2A, 2B honoratus Lyubarsky, 1999: 2B infuscus (Grouvelle, 1916): 2C johnsoni Sengupta, 1980: 2C kalitzkyi Reitter, 1875: 2A laticollis Lucas, 1849: 2B lomus Sengupta, 1980: 2B malaisei Bruce, 1945: 2C monticola Grouvelle, 1916: 2C simulator Grouvelle, 1916: 2A, 2C Genus Henoticus Thomson, 1868 indicus Grouvelle, 1916: 2A, 2C sinensis Bruce, 1943: 2C Genus Micrambe Thomson, 1863 baneti Otero, 2004: 2C Genus Spaniophaenus Reitter, 1875 fraudulentus (Lyubarsky, 1997): 2A Genus Striatocryptus Leschen, 1996 polyglandis Leschen, 1996: 2B Subfamily ATOMARIINAE LeConte, 1861 Tribe ATOMARIINI LeConte, 1861 Genus Atomaria Stephens, 1829 Subgenus Anchicera Thomson, 1863 incertula Johnson, 1971: 2A, 2B, 2C frugi Lyubarsky, 1997: 2B khumbuensis Johnson, 1971: 2A klapperichi Johnson, 1970: 2B lewisi Reitter, 1877: 2A, 2B, 2C obliqua Johnson 1971: 2B, 2C plecta Lyubarsky, 1995: 2B, 2A


pudica Johnson 1970: 2B, 2C torrida Johnson 1970: 2B, 2C tristis Johnson, 1971: 2A, 2B, 2C Subgenus Atomaria Stephens, 1829 gracilicornis (Reitter 1888): 2B, 2C Genus Curelius Casey, 1900 japonicus (Reitter, 1877): 2B, 2C Genus Ephistemus Stephens, 1829 splendens Johnson, 1971: 2B, 2C Family SILVANIDAE Kirby, 1837 Subfamily BRONTINAE Erichson, 1845 Tribe BRONTINI Erichson, 1845 Genus Macrohyliota Thomas, 2004 spincollis (Guérin-Méneville, 1831): 2D Genus Parahyliota Thomas, 2004 alticola (Pal, Sengupta and Crowson, 1985): 2C, 2D Genus Uleiota Latreille, 1797 puberula (Reitter, 1878): 2D Tribe TELEPHANINI LeConte, 1861 Genus Cryptamorpha Wollaston, 1854 abnormis Sen Gupta and Pal, 1996: 2C foveicollis Pal and Baraik, 2012: 2D kaszabi Pal and Sengupta, 1979: 2C sculptifrons Reitter, 1889: 2C Genus Psammoecus Latreille, 1829 bambusae Pal, 1985: 2C complexus Pal, Sengupta and Crowson, 1985: 2C harmandi Grouvelle, 1912: 2C, 2D lepidus Grouvelle, 1908: 2B trilochana Pal, 1985: 2A, 2B, 2D trimaculatus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D wittmeri Pal and Sengupta, 1979: 2C Subfamily SILVANINAE Kirby, 1837 Genus Acathartus Grouvelle, 1912 idu Pal and Baraik, 2012: 2D Genus Monanus Sharp, 1879 Subgenus Monanops Grouvelle, 1913 rambicus Pal, 1982: 2C Subgenus Monanus Sharp, 1879 concinnulus (Walker, 1858): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer, 1899 surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2D Genus Protosilvanus Grouvelle, 1913 dehradunicus Pal and Sengupta, 1985: 2B granosus (Grouvelle, 1897): 2C, 2D lateritius (Reitter, 1879): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Silvanoides Halstead, 1973 cribricollis (Grouvelle, 1897): 2C, 2D Genus Silvanopsis Grouvelle, 1892 simoni (Grouvelle, 1892): 2B Genus Silvanoprus Reitter, 1911 angusticollis (Reitter, 1876): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cephalotes (Reitter, 1876): 2B, 2C, 2D grouvellei (Reitter, 1876): 2B indicus Pal and Sengupta, 1979: 2C, 2D longicollis (Reitter, 1876): 2C, 2D scuticollis (Walker, 1859): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Silvanus Latreille, 1804 difficilis Halstead, 1973: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

513

lewisi Reitter, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigrans Pal and Sengupta, 1977: 2C recticollis Reitter, 1876: 2D robustus Halstead, 1973: 2C, 2D rossi Halstead, 1973: 2A, 2B Family CUCUJIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Cucujus Fabricius, 1775 bicolor Smith, 1851: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D grouvellei Reitter, 1877: Himalaya kempi Grouvelle, 1913: 2B, 2D Genus Pediacus Shuckard, 1839 bhutanicus Sengupta, 1978: 2D montivagus Champion, 1923: 2B rufipes Grouvelle, 1908: 2D Family PASSANDRIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Ancistria Erichson, 1845 bostrychoides Grouvelle, 1908: 2C costata Burckhardt and Ślipiński,1995: 2C indica Burckhardt and Ślipiński, 1995: 2B Genus Aulonosoma Motschulsky, 1858 insignis (Grouvelle, 1891): 2B Genus Passandra Dalman, 1817 trigemina (Newman, 1839): Himalaya Family PHALACRIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily PHAENOCEPHALINAE Matthews, 1899 Genus Sphaerostilbus Champion, 1924 dilatatus Champion, 1924: 2B Subfamily PHALACRINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Heterostilbus Champion, 1924 laevigatus Champion, 1924: 2B marginatus Champion, 1924: 2B Genus Litochrus Erichson, 1845 Subgenus Litochrus Erichson, 1845 championi Hetschko, 1929: 2B Genus Merobrachys Guillebeau, 1896 fuscoguttatus Champion, 1924: 2B Genus Olibrus Erichson, 1845 latisternus Guillebeau, 1894: 2B nainiensis Champion, 1924: 2B obscuricornis Guillebeau, 1894: 2A Genus Phalacrus Paykull, 1800 corvinus Guillebeau, 1894: 2B immarginatus Champion, 1925: 2B luteicornis Champion, 1924: 2B Genus Stilbomimus Champion, 1924 diluticollis Champion, 1924: 2B v-flavum Champion, 1924: 2B Family PROPALTICIDAE Crowson, 1952 Genus Propalticus Sharp, 1879 indicus Sen Gupta, 1978: 2C Family LAEMOPHLOEIDAE Ganglbauer, 1899 Subfamily LACMOPHLOEINAE Ganglbauer, 1899 Genus Cryptolestes Ganglbauer, 1899 harmandi (Grouvelle, 1903): 2A, 2B nahansis Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2A, 2B, 2D pusillus (Schönherr, 1817): 2B, 2C, 2D turcicus (Grouvelle, 1876): 2C Genus Heterojinus Sengupta and Mukhopadhyay, 1978 semilaetaneus (Grouvelle, 1913): 2D

514

Genus Leptophloeus Casey, 1916 incertus (Grouvelle, 1888): 2B, 2D janeti (Grouvelle, 1899b): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D kuluensis Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2A Genus Microlaemus Lefkovitch, 1962 bengalensis Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2C dentatus Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2C, 2D interceptus (Grouvelle, 1903): 2B, 2C sikkimensis Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2C sylvestris Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2B Genus Narthecius LeConte, 1861 mangiferus Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2B Genus Nipponophloeus Sasaji, 1983 calognathus (Grouvelle, 1908): 2B dorcoides (Reitter, 1874): 2B, 2C miles Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2D Genus Notolaemus Lefkovitch, 1959 kashmirensis Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2A, 2B Genus Passandrophloeus Kessel, 1921 ditomoides (Grouvelle, 1908): 2B, 2C, 2D submontanus Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Placonotus Macleay, 1871 debanus Mukhopadhyay, 1985: 2D himalaicus Mukhopadhyay and Sengupta, 1977: 2C orientalis (Grouvelle, 1893): 2B proximus (Grouvelle, 1908): 2B, 2D testaceus (Fabricius, 1787): 2B, 2D Genus Planolestes Lefkovitch, 1958 andamanicus Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2C Genus Pseudolaemus Mukhopadhyay, 2016 lepchai Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2C neglectus (Grouvelle, 1883): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D separates Mukhopadhyay, 2016: 2B, 2C Genus Xylolestes Lefkovitch, 1962 ovalis (Grouvelle, 1883): 2B, 2C, 2D rugifrons (Grouvelle, 1892): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Xylophloeus Lefkovitch, 1962 darjeelingensis (Mukhopadhyay and Sengupta, 1978): 2C nainitalensis (Mukhopadhyay and Sengupta, 1978): 2B, 2C Family KATERETIDAE Erichson, 1846 Genus Brachypterus Kugelann, 1794 kraatzi (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C Genus Kateretes Herbst, 1793 ornatus (Jelínek, 1978): 2A, 2B Family NITIDULIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily AMPHICROSSINAE Kirejtshuk, 1986 Genus Amphicrossus Erichson, 1843 discolor Erichson, 1843: 2C japonicus Reitter, 1873: 2A lobanovi Kirejshuk, 2005: 2A, 2C montanus Kirejshuk, 2005: 2A, 2C Subfamily EPURAEINAE Kirejtshuk, 1986 Genus Carpocryraea Kirejtshuk, 1998 familiaris (Grouvelle, 1897): 2C Genus Epuraea Erichson, 1843 Subgenus Epuraea Erichson, 1843 acea Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2B acelsa Kirejsthuk, 1998: 2B birmanica Grouvelle, 1892: 2C


cameroni Kirejsthuk, 1998: 2C championi Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2B contraria Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2C cribrata Grouvelle, 1903: 2C cyclops Jelínek, 1978: 2C laeta Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2C latissima Reitter, 1880: 2B polina Kirejtshuk, 1987: 2C propria Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2C pumila Grouvelle, 1897: 2A, 2B, 2C riedeli Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2A, 2B waterhousei Grouvelle, 1908: 2A Subgenus Epuraeanella Crotch, 1874 fossicollis Grouvelle, 1908: 2C martensi Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2B, 2C Subgenus Haptoncurina Jelínek, 1977 motschulskii Reitter, 1873: 2B, 2C reflexicollis Motschulsky, 1863: 2B Subgenus Haptoncus Murray, 1864 concolor (Murray, 1864): 2B fallax (Grouvelle, 1897): 2A, 2B, 2C luteola Erichson, 1843: 2B, 2C ocularis Fairmaire, 1849: 2D Subgenus Micruria Reitter, 1875 biplagiata Kirejtshuk, 1998: 2C cerina Grouvelle, 1894: 2C convexa Grouvelle, 1908: 2A, 2B, 2C grouvellei Jelínek, 1978: 2C insolita Grouvelle, 1908: 2B lisa Kirejsthuk, 1987: 2B reticulata Grouvelle, 1892: 2B, 2C subtilis Grouvelle, 1894: 2B, 2C, 2D wittmeri Jelínek, 1978: 2C Genus Grouvellia Kirejtshuk, 1984 picea (Reitter, 1873): 2C Genus Tetrisus Murray, 1864 Subgenus Trimenus Murray, 1864 curvipes Grouvelle, 1908: 2C epuraeoides Grouvelle, 1892: 2C hydroporoides Murray, 1864: 2B parallelopipedus (Motschulsky, 1863): 2B, 2C Genus Taenioncus Kirejtshuk, 1984 cylindricus (Murray, 1864): 2B tenuis (Murray, 1864): 2B Subfamily CARPOPHILINAE Erichson, 1842 Genus Carpophilus Stephens, 1830 Subgenus Carpophilus Stephens, 1830 bifenestratus Murray, 1864: 2C delkeskampi Hisamatsu, 1963: 2C funereus Murray, 1864: 2C marginellus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C oblongopunctatus Grouvelle, 1903: 2C obsoletus Erichson, 1843: 2C, 2D Subgenus Ecnomorphus Motschulsky, 1858 biguttatus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C signatus (Grouvelle, 1908): 2C Subgenus Eidocolastus Murray, 1864 plagiatipennis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C Genus Urophorus Murray, 1864


Subgenus Anophorus Kirejtshuk, 1990 foveicollis (Murray, 1864): 2C Subfamily CRYPTARCHINAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Cryptarcha Shuckard, 1840 dubia Grouvelle, 1890: 2C maculata Reitter, 1873: 2C raychaudhurii Dasgupta and Pal, 2016: 2C, 2D Genus Glischrochilus Reitter, 1873 Subgenus Cephalips Arrow, 1937 egregius (Grouvelle, 1892): 2C Subgenus Librodor Reitter, 1884 flavipennis (Reitter, 1875): 2B, 2C flavoguttatus (Reitter, 1875): 2B Subfamily NITIDULINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Aethina Erichson, 1843 Subgenus Aethina Erichson, 1843 cyaneipennis Grouvelle, 1903: 2C elongata Reitter, 1875: 2B humeralis (Grouvelle, 1890): 2D inconspicua Nakane, 1967: 2B, 2C ocularis Jelínek, 1978: 2C vicina Grouvelle, 1894: 2C Subgenus Circopes Reitter, 1873 atratula Jelínek and Kirejtshuk, 1986: 2C marginata (Grouvelle, 1894): 2C Subgenus Cleidorura Kirejtshuk and Lawrence, 1999 obscura Reitter, 1873: Himalaya Subgenus Idaethina Gemminger and Harold, 1868 meligethoides (Reitter, 1873): Himalaya orientalis (Nietner, 1856): 2B subrugosa (Grouvelle, 1894): 2B Genus Aethinopsis Grouvelle, 1908 antennata Grouvelle, 1908: 2C Genus Cyllodes Erichson, 1843 angustipes Grouvelle, 1908: 2C indicus Grouvelle, 1894: 2A Genus Ecnomaeus Erichson, 1843 haroldi Reitter, 1873: Himalaya waterhousei Grouvelle, 1908: 2A Genus Ipidia Erichson, 1843 Subgenus Hemipidia Kirejtshuk, 1992 sjoebergi Jelínek, 1978: 2D variolosa latior Grouvelle, 1914: 2D Genus Megauchenia Macleay, 1825 angustata (Erichson, 1843): 2C, 2D quadricollis (Reitter, 1883): 2D Genus Neopallodes Reitter, 1884 falsus (Grouvelle, 1913): 2C vietnamicus Kirejtshuk, 1987: 2C Genus Pallodes Erichson, 1843 Subgenus Pallodes Erichson, 1843 alutaceus Kirejtshuk, 1987: 2C oleosus Kirejtshuk, 1987: 2C Genus Parametopia Reitter, 1884 indica Grouvelle, 1894: 2C Genus Physoronia Reitter, 1884 Subgenus Lordyrodes Reitter, 1884 kaszabi (Kirejtshuk, 1984): 2C Subgenus Pocadiodes Ganglbauer, 1899

515

gracilis (Jelínek, 1978): 2B harmandı (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C Genus Prometopia Erichson, 1843 quadrimaculata Motschulsky, 1863: 2C Genus Soronia Erichson, 1843 braeti Grouvelle, 1894: 2C imperialis Grouvelle, 1903: 2C minima Grouvelle, 1903: 2C Genus Stelidota Erichson, 1843 franzi Jelínek, 1984: 2B, 2C multiguttata Reitter, 1877: 2B nepalensis Jelínek, 1984: 2B, 2C Genus Triacanus Erichson, 1843 nigripennis Reitter, 1873: 2C Subfamily CILLAEINAE Kirejtshuk and Audisio, 1986 Genus Colopterus Erichson, 1842 robertopoggii Pal and Dasgupta, 2014: 2C Subfamily MELIGETHINAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Cyclogethes Kirejtshuk, 1979 abnormis Kirejtshuk, 1979: 2C aldridgei Kirejtshuk, 1980: 2B Genus Kabakovia Kirejtshuk, 1979 latipes (Grouvelle, 1908): 2B, 2C Genus Meligethes Stephens, 1830 aeneus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A assamensis Kirejtshuk, 1980: 2D braeti Grouvelle, 1894: 2C castanescens Grouvelle, 1903: 2C ferrugineus Reitter, 1873: 2C himalayensis Kirejtshuk, 1980: 2B klapperichi Easton, 1957: 2A nigrescens Stephens, 1830: 2A pharetra Easton, 1957: 2A subrugosus (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2A tilmani Easton, 1968: 2B Genus Meligethinus Grouvelle, 1906 apicalis (Grouvelle, 1894): 2C plagiatus (Grouvelle, 1894): 2C quadricollis Kirejtshuk, 1987: 2B Genus Pria Stephens, 1830 indica Grouvelle, 1894: 2C Subfamily CYBOCEPHALINAE Jacquelin du Val, 1858 Genus Cybocephalus Erichson, 1844 binotatus Grouvelle, 1908: 2A, 2B chlorocephalus Erichson, 1844: 2B gibbulus Erichson, 1844: 2B nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, 1971: 2B Family BOTHRIDERIDAE Erichson, 1845 Subfamily XYLARIOPHILINAE Pal and Lawrence, 1986 Genus Xylariophilus Pal and Lawrence, 1986 comatus Pal and Lawrence, 1986: 2D Subfamily BOTHRIDERINAE Erichson, 1845 Genus Machlotes Pascoe, 1863 incisus Pascoe, 1866: 2C Genus Pseudobothrideres Grouvelle, 1908 velatus Grouvelle, 1908: 2C Genus Triboderus Grouvelle, 1894 andrewesi Grouvelle, 1894: 2C Subfamily TEREDINAE Seidlitz, 1888

516

Genus Teredolaemus Sharp, 1885 major Champion, 1919: 2B, 2C Family CERYLONIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily EUXESTINAE Grouvelle, 1908 Genus Euxestoxenus Arrow, 1925 striatus Arrow, 1925: 2B Genus Cycloxenus Arrow, 1925 hispidus Arrow, 1925: 2B, 2C Subfamily CERYLONINAE Billberg, 1820 Genus Paracerylon Slipinski, 1990 globosum (Ślipiński, 1981): 2C humeridens (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C montanus (Ślipiński, 1981): 2C yeti (Slipinski, 1982): 2A Genus Philothermus Aube, 1843 brancuccii Ślipiński, 1981: 2A Genus Spinocerylon Slipinski, 1988 mirabile (Ślipiński, 1982): 2A wittmeri (Ślipiński, 1981): 2A Family DISCOLOMATIDAE Horn, 1878 Genus Aphanocephalus Wouaston, 1873 convexus Pal, 1996: 2C ganganicus Schawaller, 1989: 2B himalayanus Schawaller, 1989: 2C johni Pal, 1992: 2D sikkima Pal, 1996: 2C superbus Pal, 1996: 2C Genus Parafallia Arrow, 1939 johni Geisthardt, 1975: 2B Genus Parmaschema Heller, 1912 indica Pal, 1992: 2D Family ENDOMYCHIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily MEROPHYSIINAE Seidlitz, 1872 Tribe MEROPHYSIINI Seidlitz, 1872 Genus Reitteria Leder, 1872 regalis Ruecker, 2016: 2A Subfamily ANAMORPHINAE Strohecker, 1953 Genus Asymbius Gorham, 1896 hamulatus Arrow, 1926: 2B, 2C indicus Strohecker, 1982: 2B rufus Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Idiophyes Blackburn, 1895 indicus (Arrow, 1925): 2B Subfamily ENDOMYCHINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Cyclotoma Mulsant, 1851 indiana (Gorham, 1897): 2C nigra Tomaszewska, 2002: 2C Genus Endomychus Panzer, 1795 bicolor Gorham, 1875: 2C humeralis (Pic, 1922): 2A Genus Eucteanus Gerstaecker, 1857 coelestinus Gerstaecker, 1857: 2C cruciger Gorham, 1897: 2D marseuli Gorham, 1873: 2A, 2B mussuricus Arrow, 1925: 2B Subfamily LYCOPERDININAE Redtenbacher, 1844 Genus Ancylopus Costa, 1850 melanocephalus (Olivier, 1808): 2D nigrothoracica Pal, 2003: 2C


pictus indianus Strohecker, 1972: 2B, 2C Genus Beccariola Arrow, 1943 sikkimensis Tomaszewska, 2002: 2C Genus Cymbachus Gerstaecker, 1857 spilotus Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Dapsa Latreille, 1829 adami Tomaszewska, 1997: 2C celata Arrow, 1925: 2C indica Tomaszewska, 1997: 2C Genus Encymon Gerstaecker, 1857 cinctipes Gorham, 1897: 2C, 2D Genus Eumorphus Weber, 1801 assamensis assamensis Gerstäker, 1857: 2D bicoloripedoides (Maděr, 1955): 2C quadriguttatus pulchripes Gerstaecker, 1857: 2C, 2D sanguinipes (Guérin-Méneville, 1858): 2C Genus Gerstaeckerus Tomaszewska, 2005 kamengensis (Vazirani and Saha, 1972): 2D sikkimensis (Strohecker, 1971): 2C Genus Indalmus Gerstaecker, 1858 indicus (Gorham, 1875): 2D kirbyanus (Latreille, 1807): 2C Genus Mycetina Mulsant, 1846 montivaga Csiki, 1900: 2A, 2B, 2C variicornis (Arrow, 1925): 2C, 2D Genus Ohtaius Chûjö, 1938 signifer (Gorham, 1875): 2C, 2D Genus Spathomeles Gerstaecker, 1857 decoratus Gerstaecker, 1857: 2C, 2D Subfamily STENOTARSINAE Chapuis, 1876 Genus Chondria Gorham, 1887 araneola Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Danae Reiche, 1847 clauda Arrow, 1925: 2B, 2C ornata Arrow, 1925: 2B sericea Arrow, 1925: 2C Genus Ectomychus Gorham, 1887 ovatus Arrow, 1928: 2C Genus Saula Gerstaecker, 1858 longior Strohecker, 1951: 2B Genus Stenotarsus Perty, 1832 bicolor Gerstaecker, 1858: 2B peguensis Gorham, 1896: 2B secticollis Strohecker, 1974: 2B seminalis Arrow, 1925: 2B Family COCCINELLIDAE Latreille, 1807 Subfamily STICHOLOTIDINAE Weise, 1901 Tribe SERANGIINI Blackwelder, 1945 Genus Serangium Blackburn, 1889 chapini (Kapur, 1956): 2B montazerii Fürsch, 1995: 2B parcesetosum Sicard, 1929: 2B Tribe SHIROZUELLINI Sasaji, 1967 Genus Ghanius Ahmad, 1973 schawalleri Canepari, 1997: 2B Tribe STICHOLOTIDINI Weise, 1901 Genus Jauravia Motschlusky, 1858 hanifi Afroze and Shujauddin, 1998: 2B quadrinotata Kapur, 1946: 2C


Genus Pharoscymnus Bedel, 1906 flexibilis (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C horni (Weise, 1901): 2A, 2B Genus Sticholotis Crotch, 1874 besucheti Canepari, 1986: 2C bilineata Weise, 1910: 2C duodecimpunctata Weise, 1910: 2C madagassa Weise, 1909: 2B marginalis Kapur, 1956: 2A Subfamily COCCIDULINAE Mulsant, 1846 Tribe COCCIDULINI Mulsant, 1846 Genus Lindorus Casey, 1899 lophantae (Blaisdell, 1892): 2B Tribe EXOPLECTRINI Crotch, 1874 Genus Oridia Gorham, 1895 pubescens Gorham, 1895: 2C Tribe NOVIINI Mulsant, 1850 Genus Rodolia Mulsant, 1850 breviuscula Weise, 1892: 2C fumida Mulsant, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C manganensis Singh, 2014: 2C octoguttata Weise, 1910: 2A, 2B, 2C sexmaculata Korschefsky, 1940: 2B sexnotata (Mulsant, 1850): 2B, 2C Tribe SUMNIINI (Khoang, 1982) Genus Sumnius Weise, 1892 cardoni Weise, 1892: 2B, 2C vestita (Mulsant, 1850): 2B Tribe TETRABRACHINI Kapur, 1948 Genus Tetrabrachys Kapur, 1948 robusta Kapur, 1948: 2B Subfamily SCYMNINAE Mulsant, 1846 Tribe ASPIDIMERINI Mulsant, 1850 Genus Aspidimerus Mulsant, 1850 birmanicus (Gorham, 1895): 2C Genus Cryptogonus Mulsant, 1850 ariasi (Mulsant, 1853): 2B, 2C bimaculatus Kapur, 1948: 2C complexus Kapur, 1948: 2C himalayensis Kapur, 1948: 2C hingstoni Kapur, 1948: 2C loebli Canepari, 1986: 2B orbiculus (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2A, 2B, 2C postmedialis Kapur, 1948: 2B, 2C quadriguttatus (Weise, 1895): 2B, 2C trioblitus Gorham, 1895: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe SCYMNINI Mulsant, 1846 Genus Nephus Mulsant, 1846 Subgenus Nephus Mulsant, 1846 regularis (Sicard, 1929): 2B ryuguus (Kamiya, 1961): 2B tagiapatus (Kamiya, 1965): 2B Genus Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 Subgenus Neopullus Sasaji, 1971 fuscatus Boheman, 1859: 2B, 2C hoffmanni (Weise, 1879): 2B Subgenus Pullus Mulsant, 1846 bengalicus Canepari, 1986: 2C besucheti Canepari, 1986: 2C

517

bhaumiki Chakraborty and Biswas, 2003: 2C bourdilloni (Kapur, 1958): 2B, 2C coccivora Ayyar, 1925: 2B facetus Canepari, 1986: 2B hingstoni (Kapur, 1963): 2B, 2C kawamurai (Ohta, 1929): 2B nepalensis Bielawski, 1971: 2C posticalis Sicard, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C pyrocheilus Mulsant, 1853: 2B, 2C quadrillum Motschulsky, 1858: 2C sodalis (Weise, 1923): 2B testacecollis (Kapur, 1963): 2C victoris Crotch, 1874: 2C Subgenus Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 apiciflavus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C nubilus Mulsant, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe STETHORINI Dobrzhanskiy, 1924 Genus Stethorus Weise, 1885 Subgenus Allostethoms lablokoff-Khnzorian, 1972 pauperculus (Weise, 1895): 2C Subgenus Stethorus Weise, 1885 gilvifrons (Mulsant, 1850): 2A rani Kapur, 1948: 2B Subfamily CHILOCORINAE Mulsant, 1846 Tribe CHILOCORINI Mulsant, 1846 Genus Brumoides Chapin, 1965 suturalis (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C Genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815 bijugus Mulsant, 1853: 2A, 2B, 2C braeti Weise, 1895: 2C hauseri Weise, 1895: 2C infernalis Mulsant, 1853: 2A, 2B, 2C kuwanae Silvestři, 1909: 2B melas Weise, 1898: 2C nigrita (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B politus Mulsant, 1850: 2C rubidus Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B Genus Priscibrumus Kovář, 1997 lituratus (Gorham, 1894): 2A, 2B trijunctus (Kapur, 1973): 1B uropygialis (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe PLATYNASPIDINI Mulsant, 1846 Genus Platynaspidius Miyatake, 1961 bimaculata (Pang and Mao, 1979): 2C saundersi (Crotch, 1874): 2A, 2B Tribe PLATYNASPIDINI, species incertae sedis Genus Platynaspis Redtenbacher, 1843 trimaculata Weise, 1910: 2C Tribe TELSIMIINI Casey, 1899 Genus Telsimia Casey, 1899 darleelingensis Kapur, 1969: 2C Tribe ORTALIINI Mulsant, 1850 Genus Amida Lewis, 1896 vietnamica Hoang, 1982: 2A Genus Ortalia Mulsant, 1850 aureus Singh and Singh, 2013: 2A chlorops Gorham, 1903: 2B Subfamily COCCINELLINAE Latreille, 1807 Tribe HALYZIINI Mulsant, 1846

518

Genus Halyzia Mulsant, 1846 dejavu Poorani and Booth, 2006: 2C, 2D sanscrita Mulsant, 1853: 2A, 2C, 2D straminea (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C tschitscherini Semenov, 1895: 2A Genus Illeis Mulsant, 1850 Subgenus Illeis Mulsant, 1850 bistigmosa (Mulsant, 1850): 2C cincta (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B confusa Timberlake, 1943: 2B indica Timberlake, 1947: 2A, 2B, 2C kapuri Anand, Gupta and Ghani, 1990: 2A Genus Macroilleis Miyatake, 1965 hauseri (Mader, 1930): 2D Genus Psyllobora Chevrolat, 1836 Subgenus Psyllobora Chevrolat, 1836 bisoctonotata (Mulsant, 1850): 2A, 2B Tribe SINGHIKALIINI Miyatake, 1972 Genus Singhikalia Kapur, 1963 ornata Kapur, 1963: 2C Tribe TYTTHASPIDINI Crotch, 1874 Genus Bulaea Mulsant, 1850 lichatschovii (Hummel, 1827): 2A Tribe COCCINELLINI Latreille, 1807 Genus Adalia Mulsant, 1846 Subgenus Adalia Mulsant, 1846 bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A tetraspilota (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871 hexaspilota (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979 dodecaspilota (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982 cardoni (Weise, 1892): 2A Genus Bothrocalvia Crotch, 1874 albolineata (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2C Genus Callicaria Crotch, 1871 superba (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Calvia Mulsant, 1846 albida Bielawski, 1972: 2B, 2C, 2D breiti Maděr, 1932: 2A, 2B, 2C championorum Booth, 1997: 2B explanata Poorani, 2014: 2C flaveola Booth, 1997: 2A, 2B punctata (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B shiva Kapur, 1963: 2C sykesii (Crotch, 1874): 2B, 2C vulnerata (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Ceratomegilla Crotch, 1873 Subgenus Ceratomegilla Crotch, 1873 heydeni (Weise, 1892): 1B Genus Cheilomenes Chevrolat, 1836 sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758 leonina transversalis Fabricius, 1781: 2B, 2C luteopicta (Mulsant, 1866): 2A, 2B, 2C magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889: 2A


marussii Kapur, 1973: 2A septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D transversalis Fabricius, 1781: 2A, 2B, 2C transversoguttata transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835: 2A Subgenus Spilota Billberg, 1820 undecimpunctata menetriesi Mulsant, 1850: 2B Genus Coelophora Mulsant, 1850 bissellata Mulsant, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C nitidicollis Kapur, 1963: 2C saucia Mulsant, 1850: 2A Genus Harmonia Mulsant, 1846 axyridis (Pallas, 1773): 2C expalliata Sicard, 1914: 2A, 2B dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D eucharis (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sedecimnotata (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C Genus Hippodamia Chevrolat, 1836 arctica (Schneider, 1792): 2A variegata (Goeze, 1777): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Hysia Mulsant, 1850 endomycina (Boisduval, 1835): 2A Genus Megalocaria Crotch, 1871 dilatata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B reichei pearsoni Crotch, 1874: 2C Genus Micraspis Chevrolat, 1836 allardi (Mulsant, 1866): 2A, 2B discolor (Fabricius, 1798): 2C inops (Mulsant, 1866): 2C Genus Oenopia Mulsant, 1850 adelgivora Poorani, 2002: 2C billieti (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C cashmirense (Korschefsky, 1935): 2A kirbyi Mulsant, 1850: 2A, 2B, 2C mimica Weise, 1902: 2B, 2C oncina (Olivier, 1808): 2A quadripunctata Kapur, 1963: 2C sauzeti Mulsant, 1866: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sexareata (Mulsant, 1853): 2A, 2B, 2C smetanai Canepari, 1997: 2B signatella (Mulsant, 1866): 2B, 2C Genus Palaeoneda Crotch, 1871 auriculata (Mulsant, 1866): 2B, 2C Genus Phrynocaria Timberlake, 1943 decemguttata (Weise, 1912): 2C perrotteti (Mulsant, 1850): 2A unicolor Fabricius, 1792: 2B, 2C vidua (Mulsant, 1850): Himalaya Genus Propylea Mulsant, 1846 dissecta (Mulsant, 1850): 2B, 2C luteopustulata (Mulsant, 1850): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Protothea Weise, 1898 quadripunctata (Mulsant, 1853): 2C Genus Synonycha Chevrolat, 1836 grandis (Thunberg, 1781): 2C Subfamily EPILACHNINAE Mulsant, 1846 Tribe EPILACHNINI Mulsant, 1850 Genus Afidenta Dieke, 1947 misera (Weise, 1901): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Afidentula Kapur, 1958


himalayana Kapur, 1963: 2B, 2C manderstjernae manderstjernae (Mulsant, 1853): 2B, 2C minima (Gorham, 1894): 2B stephensi (Mulsant, 1850): 2B, 2C Genus Afissula Kapur, 1958 merkli Jadwiszczak, 1989: 2C mysticoides (Sicard, 1914): 2C parvula (Crotch, 1874): 2C pronotonigeratus Singh and Singh, 1988: 2B sanscrita (Crotch, 1874): 2B, 2C Genus Epilachna Chevrolat, 1836 atypica (Dieke, 1947): 2C bengalica (Dieke, 1947): 2C besucheti Canepari, 1986: 2C congener Gorham, 1895: 2C convextata Singh and Singh, 1990: 2C crecentomaculata Singh and Singh, 1990: 2A decemmaculata Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2B deyrollii Crotch, 1874: 2C dumerili Mulsant, 1850: 2C elvina Mulsant, 1853: 2B endomycina Gorham, 1903: 2C flavicollis (Thunberg, 1781): 2C gibbera Crotch, 1874: 2C grayi Mulsant, 1850: 2B, 2C hendecaspilota (Mader, 1927): 2C laesicollis Mulsant, 1850: 2C macularis Mulsant, 1850: 2C marginicollis (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C maxima (Weise, 1898): 2C moorii (Crotch, 1874): 2C monsuna Bielawski, 1979: 2B mystica Mulsant, 1850: 2B, 2C, 2D septemocellata Singh and Singh, 1990: 2A shilliensis Singh and Singh, 1990: 2A sureilica (Kapur, 1963): 2C suspiciosa Weise, 1901: 2C undecimspilota (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Henosepilachna Li, 1961 boisduvali (Mulsant, 1850): 2C chamolika Chakraborty, 2010: 2B dodecastigma (Wiedemann, 1823): 2B, 2C dubiosa (Dieke, 1947): 2C indica (Mulsant, 1850): 2B, 2C ocellata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C pusillanima (Mulsant, 1850): 2C septima (Dieke, 1947): 2C sikkimica (Kapur, 1963): 2C vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C Family LATRIDIIDAE Erichson, 1842 Subfamily LATRIDIINAE Erichson, 1842 Tribe LATRIDIINI Erichson, 1842 Genus Besuchetia Dajoz, 1975 ceylanica Dajoz, 1975: 2B Genus Cartodere Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Aridius Motschulsky, 1866 lobli (Dajoz, 1975): 2B, 2C Subgenus Cartodere Thomson, 1859 constricta (Gyllenhal, 1827): 2A, 2B, 2C

519

Genus Dienerella Reitter, 1911 Subgenus Cartoderema Reitter, 1911 kashmirensis (Sengupta, 1976): 2A ovata (Sengupta, 1976): 2C Genus Enicmus Thomson, 1859 histrio Joy and Tomlin, 1910: 2A, 2B Genus Latridius Herbst, 1793 peacockae (Sengupta, 1976): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Stephostethus LeConte, 1878 arunus Sengupta, 1983: 2A, 2C barunus Sengupta, 1983: 2A carinatus Sengupta, 1976: 2B, 2C kashmirensis Sengupta, 1983: 2A malabicus Sengupta, 1983: 2A malinicus Sengupta, 1983: 2C minaticus Sengupta, 1983: 2A nigratus Sengupta, 1976: 2C paradoxus Sengupta, 1976: 2A, 2B, 2C renukae Sengupta, 1983: 2C tarunus Sengupta, 1983: 2C Subfamily CORTICARIINAE Curtis, 1829 Genus Corticaria Marsham, 1802 aculeata Johnson, 1977: 2C bengaliensis Rücker, 1978: 2C brevilata Rücker, 1978: 2C cognata Rücker, 1978: 2C elongata (Gyllenhal, 1827): 2A fastigata Rücker, 1978: 2C inflatipennis Champion, 1922: 2B martensi Johnson, 1977: 2C nebulosa Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B orientalis Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C parvithorax Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C rhombifera Champion, 1922: 2A, 2B, 2C topali Rücker, 1978: 2C Genus Corticarina Reitter, 1881 bhutanensis Johnson, 1977: 2C biharensis Johnson, 1979: 2C championi Johnson, 1972: 2B, 2C clareae Johnson, 1972: 2A, 2B, 2C coei Johnson, 1972: 2B, 2C cognata Johnson, 1972: 2B, 2C gangolae Johnson, 1970: 2B, 2C fraudulenta Johnson, 1972: 2B, 2C guptai Johnson, 1979: 2C hammondi Johnson, 1972: 2B, 2C nigra Johnson, 1975: 2A, 2B parallela Johnson, 1972: 2B strandi Johnson, 1972: 2B subcognata Johnson, 1979: 2C Genus Cortinicara Johnson, 1975 bhutanica Johnson, 1977: 2B, 2C gibbosa (Herbst, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C subgibbosa (Johnson, 1972): 2B Genus Melanophthalma Motschulsky, 1866 Subgenus Melanophthalma Motschulsky, 1866 angulicollis Motschulsky, 1866: 2B evansi Johnson, 1972: North India franzi Johnson, 1972: 2A, 2B, 2C

520

Genus Migneauxia Jacquelin du Val, 1859 lederi Reitter, 1875: 2B, 2C Superfamily TENEBRIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family MYCETOPHAGIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily MYCETOPHAGINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe MYCETOPHAGINI Leach, 1815 Genus Mycetophagus Fabricius, 1792 Subgenus Mycetophagoides Nikitsky, 1988 alni Champion, 1917: 2B Subgenus Paramycetophagus Nikitsky, 2007 sulcicollis Champion, 1917: 2B Subgenus Ulolendus Reitter, 1911 bifasciatus Champion, 1919: 2B Genus Mycetophagus, species incertae sedis fraternus Grouvelle, 1911: 2C Family ARCHEOCRYPTICIDAE Kaszab, 1964 Genus Sivacrypticus Kaszab, 1964 bengalicus Kaszab, 1975: 2C kashmirensis Kaszab, 1975: 2A Family CIIDAE Leach, 1819 Subfamily CIINAE Leach, 1819 Genus Cis Latreille, 1796 fasciculosus Champion, 1922: 2B gardneri Pic, 1937: 2B orius Kompantsev, 1996: 2B Family TETRATOMIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily TETRATOMINAE Billberg, 1820 Genus Tetratoma Fabricius, 1790 Subgenus Tetratoma Fabricius, 1790 cyanoptera Champion, 1924: 2C Subfamily PENTHINAE Lacordaire, 1859 Genus Penthe Newman, 1838 almorensis Champion, 1917: 2B rufopubens Marseul, 1876: 2C Subfamily HALLOMENINAE Mulsant, 1856 Genus Hallomenus Panzer, 1793 Subgenus Hallomenus Panzer, 1793 orientalis Nikitsky, 1998: 2A Family MELANDRYIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily MELANDRYINAE Leach, 1815 Tribe DIRCAEINI Mulsant, 1856 Genus Phloiotrya Stephens, 1832 Subgenus Phloiotrya Stephens, 1832 quercicola Champion, 1922: 2B Tribe ORCHESIINI Mulsant, 1856 Genus Lederina Nikitsky and Belov, 1982 indica (Nikitsky and Belov, 1982): 2C Tribe SERROPALPINI Latreille, 1829 Genus Mimoserropalpus Pic, 1922 indicus (Pic, 1945): 2A striatus (Blair, 1931): 2B Genus Perakianus Pic, 1914 bicolor Blair, 1931: 2C Subfamily OSPHYINAE Mulsant, 1856 (1840) Genus Osphya Illiger, 1807 dissimilis Champion, 1922: 2B harmandi Pic, 1926: 2C nigriventris Champion, 1920: 2B nigroapicalis Pic, 1921: Himalaya


Family MORDELLIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily MORDELLINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe MORDELLINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Congomorda Ermisch, 1955 orientalis Horák, 2009: 2C Genus Glipa LeConte, 1857 Subgenus Stenoglipa Franciscolo, 1952 hatayamai sejuncta Takakuwa, 2000: 2C Subgenus Macroglipa Franciscolo, 1952 tripartita Pic, 1934: 2C Genus Macrotomoxia Pic, 1922 gardneri (Blair, 1931): 2C Genus Mordella Linnaeus, 1758 argenteoguttata Champion, 1922: 2B brancuccii Horák, 1995: 2C cinereoplagiata Blair, 1931: 2B himalayana Horák, 1995: 2C multilineata Champion, 1927: 2B, 2C Genus Neocurtimorda Franciscolo, 1949 hoanensis (Pic, 1941): 2C touzalini (Pic, 1941): 2C Genus Variimorda Méquignon, 1946 Subgenus Variimorda Méquignon, 1946 girardi Horák, 2009: 2C sinensis (Pic, 1917): 2C Tribe MORDELLISTENINI Ermisch, 1941 Genus Glipostenoda Ermisch, 1950 rufobrunnea (Champion, 1921): 2B Genus Mordellina Schilsky, 1908 Subgenus Mordellina Schilsky, 1908 quinquenotata (Champion, 1921): 2B Genus Mordellistena Costa, 1854 Subgenus Mordellistena Costa, 1854 cuneigera Champion, 1922: 2B gardneri Blair, 1930: 2C humeronotata Champion, 1922: 2B leveyi Batten, 1989: 2A semirubra Champion, 1927: 2B tenuimanus Champion, 1927: 2B Tribe STENALIINI Franciscolo, 1955 Genus Brodskyella Horák, 1989 holzschuhi Horák, 1989: 2C Genus Stenalia Mulsant, 1856 indica Horák, 1995: 2C Family RIPIPHORIDAE Gemminger and Harold, 1870 Subfamily RIPIPHORINAE Gemminger and Harold, 1870 Tribe MACROSIAGONINI Heyden, 1908 Genus Macrosiagon Hentz, 1830 armata (Waterhouse, 1883): 2C bifasciata (Marseul, 1877): 2A, 2B, 2C bipunctata (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2B ferruginea (Fabricius, 1775): 1A, 2A pusilla (Gerstaecker, 1855): 2A, 2B, 2C spinicollis (Fairmaire, 1893): 2C Family ZOPHERIDAE Solier, 1834 Subfamily COLYDIINAE Erichson, 1842 Tribe GEMPYLODINI Sharp, 1893 Genus Pseudendestes Lawrence, 1980 andrewesi (Grouvelle, 1908): 2C


namdaphaensis Pal, 1984: 2D Tribe NEMATIDIINI Horn, 1878 Genus Nematidium Erichson, 1845 elongatum Pal and Šlipiński, 1984: 2B Tribe SYNCHITINI Erichson, 1845 Genus Bitoma Herbst, 1793 siccana (Pascoe, 1863): 2A, 2C Genus Cerchanotus Erichson, 1845 orientalis (Šlipiński, 1985): 2C Genus Colobicus Latreille, 1807 parilis Pascoe, 1860: 2B, 2C Genus Hyberis Pascoe, 1860 similis Grouvelle, 1913: 2A, 2C Genus Microprius Fairmaire, 1869 demissus (Pascoe, 1863 ): 2C opacus (Sharp, 1885): 2B Genus Neotrichus Sharp, 1885 afoveicollis Pal, 2003: 2C Genus Tarphiosoma Wollaston, 1862 bouvieri Grouvelle, 1903: 2C kempi Grouvelle, 1913: 2D Genus Trachypholis Erichson, 1845 decorata Grouvelle, 1911: 2A harmandi (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C hispida (Weber, 1801): 2C, 2D montana (Grouvelle, 1903): 2C signata Grouvelle, 1911: 2D Genus Xylolaemus Redtenbacher, 1857 indicus Grouvelle, 1903: 2C Subfamily ZOPHERINAE Solier, 1834 Tribe MONOMMATINI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Monomma Klug, 1833 brittoni Freude, 1955: 2C brunneum Thomson, 1860: 2C fulvum dehradunense Freude, 1955: 2B similifulvum Freude, 1955: 2B Tribe PYCNOMERINI Erichson, 1845 Genus Pycnomerus Erichson, 1842 nitidicollis (Reitter, 1877): 2C Family TENEBRIONIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily LAGRIINAE Latreille, 1825 Tribe COSSYPHINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Cossyphus Olivier, 1791 Subgenus Cossyphus Olivier, 1791 depressus (Fabricius, 1781): 2C subgranulatus Reitter, 1917: 2C Tribe LAENINI Seidlitz, 1896 Genus Laena Dejean, 1821 acuticollis Kaszab, 1978: 2C aenea Schuster, 1926: 2C affinis Schuster, 1935: 2C almorensis Schuster, 1926: 2B badrinathica Schawaller, 2009: 2B barclayi Schawaller, 2009: 2A barypithoides Schuster, 1916: 2A beesoni Schuster, 1935: 2A bhatiai Schuster, 1935: 2A, 2B blairi Schuster, 1926: 2B brahmae Masumoto, 1990: 2C

521

cameroni Schuster, 1926: 2B cardiothorax Kaszab, 1978: 2C carinata Schuster, 1926: 2B carinipennis Schuster, 1935: 2A carolinae Schuster, 1935: 2A championi Schuster, 1926: 2B chatterjeei Schuster, 1935: 2A clypealis Fairmaire, 1896: 2A convexicollis Reitter, 1908: 2A corallipes Reitter, 1908: 2A cribella Reitter, 1908: 2A denticollis Schuster, 1926: 2A, 2B denticrus Fairmaire, 1896: 2A dentipes Schuster, 1935: 2C edmundi Schuster, 1915: 2A espagnoli Kaszab, 1965: 2C fikaceki Schawaller, 2012: 2D gairibasensis Masumoto, 1990: 2C gardneri Schuster, 1935: 2B gebieni Reitter, 1906: 2A grandis Schuster, 1935: 2B himalayana Schuster, 1915: 2A indica Fairmaire, 1896: 2A interrupta Schuster, 1935: 2C irregularis Schuster, 1935: 2B jalaorana Reitter, 1908: 2A kaliensis Schuster, 1935: 2B kangchendzongensis Masumoto, 1990: 2C kaszabi Masumoto, 1990: 2C kuluana Reitter, 1908: 2A lacordairei Marseul, 1876: 2B ladakhica Schawaller, 2014: 1A laevigata Schuster, 1926: 2B laevipennis Schuster, 1926: 2C longipilis Schuster, 1926: 2C merklottoi Masumoto, 1990: 2C minuta Fairmaire, 1896: 2A mussoorica Schawaller, 2009: 2B nigritissima Reitter, 1906: 2A nishikawai Masumoto, 1990: 2C nitida Schuster, 1935: 2A opaca Kaszab, 1970: 2C orbicollis Schuster, 1926: 2B parkeri Schuster, 1935: 2B phithangensis Masumoto, 1990: 2C planipennis Schuster, 1926: 2B punctatissima Schuster, 1926: 2B puncticollis Schuster, 1935: 2B punctiventris Schuster, 1926: 2A rosti Reitter, 1906: 2A rubripes Reitter, 1908: 2A rugosa Schuster, 1916: 2A sakaii Masumoto, 1990: 2C simillima Schuster, 1935: 2A similis Schuster, 1926: 2B simlaica Schawaller, 2009: 2A singalilensis Masumoto, 1990: 2C sulcata Schuster, 1915: 2A tawang Schawaller, 2012: 2D

522

tenga Schawaller, 2012: 2D tibialis Schuster, 1926: Himalaya villosa Schuster, 1915: 2A vishnua Masumoto, 1990: 2C yusmargica Schawaller, 2014: 2A Tribe LAGRIINI Latreille, 1825 Subtribe LAGRIINA Latreille, 1825 Genus Bothynogria Borchmann, 1915 bicolor (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2B, 2C himalayana Borchmann, 1936: 2B ruficollis (Hope, 1831): 2B Genus Cerogria Borchmann, 1909 abnormicornis Borchmann, 1942: 2C basalis (Hope, 1831): 2C crassa Borchmann, 1911: 2C distincticornis (Reitter, 1880): 2C montana Merkl, 1991: 2C nepalensis (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C quadrimaculata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C rufina (Fairmaire, 1894): 2A, 2C sikkimenis Borchmann, 1936: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lagria Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Lagria Fabricius, 1775 comosella Fairmaire, 1894: 2C conspersa Reitter, 1880: 2C indicola Bates, 1879: 2A schawalleri Merkl, 1991: 2B, 2C ventralis Reitter, 1880: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Xanthalia Fairmaire, 1894 atricolor (Pic, 1920): 2C Subtribe STATIRINA Blanchard, 1845 Genus Casnonidea Fairmaire, 1882 patruelis Borchmann, 1936: 2C Genus Chlorophila Semenov, 1891 portschinskii Semenov, 1891: 2C Genus Donaciolagria Pic, 1914 pici Borchmann, 1936: 2C sikkimensis Borchmann, 1915: 2C Genus Splichalia Reitter, 1913 andrewesi Borchmann, 1936: 2A nigrofasciata (Pic, 1912): 2A, 2B tigrinella Reitter, 1913: 2A Genus Sora Walker, 1859 crenulipennis (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A Tribe LUPROPINI Ardoin, 1958 Genus Luprops Hope, 1833 cribratellus (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C curticollis (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C gracilior (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C, 2D tristis (Fabricius, 1801): 2C Genus Sphingocorse Gebien, 1921 nepalica Kaszab, 1975: 2B Genus Spinolyprops Pic, 1917 himalayicus Kaszab, 1965: 2B, 2C Subfamily PIMELIINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe AKIDINI Billberg, 1820 Genus Cyphogenia Solier, 1837 Subgenus Cyphogenia Solier, 1837 humeralis Bates, 1879: 2A


Genus Solskyia Solsky, 1881 caporiaccoi Gridelli, 1934: 2A depressiuscula (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A grombczewskii (Semenov, 1889): 2A kaszabi Espanol, 1961: 2A parvicollis (Kraatz, 1865): 2A schmidi Espanol, 1961: 2A Tribe PIMELIINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Ocnera Fischer von Waldheim, 1822 pilicollis (Faldermann, 1836): 2A sublaevigata sublaevigata Bates, 1879: 2A Genus Pterocoma Dejean, 1834 Subgenus Mesopterocoma Skopin, 1974 semicariuata Bates, 1879: 2A Subgenus Propterocoma Skopin, 1974 tibialis Bates, 1879: 2A Genus Sternoplax Frivaldszky, 1889 Subgenus Pseudosternoplax Skopin, 1973 lacerta (Bates, 1879): 2A Genus Sternotrigon Skopin, 1973 setosa setosa (Bates, 1879): 2A Genus Thriptera Solier, 1836 kashmirensis Kaszab, 1957: 2A protensa (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Tribe STENOSINI Lacordaire, 1859 Genus Dichillus Jacquelin du Val, 1861 Subgenus Dichillinus Reitter, 1916 desioi Gridelli, 1934: 2A Subgenus Dichillomessor Reitter, 1916 himalayanus Fairmaire, 1896: 2A indicus Wasmann, 1897: 2C kashmirensis Kaszab, 1975: 2A Genus Ethas Pascoe, 1862 anomalus Fairmaire, 1896: 2A semicribrosus Fairmaire, 1896: Himalaya Genus Herbertfranziella Kaszab, 1973 almorensis Fouque, 2013: 2B bhimtaleica Fouque, 2013: 2B brancuccii Fouque, 2013: 2A kumaona Medvedev, 1994: 2B loebli Fouque, 2013: 2B Genus Indostola Medvedev, 1991 pulchella Medvedev, 1991: 2B, 2C Genus Pseudethas Fairmaire, 1896 antennalis Kaszab, 1981: 2B costatus Kaszab, 1981: 2B jacobsoni Medvedev, 2008: 2A ladakhensis Kaszab, 1978: 1A quadraticeps Fairmaire, 1896: 2A rogersi (Wasmann, 1899): 2A, 2B Genus Stenosis Herbst, 1799 Subgenus Stenosis Herbst, 1799 bengala Fairmaire, 1894: 2B Genus Tagenostola Reitter,: 1916 GUPTA et al. : Insecta Coleoptera turkestanica albovillosa Koch, 1940: 2B Genus Tetranosis Medvedev, 1994 Subgenus Hypermicrotelopsis Koch, 1940 thibetanus (Koch, 1940): 2A Subgenus Microtelopsis Koch, 1940


simplicifrons (Gridelli, 1934): 2A topali Kaszab, 1975: 2A Subgenus Tetranosis Medvedev, 1994 ciliaticostis Koch, 1940: 2C clypeolobus Koch, 1940: 2A wittmeri Kaszab, 1981: 2A Tribe TENTYRIINI Eschscholtz, 1831 Genus Ascelosodis Redtenbacher, 1868 assimilis Bates, 1879: 2A ciliatis Bates, 1879: 2A emarginiventris Koch, 1949: 2A everestina Blair, 1923: 2C grandis Bates, 1879: 2A haagi Bates, 1879: 2A inermis Fairmaire, 1891: 2A intermedia Bates, 1879: 2A minor Kaszab, 1978: 2A nitida Blair, 1923: 2C reinigi Koch, 1949: 2A schmidi Kaszab, 1965: 2C serripes Redtenbacher, 1868: 2A Genus Colposcelis Dejean, 1834 Subgenus Scelocolpls Reitter, 1900 montivaga (Bates, 1879): 2A Genus Microdera Eschscholtz, 1831 Subgenus Microdera Eschscholtz, 1831 laticollis Bates, 1879: 2A parvicollis Bates, 1879: 2A Genus Rhytinota Eschscholtz, 1831 Subgenus Sphenariopsis Kraatz, 1865 subfossulata (Solier, 1835): 2C tristis tristis (Kraatz, 1865): 2A, 2B Genus Syachis Bates, 1879 ajmonis Gridelli, 1934: 2A cugiae Gridelli, 1934: 2A globuliformis Delia Beffa, 1931: 2A himalaicus Bates, 1879: 2A marussii Gridelli, 1957: 2A mediocris (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A osellai Kaszab, 1985: 2A picicornis Bates, 1879: 2A rugosipennis Delia Beffa, 1931: 2A Subfamily TENEBRIONINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe ALPHITOBIINI Reitter, 1917 Genus Diaclina Jacquelin du Val, 1861 quadrimaculata (Gebien, 1914): 2D Tribe AMARYGMINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Amarygmus Dalman, 1823 Subgenus Amarygmus Dalman, 1823 filicornis (Gravely, 1915): 2D latifrons (Gravely, 1915): 2D navicularis (Fairmaire, 1894): 2B, 2D nodicornis (Gravely, 1915): 2D pilipes Gebien, 1914: 2C, 2D purpureofossus Fairmaire, 1896: 2C, 2D rufipennis (Pic, 1922:) : 2D sikkimensis (Saha, 1988): 2C speciosus Dalman, 1823: 2C Genus Plesiophthalmus Motschulsky, 1858

523

excellens (Gebien, 1914): 2C insignis (Pascoe,. 1871): 2C kurosawai Masumoto, 1991: 2C semipurpureus (Pic, 1917): 2C Tribe BLAPTINI Leach, 1815 Subtribe BLAPTINA Leach, 1815 Genus Blaps Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Blaps Fabricius, 1775 brevicollis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A brunnea Allard, 1880: Himalaya emoda Allard, 1880: 2A indicola Bates, 1879: 2A ladakensis Bates, 1879: 1B longicornis Kraatz, 1882: 2A marginicollis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A martensi Kaszab, 1978: 2A moerens Allard, 1880: 2A, 2B nadaii Medvedev, 2004: 2B perlonga Bates, 1879: 2A rugulipennis Fairmaire, 1891: 2A sonamarga Skopin, 1978: 2A srinagaricus Kaszab, 1975: 2A tristiciae Bogatchev, 1949: 2A urophora Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Subgenus Prosoblapsia Skopin and Kaszab, 1978 apicecostata Blair, 1922: 2C breiti Reitter, 1913: 2A brevipes Seidlitz, 1893: Himalaya himalaica Blair, 1923: 2C socia socia Seidlitz, 1893: 2C Subtribe GNAPTORININA Medvedev, 2001 Genus Blaptogonia Medvedev, 1998 costulata (Fairmaire, 1901): 2C Genus Gnaptorina Reitter, 1887 brucei Blair, 1923: 2C sikkimensis Kaszab, 1965: 2C Genus Montagona Medvedev, 1998 asperula (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A sculpturata (Gebien, 1913): 2A Genus Nepalindia Medvedev, 1998 alpina (Kaszab, 1965): 2C Subtribe PROSODINA Skopin, 1960 Genus Prosodes Eschscholtz, 1829 Subgenus Dilopersina Reitter, 1909 transversosulcata Allard, 1880: Himalaya Subgenus Indoprosodes Medvedev, 2003 boorpi Kaszab, 1956: 2B Subgenus Oliprosodes Reitter, 1909 kuluana Medvedev, 1999: 2A rufosulcata Fairmaire, 1891: 2A trisulcata Bates, 1879: 2A Subgenus Prosodinia Reitter, 1909 higginsi Kaszab, 1956: 2A Tribe BOLITOPHAGINI Kirby, 1837 Subtribe BOLITOPHAGINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Boletoxenus Motschulsky, 1858 assamicus (Kaszab, 1965): 2D Genus Byrsax Pascoe, 1860 tuberculatus Gravely, 1915: 2D

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Tribe HELEINI Fleming, 1821 Subtribe CYPHALEINA Lacordaire, 1859 Genus Lepispilus Westwood, 1841 punctatolineatus Allard, 1896: 2C Tribe OPATRINI Brullé, 1832 Subtribe HETEROCHEIRINA Koch, 1956 Genus Diphyrrhynchus Fairmaire, 1849 incertae sedis geminatus Allard, 1896: 2C Subtribe HETEROTARSINA Blanchard, 1845 Genus Heterotarsus Latreille, 1829 indicus indicus Marseul, 1876: 2C Subtribe OPATRINA Brullé, 1832 Genus Caedius Blanchard, 1845 fulvus Mulsant and Rey, 1859: 2B himalayensis Kaszab, 1941: 2A Genus Gonocephalum Solier, 1834 Subgenus Gonocephalum Solier, 1834 alaticolle (Fairmaire, 1893): 2C annamita Chatanay, 1917: 2D birmanicum Kaszab, 1952: 2B brachelytra Kaszab, 1952: 2B catenulatum (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C civicum Kaszab, 1952: 2B, 2C consobrinum Blair, 1923: 2B depressum (Fabricius, 1801): 2A, 2C, 2D dorsogranosum (Fairmaire, 1896): 2B, 2C espagnoli Kaszab, 1965: 2D gebienianum Kaszab, 1952: 2C gracile (Bates, 1879): 2A, 2C granulatipenne Kaszab, 1978: 2C guerryi Chatanay, 1917: 2C gustafssoni Ferrer, 1995: 2B hauschildi Kaszab, 1952: 2B, 2C helopoide (Fairmaire, 1894): 2B, 2C himalayense Kaszab, 1952: 2C hingstoni Kaszab, 1952: 2C hoffmannseggii (Steven, 1829): 2C karakorumense Kaszab, 1961: 1B kuenelti Kaszab, 1961: 2A kuluanum Kaszab, 1952: 2A minusculum (Fairmaire, 1894): 2B nepalicum Kaszab, 1973: 2C oblongum (Fabricius, 1801): 2C ochthebioides Fauvel, 1862: 2A parallelum Kaszab, 1952: 2A patricium Kaszab, 1952: 2B, 2C pubens (Marseul, 1876): 2D roseni Kaszab, 1952: 2B, 2C, 2D semipatruele Kaszab, 1952: 2B setulosum kashgarense (Bates, 1879): 2A sikkimense Kaszab, 1952: 2C simulatrix (Fairmaire, 1891): 1B, 2A, 2B spinicolle (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A stoeckleini Kaszab, 1952: 2A, 2B subspinosum (Fairmaire, 1894): 2C, 2D tenuicorne Kaszab, 1952: 2C tuberculatum (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C vagum (Steven, 1829): 2C zoltani Kaszab, 1952: 2A


Subgenus Opatropis Reitter, 1904 oculare (Kaszab, 1952): 2B Genus Mesomorphus Miedel, 1880 striolatus (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A villiger (Blanchard, 1853): 2A, 2C Genus Opatroides Brullé, 1832 punctulatus punctulatus Brulle, 1832: 2A vicinus vicinus (Fairmaire, 1896): 2B, 2C Genus Penthicus Faldermann, 1836 Subgenus Pseudopenthicinus Bogatchev, 1972 gracilis Bates, 1879: 2A Genus Reichardtiellina Kaszab, 1982 armata (Kaszab, 1942): 2A schawalleri Iwan, 2008: 2A Genus Sclerum Dejean, 1834 ferrugineum (Fabricius, 1801): 2D reitteri Gebien, 1906: 2B Genus Scleropatrum Reitter, 1887 elongatum (Guérin-Méneville, 1834): 2A Subtribe NEOPACHYPTERINA Bouchard, Löbl and Merkl, 2007 Genus Neopachypterus Bouchard, Löbl and Merkl, 2007 gebieni (Kaszab, 1941): 2C Tribe PALORINI Matthews, 2003 Genus Palorus Mulsant, 1854 hypophloeoides Blair, 1930: 2B longifoliae Blair, 1930: 2B Genus Ulomina Selve, 1876 carinata Selve, 1876: 2C Tribe PEDININI Eschscholtz, 1829 Subtribe LEICHENINA Mulsant, 1854 Genus Leichenum Dejean, 1834 canaliculatum canaliculatum (Fabricius, 1798): 2B Subtribe PLATYNOTINA Mulsant and Rey, 1853 Genus Adamus Iwan, 1997 sikkimensis (Kaszab, 1975): 2C Genus Penthicoides Fairmaire, 1896 seriatoporus Fairmaire, 1896: 2C Genus Platynotus Fabricius, 1801 perforatus Mulsant and Rey, 1853: 2B Genus Pseudoblaps Guérin-Méneville, 1834 indica Kaszab, 1975: 2A medvedevi Kaszab, 1975: 2A nuristanica Kaszab, 1960: 2A substriata Guérin-Méneville, 1834: 2A Tribe PLATYSCELIDINI Lacordaire, 1859 Genus Bioramix Bates, 1879 Subgenus Bioramix Bates, 1879 glacialis (Kaszab, 1975): 2A kashmirensis (Kaszab, 1940): 2A laeviuscula (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A oblongula (Fairmaire, 1898): 2A ovalis Bates, 1879: 2A puncticeps Bates, 1879: 2A, 2C rotundicollis (Kaszab, 1940): 2B Subgenus Cardiobioramix Kaszab, 1940 asidioides Bates, 1879: 2A blairi (Kaszab, 1940): 2A dubiosa (Kaszab, 1940): 2A


fairmairei (Kaszab, 1940): 2A gridellii (Kaszab, 1940): 2A ovata (Kaszab, 1940): 2A punjabensis (Egorov, 2004): 2A schusteri (Kaszab, 1940): 2A sikkimensis (Kaszab, 1940): 2C zabriformis (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A Subgenus Cardiochianalus Kaszab, 1940 batesi (Kaszab, 1940): 2A cordicollis (Kaszab, 1940): 2A schawalleri Egorov, 2004: 2A sculptipennis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Subgenus Chianalus Bates, 1879 costipennis (Bates, 1879): 2A falsa (Kaszab, 1961): 1B striatella (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Subgenus Leipopleura Seidlitz, 1893 aenescens (Blair, 1923): 2C darbukensis (Kaszab, 1940): 2A kochi (Kaszab, 1940): 2C Subgenus Trichochianalis Kaszab, 1940 monticola (Kaszab, 1940): 2A Genus Myatis Bates, 1879 humeralis Bates, 1879: 2A Tribe RHYSOPAUSSINI Wasmann, 1896 Genus Azarelius Fairmaire, 1892 singularis Wasmann, 1896: 2C Tribe TOXICINI Oken, 1843 Genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 punctipennis Gravely, 1915: 2C, 2D Genus Toxicum Latreille, 1802 angustatum Pic, 1921: 2D assamense Pic, 1913: 2C, 2D Tribe TRIBOLIINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Lyphia Mulsant and Rey, 1859 subopaca Blair, 1930: 2B Genus Tribolium Macleay, 1825 freemani Hinton, 1948: 2A Tribe ULOMINI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Brachypohloeus Fairmaire, 1897 lignicola (Gravely, 1915): 2D pulcher (Gravely, 1915): 2D Genus Uloma Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Uloma Dejean, 1821 euphorbiae Blair, 1930: 2C polita (Wiedemann, 1821): 2C rubripes minor Gebien, 1914: 2D rubripes rubripes (Hope, 1831): 2D ruficornis Allard, 1896: 2C rufilabris Fairmaire, 1882: 2B, 2C scita Walker, 1858: 2C spinipes Kaszab, 1975: 2A Subfamily ALLECULINAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe ALLECULINI Laporte, 1840 Subtribe ALLECULINA Laporte, 1840 Genus Allecula Fabricius, 1801 Subgenus Allecula Fabricius, 1801 arthritica Fairmaire, 1896: 2C femorata Borchmann, 1915: 2C

525

indica Borchmann, 1909: 2C sobrina Borchmann, 1915: 2C Genus Anthracula Fairmaire, 1896 latifrons Fairmaire, 1896: 2A Genus Borboresthes Fairmaire, 1897 bertrandi Pic, 1934: Himalaya kuluensis (Pic, 1910): 2A suturalis Borchmann, 1915: 2C Genus Cistelopsis Fairmaire, 1896 aborensis Borchmann, 1915: 2D Genus Hymenalia Mulsant, 1856 darjeelingica Novak, 2015: 2C Genus Hymenophorus Mulsant, 1851 indicus (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A Genus Liodocistela Pic, 1930 raii Novak, 2014: 2C tryznai Novak, 2014: 2B Genus Microsthes Novak, 2011 tryznai Novak, 2014: 2B Subtribe GONODERINA Seidlitz, 1896 Genus Isomira Mulsant, 1856 Subgenus Isomira Mulsant, 1856 discithorax Pic, 1917: 2C Genus Paracistela Borchmann, 1942 bengali Novak, 2011: 2C Tribe CTENIOPODINI Solier, 1835 Genus Cistelomorpha Redtenbacher, 1868 alternans Fairmaire, 1894: 2C bisbinotata bisbinotata Pic, 1909: Himalaya bisbinotata subobliterata Pic, 1909: Himalaya densestriata Fairmaire, 1896: 2C Genus Cteniopinus Seidlitz, 1896 andrewesii (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A andrewesii annuligera (Fairmaire, 1896): 2A andrewesii confluens Borchmann, 1930: 2A flavifemur Borchmann, 1930: 2C Subgenus Lechinius Borchmann, 1930 fossulatus (Pic, 1913): 2C Genus Falsomophlus Pic, 1925 niger Pic, 1925: Himalaya Subfamily DIAPERINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe CRYPTICINI Brullé, 1832 Genus Ellipsodes Wollaston, 1854 Subgenus Anthrenopsis Koch, 1950 scriptus (Lewis, 1894): 2B, 2C ziczac ziczac (Motschulsky, 1873): 2C Tribe DIAPERINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Ceropria Laporte and Brullé, 1831 induta induta (Wiedemann, 1819): 2D induta purpurina Gebien, 1925: 2A, 2C, 2D laticollis Fairmaire, 1903: 2C, 2D subocellata Laporte and Brullé, 1831: 2C, 2D Genus Espagnolina Kaszab, 1965 assamica Kaszab, 1965: 2D Genus Platydema Laporte and Brullé, 1831 alticorne Gravely, 1915: 2D aurimaculatum Gravely, 1915: 2D brahma Schawaller, 2003: 2B detersum Walker, 1858: 2D

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semimetallicum Blair, 1930: 2C Tribe GNATHIDIINI Gebien, 1921 Genus Menimus Sharp, 1876 gairibansicus Schawaller, 2016: 2C hunlicus Schawaller, 2016: 2D wittmeri Kaszab, 1982: 2C Tribe HYPOPHLAEINI Billberg, 1820 Genus Corticeus Piller and Mitterpacher, 1783 Subgenus Corticeus Piller and Mitterpacher, 1783 engelhardtiae Blair, 1937: 2C praenuntius Bremer, 1999: 2A stebbingi (Blair, 1921): 2A, 2B ulomoides (Blair, 1921): 2A Subgenus Stenophloeus Blair, 1921 cephalotes (Gebien, 1914): 2B, 2D filum (Fairmaire, 1893): 2B Subgenus Tylophloeus Bremer, 1998 curtithorax (Pic, 1924): 2C dorsalis (Blair, 1930): 2B flavipennis (Motschulsky, 1860): 2A, 2B, 2D Tribe LEIOCHRININI Lewis, 1894 Genus Ades Guérin-Méneville, 1857 assimilis (Kaszab, 1961): 2C bengalicus (Kaszab, 1975): 2C convexus (Lewis, 1894): 2C coomani (Pic, 1927): 2C diaphanus (Fabricius, 1798): 2B glabratus (Walker, 1859): 2C himalayensis (Kaszab, 1946): 2A rufofulvus (Westwood, 1883): 2C sikkimensis (Kaszab, 1961): 2C subaeneus (Pic, 1918): 2C Genus Crypsis Waterhouse, 1877 bimaculatus Kaszab, 1946: 2C blairi Kaszab, 1946: 2C confluens Kaszab, 1946: 2D minutus Kaszab, 1946: 2C purpuripennis (Poli, 1886): 2C ruficollis Kaszab, 1946: 2C rufomarginatus Kaszab, 1946: 2C violaceipennis Waterhouse, 1877: 2B, 2C Genus Derispia Lewis, 1894 arunachala Schawaller, 2016: 2D aeneonigra Kaszab, 1946: 2C bengalensis Kaszab, 1946: 2C bisquinquemaculata Blair, 1937: 2C bistrimaculata bistrimaculata Blair, 1937: 2C bistrimaculata championi Kaszab, 1961: 2B bomdila Schawaller, 2016: 2D confluens Kaszab, 1946: 2C diaperoides Kaszab, 1946: 2C flavicornis Kaszab, 1946: 2C indica Kaszab, 1946: 2C ocellata Kaszab, 1946: 2C sikkimensis Kaszab, 1946: 2C tenuipunctata Kaszab, 1946: 2C truncata Kaszab, 1961: 2C Genus Derispiella Kaszab, 1961 hingstoni Kaszab, 1961: 2C


Genus Derispiola Kaszab, 1946 blairi Kaszab, 1946: 2C darjeelingiana Kaszab, 1946: 2C Genus Leiochrinus Westwood, 1883 assimilis Kaszab, 1961: 2C, 2D bifurcatus Kaszab, 1946: Himalaya glabratus (Walker, 1859): 2D metallicus Schawaller, 2005: 2C sauteri minor Kaszab, 1961: 2A, 2B sauteri sauteri Kaszab, 1946: 2C Genus Leiochrodontes Kaszab, 1946 madurensis (Pic, 1918): 2C Genus Pimplema Pascoe, 1887 hemisphaerica (Laporte and Brullé, 1831): 2C Tribe SCAPHIDEMINI Reitter, 1922 Genus Basanus Lacordaire, 1859 flaviventris Blair, 1937: 2C himalayanus Kaszab, 1965: 2D Genus Spiloscapha Bates, 1873 unicolor Blair, 1937: 2C Subfamily STENOCHIINAE Kirby, 1837 Tribe CNODALONINI Gistel, 1856 Genus Bradymerus Perroud, 1864 kabakovi Kaszab, 1980: 2B, 2C Genus Catapiestus Perty, 1831 indicus Fairmaire, 1896: 2C, 2D Genus Camarimena Motschulsky, 1863 viridians Kulzer, 1954: 2C Genus Chariophenus Blair, 1929 tibialis Blair, 1930: 2C Genus Derosphaerus Thomson, 1858 asperipennis Allard, 1896: 2B, 2C brevicornis Mäklin, 1863: 2C exularis (Gebien, 1914): 2C, 2D rugosus Gravely, 1915: 2B, 2C, 2D stevensi (Gravely, 1915): 2B Genus Eucyrtus Pascoe, 1866 opacus Kraatz, 1880: Himalaya splendens elatus Ando, 2003: 2C splendens splendens (Lacordaire, 1859): 2C, 2D Genus Euhemicera Ando, 1996 himalaica (Blair, 1930): 2C Genus Euphloeus Pascoe, 1887 verrucosus Pascoe, 1887: 2A Genus Foochounus Pic, 1921 assamicus (Kaszab, 1965): 2D confusus Schawaller and Ando, 2009: 2C Genus Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 Subgenus Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 himalaica Hartmann and Weipert, 2006: 2C tenuestriata Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Genus Hemicera Laporte and Brullé, 1831 Subgenus Hemicera Laporte and Brullé, 1831 oblita Ando, 2003: 2C Genus Menephilus Mulsant, 1854 aborensis Gravely, 1915: 2D Genus Misolampidius Solsky, 1876 entomogonoides (Allard, 1896): 2C foveipenne (Fairmaire, 1894): 2C


indicus (Allard, 1877): Himalaya laevicollis (Allard, 1877): Himalaya Genus Platycrepis Lacordaire, 1859 schmidi Kaszab, 1965: 2B Genus Promethis Pascoe, 1869 almorensis Kaszab, 1988: 2B crenatostriata (Motschulsky, 1872): 2C, 2D glabra (Hope, 1831): 2C glabricula (Motschulsky, 1872): 2B granulata Kaszab, 1988: 2A harmandi Allard, 1896: 2C kempi kempi (Gravely, 1915): 2D laevis laevis (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C, 2D punctatostriata (Motschulsky, 1872): 2C, 2D transversicollis (Motschulsky, 1872): 2C Genus Pseudonautes Fairmaire, 1893 viridiaeneum (Allard, 1896): 2C Genus Rhopalobates Fairmaire, 1897 villardi Fairmaire, 1897: 2C Genus Tearchus Kraatz, 1880 annulipes Kraatz, 1880: 2D Genus Tonkinius Fairmaire, 1903 striatipennis Gravely, 1915: 2D Tribe STENOCHIINI Kirby, 1837 Genus Stenochinus Motschulsky, 1860 capucinus (Gravely, 1915): 2C Genus Strongylium Kirby, 1819 beesoni Blair, 1937: 2C bhutanicum Masumoto, 1999: 2C cariosipenne Fairmaire, 1896: 2C castanescens Fairmaire, 1896: 2C curvicornis Gravely, 1915: 2D fossum Allard, 1896: 2C gardneri Blair, 1930: 2C phedongense Masumoto, 1998: 2C rufıpenne Redtenbacher, 1844: 2B, 2C simulator Dohrn, 1880: 2C sobrinum Dohrn, 1880: 2B, 2C stevensi Gravely, 1915: 2D westermanni Mäklin, 1864: Himalaya Family PROSTOMIDAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Prostomis Latreille, 1819 morsitans Pascoe, 1860 : 2C Family OEDEMERIDAE Latreille, 1810 Subfamily CALOPODINAE Costa, 1852 Genus Sparedrus Dejean, 1821 championi Švihla, 2006: 2A, 2B lepidus Švihla, 2006: 2A nebulosus (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A sepiaceus Švihla, 2006: 2B unicolor (Švihla), 1982: 2A Subfamily OEDEMERINAE Latreille, 1810 Tribe ASCLERINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Anacerda Champion, 1927 leptidioides Champion, 1927: 2A, 2B Genus Dainsclera Švihla, 1997 obscuroides (Švihla, 1987): 2C Genus Indasclera Švihla, 1980 brancuccii Švihla, 1997: 2C

527

himalaica Švihla, 1980: 2C indica (Fairmaire, 1894): 2C, 2D nepalensis lubosi Švihla, 2002: 2C puncticollis Švihla, 2006: 2D Genus Ischnomera Stephens, 1832 nigricans (Fairmaire, 1897): 2A rosti (Pic, 1914): 2A testaceipes testaceipes (Pic, 1914): 2A Tribe DITYLINI Mulsant, 1858 Genus Ascleranoncodes Pic, 1915 suturalis (Švihla, 1998): 2C Genus Chrysanthia Schmidt, 1844 fuscimembris fuscimembris Fairmaire, 1891: 2A, 2B himalaica Champion, 1920: 2A, 2B rugicollis Champion, 1920: 2A valens Champion, 1920: 2A wittmeri obscurimembris Švihla, 2001: 2A wittmeri wittmeri Švihla, 1980: 2A Genus Diplectrus Kirsch, 1866 longipennis (Fairmaire, 1896): 2C piceipennis (Pic, 1923): 2C Genus Indasclera Švihla, 1980 brancuccii Švihla, 1997: 2C puncticollis Švihla, 2006: 2D Tribe NACERDINI Mulsant, 1858 Genus Nacerdes Dejean, 1834 Subgenus Allagatha Semenov and Ter-Minasjan, 1937 crassifemur (Blair, 1935): 2A Subgenus Nacerdes Dejean, 1834 brancuccii Švihla, 1983: 2A semirufa (Pic, 1915): 2A Subgenus Xanthochroa Schmidt, 1844 brendelli Švihla, 1987: 2C dedicata Švihla, 2001: 2D fuscipennis (Champion, 1927): 2B himalaica himalaica (Blair, 1930): 2C Tribe OEDEMERINI Latreille, 1810 Genus Dryopomera Fairmaire, 1897 Subgenus Dryopomera Fairmaire, 1897 longissima Švihla, 1994: 2C Genus Oedemera Olivier, 1789 Subgenus Oncomera Stephens, 1829 bomfordi (Fairmaire, 1897): 2A, 2B diversecostata diversecostata (Pic, 1915): 2A Family MELOIDAE Gyllenhal, 1810 Subfamily ELETICINAE Wellman, 1910 Tribe ELETICINI Wellman, 1910 Genus Eletica Dejean, 1834 Subgenus Meteletica Kaszab, 1955 testacea (Olivier, 1789): 2C Subfamily MELOINAE Gyllenhal, 1810 Tribe EPICAUTINI Denier, 1935 Genus Cyaneolylta Péringuey, 1909 coerulea (Pfaff, 1834): 2A, 2B, 2C violacea (Brandt and Ratzenburg, 1833): 2B Genus Denierella Kaszab, 1952 minutiserra Tan, 1988: 2C promerotricha (Dvořák, 1996): 2B, 2C Genus Epicauta Dejean, 1834

528

Subgenus Epicauta Dejean, 1834 atkinsoni Kraatz, 1880: 2B himalayica Kaszab, 1960: 2B hirticornis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1880): 2C, 2D hirtipes (Waterhouse, 1871): 2B, 2C mandibularis Anand, 1977: 2A mannerheimi (Mâklin, 1875): 2B montana Anand, 1977: 2A nepalensis (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D promerotricha Dvořák, 1996: 2B quadraticollis Fairmaire, 1891: 2A rubriceps (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A wittmeri Kaszab, 1978: 2C Genus Psalydolytta Péringuey, 1909 antennata Saha, 1979: 2B atricollis (Pic, 1920): 2A, 2B, 2C rouxi (Laporte, 1840): 2A, 2B Tribe LYTTINI Solier, 1851 Genus Lydomorphus Fairmaire, 1882 Subgenus Lydomorphus Fairmaire, 1882 braeti (Fairmaire, 1894): 2C tenuicollis (Pallas, 1798): 2B Genus Lytta Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Asiolytta Kaszab, 1962 discipennis (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A limbata limbata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B selanderi Saha, 1979: 2B Subgenus Indiolytta Selander, 1960 melanura (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Subgenus Lytta Fabricius, 1775 antennalis (Marseul, 1873): 2A, 2B flavipennis (Motschulsky, 1860): 2B kashmirensis Bologna, 1983: 2A Subgenus Poreospasta Horn, 1868 flavoangulata (Fairmaire, 1891): 2A Genus Sybaris Stephens, 1832 garhwalensis Saha, 1979: 2B praeustus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B semivittatus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A tunicatus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A Tribe MYLABRINI Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Hycleus Latreille, 1817 brevetarsalis (Kaszab, 1960): 2C cichorii (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D damohensis (Saha, 1979): 2B dohrni (Marseul, 1873): 2B himalayaensis (Saha, 1979): 2B, 2D phaleratus phaleratus (Pallas, 1781): 2A, 2B, 2C solanensis (Saha, 1979): 2A Genus Mylabris Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Eumylabris Kuzin, 1954 cincta Olivier, 1811: 2A, 2B Subgenus Micrabris Kuzin, 1954 macilenta Marseul, 1873: 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Pseudabris Fairmaire, 1894 przewalskyi (Dokhtouroff, 1887): 2C Genus Xanthabris Kaszab, 1956 species incertae sedis jacquemontii (Blanchard, 1844): 2A


Tribe MELOINI Gyllenhal, 1810 Genus Meloe Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Eurymeloe Reitter, 1911 schmidi Kaszab, 1978: 2A, 2B, 2C servulus Bates, 1879: 2A transversicollis Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Subgenus Lampromeloe Reitter, 1911 variegatus variegatus Donovan, 1793: 2A Subgenus Meloe Linnaeus, 1758 arunachalae Saha, 1979: 2B, 2D semicoriaceus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A violaceus Marsham, 1802: 2A Subgenus Meloegonius Reitter, 1911 rufiventris himalaycus Kaszab, 1978: 2A Subfamily NEMOGNATHINAE Laporte, 1840 Tribe HORIINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Horia Fabricius, 1787 gahani Betrem, 1932: 2C Genus Synhoria Kolbe, 1897 maxillosa (Fabricius, 1801): 2C Tribe NEMOGNATHINI Laporte, 1840 Genus Glasunovia Semenov, 1896 sillemi Borchmann, 1935: 2A Genus Zonitis Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus Zonitis Fabricius, 1775 nigripectus Fairmaire, 1891: 2A sikkimensis Pic, 1910: 2C Family TRICTENOTOMIDAE Blanchard, 1845 Genus Autocrates Thomson, 1860 aeneus (Westwood, 1846): 2B, 2C Genus Trictenotoma Gray, 1832 mniszechi Deyrolle, 1875: 2C Family PYROCHROIDAE Latreille, 1806 Subfamily PYROCHROINAE Latreille, 1806 Genus Himalapyrochroa Young, 2004 gibbosa Young, 2004: 2C Genus Pyrochroa Geoffroy, 1762 pubescens (Pic, 1907): 2C subcostulata Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Genus Pseudopyrochroa Pic, 1906 harmandı (Pic, 1912): 2C melanocephala Blair, 1912: 2C Family SALPINGIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily OTHNIINAE LeConte, 1861 Genus Elacatis Pascoe, 1860 bengalensis Sengupta, 1977: 2C, 2D Subfamily PROSTOMINIINAE Grouvelle, 1914 Genus Ocholissa Pascoe, 1863 harmandı Grouvelle, 1908: 2C Genus Trogocryptoides Champion, 1924 brachyderus Champion, 1924: 2B Subfamily INOPEPLINAE Grouvelle, 1908 Genus Inopeplus Smith, 1851 albonotatus (Motschulsky, 1860): 2B, 2C, 2D apatani Pal, 1992: 2D biocellatus (Motschulsky, 1860): 2C, 2D decisus (Walker, 1858): 2B, 2C, 2D distinctus Sengupta, Pal and Mukhopadhyay, 1977: 2C jairajpurii Pal, 1992: 2D


nitidus Sengupta, Pal and Mukhopadhyay, 1977: 2C, 2D patkoicus Pal, 1992: 2D Subfamily SALPINGINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Lissodema Curtis, 1833 quadridentatum Champion, 1923: 2B Family ANTHICIDAE Latreille, 1819 Subfamily EURYGENIINAE LeConte, 1862 Genus Pseudostereopalpus Abdullah, 1964 angusticollis (Pic, 1899): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Steriphodon Abeille de Perrin, 1895 indicum Pic, 1903: 2B Subfamily Macratriinae LeConte, 1862 Genus Macratria Newman, 1838 dichroa Champion, 1916: 2B flavicornis Champion, 1916: 2D fumosa Pascoe, 1860: 2B harmandı Pic, 1899: 2C minima (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B robustior Pic, 1923: 2C rufescens Champion, 1916: 2C setigera Champion, 1916: 2C Subfamily TOMODERINAE Bonadona, 1961 Genus Rimaderus Bonadona, 1978 meaticollis Bonadona, 1978: 2C Genus Tomoderus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849 fasciatonitidus Telnov, 2001: 2C fortepunctatus Uhmann, 1988: 2C martensi Uhmann, 1982: 2C praemontanus Telnov, 2001: 2C smetanai Uhmann, 1989: 2C sulcicollis LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849: 2B, 2C tibialis Uhmann, 1988: 2C unifasciatus Pic, 1907: 2B, 2C Subfamily ANTHICINAE Latreille, 1819 Genus Amblyderus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1847 tuberculatus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B Genus Anthelephila Hope, 1833 ancorifera Telnov, 2003: 2C antiqua (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1919): 2A, 2B aratrix Kejval, 2007: 2C armata (Boheman, 1858): 2B basalis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B basirufa (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bramina badia (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C cinchonae (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931):2C coniceps (Pic, 1913): 2B, 2C corrusca (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C fossulata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2C gladia Telnov, 2003: 2C himalayana (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1914): 2A, 2B, 2C imperatrix LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849: 2B kailasa Kejval, 2010: 2B kaszabi (Bonadona, 1964): 2B kresli Kejval, 2007: 2C lacertosa (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C lagenicollis (Fairmaire, 1894): 2B, 2C latipennis (Pic, 1914): 2C longiceps (Pic, 1913): 2A, 2B, 2C limaria Kejval, 2006: 2B

529

mutillaria Saunders, 1834: 2C nepalensis (Kejval, 2000): 2C nitescens (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C nuristanica (Bonadona, 1964): 2A pokharensis (Kejval, 2000): 2C praeses (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2C psiloptera (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2C ruficollis Saunders, 1834: 2C rufobasalis (Pic, 1913): 2A, 2B, 2C sculpta Kejval, 2007: 2C sikkimensis (Pic, 1913): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D spiniventris (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1914): 2C strandi (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C triungula Kejval, 2010: 2D umbratilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C viridipennis viridipennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B Genus Anthicus Paykull, 1798 armiger LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849: 2B bajulus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849: 2C bengalensis (Wiedemann, 1823): 2C buyssoni Pic, 1899: 2C commaculatus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931: 2A, 2B consimilis Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B, 2C crinitus LaFerte-Senectere, 1849: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D curvitarsis Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B diversicornis Pic, 1907: 2A, 2B, 2C externus Pic, 1899: 2C gravidulus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931: 2B monstrosicornis Marseul, 1877: 2C pexicollis Fairmaire, 1894: 2B, 2C punctiger Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931: 2B, 2C rubens Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931: 2A, 2B, 2D suturalis simillimus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B suturalis suturalis LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849: 2B Genus Clavicollis Marseul, 1879 adustus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C almorae almorae (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C almorae paradoxus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B ambustus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2C aquatilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2C atratus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C biguttatus (Bonadona, 1964): 2A brunneipes brunneipes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C brunneipes comparabilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B comes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C cordatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C fugax (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2C gravidus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C harmandı (Pic, 1899): 2C himalayanus (Pic, 1909): 2A immaculipennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C inabsolutus (Telnov, 2003): 2C kuluensis (Pic, 1914): 2A longicornis (Uhmann, 1983): 2C notatipennis (Pic, 1909): 2A, 2C piceus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2C posthumus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C protervus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C

530

separatithorax (Pic, 1914): 2B, 2C sikkimensis (Pic, 1907): 2C sporadicus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C striaticollis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C subpiceus (Pic, 1914): Himalaya tersus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C turgidus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2C uniformis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C Genus Cordicollis Marseul, 1879 inconspicuus alternans (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B inconspicuus inconspicuus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C laetipennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C lamprinulus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C pexicollis (Fairmaire, 1894): 2C rubiginosus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C Genus Cyclodinus Mulsant and Rey, 1866 debilis (LaFerte-Senectere, 1849): 2A Genus Endomia LaPorte, 1840 gratiosa Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B lunulata Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B Genus Hirticollis Marseul, 1879 ocellatus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2B Genus Leptaleus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849 glabricephalus Uhmann, 1983: 2C Genus Microhoria Chevrolat, 1877 arcuatipes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B fornicata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A informipes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1919): 2A, 2B miranda (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B plagifer (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2A, 2B, 2C rosti (Pic, 1906): 2A, 2C Genus Nitorus Telnov, 2007 angustior (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B, 2C apricans apricans (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2C asiaticus (Pic, 1907): 2C asperatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C aspericollis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2B, 2C bigibbosus (Pic, 1913): 2C carmichaeli (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2C fumatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2C glabratus (Uhmann, 1996): 2C guttulatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2C lepidus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1913): 2A, 2C moestus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B obfuscatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C pulchripennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2B, 2C sculptus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2B, 2C sensitivus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C stevensi (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2B subnudus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B testaceicornis (Uhmann, 1983): 2C trigibber (Marseul, 1876): 2B, 2C Genus Omonadus Mulsant and Rey, 1866 addendus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2B confucii confucii (Marseul, 1876): 2C floralis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C formicarius formicarius (Goeze, 1777): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D longemaculatus (Pic, 1938): 2B


patruelis (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2B, 2C Genus Sapintus Casey, 1895 Subgenus Sapintus Casey, 1895 andreaskopetzi Telnov, 2014: Himalaya breviceps (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2C immaturus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2A plectilis (Pic, 1910): 2C Genus Stenidius LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1847 aulicus (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2C curtulus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B, 2C dolosus Kejval, 2002: 2B finicola Kejval, 2002: 2A luteonotatus (Pic, 1909): 2A, 2B, 2C schuhi (Uhmann, 1994): 2B Genus Stricticollis Marseul, 1879 ambulator (LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849): 2A, 2B, 2C notabilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1914): 2B tobias (Marseul, 1879): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tenuicollis Marseul, 1879 subcaeruleus lampros (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931): 2B subcaeruleus subcaeruleus (Pic, 1906): 2A, 2B, 2C viridipennis metallescens (Pic, 1899): 2B viridipennis viridipennis (Pic, 1899): 2B Subfamily NOTOXINAE Stephens, 1829 Genus Mecynotarsus LaFerté-Sénectěre, 1849 bipustulatus (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B obliquemaculatus Marseul, 1882: 2B vagepictus Fairmaire, 1893: 2B Genus Notoxus Geoffroy, 1762 andrewesi Krekich-Strassoldo, 1913: 2B assamensis Krekich-Strassoldo, 1913: 2C bellus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B confluens Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928: 2B hirsutulus Uhmann, 1980: 2A noctivagus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1913: 2A peregrinus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1914: 2A, 2B simulans simulans Heberdey, 1935: 2A Genus Pseudonotoxus Pic, 1899 championi (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928): 2A, 2B Family ADERIDAE Winkler, 1927 Genus Cnopus Champion, 1893 pinicola Champion, 1919: 2B Genus Otolelus Klinger, 2000 brunneomaculatus (Pic, 1907): 2A, 2B longissimus (Pic, 1909): 2A rosti (Pic, 1909): 2A Family ADERIDAE, species incertae sedis Genus Xylophilus Latreille, 1825 basifasciatus Champion, 1924: 2B bifossulatus Champion, 1924: 2B breviscopa Champion, 1924: 2B bulbifer Champion, 1919: 2B haldwaniae Champion, 1924: 2B himalaicus Champion, 1920: 2B holosericeus Champion, 1916: 2A kumaonae Champion, 1924: 2B latidens Champion, 1924: 2B luteitarsis Champion, 1924: 2B, 2C melanostictus Champion, 1924: 2B


seminiger Champion, 1924: 2B tetrastictus Champion, 1924: 2B trapeziderus Champion, 1924: 2B Genus Hylophilus Berthold, 1827 subnitidus Pic, 1924: 2C Family SCRAPTIIDAE Gistel, 1848 Subfamily SCRAPTIINAE Gistel, 1848 Tribe SCRAPTIINI Mulsant, 1856 / Gistel, 1856 Genus Scraptia Latreile, 1807 almorensis Champion, 1925: 2B aureopubens Pic, 1903: 2C delicata Champion, 1925: 2B melina Champion, 1916: 2B, 2C pallescens Champion, 1916: 2C pallidonotata Pic, 1903: 2C plagiata Champion, 1925: 2B quadrisignata Champion, 1916: 2C Subfamily ANASPIDINAE Mulsant, 1856 Tribe ANASPIDINI Mulsant, 1856 Genus Anaspis Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Nassipa Emery, 1876 himalayana Champion, 1927: 2B Subgenus Silaria Mulsant, 1856 almorana Champion, 1927: 2B alticola Champion, 1927: 2B binotata Champion, 1927: 2B, 2C everestina Blair, 1927: 2B minutula Champion, 1927: 2B tenebrica Champion, 1927: 2B Tribe PENTARIINI Franciscolo, 1954 Genus Ectasiocnemis Franciscolo, 1956 caneparii Franciscolo, 1989: 2A chloroptera (Champion, 1920): 2B luteicollis (Champion, 1921): 2B maxima Franciscolo, 1956: 2B platycnema (Champion, 1920): 2B straminea (Champion, 1927): 2B tibialis (Schilsky, 1906): 2A, 2B Superfamily CHRYSOMELOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family DISTENIIDAE Thomson, 1861 Subfamily DISTENIINAE Thomson, 1861 Tribe CYRTONOPINI Gressitt, 1940 Genus Cyrtonops White, 1853 niger Gahan, 1906: Himalaya Tribe DISTENIINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Distenia Lepeletier and Audinet-Serville, 1828 kalidasae (Lameere, 1890): 2B, 2C Tribe DYNAMOSTINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Dynamostes Pascoe, 1857 audax Pascoe, 1857: 2C Family CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily PRIONINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe AEGOSOMATINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Aegolipton Gressitt, 1940 marginale (Fabricius, 1775): 2D Genus Aegosoma Audinet-Serville, 1832 katsurai (Komiya, 2000): 2D ornaticolle White, 1853: 2C, 2D Genus Baralipton Thomson, 1857

531

maculosum Thomson, 1857: 2C, 2D Genus Dinoprionus Bates, 1875 cephalotes Bates, 1875: 2C, 2D Genus Nepiodes Pascoe, 1867 bowringi (Gahan, 1894): 2C, 2D costipennis costipennis (White, 1853): 2C, 2D costipennis multicarinatus Fuchs, 1966: 2D Genus Palaeomegopis (Boppe, 1911) lameerei Boppe, 1911: 2C Genus Spinimegopis Ohbayashi, 1963 buckleyi (Gahan, 1894): 2A, 2B, 2D delahayei Komyia and Drumont, 2007: 2D nepalensis (Hayahi, 1979): 2C tibialis (White, 1853): 2A, 2C, 2D Tribe ANACOLINI Thomson, 1857 Genus Sarmydus Pascoe, 1867 antennatus Pascoe, 1867: 2B, 2C, 2D subcoriaceus (Hope, 1831): 2B Tribe CANTHAROCNEMINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Cantharocnemis Audinet-Serville, 1832 Subgenus Cantharoprion Lameere, 1902 downesii Pascoe, 1858: 2A Tribe MACROTOMINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Anomophysis Quentin and Villiers, 1981 elliotti (Waterhouse, 1884): 2C inscripta Waterhouse, 1884: 2B, 2D plagiata (Waterhouse, 1884): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bandar Lameere, 1912 pascoei pascoei (Lansberge, 1884): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D maedai Komiya, 2016: 2D Tribe PRIONINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Dorysthenes Vigors, 1826 Subgenus Lophosternus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) buquetii (Guein-Meneville, 1844): 2A, 2B huegelii (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indicus (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D zivetta zivetta (Thomson, 1877): 2C Subgenus Paraphrus Thomson, 1861 granulosus Thomson, 1861: 2C Genus Prionomma White, 1853 Subgenus Prionomma White, 1853 atratum (Gmelin, 1789): 2D Subgenus Ancyloprotus White, 1853 bigibbosum White, 1853: 2C Genus Prionus Geoffroy, 1762 corpulentus Bates, 1878: 2A Tribe REMPHANINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Rhaphipodus Audinet-Serville, 1832 gahani Lameere, 1903: 2C, 2D subopacus (Gahan, 1890): 2D Subfamily LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe LEPTURINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Anastrangalia Casey, 1924 rubriola (Bates, 1878): 2A Genus Ephies Pascoe, 1866 sulcipennis Bates, 1891: 2A, 2C Genus Paranaspia Matsushita and Tamanuki, 1940 frainii (Fairmarie, 1897): 2C Genus Pyrocalymma Thomson, 1864

532

pyrochroides Thomson, 1864: 2C Tribe RHAGIINI Kirby, 1837 Genus Apiocephalus Gahan, 1898 licheneus Gahan, 1906: 2B Genus Pachyta Dejean, 1821 perlata Holzschuh, 1991: 2A Genus Rhondia Gahan, 1906 pugnax (Dohrn, 1878): Himalaya Tribe TELEDAPINI Pascoe, 1871 Genus Teledapus Pascoe, 1871 dorcadioides Pascoe, 1871: 2B querceti Holzschuh, 2007: 2B Tribe XYLOSTEINI Reitter, 1913 Genus Peithona Gahan, 1906 prionoides Gahan, 1906: 2C Genus Palaeoxylosteus Ohbayashi and Shimomura, 1986 kurosawai Ohbayashi and Shimomura, 1986: 2C Subfamily NECYDALINAE Latreille, 1825 Genus Necydalis Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Necydalisca Plavilstshikov, 1936 indicola Gardner, 1941: 2B kucerai Niisato, 2007: 2B Subfamily SPONDYLIDINAE Audinet-Serville, 1832 Tribe ASEMINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Arhopalus (Audinet-Serville, 1834) brunneus (Gardner, 1942): 2B tibetanus (Sharp, 1905): 2B Genus Cephalallus Sharp, 1905 oberthueri Sharp, 1905: 2D unicolor (Gahan, 1906): 2B Tribe NOTHORHININI Zagaikevich, 1991 Genus Nothorhina Redtenbacher, 1845 gardneri Plavilsthsikov, 1934: 2B Tribe TETROPIINI Seidlitz, 1891 Genus Tetropium (Kirby, 1837) oreinum Gahan, 1906: 2A, 2B Subfamily APATOPHYSEINAE Lacordaire, 1869 Tribe APATOPHYSEINI Lacordaire, 1869 Genus Formosotoxotus Hayashi, 1960 masatakai Ohbayashi, 2007: 2C Genus Protapatophysis Semenov and Stschegoleva-Barovskaia, 1936 kashmiriana Semenov, 1901: 2A montana Gahan, 1906: 2A Subfamily CERAMBYCINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe ACHRYSONINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Nortia Thomson, 1864 fuscata Holzschuh, 2005: 2B Tribe ANAGLYPTINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Anaglyptus Mulsant, 1839 Subgenus Aglaophis Thomson, 1857 fasciatus (Thomson, 1857): 2C Subgenus Anaglyptus Mulsant, 1839 dolosulus Holzschuh, 2006: 2B longispinis (Gardner, 1939): 2C marmoratus (Holzschuh, 1982): 2B ulmiphilus (Holzschuh, 1982): 2A Genus Paraclytus Bates, 1884 assamensis Viktora and Tichý, 2015: 2D


Tribe CALLICHROMATINI Swainson and Shuckard, 1840 Genus Anubis Thomson, 1864 bipustulatus Thomson, 1865: 2C fimbriatus Bates, 1879: 2C inermis (White, 1853): 2C Genus Aphrodisium Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Aphrodisium Thomson, 1864 cantori (Hope, 1839): 2B, 2C cribricolle Neervoort van de Poll, 1890: 2C hardwickianum (White, 1853): 2C neoxenum (White, 1853): 2C planicolle Neervoort van de Poll, 1890: 2A robustum Bates, 1879: 2C Subgenus Opacaphrodisium Pic, 1932 griffithi (Hope, 1839): 2B, 2C Genus Chelidonium Thomson, 1864 argentatum (Dalman, 1817): 2C sinense (Hope, 1843): 2C Genus Chloridolum Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Chloridolum Thomson, 1864 alcmene Thomson, 1865: 2C nympha (White, 1853): 2C, 2D perlaetum White, 1853: 2C Genus Ipothalia Pascoe, 1867 micaria Holzchuh, 1990: 2C Genus Pachyteria Audinet-Serville, 1834 fasciata (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Polyzonus Dejean, 1835 Subgenus Polyzonus Dejean, 1835 bizonatus White, 1853: 2C brevipes Gahan, 1906: 2C Subgenus Striatopolyzonus Bentanachs, 2012 tetraspilotus (Hope, 1835): 2C Genus Scalenus Gistel, 1848 fulvus (Bates, 1879): 2C Genus Zonopterus Hope, 1842 consanguineus Ritsema, 1889: Himalaya flavitarsis Hope, 1842: 2C, 2D Tribe CALLIDIOPINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Ceresium Newman, 1842 declaratum Holzschuh, 1990: 2C flavipes (Fabricius, 1793): 2A lepidulum Holzschuh, 1982: 2C leucosticticum White, 1855: 2B, 2C, 2D lucifugum Holzschuh, 1982: 2B propinquum Holzschuh, 1982: 2C, 2D unicolor unicolor (Fabricius, 1787): 2B Genus Stenodryas Bates, 1873 fascipennis Holzschuh, 1984: 2C Genus Trinophylum Bates, 1878 cribratum Bates, 1878: 2A Tribe CERAMBYCINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Aeolesthes Gahan, 1890 Subgenus Aeolesthes Gahan, 1890 holosericea (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indicola (Bates, 1891): 2A, 2C induta (Newman, 1842): Himalaya sarta (Solsky, 1871): 2A, 2D sinensis Gahan, 1890: 2A, 2B


Genus Derolus Gahan, 1891 volvulus (Fabricius, 1801): 2A Genus Dialeges Pascoe, 1856 pauper Pasco, 1856: 2C, 2D Genus Diorthus Gahan, 1891 Subgenus Diorthus Gahan, 1891 cinereus (Fabricius, 1793): 2B Genus Dymasius Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Dymasius Thomson, 1864 subvestitus Holzschuh, 1984: 2B Genus Hoplocerambyx Thomson, 1864 spinicornis (Newman, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Margites Gahan, 1891 Subgenus Margites Gahan, 1891 modicus Gahan, 1906: 2B Genus Massicus Pascoe, 1867 trilineatus (Pic, 1933): 2D Genus Neocerambyx Thomson, 1861 grandis Gahan, 1891: 2B, 2D paris (Wiedemann, 1821): Himalaya Genus Neoplocaederus Sama, 1991 obesus (Gahan, 1890): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pedestris (White, 1853): 2A Genus Pachydissus Newman, 1838 parvicollis Gahan, 1891: 2A schnutzenhoferi Holzschuh, 1990: 2C Genus Rhytidodera White, 1853 bowringii White, 1853: 2C, 2D consona Holzschuh, 1965: 2C, 2D griseofasciata Pic, 1912: 2D Genus Trirachys Hope, 1843 inexpectatus Holzschuh, 1982: 2B Genus Xoanodera Pascoe, 1857 Subgenus Xoanodera Pascoe, 1857 regularis Gahan, 1890: Himalaya Tribe CLEOMENINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Artimpaza Thomson, 1864 dehra Gardner, 1939: 2B obscura Gardner, 1926: 2C Genus Cleomenes Thomson, 1864 ornatus Holzschuh, 1981: 2C Genus Dere White, 1855 grahami Gardner, 1942: 2B khatrii Holzschuh, 1984: 2C Genus Diplothorax Gressitt and Rondon, 1970 fasciatus Holzschuh, 1982: 2B Genus Kurarua Gressitt, 1936 brevipes Holzschuh, 1984: 2C pedongensis (Heyrovsky, 1961): 2C Genus Nida Pascoe, 1867 championi Gardner, 1926: 2B, 2C kala Gardner, 1936: 2B Genus Paramimistena Fisher, 1940 assimilata Holzschuh, 1999: 2C polyalthiae Fisher, 1940: 2C subglabra Gressitt and Rondon, 1970: 2C Tribe CLYTINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Chlorophorus Chevrolat, 1863 Subgenus Chlorophorus Chevrolat, 1863

533

annularis (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D annularoides Holzschuh, 1983: 2C Subgenus Humeromaculatus Özdikmen, 2011 annulatus (Hope, 1831): 2C dureli Pic, 1950: Himalaya henriettae Holzschuh, 1984: 2C quatuordecimmaculatus (Chevrolet, 1863): 2A Subgenus Immaculatus Özdikmen, 2011 alni Holzschuh, 1982: 2B, 2C arciferus (Chevrolet, 1863): 2C furcillatus Holzschuh, 1989: 2C insidiosus Holzschuh, 1986: 2C Genus Chlorophorus species incertae sedis acrocarpi Gardner, 1942: Himalaya anulifer Heller, 1926: 2B ignobilis (Bates, 1878): 2A impressithorax Pic, 1950: 2A semisinuatus Pic, 1949: 2C socius Gahan, 1906: 2C Genus Clytus Laicharting, 1784 Subgenus Clytus Laicharting, 1784 montanus Nonfried, 1893: Himalaya monticola Gahan, 1906: 2A Genus Demonax Thomson, 1861 albicinctus (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D ascendens (Pascoe, 1859): 2B balyi (Pascoe, 1859): Himalaya buteae Gardner, 1940: 2B himalayanus (Pic, 1912): 2A ingridae Holzschuh, 1983: 2C jamesi Holzschuh, 1986: 2C josefinae Holzschuh, 1983: 2C leucoscutellatus (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2D lineatus (Chevrolat, 1863): Himalaya narayani Holzschuh, 1984: 2B, 2C nigromaculatus Gahan, 1906: 2C rosae Holzschuh, 1983: 2C sabinae Holzschuh, 1983: 2B testaceus (Hope, 1831): 2C trudae Holzschuh, 1983: 2C uniformis Pic, 1925: Himalaya Genus Ischnodora Chevrolat, 1863 macra Chevrolat, 1863: 2C munda Holzschuh, 1990: 2C Genus Perissus Chevrolat, 1863 bauhiniae Gardner, 1936: 2B dalbergiae Gardner, 1930: 2B fuliginosus (Chevrolat, 1863): 2B mutabilis mutabilis Gahan, 1894: 2C quercus Gardner, 1940: 2B Genus Rhaphuma Pascoe, 1858 anopla Holzschuh, 1983: 2C aranea Holzschuh, 1984: 2C bhaktai Holzschuh, 1983: 2C bimaculata Schwarzer, 1931: 2B chatterjeei Gardner, 1940: 2B fulgurata fulgurata Gahan, 1906: 2C horsfieldi (White, 1855): 2C, 2D ilsae Holzschuh , 1983: 2C

534

joshii Holzschuh, 1984: 2C laosica Gressitt and Rondon, 1970: 2C lubricula Holzschuh, 2003: 2C moerens Holzschuh, 1983: 2A nishidai Hayashi and Makihara, 1981: 2C placida Pascoe, 1858: 2C querciphaga Holzschuh, 1984: 2C Genus Xylotrechus Chevrolat, 1860 Subgenus Xylotrechus Chevrolat, 1860 basifuliginonsus Heller, 1926: 2A, 2B hampsoni (Gahan, 1890): 2B incurvatus contortus Gahan, 1906: 2C incurvatus incurvatus (Chevrolet, 1863): 2C javanicus (Laporte and Gory, 1836): 2D liciatulus Holzschuh, 2006: 2C monticola (Gahan, 1906): 2A, 2C putzeysii Chevrolat, 1863: 2A, 2B smei (Laporte and Gory, 1836): 2C stebbingi Gahan, 1906: 2B, 2C subcarinatus Gardner, 1939: 2B subdepressus (Chevrolat, 1863): 2C subditus Chevrolet, 1863: 2A Tribe HESPEROPHANINI Mulsant, 1839 Subtribe HESPEROPHANINA Mulsant, 1839 Genus Gnatholea Thomson, 1861 simplex Gahan, 1890: 2C, 2D Genus Stromatium Audinet-Serville, 1834 barbatum (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2D longicorne (Newman, 1842): Himalaya Genus Trichoferus Wollaston, 1854 cribricollis (Bates, 1878): 2A, 2C Genus Zoodes Pascoe, 1867 basalis (White, 1855): 2B, 2C Tribe HESPEROPHANINI species incertae sedis Genus Callidium Fabricius, 1775 viridicolle Pic, 1926: 2C Tribe MOLORCHINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Berndgerdia Holzschuh, 1982 balteata Holzschuh, 1982: 2B Genus Epania Pascoe, 1858 amoorae Gardner, 1926: 2B calophylli Gardner, 1926: 2B mundali Gardner, 1936: 2B Genus Molorchus Fabricius, 1793 Subgenus Molorchus Fabricius, 1793 darjeelingensis Gardner, 1936: 2C hederae Gardner, 1936: 2A sikkimanus (Holzschuh, 2003): 2C Tribe MYTHODINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Phyodexia Pascoe, 1871 concinna Pascoe, 1871: 2B, 2C Tribe OBRIINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Comusia Thomson, 1864 bengalensis (Fisher, 1940): 2C Genus Obrium Dejean, 1821 randiae Gardner, 1926: 2B Tribe OEMINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Entetraommatus Fischer, 1940 quercicola Fischer, 1940: 2B


Genus Oplatocera White, 1853 Subgenus Epioplatocera Gressitt, 1951 oberthuri Gahan, 1906: 2C Genus Tetraommatus Perroud, 1855 ocularis continentalis Heller, 1926: 2B Tribe PHORACANTHINI Newman, 1840 Genus Nyphasia Pascoe, 1867 pascoei Lacordaire, 1869: 2C Tribe PROTHEMINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Prothema Pascoe, 1856 auratum auratum Gahan, 1906: 2C auratum brunnipenne Holzschuh, 2015: 2C Tribe PURPURICENINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Euryphagus Thomson, 1864 lundii (Fabricius, 1792): 2A Genus Purpuricenus Dejean, 1821 indus Semenov, 1908: 2A kabakovi Miroshnikov and Lobanov, 1990: 2A montanus White, 1853: 2A, 2B temminckii Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 2D Tribe PSEUDOLEPTURINI Thomson, 1861 Genus Erythrus White, 1853 bicolor (Westwood, 1848): 2C coccineus Gahan, 1906: Himalaya suturellus Holzschuh, 1984: 2C westwoodi White, 1853: 2B Tribe PYRESTINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Pyrestes Pascoe, 1857 miniatus Pascoe, 1857: 2B pyrrhus Gahan, 1906: 2A rufipes rufipes Pic, 1923: 2B Tribe ROSALIINI Fairmaire, 1864 Genus Rosalia Audinet-Serville, 1834 Subgenus Eurybatus Thomson, 1861 decempunctata (Westwood, 1848): 2C, 2D formosa formosa (Saunders, 1839): 2C, 2D gravida Lameere, 1887: 2C hariola (Thomson, 1861): 2C lateritia (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Tribe STENHOMALINI Miroshnikov, 1989 Genus Stenhomalus White, 1855 Subgenus Stenhomalus White, 1855 fenestratus White, 1855: Himalaya mecops Holzschuh, 1990: 2C Tribe STENOPTERINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Kunbir Lameere, 1890 laboissierei (Pic, 1930): 2C Genus Merionoeda Pascoe, 1858 Subgenus Macromolorchus Pic, 1922 ebruata Holzschuh, 1989: 2C Subgenus Merionoeda Pascoe, 1858 indica (Hope, 1831): 2C nigriceps (White, 1855): 2D phoebe Gardner, 1939: 2B scutulata Holzschuh, 1989: 2C Genus Microdebilissa Pic, 1925 diversipes Pic, 1930: 2C Tribe THRANIINI Gahan, 1906 Genus Thranius Pascoe, 1859


simplex simplex Gahan, 1894: 2B, 2C, 2D triplagiatus Gahan, 1906: 2C Tribe TILLOMORPHINI Lacordaire, 1868 Genus Epipedocera Chevrolat, 1863 affinis Chevrolat, 1863: 2B chakhata Gardner, 1939: 2B hardwicki (White, 1855): 2C lugens Holzschuh, 1990: 2C zona Chevrolat, 1863: 2C Tribe XYSTROCERINI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Xystrocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 festiva Thomson, 1861: 2C, 2D globosa Olivier, 1795: 2A, 2B, 2D Subfamily LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825 Tribe ACANTHOCININI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Cristosydonia Breuning, 1963 alterna Holzschuh, 2003: 2C Genus Driopea Pascoe, 1858 Subgenus Driopea Pascoe, 1858 schmidi Breuning, 1972: 2C Genus Eoporis Pascoe, 1864 Subgenus Eoporimimus Schwarzer, 1925 differens Pic, 1926: 2D pedongensis Breuning, 1969: 2C Genus Ipochiromima Sama and Sudre, 2009 sikkimensis (Breuning, 1982): 2C Genus Mimeryssamena Breuning, 1972 besucheti Breuning, 1972: 2B Genus Mimohoplorana Breuning, 1960 puncticollis Breuning, 1960: 2C Genus Mimoxenolea Breuning, 1960 bicoloricornis Breuning, 1960: 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1961: 2C Genus Ostedes Pascoe, 1859 Subgenus Ostedes Pascoe, 1859 albomamorata Breuning, 1969: 2C harmandi Breuning, 1968: 2B, 2C sikkimensis (Breuning, 1958): 2B, 2C Genus Pararondibilis Breuning, 1961 acrosa Holzschuh, 2003: 2B macularia Holzschuh, 2003: 2A sikkimensis Breuning, 1961: 2C Genus Pareoporis Breuning, 1969 nigrosignata Breuning, 1969: 2C Genus Pareryssamena Breuning, 1969 fuscosignata Breuning, 1969: 2C Genus Rondibilis Thomson, 1857 Subgenus Rondibilis Thomson, 1857 bispinosa Thomson, 1857: 2B kuluensis (Breuning, 1958): 2A sikkimensis (Breuning, 1961): 2C subundulata (Breuning, 1958): Himalaya Subgenus Striatorondibilis Breuning, 1961 pedongensis Breuning, 1961: 2C Genus Rondibilis, species incertae sedis besucheti Breuning, 1972: 2D Genus Transipochira Breuning, 1977 sikkimensis Breuning, 1977: 2C Genus Trichodiboma Breuning, 1961

535

clytoides Breuning, 1961: 2C Genus Trichohoplorana Breuning, 1961 dureli Breuning, 1961: 2C juglandis Holzschuh, 1989: 2D Genus Trichorondibilis Breuning, 1960 rufipennis Breuning, 1960: 2C Genus Tuberenes Breuning, 1978 robustipes (Pic, 1939): 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1978: 2C Tribe AGAPANTHIINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Cleptometopus Thomson, 1864 fuscosignatus Breuning, 1947: 2C indistinctus Breuning, 1940 : 2D mimolivaceus Breuning, 1972: 2B mniszechi (Lacordaire, 1872): 2C parolivaceus Breuning, 1966: 2C quadrilineatus (Pic, 1924): 2B schmidi Breuning, 1971: 2B, 2D sikkimensis Breuning, 1972: 2C, 2D subteraureus Breuning, 1967: 2C Genus Eucomatocera White, 1846 vittata White, 1846: 2B, 2C Genus Hippocephala Aurivillius, 1920 Subgenus Hippocephala Aurivillius, 1920 proxima Bruning, 1840: 2B, 2C Genus Hyllisia Pascoe, 1864 Subgenus Hyllisia Pascoe, 1864 albolateralis Breuning, 1950: 2B flava Breuning, 1950: 2C indica Breuning, 1947: 2A Genus Phelipara Pascoe, 1866 Subgenus Phelipara Pascoe, 1866 affinis Breuning, 1940: 2C indica (Breuning, 1940): Himalaya Genus Pothyne Thomson, 1864 acaciae Gardner, 1930: 2B combreti Gardner, 1930: 2C convexifrons Gardner, 1930: 2C distincta Breuning, 1950: 2B, 2C macrophthalma Breuning, 1940: 2C proxima Breuning, 1940: Himalaya sikkimana Breuning, 1968: 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1940: 2B, 2C variegata variegata Thomson, 1864: 2C Genus Pseudocalamobius Kraatz, 1879 proximus Breuning, 1940: 2B, 2C rufescens Breuning, 1940: 2C truncatus Beruning, 1940: 2C Genus Tetraglenes Newman, 1842 hirticornis (Fabricius, 1798): 2C insignis Newman, 1842: 2B Genus Trichopothyne Breuning, 1942 hindostanica Breuning, 1950: 2B Tribe ANCYLONOTINI Lacordaire, 1869 Genus Palimna Pascoe, 1862 annulata (Olivier, 1792): 2B palimnoides (Schwarzer, 1925): 2C yunnana Breuning, 1935: 2C Genus Palimnodes Breuning, 1938

536

ducalis (Bates, 1884): 2A Tribe APODASYINI Lacordaire, 1872 Genus Cristorhodopina Breuning, 1966 mussardi Breuning, 1966: 2D Genus Eunidiella Breuning, 1940 pilosa Breuning, 1940: 2B, 2C Genus Euseboides Gahan, 1893 gorodinskii Holzschuh, 2006: 2A, 2D plagiatus Gahane, 1893: 2C, 2D plagiatoides Breuning, 1950: 2C Genus Falseunidia Breuning, 1943 albosignata Breuning, 1943: 2A Genus Miccolamia Bates, 1884 Subgenus Miccolamia Bates, 1884 relucens Holzschuh, 2003: 2C rugosula Holzschuh, 2003: 2C Genus Mimeuseboides Breuning, 1967 excavatipennis Breuning, 1967: 2D Genus Mimoscapeuseboides Breuning, 1976 pedongenesis Breuning, 1976: 2C Genus Mimovitalisia Breuning, 1959 wittmeri Breuning, 1975: Himalaya Genus Mimozotale Breuning, 1951 Subgenus Mimozotale Breuning, 1951 sikkimensis (Breuning, 1940): 2C Genus Pararhopaloscelides Breuning, 1947 sericeipennis sericeipennis Breuning, 1947: 2A Genus Parectatosia Breuning, 1940 valida Breuning, 1940: Himalaya Genus Pareuseboides Breuning, 1948 albomarmorata Breuning, 1948: 2C Genus Pseudectatosia Breuning, 1940 strandiella Breuning, 1940: 2C, 2D Genus Rhodopina Gressitt, 1951 albomaculata (Gahan, 1890): 2C, 2D albomarmorata Breuning, 1958: 2C alboplagiata (Gahan, 1890): 2C assamana Breuning, 1966: 2D laevepunctata Breuning, 1958: 2C pedongensis Breuning, 1969: 2C pubereoides (Breuning, 1956): 2C Genus Sophronica Blanchard, 1845 apicalis (Pic, 1922): 2B carissae (Fisher, 1930): 2B Genus Vittatopothyne Breuning, 1968 flavovittata (Breuning, 1960): 2C Genus Zotalemimon Pic, 1925 lineatoides (Breuning, 1969): 2C obscurior (Bruining, 1940): 2B posticata (Gahan, 1894): 2C Tribe APOMECYNINI Thomson, 1860 Genus Apomecyna Dejean, 1821 cretacea (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D fallaciosa Breuning, 1938: 2B histrio histrio (Fabricius, 1792): 2B, 2C, 2D leucosticta (Hope, 1831): 2C saltator (Fabricius, 1787): 2A, 2D tigrina indica Breuning, 1969: 2C, 2D Genus Atimura Pascoe, 1863


affinis Breuning, 1939: 2B, 2C combreti Gardner, 1930: 2B minima Breuning, 1939: 2B proxima Breuning, 1939: 2B Genus Cornallis Thomson, 1864 gracilipes Thomson, 1864: 2C Genus Diaxenes Waterhouse, 1884 dendrobii Gahan, 1894: 2C Genus Estigmenida Gahan, 1894 robusta Breuning, 1940: 2C Genus Falsoropica Breuning, 1939 sikkimensis Breuning, 1973: 2C Genus Hyagnis Pascoe, 1864 apicatus Holzschuh, 1984: 2B kashmirensis Breuninh, 1939: 2A Genus Iproca Gressitt, 1940 pedongensis Breuning, 1968: 2C Genus Mimophaeopate Breuning, 1967 assamensis Breuning, 1967: 2D Genus Neosybra Breuning, 1939 flavovittata Breuning, 1954: 2C Genus Orcesis Pascoe, 1866 unicolor Breuning, 1954: 2C Genus Pemptolasius Gahan, 1890 humeralis Gahan, 1890: 2C Genus Ropica Pascoe, 1858 affinis Breuning, 1939: 2C assamensis Breuning, 1972: 2D coomani Pic, 1926: 2C dorsalis Schwarzer, 1925: 2C, 2D honesta Pascoe, 1865: Himalaya pedongensis Breuning, 1968: 2C rosti Breuning, 1958: 2A, 2C signatoides Breuning, 1939: 2B subaffinis Breuning, 1968: 2C Genus Sybra Pascoe, 1865 Subgenus Sybra Pascoe, 1865 bioculata sikkimana Breuning, 1969: 2C elongatula Breuning, 1939: 2C icanoides Breuning, 1942: 2C longipes Breuning and De Jong, 1941: 2C parvula Breuning, 1939: Himalaya pusilla Breuning, 1939: Himalaya sikkimensis Breuning, 1939: 2C Tribe ASTATHINI Thomson, 1864 Genus Bacchisa Pascoe, 1866 Subgenus Bacchisa Pascoe, 1866 frontalis (Gahan, 1894): Himalaya Genus Lasiophrys Gahan, 1901 latifrons Gahan, 1901: Himalaya Genus Momisis Pascoe, 1867 monticola Breuning, 1956: 2C Genus Plaxomicrus Thomson, 1857 sikkimensis Beuning, 1956: 2C Genus Tetraophthalmus Dejean, 1835 gibbicollis (Thomson, 1865): Himalaya japonicus Thomson, 1857: 2C violaceipnnis Thomson, 1857: 2C Tribe BATOCERINI Thomson, 1864


Genus Apriona Chevrolat, 1852 Subgenus Apriona Chevrolat, 1852 cinerea Chevrolat, 1852: 2A, 2B germari germari (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C, 2D swainsoni swainsoni (Hope, 1840): 2D trilineata Chevrolat, 1852: 2C Genus Batocera Dejean, 1835 calana (Pary, 1844): 2A, 2C, 2D horsfieldi Hope, 1839: 2A, 2C, 2D lineolata Chevrolat, 1852: 2C parryi (Hope, 1845): 2C, 2D numitor Newman, 1842: 2C, 2D roylei (Hope, 1833): 2A, 2C, 2D rubus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D rufomaculata rufomaculata (DeGeer, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Microcriodes Breuning, 1943 sikkimensis Breuning, 1943: 2C, 2D Tribe CEROPLESINI Thomson, 1860 Subtribe CEROPLESINA Thomson, 1860 Genus Thysia Thomson, 1860 wallichi wallichi (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C, 2D Subtribe CROSSOTINA Thomson, 1864 Genus Moechotypa Thomson, 1864 asiatica (Pic, 1903): 2B, 2C thoracica (White, 1858): 2C Tribe DORCASCHEMATINI Thomson, 1860 Genus Macrocamptus Dillon and Dillon, 1947 virgatus Gahan, 1890: 2C, 2D Genus Olenecamptus Chevrolat, 1835 anogeissi Gardner, 1930: 2A bilobus bilobus (Fabricius,1801): 2A, 2C, 2D bilobus quinqumaculatus Dillon and Dillon, 1947: 2B, 2C indianus (Thomson, 1857): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pedongensis Breuning, 1968: 2C pseudostrigosus Breuning, 1938: 2A, 2C Tribe EXOCENTRINI Pascoe, 1864 Genus Exocentrus Dejean, 1835 alboguttatus alboguttatus Fisher, 1925: 2A, 2B alni Fisher, 1932: 2C assamensis Breuning, 1972: 2D carissae Fisher, 1932: 2A, 2B championi Fisher, 1940: 2A, 2B cudraniae Fisher, 1932: 2B dalbergiae Fisher, 1932: 2B diversiceps Pic, 1931: 2C explanatidens Pic, 1930: 2C ficicola Fisher, 1932: 2B flemingiae Fisher, 1932: 2B, 2C gardneri Fisher, 1932: 2B grewiae Fisher, 1932: 2B parrotiae Fisher, 1932: 2A pubescens Fisher, 1932: 2A, 2B ravillus Holzschuh, 1948: 2C seticollis Fisher, 1932: 2B specularis Holzschuh, 1989: 2B, 2C spurcatus Holzschuh, 1984: 2B transversifrons Fisher, 1940: 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe GNOMINI Thomson, 1860 Genus Imantocera Dejean, 1835

537

penicillata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C, 2D plumosa (Olivier, 1792): 2D vicina (Gahan, 1894): 2B, 2D Tribe MESOSINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Aesopida Thomson, 1864 malasiaca Thomson, 1864: 2C Genus Agelasta Newman, 1842 Subgenus Dissosira Pascoe, 1865 gardneri Breuning, 1938: 2B sikkimensis Breuning, 1963: 2C Subgenus Pseudagelasta Breuning, 1939 bifasciana White, 1858: 2C fallaciosa Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Anagelasta Pic, 1925 Subgenus Anagelasta Pic, 1925 apicalis Pic, 1925: 2B, 2C Subgenus Mesagelasta Breuning, 1939 nigromaculata Breuning, 1938: 2A Genus Cacia Newman, 1842 Subgenus Ipocregyes Pascoe, 1864 cephalotes (Pic, 1925): 2C Subgenus Pericacia Breuning, 1939 cretifera cretifera (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C cretifera dilacerata Breuning, 1939: 2C Genus Clyzomedus Pascoe, 1865 transversefasciatus Breuning, 1938: 2B Genus Coptops Audinet-Serville, 1835 aedificator (Fabricius, 1793): 2B, 2D annulipes annulipes Gahan, 1894: Himalaya leucosticiticus leucosticiticus White, 1858: 2C, 2D Genus Falsomesosella Pic, 1925 Subgenus Falsomesosella Pic, 1925 gardneri Breuning, 1938: 2B, 2C mediofasciata Breuning, 1968: 2C rufovittata Breuning, 1938: 2B transversefasciata Breuning, 1938: 2B Genus Mesocacia Heller, 1926 multimaculata (Pic, 1925): 2C Genus Mesosa Latreille, 1829 Subgenus Aplocnemia Stephens, 1831 affinis affinis Breuning, 1936: 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1935: 2C subfasciata Gahan, 1894: 2B Subgenus Perimesosa Breuning, 1939 bimaculata Breuning, 1936: 2B, 2C binigrovittipennis Breuning, 1968: 2C, 2D setulosa Breuning, 1938: 2A Subgenus Saimia Pascoe, 1866 indica Breuning, 1935: 2B lata Breuning, 1956: 2A obscura Gahan, 1894: Himalaya Genus Mutatocoptops Pic, 1925 alboapicalis Pic, 1925: 2D Genus Paripocregyes Breuning, 1938 brunneomaculatus Breuning, 1938: 2B Tribe MONOCHAMINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Acalolepta Pascoe, 1858 affinis (Breuning, 1935): 2C aurata (Gahan, 1888): 2D

538

basicornis (Gahan, 1894): 2C bifasciata (Westwood, 1848): 2C, 2D bretschneideri Weigel, 2012: 2D cervina (Hope, 1831): 2D crassepunctifrons (Breuning, 1960): 2C elongata Breuning, 1935: 2C flocculata paucisetosa Gressitt, 1938: 2D gardneri (Breuning, 1938): 2C griseipennis (Thomson, 1857): 2C, 2D griseoplagiata (Breuning, 1935): 2B, 2C holosericea (Breuning, 1939): 2B inaequalis (Gardner, 1937): 2C laevicepes (Breuning, 1938): 2C mutans (Breuning, 1938): 2D nivosa (White, 1858): 2A punctifrons (Gahan, 1894): 2C scotti (Breuning, 1936): 2C sericans (Breuning, 1938): 2B, 2C sejuncta Bates, 1873: 2A sikkimensis nigrina Breuning, 1975: 2D sikkiminis sikkiminis (Breuning, 1935): 2D sulphurifera (Hope, 1842): 2C tenuipes (Breuning, 1939): 2C Genus Agniomorpha Breuning, 1935 ochraceomaculata Breuning, 1935: 2B, 2C Genus Agnoderus Thomson, 1864 gnomoides Thomson, 1864: 2C Genus Annamanum Pic, 1925 indicum Beuning, 1938: 2B, 2C sikkimense Breuning, 1942: 2C Genus Anoplophora Hope, 1839 beryllina (Hope, 1840): 2C gressitti Ohbayashi and Bi, 2014: 2D sollii (Hope, 1839): 2C stanleyana Hope, 1839: 2C Genus Aristobia Thomson, 1868 approximatrix (Thomson, 1865): 2D horridula (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C reticulatrix (Fabricius, 1781): 2C, 2D Genus Blepephaeus Pascoe, 1866 arrowi Breuning, 1935: 2C indicus Breuning, 1935: 2C nigrosparsus Pic, 1925: 2B ocellatus (Gahan, 1888): Himalaya succinctor (Chevrolat, 1852): 2C, 2D Genus Cerosterna Dejean, 1835 scabratrix (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B Genus Epepeotes Pascoe, 1866 himalayanus Breuning, 1950: 2C luscus luscus (Fabricius, 1787): 2A uncinatus Gahan, 1888: 2C, 2D Genus Eutaenia Thomson, 1857 trifasciella White, 1850: Himalaya Genus Epicedia Thomson, 1864 maculatrix (Perty, 1831): 2A Genus Falsagnia Breuning, 1938 obenbergeri Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Haplothrix Gahan, 1888 amicator (Gahan, 1888): 2C, 2D


Genus Macrochenus Guérin-Méneville, 1843 guerinii (White, 1858): 2C, 2D tigrinus (Olivier, 1795): 2C Genus Mimorsidis Breuning, 1938 griseus Breuning, 1968: 2C Genus Monochamus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Monochamus Dejean, 1821 bimaculatus (Gahan, 1888): 2B, 2C, 2D desperatus Thomson, 1857: 2C dubius (Gahan, 1894): 2C gardneri Breuning, 1938: 2C sparsutus Fairmaire, 1889: Himalaya subtrangularis Breuning, 1972: 2D Genus Nanohammus Bates, 1884 myrrhatus (Pascoe, 1878): 2D Genus Paragnia Gahan, 1893 fulvomaculata Gahan, 1893: 2C Genus Paraleprodera Breuning, 1935 insidiosa (Gahan, 1888): 2C stephana (White, 1858): 2C Genus Paraepepeotes Pic, 1935 affinis (Breuning, 1938): 2B albomaculatus (Gahan, 1888): Himalaya guttatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844): 2C, 2D westwoodi (Westwood, 1848): 2B, 2C Genus Paruraecha Breuning, 1935 Subgenus Paruraecha Breuning, 1935 sikkimensis Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Pharsalia Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Antennopharsalia Breuning, 1944 antennata Gahan, 1894: 2C Subgenus Cycos Pascoe, 1866 gibbifera (Guérin-Méneville, 1844): 2C subgemmata (Thomson, 1857): 2C Genus Polytretus Gahan, 1893 cribripennis Gahan, 1893: 2C Genus Pseudomeges Breuning, 1944 marmoratus (Westwood, 1848): 2D Genus Pseudonemophas Breuning, 1944 versteegii (Ritsema, 1881): 2C, 2D Genus Sarothrocera White, 1846 lowii White, 1846: 2D Genus Sternohammus Breuning, 1935 sericeus (Breuning, 1938): 2C Genus Sternorsidis Breuning, 1959 brunnea Breuning, 1959: 2C Genus Stratioceros Lacordaire, 1869 princeps Lacordaire, 1869: 2D Genus Thermonotus Gahan, 1888 nigripes Gahan, 1888: 2C Genus Xenicotela Bates, 1884 distincta (Gahan, 1888): 2C Tribe MORIMOPSINI Lacordaire, 1869 Genus Aconodes Pascoe, 1857 montanus Pascoe, 1857: Himalaya pedongensis Breuning, 1956: 2C sikkimensis (Breuning, 1940): 2C truncatus (Breuning, 1939): 2C, 2D Genus Morimopsis Thomson, 1857


assamensis Breuning, 1966: 2D granulipennis Breuning, 1966: 2C lacrymans Thaomson, 1857: 2C mussardi Breuning, 1966: 2D truncatipennis Breuning, 1940: Himalaya Genus Trichodorcadion Breuning, 1942 dubiosum Breuning, 1954: Himalaya gardneri Breuning, 1942: 2B Tribe NYCTIMENIINI Gressitt, 1951 Genus Nyctimenius Gressitt, 1951 tristis (Fabricuis, 1792): 2C Tribe PETROGNATHINI Blanchard, 1845 Genus Ithocritus Lacordaire, 1872 ruber (Hope, 1839): 2C Genus Pseudapriona Breuning, 1936 flavoantennata Breuning, 1936: 2D Tribe PHRYNETINI Thomson, 1864 Genus Calothyrza Thomson, 1868 margaritifera (Westwood, 1848): Himalaya Tribe PHYTOECIINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Linda Thomson, 1864 Subgenus Dasylinda Thomson, 1868 testacea (Saunders, 1839): 2C, 2D Subgenus Linda Thomson, 1864 rubescens rubescens (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Genus Nupserha Chevrolat, 1858 acuta Holzschuh, 1986: 2C annulata annulata (Thomson, 1857): 2C atriceps Breuning, 1948: 2B, 2C basipilosa Holzschuh, 1986: 2C bicolor (Thomson, 1857): 2B, 2D dubia Gahan, 1894: 2B, 2C, 2D flavipennis Breuning, 1950: 2C fricator fricator (Dalman, 1817): 2C, 2D fuscoapicalis Breuning, 1949: 2B, 2C lenita (Pascoe, 1867): 2B, 2C madurensis Pic, 1926: Himalaya malabarensis Pic, 1939: 2B nigriceps Gahan, 1894: 2D nigricollis Breuning, 1960: Himalaya pallidipennis palidipennis (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D quadrioculata (Thunberg, 1787): Himalaya rotundicollis Breuning, 1950: 2C schmidi darjeelingensis Holzschuh, 1990: 2C schmidi schmidi Breuning, 1966: 2C, 2D spinifera spinifera Gressitt, 1948: 2C ventralis Gahan, 1894: 2C Genus Oberea Dejean, 1835 Subgenus Oberea Dejean, 1835 bisbipunctulata Breuning, 1960: 2C bivittata medioplagiata Breuning, 1960: 2C bootangensis Breuning, 1960: 2C consentanea Pascoe, 1867: 2C ferruginea (Thunberg, 1787): 2C gracillima gracillima Pascoe, 1867: 2D himalayana Breuning, 1972: 2B lacana Pic, 1923: 2C lutea lutea (Thunberg, 1787): 2C

539

montivagans medioplagiata Breuning, 1960: 2C posticata Gahan, 1894: 2C, 2D walkeri Gahan, 1894: Himalaya Genus Obereopsis Chevrolat, 1855 annulicornis Breuning, 1957: Himalaya atrostenalis Breuning, 1957: 2C borchmanni Breuning, 1959: Himalaya bootangensis Breuning, 1970: 2C darjeelingensis Breuning and Heyrovsky, 1964: 2C flavodiscalis flavodiscalis Breuning, 1982: 2C limbata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B longipes Breuning, 1957: 2C luteicornis Breuning, 1957: 2C modica (Gahan, 1894): Himalaya nigriceps nigriceps Breuning, 1957: 2B, 2C obscura nigroabdominalis Breuning, 1972: 2B, 2C obscura obscura Breuning, 1957: 2D paratricollis Breuning, 1967: 2D pedogenesis Breuning, 1960: 2C pseudoannulicornis Breuning, 1982: 2C quadrinotaticollis lahungi Breuning, 1982: 2C rubetra sikkimana (Breuning, 1982): 2C rufescens Breuning, 1960: 2C sericea (Gahan, 1894): 2C, 2D sericeoides Holzschuh, 2006: 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1957: 2B, 2C subteratra Breuning, 1957: 2C trinotaticollis Breuning, 1967: Himalaya varieantennalis Breuning, 1982: 2C Genus Paraserixia Breuning, 1954 flava Breuning, 1954: 2C Genus Phytoecia Dejean, 1835 Subgenus Blepisanis Pascoe, 1866 forticonis forticornis Breuning, 1947: 2A nigrofemorata Breuning, 1947: 2A Subgenus Phytoecia Dejean, 1835 coeruleipennis Breuning, 1947: 2A griseola Breuning, 1951: 2A lahoulensis Breuning, 1951: 1A rufovittipennis Breuning, 1972: 2B sikkimensis Pic, 1970: 2A, 2C Tribe PTEROPLIINI Thomson, 1860 Genus Anaches Pascoe, 1865 dorsalis Pascoe, 1858: 2A, 2C Genus Desisa Pascoe, 1865 Subgenus Desisa Pascoe, 1865 quadriplagiata Breuning, 1938: Himalaya subfasciata (Pascoe, 1862): 2B Genus Egesina Pascoe, 1864 Subgenus Cuphisia Pascoe, 1866 cleroides (Gahan, 1890): Himalaya Subgenus Callienispia Fisher, 1925 anterufipennis Breuning, 1958: 2C Subgenus Egesina Pascoe, 1864 basirufa Breuning and Heyrovsky, 1961: 2C Subgenus Niijimaia Matsushita, 1933 flavopicta Breuning and Heyrovsky, 1961: 2C sikkimensis Breuning, 1940: 2C Genus Marmylaris Pascoe, 1866

540

buckleyi (Pascoe, 1857): 2C truncatipennis Breuning, 1940: 2C Genus Mimectatosia Breuning, 1959 compacta Breuning, 1959: 2C Genus Mispila Pascoe, 1864 Subgenus Mispila Pascoe, 1864 curvilinea Pascoe, 1869: 2D Subgenus Trichomispila Breuning, 1939 pedongensis Breuning, 1968: 2C Genus Niphona Mulsant, 1839 Subgenus Niphona Mulsant, 1839 fuscatrix (Fabricius, 1792): 2A hookeri Gahan, 1900: 2C parallela (White, 1858): Himalaya tibialis Gahan, 1893: 2A variegata Breuning, 1938: 2B Genus Niphosoma Breuning, 1943 sikkimense Breuning, 1957: 2C Genus Paramesosella Breuning, 1940 stheniformis Breuning, 1940: 2B sthenioides (Breuning, 1938): 2A Genus Pseudolophia Breuning, 1938 uniformis Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Pterolophia Newman, 1842 Subgenus Ale Pascoe, 1864 ocheromaculata Breuning, 1940: 2C postscutellaris Breuning, 1967: 2D sikkimensis Breuning, 1938: 2C Subgenus Armatopraonetha Breuning, 1961 bifasciata Breuning, 1968: 2C Subgenus Curtolophia Breuning, 1974 curticornis Breuning, 1974: 2C Subgenus Hylobrotus Lacordaire, 1872 annulata (Chevrolat, 1845): 2C bituberculata Breuning, 1938: 2C humerrosopunctata Breuning, 1938: 2B obscuroides Breuning, 1938: 2C oculata Breuning, 1938: 2B tibialis Breuning, 1938: 2C tuberculatrix (Fabricius, 1781): 2D Subgenus Lychrosis Pascoe, 1866 humerosa (Thomson, 1865): 2B varipennis (Thomson, 1865): Himalaya zebrina (Pascoe, 1858): 2C Subgenus Mimoron Pic, 1925 brevegibbosa Pic, 1926: 2B, 2C pedogenesis Breuning, 1968: 2C ropicoides Breuning, 1968: 2C Subgenus Pterolophia Newman, 1842 apicefusca Breuning, 1938: 2A bituberata Breuning, 1938: 2C bituberculata Breuning, 1938: 2C consularis (Pascoe, 1966): 2C dalbergiae Breuning, 1938: 2B densefasciculata Breuning, 1938: Himalaya densepunctata Breuning, 1938: 2A elongatissima Breuning, 1938: Himalaya fulvescens Breuning, 1938: 2B granulosa Breuning, 1938: 2C


inexpectata Breuning, 1938: 2B ligata (Pascoe, 1862): 2C lunigera Aurivillius, 1913: 2D marmorata Breuning, 1938: 2C nigricans Breuning, 1938: 2C nigrobiarcuata Breuning, 1938: 2B nigroplagiata Breuning, 1938: 2B nigrovirgulata Breuning, 1939: 2C obscurata Breuning, 1938: 2C occidentalis Schwarzer, 1931: 2B, 2D pedongana Breuning, 1968: 2C persimilis Gahan, 1894: 2A, 2B, 2D postfasciculata Pic, 1934: 2C pseudobscuroides Breuning, 1938: 2C pseudoculata Breuning, 1938: 2B pseudoculatoides Breuning, 1968: 2C pseudotincta Breuning, 1938: 2C quadrivittata Breuning, 1938: 2B rufobrunnea Breuning, 1938: 2C sikkimana Breuning, 1973: 2C sthenioides grossepunctipennis Breuning, 1969: 2C sthenioides sthenioides Breuning, 1938: 2C subbicarinata Breuning, 1968: 2C subtubericollis Breuning and Hearovsky, 1964: 2C tenebrica Breuning, 1938: 2A touzalini Breuning, 1973: 2C transversefasciata Breuning, 1938: 2B, 2C trarnsverseplagiata Breuning, 1938: 2B tubericollis Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Sthenias Laporte, 1840 Subgenus Sthenias Laporte, 1840 franciscanus Thomson, 1865: 2C gracilis Breuning, 1938: 2D grisator Fabricius, 1787: 2A, 2B, 2D pascoei Ritsema, 1888: Himalaya persimilis Breuning, 1938: 2C pseudodorsalis Breuning, 1938: 2C Genus Trichoniphona Breuning, 1968 albomarmorata Breuning, 1968: 2C Genus Xynenon Pascoe, 1865 bondii (Pascoe, 1859): 2C Tribe SAPERDINI Mulsant, 1839 Genus Callundine Thomson, 1879 lacordairei Thomson, 1879: Himalaya Genus Glenea Newman, 1842 Subgenus Aridoglenea Breuning, 1958 cancellata Thomson, 1865: 2C, 2D meiyingae Holzschuh, 2009: 2C vaga Thomson, 1865: 2B, 2C Subgenus Glenea Newman, 1842 astathiformis Breuning, 1958: 2D bedoci mussardi Breuning, 1967: 2D beesoni Heller, 1926: 2B, 2C chalybeata Thomson, 1861: 2C crucicollis Breuning, 1956: Himalaya flava Jordan, 1895: 2C glechomoides Breuning, 1982: 2C indiana (Thomson, 1857): 2C nigerrima Breuning, 1953: 2C


ornata Gahan, 1889: 2C pici schmidi Breuning, 1965: 2D pseudoluctuosa Breuning, 1953: 2C pulchra Aurivillius, 1926: 2C quaduordecimmaculata (Hope, 1831): 2B saperdiformis Breuning, 1953: 2D sikkimensis Breuning, 1982: 2C sulphurea Thomson, 1865: 2C Subgenus Rubroglenea Breuning, 1956 rubricollis (Hope, 1842): 2C Subgenus Stiroglenea Aurivillius, 1920 cantor cantor (Fabricius, 1787): 2C cantor obesa Thomson, 1857: 2C spilota Thomson, 1861: 2B, 2D Genus Heteroglenea Gahan, 1897 bastiensis (Breuning, 1953): 2C Genus Serixia Pascoe, 1856 Subgenus Serixia Pascoe, 1856 bootangana Breuning, 1858: 2C Genus Stibara Hope, 1840 nigrovittata Breuning, 1954: Himalaya tetraspilota Hope, 1840: 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Thermistis Pascoe, 1867 croceocincta (Saunders, 1839): 2C Tribe XYLORHIZINI Lacordaire, 1872 Genus Thylactus Pascoe, 1866 sikkimensis Bruning, 1938: 2C simulans Gahan, 1890: 2C, 2D Genus Xylorhiza Dejean, 1835 adusta (Wiedemann, 1819): 2C, 2D Family CHRYSOMELIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily SAGRINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Sagra Fabricius, 1792 carbunculus Hope, 1842: 2B, 2C, 2D femorata (Drury, 1773): 2C, 2D jansoni Baly, 1860: 2D Subfamily BRUCHINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe AMBLYCERINI Bridwell, 1932 Subtribe SPERMOPHAGINA Borowiec, 1987 Genus Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833 aeneipennis Pic, 1917: 2C albosparsus Gyllenhal, 1833: 2B, 2C atrispinus Borowiec, 1995: 2C kuskai Borowiec, 1986: 2B longepygus Anton, 1993: 2C niger Motschulsky, 1866: 2C punjabensis Borowiec, 1991: 2C rufiventris Boheman, 1833: 2C sinensis Pic, 1918: 2C stemmleri Decelle, 1977: 2A, 2B variolosopunctatus Gyllenhal, 1833: 2C Genus Zabrotes Horn, 1885 subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833): 2B Tribe BRUCHINI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe ACANTHOSCELIDINA Bridwell, 1946 Genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905 macrophthalmus (Schaeffer, 1907): 2A obectus (Say, 1831): 2A Genus Borowiecius Anton, 1994

541

ademptus (Sharp, 1886): 2C siamensis Anton, 1999: 2B Genus Bruchidius Schilsky, 1905 albopubens (Pic, 1931): 2B alpinus (Arora and Singal, 1979): 2A, 2B anderssoni Decelle, 1975: 2B aureus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B baronii Decelle, 1977: 2A, 2C bilineatopygus (Pic, 1938): 2A, 2B, 2C caeruleus (Champion, 1919): 2A, 2B, 2C chloroticus (Dalman, 1833): 2A desmodei Arora, 1980: 2A, 2B dimorphus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B flavovirens Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B, 2C gardneri (Pic, 1938): 2B kashmirensis Arora, 1980: 2A kashmiricus (Pic, 1929): 2A, 2B lineolatus (Motschulsky, 1874): 2A, 2C maculipygus (Champion, 1919): 2A, 2B mendosus (Gyllenhal, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C microminutus Arora, 1980: 2B mimosae Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B, 2C minutissimus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B mussooriensis Arora, 1980: 2A, 2B, 2C nalandus (Pic, 1927): 2A, 2B, 2C nangalensis Arora, 1980: 2A obscurus Arora, 1977: 2B orientalis Arora, 1980: 2A osellai Zampetti, 1978: 2A punctoterminalis Arora, 1980: 2A, 2B, 2C pygomaculatus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B saundersi (Jekel, 1855): 2A, 2B schilskyi Arora, 1977: 2B schroderi (Pic, 1930): 2B siwalikus Arora, 1980: 2A, 2B solanensis Arora, 1977: 2A sparsemaculatus (Pic, 1913): 2A, 2B urbanus (Sharp, 1886): 2A, 2B, 2C wuermlii Decelle, 1977: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Callosobruchus Pic, 1902 analis (Fabricius, 1781): 2A, 2B anjaliae Singal and Pajni, 1990: 2B bhutanicus Decelle, 1977: 2B, 2C chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C dolichosi (Gyllenhal, 1839): 2B maculatus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C montanus Anton, 2000: 2B multinigrus Singal and Pajni, 1990: 2A nigripennis (Allard, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C phaseoli (Gyllenhal, 1833): 2B theobromae (Linnaeus, 1767): 2B Genus Conicobruchus Decelle, 1951 impubens (Pic, 1927): 2B, 2C Genus Decellebruchus Borowiec, 1987 walkeri (Pic, 1912): 2B Genus Kingsolverius Borowiec, 1987 malaccanus (Pic, 1913): 2C Genus Sulcobruchus Chûjô, 1937 griseosuturalis (Pic, 1932): 2B, 2C

542

maculatithorax (Pic, 1928): 2B Subtribe BRUCHINA Latreille, 1802 Genus Bruchus Linnaeus, 1767 pisorum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Tribe KYTORHININI Bridwell, 1932 Genus Kytorhinus Fiseher von Waldheim, 1809 tibetanus Decelle, 1971: 2B Tribe PACHYMERINI Bridwell, 1929 Subtribe CARYEDONTINA Bridwell, 1929 Genus Caryedon Sehoenherr, 1823 ceylonicus (Pic, 1924): 2B, 2C crineus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B gonagra (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2C indus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C languidus (Gyllenhal, 1839): 2A, 2B, 2C montanus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B opacus Arora, 1977: 2A, 2B prosopidis Arora, 1977: 2A Subtribe CARYOPEMINA Bridwell, 1929 Genus Caryopemon Jekei, 1855 hieroglyphicus Jekel, 1855: 2B Subfamily CRIOCERINAE Latreille, 1804 Genus Crioceris Geoffroy, 1762 nigroornata Clark, 1866: 2A, 2B Genus Lema Fabricius, 1798 Subgenus Lema Fabricius, 1798 assamensis Jacoby, 1891: 2C, 2D balyana Jacoby, 1908: Himalaya castanea Jacoby, 1908: 2D constrictofasciata Jacoby, 1908: 2B, 2C coromandeliana (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2C cyanea Fabricius, 1798: 2A, 2C epipleuralis Jacoby, 1908: 2D fulvofrontalis Jacoby, 1900: 2C impotens Lacordaire, 1845: 2C lacertosa Lacordaire, 1845: 2C nigricollis Jacoby, 1891: 2C, 2D nigrofrontalis Clark, 1866: 2C obscuritarsis Jacoby, 1892: 2D occipitalis Jacoby, 1908: 2D psyche Baly, 1865: 2C rufofrontalis Jacoby, 1908: Himalaya rufotestaea Clark, 1866: 2C westwoodi Jacoby, 1899: 2D Subgenus Petauristes Latreille, 1829 atkinsoni Jacoby, 1908: 2C femorata Guerin-Meneville, 1844: 2C, 2D gahani Jacoby, 1899: 2C indicola Takizawa and Basu, 1987: 2C jansoni Baly, 1861: 2A, 2C palpalis Lacordaire, 1845: 2C quadripunctata (Olivier, 1808): 2C praeclarior Clark, 1866: 2B, 2C rufobrunnea Jacoby, 1908: 2D rufotestacea Clark, 1866: 2C singularis Jacoby, 1908: 2C, 2D subtuberculata Jacoby, 1908: 2D Genus Lilioceris Reitter, 1913 adonis (Baly, 1859): 2C


brancuccii Medvedev, 1992: Himalaya egena (Weise, 1922): 2C impressa (Fabricius, 1787): 2B, 2C, 2D inflaticornis Gressitt and Kimoto, 1961: 2C laosensis (Pic, 1916): 2C locuples (Clark, 1866): Himalaya nepalensis Takizawa, 1989: 2C neptis (Weise, 1922): Himalaya semifoveolata (Jacoby, 1908): Himalaya semipunctata (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C, 2D yunnana (Weise, 1913): 2C Genus Oulema Des Gozis, 1886 downesi (Baly, 1865): Himalaya melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A nigrofrontalis Takizawa and Basu, 1987: 2A Subfamily CASSIDINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 Tribe ANISODERINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Anisodera Chevrolat, 1836 fraterna Baly, 1888: Himalaya guerinii Baly, 1858: 2C, 2D Genus Estigmena Hope, 1840 chinensis Hope, 1840: 2C, 2D Genus Lasiochila Weise, 1916 cylindrica (Hope, 1831): 2C excavata (Baly, 1858): 2C Tribe ASPIDIMORPHINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Aspidimorpha Hope, 1840 Subgenus Aspidimorpha Hope, 1840 chandrika (Maulik, 1918): 2C, 2D dorsata (Fabricius, 1787): 2C furcata (Thunberg, 1789): 2C, 2D fuscopunctata (Boheman, 1854): 2C indica (Boheman, 1854): 2C orientalis (Boheman, 1856): 2B, 2C sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1794): 2C, 2D Genus Laccoptera Buheman, 1855 Subgenus Laccopteroidea Spaeth, 1952 nepalensis Boheman, 1855: 2C, 2D Subgenus Sindiolina Świętojańska, 2001 sedecimmaculata (Boheman, 1856): 2C Tribe BASIPRIONOTINI Hincks, 1952 (1875) Genus Basiprionota Chevrolat, 1836 bimaculata (Thunberg, 1789): 2C decemmaculata (Boheman, 1850): 2B, 2C decemstillata (Boheman, 1856): 2C prognata (Spaeth, 1925): 2C Genus Craspedonta Chevrolat, 1836 leayana leayana (Latreille, 1807): 2C Genus Epistictina Hincks, 1950 viridimaculata (Boheman, 1850): 2C, 2D Tribe BOTRYONOPINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Botryonopa Slanchard, 1845 saundersi (Baly, 1858): 2C sheppardi Baly, 1858: 2C, 2D Tribe CALLISPINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Amblispa Baly, 1858 laevigata (Guérin-Méneville 1844): 2A, 2B Genus Callispa Baly, 1858 Subgenus Callispa Baly, 1858


ajaya Basu, 1999: 2C almora almora Maulik, 1923: 2B bijaya Basu, 1999: 2C brettinghami Baly 1869: 2C, 2D brihata Basu, 1999: 2C horni Uhmann, 1927: 2C jaya Basu, 1999: 2C mungphua Maulik, 1919: 2C paharia Basu, 1999: 2C Tribe CASSIDINI Gyllenhal, 1813 Genus Cassida Linnaeus, 1758 andrewesi Weise, 1897: 2B atrosignata Sekerka and Borowiec, 2008: 2D australica (Boheman, 1855): 2C belliformis Maulik, 1919: 2C catenata (Boheman, 1855): 2B, 2C, 2D circumdata Herbst, 1799: 2C, 2D conchyliata (Spaeth, 1914): 2C dehradunensis Borowiec and Takizawa, 1991: 2B desultrix (Spaeth, 1914): 2C flavoscutata Spaeth, 1914: 2C, 2B icterica Bohemna, 1854: 2C ictericiformis Borowiec, 2009: 2D justa Spaeth, 1914: 2C mishmiensis Sekerka and Borowiec, 2008: 2D nepalica Medvedev, 1997: 2B nigriventris Boheman, 1854: 2C, 2D occursans Spaeth, 1914: 2C, 2D syrtica Boheman, 1856: 2A, 2C stevensi Sekerka, 2011: 2C tianshanica Borowiec and Świętojańska, 2001: 1B varians Herbst, 1799: 2C Genus Chiridopsis Spaeth, 1922 scalaris (Weber, 1801): 2C septemnotata (Boheman, 1855): 2C Genus Glyphocassis Spaeth, 1914 trilineata trilineata (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Oocassida Weise, 1897 pudibunda (Boheman, 1856): 2B Tribe GONOPHORINI Chapuis,1875 Genus Agonita Strand, 1942 dangali Medvedev, 2009: 2C darjeelingensis Basu, 1999: 2C himalayensis (Maulik, 1919): 2C lohita Basu, 1999: 2C pallidipennis (Maulik, 1919): 2C pitava Basu, 1999: 2C Genus Downesia Baly, 1858 abdominalis Weise, 1922: 2C atrata Baly, 1869: 2C gestroi Baly, 1888: 2C sasthi Maulik, 1923: 2C Genus Gonophora Chevrolat, 1836 pitambara Basu, 1999: 2C pulchella Gestro, 1888: 2C raktava Basu, 1999: 2C Tribe HISPINI Gyllenhal, 1813 Genus Dactylispa Weise, 1897 Subgenus Dactylispa Weise, 1897

543

agilis Gestro, 1923: 2C albopilosa (Gestro, 1888): 2C, 2D amala Basu and Saha, 1977: 2C atkinsoni (Gestro, 1897): 2B, 2C bhaumiki Basu and Saba, 1977: 2C brevispinosa (Chapuis, 1877): 2A, 2B, 2C bulbifera Medvedev, 1993: 2B chanchala Basu and Saha, 1977: 2C chinensis Weise, 1905: 2B, 2C, 2D confluens (Baly, 1889): 2A, 2B corpulenta Weise, 1897: 2C dohertyi (Gestro, 1897): 2A doriae (Gestro, 1890): 2C, 2D elegantula (Duvivier, 1892): 2C fabricii Medvedev, 2009: 2C harsha Maulik, 1919: 2B higoniae (Lewis, 1896): 2C jonathani Basu and Saha, 1977: 2B, 2C kantakita Maulik, 1919: 2B lohita Maulik, 1919: 2B malabikae Basu and Saha, 1977: 2C manii Vazirani, 1972: 2D molina Basu and Saha, 1977: 2C montivaga (Gestro, 1898): 2C nigripennis (Motschulsky, 1860): 2C parbatya Maulik, 1919: 2B, 2C pradhana Maulik, 1919: 2C praefica Weise, 1897: 2C pugnax (Gestro, 1897): 2C shira Basu and Saha, 1977: 2C spinosa (Weber, 1801): 2C wittmeri Würmli, 1975: 2B, 2C xanthopus (Gestro, 1898): 2C, 2D Genus Dicladispa Gestro, 1897 armigera armigera (Olivier, 1808): 2A, 2B, 2C dama (Chapuis, 1877): 2B megacantha (Gestro, 1890): 2C Genus Hispa Linnaeus, 1767 brachycera (Gestro, 1897): 2A ramosa Gyllenhal, 1817: 2C Genus Hispellinus Weise, 1897 minor (Maulik, 1919): 2D Genus Platypria Guerin-Meneville, 1840 Subgenus Platypria Guerin-Meneville, 1840 chiroptera Gestro, 1899: 2C echidna (Guerin-Meneville, 1840): 2C erinaceus (Fabricius, 1801): 2A hystrix (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C Genus Rhadinosa Weise, 1905 lebongensis Maulik, 1919: 2B, 2C Genus Rhodtrispa Chen and Tan, 1964 dilaticornis (Duvivier, 1891): 2B Tribe LEPTISPINI Fairmaire, 1864 Genus Leptispa Baly, 1858 bengalensis Takizawa, 1989: 2C kanistha Basu, 1999: 2C krishna Basu, 1999: 2C parallela (Gestro, 1890): 2C Tribe NOTHOSACANTHINI Gressitt, 1952 (1929)

544

Genus Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1836 darjeelingensis Borowiec and Takizawa, 1991: 2C maculipennis (Boheman, 1856): 2C tenuicula (Spaeth, 1913): 2C warchalowskii Świętojańska, and Sekerka, 2007: 2D Tribe ONCOCEPHALINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Chaeridiona Baly, 1869 pseudometallica Basu, 1999: 2C Genus Prionispa Chapuis, 1875 cuneata Uhmann, 1954: 2C himalayensis Maulik, 1915: 2C longicornis Gestro, 1906: 2C Subfamily CHRYSOMELINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe CHRYSOMELINI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe CHRYSOMELINA Latreille, 1802 Genus Agasta Hope, 1840 formosa Hope, 1840: 2B, 2C Genus Chrysomela Linnaeus, 1758 populi Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C Genus Plagiodera Chevrolat, 1836 miniaticollis (Hope, 1831): 2C rufescens (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2C versicolora (Laicharting, 1781): 2A, 2B Genus Plagiosterna Motschulsky, 1860 chlorina (Maulik, 1926): 2B Subtribe PHRATORINA Motschulsky, 1860 Genus Phratora Chevrolat, 1836 hartmanni Mdevedev, 2009: 2C Subtribe PRASOCURINA Reitter, 1913 Genus Phaedon Latreille, 1829 species incertae sedis cheni Daccordi, 1979: 2C chujoi Daccordi, 1979: 2C thomsoni Daccordi, 1978: 2C Tribe DORYPHORINI Motschulsky, 1860 Subtribe CHRYSOLININA Chen, 1936 Genus Agrosteella Medvedev, 1987 fallaciosa (Stål, 1862): 2C Genus Agrosteomela Gistel, 1857 indica (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 Subgenus Bittotaenia Motschulsky, 1860 mellyi (Stål, 1857): 2A, 2C Subgenus Chalcoidea Motschulsky, 1860 brahma Takizawa, 1980: 2A vishnu (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C Subgenus Lithopteroides Strand, 1935 exanthematica exanthematica (Wiedemann, 1821): 2A Subgenus Pierryvettia Bechyne, 1950 baronii Daccordi, 1979: 2C separata separata (Baly, 1860): 2B Subgenus Synerga Weise, 1900 coerulans bella (Jacoby, 1890): 2A Subgenus Zeugotaenia Motschulsky, 1860 redtenbacheri Kippenberg, 2010: 2A Genus Humba Chen, 1934 cyanicollis (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Subtribe DORYPHORINA Motschulsky, 1860 Genus Zygogramma Chevrolat, 1836


bicolorata Pallister, 1953: 2C Tribe ENTOMOSCELINI Reitter, 1913 Genus Oreomela Jakobson, 1895 Subgenus Craspedomela Jakobson, 1926 avinovi Jakobson, 1926: 2A Subgenus Pseudolina Jacoby, 1896 himalayensis himalayensis (Maulik, 1926): 2B meridionalis ladakhia Daccordi, 1979: 1A Subgenus Raphomela Jakobson, 1926 timarchisca Jakobson, 1926: 2A Genus Potaninia Weise, 1889 assamensis (Baly, 1879): 2C Genus Sclerophaedon Weise, 1882 Subgenus Tantraedon Daccordi and Medvedev, 2000 besucheti (Daccordi, 1994): 2C Tribe GONIOCTENINI Motschulsky, 1860 Genus Gonioctena Chevrolat, 1836 Subgenus Brachyphytodecta Bechyné, 1948 incondita (Weise, 1898): 2C Genus Paropsides Motschulsky, 1860 chennelli Baly, 1879: 2C nigropunctata Jacoby, 1892: 2C Subfamily GALERUCINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe GALERUCINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Apophylia Thomson, 1858 aeruginosa (Hope, 1831): 2C assamensis (Jacoby, 1891): 2B, 2C, 2D bertiae Bezdĕk, 2003: 2A, 2B brancuccii Medvedev, 1998: 2B hajeki Bezdĕk, 2003: 2D halberstadti Bezdĕk, 2006: 2D lebongana Maulik, 1936: 2C, 2D martensi Bezdĕk, 2003: 2B micheli Bezdĕk, 2003: 2C nilakrishna Maulik, 1936: 2A, 2B samoderzhenkovi Medvedev, 1993: 2D sericea (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C, 2D shuteae Bezdĕk, 2003: 2A, 2B sikkimensis Bezdĕk, 2003: 2C Genus Atysa Baly, 1864 himalayana Medvedev, 2005: 2B marginata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2D montivaga Maulik, 1936: 2B, 2D Genus Diorhabda Weise, 1883 lusca Maulik, 1936: 2A, 2B trirakha Maulik, 1936: 2A Genus Doryxena Baly, 1861 geniculata Baly, 1879: 2C grossa (Hope, 1831): Himalaya Genus Doryxenoides Laboissière, 1927 siva (Maulik, 1936): 2C Genus Galeruca Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Galeruca Geoffroy, 1762 indica (Baly, 1878): 2A, 2B trubetzkoji Jakobson, 1925: 2A Subgenus Galemira Beenen, 2003 himalayensis Jacoby, 1896: 2A holzschuhi (Mandl, 1981): 2A sexcostata Jacoby, 1904: 2A


Genus Galerucella Crotch, 1873 Subgenus Galerucella Crotch, 1873 birmanica (Jacoby, 1889): Himalaya grisescens (Joannis, 1865): 2A placida Baly, 1878: 2B Genus Issikia Chûjô, 1961 dimidiaticornis (Jacoby, 1889): Himalaya Genus Lochmaea Weise, 1883 maculata Kimoto, 1979: 2C singalilaensis Takizawa, 1990: 2C Genus Menippus Clark, 1864 cervinus (Hope, 1831): 2B Genus Pallasiola Jakobson, 1925 absinthii (Pallas, 1771): 2A Genus Periclitena Weise, 1902 vigorsii (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Genus Pseudadimonia Duvivier, 1891 debria Maulik, 1936: 2C variolosa (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D Genus Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1865 darjeelingensis Kimoto, 1979: 2C digambara Maulik, 1936: 2A, 2B, 2C maculata Gressitt and Kimoto, 1963: 2C Genus Sastra Baly, 1865 fulvomarginata Takizawa, 1988: 2C hirtipennis Jacoby, 1891: 2D Genus Sastracella Jacoby, 1899 harmandi (Laboissière, 1932): 2C himalayana Medvedev, 2007: 2C Genus Sastroides Jacoby, 1884 birmanica Jacoby, 1889: 2D nigriceps Kimoto, 2004: 2C purpurascens (Hope, 1831): 2C tibialis Jacoby, 1900: 2D Genus Theone Gistel, 1857 octocostata octocostata (Weise, 1912): 1B Genus Tricholochmaea Laboissière, 1932 indica (Laboissière, 1932): 2C Genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissière,1934 luteola (Müller, 1766): 2A Genus Zangastra Chen and Jiang, 1981 nitidicollis Chen and Jiang, 1981: 2C Tribe HYLASPINI Chapuis, 1875 Genus Agelastica Chevrolat, 1836 alni orientalis Baly, 1878: 2A Genus Aplosonyx Chevrolat, 1836 chalybea (Hope, 1831): 2C, 2D scutellata (Baly, 1879): 2C, 2D Genus Arthrotidea Chen, 1942 nepalensis (Kimoto, 1970): 2C rubrica Chen and Jiang, 1981: 2C sikkima Medvedev, 2009: 2C Genus Arthrotus Motschulsky, 1858 cyaneus (Chûjô, 1966): 2C kalimponganus Kimoto, 2004: 2C melanocephalus (Jacoby, 1884): 2C Genus Dercetina Gressitt and Kimoto, 1963 bretinghami (Baly, 1879): 2C collina (Weise, 1924): Himalaya

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dimidiaticornis (Jacoby, 1891): 2A flavocincta (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C, 2D fulvomaculata Takizawa, 1990: 2C major Kimoto, 1977: 2C mandarensis (Jacoby, 1900): 2C miniaticollis (Hope, 1831): 2C picipes (Baly, 1865): 2C posticata (Baly, 1879): 2C shona (Maulik, 1936): 2D subcaerulea (Jacoby, 1891): 2D Genus Dercetisoma Maulik, 1936 concolor (Jacoby, 1889): 2A, 2B, 2C persimile (Kimoto, 1977): 2C Genus Doryida Baly, 1865 mouhoti Baly, 1865: 2C Genus Gallerucida Motschulsky, 1861 apurva (Maulik, 1936): Himalaya balyi (Duvivier, 1885): 2D indica (Harold, 1880): 2C limbata (Baly, 1879): 2D longicornis (Baly, 1865): 2C magica (Harold, 1880): Himalaya nigricornis (Laboissière, 1940): 2C singularis (Harold, 1880): 2C, 2D Genus Hylaspoides Duvivier, 1892 magnifica Duvivier, 1892: 2C Genus Leptarthra Baly, 1861 abdominalis Baly, 1861: 2C fasciata Jacoby, 1894: Himalaya Genus Meristata Strand, 1935 dohrnii (Baly, 1861): 2C fallax (Harold, 1880): 2C, 2D fraternalis (Baly, 1879): 2D jayarami (Vazirani, 1970): 2D quadrifasciata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C sexmaculata grossepunctata (Laboissière, 1932): 2C sexmaculata sexmaculata (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844): 2B, 2C spilota (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Miltina Chapuis, 1875 dilatata Chapuis, 1875: 2C, 2D Genus Morphosphaera Baly, 1861 albipennis Allard, 1889: 2D coomani Laboissière, 1930: 2D maculicollis Baly, 1861: 2C montivaga Maulik, 1936: 2C sumatrana Jacoby, 1886: 2B, 2C Genus Shamshera Maulik, 1936 bennettii (Hope, 1831): Himalaya Genus Sphenoraia Clark, 1865 flavicollis Clark, 1865: 2B hopei Beenen, 2005: 2A, 2B, 2C nebulosa (Gyllenhal, 1808): 2C rutilans (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Spitiella Laboissière, 1931 collaris (Baly, 1878): 2A, 2C Tribe LUPERINI Gistel, 1848 Subtribe AULACOPHORINA Chapuis, 1875 Genus Agetocera Hope, 1831

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flaviventris Jacoby, 1879: 2C hopei Baly, 1865: 2B, 2C, 2D lobicornis Baly, 1865: 2C, 2D mirabilis (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Aulacophora Chevrolat, 1836 bhimtalensis Gangola, 1969: 2B bicolor (Weber, 1801): 2C, 2D cornuta Baly, 1879: Himalaya cruenta (Fabricius, 1781): Himalaya foveicollis (Lucas, 1849): 2C, 2D indica (Gmneli, 1790): 2A jacobyi (Weise, 1924): Himalaya lewisii Baly, 1886: 2B, 2C, 2D palliata (Schaller, 1783): 2C semifusca Jacoby, 1892: 2A, 2B, 2D tibialis Chapuis, 1876: 2B Genus Mimagitocera Maulik, 1936 flava (Jacoby, 1904): Himalaya Genus Paridea Baly, 1886 Subgenus Paridea Baly, 1886 bengalica Medvedev and Samoderzhenkov, 1998: 2C darjeelingensis Takizawa, 1990: 2C dohertyi Maulik, 1936: 2D fasciata Laboissière, 1932: 2C hirtipes Chen and Jiang, 1981: Himalaya livida Duvivier, 1892: 2C octomaculata (Baly, 1886): 2A, 2B, 2C oculata Laboissière , 1930: 2C, 2D perplexa (Baly, 1879): 2C ruficollis Jacoby, 1892: 2C sikkimia Laboissière, 1932: 2C tetraspilota (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Pseudocophora Jacoby, 1884 flaveola Baly, 1888: Himalaya pectoralis Baly, 1888: 2C, 2D Subtribe LUPERINA Gistel, 1848 Genus Agelopsis Jacoby, 1896 caerulea Jacoby, 1896: Himalaya Genus Atrachya Chevrolat, 1836 kusamai Takizawa, 1985: 2C Genus Cerophysa Chevrolat, 1836 cyanipennis (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A darjeelingensis Takizawa, 1987: 2C Genus Charaea Baly, 1878 takagii (Takizawa, 1988): 2C yasudai (Chûjô, 1966): 2C Genus Cneorane Baly, 1865 braeti Duvivier, 1892: 2C dohertyi Maulik, 1936: 2D orientalis Jacoby, 1892: Himalaya rubricollis (Hope, 1831): 2C rugulipennis (Baly, 1886): 2A, 2B, 2C tibialis Chûjô, 1966: 2C varipes Jacoby, 1896: 2B Genus Doryscus Jacoby, 1887 nepalensis Lee, 2017: 2C testaceus Jacoby, 1887: 2C Genus Exosoma Jacoby, 1903 tomokunii Takizawa, 1990: 2C


Genus Haplosomoides Duvivier, 1890 annamita annamita (Allard, 1889): 2C appendiculata Laboissière, 1930: 2D arunachalensis (Basu, 1985): 2D pusilla Laboissière, 1930: 2C rasha (Maulik, 1936): 2D Genus Hoplasoma Jacoby, 1884 carinatum Kimoto, 1977: 2C costatipenne Jacoby, 1896: 2C furcatum Medvedev, 2000: 2C sexmaculatum (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C unicolor (Illiger, 1800): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hyphaenia Baly, 1865 convexicollis Medvedev and Sprecher-Uebersax, 1997: 2C yasudai (Takizawa, 1985): 2C Genus Japonitata Strand, 1935 costata (Allard, 1889): 2A, 2B eberti (Kimoto, 1970): 2A, 2B indica (Takizawa and Basu, 1987): 2C ochracea Kimoto, 2004: 2C tricostata Chen and Jiang, 1981: 2A, 2B Genus Kanarella Jacoby, 1896 unicolor Jacoby, 1896: 2C Genus Khasia Jacoby, 1899 kraatzi Jacoby, 1899: 2C paradoxa (Laboissière, 1932): 2C Genus Liroetis Weise, 1889 Subgenus Liroetis Weise, 1889 flavipennis Bryant, 1954: 2C nepalensis Chûjô, 1966: 2C nigricollis Medvedev, 2009: 2C Genus Macrima Baly, 1878 armata Baly, 1878: 2A, 2C auvantiaca (Laboissière, 1936): 2C pallida (Laboissière, 1936): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Medythia Jacoby, 1887 suturalis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2B Genus Mimastra Baly, 1865 aptera Takizawa, 1990: 2C arcuata Baly, 1865: 2C bistrimaculata Medvedev, 2015: 2B cyanura (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2B fortipunctata Maulik, 1936: Himalaya fulva Kimoto and Takizawa, 1983: 2C gracilicornis Jacoby, 1889: 2C gracilis Baly, 1878: 2A, 2B, 2C guerryi Laboissiere, 1929: 2D nitida Maulik, 1936: 2C quadripartita Baly, 1879: 2C, 2D riedeli Bezdek, 2009: 2B uncitarsis Laboissière, 1904: 2A, 2B Genus Monolepta Chevrolat, 1836 analis Weise, 1915: Himalaya braeti (Duvivier, 1892): 2C cardoni Jacoby, 1900: 2C conformis Weise, 1922: 2C dehradunensis Takizawa, 1986: 2B erythrocephala (Baly, 1878): 2A, 2B, 2C gantokensis Kimoto, 2004: 2C


himalayaensis himalayaensis Kimoto, 1970: 2B, 2C indicola Takizawa, 1986: 2B labiata (Jacoby, 1900): 2B labiatella Kimoto, 2004: 2C leechi Jacoby, 1890: 2C nepalensis Kimoto, 1970: 2C orientalis Jacoby, 1889: 2D rufa Takizawa, 1988: Himalaya satoi Kimoto and Takizawa, 1983: 2C sexlineata Chûjô, 1938: 2A signata (Olivier, 1808): 2A, 2B, 2D simlensis Kimoto, 1967: 2A Genus Paleosepharia Laboissière, 1936 costata Takizawa and Basu, 1987: 2C centromaculata Medvedev, 2013: 2B pokharensis (Kimoto, 1982): Himalaya Genus Palpoxena Baly, 1861 costata (Allard, 1889): 2B nasuta (Westwood, 1837): 2B rufofulva (Jacoby, 1896): 2A, 2B viridis (Hope, 1831): 2D Genus Parexosoma Laboissiere, 1932 flaviventre (Baly, 1878): 2C Genus Phyllobrotica Chevrolat, 1836 komiyai Takizawa, 1985: 2C Genus Sikkimia Duvivier, 1891 antennata Duvivier, 1891: 2C Genus Strobiderus Jacoby, 1884 fulvus Kimoto, 1977: Himalaya Genus Taphinellina Maulik, 1936 sensarmai Takizawa, 1986: 2B Genus Trichobalya Weise, 1924 apicalis Kimoto, 1982: 2C bowringii (Baly, 1890): 2C viridipennis Kimoto, 1977: 2C Genus Trichomimastra Weise, 1922 atriceps Lopatin, 1979: 2A hirsuta (Jacoby, 1892): Himalaya Genus Vietoluperus Medvedev and Dang Tkhi Dap, 1981 alleculoides Medvedev and Dang Tkhi Dap, 1981: 2C Tribe OIDINI Laboissiere, 1921 (1875) Genus Oides Weber, 1801 andrewesi Jacoby, 1900: 2D coccinelloides Gahan, 1891: 2C flava (Olivier, 1807): 2D livida (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C, 2D maculata (Olivier, 1807): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scutellata (Hope, 1831): Himalaya semipunctata Duvivier, 1884: 2C, 2D Subfamily ALTICINAE Newman, 1835 Genus Altica Geoffroy, 1762 birmanensis (Jacoby, 1896): 2C caerulea (Olivier, 1791): 2A, 2C cyanea Weber, 1801: 2C himalayensis (Chen, 1936): 2B, 2C Genus Aphthona Chevrolat, 1836 andrewesi Jacoby, 1896: 2A, 2B antennata Scherer, 1969: 2C archeri Bryant, 1941: 2C

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bengalica Konstantinov and Lingafelter, 2002: 2C crypta Scherer, 1969: 2C cyanipennis Motschulsky, 1866: 2B gardneri Bryant, 1941: 2B, 2C hissarica Lopatin, 1975: 2A hugeli Jacoby, 1900: 2A indica Jacoby, 1900: 2C indochinensis Chen, 1934: 2B, 2C kanaraensis Jacoby, 1896: 2A, 2B kashmirensis Konstantinov and Lingafelter, 2002: 2A nigrilabris Duvivier, 1892: 2B paropaca Konstantinov and Lingafelter, 2002: 2B piceipes (Scherer, 1969): 2C semicyanea Allard, 1859: 2A simlaensis Konstantinov and Lingafelter, 2002: 2A singalilaensis Konstantinov and Lingafelter, 2002: 2C Genus Aphthonoides Jacoby, 1885 piceus Scherer, 1989: 2C rotundipennis Scherer, 1969: 2C Genus Argopistes Motschulsky, 1860 atricollis Chen, 1934: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Batophila Foudras, 1860 costata Scherer, 1989: 2C Genus Benedictus Scherer, 1969 elisabethae Scherer, 1969: 2C flavicalli Scherer, 1989: 2C leoi Scherer, 1989: 2C Genus Bhamoina Bechyné, 1958 varipes (Jacoby, 1884): 2B Genus Bimala Maulik, 1926 indica (Jacoby, 1896): 2B Genus Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831 Subgenus Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831 alticola Maulik, 1926: 2B cognata Baly, 1877: 2B, 2C concinnipennis Baly, 1877: 2C kumaonensis Scherer, 1969: 2B modiglianii Jacoby, 1896: Himalaya nepalensis Scherer, 1969: Himalaya rahlensis Shukla, 1960: Himalaya shanensis Bryant, 1939: Himalaya singala Maulik, 1926: 2B Subgenus Tlanoma Motschulsky, 1845 discreta (Baly, 1876): 2C gracilis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C himalayana Medvedev, 1993: 2C puncticollis puncticollis (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C sticta Maulik, 1926: 2B Genus Clavicornaltica Scherer, 1974 himalayensis Medvedev, 1984: 2C Genus Epitrix Foudras, 1861 caucasica (Heikertinger, 1950): Himalaya Genus Eudolia Jacoby, 1885 himalayensis Maulik, 1926: 2B, 2C nila Maulik, 1926: 2D Genus Eudoliamorpha Scherer, 1989 darjeelingensis Scherer, 1989: 2C Genus Euphitrea Baly, 1875 foveicollis Jacoby, 1893: 2C

548

subglobosa (Hope, 1831): Himalaya Genus Glaucosphaera Manllk, 1926 cyanea (Duvivier, 1892): 2C Genus Halticorcus Lea, 1917 himalayensis (Basu and, Sengupta, 1981): 2A, 2B Genus Hemipyxis Chevrolat, 1836 bipustulata (Jacoby, 1894): 2C brevicollis (Jacoby, 1903): 2D castaneipennis (Scherer, 1969): 2B, 2C elongata (Jacoby, 1892): 2C fortepunctata (Chen, 1936): 2C lusca (Fabricius, 1801): 2C patkaia (Maulik, 1926): 2C quadrimaculata (Jacoby, 1892): 2C schereri Döberl, 2007: 2C troglodytes (Olivier, 1808): 2B, 2C Genus Hermaeophaga Foudras, 1860 Subgenus Orthocrepis Weise, 1888 kuluensis Scherer, 1969: 2A Genus Hespera Weise, 1889 biswasi Basu, 1985: 2D bengalensis Scherer, 1969: 2C cyanea Maulik, 1926: 2C flavipes Chen, 1939: 2C krishna Maulik, 1926: 2B, 2C kumaonensis Scherer, 1969: 2B metallica Scherer, 1969: 2C naini Scherer, 1969: 2B nigripes Maulik, 1926: 2B rufipes Maulik, 1926: 2B semicyanea Chen, 1939: 2C sericea Weise, 1889: 2C violaceipennis Scherer, 1969: 2C viridis Chen, 1936: 2C Genus Hyphasis Harold, 1877 atricornis Chen, 1936: 2A, 2B, 2C indica Baly, 1879: 2C, 2D limbatipennis Jacoby, 1889: 2C magica (Harold, 1877): 2C parvula Jacoby, 1884: 2C Genus Ivalia Jacoby, 1887 fulva (Medvedev, 1993): 2C minima (Scherer, 1969): 2C Genus Jacobyana Maulik, 1926 naini Scherer, 1969: 2B nigrofasciata Chen, 1935: 2C Genus Kashmirobia Konstantinov and Prathapan, 2006 huegeli (Jacoby, 1900): 2A Genus Lanka Maulik, 1926 bicolor (Chûjô, 1937): Himalaya Genus Lipromima Heikertinger, 1924 ornata Medvedev, 1993: 2C Genus Lipromorpha Chûjô and Kimoto, 1960 assamensis (Maulik, 1926): Himalaya variabilis Scherer, 1969: 2C Genus Loeblaltica Scherer, 1989 decorata Seherer, 1989: 2C gerhardi (Medvedev, 1984): Himalaya Genus Longitarsus Latrellle, 1829


Subgenus Longitarsus Latreille, 1829 almorae Maulik, 1926: 2B, 2C apricus Warchalowski, 1966: 2A, 2B, 2C belgaumensis Jacoby, 1896: 2B, 2C birmanicus Jacoby, 1892: 2B, 2C championi Maulik, 1926: 2B cheni Scherer, 1969: 2C cyanipennis Bryant, 1924: 2B, 2C gavira Maulik, 1926: 2B gerhardi Lopatin, 1979: 2A gerhardschereri Gruev, 1995: 2C gola Maulik, 1926: 2A, 2B gressitti Scherer, 1969: 2B hedini Chen, 1934: Himalaya himalayensis Chen, 1935: 2C hina Maulik, 1926: 2B hoberlandti Lopatin, 1990: Himalaya hsienweni Chen, 1939: 2B indigonaceus Lopatin, 1963: 2A, 2C kimotoi Scherer, 1969: 2C malina Maulik, 1926: 2B neckeri Doberl, 2011: 2A, 2B pellucidus (Foudras, 1860): Himalaya postmaculatus (Medvedev, 1993): 2B puncti Maulik, 1926: 2C rangoonensis Jacoby, 1892: 2B rohtangensis Shukla, 1960: 2A succineus (Foudras, 1860): Himalaya taklechensis Bryant, 1941: 2A transversalis Chen, 1935: 2C warchalowskii Scherer, 1969: 2C Genus Luperomorpha Weise, 1887 aeneipennis Chen, 1934: 2C albofasciata Duvivier, 1892: 2B, 2C metallica Chen, 1935: 2C naini Scherer, 1969: 2B nigripennis Duvivier, 1892: 2A viridipennis Scherer, 1969: 2B Genus Mandarella Duvvier, 1892 nagpurensis Duvivier, 1892: 2D violacea (Medvedev, 1984): 2B Genus Manobia Jacoby, 1885 fasciata Medvedev, 1997: 2C krishna Scherer, 1969: 2C merkli Medvedev, 1997: 2C nigra (Scherer, 1969): 2C Genus Maulika Basu and Sengupta, 1980 decemmaculata Basu and Sengupta, 1980: 2D Genus Microcrepis Chen, 1933 besucheti (Scherer, 1989): 2C polita Chen, 1933: 2C Genus Minota Kutschera, 1859 Subgenus Minota Kutschera, 1859 himalayensis Scherer, 1989: 2C schereri Medvedev, 2004: 2C Genus Neocrepidodera Heikertinger, 1911 arunachalensis (Basu, 1991): 2D danahina (Basu, 1991): 2A naini (Scherer, 1969): 2B


schenklingi Csiki, 1939: 2C Genus Nisotra Baly, 1864 gemella (Erichson, 1834): 2C Genus Nonarthra Baly, 1862 variabilis (Baly, 1862): 2C Genus Novofoudrasia Jakobson, 1901 regularis (Chen, 1934): 2C Genus Orthaltica Crotch, 1873 purba Basu and Sengupta, 1985: 2C Genus Parathrylea Duvivier, 1892 apicipennis Duvivier, 1892: 2B, 2C Genus Pentamesa Harold, 1876 cribellata Weise, 1895: 2C duodecimmaculata Harold, 1876: 2A, 2B, 2C guttata Weise, 1895: 2C haroldi (Baly, 1876): 2B, 2C laevicollis Chen, 1935: 2C subfasciata Weise, 1895: 2A, 2B Genus Phygasia Chevrolat, 1836 dorsata Baly, 1878: 2C hookeri Baly, 1876: 2C quadriplagiata Scherer, 1969: 2B silacea (Illiger, 1807): 2B Genus Phyllotreta Chevrolat, 1836 chotanica Duvivier, 1892: 2B, 2C cruciferae (Goeze, 1777): 2A diademata Foudras, 1860: 2C nodicornis (Marsham, 1802): 2B praticola (Weise, 1887): Himalaya striolata (Illiger, 1803): 2C Genus Podagrica Chevrolat, 1836 altica (Shukla, 1960): Himalaya Genus Podagricomela Heikertinger, 1924 decempunctata Medvedev, 2002: 2C metallica Medvedev, 1997: 2C nigripes Medvedev, 1993: 2C shavrini Medvedev, 2013: 2B Genus Podontia Dalman, 1824 affinis affinis (Gröndal, 1808): 2B, 2C affinis indosinensis Scherer, 1978: 2B, 2C quatordecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1767): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pseudodera Baly, 1861 himalayensis Scherer, 1969: 2C orientalis Baly, 1877: 2C Genus Psylliodes Latrellle, 1829 Subgenus Psylliodes Latreille, 1829 balyi Jacoby, 1884: 2D brettinghami Baly, 1862: 2A chlorophana Erichson, 1842: 2D plana Maulik, 1926: 2B tenebrosa Jacoby, 1896: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Sebaethoides Chen, 1934 castaneus Chen, 1934: 2C Genus Sphaeroderma Stephens, 1831 darjeelingense Scherer, 1969: 2C doeberli Medvedev, 1997: 2C kimotoi Scherer, 1969: 2C pallidipes Scherer, 1969: 2C Genus Stenoluperus Ogloblin, 1936

549

darjeelingensis Takizawa, 1985: 2C minor Kimoto, 1977: Himalaya punctatus Takizawa, 1988: 2C Genus Torodera Weise, 1902 sexpunctata Scherer, 1987: 2C Genus Trachytetra Sharp, 1886 castanea Chen, 1935: 2C cerambycina (Scherer, 1969): 2C fulvicornis (Scherer, 1979): 2C fusca (Scherer, 1969): 2B, 2C infuscaticornis (Scherer, 1979): 2C micans (Scherer, 1969): 2C Genus Xuthea Baly, 1865 Subgenus Xuthea Baly, 1865 bengalensis Sengupta and Basu, 1977: 2C elliptica Sengupta and Basu, 1977: 2C laevicollis Chen, 1933: 2C orientalis Baly, 1865: 2C Subfamily ALTICINAE, incertae sedis Genus Crepidodera Chevrolat, 1837 teotiai Kacker, 1968: 2B Subfamily LAMPROSOMATINAE Lacordaire, 1848 Genus Oomorphoides Monrós, 1956 nepalensis Takizawa, 1987: 2C sakaii Takizawa, 1989: 2C Subfamily CRYPTOCEPHALINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 Tribe CLYTRINI Kirby, 1837 Subtribe CLYTRINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Aetheanta Medvedev, 1988 higuchii (Kimoto and Takizawa, 1981): 2C Genus Aetheodactyla Lacordaire, 1848 dimidiatipennis (Baly, 1878): 2B plagiata (Duvivier, 1891): 2B Genus Aetheomorpha Lacordaire, 1848 apicata Medvedev, 1988: 2C brevelineata (Pic, 1943): 2C pseudonagaensis Medvedev, 1988: 2C substriata Medvedev, 2003: 2C unifasciata Jacoby, 1908: 2C virgula Jacoby, 1908: 2B, 2C Genus Aspidolopha Lacordaire, 1848 buqueti egregia (Boheman, 1859): 2C centromaculata Medvedev, 1988: 2C himalayensis Medvedev, 1988: 2C melanophtalma (Lacordaire, 1848): 2C pseudospilota Medvedev, 1988: 2C quadrinotata Bryant, 1952: 2C spilota (Hope, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Clytra Laicharting, 1781 Subgenus Clytra Laicharting, 1781 subfasciata (Lacordaire, 1848): 2A Genus Clytrasoma Jacoby, 1908 Subgenus Clytrasoma Jacoby, 1908 conforme (Lacordaire, 1848): 2A dispar (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A palliatum (Fabricius, 1801): 2A Genus Coptocephala Chevrolat, 1836 crassipes vavilovi (Lopatin, 1966): 2A Genus Diapromorpha Lacordaire, 1848

550

dejeani dejeani (Lacordaire, 1848): 2A, 2C pallens (Fabricius, 1787): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Epimela Weise, 1903 Subgenus Epimela Weise, 1903 ornata (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A viridicollis (Jacoby, 1899): 2A, 2C Genus Labidostomis Chevrolat, 1836 Subgenus Aphobera Warchalowski, 1985 funerea Fairmaire, 1891: 2A Subgenus Labidostomis Chevrolat, 1836 metallica indica Jacoby, 1895: 2A Genus Miochira Laeordaire, 1848 gracilis (Lacordaire, 1848): 2A, 2B, 2C montana montana (Jacoby, 1895): 2A, 2B, 2C signaticollis (Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B Genus Physosmaragdina Medvedev, 1971 crassipes (Duvivier, 1891): 2B tonkinensis (Lefèvre, 1891): 2B, 2C Genus Smaragdina Chevrolat, 1836 divisa (Jacoby, 1889): 2C duvivieri (Jacoby, 1908): 2A fulvitarsis Medvedev, 1992: 2C himalayana Medvedev, 2010: Himalaya laticollis (Duvivier, 1892): 2C minutissima (Lopatin, 1967): 2A, 2B nigriscutis Medvedev, 1970: 2C occidentalis Medvedev, 2010: 2A regalini Medvedev and Kantner, 2002: 2C sikkimia (Jacoby, 1903): 2C Tribe CRYPTOCEPHALINI Gyllenhal, 1813 Subtribe CRYPTOCEPHALINA Gyllenhal, 1813 Genus Cryptocephalus Geoffroy, 1762 Subgenus Burlinius Lopatin, 1965 dajrilingensis Jacoby, 1908: 2C gangaridus Lopatin, 1979: 2D pallidipennis kalimpongi Medvedev, 2011: 2C wittmerorum Lopatin, 1995: 2A Subgenus Cryptocephalus Geoflroy, 1762 almorensis Bryant, 1954: 2B assamensis Jacoby, 1908: 2D baroniurbanii Lopatin, 1982: 2C bissexsignatus Suffrian, 1854: 2C boreoindicus matiltanus Lopatin, 1995: 2A boreooccidentalis Medvedev, 2012: 2A brancuccii Lopatin, 1984: 2B deficiens Suffrian, 1854: 2C, 2D dimidiatipennis Jacoby, 1895: 2C, 2D durius Suffrian, 1860: 2D ensifer Hope, 1831: 2C exsulans Suffrian, 1854: 2C gestroi Jacoby, 1892: 2D guttifer Suffrian, 1854: 2A, 2B, 2C heraldicus Suffrian, 1854: 2B indicus Suffrian, 1854: Himalaya maytreiae Lopatin, 1979: 2C nigronotatus Bryant, 1954: 2B oppositus Jacoby, 1908: 2C sannio Kollar and Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2B, 2C senguptai Lopatin, 1979: 2D


sexsignatus Fabricius, 1801: 2B sikkimensis Jacoby, 1908: 2C suavis Duvivier, 1892: 2C tenuelimbatus Lopatin, 1995: 2C triangularis Hope, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C tricinctus Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A Genus Melixanthus Suffrian, 1854 kashmirensis Lopatin, 1995: 2A lutescens (Suffrian, 1854): 2A Subtribe MONACHULINA Leng, 1920 Genus Adiscus Gistel, 1857 hauseri (Weise, 1895): 2C nigromaculatus (Redtenbaeher, 1844): 2A, 2B nigripennis (Jacoby, 1890): 2C weisei Medvedev, 2008: 2C Genus Coenobius Suffrian, 1857 baronii Lopatin, 1979: Himalaya fulvipes Baly, 1877: 2C sikkimensis Lopatin, 1995: 2C Subtribe STYLOSOMINA Chapuis, 1874 Genus Stylosomus Suffrian, 1848 Subgenus Stylosomus Suffrian, 1848 sulcicollis Champion, 1925: 2C Tribe FULCIDACINI Jakobson, 1924 Genus Chlamisus Rafinesque, 1815 championi Bryant, 1957: 2B floralis Bryant, 1957: 2B fulvipes (Baly, 1878): North India granularis Medvedev and Sprecher-Uebersax, 1997: 2C himalayanus Medvedev and Sprecher-Uebersax, 1997: 2C kanaraensis Jacoby, 1908: Himalaya orientalis (Jacoby, 1895): Himalaya pashokensis (Maulik, 1920): 2C Subfamily EUMOLPINAE Hope, 1840 Tribe BROMIINI Chapuis, 1874 Genus Aoria Baly, 1863 bowringi bowringi (Baly, 1860): 2C Genus Aloria Bryant, 1939 caerulea (Jacoby, 1908): 2C Genus Heteraspis Chevrnlat, 1836 longicollis (Jacoby, 1908): 2A Genus Macrocoma Chapuis, 1874 himalayensis (Jacoby, 1900): 2A indica indica (Baly, 1878): 2A rufotibialis (Jacoby, 1908): 2A Genus Pachnephoptrus Reitter, 1892 cashmirensis (Jacoby, 1900): 2A indicus (Jacoby, 1895): 2A squamosus Bryant, 1923: 2A Genus Pachnephorus Chevrolat, 1836 Subgenus Pachnephorus Chevrolat, 1836 lewisi Baly, 1878: 2A porosus Baly, 1878: 2A Genus Trichochrysea Baly, 1861 antennata Jacoby, 1908: 2C Genus Trichotheca Baly, 1860 aeneopicta Bryant, 1924: 2A beesoni Bryant, 1941: 2A hirta Baly, 1860: 2A, 2C


Genus Xanthonia Baly, 1863 oblonga Takizawa and Basu, 1987: 2C Genus Xanthophorus Jacoby, 1908 seriatus Weise, 1922: 2C Tribe EUMOLPINI Hope, 1840 Genus Abirus Chapuis, 1874 elongatus Jacoby, 1908: 2C Genus Chrysochus Chevrolat, 1836 sikhima Jacoby, 1908: 2C Genus Colaspoides Laporte, 1833 bengalensis Duvivier, 1892: 2C brancuccii Medvedev, 2003: 2C duvivieri Medvedev, 2015: 2C Genus Platycorynus Chevrolat, 1836 impressicollis Jacoby, 1908: 2C lateralis (Hope, 1831): 2C mouhoti (Baly, 1864): 2C peregrinus (Herbst, 1783): 2A, 2C pyrophorus (Parry, 1845): 2C speciosus (Lefèvre, 1891): 2C Tribe EURYOPINI Chapuis, 1874 Genus Colasposoma Laporte, 1833 downesii downesii Baly, 1862: 2B, 2C pretiosum Baly, 1860: 2C semicostatum Jacoby, 1908: 2C tenenbaumi Pic, 1943: Himalaya viridicoeruleum Motschulsky, 1860: 2C Tribe NODININI Chen, 1940 Genus Basilepta Baly, 1860 angulicollis (Duvivier, 1892): 2C cyanea (Lefèvre, 1891): 2C hirsutum (Jacoby, 1908): 2D manaliensis Shukla, 1960: 2A manii Shukla, 1960: 2A obscurum (Jacoby, 1908): 2C plagiosa (Baly, 1878): 2A, 2C quadrifasciata (Jacoby, 1908): 2C riedeli Medvedev, 2015: 2B sculpturata (Motschulsky, 1860): 2C separata Jacoby, 1908: 2C sikkimensis Jacoby, 1900: 2C splendens (Hope, 1831): 2C variabilis (Duvivier, 1892): 2A, 2C virendri Shukla, 1960: 2A viridipennis (Motschulsky, 1860): 2D Genus Callisina Baly, 1860 brunnea Jacoby, 1908: 2C Genus Chrysonopa Jacoby, 1908 apicalis Takizawa, 1989: 2C Genus Cleorina Lefevre, 1885 aeneomicans (Baly, 1867): 2C jacobyi Duvivier, 1892: 2C metallica Shukla, 1960: 2A nepalensis (Chûjô, 1966): 2C robusta Takizawa and Basu, 1987: 2C Genus Nodina Motschulsky, 1858 robusta Jacoby, 1892: 2D Genus Pagria Lefevre, 1884 bengalensis Moseyko and Medvedev, 2005: 2C

551

flavopustulata (Baly, 1874): 2C ingibbosa Pic, 1929: 2C signata (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2C Genus Pseudostonopa Jacoby, 1903 castanea Jacoby, 1908: 2C picea Jacoby, 1908: 2C Genus Ryparida Baly, 1863 bilineata Medvedev, 2009: 2C bengalensis Jacoby, 1908: 2C himalayana Medvedev, 2009: 2C Family MEGALOPODIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily MEGALOPODINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Colobaspis Fairmaire, 1894 nigriceps Baly, 1859: 2C speciosus Baly, 1859: 2C Genus Poecilomorpha Hope, 1840 downesii Baly, 1859: Himalaya Genus Temnaspis Lacordaire, 1845 bengalensis Westwood, 1864: 2C insignis Baly, 1859: Himalaya quadriplagiata Bryant, 1934: 2B septemmaculata (Hope, 1831): 2A, 2C Subfamily ZEUGOPHORINAE Böving and Craighead, 1931 Genus Pedrilliomorpha Pic, 1917 atrosuturalis Pic, 1917: 2C Genus Zeugophora Kunze, 1818 Subgenus Pedrillia Westwood, 1864 flavitarsis Medvedev, 1998: 2C himalayana Medvedev, 1998: 2B indica Jacoby, 1903: 2A longicornis (Westwood, 1864): 2B, 2C pallidicincta Gressitt, 1945: 2C parva Crowson, 1946: 2B wittmeri Medvedev, 1993: 2A Superfamily CURCULIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family ANTHRIBIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily ANTHRIBINAE Billberg, 1820 Tribe BASITROPIDINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Basitropis Jekel, 1855 nitidicutis nitidicutis Jekel, 1855: 2B Tribe PHLOEOPHILINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Phloeophilus Schoenherr, 1833 agrestis Boheman, 1833: 2B, 2C Tribe PLATYRHININI Imhoff, 1856 Genus Baseocolpus Jordan, 1949 abundans (Frieser, 1997): 2C Tribe PLATYSTOMINI Pierce, 1916 Genus Phloeobius Schoenherr, 1823 crassicollis Jordan, 1932: 2B laetus Jordan, 1923: 2C lepticornis Jordan, 1912: 2D lutosus Jordan, 1913: 2C Genus Platystomos Schneider, 1791 macrocerus macrocerus (Jordan, 1904): 2C Tribe SINTORINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Sintor Schoenherr, 1839 biplaga Jordan, 1903: 2C Tribe TOPHODERINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Derisemias Jordan, 1928

552

coronatus Frieser, 1989: 2B Genus Dolichocera Gray, 1832 harmandi tessellata (Jordan, 1895): 2C Tribe TROPIDERINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Acorynus Schoenherr, 1833 apicalis Jordan, 1894: 2C similis Jordan, 1894: 2C Genus Androceras Jordan, 1928 pulcherrimum Jordan, 1932: 2C Genus Merarius Fairmaire, 1889 quadrituberculatus (Hope, 1831): 2C Genus Sphinctotropis Kolbe, 1895 paviei (Lesne, 1891): 2B Genus Tropideres Schoenherr, 1823 lateralis Motschulsky, 1875: 2B luteago luteago Jordan, 1930: Himalaya scitus Jordan, 1933: Himalaya signellus divisus Frieser, 2002: 2D Tribe XYLINADINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Stiboderes Jordan, 1925 impressus impressus (Jordan, 1895): 2C rugiceps (Jordan, 1895): 2D Genus Xylinada Berthold, 1827 annulipes (Jordan, 1895): 2D rugiceps (Jordan, 1895): 2D Tribe ZYGAENODINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Exechesops Schoenherr, 1847 fornicatus Frieser, 1995: 2C Genus Gibber Jordan, 1895 bicornis Frieser, 1995: Himalaya Genus Noxius Jordan, 1936 montanus Frieser, 1996: 2B Genus Rhaphitropis Reitter, 1916 angustula Frieser, 1995: 2B cosmia Jordan, 1937: Himalaya discus Jordan, 1936: 2B indica indica Jordan, 1925: Himalaya malefida Frieser, 1997: 2C stevensi Jordan, 1925: 2C triangularis (Jordan, 1925): 2B Genus Uncifer Jordan, 1904 myodes Jordan, 1937: Himalaya pissodes Jordan, 1933: Himalaya stigmosus Jordan, 1936: Himalaya Subfamily CHORAGINAE Kirby, 1819 Tribe CHORAGINI Kirby, 1819 Genus Choragus Kirby, 1819 dentipes Frieser, 1981: 2C subarmatus Frieser, 1981: 2C Genus Melanopsacus Jordan, 1924 anthracinus Jordan, 1924: 2C gagates Jordan, 1924: 2C minutus Jordan, 1924: 2C subfasciatus Jordan, 1924: 2C Family ATTELABIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily ATTELABINAE Billberg, 1820 Tribe ATTELABINI Billberg, 1820 Genus Catalabus Voss, 1925 Subgenus Catalaboides Legalov, 2003


elegans (Voss, 1933): 2B marieae (Kresl, 2007): 2C pallidipennis (Voss, 1925): 2C rasuwanus Legalov, 2007: 2C simulatus (Marshall, 1923): 2C Tribe EUOPSINI Voss, 1925 Genus Euops Schoenherr, 1839 Subgenus Levoeuops Legalov, 2007 asiaticus uttaranchalicus (Legalov, 2007): 2B Subgenus Parasynatops Legalov, 2003 championi Voss, 1929: 2B kharsu Voss, 1933: 2B viridicollis Voss, 1924: 2C Subgenus Riedeliops Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 2002 bowringii Jekel, 1860: 2B gardneri Marshall, 1931: 2C meghalaicus (Legalov, 2007): 2C rasuwanus (Legalov, 2003): 2C Genus Trachelolabus Jekel, 1860 ghumensis Legalov, 2007: 2C Subfamily APODERINAE Jekel, 1860 Tribe APODERINI Jekel, 1860 Genus Apoderus Olivier, 1807 rugicollis Schilsky, 1906: 2C Genus Centrocorynus Jekel, 1860 Subgenus Centrocorynus Jekel, 1860 rufulus Voss, 1929: 2C scutellaris (Gyllenhal, 1833): 2C Genus Compsapoderus Voss, 1927 Subgenus Paracompsus Legalov, 2003 bistriolatus (Faust, 1898): 2A, 2B, 2C corallinoides (Legalov, 2007): 2C lepidulus (Voss, 1927): 2C luteibasis (Voss, 1935): 2B nigrofasciatus (Pajni, Haq and Gandhi, 1987): 2D pygidialis (Voss, 1927): Himalaya varians (Voss, 1928): 2A Genus Cycnotrachelus Jekel, 1860 flavotuberosus (Jekel, 1860): 2C Genus Leptapoderus Jekel, 1860 Subgenus Leptapoderidius Legalov, 2007 nigroapicalus (Jekel, 1860): 2C Genus Leptapoderus species incertae sedis proximus (Voss, 1929): 2C Genus Paratrachelophorus Voss, 1924 brachmanus Voss, 1924: 2C sikkimensis Legalov, 2007: 2C Tribe CLITOSTYLINI Voss, 1929 Genus Allapoderus Voss, 1927 Subgenus Allapoderus Voss, 1927 manaliensis (Voss, 1920): 2A Genus Indotrachelus Legalov, 2007 himalayensis (Pajni, Haq and Gandhi, 1989): 2B Genus Micrapoderus Legalov, 2003 bengalensis Legalov, 2003: 2C minutissimus (Voss, 1920): 2A, 2B uttaranchalensis Legalov, 2007: 2B Genus Pseudallapoderus Legalov, 2003 kanharinus Legalov, 2003: 2C


kruegeri (Voss, 1927): 2A sikkimensis Legalov, 2007: 2C sissus (Marshall, 1913): 2B Tribe HOPLAPODERINI Voss, 1926 Genus Agomadaranus Voss, 1958 armatus (Voss, 1926): 2C bihumeratus (Jekel, 1860): 2C jekeli Legalov, 2007: 2C Genus Hoplapoderus Jekel, 1860 echinatus (Gyllenhal, 1833): 2A, 2C gemmatus (Thunberg, 1784): 2B jekeli Legalov, 2007: 2B Genus Paroplapoderus Voss, 1926 Subgenus Gomadaranus Kôno, 1930 bituberculatus Voss, 1926: 2C Genus Tomapoderus Voss, 1926 flaviceps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1890): 2C Subfamily RHYNCHITINAE Gistel, 1848 Tribe AULETINI Desbrochers des Loges, 1908 Subtribe AULETOBIINA Legalov, 2001 Genus Auletobius Desbrochers des Loges, 1869 arunachalensis Legalov, 2007: 2D bengalensis Legalov, 2003: 2C berberidis Voss, 1933: 2B, 2C ghumensis Legalov, 2007: 2C Subtribe PSEUDOMESAULETINA Legalov, 2003 Genus Dicranognathus Redtenbacher, 1844 nebulosus Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2B Genus Pseudomesauletes Legalov, 2001 indicus Legalov, 2007: 2B longicollis (Faust, 1898): 2A nigrinus (Voss, 1920): 2A, 2B subpicescens (Voss, 1933): 2B poirasi Legalov, 2009: 2B, 2D nepalensis (Voss, 1974): 2C sanguineus (Voss, 1920): 2A, 2B Subgenus Rubrauletes Legalov, 2003 consimilis (Voss, 1930): 2B Tribe BYCTISCINI Voss, 1923 Subtribe BYCTISCINA Voss, 1923 Genus Aspidobyctiscus Schilsky, 1903 Subgenus Aspidobyctiscus Schilsky, 1903 marshalli Legalov, 2009: 2B Subgenus Nepalobyctiscus Legalov, 2003 sculpturatus (Pascoe, 1875): 2B Genus Byctiscus Thomson, 1859 himalayaensis Legalov, 2007: 2A Subtribe SVETLANAEBYCTISCINA Legalov, 2003 Genus Byctiscophilus Voss, 1930 championi Voss, 1931: 2B Genus Probyctisculus Legalov, 2007 nanitalensis Legalov, 2007: 2B Tribe DEPORAINI Voss, 1929 Subtribe DEPORAINA Voss, 1929 Genus Caenorhinus Thomson, 1859 Subgenus Caenorhinus Thomson, 1859 mannerheimii (Hummel, 1823): 2B Subgenus Metallarodepus Legalov, 2003 flaviventris (Voss, 1924): 2C

553

socius (Faust, 1882): 2B, 2C Subgenus Neoarodepus Legalov, 2003 subcoarctatus (Voss, 1938): 2B Genus Caenorhinus species incertae sedis disjunctus (Voss, 1938): Himalaya robertsi (Voss, 1935): 2A marginatus (Pascoe, 1883): 2D Genus Platyrhynchitoides Legalov, 2007 indicus (Voss, 1924): 2C Genus Paleodeporaus Legalov, 2003 Subgenus Paleodeporaus Legalov, 2003 luctuosus Voss, 1938: 2B Genus Eusproda Sawada, 1987 tumida (Voss, 1938): 2C Genus Exrhynchites Voss, 1930 himachalensis Legalov, 2007: 2A subplanus (Voss, 1920): 2A, 2B Tribe EUGNAMPTINI Voss, 1930 Genus Aderorhinus Sharp, 1889 bicolor Legalov, 2007: 2D Genus Cateugnamptus Legalov, 2007 affinis (Voss, 1924): 2C congestus (Voss, 1941): 2C Genus Cyaneugnamptus Legalov, 2003 pilosellus (Voss, 1941): 2C Genus Eugnamptobius Voss, 1922 nepalensis (Legalov, 2003): 2B Genus Oreugnamptus Voss, 1941 tessellates (Voss, 1920): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Neoeugnamptus Legalov, 2003 nepalicus Legalov, 2003: 2B, 2D Genus Proteugnamptellus Legalov, 2003 bimaculosus (Voss, 1939): 2B indicus Legalov, 2003: 2C Tribe RHYNCHITINI Gistel, 1848 Subtribe RHYNCHITINA Gistel, 1848 Genus Auletomorphus Voss, 1923 Subgenus Auletomorphus Voss, 1923 cupido Pascoe, 1875: 2B, 2C Genus Cartorhynchites Voss, 1958 Subgenus Hyperinvolvulus Legalov, 2003 coarctus (Voss, 1938): 2C Genus Cneminvolvulus Voss, 1960 pudens (Voss, 1938): 2B Subgenus Eocnemvulus Legalov, 2003 desbrochersi Legalov, 2007: Himalaya Genus Opacoinvolvulus Legalov, 2003 pseudocivinus Legalov, 2007: 2C Genus Pilosoinvolvulus Legalov, 2003 densatus (Voss, 1938): 2A siwalikensis (Voss, 1956): 2B solutus (Faust, 1886): 2A, 2B Genus Pseudvulus Legalov, 2003 liesenfeldti (Voss, 1956): 2B Genus Cyllorhynchites Voss, 1930 Subgenus Hypocyllorhynus Legalov, 2003 indicius Legalov, 2003: 2C Subgenus Pseudocyllorhynus Legalov, 2003 spinicollis (Voss, 1930): 2C

554

Genus Himalayrhynchites Legalov, 2003 canus (Faust, 1898): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Eduardirhinus Legalov, 2003 tenuicornis (Voss, 1938): 2C Genus Nepalorhynchites Legalov, 2007 ferox (Faust, 1898): 2A, 2B Genus Heterorhynchites Voss, 1932 alcyonea (Pascoe, 1875): 2C copiosus (Voss, 1938): 2B, 2C pristis (Marshall, 1924): 2B Genus Philorectus Voss, 1924 insolitus (Voss, 1924): 2C Genus Thompsonirhinus Legalov, 2003 amictus (Voss, 1938): 2C annapurnae Legalov, 2007: 2B consimilis (Voss, 1938): 2B cyanescens (Voss, 1939): 2C gentilis (Voss, 1930): 2B gracilis (Voss, 1938): 2B indicus Legalov, 2003: 2C Genus Metallorhynchites Legalov, 2007 chalceus (Voss, 1938): 2A, 2B Genus Montaninvolvulus Legalov, 2003 bucklandiae (Marshall, 1924): 2C melancholicus (Voss, 1938): 2C Genus Orrhynchites Legalov, 2007 comosellus (Voss, 1938): 2C Family BRENTIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily CYLADINAE Schoenherr, 1823 Genus Cylas Latreille, 1802 formicarius (Fabricius, 1798): 2B submetallicus Desbrochers des Loges, 1890: 2C Subfamily BRENTINAE Billberg, 1820 Tribe ARRHENODINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Agriorrhynchus Power, 1878 borrei Power, 1878: 2C quadrituberculatus Senna, 1892: 2C Genus Anepsiotes Kleine, 1917 commendabilis Kleine, 1925: 2B Genus Baryrhynchus Lacordaire, 1865 Subgenus Baryrhynchus Lacordaire, 1865 bengalensis Kleine, 1937: 2C latirostris (Gyllenhal, 1833): 2C merocephalus Kleine, 1916: 2C miles (Boheman, 1845): 2C Genus Orychodes Pascoe, 1862 planicollis (Walker, 1859): 2C Genus Prophthalmus Lacordaire, 1865 heikertingeri Kleine, 1916: 2C potens potens Lacordaire, 1865: 2C wichmanni Kleine, 1916: 2C Genus Pseudorychodes Senna, 1894 crassus Senna, 1894: 2C Genus Suborychodes Kleine, 1917 intermedius Kleine, 1917: 2B Genus Synorychodes Kleine, 1921 glaber Kleine, 1937: 2C Tribe EREMOXENINI Semenov, 1892 Genus Leptamorphocephalus Kleine, 1918


laevis (Power, 1879): 2C Subfamily CYPHAGOGINAE Kolbe, 1892 Tribe CYPHAGOGINI Kolbe, 1892 Genus Callipareius Senna, 1892 Subgenus Callipreius Senna, 1892 bistriatus (Kleine, 1935): 2C feae Senna, 1892: 2C foveatus Senna, 1894: 2C Genus Cyphagogus Parry, 1849 beesoni Damoiseau, 1964: 2B corporaali Kleine, 1918: 2B cyrtotrachelus (Thomson, 1857): 2B incisus Senna, 1903: 2C Genus Microsebus Kolbe, 1892 adelphus Kolbe, 1892: 2B Genus Opisthenoxys Kleine, 1922 famulus Kleine, 1925: 2C Tribe STEREODERMINI Sharp, 1895 Genus Cerobates Schoenherr, 1840 Subgenus Cerobates Schoenherr, 1840 angustipennis Senna, 1895: 2C birmanicus Senna, 1894: 2C canaliculatus Motschulsky, 1858: 2C tristriatus (Lund, 1800): 2B Subgenus Ionthocerus Lacordaire, 1865 carinensis (Senna, 1892): 2C sumatranus Senna, 1893: 2C Subfamily TRACHELIZINAE Lacordaire, 1865 Tribe MICROTRACHELIZINI Zimmerman, 1994 Genus Higonius Lewis, 1883 Subgenus Higonius Lewis, 1883 cilo Lewis, 1883: 2C, 2D Subgenus Taphrocomister Senna, 1895 singularis (Senna, 1895): 2C Genus Microtrachelizus Senna, 1893 apertus Kleine, 1925: 2C attritus Kleine, 1923: 2B beneficus Kleine, 1925: 2B contiguus (Senna, 1893): 2B Tribe PSEUDOCEOCEPHALINI Kleine, 1922 Genus Peraprophthalmus Kleine, 1923 applicatus Kleine, 1923: 2B Genus Schizotrachelus Lacordaire, 1865 cavus (Walker, 1859): 2B, 2C fascinatus (Kleine, 1922): 2B masculinus Goossens, 2005: 2C Tribe TRACHELIZINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Hypomiolispa Kleine, 1918 gardneri Kleine, 1931: 2C incerta Kleine, 1937: 2C Genus Trachelizus Dejean, 1834 bisulcatus (Lund, 1800): 2B dividuus Kleine, 1925: 2C Subfamily APIONINAE Schoenherr, 1823 Tribe APLEMONINI Kissinger, 1968 Genus Aplemonus Schoenherr, 1847 tuberculatus Bhateja and Pajni, 1989: 2B Genus Perapion Wagner, 1907 Subgenus Rhaphidoplectron Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990


himalayense Bhateja and Pajni, 1989: 2A, 2B Tribe ASPIDAPIINI Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 Genus Aspidapion Schilsky, 1901 Subgenus Aspidapion Schilsky, 1901 inarmatum Korotyaev, 1985: 2C mountanus (Pajni, Bhateja and Kumar, 1991): 2A Genus Flavopodapion Korotyaev, 1987 gilvipes (Gemminger, 1871): 2C Genus Pseudaspidapion Wanat, 1990 striopunctatum (Pajni, Bhateja and Kumar, 1991): 2A Tribe CERATAPIINI Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 Genus Ceratapion Schilsky, 1901 Subgenus Angustapion Wanat, 1995 nalderae (Marshall, 1938): 2A Tribe KALCAPIINI Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 Genus Hypuranius Korotyaev, 1996 borchmanni (Voss, 1958): 2C Tribe PIEZOTRACHELINI Voss, 1959 Genus Conapium Motschulsky, 1866 Subgenus Conapium Motschulsky, 1866 benignum Faust, 1898: 2A, 2B clavipes (Gerstaecker, 1854): 2A, 2B cupreum Bhateja and Pajni, 1989: 2B gagatinum (Motschulsky, 1858): 2A, 2B Genus Piezotrachelus Schoenherr, 1839 Subgenus Piezotrachelus Schoenherr, 1839 caudatus Korotyaev, 1987: 2C lindemannae Voss, 1960: 2A, 2B sulcatulicollis Voss, 1956: 2A, 2B Genus Pseudopiezotrachelus Wagner, 1907 collaris (Schilsky, 1906): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pseudoprotapion Ehret, 1990 coeleste (Faust, 1886): 2A paracoeleste (Balfour-Browne, 1944): 2C Genus Trichoconapion Korotyaev, 1985 hirticorne Korotyaev, 1985: 2C Subfamily APIONINAE, species incertae sedis Genus Apion Herbst, 1797 strobilanthi Desbrochers des Loges, 1890: 2C Subfamily NANOPHYINAE Gistel, 1848 Genus Nanophyes Schoenherr, 1838 fuscomaculatus Pajni and Bhateja, 1982: 2A, 2B proles Heller, 1915: 2C, 2D vulgaris Pajni and Bhateja, 1982: 2B Family DRYOPHTHORIDAE Schoenherr, 1825 Subfamily DRYOPHTHORINAE Schoenherr, 1825 Genus Stenommatus Wollaston, 1873 nanus Champion, 1925: 2B Subfamily ORTHOGNATHINAE Lacordaire, 1865 Tribe ORTHOGNATHINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Sipalinus Marshall, 1943 gigas gigas (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily RHYNCHOPHORINAE Schoenherr, 1833 Tribe LITOSOMINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Autonopis Pascoe, 1874 agrana Heller, 1927: 2B Genus Sitophilus Schoenherr, 1838 glandium (Marshall, 1920): 2B linearis (Herbst, 1795): 2B

555

oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763): 2C rugicollis (Casey, 1892): 2B zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855): 2C Tribe POLYTINI Zimmerman, 1993 Genus Polytus Faust, 1895 mellerborgii (Boheman, 1838): 2B Tribe RHYNCHOPHORINI Schoenherr, 1833 Genus Cyrtotrachelus Schoenherr, 1838 bipartitus Hartmann, 1899: 2C buquetii buquetii Guerin-Meneville, 1844: 2C himalayanus Heller, 1923: 2C rufopectinipes Chevrolat, 1883: 2C thompsoni Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999: 2C Genus Otidognathus Lacordaire, 1865 bifasciatus (Chevrolat, 1882): 2C extraordinarius Günther, 1938: 2C quadrimaculatus (Buquet, 1844): 2C rubriceps rubriceps (Chevrolat, 1882): 2C westermanni (Boheman, 1845): 2C Genus Protocerius Schoenherr, 1838 fervidus Pascoe, 1871: 2B, 2C Tribe SPHENOPHORINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Cercidocerus Guerin-Meneville, 1833 distinctus Faust, 1890: 2C lateralis Fåhraeus, 1845: 2C rufipes Günther, 1935: 2C schoenherri Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 2C Genus Metaprodioctes Günther, 1937 trilineatus (Hope, 1831): 2C tristis (Faust, 1895): 2C Genus Nassophasis Waterhouse, 1879 cardoni (Desbrochers des Loges, 1891): 2C Genus Odoiporus Chevrolat, 1885 longicollis (Olivier, 1807): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Prodioctes Pascoe, 1874 Subgenus Prodioctes Pascoe, 1874 tristis Faust, 1895: 2C Genus Sphenocorynes Schoenherr, 1838 quattuordecimmaculatus (Hope, 1831): 2C rubricosus (Faust, 1895): 2C Genus Tetratopos Chevrolat, 1883 longicollis Faust, 1895: 2C Subfamily STROMBOSCERINAE Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Dryophthoroides Roelofs, 1879 parvungulis Marshall, 1931: 2C Genus Orthosinus Motschulsky, 1863 subulirostris Marshall, 1931: 2C Genus Xerodermus Lacordaire, 1865 himalayanus Marshall, 1931: 2B Family CURCULIONIDAE Latreilie, 1802 Subfamily PLATYPODINAE Shuckard, 1840 Supertribe PLATYPODITAE Shuckard, 1840 Tribe PLATYPODINI Shuckard, 1840 Genus Baiocis Browne, 1962 pernanulus (Schedl, 1935): 2C Genus Carchesiopygus Schedl, 1939 impariporus (Beeson, 1937): 2C lobacanthus Schedl, 1969: 2B oculatus (Beeson, 1937): 2B, 2D

556

psilacanthurus (Beeson, 1937): 2C Genus Crossotarsus Chapuis, 1865 bonvouloiri Chapuis, 1865: 2C cinnamomi Beeson, 1937: 2B, 2C coniferae Stebbing, 1906: 2A, 2B externedentatus (Fairmaire, 1850): 2B, 2C fairmairei Chapuis, 1865: 2B machili Beeson, 1937: 2C mussooriensis Beeson, 1937: 2B piceae Stebbing, 1906: 2B siva Beeson, 1937: 2C squamulatus Chapuis, 1865: 2C terminatus Chapuis, 1865: 2B ursus Schedl, 1935: 2C wilmoti (Stebbing, 1911): 2A, 2B Genus Dinoplatypus Wood, 1993 anthocephali (Schedl, 1969): 2C biuncus (Blandford, 1896): 2B cupulatus (Chapuis, 1865): 2C falcatus (Strohmeyer, 1908): 2B Genus Peroplatypus Wood, 1993 abruptus (Sampson, 1923): 2B Genus Platypus Herbst, 1794 biformis Chapuis, 1865: 2B, 2C contaminatus (Blandford, 1894): Himalaya curtatus Sampson, 1923: 261: 2C darjeelingensis Schedl, 1969: 2C errans (Sampson, 1922): 2B, 2C eugeniae Schedl, 1971: 2B indicus Strohmeyer, 1910: 2B, 2C lewisi Blandford, 1894: 2C lopchuensis Schedl, 1969: 2C quadriporus (Beeson, 1937): 2C quercivorus (Murayama, 1925): 2C secretus Sampson, 1921: 2C sexualis (Beeson, 1937): 2B suffodiens Sampson, 1913: 2C Genus Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972 solidus (Walker, 1859): 2B, 2C Supertribe TESSEROCERINITAE Blandford, 1896 Tribe DIAPODINI Strohmeyer, 1914 Genus Diapus Chapuis, 1865 aculeatus Blandford, 1894: 2B minor Schedl, 1954: 2C molossus Chapuis, 1865: 2B quadrispinatus Chapuis, 1865: 2B quinquespinatus Chapuis, 1865: 2B truncatus Niisima and Murayama, 1934: 2B, 2C Genus Genyocerus Motschulsky, 1858 diaphanus (Schedl, 1939): 2B talurae (Stebbing, 1906): 2B, 2C Subfamily SCOLYTINAE Latreille, 1804 Supertribe HYLESINITAE Erichson, 1836 Tribe DIAMERINI Hagedorn, 1909 Genus Diamerus Erichson, 1836 curvifer (Walker, 1859): 2A, 2B, 2C fici Blandford, 1898: 2C nigrisetosus Eggers, 1936: 2C striatus Eggers, 1927: 2C


variegatus Schedl, 1959: 2B Genus Sphaerotrypes Blandford, 1894 bengalensis Wood, 1988: 2C globulus Blandford, 1894: 2B querci Stebbing, 1908: 2B siwalikensis Stebbing, 1906: 2B, 2C Tribe HYLASTINI LeConte, 1876 Genus Hylastes Erichson, 1836 brunneus (Erichson, 1836): 2A, 2B Tribe HYLESININI Erichson, 1836 Genus Ficicis Lea, 1910 porcatus (Chapuis, 1865): 2B, 2C javanus (Eggers, 1923): 2B Genus Hylesinus Fabricius, 1801 macmahoni (Stebbing, 1909): 2A Tribe HYLURGINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Chaetoptelius Fuchs, 1913 vestitus (Mulsant and Rey, 1861): 2B Genus Hylurgus Latreille, 1806 indicus Wood, 1985: 2B Genus Pseudoxylechinus Wood and Huang, 1986 indicus Wood, 1986: 2C Genus Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 darjeelingensis Schedl, 1971: 2C ougeiniae Wood, 1988: 2B padus Wood, 1988: 2A, 2B Tribe HYORRHYNCHINI Hopkins, 1915 Genus Hyorrhynchus Blandford, 1894 kalimpongensis Maiti and Saha, 1989: 2C sensarmai Maiti and Saha, 1989: 2C shiva Maiti and Saha, 1989: 2C Genus Pseudohyorrhynchus Murayama, 1950 blandfordi (Sampson, 1913): 2C Genus Sueus Murayama, 1951 niisimai (Eggers, 1926): 2C Tribe HYPOBORINI Nüsslin, 1911 Genus Liparthrum Wollaston, 1854 longifolia (Stebbing, 1903): 2A, 2B Tribe PHLOEOSININI Nüsslin, 1912 Genus Phloeocranus Schedl, 1942 bruchoides Schedl, 1942: 2C Genus Phloeosinus Chapuis, 1869 jubatus Sampson, 1919: 2B machilus (Schedl, 1959): 2B phoebe Wood, 1988: 2B squamulatus Chapuis, 1869: 2B Tribe POLYGRAPHINI Chapuis, 1869 Genus Carphoborus Eichhoff, 1864 costatus Wichmann, 1915: 2A, 2B perrisi (Chapuis, 1869): 2B zhobi (Stebbing, 1909): 2A Genus Polygraphus Erichson, 1836 aterrimus Strohmeyer, 1908: 2A, 2B difficilis Wood, 1988: 2A, 2B longifolia Stebbing, 1903: 2A, 2B major Stebbing, 1903: 2A, 2B pini Stebbing, 1914: 2A, 2B setosus Schedl, 1979: 2A, 2B Supertribe SCOLYTITAE Latreille, 1804


Tribe CORTHYLINI LeConte, 1876 Subtribe PITYOPHTHORINA Eichhoff, 1878 Genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864 cedri Wood, 1989: 2A chilgoza Wood, 1989: 2A deodara (Stebbing, 1903): 2A, 2B Tribe CRYPHALINI Lindemann, 1877 Genus Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878: 2C Genus Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 felis Wood, 1989: 2B fulmineus Wood, 1989: 2A, 2B major Stebbing, 1903: 2A, 2B strohmeyeri Stebbing, 1914: 2B, 2C Genus Hypocryphalus Hopkins, 1915 mangiferae (Stebbing, 1914): 2B scabricollis (Eichhoff, 1878): 2B Genus Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834 areccae (Hornung, 1842): 2B birmanus (Eichhoff, 1878): 2B crudiae (Panzer, 1791): 2C eruditus Westwood, 1834: 2B, 2C Genus Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 aspericollis (Eichhoff, 1878): 2C ceylonicus (Schedl, 1959): 2B darwini Eichhoff, 1878: 2B indicus Wood, 1989: 2B punctatus (Schedl, 1951): 2C Tribe CRYPTURGINI LeConte, 1876 Genus Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 reticulatum Wood, 1988: 2B royaleanum Wood, 1988: 2B Genus Crypturgus Erichson, 1836 beesoni Eggers, 1936: 2A, 2B pusillus (Gyllenhal, 1813): 2A, 2B Tribe DRYOCOETINI Lindemann, 1877 Genus Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 advena Blandford, 1894: 2B, 2C barbatus (Schedl, 1934): 2D carpophagus (Hornung, 1842): 2B, 2C cyperi (Beeson, 1929): 2C dactyliperda (Fabricius, 1801): 2B longior (Eggers, 1927): 2B, 2C monoceros (Beeson, 1939): 2D nubilus (Blandford, 1894): 2B, 2C papuanus (Eggers, 1923): 2B, 2C salakensis Schedl, 1939: 2C vulgaris (Eggers, 1923): 2B, 2C Genus Dryocoetes Eichhoff, 1864 brownei Mandelshtam and Petrov, 2010: 2A himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908: 2A, 2B indicus Stebbing, 1914: 2A, 2B quadrisulcatus Strohmeyer, 1908: 2A, 2B Genus Dryocoetiops Schedl, 1957 coffeae (Eggers, 1923): 2C Genus Taphrorychus Eichhoff, 1878 hewetti (Stebbing, 1908): 2A, 2B Genus Triotemnus Wollaston, 1864 scrofa (Schedl, 1975): 2B

557

Tribe IPINI Bedel, 1888 Genus Acanthotomicus Blandford, 1894 perexiguus (Blandford, 1896): 2C Genus Ips DeGeer, 1775 longifolia (Stebbing, 1909): 2A, 2B stebbingi Strohmeyer, 1908: 2A, 2B Genus Pityogenes Bedel, 1888 scitus Blandford, 1893: 2A, 2B spessivtsevi Lebedev, 1926: 2A, 2B Tribe SCOLYTINI Latreille, 1804 Genus Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 chelogaster Schedl, 1958: 2D kashmirensis Schedl, 1958: 2A major Stebbing, 1903: 2A, 2B nitidus Schedl, 1936: 2A, 2B stepheni Mandelshtam and Petrov, 2010: 2A Tribe SCOLYTOPLATYPODINI Blandford, 1893 Genus Scolytoplatypus Schaufuss, 1891 brahma Blandford, 1898: 2C daimio Blandford, 1893: 2A, 2B darjeelingi Stebbing, 1914: 2A, 2B, 2C eutomoides Blandford, 1896: 2C gardneri Maiti and Saha, 2009: 2C kunala Strohmeyer, 1908: 2A lopchuensis Maiti and Saha, 2009: 2C minimus Hagedorn, 1904: 2B, 2C nitidicollis Eggers, 1935: 2C pubescens Hagedorn, 1904: 2B, 2C raja Blandford, 1893: 2A, 2B, 2C samsinghensis Maiti and Saha, 2009: 2C siomio Blandford, 1893: 2A Tribe XYLEBORINI LeConte, 1876 Genus Amasa Lea, 1894 eugeniae (Eggers, 1930): 2B, 2C geminata (Hagedorn, 1904): 2C schlichii (Stebbing, 1914): 2C Genus Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915 asperatus (Blandford, 1895): 2C dihingensis (Eggers, 1930): 2C lantanae (Eggers, 1930): 2C lewisi (Blandford, 1894): 2C minor (Stebbing, 1909): 2B Genus Anisandrus Ferrari, 1867 apicalis (Blandford, 1894): 2C hirtus (Hagedorn, 1904): 2C ursinus (Hagedorn, 1908): 2C ursulus (Eggers, 1923): 2C Genus Arixyleborus Hopkins, 1915 malayensis (Schedl, 1954): 2C moestus (Eggers, 1930): 2C Genus Cnestus Sampson, 1911 bicornioides (Schedl, 1952): 2C gravidus (Blandford, 1898): 2C nitidipennis (Schedl, 1951): 2C Genus Coptodryas Hopkins, 1915 chrysophylli (Eggers, 1930): 2C cruralis (Schedl, 1975): 2C mus (Eggers, 1930): 1C Genus Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912

558

distinguendus (Eggers, 1930): 2B eggersi (Beeson, 1930): 2C fukiense (Eggers, 1941): 2B hirtum (Hagedorn, 1904): 2C improbum (Sampson, 1913): 2C inarmatum (Eggers, 1923): 2A, 2C lineatus (Eggers, 1930): 2B, 2C mussooriense (Eggers, 1930): 2B Genus Debus Hulcr and Cognato, 2010 fallax (Eichhoff, 1878 ): 2B Genus Diuncus Huler and Cognato, 2009 corpulentus (Eggers, 1930): 2C haberkorni (Eggers, 1920): 2B, 2C mucronatulus (Eggers, 1930): 2C Genus Eccoptopterus Motschulsky, 1863 spinosus (Olivier, 1795): 2C Genus Euwallacea Hopkins, 1915 andamanensis (Blandford, 1896): 2B, 2C bicolor (Blandford, 1894): 2B, 2C fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868): 2B, 2C interjectus (Blandford, 1894): 1C, 2B, 2C malloti (Eggers, 1930): 2B, 2C piceus (Motschulsky, 1863): 2C sibsagaricus (Eggers, 1930): 2C tristris (Eggers, 1930): 2C velatus (Sampson, 1913): 2B, 2C wallacei (Blandford, 1896): 2C Genus Hadrodemius Wood, 1980 comans (Sampson, 1919): 2B, 2C metacomans (Eggers, 1930): 2C pseudocomans (Eggers, 1930): 2C Genus Leptoxyleborus Wood, 1980 concisus (Blandford, 1894): 2C Genus Microperus Wood, 1980 perpavus (Sampson, 1922): 2C Genus Webbia Hopkins, 1915 pabo Sampson, 1922: 2B Genus Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913 andrewesi (Blandford, 1896): 2B, 2C artestriatus (Eichhoff, 1878): 2B, 2C saxeseni (Ratzeburg, 1837): 2A, 2C, 2B speciosus (Schedl, 1975): 2C subgranulatus (Eggers, 1930): 2C Genus Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864 cognatus Blandford, 1896: 2B conditus Schedl, 1971: 2B glabratus Eichhoff, 1877: 2C perforans (Wollaston, 1857): 2C pumilus Eggers, 1923: 2C similis Ferrari, 1867: 2B, 2C Genus Xylosandrus Reitter, 1913 beesoni Saha, Maiti and Chakraborti, 1993: 2C crassiusculus (Motschulsky,1866): 2A, 2B, 2C discolor (Blandford, 1898): 2B, 2C mesuae (Eggers, 1930): 2B, 2C morigerus (Blandford, 1894): 2C subsimilis (Eggers, 1930): 2C Tribe XYLOCTONINI Eichhoff, 1878 Genus Scolytomimus Blandford, 1895


dilutus Blandford, 1895: 2B Tribe XYLOTERINI LeConte, 1876 Genus Indocryphalus Eggers, 1939 intermedius (Sampson, 1913): 2A, 2C machili Wood, 1988: 2B Subfamily BARIDINAE Schönherr, 1836 Tribe BARIDINI Schönherr, 1836 Subtribe BARIDINA Schoenherr, 1836 Genus Baris Germar, 1817 carinirostris Ramesha and Ramamurthy, 2011: 2A consulta Faust, 1886: 2A marshalli Ramesha and Ramamurthy, 2011: 2C subalbum Ramesha and Ramamurthy, 2011: 2A, 2B Tribe MADARINI Jekel, 1865 Genus Acythopeus Pascoe, 1874 barbatus Marshall, 1936: 2C bispinosus Marshall, 1938: 2B curvirostris citrulli (Marshall, 1916): 2A dehradunensis Pajni et al., 1998: 2B francisci Thompson, 1973: 2A himachalensis Pajni et al., 1998: 2A Subfamily CURCULIONINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe ACALYPTINI Thomson, 1859 Subtribe DERELOMTNA Lacordatre, 1866 Genus Derelomus Schoenherr, 1825 cervicalis Marshall, 1928: 2B Tribe ANTHONOMINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Sphincticraerus Marseul, 1871 himalayanus Voss, 1944: Himalaya Tribe CIONINI Schönherr, 1825 Genus Cionus Clairville, 1798 championi Marshall, 1926: 2B dependens Faust, 1886: 2A hortulans (Geoffroy, 1785): 2A schultzei nuristanus Voss, 1937: 2A transsquaniosus Marshall, 1926: 2B Tribe CURCULIONINI Latreille, 1802 Subtribe CURCULIONINA Latreille, 1802 Genus Curculio Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Curculio Linnaeus, 1758 alpestris (Heller, 1927): Himalaya ignobilis (Heller, 1927): 2C misellus (Heller, 1927): 2C sikkimensis (Heller, 1927): 2C Subtribe LABANININA Pelsue and O’Brien, 2011 Genus Labaninus Morimoto, 1981 sikkimensis Pelsue, 2005: 2C Tribe MECININI Gistel, 1848 Genus Gymnetron Schoenherr, 1825 anagallis Marshall, 1933: 2B Genus Rhinusa Stephens, 1829 tetra (Fabricius, 1792): 2B Tribe OCHYROMERMI Voss, 1935 Genus Endaeus Schoenherr, 1826 moniliformis Pajni and Gupta, 1990: 2D Subtribe IXALMINA Voss, 1936 Genus Ixalma Pascoe, 1871 indica Roelofs, 1879: Himalaya Tribe STOREINI Lacordaire, 1863


Genus Pachytychius Jekel, 1861 viciae Marshall, 1938: 2B Tribe TYCHIINI Thomson, 1859 Subtribe TYCHIINA Thomson, 1859 Genus Sibinia Germar, 1817 Subgenus Sibinia Germar, 1817 arenariae Stephens, 1831: 2A, 2B Genus Tychius Germar, 1817 Subgenus Tychius Germar, 1817 riedeli Caldara, 1996: 2A Subfamily BAGOINAE Thomson, 1859 Genus Bagous Germar, 1817 affaber Faust, 1887: 2A geniculatodes O’Brien, 1995: 2B interruptus Faust, 1891: 2B latepunctatus Pic, 1904: 2A, 2B luteitarsis Hustache, 1926: 2B myriophylli O’Brien, 1995: 2A similis O’Brien, 1995: 2A trapae Parshad, 1961: 2B vicinus Hustache, 1926: 2B Subfamily CEUTORHYNCHINAE Gistel, 1848 Tribe CEUTORHYNCHINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Ceutorhynchus Germar, 1824 kashmirensis Korotyaev, 1980: 2A Genus Dieckmannius Colonnelli, 1987 ingens Colonnelli, 1993: 2C sexnotatus (Schultze, 1899): 2C Genus Hainokisaruzo Yoshitake and Colonnelli, 2005 bengalensis (Colonnelli, 1984): 2C Genus Indicoplontus Colonnelli, 1984 indicus (Hustache, 1930): 2B, 2C Tribe MECYSMODERINI Wagner, 1938 Genus Belonnotus Schultze, 1899 mussooriensis (Pajni and Kohli, 1982): 2B nigriclava Colonnelli, 1992: 2B ochraceus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C ochrasuturalis (Pajni and Kohli, 1982): 2A, 2B Genus Coeliosomus Motschulsky, 1858 brancuccii Colonnelli, 1992: 2C memecylonis (Marshall, 1917): 2C minutus (Hustache, 1924): 2C neominutus (Pajni and Kohli, 1982): 2C nigrus (Pajni and Kohli 1982): 2C, 2D subhumeralis (Marshall, 1917): 2C suturalis (Hustache, 1924): 2C Genus Mecysmoderes Schoenherr, 1837 crassirostris Hustache, 1924 : 2C notobrevicarinatus Pajni and Kohli, 1982 : 2C nigrorufus (Motschulsky, 1858): 2C tenuirostris Marshall, 1917: 2C Genus Xenysmoderes Coionnelli, 1992 alternatus (Pajni and Kohli, 1982): 2C armirufus (Marshall, 1948): 2C brevicomis (Hustache, 1924): 2C comes Coionnelli, 1992 : 2B humeralis (Hustache, 1924): 2B stylicornis (Marshall, 1934): 2B Tribe PHYTOBIINI Gistel, 1848

559

Genus Rhinoncus Schoenheir, 1825 caesareus Colonnelli, 1979: 2B paganus Gyllenhal, 1837: 2B Subfamily CONODERINAE Schoenherr, 1833 Tribe CAMPYLOSCELINI Schoenherr, 1845 Subtribe PHAENOMERINA Faust, 1898 Genus Phaenomerus Schoenherr, 1836 sundewalli Boheman, 1836: 2B Genus Tomicoproctus Faust, 1898 machili Marshall, 1933: 2B Tribe CORYSSOMERINI Thomson, 1859 Genus Metialma Pascoe, 1871 Subgenus Metialma Pascoe, 1871 anisomelis Marshall, 1934: 2B cordata Marshall, 1948: 2B, 2C saeva Faust, 1883: 2C Genus Osphilia Pascoe, 1871 bombacis Marshall, 1934: 2B odinae Marshall, 1921: 2B vitis Marshall, 1928: 2B Tribe LOBOTRACHELINI Lacordaire, 1866 Genus Lobotrachelus Schoenherr, 1838 amoenus Faust, 1898 : 2B bertrandi Hustache, 1925: Himalaya himalayanus Hustache, 1925 : Himalaya laporteae Marshall, 1938 : 2C luteofasciatus Hustache, 1925: Himalaya postoculatus Marshall, 1923: 2C silvaticus Hustache, 1934: Himalaya urenai Marshall, 1923: 2B Tribe MECOPINI Lacordaire, 1866 Genus Chirozetes Pascoe, 1870 Subgenus Mesochirozetes Heller, 1931 scutellaris (Marshall, 1925): 2B, 2C Genus Pempherulus Marshall, 1941 grewiae (Marshall, 1928): 2B pterospermi (Marshall, 1925): 2B Genus Phylaitis Pascoe, 1871 cryptolepidis Marshall, 1943: 2B Tribe MENEMACHINI Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Podeschrus Roelofs, 1875 fuscosuturalis Marshall, 1938: 2B Tribe OTHIPPIINI Morimoto, 1962 Genus Chelothippia Marshall, 1938 buteae Marshall, 1938: 2B Subfamily COSSONINAE Schoenherr, 1825 Tribe COSSONINI Schoenherr, 1825 Genus Cossonus Clairville, 1798 Subgenus Cossonus Clairville, 1798 albizziae Marshall, 1938: 2B Genus Exodema Wollaston, 1873 ilicis Marshall, 1938: 2B Genus Phloeophagosoma Wollaston, 1873 Subgenus Phloeophagosoma Wollaston, 1873 aesculi Marshall, 1936: 2B ficus Marshall, 1933: 2B subcaecum Marshall, 1938: 2B Tribe DRYOTRIBINI LeConte, 1876 Genus Cotasteroloeblia Osella, 1983

560

indica Osella, 1983: 2B Tribe ONYCHOLIPINI Wollaston, 1873 Genus Miorrhinus Marshall, 1936 sulcifrons Marshall, 1936: 2C Genus Stenoscelis Wollaston, 1861 Subgenus Stenoscelis Wollaston, 1861 gracilitarsis Wollaston, 1873: 2B himalayensis (Stebbing, 1909): 2A, 2B longifolia (Stebbing, 1908): 2A, 2B sellatocollis Marshall, 1937: 2A setosa Marshall, 1937: 2A Tribe RHYNCOLINI Gistel, 1848 Subtribe RHYNCOLINA Gistel, 1848 Genus Himatium Wollaston, 1873 Subgenus Himatium Wollaston, 1873 lalli (Marshall, 1936): 2C Genus Macrorhyncolus Wollaston, 1873 ventilaginis Marshall, 1938: 2B Genus Xenomimetes Wollaston, 1873 himalayensis (Stebbing, 1914): 2A, 2B sikkimensis (Marshall, 1931): 2C Subfamily CRYPTORHYNCHINAE Schönherr, 1825 Tribe AEDEMONINI Faust, 1898 Genus Mechistocerus Fauvcl, 1862 dehradunensis Arya, Singh and Pajni, 1989: 2B fluctiger Faust, 1894: 2C fossatifrons Marshall, 1936: 2C fumosus Marshall, 1921: 2A, 2B monubumensis Arya and Pajni, 1987: 2D nigroscutellaris Arya, Singh and Pajni, 1989: 2B patruelis Faust, 1891: 2C ricini Marshall, 1933: 2B rufocestus Aiya, Singh and Pajni, 1989: 2A, 2B Genus Rhadinomerus Faust, 1892 acrocarpi Marshall, 1936: 2C bombacis Marshall, 1921: 2B diversipes Marshall, 1921: 2B elaeocarpi Marshall, 1931: 2C lenis Marshall, 1938: 2B levifrons Marshall, 1931: 2C machili Marshall, 1936: 2C maesae Marshall, 1936: 2C malloti Marshall, 1921: 2B rugirostris Marshall, 1938: 2B seticollis Marshall, 1931: 2C squamicollis Marshall, 1936: 2C subfasciatus Marshall, 1921: 2B Tribe CAMPTORHININI Lacordaire, 1866 Genus Camptorhinus Schoenherr, 1825 notabilis (Walker, 1859): 2B Tribe CRYPTORHYNCHINI Schoenherr, 1825 Subtribe CRYPTORHYNEHINA Schoenherr, 1825 Genus Coelosternulum Heller, 1937 tibiofulcatum Arya and Pajni, 1987: 2A Genus Cryptorhynchus Illiger, 1807 Subgenus Cryptorhynchus Illiger, 1807 raja Stebbing, 1914: 2B spondias Marshall, 1936: 2B Genus Rhadinopus Faust, 1894


buteae Marshall, 1921: 2B Genus Sclerolips Faust, 1895 indicus Arya and Pajni, 1985: 2C Genus Shirahoshizo Morimoto, 1962 corni (Marshall, 1938): 2B rufescens (Roelofs, 1875): 2A Genus Sternochetus Pierce, 1917 mangiferae (Fabricius, 1775): 2B Tribe GASTEROCERCINI Zherikhin, 1991 Genus Syrotelus Pascoe, 1874 arcifer Marshall, 1941: 2C sikkimensis sikkimensis Heller, 1938: 2C Subfamily ENTIMINAE Schönherr, 1823 Tribe BLOSYRINI Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Blosyrodes Jekel, 1875 nigricorporis Mukhopadhyay, 1984: 2C, 2D pubescens Marshall, 1916: 2A quadrinodosus Jekel, 1875: 2A testaceus Gandhi and Pajni, 1984: Himalaya variegatus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B Genus Dactylotus Schoenherr, 1847 Subgenus Dactylotus Schoenherr, 1847 koganae Roudier, 1963 : Himalaya Genus Proscephaladeres Schoenherr, 1840 kashmirensis Gandhi and Pajni, 1984: 2A Tribe CNEORHININI Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Catapionus Schoenherr, 1842 basilicus Boheman, 1842: 2A semivittatus Marshall, 1916: 2C Tribe CYPHICERINI Lacordaire, 1863 Subtribe ACANTHOTRACHELINA Marshall, 1944 Genus Calomycterus Roelofs, 1873 brevicollis Voss, 1957: 1A Genus Gobinda Pajni, Sidhu and Kumar, 1987 frontosidcatus Pajni, Sidhu and Kumar 1987: 2C Genus Heteroptochus Faust, 1886 devians Faust, 1886: 2C Genus Lagenolobus Faust, 1887 adspersus Faust, 1897: 2A borupi Marshall, 1955: 2B impar Faust, 1897: 2A pubescens Hustache, 1928: 2A tutus Faust, 1897: 2A Genus Nirala Pajni, Sidhu and Kumar, 1988 bengalensis Pajni, Sidhu and Kumar, 1988: 2C Subtribe CYPHICERINA Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Amblyrhinus Schoenherr, 1826 poricollis Schoenherr, 1826: 2A, 2B posticus (Walker, 1859): 2B subrecticollis Marshall, 1913: 2B Genus Amrikus Pajni and Sidhu, 1982 deplanatus (Faust, 1891): 2C glebosus (Marshall, 1924): 2B, 2C Genus Aspidomycter Marshall, 1943 lunatus Marshall, 1943: 2C Genus Crinorrhinus Marshall, 1941 crassirostris (Faust, 1897): 2A Genus Cyphicerinus Marshall, 1928 nepalensis (Faust, 1890): 2C


Genus Cyphicerus Schoenherr, 1823 Subgenus Cyphicerus Schoenherr, 1823 alsus Pajni, 1990: 2C bidentipes Pajni, 1990: 2C ornatus Faust, 1891: 2C pardalis Pajni, 1990: 2A surdus Pajni, 1990: 2C Genus Cyrtepistomus Marshall, 1913 championi Pajni, 1990: 2B chloris Pajni, 1990: 2C frontalis Pajni, 1990: 2B herbicola Pajni, 1990: West Himalaya himachalensis Pajni, 1990: 2A infidelis Pajni, 1990: 2B jucundus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B pini Marshall, 1924: 2B planus Pajni, 1990: 2A qularis Pajni, 1990: 2B Genus Doliophron Marshall, 1941 tenuicornis (Faust, 1891): 1C, 2C Genus Himachala Pajni, 1990 fulvescens Pajni, 1990: 2A squamifrons Pajni, 1990: 2A Genus Neomyllocerus Voss, 1934 moratus (Faust, 1891): 2C rectirostris (Pajni, 1990): 2B Genus Paramycter Marshall, 1944 setiepistomus Pajni, 1990: 2B trivitticollis Marshall, 1944: 2C Genus Parascaphus Marshall, 1944 albosetosus Pajni, 1990: 2B dalbergiae Pajni, 1990: 2B Genus Peltotrachelus Marshall, 1917 juvencus collinus Pajni, 1990: 2B juvencus juvencus (Faust, 1891): 2A propinquus (Faust, 1886): 2A Genus Phrixopogon Marshall, 1941 herbeus Marshall, 1948: 2C sikkimensis Marshall, 1948: 2C Genus Piezophrys Marshall, 1944 hebes Marshall, 1944: 2C patuloepistomus Pajni, 1990: 2B, 2C superciliata Pajni, 1990: 2C Genus Platymycterus Marshall, 1918 deceptor Marshall, 1918: 2B feae (Faust, 1894): 2C himalayanus Marshall, 1918: 2A, 2B kashmirensis Marshall, 1916: 2A moestus Marshall, 1918: 2A, 2B sjostedti Marshall, 1918: 2B Genus Tanyscapus Marshall, 1944 compressus Marshall, 1944: 2C Genus Thlipsomerus Marshall, 1944 darjeelingensis Pajni and Sidhu, 1982: 2C quadrimaculatus Pajni, 1990: 2C subcosticollis (Marshall, 1943): 2C Subtribe MYLLOCERINA Pierce, 1913 Genus Arhines Schoenherr, 1834 languidus Gyllenhal, 1834: 2A, 2B

561

Genus Emperorrhinus Marshall, 1916 defoliator Marshall, 1916: 2A, 2C Genus Hyperstylus Roelofs, 1873 chloris Marshall, 1916: 2A richardi (Nathan, 1992): 2A, 2B Genus Myllocerus Schoenherr, 1823 Subgenus Calomyllocerus Voss, 1959 liesenfeldti Voss, 1959: 2B Subgenus Myllocerus Schoenherr, 1823 cardoni Marshall, 1916: 2B championi Ramamurthy and Ghai, 1998: 2B discolor Boheman, 1834: 2A, 2B fotedari Ahmad, 1974: 2A grahami Ramamurthy and Ghai, 1998: 2B infaustus Marshall, 1946: 2A kashmirensis Marshall, 1916: 2A lefroyi Marshall, 1916: 2B pilifer Faust, 1897: 2A sabulosus Marshall, 1916: 2B rufescens Ramamurthy and Ghai, 1988: Himalaya sericeus Faust, 1897: 2A setulifer Desbrochers des Loges, 1899: 2B smaragdinus Marshall, 1916: 2C suspiciens Marshall, 1916: 2B transmarinus (Herbst, 1795): 2A, 2B undecimpustulatus Faust, 1891: 2B Genus Phyllolytus Fairmaire, 1889 splendens (Formánek, 1925): 2A Genus Ptochus Schoenherr, 1826 Subgenus Ptochus Schoenherr, 1826 antennalis Voss, 1922: 2C apicatus Marshall, 1916: 2C bengalensis Voss, 1922: 2C crinitus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A melichari Formanek, 1922: 2A noxius Faust, 1897: 2A tigrinus Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A Subtribe PHYTOSCAPHINA Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Indophytoscaphus Pajni and Sidhu, 1982 sensarmai Pajni and Sidhu, 1982: 2B Genus Phytoscaphus Schoenherr, 1826 chloroticus Boheman, 1843: 2B decorus Pajni, 1990: 2C lanatus (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C lineatus lineatus Faust, 1891: 2B, 2C orthideres Pajni,1990: 2C triangularis (Olivier, 1807): 2C virgatus Pajni, 1990: 2B Tribe DERMATODINI Emden, 1936 Genus Dermatoxenus Marshall, 1916 helleri Marshall, 1916: 2C indicus Marshall, 1916: 2C Genus Eustalida Faust, 1891 bomfordi Faust, 1891: 2C Tribe EPISOMINI Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Episomus Schoenherr, 1823 appendiculatus Faust, 1897: 2C quatuornotatus Desbrochers des Loges, 1890: 2C Genus Lachnotarsus Marshall, 1916

562

stevensi Marshall, 1916: 2C Tribe NOTHOGNATHINI Marshall, 1916 Genus Nothognathus Marshall, 1916 schoutedeni Marshall, 1916: Himalaya varius Marshall, 1916: Himalaya Tribe OTIORHYNCHINI Schönherr, 1826 Genus Himalotiorhynchus Magnano, 2006 nepalensis Magnano, 2006: 2A Genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 species incertae sedis amoenus Faust, 1886: 2A Tribe PHYLLOBIINI Schoenherr, 1826 Genus Brachyxystus Faust, 1897 subsignatus gulmargicus Thompson, 1977: 2A subsignatus subsignatus Faust, 1897: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Catorygma Marshall, 1916 spinipenne Pajni, Kukreja and Gandhi, 1995: 2A Tribe POLYDRUSINI Schoenherr, 1823 Genus Pachyrhinus Schoenherr, 1823 Subgenus Pachyrhinus Schoenherr, 1823 minutioculatus (Gandhi and Pajni, 1984): 2A Genus Polydrusus Germar, 1817 Subgenus Chaerodrys Jacquelin du Val, 1854 setifrons kashmirensis Voss, 1959: 2A Tribe PSALLIDIINI Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Sphingorrhinotus Voss, 1957 marussii kaschmirensis Braun, 1996: 2A marussii marussii Voss, 1957: 2A Tribe SITONINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Eugnathus Schoenherr, 1834 curvus Faust, 1897: 2C Genus Sitona Germar, 1817 callosus Gyllenhal, 1834: 2A Tribe TANYMECINI Lacordaire, 1863 Subtribe PIAZOMNNA Reitter, 1913 Genus Achlainomus Waterhouse, 1853 bazinus Aslam, 1966: 2B curvipes (Marshall, 1916): 2B ebeninus Waterhouse, 1853: 2B fausti Aslam, 1966: 2A lituratus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B longulus (Faust, 1897): 2A, 2B squamulosus Hustache, 1928: 2A tabindus Aslam, 1966: 2B Genus Atmetonychus Schoenherr, 1840 peregrinus (Olivier, 1807): 2A Genus Dereodus Schoenherr, 1826 Subgenus Dereodus Schoenherr, 1826 mastos (Herbst, 1797): 2B pollinosus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B sparsus (Boheman, 1840): 2A Genus Geotragus Schoenherr, 1845 assamensis (Schoenherr, 1847): 2C bituberosus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1891): 2C himalayanus Boheman, 1845: 2C Genus Hyperomias Marshall, 1916 aenescens Marshall, 1916: 1C, 2C albosetosus Gandhi and Pajni, 1995: 2A babaulti (Hustache, 1928): 2A


himalayensis Gandhi and Pajni, 1995: 2A montarum (Marshall, 1916): 2C Genus Hypomeces Schoenherr, 1823 pulviger (Flerbst, 1795): 2C Genus Indomias Marshall, 1941 subserratipes Ramamurthy, 2010: 2A Genus Leptdospyris Marshall, 1916 cretacea (Faust, 1897): 2B demissa Marshall, 1916: 2A, 2B Genus Lepropus Schoenherr, 1823 Subgenus Lepropus Schoenherr, 1823 adultus (Olivier, 1807): 2B, 2C christopheri Poorani and Ramamurthy, 1997: 2B chrysochlorus (Wiedmann, 1823): 2C flavovittatus (Pascoe, 1881): 2C, 2D rutilans (Olivier, 1807): 2C Genus Leptomias Faust, 1886 Subgenus Leptomias Faust, 1886 angustatus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A, 2B artus (Aslam, 1969): 2B aslami Alonso-Zarazaga and Ren, 2013: 2B audax Faust, 1886: 2B bhatiai (Aslam, 1969): 2A bipustulatus Faust, 1897: 2A, 2B bituberculatus Marshall, 1916: Himalaya cavus (Aslam, 1969): 2B costatus (Faust, 1897): 2A curtus Marshall, 1916: 2B dalhousiensis (Aslam, 1969): 2A depressus (Aslam, 1969): 2A dilatipes Gandhi and Pajni, 1989: 2B elongatulus Marshall, 1916: Himalaya exilis (Aslam, 1969): 2B fletcheri (Aslam, 1969): 2A gibbus Aslam, 1961: 2B granulatus (Aslam, 1969): 2A indicus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988 : 2A interruptus (Aslam, 1969): 2A invidus Faust, 1886: 2A jekeli Faust, 1886: 2A, 2B kashmirensis Aslam, 1961: 2A lineostriatus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988: 2A lobatus Aslam, 1961: 2D lolabensis (Aslam, 1969): 2A longiscapus Aslam, 1961: 2B marshalli Hustache, 1928: 2A minutisquomosus (Gandhi and Pajni, 1988): 2A montanus (Aslam, 1969): 2A nigroguttatus Gandhi and Pajni, 1988 : 2A obesus (Aslam, 1969): 2B persimilis Marshall, 1916: Himalaya pilosus Aslam, 1961: 2A pinguis (Aslam, 1969): 2B planus (Aslam, 1969): 2B porcellus Marshall, 1916: Himalaya praetermissus Marshall, 1916: 2A sabulosus Faust, 1897: 2A scrobicollis Marshall, 1916: 2A setulosus Marshall, 1916: 2A


solani (Aslam, 1969): 2A spinifer Marshall, 1916: 2A stoliczkae Faust, 1886: 2A striolatus (Aslam, 1969): 2A stultus Faust, 1897: 2A subcostatus (Aslam, 1969): 2A subgranulatus (Aslam, 1969): 2B sulcicollis Marshall, 1916: 2B tirthanensis (Aslam, 1969): 2A undulans Marshall, 1955: 2D waltersi Aslam, 1961: 2A Genus Pachynotus Redtenbacher, 1844 globulicollis Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A, 2B mayarami Mahendiran and Ramamurthy, 2013: 2B kumaonensis Mahendiran and Ramamurthy, 2013: 2B Genus Strophosomoides Aslam, 1966 championi Aslam, 1966 : 2A fastigatus Aslam, 1966 : 2A, 2B gulmargensis Aslam, 1966: 2A kumaonensis Aslam, 1966: 2B niger Aslam, 1966: 2A pahalgamensis Pajni and Gandhi, 1988: 2A Genus Sympiezomias Faust, 1887 subserratipes Ramamurthy, 2010: 2A Genus Triangulomias Chen, 1991 waltoni (Marshall, 1916): 2C Genus Xylinopliorus Faust, 1885 Subgenus Eutinopus Faust, 1887 stoeckleini Voss, 1943 : 2A tonsus (Faust, 1887): 2A Subgenus Xylinophorus Faust, 1885 affinis Hustache, 1928: 2A minutus Hustache, 1928: 2A penicillatus Marshall, 1916: 2A, 2B peregrinus Faust, 1897: 2A prodromus Faust, 1885: 2A strigifrons Faust, 1897: 2B Subtribe TANYMECINA Lacordaire, 1863 Genus Acrocoelopus Marshall, 1916 cretaceus Marshall, 1916: 2C Genus Chlorophanus Sahlberg, 1823 almorensis Gandhi and Pajni, 1984: 2B nigrocupreus Gandhi and Pajni, 1984: 2A Genus Esamus Chevrolat, 1880 circumdatus (Wiedemann, 1821): 2B, 2C lefroyi (Marshall, 1916): 2B plurisetosus Pajni and Gandhi, 1987: 2A simplex (Marshall, 1916): 2B spinitibialis Pajni and Gandhi, 1987: 2B versicolor (Marshall, 1916): 2C Genus Krauseus Supare, 1990 agrestis (Faust, 1899): 2B Genus Megamecus Reitter, 1903 Subgenus Acercomectis Reitter, 1903 feae (Faust, 1894): 2C Subgenus Hypesamus Reitter, 1903 sciurus (Olivier, 1807): 2B Subgenus Megamecus Reitter, 1903 marginalis (Gyllenhal, 1834): 2C

563

Genus Phacephorus Schoenherr, 1840 argyrostomus (Gyllenhal, 1840): 2B Genus Phaenoderus Peringuey, 1892 viridulus (Faust, 1886): 2C Genus Scepticus Roelofs, 1873 callosus Hustache, 1928: 2A kashmirensis Marshall, 1916: 2A noxius (Faust, 1886): 2A, 2B nubifer (Faust, 1886): 2A rotundicollis Morimoto, 1963: 2B tristis Voss, 1943: 2A Genus Tanymecus Germar, 1817 Subgenus Tanymecus Germar, 1817 circumdatus var. rusticus Gyllenhal, 1916: 2B agrestis Faust, 1899: 2B circumdatus (Wiedemann in Germar, 1821): 2B hispidus Marshall, 1916: 2C indicus indicus Faust, 1894: 2B princeps (Faust, 1891): 2B Subfamily HYPERINAE Marseul, 1863 (1848) Tribe CEPURINI Capiomont, 1867 Genus Hypera Germar, 1817 Subgenus Hypera Germar, 1817 postica (Gyllenhal, 1813): 1A Subfamily LIXINAE Schönherr, 1823 Tribe CLEONMI Schoenherr, 1826 Genus Atactogaster Faust, 1904 zebra (Chevrolat, 1873): 2C Genus Cosmogaster Faust, 1904 Subgenus Cosmogaster Faust, 1904 cordofana (Fahraeus, 1842): 2A Genus Mecaspis Schoenherr, 1823 sexguttata Redtenbacher, 1844: 2A Genus Pajnisoodes Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 2002 flavomaculatus Pajni and Sood, 1982: 2A Genus Xanthochelus Chevrolat, 1872 major (Herbst, 1784): 2A, 2C Tribe LIXINI Schönherr, 1823 Genus Gasteroclisus Desbrochers des Loges, 1904 Subgenus Gasteroclisus Desbrochers des Loges, 1904 arcurostris Petri, 1912: 2C auriculatus (Sahlberg, 1823): 2C scissifrons Petri, 1912 : 2C subdentatus (Petri, 1904): 2C Genus Hypolixus Desbrochers des Loges, 1898 truncatulus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A Genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 Subgenus Phyllonomeus Gistel, 1856 griseopilosus Roelofs, 1873: 2D saussureae Marshall, 1924: 2B Genus Lixus Fabricius, 1801 languidus Faust, 1891: 2C Subfamily MESOPTILIINAE Lacordaire, 1863 Tribe MAGDALIDINI Pascoe, 1870 Genus Magdalis Germar, 1817 Subgenus Magdalis Germar, 1817 himalayana Marshall, 1925: 2A Subfamily MOLYTINAE Schönherr, 1823 Tribe AMINYOPINI Voss, 1956

564

Genus Falsanchonus Zherikhin, 1987 ausobskyi Zherikhin, 1987: 2C bhaktai Meregalli, 2003: 2C roggeroi Meregalli, 2003: 2C Genus Microplinthus Zherikhin, 1987 laurae Meregalli, 2004: 2C shiva Meregalli, 2004: 2C Genus Niphades Pascoe, 1871 Subgenus Niphades Pascoe, 1871 alni Marshall, 1931: 2C multituberculatus Pajni, Sood and Tewari, 1990: 2A Genus Niphadonyx Schenkling, 1932 canaliculatus Meregalli, 2013: 2C ferus (Faust, 1887): 2A foveatus Pajni and Sood, 1983: 2A himachalensis Meregalli, 2013: 2A himalayanus Meregalli, 2013: 2B inconspicuus Meregalli, 2013: 2D kashmirensis (Formánek, 1922): 2A parallelus Meregalli, 2013: 2D shimlae Meregalli, 2013: 2A sympatricus Meregalli, 2013: 2D Tribe HYLOBIINI Kirby, 1837 Subtribe HYLOBIINA Kirby, 1837 Genus Aclees Schoenherr, 1835 Subgenus Aclees Schoenherr, 1835 conicollis Desbrochers des Loges, 1891: 2C Genus Hylobius Germar, 1817 Subgenus Callirus Dejean, 1821 angustus Faust, 1891: 2A Genus Kobuzo Kôno, 1933 crassus Marshall, 1936: 2C multituberculatus Pajni and Sood, 1981: 2C Genus Pagiophloeus Faust, 1892 bispinulus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1891): 2C consimilis (Faust, 1891): 2C levipectus Marshall, 1936: 2C longiclavis (Marshall, 1924): 2B, 2C pacca (Fabricius, 1801): 2C tuberosus Marshall, 1942: Himalaya Genus Paramecops Schoenherr, 1825 farinosa Gyllenhal, in Schönherr, 1836: 2A Genus Pimelocerus Lacordaire, 1863 bituberculatus (Pajni, Sood and Tewari, 1989): 2B darjeelingensis (Pajni, Sood and Tewari, 1989): 2C fletcheri (Marshall, 1919) : 2B furcatus (Marshall, 1924): 2B macilentus (Boheman, 1834): 2C Genus Pseudopagiophloeus Pajni, Sood and Tewari, 1990 divergus Pajni, Sood and Tewari, 1990: 2D Tribe ITHYPORINI Lacordaire, 1865 Subtribe ITHYPORINA Lacordaire, 1865 Genus Mecocorynus Schoenherr, 1825 varipes (Wiedemann, 1819): 2C Subtribe COLOBODINA Voss, 1958 Genus Colobodes Schoenherr, 1837 spinisquamosus Arya, Singh and Pajni 1987 : 2C Tribe MECYSOLOBINI Reitter, 1913 Genus Alcidodes Marshall, 1939


dipterocarpi (Marshall, 1921): 2B fabricii fabricii (Fabricius, 1798): 2B fabricii fenestrates (Olivier, 1807): 2C funestus (Faust, 1894): 2C signatus (Boheman, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Brahmalcidodes Pajni and Dhir, 1987 micronychus (Pascoe, 1871): 2B Genus Cylindralcides Heller, 1918 Subgenus Cylindralcides Heller, 1918 aemulus (Faust, 1894): 2C affaber (Aurivillius, 1892): 2A, 2B bubo (Fabricius, 1801): 2B, 2C corniculus (Faust, 1894) : 2A, 2C ludificator (Faust, 1894) : 2B major (Haaf, 1964): 2C montanus (Haaf, 1964) : 2C obesus (Faust, 1894) : 2C siccus (Haaf, 1964): 2C tutus (Faust, 1894): 2B Genus Merus Gistel, 1857 Subgenus Merus Gistel, 1857 fasciatus (Redtenbacher, 1844) : 2A, 2B, 2C flavosignatus (Roelofs, 1875): 2C leopardus (Olivier, 1807): 2C mellitus (Faust, 1898): Himalaya schereri (Haaf, 1964): 2B westermanni (Boheman, 1844): 2B, 2C

Genus Neomecyslobus Pajni and Dhir, 1987 Subgenus Neomecyslobus Pajni and Dhir, 1987 gardneri Dhir and Pajni, 1990: 2B octoguttatus (Redtenbacher, 1844): 2A squamosus Dhir and Pajni, 1990: 2C Genus Sternuchopsis Heller, 1918 Subgenus Sternuchopsis Heller, 1918 hypocrita (Boheman, 1844): 2B, 2C porrectirostris (Marshall, 1913): 2A subhumerosa (Marshall, 1922): 2C Tribe METATYGINI Pascoe, 1888 Genus Physarchus Pascoe, 1865 castaneipennis Faust, 1891: 2C Tribe MOLYTINI Schoenherr, 1823 Subtribe MOLYTINA Schoenherr, 1823 Genus Euthycus Pascoe, 1885 costalis Marshall, 1943: 2C Tribe PAIPALESOMINI Marshall, 1932 Genus Peribleptus Schoenherr, 1843 bardus Marshall, 1944: 2C dealbatus (Boisduval, 1835): 2B himalayanus (Voss, 1939): 2C minutus Pajni, Sood and Kohli, 1982: 2C scalptus Boheman, 1843: 2C Tribe TRACHODINI Gistel, 1848 Genus Acicnemis Fairmaire, 1849 bauhiniae Marshall, 1941: 2B, 2C

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Chapter 36

Insecta : Neuroptera SUMANA HALDER1, TANOY MUKHERJEE2, DEVANSHU GUPTA3 and KAILASH CHANDRA4

A systematic list of order Neuroptera with the species distribution in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya has been compiled, comprising 124 species belonging to 69 genera under ten families, accounting 39.7% of the entire neuropteran diversity of India. Central Himalaya has the highest diversity with 56 species followed by North West Himalaya (42), West Himalaya (30), East Himalaya (14) and Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (1).

N

INTRODUCTION

europtera is an important insect order among all the predacious insects, serving as biological control agent (Ghosh, 2000). The insects in this order are termed as the lacewings, dobsonflies, and antlions. Sometimes neuropterans are confused with damselflies and dragonflies for their similar appearance. However, taxonomically its prominent antennae, wingvenation helps to separate from them. The adults are softbodied, greenish to yellowish with the beautiful network of wing veins. These carnivorous insects are with mouth parts, adapted for chewing that helps to predate on other small insects. They predate on agricultural pests such as aphids, thrips, moths, and mites. The neuropteran fauna of the world currently includes about 5,937 species, and out of them, 312 species are known from India till date (Oswald, 2007; Chandra, 2011a; Zhang, 2013; Fig. 1)). This chapter is aimed to present a consolidated account of the diversity and distribution order Neuroptera from Indian Himalaya (IH). Biogeographically, IH is classified into seven biotic provinces: Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains (1A), Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau (1B), Trans HimalayaSikkim (1C), North-West Himalaya (2A), West Himalaya (2B), Central Himalaya (2C), and East Himalaya (2D) (Rodgers et al., 2002). The information on the diversity and distribution of neuropteran fauna of IH is fragmentary

recorded in scattered publications. Therefore, in this chapter, a systematic list of order Neuroptera from IH is compiled from the published literature. The species names used in the checklist follow Oswald (2007; http:// lacewing.tamu.edu/SpeciesCatalog/). The distribution of species in different biotic provinces of IH is provided.

HISTORICAL RESUME The initial works on this group were carried out mainly by Linnaeus (1758), Fabricius (1775, 1793), Walker (1853), Needham (1909), and Banks (1911, 1913, 1931). Brooks and Barnard (1990), Oswald (1998a, 1998b) revised the world fauna of families; Chrysopidae, Dilaridae, and Ascalaphidae. Hölzel (1972), Barnard (1981), Mansell (1986), New (1991), and Sziráki (1998) contributed on the Oriental fauna of this order. The taxonomic studies focussing to Indian fauna of this order include Singh and Jaljali (1991), Ghosh and Sen (1977), Ghosh (1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1981c, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1997, 2000), and Ghosh and Maulik (1985). Abraham and Meszaro (2002) discovered a new species and a new genus in the family Ascalaphidae. As far as, Neuroptera fauna of IH is concerned, the major contributions have been made by Walker (1853), Needham (1909), Banks (1911, 1913, 1931), Navás (1912a, 1912b, 1914, 1915, 1923, 1924, 1929a 1929b, 1931, 1933), Dover (1921), Ghosh and Sen (1977), Ghosh (1983, 1984, 1985), Chandra (2011a, 2011b) and Dey (2015).

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Halder, S., Mukherjee, T., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K. 2018. Insecta : Neuroptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 591-596 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

SPECIES DIVERSITY In this compilation, a checklist comprising 124 species belonging to 69 genera under ten families is prepared from IH which accounts 39.74% of the total diversity of India (see systematic list; Fig. 1; Table 1). The family Myrmeleontidae shows the maximum diversity (31 species; 20 genera), followed by Chrysopidae (30 species; 18 genera), Ascalaphidae (19 species; 12 genera), Osmylidae (13 species; 7 genera), Mantispidae (7 species; 4 genera), Coniopterygidae (7 species; 5 genera), Dilaridae (2 species; 2 genera), Ithonidae (2 species; 1 genera), and Berothidae (1 species; 1 genera) (Table 1). Among different biotic provinces, the Central Himalaya comprises the maximum diversity (56), followed by North-West Himalaya (42), West Himalaya (30) and East Himalaya (14) (Fig. 2).

GAP AREAS As per the information compiled in this chapter the Central Himalaya, North-West Himalaya, West Himalaya and East Himalaya are blessed with a rich diversity of order Neuroptera. However, there is a lack of information on these insects from Ladakh Mountains, Tibetan Plateau, and Trans Himalaya-Sikkim. Therefore there is a need to systematically survey these areas to document the diversity of these regions.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Degradation of suitable habitats caused by habitat fragmentation is one of the major threats to the insect diversity including neuropteran diversity. These insects have been widely known as biological control agents

thus play a wider role in formulating the integrated pest management of various commercial crops. Therefore, the conservation of the diversity of this significant taxa is utmost required to reduce the pressure caused by the extensive use of pesticides. 5,937

World

312

124

India

Indian Himalaya

Fig. 1. Number of species in World, India, and Indian Himalaya.

Table 1. Number of species in each family known from Indian Himalaya compared with Indian and global diversity. S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Family

World

India

%

IH

%

Berothidae Mantispidae Osmylidae Chrysopidae Hemerobiidae Myrmeleontidae Ascalaphidae Coniopterygidae Dilaridae Ithonidae

126 398 219 1,423 592 1,686 436 579 97 96

3 18 17 65 21 123 33 19 25 4

2.4 4.5 7.8 4.6 3.5 7.3 7.6 3.3 25.8 4.2

1 7 13 30 11 31 19 7 2 2

33.3 38.9 74.5 46.2 52.4 25.2 57.6 36.8 8.0 50.0

Fig. 2. Map of Indian Himalaya showing number of neuropterans in biotic proviences.

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SYSTEMATIC LIST Order NEUROPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Family BEROTHIDAE Handlirsch, 1908 Subfamily BEROTHINAE Handlirsch, 1906 Genus Berotha Walker, 1859 insolita Walker, 1859: 2D Family MANTISPIDAE Westwood, 1840 Subfamily MANTISPINAE Bnderlein, 1910 Genus Austroclimaciella Handschin, 1961 brianti (Navás, 1914): 2C quadrituberculata (Westwood, 1852): 2A, 2C Genus Euclimacia Enderlein, 1910 cottami Navás, 1914: 2C woodhousei Navás, 1914: 2C Genus Eumantispa Okamoto, 1910 rugicollis (Navás, 1905): 2C Genus Mantispa Illiger, 1798 indica Westwood, 1852: 2A, 2B, 2C lineolata Westwood, 1852: 2A Family OSMYLIDAE Newman, 1853 Subfamily SPILOSMYLINAE Krüger, 1913 Genus Spilosmylus Kolbe, 1897 darjeelingensis Ghosh, 2000: 2C conspersus (Walker, 1853): 2C Subfamily OSMYLINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Mesosmylus Krüger, 1913 naevius (Navás, 1912): 2C Genus Hyposmylus MacLachlan, 1869 punctipennis (Walker, 1860): 2B, 2C asperses Krüger, 1913: 2D Genus Lahulus Navás, 1930 babaulti Navás, 1930: 2A Genus Parosmylus Needham, 1909 belaae Ghosh and Sen, 1968: 2B, 2C, 2D prominens Needham, 1909: 2A Subfamily SPILOSMYLINAE Krüger, 1913 Genus Thyridosmylus Krüger, 1913 perspicillaris perspicillaris (Gerstaecker, 1885): 2C perspicillaris minor Kimmins, 1942: 2C pustulatus Kimmins, 1942: 2A langii (McLachlan, 1870): 2B Subfamily PROTOSMYLINAE Krüger, 1913 Genus Heterosmylus Krüger, 1913 aspersus Krüger, 1913: 2C Family CHRYSOPIDAE Newman, 1853 Subfamily CHRYSOPINAE Esben-Petersen, 1918 Tribe CHRYSOPINI Hölzel, 1970 Genus Cunctochrysa Hölzel, 1970 albolineata (Killington, 1935): 1B, 2B, 2D jubingensis (Hölzel, 1973): 2B albolineata (Killington, 1935): 2D, 2C Genus Pseudomallada (Tsukaguchi, 1995) alcestes (Banks, 1911): 2B Genus Brinckochrysa Tjeder, 1966 scelestes (Banks, 1911): 2C Genus Mallada Navás, 1925 desjardinsi (Navás, 1911): 2B kinnaurensis (Ghosh, 1977): 2A, 2B murreensis (Tjeder, 1963): 2B obvius (Hölzel, 1973): 2B garhwalensis (Ghosh, 1985): 2D Genus Chrysopidia Navás, 1910 HALDER et al. : Insecta : Neuroptera

Subgenus Chrysopidia Navás, 1910 nigrata Navás, 1910: 2C numerosa Navás, 1914: 2C fuscata Navás, 1914: 2C Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 himalayana Ghosh, 1985: 2B pallens (Rambur, 1838): 2A virgestes Banks, 1911: 2C Genus Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909 indica Needham, 1909: 2A, 2B cirerai (Navás, 1930): 2C Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 orestes (Banks, 1911): 2A carnea (Stephins, 1836): 2A zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen, 1935): 2B Tribe BELONOPTERYGINI Navás, 1913 Genus Italochrysa Principi, 1946 carletoni (Banks, 1939): 2A, 2C lefroyi (Needham, 1909): 2B stitzi (Navás, 1925): 2C talaverae (Navás, 1928): 2C Genus Stigmachrysa Navás, 1925 cladostigma (Navás, 1913): 2C Tribe ANKYLOPTERYGINI Navás, 1910 Genus Retipenna Brooks, 1986 dasyphlebia (McLachlan, 1894): 2B notata (Novas, 1910): 2C Genus Ankylopteryx Brauer, 1864 Subgenus Ankylopteryx Brauer, 1864 octopunctata octopunctata (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B Subfamily NOTHOCHRYSINAE Navás, 1910 Genus Nothochrysa MacLachlan, 1868 indigena Needham, 1909: 2B Family HEMEROBIIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily MEGALOMINAE Krüger, 1922 Genus Megalomus Rambur, 1842 setusulus (Walker, 1859): 2A Subfamily HEMEROBIINAE Krüger, 1922 Genus Psectra Hagen, 1866 iniqua (Hagen, 1859): 2C Genus Neuronema MacLachlan, 1869 albostigma (Matsumura, 1907): 2C decisum (Walker, 1860): 2C Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 indicus Kimmins, 1938: 2B solanensis Ghosh, 1976: 2A Subfamily MICROMINAE Krüger, 1922 Genus Micromus Rambur, 1842 garhwalensis (Dey, 2015): 2B himalayensis (Dey, 2015): 2B timidus Hagen, 1853: 2B, 2C linearis Hagen, 1858: 2A calidus Hagen, 1859: 2A, 2C Family MYRMELEONTIDAE Burmeister, 1829 Subfamily MYRMELEONTINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe NEMOLEONTINI Banks, 1911 Genus Creoleon Tillyard, 1918 irene (Banks, 1939): 2C Genus Distoleon Banks, 1910 sambalpurensis Ghosh, 1984: 2C verendus (Walker, 1853): 2A, 2D bivittatum (Banks, 1914): 2D

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bistrigatus (Rambur, 1842): 2A nefandus (Walker, 1853): 2A, 2B Genus Delfimeus Navás, 1921 intricatus (Hölzel, 1972): 2A Genus Neuroleon Navás, 1909 Subgenus Neuroleon Navás, 1909 dianae Hölzel, 1972: 2A Genus Indoleon Banks, 1913 audax (Walker, 1853): 2C Tribe ACANTHACLISINI Navás, 1912 Genus Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842 occitanica (Villers, 1789): 2A Genus Stiphroneura Gerstaecker, 1885 inclusa (Walker, 1853): 2C Tribe DENDROLEONINI Navás, 1912 Genus Dendroleon Brauer, 1866 regius Navás, 1914: 2C Genus Epacanthaclisis Okamoto, 1910 continentalis Esben- Ptersen, 1935: 2A Genus Gatzara Navás, 1914 jubilaea Navás, 1915: 2C Genus Indoclystus Banks, 1941 singularis (Westwood, 1848): 2C Genus Layahima Navás, 1912 nebulosa Navás, 1912: 2C Tribe GLENURINI Banks, 1927 Genus Negrokus Navás, 1930 lebasi Navás, 1930: 2C Tribe MYRMECAELURINI Esben-Petersen, 1918 Genus Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855 acerbus (Walker, 1853): 2B zigan Aspock et al., 1980: Himalaya Tribe MYRMELEONTINI Latreille, 1802 Genus Baliga Navás, 1912 monticola Navás, 1937: 2C pupillata Navás, 1905: 2C sagax (Walker, 1853): 2B, 2C Genus Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1967 Subgenus Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767 marginicollis Gerst., 1859: 2A montanus Navás, 1914: 2A, 2C, 2D tivialis Gerst., 1884: Himalaya clothilde Banks, 1913: 2A oberthuri (Navás, 1923): 2C Genus Hagenomyia Banks, 1911 nigrinus (Esben-Petersen, 1927): 2D Tribe NESOLEONTINI Markl, 1954 Genus Cueta Navás, 1911 lineosa (Rambur, 1842): 2B, 2C Tribe PALPARINI Banks, 1911 Genus Indopalpares Rambur, 1842 pardus (Rambur, 1842): 2A, 2C Genus Tomatares Hagen, 1866 pardalis (Fabricius, 1781): Himalaya Family ASCALAPHIDAE Schneider, 1845 Subfamily HAPLOGLENIINAE Weele, 1908 Genus Idricerus MacLachlan, 1873 decrepitus (Walker, 1859): 2A, 2D sogdianus MacLachlan, 1875: 2A Genus Protidricerus Weele, 1908 elwesi (MacLachlan, 1891): 2D Subfamily ASCALAPHINAE Rambur, 1842

594

Tribe ENCYOPOSINI Weele, 1908 Genus Ogcogaster Westwood, 1848 kirbyi van der Weele, 1909: 2A segmentator (Westwood, 1847): 2A, 2B tesselata Westwood, 1848: 2A Genus Siphlocerus MacLachlan, 1871 nimius (Walker, 1853): 2B Tribe ASCALAPHINI Weele, 1908 Genus Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775 prothoracicus (Kimmins, 1949): 2C sinister Walker, 1853: 2C, 2D dicax Walker, 1853: 2A, 2C Genus Ascalaphodes MacLachlan, 1871 canifrons (Westwood, 1847): Himalaya Tribe SUHPALACSINI Weele, 1908 Genus Suhpalacsa Lefebvre, 1842 orsedice Banks, 1914: 2C, 2D Genus Suphalomitus Weele, 1908 verbosus (Walker, 1853): 2C brevis Kimmins, 1949: 2C Genus Agrionosoma Weele, 1908 dohrni van der Weele, 1909: 2C Tribe HYBRISINI Weele, 1908 Genus Acheron Lefebvre, 1842 trux trux (Walker, 1853): 2C Genus Protacheron Weele, 1908 westermanni Esben-Petersen, 1933: Himalaya oreobius Alexandrov-Martynov, 1926: 2B Genus Stephanolasca Van der Weele, 1909 obscurus (Westwood, 1848): 2A Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE Burmeister, 1839 Subfamily ALEUROPTERYGINAE Enderlein, 1905 Tribe FONTENELLEINI Enderlein, 1905 Genus Helicoconis Enderlein, 1905 csorbai Sziraki, 1999: 2A Subfamily CONIOPTERYGINAE Enderlein, 1905 Tribe CONIOPTERYGINI Burmeister, 1839 Genus Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834 Subgenus Xeroconiopteryx Meinander, 1972 latigonarcuata Meinander, 1972: 2A Subgenus Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834 exigua Withycombe, 1925: 2A Tribe CONIOCOMPSINI Enderlein, 1905 Genus Coniocompsa Enderlein, 1905 indica Withycombe, 1925: 2B. Tribe CONWENTZIINI Enderlein, 1905 Genus Hemisemidalis Meinander, 1972 fulvipennis Sziraki, 1999: 2A hreblayi Sziraki, 1999: 2A Genus Semidalis Enderlein, 1905 aleyrodiformis (Stephens, 1836): 2A Family DILARIDAE Newman, 1853 Subfmily DILARINAE Adams, 1970 Genus Dilar Rambur, 1840 indicus Monserrat, 1989: 2A hornei McLachlan, 1869: 2C Subgenus Guangxiensis Zhang et al., 2015 harmandi (Navás, 1909): 2C Family ITHONIDAE Newman, 1853 Genus Rapisma McLachlan, 1866 viridipenne (Walker, 1853): 2C almoranum Barnard, 1981: 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

REFERENCES Abraham, L. and Meszaro, Z. 2002. Ascalaphid studies I. New genera and species of Ascalaphid from Palaearctic region (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae). Acta Phyto. Entomol. Hungarica, 37(4): 385-405. Banks, N. 1911. Notes on Indian Neuropteroid Insects, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 13: 99-106. Banks, N. 1913. The neuropterous genus Palpares, Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 6: 171-191. Banks, N. 1931. Some Oriental Neuropteroid Insects. Psyche, 38: 56-70. Barnard, P.C. 1981. The Rapismatidae (Neuroptera): montane lacewings of the oriental region, Syst. Entomol., 6: 121-136. Brooks, S.J. and Barnard, P.C. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 59(2): 117-286. Chandra, K. 2011a. Insect fauna of states and union territories in India, In Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects and Spiders). Envis Bull. Wildlife Prot. Areas, 14(1): 189-218. Chandra, K. 2011b. Insect diversity of Sikkim, India. In, Biodiversity of Sikkim-Exploring and Conserving a Hotspot. Information and Public Relations Dept. Govt. of Sikkim: 186-206. Dey, S.R. 2015. Seasonal occurrence and altitudinal distribution of Neuroptera (Insecta) in Uttarakhand, India. Beats Nat. Sci., 2(4): 1-13. Dover, C. 1921. Neuropteroid insects of Barkuda Island. Rec. Indian Mus., 22: 397. Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae. Korte, Flensburgi et Lipseae: 1-832. Fabricius, J.C. 1793. Entomologica Systematica. 2. Proft., Hafniae: 1-519. Ghosh, S.K. 1980. New record of the species Indophanes barbarus (Walker) (Myrmeleontidae: Neuroptera) from India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 3(1-2): 119. Ghosh, S.K. 1981a. A new species of the genus Italochrysa Principi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 3(3): 145-146. Ghosh, S.K. 1981b. New records of Neuroptera; Planipennia from the Laccadive Islands, India coupled with a short note on the taxonomic variation of Centroclisis eustalacta (Gerst.). Bull. zool. Surv. India, 3(3): 269-270. Ghosh, S.K. 1981c. Notes on Indian species of Neochauliodes Weele (Neuroptera: Corydalidae). Bull. zool. Surv. India, 4(2): 199-202. Ghosh, S.K. 1983. Notes on the biogeography of Neuroptera : Planipennia from certain areas of the North-West Himalayan and Northern peninsular sectors of India, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80: 291-300. Ghosh, S.K. 1984. Contribution to the taxonomical studies of Neuroptera (suborder Planipennia) from eastern India 1. Family Myrmeleontidae. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 52: 1-59. Ghosh, S.K. 1985. On a few interesting species of the family Chrysopidae. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 7(2-3): 215-218. Ghosh, S.K. 1988. Contribution to the taxonomical studies of Neuroptera (suborder Planipennia) from eastern India. 2. Family Ascalaphidae. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 85(2): 163-191. Ghosh, S.K. 1990. Contribution to the taxonomical studies of Neuroptera (Suborder Planipennia) from Eastern India III. Family Chrysopidae. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 86(2) : 329-354. Ghosh, S.K. 1991a. Interesting species of Neuroptera from Himachal Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 89(1-4): 89-94. Ghosh, S.K. 1991b. On a new species of the genus Palpares (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 88(1-4): 71-73. Ghosh, S.K. 1997. Neuroptera. In: Fauna of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 9: 65-66 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Ghosh, S.K. 2000. Neuroptera fauna of north-east India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 184: 1-179. Ghosh, S.K. and Maulik, D.R. 1985. On a small collection of Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from West Bengal, India. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 7(2-3): 237-239. Ghosh, S.K. and Sen, S. 1977. Check-list of Indian Planipennia (Order Neuroptera). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 73(1-4): 277326. Hölzel, V.H. 1972. Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens IV. Myrmeleonidae. Beitr. naturk. Forsch. Südw Dtl., 1: 3-103. HALDER et al. : Insecta : Neuroptera

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Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. 10th ed., Holmiae, 1: 1-824. Mansell, M.W. 1986. Biogeography and Phytogeny of the Crocinae (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae), Rec. Res. Neuropt., : 77-85. Navás, L. 1912a. Notas sobre Mirmeleónidos (Ins. Neur.). Brotéria (Zoológica), 10: 29-75, 85-97. Navás, L. 1912b. Myrmeléonides nouveaux de l’extrème Orient (Neuroptera). Rus. Ent. Obozr., 12: 110-114. Navás, L. 1914. Mynneleonides nouveaux ou critiques. Ann. Soc. Sci., Br., 38: 229-254. Navás, L. 1915. Neurópteros nuevos o poco conocidos (Cuarta [IV] serie). Mem. Real Acad. Cienc. Artes de Barcelona, 11(3): 373-358. Navás, L. 1923. Insecta orientalia. I. Series. Memorie Accad. Pont. Nuovi Lincei, Rome, 6(2): 29-41. Navás, L. 1924a. Insecta orientalia. II Series. Memorie Accad. Pont. Nuovi Lincei, Rome, 7(2): 211-216. Navás, L. 1924b. Insecta orientalia. III Series. Memorie Accad. Pont. Nuovi Lincei, Rome, 7(2): 217-228. Navás, L. 1929a. Comunicaciones entomológicas. 12. Insectos de la India. 2.a serie. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exact Fisico Nat., Zaragoza, 13(1): 13-28. Navás, L. 1929b. Insecta orientalia. VI Series. Mem. Accad. Pont. Nuov. Lincei, Rome, 12(2): 33-42. Navás, L. 1931. Comunicaciones entomológicas. 14. Insectos de la India. 4.a serie. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exact Fisico Nat., Zaragoza, 15(1): 11-41. Navás, L. 1933. Insecta orientalia. XII series. Mem. Accad. Pont. Nuov. Lincei, Rome: 17(2):75-08. Needham, J.G. 1909. Notes on the Neuroptera on the collection of the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., 3: 185-210. New, T.R. 1991. Osmylidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from the Oriental Region. Inv. Taxo., 5: 1-31. Oswald, J.D. 1998a. Annotated catalogue of the Dilaridae (Insecta: Neuroptera) of the World Tijds. Entomol., 141: 115128. Oswald, J.D. 1998b. An annotated checklist of the Ascalaphidae species known from Asia and from the Pacific Islands Folia Ent. Hung., 59: 57-72. Oswald, J.D. 2007. Neuropterida Species of the world: a catalogue of the species-group names of the extant and fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Raphidioptera) of the world http://lacewing.tamu.edu./ Species-catalogue/ (Accessed on 1/7/2017). Rodgers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife Protected Areas in India: a Review (Executive Summary). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Singh, S.P. and Jalali, S.P. 1991. Chrysopid predators. Their production and use. Est. Bull., National Center for Integrated Pest Management, 2: 12. Sziráki, G. 1998. An annotated checklist of the Ascalaphidae species known from Asia and from the Pacific Islands, Folia Entomol. Hungarica Rovartani Közlemények, 49: 57-72. Walker, F. 1853. Sialieds- Neuropterids. Catalogue of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 2: 193-476. Zhang, Z.Q. 2013. Phylum Arthropoda. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703: 17-26.

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Chapter 37

Insecta : Megaloptera HIRDESH KUMAR1, JAGDISH SAINI2, JOYJIT GHOSH3, PRIYANKA DAS4, DEVANSHU GUPTA5 and KAILASH CHANDRA6

This chapter aims to prepare a systematic list of order Megaloptera of Indian Himalaya. This compilation is purely based on published literature on this group. A total of 14 species belonging to 4 genera in 2 subfamilies of a single family are recorded from Indian Himalaya. Of them the maximum number of species are distributed in Central Himalaya (9), followed by East Himalaya (6) and West Himalaya (2), whereas no published record is found on their distribution in North-West Himalaya biotic province as well as in Trans Himalaya biogeographic zone.

O

INTRODUCTION

rder Megaloptera is a group of holometabolous insects and classified into two families, Sialidae (alderflies) and Corydalidae (dobsonflies and fishflies). Globally the faunal diversity of this order is represented by 354 species (Zhang, 2011; Chandra, 2011). Indian fauna of Megaloptera includes 25 species belonging to 7 genera in 2 subfamilies of a single family Corydalidae (Chandra and Sharma, 2009). Indian Himalaya is a biodiversity hotspot and diversity of Megaloptera of Indian Himalaya is still unknown. Therefore it is planned to compile a systematic list of Megaloptera of Indian Himalaya with their distribution in various biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. Classification of Rodgers et al. (2002) is followed for classifying Indian Himalaya into bio-geographic zones and biotic provinces. For classification and species validation, Chandra and Sharma (2017) and Lacewing Digital Library (Oswald, 2017) is followed with some modifications.

HISTORICAL RESUME The members of Megaloptera are previously kept under the order Neuroptera. Handlirsch (1908) raised the status of Megaloptera to order level. Gray (1832) was probably the first person, who described the first species of Indian Megaloptera. Later, Walker (1853), MacLachlan (1869) and Kimmins (1948) worked on this group and described many new species. Ghosh (1981) studied on the Indian species of Neoghauliodes and provided details

of four species. Ghosh (1991) while working on Indian species of family Corydalidae, described a new species from Arunachal Pradesh. In 2000, Ghosh published Neuroptera fauna of North-East India, in which he included Megaloptera as a suborder of Neuroptera. Ohl and Oswald (2004) published an annotated list of the type specimens of Megaloptera and Raphidioptera in the Berlin museum. Liu et al. (2010) revised the fishfly genus Neochauliodes from India and adjacent regions of South Asia. Liu et al. (2012) studied on dobsonﬂy genus Nevromus from the Oriental realm. Liu et al. (2013a, 2013b) described new species of the genus Protohermes. Recently Liu and Dvorak (2017) compiled a species checklist of Megaloptera of Myanmar and showed their distribution which also includes India. A checklist of Indian species of Megaloptera was prepared by Chandra and Sharma (2009).

SPECIES DIVERSITY A total of 14 species belonging to 4 genera in 2 subfamilies of a single family are recorded from Indian Himalaya, of which 10 species are of dobsonflies (Corydalinae), and 4 species are of fishflies (Chauliodinae). The maximum number of species are distributed in Central Himalaya (2C=9), followed by East Himalaya (2D=6) and West Himalaya (2B=2), whereas no published record is found on their distribution in North West Himalaya (2A) biotic province as well as in Trans Himalaya (1A, 1B, 1C) biogeographic zone (Fig. 1).

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Kumar, H., Saini, J., Ghosh, J., Das, P., Gupta, D. and Chandra, K. 2018. Insecta : Megaloptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 597-599 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Fig. 1. Distribution of Megaloptera in various biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya

ENDEMISM

DISCUSSION

Based on literature survey, altogether 14 species belonging to 4 genera in 2 subfamilies of a single family are recorded from Indian Himalaya. Of which three species of subfamily Corydalinae namely Neoneuromus fenestralis (MacLachlan, 1869) and Protohermes montanus (MacLachlan, 1869) from Central Himalaya and P. sublunatus Liu, Hayashi and Yang, 2013 from East Himalaya are found to be endemic in the said region.

Although the order Megaloptera includes 354 species globally (Zhang, 2011; Chandra, 2011), its known diversity in Indian is very less and includes only 25 species (about 7.06%) belonging to 7 genera in 2 subfamilies of a single family Corydalidae (Chandra and Sharma, 2017). If diversity of Megaloptera of Indian Himalaya, a biodiversity hotspot, is considered, it is represented by 14 species which is about 56% of the total diversity of the country.

THREATS Megaloptera, as a group of holometabolous insects, includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult, in their life cycle. The maximum duration of the life cycle is passed through an aquatic larval stage. Therefore, a major threat to their diversity is due to pollution in water which may be caused by any of the anthropogenic activity.

GAP AREAS Very less published information on the fauna of Megaloptera of Indian Himalaya is present. Only 14 species, distributed in Central (9), East (6) and West (2) Himalaya, are recorded, whereas no published record is found on their distribution in North-West Himalaya biotic province as well as in Trans Himalaya biogeographic zone. So, there are many more chances for researchers to find out the diversity of Megaloptera in these virgin areas of Himalaya. 598

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order MEGALOPTERA Latreille, 1803 Family CORYDALIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily CORYDALINAE Davis, 1903 Genus Neoneuromus Weele, 1909 fenestralis (MacLachlan, 1869): 2C latratus (McLachlan, 1869): 2D sikkimensis (Weele, 1907): 2C territans (Needham, 1909): 2C, 2D Genus Nevromus Rambur, 1842 intimus McLachlan, 1869: 2B Genus Protohermes Weele, 1909 arunachalensis Ghosh, 1991: 2D infectus (McLachlan, 1869): 2C montanus (McLachlan, 1869): 2C sublunatus Liu, Hayashi and Yang, 2013a: 2D curvicornis Liu, Hayashi and Yang, 2013b: 2D Subfamily CHAULIODINAE van der Weele, 1909 Genus Neochauliodes Weele, 1909 indicus (van der Weele, 1907): 2C simplex (Walker, 1853): 2B, 2C sinensis (Walker, 1853): 2C truncatus Kimmins, 1954: 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

REFERENCES Chandra, K. 2011. Insect Fauna of States and Union Territories in India. In: Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects and Spiders) (Eds. Uniyal, V: and Shrivastava Aseem), ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 14: 114-128. Chandra, K. and Sharma, R.M. 2009. Checklist of Indian Neuropterids (Insecta: Megaloptera: Raphidioptera; Neuroptera). http://zsi.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Checklist/37.pdf (accessed: on 24 September 2017). Ghosh, S.K. 1981. Notes on the Indian species of Neoghauliodes Weele (Neuroptera : Corydalidae). Bull. zool. Surv. India, 4(2): 199-202. Ghosh, S.K. 1991. On a few interesting species of the family Corydalidae (suborder Megaloptera: order Neuroptera) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 88: 147-151. Ghosh, S.K. 2000. Neuroptera fauna of North-East India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 184: 1-179. (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Gray, G. 1832. Supplement on the Neuroptera. In: The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. 15(2): 303-352 (Published by Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London). Handlirsch, A. 1908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig: 1-1430. Kimmins, D.E. 1948. Notes on the genus Protohermes Weele (Megaloptera) with description of two new species. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Series, 12(1): 765-781. Liu, X. and Dvorak, L. 2017. New species and records of Corydalidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) from Myanmar. Zootaxa, 4306(3): 428-436. Liu, X.Y., Hayashi, F. and Yang, D. 2010. Revision of the fishfly genus Neochauliodes van der Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from India and adjacent regions of South Asia. Zootaxa, 2692: 33-50. Liu, X.Y., Hayashi, F. and Yang, D. 2013a. The Protohermes latus species group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of two new species from India and Myanmar. Zootaxa, 3609(5): 513-519. Liu, X.Y., Hayashi, F. and Yang, D. 2013b. Taxonomic notes on the Protohermes changninganus species group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 3722(4): 569-580. Liu, X.Y., Hayashi, F., Viraktamath, C.A. and Yang, D. 2012. Systematics and biogeography of the dobsonfly genus Nevromus Rambur (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae) from the Oriental realm. Syst. Entomol., 37: 657-669. MacLachlan, R. 1869. Consideration of the neuropterous genus Chauliodes and its allies with notes and descriptions. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 4(4): 35-46. Ohl, M. and Oswald, J.D. 2004. Annotated list of the primary type specimens of Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (Insecta, Neuropterida) in the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin. Mitt. Mus. Nat. kd. Berl., Dtsch. entomol. Z., 51(1): 87-96. Oswald, J.D. 2017. Lacewing Digital Library. http://lacewing.tamu.edu/. Accessed on 25 September 2017. Rodgers, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B. 2002. Wildlife protected area network in India: A review, executive summary. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun: 1-51. Walker, F. 1853. Sialides-Nemopterides. Catalogue of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 2: 193-476. Zhang, Z. 2011. Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. In, Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 4138: 99-103.

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Chapter 38

Insecta : Trichoptera C. SELVAKUMAR

Caddisflies comprises a group of holometabolous insects closely related to the order Lepidoptera. The current status of Trichoptera is 425 species under 53 genera belonging to 21 families are reported from Indian Himalaya. In Trans Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1C – Sikkim Himalaya (N=135) followed by 1B – Tibetan Plateau (N=36) and 1A – Ladakh Mountains (N=0). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-2), maximum number of species are found in 2D – East Himalaya (N=145) followed by 2B – West Himalaya (N=119), 2A – North West Himalaya (N=81) and 2C – Central Himalaya (N=42). Most of the species described earlier based on the adult alone, hence association of larvae with respective adults by larva-adult associations using DNA barcoding is rather indispensable to arrive at precise taxonomic conclusions.

T

INTRODUCTION

richopterans are among the most diverse holometabolous aquatic insects which along with dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies and dobsonflies are primary invaders of freshwaters. They are distributed in every continent except Antarctica. They are exceeded in number of species only by aquatic Diptera (Mackay and Wiggins, 1979). Trichopterans are closely related to the Lepidoptera and the two orders together form the superorder Amphiesmenoptera (Kristensen, 1991). Their eggs, larvae and pupae are usually found in or very near freshwater bodies. Imagos are aerial and perch on leaves and twigs of riparian flora. They are moth-like insects with wings covered by hairs, not scales, a diagnostic feature of the Lepidoptera. In fact, the word Trichoptera is derived from the Greek word ‘trichos’ meaning hairs, and “pteron” meaning wing i.e. wings covered with hairs. Adult antennae are usually prominent, in some species exceptionally long and have well developed maxillary and labial palps, but never with coiled proboscis, diagnostic of adult Lepidoptera (de Moor and Ivanov, 2008). Also like Lepidoptera, larvae of Trichoptera have exploited silk in constructing retreats and larval cases of marvellous bioarchitecture that are keystone adaptations accounting for the ecological diversity and success of the order as a whole (Wiggins, 2004). Fittingly, caddisfly

larvae are called “underwater architects” (Wiggins, 2004). Trichoptera larvae can be distinguished from all other insects with segmented thoracic legs, by the presence of a pair of anal prolegs, each with a single curved terminal claw and very short antennae consisting of a single segment. The pupa is exarate and possesses a pair of strong functional mandibles, non-functional in the adult. The abdomen has a number of segments adorned with characteristic sclerotized, dorsal hook-bearing plates. Larval and pupal stages entirely depend on an aquatic environment. The larvae have exploited every conceivable microhabitat of the freshwater systems from montane springs, streams both intermittent and perennial, rivers, big and small, the splash zones of waterfalls and the depth of lakes to temporary waters and even rain water-filled treeholes (phytotelma). The order Trichoptera includes over 14,548 extant species that inhabit a diverse array of freshwater habitats in all continents excluding Antarctica (Morse (ed.) 2017). Their larvae are an important and beneficial component of the trophic dynamics and energy flow in lentic and lotic waters they inhabit and are extensively utilized in biomonitoring surveys along with other benthic macro invertebrates (Lenat, 1993). Trichoptera, like the Ephemeroptera and Plecopteraare are ideal objects for biogeographic, phylogenetic and phylogegraphic

Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Selvakumar, C. 2018. Insecta : Trichoptera. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 601-610 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

analyses. At present, around 49 families of Trichoptera have been recognized over the globe comprising 616 genera and 14,548 species (Morse (ed.) 2017). However, 28 families encompassing 102 genera and 1,227 species are on record from India (Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2017). Being a holometabolous order of inland water insects, it is difficult and laborious to correlate the different life stages, and with extreme dearth of specialists in this speciose taxon in India, the “Fauna of India on Trichoptera” has so far not seen the light of the day. Traditionally, morphotaxonomical investigations on Trichoptera are almost on imagos since structures for identification of caddisfly species are found almost exclusively in the adult stage, and largely in genital morphology (Wiggins, 2004). However, the caddisfly larval assemblages are vital for the ecological integrity of freshwaters. Unfortunately, there is acute paucity of work on larval taxonomy not to mention about larval-adult association which is practically nil. Hence priority attention needs to be paid to the multifaceted study of Trichoptera in India including extensive spatial and temporal field explorations

HISTORICAL RESUME Though European workers have been pioneers in caddisfly research followed by North Americans and experts from other developed countries, there has not been enough progress on Trichoptera in India. Kolentini, Walker (1852), and Mac Lachlan (1875) initiated study of Indian Trichoptera in the latter half of eighteenth century. Subsequently, Morton (1900, 1902), and Banks (1911, 1913, 1939) added significantly in early nineteenth century. Martynov (1926, 1935, 1936) worked on the collections of the Indian Museum (Zoological Survey of India) followed by Mosely (1935, 1936, 1938) on some Indian Trichoptera. Taxonomic investigations on adult caddisflies of India were continued by Kimmins (1950, 1957), Schmid (1968, 1971, 1983, 1984), and Malicky (2005, 2009) and his group. Schmid personally collected adults from Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and other places and published several monographs. He predicted that there would be more than ten thousand species of Trichoptera which remain to be unpublished from inland waters of India (Schmid, 1984). Though perhaps this appears to be slightly an overestimate, India’s unexplored species diversity of caddisflies is undoubtedly explosive. Recently, Pandher and Saini (2011), Saini and Parey (2011), Saini et al. (2012), Pandher et al. (2013), and Parey et al. (2016) published on more than forty species of adult Trichoptera of Indian Himalaya. Ghosh and Chaudhury (1987) from Z.S.I. published on a new species of Phryganeidae. Malicky (1979) published on Caddisflies 602

of Andamans. Sharma and Chandra (2009) updated the checklists of Higler (1992), Saini et al., (2001). Recently Parey (2015) has updated the checklist of Plenitentoria group of caddisflies. Saini and Kaur (2012) collated scattered information on published literature on Indian Trichoptera. Work on larval Trichoptera of India remain scanty with a few exceptions viz., caddisfly larvae of the larvae of Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (Chandra and Jehamalar, 2013), spatio-temporal distribution of larvae of the genera of the Western Ghats of peninsular India (Dinakaran and Anbalagan, 2010), larval descriptions on a new species of Lepidostoma from Alagar hills (Dinakaran et al., 2013) and sporadic reports from southern eastern Ghats (Dinakaran and Anbalagan, 2007). Dr. Morse of Climson University, South Carolina is motivating caddisfly workers from India to continue systematic work on this taxon.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The Himalaya has been recognized amongst the important and sensitive ecosystems of the globe, which is facing several challenges due to natural and anthropogenic causes. At present, around 49 families of Trichoptera have been recognized over the globe comprising 616 genera and 14,548 species (Morse (ed.) 2017) and 28 families encompassing 102 genera and 1,227 species are on record from India (Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2017). The Indian Himalaya includes six states viz. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, and Kamlimpong) and Arunachal Pradesh. The current status of Trichoptera is 425 species under 53 genera belonging to 21 families are reported from Indian Himalaya In Trans Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-1), among the different biotic provinces, maximum number of species are found in 1C–Sikkim Himalaya (N=135) followed by 1B–Tibetan Plateau (N=36) and 1A–Ladakh Mountains (N=0) (Figure 1). In Himalaya (bio-geographic zone-2), maximum number of species are found in 2D–East Himalaya (N=145) followed by 2B – West Himalaya (N=119), 2A–North West Himalaya (N=81) and 2C–Central Himalaya (N=42) (Fig. 1). Worldwide, caddisfly larvae are a well-represented group with high species diversity in montane streams and rivers and are widely used in water quality assessment. Sivaramakrishnan et al. (1996) made pioneering investigations on the utility of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages on biomonitoring of Kaveri river catchment. Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan (2005) prepared a working manual on biomonitoring techniques using aquatic insects of Indian genera. The biomonitoring potential of the larvae of trichopteran genera of India are highlighted in these publications. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya


A

B

E

C

F

D

G

A. Eubasilissa alaknanda Schmid, 1962; B. Eubasilissa alaknanda Schmid, 1962; C. Eubasilissa maclachlani (White, 1862); D. Eubasilissa sikkimensis Parey and Saini, 2012; E. Pseudostenophylax himalayanus Martynov, 1930; F. Stenopsyche griseipennis McLachlan, 1866; G. Stenopsyche similis Ulmer, 1927. SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Trichoptera

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THREATS AND CONSERVATION Worldwide, caddisfly larvae are a well-represented group with high species diversity in montane streams and rivers and are widely used in water quality assessment. Trichopteran communities are highly vulnerable to global climatic changes including global warming and this study is gaining momentum throughout the world. More in-depth studies on the impact of climate change on imperilment and vulnerability of caddisfly species are urgently needed in India.

GAP AREAS Intensive survey is needed to generate data on spatiotemporal distribution dynamics and unknown larval stage of many species of caddisflies. Most of the species described earlier are based on the adult alone, hence association of larvae with respective adults by larva-adult associations using DNA barcoding is rather indispensable to arrive at precise taxonomic conclusions. Moreover, few regions of India are under explored areas, especially in the Western Himalaya and Western Ghats. Future research should focus on correlating adult and larval stages and exploring under-explored regions. Combined studies on morphological and molecular systematics, phylogeny and phlylogeography are essential to get a holistic picture of the origin and diversification of the fauna.

DISCUSSION We are presently in an “Era of anthropogenic megaextinction”. Habitat fragmentation, global climate change impacts and alien species invasion have created a ’‘biodiversity crisis” in our fragile lentic and lotic inland waters jeoperdizing the “biotic integrity” of lakes, streams and rivers. Ecological, biotechnological, socio-cultural and legal conservation measures are to be promoted to protect the precious biological heritage of our inland waters including aquatic insects of which the larval caddisfly species assemblages constitute a dominant component. Prioritization of caddisfly taxa and microhabitats for conservation is yet another important research area.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order TRICHOPTERA Kriby, 1813 Suborder ANNULIPALPIA Superfamily HYDROPSYCHOIDEA Curtis, 1835 Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE Curtis, 1835 Subfamily ARCTOPSYCHINAE Martynov, 1924 Genus Arctopsyche McLachlan, 1868 arcuata Schmid, 1968: 1C, 2D bicornis Schmid, 1968: 2D composite Martynov, 1930: 1C, 2B, 2D fissa Schmid, 1968: 1C inaequispinosa Schmid, 1968: 1C

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integra Schmid, 1968: 1C, 2D Genus Parapsyche Betten, 1934 kchina Schmid, 1968: 2D mahati Schmid, 1968: 1C variyasi Schmid, 1968: 2D Subfamily DIPLECTRONINAE Ulmer, 1951 Genus Diplectrona Westwood, 1840 marginata Betten, 1909: 2A Subfamily HYDROPSYCHINAE Curtis, 1835 Genus Cheumatopsyche Wallengren, 1891 capitella (Martynov, 1927) : 2A suswanad Olah and Barnard, 2007: 2A, 2B truncata Martynov, 1935: 2B Genus Hydromanicus Brauer, 1865 luctuosus Ulmer, 1905: 2D Genus Hydropsyche Pictet, 1834 asiatica Ulmer, 1905: 1C diktys Malicky and Chantaramongkol, 2000: 2D minutanga Olah and Johanson, 2008: 2D orectis Mey, 1999: 1B Genus Schmidopsyche Olah and Schefter, 2008 rossi Olah and Schefter, 2008: 1C Subfamily MACRONEMATINAE Ulmer, 1905 Genus Macrostemum Kolenati, 1859 fuscum (Martynov, 1935): 2C Genus Pseudoleptonema Mosely, 1933 quinquefasciatum (Martynov, 1935): 2B Superfamily PHILOPOTAMOIDEA Stephens, 1829 Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE Stephens, 1829 Subfamily PHILOPOTAMINAE Stephens, 1829 Genus Dolophilodes Ulmer, 1909 indica Martynov, 1935: 2A, 2C malickyi Saini and Pandher, 2011: 2A morsei Saini and Pandher, 2011: 2D ornatula Kimmins 1955: 2A punjpullaensis Saini and Pandher, 2011: 2A tibetana Kimmins 1955: 2B dharmaraksa Schmid, 1960: 2A Genus Gunungiella Ulmer, 1913 achtatrimchi Schmid, 1968: 2D chodachi Schmid, 1968: 2C chotrimchi Schmid, 1968: 2D dvitiya Schmid, 1968: 2B, 2C, 2D pachtchima Schmid, 1968: 2D prathama Schmid, 1968: 2B, 2C, 2D saptami Schmid, 1968: 2D saptatrimchi Schmid, 1968: 2D ulmeri Schmid, 1950: 2D Genus Kisaura Ross, 1956 arunachalica Pandher, Saini and Ramamurthy, 2012: 2D barotensis Pandher and Saini, 2015: 2A bhagati Saini, Pandher and Ramamurthy, 2012: 2B clavata Pandher and Saini, 2011: 2C curvata Pandher and Saini, 2015: 2A eloct Pandher and Saini, 2011: 1C elongate Pandher and Saini, 2011: 1C gangtokensis Pandher and Saini, 2011: 1C golitarensis Pandher and Saini, 2014: 1C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

himachalica Pandher and Saini, 2011: 1C holiensis Pandher and Saini, 2014: 2B holzenthali Pandher and Saini, 2014: 2B kamengensis Pandher, Saini and Ramamurthy, 2012: 2D kanchenjungaensis Saini, Pandher and Ramamurthy, 2012: 1C madhyamika Schmid, 1960: 2A malickyi Saini, Pandher and Ramamurthy, 2012: 2B monospinata Pandher and Saini, 2015: 2A morsei Pandher and Saini, 2014: 2B pupi Pandher, Saini and Ramamurthy, 2012: 2B sachensis Pandher and Saini, 2015: 2A trailaensis Pandher and Saini, 2015: 2A truncate Pandher and Saini, 2011: 1C Genus Wormaldia McLachlan, 1865 dolophion (Schmid, 1991): 2B melanion Schmid, 1991: 1C relicta (Martynov, 1935): 2C sikkimensis (Saini, Bajwa and Ghattor, 2005): 1C Subfamily CHIMARRINAE Rambur, 1842 Genus Chimarra Stephens, 1829 aberrans Martynov, 1935: 2A, 2B, 2C accuminata Saini, Parey, Pandher and Bajwa, 2010: 2B barnardi Pandher, Saini and Parey, 2014: 2D bidenta Pandher, Saini and Parey, 2014: 2B butticulata Pandher and Kaur, 2014: 2B crepidata Kimmins, 1957: 1C dentata Pandher and Saini, 2013: 1C diaphana Ghosh and Chaudhury, 1998: 2C dibangensis Pandher and Saini, 2013: 2D digitata Martynov, 1935: 2A, 2B distincta Saini, Parey, Pandher and Bajwa, 2010: 2A fernandii Saini, Parey and Pandher, 2011: 2A gangotriensis Pandher and Kaur, 2014: 2A icar Pandher and Saini, 2012: 1C imperfecta Saini, Pandher and Bajwa, 2011: 1C indentata Saini, Pandher and Bajwa, 2011: 1C kumaonensis Martynov, 1935: 2A, 2B, 2C lakhwinderae Pandher and Saini, 2012: 2B maneriensis Pandher and Saini, 2012: 2B minuta Martynov, 1935: 2A nigra Kimmins, 1964: 1C padami Pandher, Saini and Parey, 2014: 2D pectinata Saini, Parey and Pandher, 2011: 2A pupi Pandher and Saini, 2012: 1C quadrata Pandher, Saini and Parey, 2014: 1C recurvata Pandher and Saini, 2013: 1C religiosa Saini, Parey, Pandher and Bajwa, 2010: 2B reyangensis Ghosh and Chaudhury, 1998: 2C rifati Pandher and Saini, 2012: 1C rongliensis Pandher and Saini, 2012: 1C sikkimensis Pandher and Saini, 2012: 1C verticalis Saini, Parey and Pandher, 2011: 2B Family STENOPSYCHIDAE Martynov, 1924 Subfamily STENOPSYCHINAE Martynov, 1924 Genus Stenopsyche McLachlan, 1866 alamkrita Schmid, 1969: 2D apiguna Schmid, 1969: 1C, 2D SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Trichoptera

benaventi Navas, 1934: 2C, 2D dirghajihvi Schmid, 1969: 1C, 2D griseipennis McLachlan, 1866: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D haimavatika Schmid, 1969: 1C, 2B, 2D himalayana Martynov, 1926: 1B, 1C, 2B similis Ulmer, 1927: 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D splendida Martynov, 1935: 1C lanceolata Hwang, 1963: 2C montanus Tillyard, 1922: 1C Superfamily PSYCHOMYIOIDEA Ivanov, 2002 Family DIPSEUDOPSIDAE Ulmer, 1904 Subfamily DIPSEUDOPSINAE Ulmer, 1904 Genus Dipseudopsis Walker, 1852 indica McLachlan, 1875: 2A Family ECNOMIDAE Ulmer, 1903 Genus Ecnomus McLachlan, 1864 montanus Mosely, 1932: 1B, 2B Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE Ulmer, 1903 Genus Plectrocnemia Stephens, 1836 aurea Ulmer, 1905: 1C, 2C banksi Fischer, 1962: 1C distincta Martynov, 1935: 2B jonam Malicky, 1993: 2A martynovi Olah and Johanson, 2010: 2D obliquofasciata Martynov, 1935: 2C punjabica Martynov, 1935: 2A melchi Malicky, 1993: 2C Family PSEUDONEURECLIPSIDAE Ulmer, 1951 Genus Pseudoneureclipsis Ulmer, 1913 porphyrios Malicky, 2009: 2B Family PSYCHOMYIIDAE Walker, 1852 Genus Eoneureclipsis Kimmins, 1955 varsikiyja Schmid, 1972: 2D Subfamily PSYCHOMYIINAE Walker, 1852 Genus Lype McLachlan, 1878 dhumravarna Schmid, 1972: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Psychomyia Latreille, 1829 arefinae Schmid, 1997: 2B higleri Schmid, 1997: 2B kumari Schmid, 1997: 2B malickyi Schmid, 1997: 2B scottae Schmid, 1997: 2B wangi Schmid, 1997: 1C, 2C Subfamily TINODINAE Li and Morse, 1997 Genus Tinodes Curtis, 1834 achtachastra Schmid, 1972: 1C adhrichta Schmid, 1972: 2D akantaka Schmid, 1972: 2B alpachastra Schmid, 1972: 1C anibhrita Schmid, 1972: 2C, 2D atichastra Schmid, 1972: 1C chrinidhara Schmid, 1972: 2D dirghachastra Schmid, 1972: 2D prisatkayukta Schmid, 1972: 2B prithulavi Schmid, 1972: 2B utchunalinga Schmid, 1972: 2B vristchika Schmid, 1972: 2D Family XIPHOCENTRONIDAE Ross, 1949

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Subfamily PROXIPHOCENTRONINAE Schmid, 1982 Genus Proxiphocentron Schmid, 1982 prathamajam Schmid, 1982: 1C Subfamily XIPHOCENTRONINAE Ross, 1949 Genus Abaria Mosely, 1948 madhavi Schmid, 1982: 2D puru Schmid, 1982: 2B richika Schmid, 1982: 1C uchinara Schmid, 1982: 1C Genus Cnodocentron Schmid, 1982 girika Schmid, 1982: 2D tchaturbhuja Schmid, 1982: 1C, 2D vrisaparvan Schmid, 1982: 2D Genus Drepanocentron Schmid, 1982 abhimanyu Schmid, 1982: 1C birghu Schmid, 1982: 2D brihadratha Schmid, 1982: 2D citrangada Schmid, 1982: 2D dacharatha Schmid, 1982: 1C vicitravirya Schmid, 1982: 1C, 2D Genus Melanotrichia Ulmer, 1906 prajapati Schmid, 1982: 2D vichvamitrav Schmid, 1982: 2D yadu Schmid, 1982: 2D Suborder INTEGRIPALPIA Superfamily LEPTOCEROIDEA Leach, 1815 Family CALAMOCERATIDAE Ulmer, 1905 Subfamily ANISOCENTROPODINAE Lestage, 1936 Genus Anisocentropus McLachlan, 1863 salsus (Betten, 1909): 2C Subfamily CALAMOCERATINAE Ulmer, 1905 Genus Ganonema McLachlan, 1866 fuscipenne Albarda, 1881: 2A Family LEPTOCERIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily LEPTOCERINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Adicella McLachlan, 1877 dharasena Schmid, 1961: 2A Genus Oecetis McLachlan, 1877 penicillata Kimmins, 1963: 2A Genus Setodes Rambur, 1842 akalanka Schmid, 1987: 1C kadrava Schmid, 1987: 2A priyadarcha Schmid, 1987: 2A Family LIMNOCENTROPODIDAE Tsuda, 1942 Genus Limnocentropus Ulmer, 1907 himalayanus Martynov, 1930: 2A Superfamily LIMNEPHILOIDEA Kolenati, 1848 Family APATANIIDAE Wallengren, 1886 Subfamily APATANIINAE Wallengren, 1886 Genus Apatania Kolenati, 1848 auctumnalis Mey and Malicky, 1993: 2A avyddhagada Schmid, 1968: 2B bhimagada Schmid, 1968: 2D devisaraspali Schmid, 1968: 2D Genus Apataniana Mosely, 1936 charadija Schmid, 1968: 2A, 2B Family GOERIDAE Ulmer, 1903 Subfamily GOERINAE Ulmer, 1903

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Genus Goera Stephens, 1829 arisudana Schmid, 1991: 2D arunachalica Parey, Saini and Pandher, 2012: 2D dandaka Schmid, 1991: 2B kausalya Schmid, 1991: 1C maithili Schmid, 1991: 2D mandana Mosely 1938: 1C, 2B paracrita Schmid, 1991: 2A, 2B paramahansa Schmid, 1991: 2D raghu Schmid, 1991: 1C relicta Betten, 1909: 2A sarayu Schmid, 1991: 2B vaichravana Schmid, 1991: 2D yajnadatta Schmid, 1991: 2D Family LIMNEPHILIDAE Kolenati, 1848 Subfamily LIMNEPHILINAE Kolenati, 1848 Genus Aplatyphylax Kimmins, 1950 barinael Malicky, 2012: 2A eupalinos Schmid, 1991: 1C terrestris Schmid, 1991: 2D Genus Astratodina Mosely, 1936 antenor Schmid, 1991: 1C anteros Schmid, 1991: 2A, 2B inermis Mosely 1936: 1B Genus Asynarchus McLachlan, 1880 tibetanus Schmid, 1966: 1C Genus Limnephilus Leach, 1815 fuscovittatus Schmid, 1966: 1C morsei Saini and Parey, 2012: 1B tibeticus Schmid, 1966: 2B Genus Phylostenax Mosely, 1935 himalus Mosely, 1935: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Pseudostenophylax Martynov, 1909 acutifalcatus Schmid, 1991: 2D amphion Schmid, 1991: 2B angulatus Schmid, 1991: 2B angustifalcatus Schmid, 1991: 2D aniketos Schmid, 1991: 1B arwiel Schmid, 1991: 1B, 2B bifalcatus Schmid, 1991: 2D fimbriatofalcatus Schmid, 1991: 1C galgaliel Malicky, 2013: 2C garhwalensis Schmid, 1991: 2B glycerion Schmid, 1991: 1C griseolus Martynov, 1930: 1C, 2A, 2B gulmargensis Parey, Saina and Pandher, 2013: 1B himachalica Parey, Saina and Pandher, 2013: 2A himalayanus Martynov, 1930: 2B indicus (Navas, 1917): 2C ithuriel Schmid, 1991: 2B kashmirensis (Mosely, 1936): 1B latifalcatus Schmid, 1991: 1C, 2D martynovi Mosely, 1936: 2D micraulax (McLachlan, 1878): 1B mitchelli (Mosely, 1936): 1B nectarion Schmid, 1991: 2D ovalis Schmid, 1991: 2B pauper Schmid, 1991: 1C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

schelpei Kimmins, 1954: 2B squamolineatus Schmid, 1991: 2D tenuifalcatus Schmid, 1991: 2D Superfamily PHRYGANEOIDEA Leach, 1815 Family BRACHYCENTRIDAE Ulmer, 1903 Genus Brachycentrus Curtis, 1834 kozlovi Martynov, 1909: 2A Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE Ulmer, 1903 Subfamily LEPIDOSTOMATINAE Ulmer, 1903 Genus Lepidostoma Rambur, 1842 ahlae Parey and Saini, 2012: 2A betteni (Martynov, 1936): 1C, 2B, 2C curvatum Parey and Saini, 2013: 2D destructum (Ulmer, 1906): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D diragense Saini and Parey, 2011: 2D divaricatum (Weaver, 1989): 2B ferox (McLachlan, 1871): 2A, 2B garhwalense Parey and Saini, 2012: 2B heterolepidium (Martynov, 1936): 2C himachalicum Saini and Parey, 2011: 2A inequale (Martynov, 1936): 2B inerme (McLachlan, 1878): 1B kashmiricum Saini and Parey, 2011: 1B kimsa (Mosely, 1941): 1C kurseum (Mosely, 1949): 1C latum (Martynov, 1936): 2A, 2C liber (Malicky, 2007): 2D libitana (Malicky, 2003): 2A lidderwatense Parey, Morse and Pandher, 2016: 1B margula (Mosely, 1949): 1B mechukaense Parey and Saini, 2013: 2D nagana (Mosely, 1939): 1B, 2A parvulum (McLachlan, 1875): 1B punjabicum (Martynov, 1936): 2A, 2C sainii Parey, Morse and Pandher, 2016: 2A, 2B sika (Mosely, 1949): 1C simplex Kimmins, 1964: 2B sonmargae Parey and Saini, 2012: 1B sonomax (Mosely, 1939): 1B tesarum (Mosely, 1949): 2B trilobatum Parey, Morse and Pandher, 2016: 2A, 2D truncatum Parey and Saini, 2012: 2A Genus Paraphlegopteryx Ulmer, 1907 composita Martynov, 1936: 2B, 2C kamengensis Weaver, 1999: 2D orestes Weaver, 1999: 1C moselyi Weaver, 1999: 2A, 2B normalis Mosely, 1949: 1C, 2D pippini Weaver, 1999: 1C schmidi Weaver, 1999: 1C, 2D squamalata Weaver, 1999: 2D ulmeri Weaver, 1999: 1C, 2B weaveri Parey and Saini, 2012: 2D Family PHRYGANEIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily PHRYGANEINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Eubasilissa Martynov, 1930 alaknanda Schmid, 1962: 2B asiatica(Betten, 1909): 1B, 2A avalokhita naga Schmid, 1962: 2D chomolhari Schmid, 1962: 2D SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Trichoptera

maclachlani (White, 1862): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D schmidi Parey and Saini, 2012: 1B, 2A sikkimensis Parey and Saini, 2012: 1C tibetana Martynov, 1930: 1C wigginsi Ghosh and Chaudhury, 1987: 2B Genus Neurocyta Navas, 1916 arenata Navas, 1916: 2C Suborder SPICIPALPIA Superfamily GLOSSOSOMATOIDEA Wallengren, 1891 Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE Wallengren, 1891 Subfamily AGAPETINAE Martynov, 1913 Genus Agapetus Curtis, 1834 haimon Malicky, 2003: 2A cocandicus McLachlan, 1875: 2A, 2C Subfamily GLOSSOSOMATINAE Wallengren, 1891 Genus Glossosoma Curtis, 1834 atestas Malicky and Chantaramongkol, 1992: 2A dirangense Saini, Lakhwinder, Parey and Rathor, 2013: 2D dentatum akhandam Schmid, 1971: 2A, 2D fissum Martynov, 1935: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D moselyi Kimmins, 1953: 1B sikkimense Saini, Lakhwinder, Parey and Rathor, 2013: 1C Superfamily HYDROPTILOIDEA Stephens, 1836 Family HYDROPTILIDAE Stephens, 1836 Subfamily HYDROPTILINAE Stephens, 1836 Genus Stactobia McLachlan, 1880 calin Schmid, 1983: 2B, 2C hurin Schmid, 1983: 1B throli Schmid, 1983: 1C martynovi Schmid, 1959: 1B Superfamily RHYACOPHILOIDEA Stephens, 1836 Family HYDROBIOSIDAE Ulmer, 1905 Subfamily APSILOCHOREMINAE Neboiss, 1977 Genus Apsilochorema Ulmer, 1907 kashmirensis Saini, Lakhwinder, Pandher and Parey, 2013: 1B meyi Saini, Lakhwinder, Pandher and Parey, 2013: 2A Family RHYACOPHILIDAE Stephens, 1836 Genus Himalopsyche Banks, 1940 amitabha Schmid, 1966: 1C angnorbui sherpa Schmid, 1963: 1C, 2A, 2B bhagirathi Schmid, 1963: 2B biansata Kimmins, 1952: 1C digitata (Martynov, 1935): 2C dolmasampa Schmid, 1963: 1C, 2B gyamo Schmid, 1963: 1C hierophylax Schmid, 1966: 2B horai (Martynov, 1936): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D lepcha Schmid, 1963: 1C, 2C lungma Schmid, 1963: 2B maitreya Schmid, 1963: 2B, 2D malenanda Schmid, 1963: 1C, 2B, 2D schmidi Lakhwinder and Malkiat, 2015: 2A tibetana (Martynov, 1930): 1C, 2B todma Schmid, 1963: 1B, 2A, B yongma Schmid, 1963: 1C Genus Rhyacophila Pictet, 1834 alticola Kimmins, 1953: 1C anatina Morton, 1900: 1C angden Schmid, 1970

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armitageorum Saini and Lakhwinder, 2012: 2D arunachalensis Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2D aureomaculata Schmid, 1970: 2D bhotia Schmid, 1970: 2B bhuchanadhara Schmid, 1970: 2D bidens Kimmins, 1953: 1C, 2B, 2D chakungpa Schmid, 1970: 1C chamolungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D chandzo Schmid, 1970: 2D changpa Schmid, 1970: 1C chayulpa Schmid, 1970: 1C, 2B chematangpa Schmid, 1970: 1C chembo Schmid, 1970: 2D chimdro Schmid, 1970: 2D choprai Martynov, 1935: 2B chugalungpa Schmid, 1970: 1C chulukpa Schmid, 1970: 2C chumikpa Schmid, 1970: 2D churongpa Schmid, 1970: 2B curvata Morton, 1900: 1C dafla Schmid, 1970: 2D dakshi Schmid, 1970: 2C dgaldanpa Schmid, 1970: 2D dilatata Martynov, 1935: 1C, 2A, 2B dirangpa Schmid, 1970: 2D dongkyapa Schmid, 1970: 2D dongre Schmid, 1970: 1C drokpa Schmid, 1970: 2B, 2D drotangpa Schmid, 1970: 1C extensa Martynov, 1927: 2A fletcheri (Kimmins, 1952): 1C, 2B, 2D gelukpa Schmid, 1970: 1C, 2D geniculata Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2D gyaspa Schmid, 1970: 2C himalayensis Saini, Cheema and Bajwa, 2013: 2B himachalensis Kaur and Saini, 2012: 2A, 2B hingstoni Martynov, 1930: 1C hobsoni Martynov, 1930: 1C, 2B indica Saini, Cheema and Bajwa, 2013: 1C indentata Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2B, 2D kadaphes Schmid, 1959: 1B, 2A, 2B kagyupa Schmid, 1970: 2D kando rengma Schmid, 1970: 2D kangjongpa Schmid, 1970: 2D kanichka Schmid, 1959: 2B kashmirensis Kaur and Saini, 2013: 1B kawachenpa Schmid, 1970: 2D kedara Schmid, 1970: 1B, 2B khasiorum Schmid, 1970: 2A, 2B khimbarpa Schmid, 1970: 2D khiympa Schmid, 1970: 1C kubrav Schmid, 1970: 1C kunma Schmid, 1970: 2D kyadongpa Schmid, 1970: 1C kyungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D langdarma Schmid, 1970: 2D laptsapa Schmid, 1970: 1C lepcha Schmid, 1970: 1C, 2B lhadzongpa Schmid, 1970: 1B, 2A, 2D lhakpa Schmid, 1970: 2A, 2B

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lonpo Schmid, 1970: 2D maitripav Schmid, 1970: 2D manlungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D marpa Schmid, 1970: 2D milarepa Schmid, 1970: 2D mishmica Schmid, 1970: 2D monyulpa Schmid, 1970: 2D mortoni Kimmins, 1953: 1C, 2D nabochepa Schmid, 1970: 2C netongpa Schmid, 1970: 2D ngorpa Schmid, 1970: 1C, 2C ngulpa Schmid, 1970: 2A, 2B nigricans Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 1B nigrorosea Schmid, 1959: 2A, 2B nyamangpa Schmid, 1970: 1C nyerongpa Schmid, 1970: 2D nyerpa Schmid, 1970: 2D nyukmadongpa Schmid, 1970: 2D obscura Martynov, 1927: 1B, 2C, 2A, 2B, 2D pilosus Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2D poba Schmid, 1970: 1C polha Schmid, 1970: 2D procliva Kimmins, 1953: 2D rhombica Martynov, 1935: 2A, 2C rongpa Schmid, 1970: 2B, 2D sajadi Saini and Lakhwinder, 2012: 2B sakyapa Schmid, 1970: 2B sanglungpa Schmid, 1970: 1C scissa niyampa Schmid, 1970: 1B, 1C, 2A, 2D scissoides Kimmins, 1953: 1C, 2B, 2D shakangpa Schmid, 1970: 2B sherchokpa Schmid, 1970: 2D sherpa Schmid, 1970: 1C shingripa Schmid, 1970: 1C sikungpa Schmid, 1970: 2B similis Martynov, 1935: 2B spinalis Martynov, 1930: 1C, 2B, 2D stenostyla Martynov, 1930: 1C, 2B tarkiya Schmid, 1970: 1C tashepa Schmid, 1970: 1C tashidingpa Schmid, 1970: 2D tecta Morton, 1900: 2D tengyelingpa Schmid, 1970: 1C tolungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D triangulatus Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2D trulungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D truncatum Saini, Kaur and Rathor, 2012: 2A, 2B, 2D tshiringpa Schmid, 1970: 1C tshogpa Schmid, 1970: 1C tsiudmarpo Schmid, 1970: 2D tsongkhapa Schmid, 1970: 1C tungkorpa Schmid, 1970: 1C tungpa Schmid, 1970: 2B wangpo Schmid, 1970: 2C yarlungpa Schmid, 1970: 2D yigrongpa Schmid, 1970: 1C yishepa Schmid, 1970: 1C yullha Schmid, 1970: 1C zhungpa Schmid, 1970: 1C, 2A, 2D


REFERENCES Banks, N. 1911. Notes on Indian neuropteroid insects. Proc. Ento. Soc. Washington, 13: 99-106. Banks, N. 1913. Synopses and descriptions of exotic Neuroptera. Trans. American Ento. Soc., 39: 201-242. Banks, N. 1939. Notes and descriptions of Oriental Oestropsychidae (Trichoptera). Psyche, 47: 52-61. Chandra, K. and Jehamalar, E.E. 2013. Studies on the Caddis Fly larvae (InsectaTrichoptera) of Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, Nicobar Islands, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 113(1): 25-30. deMoor F.C. and Ivanov, V.D. 2008. Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 393-407. Dinakaran, S. and Anbalagan, S. 2007. Diversity, trophic relationships and biomonitoring potential of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera communities in streams of southern Eastern Ghats. Entomon, 32: 169-175. Dinakaran, S. and Anbalagan, S. 2010. Spatio-temporal dynamics of caddisflies in streams of southern Western Ghats. J. Ins. Sci., 10(46): 1-15. Dinakaran, S., Anbalagan, S. and Balachandran, C. 2013. A new species of caddisfly (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae: Lepidostoma) from Tamil Nadu, India. J. Threat. Taxa, 5(1): 3531-3535. Ghosh, S.K. and Chaudhury, M. 1987. A new species of Eubasilissa Martynov (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae) from India. Bul. zool. Sur. India, 8: 185-186. Higler, L.W.G. 1992. A check-list of the Trichoptera recorded from India and a larval key to the families. Orient. Insects, 26: 67-106. Kimmins, D.E. 1950. Indian caddis flies (Trichoptera) I. New species of the genus Limnocentropus Ulmer. Ann. Mag. Nat. History, 12: 590-603. Kimmins, D.E. 1957. Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India. Trichoptera. The genus Chimarra Stephens (Fam. Philopotamidae). Ark. Zool., 11: 53-75. Kristensen, N.P. 1991. Phylogeny of extant hexapods. Pp. 125-140. In: CSIRO (eds.), The Insects of Australia. Cornell University Press. Ithaca. Lenat, D.R. 1993. A biotic index for the southeastern United States: derivation and list of tolerance values, with criteria for assigning water-quality ratings. J. North American Benth. Soc., 12: 279-290. Mackay, R.J and Wiggins, G.B. 1979. Ecological diversity in Trichoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 24: 185-208. Malicky, H. 1979. NeueKöcherfliegen (Trichoptera) von den Andamanen- Inseln. Zeit. Arb. Öst. Entomol., 30: 97-109. Malicky, H. 2005. Beiträgezur Kenntnisasiatischer Oecetis (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Linzer Biol. Beit., 37: 605669. Malicky, H. 2009. Ubersichtuber die Gattung Pseudoneureclipsis (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae), mit Beschreibung von neuen Arten. Linzer Biol. Beitr., 41(1): 709-735. Martynov, A.V. 1935. On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum. Part I. Annulipalpia, Rec. Indian Mus., 37: 93-209. Martynov, A.V. 1936. On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum. Part II- Integripalpia. Rec. Indian Mus., 38: 239-306. Martynov, A.V. 1926. On the family Stenopsychidae Mart., with a revision of the genus Stenopsyche McLachl. (Trichopt.). Eos-Rev. Espa. Entomol., 2: 281-308. Mc Lachlan, R. 1875. Descriptions de plusieures Névroptères-Plannipenneset Trichoptères nouveau de l’île de Célèbes et de quelquesespècesnouvelles de Dipseudopsis, avec considérationssurce genre”. Tijd. Entomol., 18: 1-21. Morse, J.C. (ed.) 2017. Trichoptera World Checklist. http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm [Accessed 30 January 2017.] Morton, K.J. 1900. Descriptions of new species of Oriental Rhyacophilidae. Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London, 1900: 1-7. Morton, K.J. 1902. A new Indian micro-Trichopteron. Ent. Mon. Mag., 13(2): 283. Mosely, M.E. 1935. The Indian caddis-flies (Trichoptera) III. Inaequipalpia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 38: 123-133. Mosely, M.E. 1936. The Indian caddis-flies (Trichoptera) IV: Limnophilidae. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 38: 447-496. SELVAKUMAR : Insecta : Trichoptera

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Mosely, M.E., 1938. The Indian Caddis-flies (Trichoptera) V: Sericostomatidae McLachlan. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 40: 486-496. Pandher, M.S., Saini, M.S. and Parey, S.H. 2013. Review of the genus Stenopsyche McLachlan (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae) in India. Zootaxa, 3717(1): 065-075. Pandher, M.S and Saini, M.S. 2011. First report of the genus Kisaura Ross (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae) from India with the description of six new species. ZooKeys, 152: 71-86. Parey, S.H. 2015. An Updated Checklist and Distribution of Plenitentoria Group of Caddisflies (Trichoptera: Integripalpia) from India. Indian J. App. Res., 5(4): 6-14. Parey, S.H., Morse, J.C. and Pandher, M.S. 2016. Three new species of the genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Lepidostomatidae: Trichoptera) from India. Zootaxa, 4136(1): 181-187. Saini, M.S. and Kaur, L. 2012. Bibliography of Indian Trichoptera. I. J. Envi. Sci., 2(3): 1699-1716. Saini, M.S. and Parey, S.H. 2011. Four new species of the genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) from the Indian Himalayas, with a checklist to its Indian species. Zootaxa, 3062: 25-36. Saini, M.S., Pandher, M.S. and Ramamurthy, V.V. 2012. Three new species of the genus Kisaura (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae) from Indian Himalaya. Vestnikzoologii, 46(6): 25-30. Saini, M.S., Kaur, M. and Bajwa, P.K. 2001. An updated check-list of the Indian Trichoptera along with an illustrated key to its families. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 99(1-4): 201-256. Schmid, F. 1968. La sous-famille des apataniinesenInde (Trichopera, Limnophilidae). Canadian Entomol., 100: 12331277. Schmid, F. 1971. Quelques nouveaux Glossosoma Orientaux (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae). Nat. Canadien, 98: 607631. Schmid, F. 1983. Encore quelquesStactobia McLachlan (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae). Nat. Canadien, 110: 239-283. Schmid, F. 1984. Essaid’evaluation de la faunemondiale des trichoptères (abstract). In: Morse, J.C. (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera: 337. Schmid, F. 1995. Les Oecetis du groupe de testaceaenInde (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), Fabreries, 20: 57-78. Sharma, R.M. and Chandra, K. 2009. Checklist of Indian caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Zool. Surv. India: 1-33. Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Hannaford, M.J. and Resh, V.H. 1996. Biological assessment of the Kaveri river catchment, south India, using benthicmacroinvertebrates: Applicability of water quality monitoring approaches developed in other countries. I. J. Eco. Envir., 22: 113-132. Subramanian, K.A. and Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. 2005. Biomonitoring of freshwater systems-A methodology manual (Funding ATREE Small Grants Programme). Walker, F. 1852. Cataloque of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I: Phryganides-Perlides. London, British Museum. Wiggins, G.B. 2004. Caddisflies: The underwater Architects. University of Toronto Press: 1-292.

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Chapter 39

Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies) GAURAB NANDI DAS*, SUBRATA GAYEN, MOHD. ALI, ROHIT KUMAR JAISWAL, E. AROCKIA LENIN and KAILASH CHANDRA

Within Indian region, the butterflies of the Himalaya have been studied extensively. The present study is the compilation of butterfly knowledge of the Indian Himalayan Region. A total of 1,249 subspecies/1,013 species belonging to 6 families have been reported in this communication, of which 273 species/ subspecies are protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Among these families, Nymphalidae is the most diverse family followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae and others. Out of total diversity of Indian Himalaya, 740 species (282 genera) have been recorded from Central Himalaya, which is followed by East Himalaya (713 species, 275 genera), West Himalaya (470 species, 214 genera), North-West Himalaya province (274 species, 117 genera), Ladakh Moutains (111 species, 53 genera), Tibetan Plateau (76 species, 43 genera) and lowest diversity recorded from Sikkim part of Trans Himalaya having only 5 species with 4 genera, due to paucity of butterfly studies from this province. Among Indian Himalayan States, Arunachal Pradesh is the most diverse state and least diverse in Jammu and Kashmir. Indian Himalayan faunal components that are characterised by Palaearctic affinities of North and North West part, while Southern and Eastern is influenced by Oriental elements resulting gradual increase in species richness from north and north west to east.

B

INTRODUCTION

utterflies are considered as ‘flagships’ in insect conservation. Although they represent a diminutive 1.87% (18,768 species according to van Nieukerken et al. 2011) of the known global insect fauna, they are being used as models in most ecological entomology and habitat conservation studies. Their popularity is well reflected in human perception, culture and nature appreciation. In contrast to birds and mammals, butterflies are considerably appreciated by nature enthusiasts among all other insect groups due to their captivating colours and therefore, are capable of invoking ‘vertebrate’ approach to insect conservation (Kitching, 2007). Besides aesthetic values, their biotic and abiotic specificities make them dignified indicators for habitat and climatic perturbations. Climate change and global warming are among the most discussed issues in every sector of scientific research in the present decade. Mountain ecosystems are most vulnerable due to the continuous exasperation of climate change. Occurrences of most high altitude species

are stringently limited by the narrow range of climatic factors. Several aspects of climate change, such as elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations, elevated temperature and UV radiation, and changes in rainfall patterns directly affect host plant abundance, chemistry, physiology and morphology which are expected to impact insect-plant interactions to an unimaginable extent (Cornelissen, 2011). As a consequence, insects experience changes in physiology, behaviour and life history parameters and ultimately reduction in abundance, richness and diversity (Fajer, 1989; Marks and Lincoln, 1996; Smith and Jones, 1998; Goverde and Erhardt, 2003; Stiling et al., 2003; Thuiller et al., 2005, Kazakis et al., 2007; Stiling and Cornelissen, 2007). Climate change induces concomitant development in the phenology of life history patterns for many plant and animal species (Memmott et al., 2007) with the potential to interrupt synchrony between interacting pairs (Cornelissen, 2011), thus disrupting the overall pollination process which in turn affects the vegetation composition of the area. As a result, associated fauna are severely affected and may face local extinction.

Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, M-Block, Kolkata-700 053. *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Citation Das, G.N., Gayen, S., Ali, M., Jaiswal, R.K., Lenin, E.A. and Chandra, K. 2018. Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 611-650 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Butterflies due to their indicative properties can be used as surrogates for associated fauna in conservation practices. Indian Himalaya (IH) due its habitat mosaics ranging from the dry and rugged terrain of trans and western side to the lush cloud forests of eastern Himalaya harbours rich butterfly fauna including many rare and endemic species. Many of them, particularly, members of subfamily Parnassinae are experiencing severe threats from the ongoing climate change scenario. Constant monitoring of their population and distribution status are indispensable and foremost to make their conservation work. Substantial studies on different aspects of Himalayan butterflies are present, but most of them are region specific. Very few studies attempted to document their diversity patterns along the Indian Himalayan stretch. Except for the work of Mani (1986), there is practically no study that provides the state of art knowledge on Himalayan butterflies. A consolidated information including diversity and distribution pattern of Himalayan butterflies is extremely necessary which will assist in laying the foundation for a future monitoring programme in this fragile landscape. With this aim, the present communication attempts to review the voluminous pieces of literature on the Himalayan butterflies and provide a consolidated and updated information on the butterflies of IH.

HISTORICAL RESUME Jammu and Kashmir Earliest studies on the butterflies of Kashmir were done by Kollar (1848) in which he reported the collection made by Carl von Hugel during 1846-1848. Following this, Lang and Moore (1864) studied butterflies of North West India. In the next year, Moore (1865) worked on the collections made by Lang from N.W. Himalaya covering 119 species. In 1886, Butler also reported butterflies from this region based on the collections of Yerbury. After that, Lang (1868) published on the butterflies of Goolmurg (present Gulmarg) region of Kashmir and following which Moore (1874), studied the collections of Reed and documented 103 species from Kashmir. In 1879 and 1887, de Niceville visited Ladakh and recorded some interesting species which he later included in his book. During 1913-1926, Evans made a series of significant publications on “Notes on Indian Butterflies”. Successively, Thomas-Glover (1936) documented 42 species from Kashmir Himalayan regions during his Lepidoptera survey in Chinese Turkestan. Home (1938) also made some notable contributions from the Kashmir region. After that, extensive documentation on the ‘Fauna of British India’ by Bingham (1905 and 1907), Talbot (1939, 1947) and Evans (1932) included several butterfly species distributed in this region. 612

Among Indian workers, Mani contributed significantly on the Lepidoptera from North Western Himalaya. He published a series of reports on the entomological surveys in the Himalaya (particularly, NW Himalaya) during 1961-1963. In 1962, he published a book on high altitude entomology. Later, Das et al. (1964) listed 27 species from Kashmir, following which Das and Verma (1965) reported 23 species. Malik et al. (1972) reported 6 species of butterfly pests of agricultural importance. In 1984, Vis and Coene made an entomological expedition to Kashmir and Ladakh and published their collections in 1987. Haribal (1990) studied the behaviour of Vanessa cashmiriensis (Kollar) (Nymphalidae) in Kashmir Himalayas. During 1991 and 1992, Jamdar studied the migration of the large cabbage white butterfly in Overa Wildlife Sanctuary of Kashmir. By previously published research of various authors, Hilaludin (1997) published a list of 23 species from Kashmir Himalayan region. In the same year, Hasan also documented 80 species of butterflies from Northwest Himalaya. In recent years, following authors worked on the butterflies of Kashmir: Khan et al. (2003, 2004, 2004, 2007), Tshikollovets (2005), Qureshi et al. (2013, 2013, 2013, 2014), Bala et al. (2014, 2014), and Qureshi and Bhagat (2013, 2015). During 1998-2001, Khan et al. conducted extensive studies on butterflies in Kashmir region. Tshikolovets mainly worked on Ladakh butterflies during 1995 to 2004 and published in his book. In 2007, Wakeham-Dawson et al. published a report on Pseudochazara baldiva butterfly species group where they examined Trans Himalayan collections of Pseudochazara genus of Natural History Museum, London. Sadhotra and Tripathi (2010) published diversity of butterflies and moths from Jammu and Kashmir on the basis of molecular studies. Khan et al. (2011) documented diversity and distribution of butterflies from Kashmir Himalayas. Bahaar and Bhat (2011) studied the diversity of Lepidoptera in rice field reporting 22 species of butterflies and some moths from Kashmir. In 2013, Qureshi et al. recorded butterfly species from Gulmarg (31 species), Dist. Kupwara (36 species) and Kashmir University campus. Successively, Qureshi and Bhagat studied on the host plants of Pierid butterflies in Kashmir region in 2013. In 2014, they worked on the distribution and biology of Aglais cashmirensis. In the same year, Qureshi et al. published a list of 27 species of butterflies from Dachigam National Park, Kashmir. In 2014, butterflies of Poonch division and Pierid butterflies from Jammu region were reported by Khan et al. and Bala et al., respectively. In the same year, Bala et al. also documented biology of Ariadne merione from Jammu Region. Faiz et al. (2015) worked on the community structure and diversity of butterflies in Tolipir National Park, Jammu and Kashmir and listed 20 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

butterfly species belonging to Nymphalidae and Pieridae. Recently, in 2016 Tara and Hussain reported eight species from the Suru valley of Kargil. Himachal Pradesh The studies on the butterflies of Himachal Pradesh were started long back by de Niceville in 1880 from Kotgarh region. In the same year, he listed diurnal Lepidoptera from Shimla, including 146 species. Hocking first attempted a collection of butterflies from Kangra Dist. which was eventually published by Moore (1882). The collections of Lepidoptera from Kullu by Young were documented by Marshall and de Niceville (1883) and de Niceville (1886 and 1890). Following which De Rhe-Philipe compiled a list of butterflies consisting 246 species from Shimla Hills in the form of three book series in the Journal of Bombay Natural History Society (1931). In 1934, Ferrar published a note on butterflies of Kullu. Subsequently, these were included in the publications by Talbot (1939, 1947). Later, Wynter-Blyth also documented a total of 294 butterflies from Shimla Hills during 1940-1945. In 1961-1963, Mani documented Lepidoptera from North West Himalaya and published a series of reports on an entomological survey in Himalaya (basically NW Himalaya) including Lepidoptera records from various part of Himachal Pradesh as well as neighbouring areas. In recent times, Uniyal and Kumar (1997) studied the food preference of Pareba vesta from Great Himalayan National Park. Following this, Uniyal and Mathur (1998) recorded 50 species from the National Park. Afterward, Uniyal (1999) documented the distribution of Papilio machaon at Great Himalayan National Park. In the same year, Rose and Sharma (1999) published a note on genus Ypthima of Northwestern India including collections from various parts of Himachal Pradesh and neighbouring areas. Thakur et al. (2002), reported 49 species, belonging to 38 genera from Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary. Kittur et al. (2006), reported 70 species from Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2009, Arora et al. published a book on Himachal Pradesh butterflies. Bogtapa (2014) recorded 105 species from Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Kumar and Mattu (2014) recorded 40 species from Balh Valley. Most recently, Kirti et al. (2016) documented new range distribution of Vagrans egista sinha from Kangra. Following which Kumar et al. (2016) provided a list of 29 species of butterflies from Chanshal Valley. While Singh (2016) gave a note on three species of Palearctic butterflies; Hyponephele cheena from Himachal Pradesh and Kirinia eversmanni cashmierensis and Hyponephele pulchella from Kashmir. In recent years, the workers who have contributed to the butterfly diversity of Himachal Pradesh are: Uniyal (1996, 1999, 2007), Uniyal and Mehra (1996), Uniyal DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

and Singh (1996), Uniyal and Mathur (1998), Mehta et al. (2002, 2003), Thakur et al. (2002), Bhardwaj (2005), Kittur et al. (2006), Thakur et al. (2006), Sharma (2007), Uniyal et al. (2007), Singh (2008), Arora et al. (2009), Bhardwaj and Uniyal (2009), Kumar (2009), Pathania and Kumari (2009, 2011), Thakur and Mattu (2010), Singh and Banyal (2012, 2013), Thakur and Bhardwaj (2012), Chandel et al. (2013), Kumar and Thakur (2014), Kumar and Mattu (2014), Bogtapa (2015), Sharma and Kumar (2015), Kumar et al. (2016) and Kirti et al. (2016). Uttarakhand The earliest account on Uttarakhand (Mussoorie) butterflies was documented by Hutton (1847), followed by Doherty (1886) who documented 271 species from Kumaon. Mackinnon and de Niceville (1897-98) published an extensive account of 323 butterflies from Mussoorie and adjacent areas. The study was based on collections made by Mackinnon in his eleven years field collection which resulted in the largest compilation of species from Western Himalaya. In 1902, De Rhe-Philipe recorded Euthalia lepidea from western Kumaon which provided its new distribution range. Later, Hannyngton (1910-1911) published butterflies of Kumaon in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1930, Ollenbach documented 144 species of butterflies in and around Mussoorie. Subsequently, these were compiled by Wynter-Blyth (1957) and listed 323 species from Uttarakhand. Shull (1958) reported 68 species from Mussoorie in a single day survey and again in 1962, he reported over one hundred species of butterflies from the same area. Arora and Mandal (1977) recorded 45 species from Garhwal Himalaya. Chaturvedi (1981) published an entomological note from Valley of Flowers. Mandal (1984) recorded 17 species from Garhwal and Tons Valley forest. Baindur (1993) documented 27 species from Nanda Devi National Park. Arora (1994) recorded 68 species from Rajaji National Park. In 1994, Singh listed butterflies of New Forest Campus, Dehradun, including 148 species. Rose and Sidhu (1994) documented 34 species of Lycaenid butterflies from Mussoorie. New altitudinal range record of Rapala pheretimus from Kumaon was reported by Smetacek (1995). Singh and Bhandari (2004) recorded 183 species from Doon Valley. A list of 35 species was documented by Uniyal (2004) from Nanda Devi National Park. In 2005, Zesius chrysomallus was recorded by Singh from Dehradun valley, and in 2007, Singh discovered Ypthima kedarnathensis as a new species of from Kedarnath. Smetacek (2010) reported the same from Kumaon. Later, the species was synonymized under Ypthima sakra by Sharma (2013). A checklist of 147 species of butterflies was published by Singh (2009) from 613

Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary. Bhardwaj et al. (2012) studied butterfly diversity along an elevational gradient in the Tons valley and listed 79 species. Sidhu (2011) prepared a checklist of 66 species of Lycaenid butterflies from Mussoorie. In 2011, Smetacek provided a review notes on Himalayan Neptini. Subsequently, in 2012, he described a new sub-species of Mycalesis suaveolens from Kumaon Himalaya. Uniyal et al. (2013) reported few butterflies of the Gangotri Landscape. Das and Parida (2015) recorded 42 species from FRI campus. Most recently, Singh and Sondhi (2016) provided a consolidated account of 407 species by compiling previous literature and their records of 349 species from Uttarakhand. Sikkim and West Bengal (Darjeeling District and adjacent areas) Hooker (1855) was the first to contribute on the rich butterfly fauna of Sikkim in the Vol. I of Himalayan Journal. After that, the first documentation of butterflies from Sikkim was done by de Niceville (1881). During 1881-1885, de Niceville visited various sites of Sikkim and published a series of papers covering 313 species from Sikkim and Darjeeling area (de Niceville, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1885). During the same period, Elwes (1881) visited Chumbi Valley of Sikkim for seeds and insect collection and in 1882, published a report on the butterflies of Sikkim, describing five new species and some species variations. Later, he along with Moller (1888) recorded as many as 537 species from Sikkim and neighbouring region (Darjeeling). Following which de Niceville (1894) added 94 species to the butterfly fauna of Sikkim and published an extensive list of 631 species. De RhePhilipe (1911) studied the butterflies of Sikkim and other Himalayan Region. Likewise, Evans (1914) and Tytler (1915) also reported several butterflies from the region in his publications. Evans visited Sikkim and adjacent areas during 1894-1942 and published many species in his book in 1932. In 1914-1922, Ollenbach also collected butterflies from this region (Haribal, 1992). Maude (1949) also published a list of butterflies from Darjeeling area. In 1955, Sanders also worked on the Sikkim butterflies. After a considerable gap, Haribal et al. (1988) published a list of 103 species from Sikkim. Subsequently, in 1990, she reported a behavioural study of Aglais caschmirensis from the Himalayan region. In 1992, Haribal published a book on Sikkim butterflies, comprising 689 species. Kunte (2010) rediscovered Symbrenthia silana from Sikkim and other NE Indian region. Acharya and Chettri (2011) reported climate change effects on butterflies along with other taxa in Sikkim Himalayan region. Again, in the same period, Acharya and Vijayan (2011) observed butterflies diversity along elevation gradients at Teesta 614

valley, and they listed a total of 251 species during 20032006. Eventually, Acharya and Vijayan (2015) published a report, covering 161 species from the same region. Recently, Rai et al. (2012) reported Lethe margaritae and Neptis nycteus from Chungthang and Rabum of North Sikkim after about 100 years. Sengupta et al. (2014) documented the seasonal diversity of butterflies and their larval food plants and provided an account of 161 species from Neora Valley National Park. Subsequently, Ghorai and Sengupta (2014) reported 26 species of Papilionid butterflies from Gorumara National Park and Neora Valley National Park. Chettri (2015) recorded 189 species of butterflies from the trekking corridor of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve. Arunachal Pradesh Doubleday (1845) was the first worker to conduct butterfly survey in North-East region, covering the areas of Sadia (present Lower Dibang Valley district). Most of the British lepidopterists had collected specimens or published reports from Abor (Moore, 1857; Evans, 1912) and Mishimi Hills (Moore, 1857; Evans, 1912; South 1913). Evans (1912) collected Lepidoptera from Abor Hills, during the British’s Abor expedition in 19111912. During the same period, Bailey also conducted Lepidoptera survey in Mishmi Hills including Western China and South Eastern Tibet in 1911 and later his collection was reported by South (1913). In 1913 Bailey made another expedition to Western Arunachal Pradesh and into eastern Bhutan. Evans reported collections made during this survey in 1914. In 1924, Antram published Butterflies of India covering 512 butterflies excluding Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Betts (1950) reported 169 species from Balipara Frontier Tract and Subansiri areas but excluded Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae from the study. In 1966, Mondal and Ghose reported Delias sanaca perspicua from Dirang Dzong and Jumla Pass for the first time. Varshney and Chanda (1971) documented butterflies of North-East India where they surveyed Tirap and Changlang districts of Arunachal. Arora and Mondal (1981) reported 32 species of Papilionidae from Arunachal Pradesh and surrounding areas. Gupta and Shukla (1988) also identified 123 species from the same collection and provided a consolidated list of 211 butterfly species from Arunachal Pradesh. Radhakrishnan (1988) studied the butterfly fauna of Tippi and West Kameng districts. Choudhury, Bordoloi and Borah (2003) reported 3 and 54 species respectively from the western peripheral area of Dihang Dibang Biosphere Reserve and adjacent area. Athreya (2006) reported 165 species from western Arunachal Pradesh, mainly from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2008, Borang et al. enlisted butterflies Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

of Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve including 134 species from Arunachal Pradesh. Gogoi (2012) reported an extensive list of 294 species of butterflies from lower Dibang Valley, Mishmi Hills. In the same period, Sharma et al. (2012) studied on butterfly habitat association and published 63 species from Arunachal Pradesh. Recently, Sondhi and Kunte (2014) published a book on Butterflies and Moth of Pakke Tiger Reserve, covering 284 species. Most recently, Sondhi and Kunte (2016) enlisted a total of 421 butterfly species from Kameng Protected Area Complex in western Arunachal Pradesh, covering Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakke Tiger Reserve and Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary. Singh (2017) published a record of 415 species and their association with major forest types in Arunachal Pradesh. Recently discovered species and additions, rediscoveries and range extensions are: Kunte (2008) reported Chersonesia intermedia from Pakke Tiger Reserve. Greeshma (2010) documented Aglais cashmirensis and Heliophorus sena from Rupa; Naro and Sondhi (2013) recorded Pontia daplidice moorei from Seesa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary and Pakke Tiger Reserve; Sondhi and Roy (2013), Gonepteryx amintha thibetana from Eagalenest Wildlife Sanctuary and Anini; Roy (2013) documented Callerebia dibangensis from Mithun Valley, Upper Dibang Valley; Singh (2013) reported Sasakia funebris from Upper Dibang Valley; Singh (2015) reported Arhopala rama ramose from Tenga Valley; Gogoi et al. (2015) reported Polygonia c-album agnicula from Jang Waterfall, Tawang; Karimbumkara et al. (2016) documented Tongeia pseudozuthus from Ithun Valley and

another in between Mayodia and Hunli; Sondhi et al. (2016) reported Calinaga aborica from Pakke; Singh and Sondhi (2016) encountered Chrysozephyrus disparatus interpositus from Tenga Valley; Roy (2016) reported Cigaritis zhengweilie from Upper Dibang Valley.

SPECIES DIVERSITY According to van Nieukerken et al. (2011), about 18,732 species of butterflies are found in the entire world excluding Hedylidae family. About 1,501 species of butterflies are recorded from main land India (Kehimkar, 2008), among which 67% of species are known from Indian Himalaya. After an extensive literature review, a total of 1,249 subspecies/1013 species belonging to 343 genera under six families has been reported in the present communication (Table 1). Among these families, Nymphalidae is the most diverse family comprising highest number of species (365 species), followed by Lycaenidae (278 species), Hesperiidae (208 species), Papilionidae (78 species), Pieridae (72 species) and Riodinidae (12 species). By far the most diverse subfamily is the Lycaeninae (265 species; 105 genera), followed by the Satyrinae (144 species; 33 genera), and Hesperiinae (128 species; 53 genera). All other subfamilies are significantly less diverse and the four subfamilies Curetinae, Poritiinae, Calinaginae and Libytheinae are represented by only two to four species each. The most species-rich genera are Lethe Hübner, 1819 (35 species), Neptis Fabricius, 1807 (24 species), Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 (18 species) and Celaenorrhinus Hübner, 1819 (18 species).

Fig. 1. Family wise comparison of butterfly species between World, India and Indian Himalaya. DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

615

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

A. Aeromachus stigmatus (Moore, 1878); B. Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842); C. Athyma opalina (Kollar, 1844); D. Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779); E. Dodona egeon (Westwood, 1851); F. Gonepteryx amintha thibetana Nekrutenko, 1968; G. Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884); H. Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841); I. Neope pulaha (Moore, 1858); J. Papilio alcmenor C. and R. Felder, 1864; K. Parnassius hardwickii Gray, 1831; L. Rapala nissa (Kollar, 1844).

616


Table 1. Number of genera, species and subspecies of butterflies under different families and subfamilies from Indian Himalaya. Family

Subfamily

Papilionidae

Hesperiidae

Pieridae

Genus

Species

Subspecies

Papilioninae

10

58

Parnassiinae

2

20

12

78

Coeliadinae

5

19

Pyrginae

22

61

Hesperiinae

53

128

80

208

Pierinae

16

48

Coliadinae

6

24

22

72

87 18

153

220

Riodinidae

Riodininae

4

12

Lycaenidae

Poritiinae

2

3

Miletinae

5

7

Curetinae

1

2

Lycaeninae

105

265

114

278

Danainae

5

18

Satyrinae

33

144

Calinaginae

1

4

Amathusiinae

7

12

Biblidinae

1

2

Heliconiinae

11

28

Nymphalinae

12

33

Cyrestinae

2

4

Limenitidinae

21

80

Pseudergolinae

3

3

Apaturinae

11

18

Charaxinae

3

17

Libytheinae

1

2

111

365

459

343

1,013

1,249

Nymphalidae

Total DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

312

617

STATE-WISE ACCOUNT Indian Himalaya is influenced by both Palaearctic and Oriental elements. North and North-western part of the Himalaya lies in the Palaearctic region, while southern and eastern part comes under Oriental region. Normally, Palaearctic species occurs at altitude 2000 m and above, whereas lower elevation areas up to 2000m are essentially inhabited by oriental butterflies (Larsen, 1986). Therefore, Palaearctic genera like Vanessa Fabricius, 1807, Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915, Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951, Kirinia Moore, 1893 are mainly confined to North Western part of Indian Himalaya, likewise Oriental genera like Amathuxidia Staudinger, 1887, Stichophthalma Felder and Felder, 1862, Meandrusa Moore, 1888 are dominant in Eastern Himalaya. Arunachal Pradesh is the most diverse state closely followed by Sikkim; species diversity is certainly higher in Arunachal Pradesh. These two states accounted for almost 69% species diversity recorded from entire IH. West Bengal stands third in diversity followed again very closely by Uttarakhand. The two Western-Himalayan states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir are certainly species-poor compared to other states. They represent only 27% and 20% species diversity respectively recorded from IH (Fig. 2). Jammu and Kashmir The North-Western Himalaya, especially Jammu and Kashmir, is dominated mainly by Palaearctic species (Kehimkar, 2016), dominant genera among them are Parnassius, Hyponephele, Colias, Karanasa etc. By secondary literature, a total of 201 species belonging to 99 genera were listed from Jammu and Kashmir. Of these, Nymphalidae (44%) has maximum species number

(having 89 species) followed by Lycaenidae (18%, 35 species), Pieridae (13%, 27 species), Papilionidae (13%, 27 species), Hesperiidae (10%, 20 species) and Riodinidae (2%) have only three species (Fig. 3a). In comparison to other Himalayan state, most of Parnassius (15 species) were recorded from this state. As per Gupta and Mondal (2005), Parnassius delphius and P. stoliczkanus from Jammu and Kashmir are treated as vulnerable. There are some species like Clossiana hegemone, Hyponephele tenuistigma from this region, which were reported centuries back with no recent record. Few rare species from Kashmir Himalaya are Pieris krueperi devta, Colias cocandica thrasibulus (Colias thrasibulus thrasibulus) and Pararge menava maeroides, which are also regarded as Critically Endangered by Gupta and Mondal (2005). Eleven species have been included in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972). An additional 26 species are included in the schedule II and one in Schedule IV (Fig. 3b). Overall, there are still lots of scopes for rigorous surveys in Jammu and Kashmir, especially in the TransHimalayan sector of the state. Himachal Pradesh This state is also part of Northwestern Himalaya, and due to adjoining Tibetan border here also species are characterised by dominant Palaearctic elements (Singh, 2016). Palaearctic genera recorded from this region are Parnassius, Albulina, Colias, Argyreus, and Hyponephele. A total of 273 species has been recorded so far from Himachal Pradesh, distributed under 136 genera and six families. Among them, Nymphalidae were dominant (40%, 108 species) followed by Lycanidae (25%, 67 species) and Hesperidae (14%, 39 species), Pieridae (12%, 32 species), Papilionidae (8%, 23 species), and the least

Fig. 2. State wise distribution of butterfly genera, species and subspecies in IH.

618


a

120 100 80 60 40 70 0

Hesperiidae Papilionidae

Lycaenidae Riodinidae Nymphalidae

Pieridae

Genus

Species

Subspecies

b

Figs. 3a. Number of genera, species and subspecies; b. Number of scheduled species of butterflies under different families, known from Jammu and Kashmir.

number of species were recorded from Riodinidae (1%, 4 species) (Fig. 4). Among these, nine species of Parnassius are recorded from Himachal Pradesh, while Parnassius stoliczkanus (Schedule I), Parnassius acdestis (Schedule I), Parnassius jacquemontii (Schedule II) and Parnassius epaphus (Schedule II) are protected under WPA, 1972. Among others, nine species are protected under Schedule I, 39 under Schedule II and five are protected under Schedule IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. However, only seven species are regarded under Red Data Book of Indian Butterflies, as per Gupta and Mondal (2005). Uttarakhand This state is considered under Western Himalaya, and butterfly fauna here has stronger affinities for Palaearctic region rather than the Oriental region (Kehimkar, 2016). Butterfly fauna of this state is comparatively diverse than other North-west Himalayan States. Our record revealed presence of 452 butterfly species (30% of Indian butterfly DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Fauna) distributed under 207 genera and 6 families, dominant among which are Nymphalidae: 36% (164 species), Lycaenidae: 27% (123 species), Hesperiidae: 18% (83 species), Pieridae: 9% (40 species), Papilionidae: 8% (34 species) and Riodinidae: 2% (8 species). Out of 34 Papiliondae, there are seven species of Parnassius recorded from Uttarakhand, among which three are protected under WPA, 1972. Out of 452 species, 16 (13%) come under the Schedule I WPA, 1972; Schedule II (65 species) and Schedule IV (8 species). Esakiozephyrus mandara and Tajuria yajna are treated as Critically Endangered by Gupta and Mondal (2005), and total 15 species are included in the Red Data Book of Indian Butterflies. Sikkim This part of Himalaya, known as Central Himalaya, is influenced more by Oriental than Palaearctic elements. Mainly Northern Sikkim, due to its higher elevation and border with Tibet, is more influenced by Palearctic element and the species pool are very much similar to 619

a

b

Figs 4. (a) Number of genera, species and subspecies, (b) Number of Scheduled species of butterflies under different families recorded from Himachal Pradesh.

that of Ladakh in Kashmir (Kehimkar, 2016). Graphium, Meandrusa, and Dodona are dominant Oriental genera, whereas Aulocera, and Colias are representative genera of the palaearctic element. According to Haribal (1992), there are about 689 species and subspecies from Sikkim Himalaya, and in current literature survey, we listed 689 species. Among them, Nymphalidea is the most diverse family (241 species), followed by 175 species of Lycaenidae, 169 species Hesperiidae, 50 species Papilionidae, 44 species Pieridae and ten species of Riodinidae family. The dominant genera found here are Parnassius, Lethe, and Euthalia. As per Gupta and Mondal (2005), some of the rarest species like Parnassius hannyngtoni (Critically Endangered), Parnassius imperator augustus (Critically Endangered), Atrophaneura plutionius 620

pembertoni (Critically Endangered), Baltia butleri sikkima (Endangered) are found here. About 24% of Sikkim butterfly fauna is protected under WPA, whereas 36 species have been included in Schedule I, and another 112 species are included in the schedule II and 8 in Schedule IV (Fig. 6b). West Bengal (Darjeeling District and adjacent area) Only Northern Bengal (mainly Darjeeling Hills and Kalingpong Hills Area) is part of Central Himalaya, and the region includes about 33% (495 species) of India’s total butterfly species. Nymphalidae was found to be most dominant representing 39% species (192 species), followed by Lycaenidae (26%, 128 species), Hesperiidae (18%, 91 species), Papilionidae (9%, 44 species), Pieridae (7%, 37 species), and Riodinidae (1%, 3 species). The Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

a

b

Figs. 5a. Number of genera, species and subspecies; b. Number of Scheduled species of butterflies under different families, known from Uttarakhand.

butterfly fauna of the region, come mostly under Oriental affinities. This region is much more diverse than that of Lower Bengal, due to its position between Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese and Indian Biogeographic region. Most notable species from the region are Papilio elephenor, Dilipa morgiana, Helcyra hemina, Liphyra brassolis etc. Among 486 species, there are 110 species from this area listed under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Only 24 species, is listed in Schedule I, with 84 species in Schedule II and 2 species in Schedule IV. Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh, the single state coming under Eastern Himalaya is rich in oriental elements, due to its transitional position between Indian, Indo-China and Indo-Malayan Regions (Kehimkar, 2016). From the Biogeographic point of view, Northeast India has the largest number of butterfly fauna compared to others. About 1000 species of butterflies are recorded from DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Northeast India (Smetacek, 2016), of which 713 species (47% of Indian fauna) are listed from Arunachal Pradesh. Among them Nymphalidae (38%) has maximum species number (having 272 species), followed by Lycaenidae (25%, 177 species), Hesperiidae (21%, 151 species), Papilionidae (8%, 58 species), Pieridae (6%, 44 species) and Riodinidae (2%, 11 species). There are many rare and little-known species from this region, with no recent records, like species as Pratapa icetas mishmia, Lethe nicetella, Callerebia baileyi, Euthalia confucius, Celaenorrhinus tibetanus, and Spindasis mishmisensis of which 47 species have been included in Schedule I followed by 125 species in schedule II and 8 in Schedule IV. About 7% (46 species) species from Arunachal Pradesh are treated as threatened by Gupta and Mondal (2005): Atrophaneura nevilli, A. plutonius pembertoni, Coelites nothis adamsoni, Bhagadatta austenia purpurascens, Sasakia funebris funebris, Athyma reta moorei, A. jina jina, Thermozephyrus ataxus zulla, and Pratapa icetas mishmia all are regarded as Critically Endangered. 621

a

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Hesperiidae

Papilionidae

Pieridae

Genera

Riodinidae

Species

Lycaenidae

Nymphalidae

Subspecies

b

Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae Pieridae Papilionidae Hesperiidae 10

0

20

Hesperiidae Papilionidae

Sch-I Sch-II Sch-IV

0 2 6

30

40

50

Pieridae

Riodinidae

2 5 0

0 3 0

6 5 0

60

70

80

90

Lycaenidae Nymphalidae 9 40 0

19 57 2

Figs. 6a. Number of genera, species and subspecies; b. Number of scheduled species under different families, known from Sikkim.

COMPARATIVELY ANALYSIS AMONG BIOTIC PROVINCES OF INDIAN HIMALAYA A total of 1,013 species are recorded from entire IH. Of which 740 species (282 genera) have only been recorded from 2C province, which is followed by 2D province (713 species, 275 genera), 2B province (470 species, 214 genera), 2A province (274 species, 117 genera), 1A (111 species, 53 genera), 1B (76 species, 43 genera) and lowest diversity recorded from 1C having only 5 species with 4 genera, due to lack of butterfly studies from this province. Among these families, Nymphalidae is most dominant and diverse, while Riodinidae having least number of species (Fig. 9).

ENDEMISM Butterfly fauna of IH is influenced by both Palaearctic and oriental elements. The faunal elements of the Oriental region are characterised by forest species whereas Palaearctic components are formed of hypsobiont species (Mani 1974). Forest species are more abundant 622

than hypsobiont species comprising nearly 70% of the Himalayan butterfly richness. Till date, no proper study related to butterfly endemism in IH has been conducted. As per Mani (1986), more or less 6% of the forest species are distributed throughout the Himalaya belt and rest are mainly confined to the Eastern Himalaya. However, from the state-wise investigation in the present communication, it may be concluded that about 470 species are endemic to IH region. The hypsobiont species are distinguished by their confinement, especially to the higher elevations. Butterflies of the genus Parnassius have a wider distribution range in Palaearctic, but several sub species are undoubtedly endemic, for instance, Parnassius tianschanicus gilgitensis (Gilgit), P. stoliczkanus atkinsoni (Ladakh), P. stoliczkanus spitiensis (Spiti), P. kumaonensis kumaonensis (Shillung, Uttarakhand). Some rare species and subspecies, such as Pieris dubernardi chumbiensis, Chonala masoni, Athyma pravara acutipennis, A. kanwa phorkys, Euthalia durga durga, Rhinopalpa polynice birmana, Dercas verhuelli Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

a

250 200 150 100 50 0

Hesperiidae

Papilionidae

Pieridae

Genera

Riodinidae

Species

Lycaenidae

Nymphalidae

Subspecies

b Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae Pieridae Papilionidae Hesperiidae 10

0 Sch-I Sch-II Sch-IV

20

Hesperiidae Papilionidae 1 3 4 4

0

30

40

Pieridae 0 4

Riodinidae 0 0

0

0

0

50

60

Lycaenidae Nymphalidae 6 14 31 41

1

1

Figs. 7a. Number of genera, species and subspecies; b. Number of Scheduled species under different families, known from West Bengal.

doubledayi, Elymnias peali, Penthema lisarda lisarda, Callerebia dibangensis, Colias dubia, and Papilio paradoxa telearchus were only recorded from the eastern part of Himalaya, hence may be considered as endemic to that region.

GAP AREAS The framework for identifying the research gaps should be done through systematic reviews, which can direct research agenda to evaluate the ecological crevices. Taxonomic studies based on molecular approaches are being needed in the Indian Himalayan Landscape to resolve the species complexities. Among certain genera like potauthus, Ypthenea etc., wertceining many cryptic species. Landscape influences butterfly movements and its population and many studies reveal the declining butterfly population across the world due to habitat loss and other anthropogenic activities. Diversity and distribution status of butterflies in IH are relatively well worked out than other insects, but population and community level studies are scanty. Among IH states, butterfly study in Sikkim region is comparatively less in DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

comparison to other Himalayan state, where Himachal Pradesh region have well studied in IH scenario followed by Jammu and Kashmir. Factors influencing distribution and assemblage pattern of a particular taxon or group of taxa or community as a whole are literally unknown to us. Genus Parnassius (Apollos) has been used as a model taxa for tracing habitat modification across the world (Todisco, 2010). But, in Indian scenario no such attempt has been taken till date. Apollos are high altitude specialists and can be efficiently used as models for tracking climate change. But, unfortunately, except in Trans and North Western Himalaya, their inventory has not been done properly.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION The mammoth mountain biota of Indian Himalaya possess remarkable diversity of butterflies, which is constantly being affected by habitat modifications and anthropogenic activities (Wheeler, 2010). Hence, synthesis of historical data of butterflies hitherto reported from IHR including their diversity and distribution pattern need to be scrutinised in the account to trace changes in mountain 623

a

b

Figs. 8a. Number of genera, species and subspecies; b. Number of Scheduled species under different families, known from Arunachal Pradesh

ecosystem. Many studies have highlighted certain genera of butterflies which are highly susceptible to habitat modification and have been used as model organism for tracking these changes (Franco et al., 2006). High altitude specialists are highly vulnerable to climatic perturbations due to restricted habitats and resources. Of 1,013 butterflies of Himalaya, 273 (27%) species and subspecies are listed under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WPA) of which 72 species come under schedule I, 191 species come under schedule II and ten under schedule IV. In WPA, maximum species and subspecies names are taxonomically outdated, but here we provide numbers according to current valid names of species and subspecies. As per Gupta and Mandal (2005), 74 species also come under Red Data Book of Indian Butterflies. A detailed taxonomic breakdown of these species is given below (Table 3). 624

Himalayan regions are most affected and vulnerable by different anthropogenic activities. Thus, integration of ethnobiological studies and landscape level management planning should be adopted for biodiversity evaluation and conservation focusing the taxa. Till date, not a single Indian butterfly has been accounted in the IUCN Red List of Threatened taxa due to lack of acquaintance data and information. Hence, taxonomic and ecology based studies are earlier prioritises including landscape factors, habitat variables, life-cycle trait and resources, which could be unified for a successful conservation and landscape level management planning in the Indian Himalayan landscape.

DISCUSSION The present study is the first ever attempt to compile the butterfly knowledge of the Indian Himalayan Region. A database of 1249 subspecies/1013 species under 343 genera belonging to 6 families has been extracted from Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Fig. 9. Map showing the diversity and distribution of butterflies in different Indian Himalayan biotic provinces.

Table 3. An outline of the taxonomic breakdown of butterflies of the Indian Himalaya in Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WPA) and Red Data Book (2005). Family

Subfamily

Genus

Species

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Sch-I

Sch-II

Sch-IV

Red Data Status

Papilionidae

2 (8%)

12 (4%)

78 (8%)

13

10

0

11

Hesperiidae

3 (12%)

80 (23%)

208 (21%)

0

2

6

0

Pieridae

2 (8%)

22 (7%)

72 (7%)

5

13

1

5

Riodinidae

1 (4%)

4 (1%)

12 (1%)

0

3

0

0

Lycaenidae

4 (16%)

114 (33%)

278 (27%)

20

66

1

20

Nymphalidae

13 (52%)

111 (32%)

365 (36%)

34

97

2

38

343 (100%)

1,013 (100%)

72

191

10

74

Total 25 (100%)

past information. Plentiful of works were done on Indian Himalayan butterflies on varied aspects from time to time, but a consolidated account of this ecologically important indicator taxon was lacking. The present study collated all the available literature and updated the Indian Himalayan butterfly diversity according to the latest classification scheme. Moreover, the study analysed and represented the data in varied aspects useful for future monitoring programmes. The updated list of the Himalayan butterfly included many Scheduled and Threatened species and many of which are restricted to small areas or particular altitude band. Species DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

distribution modelling including habitat suitability of such rare threatened and restricted species should be taken up as the initial step towards their conservation. The still unexplored areas like Tibctau plateau which have the potential of harbouring rich and rare butterflies should be considered immediately for extensive as well as intensive monitoring programmes. Thus, in the recent quandary due to global warming, this study will be indispensable for comparing past information with the present scenario to assess impacts of climate change on biodiversity and eventually, to set conservation priorities for achieving long term goals. 625

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order LEIPIDOPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily PAPILIONINAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Atrophaneura Reakirt, [1865] aidoneus (Doubleday, 1845): 2B, 2C, 2D varuna astorion (Westwood, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Byasa Moore, 1882 crassipes (Oberthur, 1893): 2D, Sch-I, EN dasarada dasarada (Moore, 1858): 2C, 2D dasarada ravana (Moore, 1858): 2A, 2B latreillei latreillei (Donovan, 1826): 2B, 2C, 2D nevilli (Wood-Mason, 1882): 2D, Sch-I, CR plutonius pembertoni (Moore, 1902): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; CR polla (de Niceville , 1897): 2D, Sch-I, VU polyeuctes letincius (Fruhstorfer, 1908): 2A, 2B polyeuctes polyeuctes (Doubleday, 1842): 2C, 2D Genus Graphium Scopoli, 1777 agamemnon agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904): 2C agetes agetes (Westwood, 1843): 2C, 2D antiphates pompilius (Fabricius, 1787): 2C, 2D aristeus anticrates (Doubleday, 1846): 2C, 2D; Sch-II chironides chironides (Honrath, 1884): 2C, 2D cloanthus cloanthus (Westwood, 1841): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D doson axionides (Page and Treadaway, 2014): 2B, 2C, 2D doson eleius (Fruhstorfer, 1907): 2C eurous caschmirensis (Rothschild, 1895): 2A, 2B eurous sikkimica (Heron, 1899): 2C, 2D eurypylus acheron (Moore, 1885): 2C, 2D evemon albociliatis (Fruhstorfer, 1901): 2D; Sch-II macareus indicus (Rothschild, 1895): 2C, 2D macareus lioneli (Fruhstorfer, 1902): 2D mandarinus garhwalica (Katayama, 1988): 2B mandarinus paphus (de Niceville, 1886): 2C, 2D megarus megarus (Westwood, 1844): 2D; Sch-II nomius nomius (Esper, 1799): 2B, 2C, 2D nomius swinhoei (Moore, 1878): 2D sarpedon sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) : 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D xenocles phrontis (de Niceville, 1897): 2C, 2D xenocles xenocles (Doubleday, 1842): 2B, 2C Genus Lamproptera Gray, 1832 curius curius (Fabricius, 1787): 2D meges indistincta Tytler, 1912: 2D Genus Losaria Moore, 1902 coon cacharensis (Butler, 1885): 2D Genus Meandrusa Moore, 1888 lachinus lachinus (Fruhstorfer, 1902): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II payeni evan (Doubleday, 1845): 2C, 2D Genus Pachliopta Reakirt, [1865] aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hector (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B; Sch-I; LC Genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758 agestor agestor Gray, 1831: 2C, 2D agestor govindra Moore, 1864: 2A, 2B alcmenor alcmenor C. and R. Felder, [1864]: 2B, 2C, 2D arcturus arcturus Westwood, 1842: 2C, 2D

626

arcturus arius Rothschild, 1908: 2A, 2B bianor ganesa Moore, 1842: 2C, 2D bianor polyctor Boisduval, 1836: 2A, 2B bootes janaka Moore, 1857: 2B, 2C, 2D castor castor Westwood, 1842: 2C, 2D castor polias Jordan, 1909: 2C, 2D clytia clytia Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-I demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D elephenor Doubleday, 1845: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN epycides epycides Hewitson, 1864: 2C, 2D; Sch-II helenus helenus Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C, 2D krishna krishna Moore, 1858: 2C, 2D machaon asiaticus Menetries, 1855: 2A, 2B machaon hookeri Gaonkar, 1999: 1C, 2C, 2D machaon ladakensis Moore, 1884: 1B memnon agenor Linnaeus, 1758: 2C, 2D nephelus chaon Westwood, 1844: 2C, 2D palinurus palinurus Fabricius, 1787: 2C paradoxa telearchus (Hewitson, 1852): 2C, 2D; Sch-I paris paris Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C, 2D polymnestor polymnestor Cramer, [1775]: 2B, 2C polytes romulus Cramer, [1775]: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D protenor euprotenor Fruhstorfer, 1908: 2B, 2C, 2D protenor protenor Cramer, 1775: 2A, 2B slateri slateri Hewitson, 1859: 2C, 2D; Sch-II xuthus xuthus Linnaeus, 1767: 2D Genus Teinopalpus Hope, 1843 imperialis imperialis Hope, 1843: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Troides Huebner, [1819] aeacus (C. and R. Felder, 1860): 2B, 2C, 2D helena cerberus (C. and R. Felder, 1865): 2C, 2D Subfamily PARNASSIINAE Swainson, 1840 Genus Bhutanitis Atkinson, 1873 lidderdalii lidderdalii Atkinson, 1873: 2D; Sch-II ludlowi Gabriel, 1942: 2D Genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804 acco baltorana Bang-Haas, 1937: 1A acco hampsoni Avinoff, 1916: 1A acco krausei Bryk, 1940: 2C acco pundjabensis Bang-Haas, 1927: 1A acco tagalangi Bang-Haas, 1927: 1B acco transhimalayensis Eisner, 1938: 1B acdestis ladakensis Avinoff, 1916: 1B acdestis lampidius Fruhstorfer, 1903: 2C acdestis lucifer Bryk, 1932: 2C acdestis pundit Avinoff, 1922: 2C acdestis rupshuana Avinoff, 1916: 1B acdestis whitei Bingham, 1907: 2C actius lahulensis Weiss, 1990: 1A actius yelyangi Bang-Haas, 1934: 1A augustus Fruhstorfer, 1903: 1C charltonius amabilis Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1A charltonius basharianus (Eisner, 1969): 2B charltonius bryki Haude, 1912: 2B charltonius corporaali Bryk, 1935: 1B charltonius deckerti Verity, 1907: 1A, 2A charltonius eisnerianus Bryk, 1931: 1B charltonius ella (Bryk, 1931): 1A charltonius gehleni Bryk, 1935: 1A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

charltonius otto (Bryk and Eisner, 1932): 1B charltonius sakai Eisner, 1978: 2A charltonius serenissimus Bryk, 1932: 2A epaphus bashahricus Bang-Haas, 1915: 2A epaphus gyaella Eisner, 1932: 1B epaphus puella Bryk, 1935: 1B epaphus puer Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1A epaphus rienki Eisner andWeiss, 1990: 1A epaphus sculptor Bryk and Eisner, 1939: 1A hardwickii Gray, 1831: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hunza Grum-Grshimailo, 1888 jacquemontii himalayensis Elwes, 1886: 1B jacquemontii hunzaica Tytler, 1926: 1A jacquemontii jacquemontii Boisduval, 1836: Himalaya jacquemontii kangraensis Bryk and Eisner, 1912: 2A jacquemontii rhodius Honrath, 1882: 1B kumaonensis kumaonensis Riley, 1926: 2B loxias raskemensis Avinoff, 1915: 2A maharaja erici Hanus, Hanus and Manon, 1988: 1B maharaja maharaja Avinoff, 1916: 1B mamaievi affinis Peschke and Eisner, 1934: 1A mamaievi mamaievi Bang-Haas, 1915: 1A, 1B mamaievi workmani Avinoff, 1916: 1A shigarensis Bang-Haas, 1935: 1A simo acconus Fruhstorfer, 1903: 1C simo chenrezi Wyatt, 1960: 2A simo colosseus Bang-Haas, 1935: 1A simo ganymedes Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1A simo kangruensis Eisner andWeiss, 1990: 1B simo lanaki Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1B simo lorimeri Tytler, 1926: 1A simo peteri Bang-Haas, 1927: 1B simo saserensis Bang-Haas, 1937: 1A simo zarraensis Bang-Haas, 1935: 1B stenosemus divinus Bryk and Eisner, 1931: 1B stenosemus mulkilensis Inaoka and Ogawa, 1992: 1A stenosemus nadiae Weiss and Michel, 1992: 1B stenosemus pensi Eisner and Weiss, 1990: 1B stenosemus rileyi Tytler, 1926: 1A stenosemus stenosemus Honrath, 1890: Himalaya stoliczkanus atkinsoni Moore, 1902: 1B stoliczkanus beate Eisner, 1939: 1A, 1B, 2A stoliczkanus davidi Eisner, 1971: 1A stoliczkanus florenciae Tytler, 1926: 2B stoliczkanus gracilis Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1A stoliczkanus nicevillei Avinoff, 1916: 1A stoliczkanus parangensis Eisner, 1939: 1A, 2A stoliczkanus spitiensis Bang-Haas, 1927: 1A stoliczkanus stoliczkanus C. and R. Felder, 1865: 1B stoliczkanus tenuis Bryk and Eisner, 1932: 1B stoliczkanus thomas Eisner, 1939: 1B stoliczkanus zanskarica Bang-Haas, 1935: 1A stoliczkanus zogilaica Tytler, 1926: 2A tianschanicus gilgitensis Bang-Haas, 1932: 1A Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809 Subfamily COELIADINAE Evans, [1937] Genus Badamia Moore, [1881] exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Genus Bibasis Moore, [1881] sena sena (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Burara Swinhoe, 1893 amara (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D anadi (de Niceville, [1884]): 2B, 2C, 2D gomata gomata (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D harisa harisa (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D jaina jaina (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D oedipodea belesis (Mabille, 1876): 2B, 2C, 2D vasutana (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Choaspes Moore, [1881] benjaminii japonicus Murray, 1875: 2B, 2C, 2D furcatus furcatus Evans, 1932: 2C, 2D stigmatus stigmatus Evans, 1932: 2C, 2D xanthopogon (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hasora Moore, [1881] anura anura de Niceville, 1889: 2B, 2C, 2D badra badra (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D chromus chromus (Cramer, [1780]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D danda Evans, 1949: 2D taminatus bhavara Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2C, 2D vitta indica Evans, 1932: 2C, 2D Subfamily HESPERIINAE Latreille, 1809 Genus Actinor Watson, 1893 radians (Moore, 1878): 2A, 2B Genus Aeromachus de Niceville, 1890 jhora creta Evans, 1949: 2D jhora jhora (de Niceville, 1885): 2C stigmatus stigmatus (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ampittia Moore, [1881] dioscorides dioscorides (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ancistroides Butler, 1874 nigrita diocles (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Arnetta Watson, 1893 atkinsoni (Moore, 1878): 2C, 2D Genus Astictopterus C. & R. Felder, 1860 jama olivascens Moore, 1878: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Baoris Moore, [1881] chapmani Evans, 1937: 2C, 2D farri farri (Moore , 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV pagana (de Niceville, 1887): 2C, 2D unicolor Moore, 1883: 2C Genus Baracus Moore, [1881] vittatus septentrionum Wood-Mason and de Niceville, [1887]: 2C, 2D Genus Borbo Evans, 1949 cinnara cinnara (Wallace, 1866): 2A, 2B, 2C bevani (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893 aurociliata (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2C, 2D bromus ( Leech, 1894): 2D cahira austeni ( Moore, [1884]): 2C, 2D confusa (Evans, 1932): 2C cormasa (Hewitson, 1876): 2C, 2D kumara moorei (Evans, 1926): 2C, 2D philippina (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869): 2D plebeia (de Niceville, 1887): 2D sirius chimdroa (Evans, 1926): 2D tulsi (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D

627

Genus Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852 avanti avanti (de Niceville, 1886): 2B, 2C Genus Cephrenes Waterhouse and Lyell, 1914 acalle oceanica (Mabille, 1904): 2C, 2D Genus Creteus de Niceville, 1895 cyrina (Hewitson, 1876): 2C, 2D Genus Cupitha Moore, 1884 purreea (Moore, 1877): 2C, 2D Genus Erionota Mabille, 1878 hiraca apicalis Evans, 1932: 2C thrax thrax (Linnaeus, 1767): 2C, 2D torus torus Evans, 1941: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gangara Moore, [1881] lebadea lebadea (Hewitson, 1886): 2C, 2D thyrsis thyrsis ( Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C Genus Gegenes Huebner, [1819] pumilio pumilio (Hoffmansegg, 1804): 2A, 2B Genus Halpe Moore, 1878 arcuata Evans, 1937: 2C filda filda Evans, 1949: 2C, 2D homolea aucma Swinhoe, 1893: 2D homolea molta Evans, 1949: 2C homolea perfossa South, 1913: 2D knyvetti Elwes and Edwards, 1897: 2C kumara kumara de Niceville, 1885: 2C, 2D kusala Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2D porus (Mabille, [1877]): 2B, 2C, 2D sikkima Moore, 1882: 2C, 2D zema zema (Hewitson, 1877): 2C, 2D zola Evans, 1937: 2D Genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1793 comma dimila (Moore, [1875]): 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Hyarotis Moore, [1881] adrastus praba (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV Genus Iambrix Watson, 1893 salsala salsala (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Iton de Niceville, 1895 semamora semamora (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Koruthaialos Watson, 1893 butleri (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D rubecula cachara Evans, 1949: 2D sindu monda Evans, 1949: 2D Genus Lotongus Distant, 1886 sarala sarala (de Niceville, 1889): 2C, 2D Genus Matapa Moore, [1881] aria (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D cresta Evans, 1949: 2C druna (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D purpurascens Elwes and Edwards, 1897: 2C sasivarna (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Notocrypta de Niceville, 1889 paralysos asawa Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2C, 2D curvifascia curvifascia (C. and R. Felder, 1862): 2B, 2C, 2D feisthamelii alysos (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872 brahma brahma (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D siva siva (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C subhyalina pasca Evans, 1949: 2C

628

Genus Ochus de Niceville, 1894 subvittatus subvittatus (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Oriens Evans, 1932 gola pseudolus (Mabille, 1883): 2C, 2D goloides (Moore, [1881]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Parnara Moore [1,881] bada bada (Moore, 1878): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D guttata mangala (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pedesta Hemming, 1934 masuriensis masuriensis (Moore, 1878): 2A, 2B pandita (de Niceville, 1885): 2C, 2D Genus Pelopidas Walker, 1870 agna agna (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2C, 2D assamensis (de Niceville, 1882): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV conjunctus conjunctus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sinensis (Mabille, 1877): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV subochraceus subochraceus (Moore, 1878): 2C thrax masta Evans, 1949: 2C Genus Pirdana Distant, 1886 hyela major Evans, 1932: 2C distanti spenda Evans, 1949: 2C Genus Pithauria Moore, 1878 marsena (Hewitson, [1866]): 2C murdava (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D stramineipennis stramineipennis Wood-Mason and de Niceville, [1887]: 2C, 2D Genus Plastingia Butler, 1870 naga (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D Genus Polytremis Mabille, 1904 discreta discreta (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV eltola eltola (Hewitson, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D lubricans lubricans (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV Genus Potanthus Scudder, 1872 confucius dushta (Fruhstorfer, 1911): 2C, 2D dara (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B mara mara (Evans, 1932): 2B, 2C, 2D nesta nesta (Evans, 1934): 2C pallidus (Evans, 1932): 2B, 2C palnia palnia (Evans, 1914): 2C pava pava (Fruhstorfer, 1911): 2B, 2C pseudomaesa clio (Evans, 1932): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rectifasciatus (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2C, 2D sita (Evans, 1932): 2C trachala tytleri (Evans, 1914): 2C, 2D Genus Psolos Staudinger, 1889 fuligo subfasciatus (Moore, 1878): 2D Genus Pudicitia de Niceville, 1895 pholus (de Niceville, 1889): 2C, 2D Genus Pyroneura Eliot, 1978 margherita margherita (Doherty, 1889): 2D Genus Salanoemia Eliot, 1978 noemi (de Niceville, 1885): 2C Genus Scobura Elwes and Edwards, 1897 cephala (Hewitson, 1876): 2C, 2D cephaloides cephaloides (de Niceville, [1889]): 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

isota Swinhoe, 1893: 2C, 2D tytleri (Evans, 1914): 2D Genus Sebastonyma Watson, 1893 dolopia (Hewitson, 1868): 2C, 2D Genus Sovia Evans, 1949 grahami grahami (Evans, 1926): 2B, 2C lucasii magna (Evans, 1932): 2D separata separata (Moore, 1882): 2C Genus Stimula de Niceville, 1898 swinhoei swinhoei (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2C Genus Suada de Niceville, 1895 swerga swerga (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D Genus Suastus Moore, [1881] gremius gremius (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C, 2D minutus aditia Evans, 1943: 2C, 2D Genus Taractrocera Butler, [1870] danna (Moore, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2C maevius sagara (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Telicota Moore, [1881] augias augias (Linnaeus 1763): 2D bambusae bambusae (Moore, 1878): 2B, 2C, 2D colon colon (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C, 2D colon stinga Evans, 1949: 2D linna linna Evans, 1949: 2C, 2D ohara jix Evans, 1949: 2B, 2C Genus Thoressa Swinhoe, [1913] aina (de Niceville, [1889]): 2B, 2C cerata Hewitson, 1876): 2B, 2C gupta (de Niceville, 1886): 2B, 2C hyrie (de Niceville, 1891): 2C, 2D Genus Udaspes Moore, [1881] folus (Cramer, [1775]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Unkana Distant, 1886 ambasa Moore, 1858: 2C Genus Zographetus Watson, 1893 satwa (de Niceville, [1884]): 2B, 2C, 2D ogygia ogygia (Hewitson, [1866]): 2C, 2D Subfamily PYRGINAE Burmeister, 1878 Genus Capila Moore, [1866] jayadeva Moore, [1866]: 2C, 2D lidderdali (Elwes, 1888): 2C, 2D pieridoides pieridoides (Moore, 1878): 2D zennara (Moore, 1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Caprona Wallengren, 1857 agama agama (Moore, [1858]): 2B alida alida de Niceville, 1891: 2D alida yerburyi Evans, 1949: 2B Genus Carcharodus Huebner, [1819] alceae gooraisa Evans, 1949: 2A, 2B dravira (Moore, [1875]): 2A Genus Celaenorrhinus Huebner, [1819] aurivittatus aurivittatus (Moore, 1878): 2D badius Hewitson, 1877: 2C, 2D dhanada affinis (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2D dhanada dhanada (Moore, 1865): 2B, 2C flavocincta (de Niceville, 1887): 2C leucocera (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D morena Evans, 1949: 2C munda maculicornis (Elwes and Edwards, 1897): 2C DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

munda munda (Moore, 1884): 2A, 2B, 2C nigricans nigricans (de Niceville, 1885): 2C, 2D patula de Niceville, 1889: 2C, 2D pero lucifera Leech, 1894: 2C pero pero de Niceville, 1889: 2B plagifera de Niceville, 1889: 2C, 2D pulomaya pulomaya (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D putra putra (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D pyrrha de Niceville, 1889: 2B, 2C, 2D ratna daphne Evans, 1949: 2B ratna tytleri Evans, 1926: 2C, 2D sumitra (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D tibetanus Mabille, 1876: 2D zea Swinhoe, 1909: 2C Genus Chamunda Evans, 1949 chamunda (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Coladenia Moore, [1881] agni agni (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D agnioides Elwes and Edwards, 1897: 2C indrani indrani (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laxmi landa Evans, 1949: 2C Genus Ctenoptilum de Niceville, 1890 vasava vasava (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Darpa Moore, [1866] hanria Moore, [1866]: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Erynnis Schrank, 1801 pathan pathan Evans, 1949: 1A, 2A Genus Gerosis Mabille, 1903 bhagava bhagava (Moore, [1866]): 2C phisara phisara (Moore, 1884): 2B, 2C, 2D sinica narada (Moore, 1884): 2C, 2D Genus Gomalia Moore, 1879 elma albofasciata Moore, 1879: 2A? Genus Lobocla Moore, 1884 aborica Tytler, 1915: 2D liliana ignatius (Ploetz, 1882): 2A, 2B liliana liliana (Atkinson, 1871): 2C, 2D Genus Mooreana Evans, 1926 trichoneura pralaya (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Odina Mabille, 1891 decorata (Hewitson, 1867): 2C Genus Odontoptilum de Niceville, 1890 angulatum angulatum (C. and R. Felder, 1862): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudocoladenia Shirozu and Saigusa, 1962 dan fabia (Evans, 1949): 2C, 2D dan fatih (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B fatua (Evans, 1949): 2C, 2D festa (Evans, 1949): 2C, 2D Genus Pyrgus Huebner, [1819] alpinus alichurensis de Jong, 1975: 1A cashmirensis cashmirensis Moore, 1874: 1B, 2A, 2B cashmirensis pseudoalpinus Alberti, 1952: 1A Genus Sarangesa Moore, [1881] dasahara dasahara (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D purendra purendra Moore, 1882: 2A, 2B Genus Satarupa Moore, [1866] gopala gopala Moore, [1866]: 2C zulla zulla Tytler , 1915: 2C

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Genus Seseria Matsumura, 1919 dohertyi dohertyi Watson, 1893: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sambara sambara (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Spialia Swinhoe, [1912] galba galba (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tagiades Huebner, [1819] cohaerens cynthia Evans, 1934: 2B, 2C, 2D gana athos Ploetz, 1884: 2C, 2D japetus ravi (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D litigiosa litigiosa Fruhstorfer, 1910: 2B, 2C, 2D menaka menaka (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D parra gala Evans, 1949: 2C, 2D Family PIERIDAE Swainson, 1820 Subfamily COLIADINAE Swainson, 1827 Genus Catopsilia Huebner, [1819] pomona (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Colias Fabricius, 1807 berylla berylla Fawcett, 1904: 2C cocandica hinducucica Verity, 1911: 1A; Sch-II dubia Elwes, 1906: 2C; Sch-I; CR eogene eogene C. and R. Felder, 1865: 1A, 1B, 2B; Sch-II eogene francesca Watkins, 1927: 1A fieldii fieldii Menetries, 1855: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ladakensis C.and R. Felder, 1865: 1A, 1B, 2B; Sch-II leechi Grum-Grshimailo, 1893: 1B stoliczkana miranda Fruhstorfer, 1903: 2C; Sch-II stoliczkana stoliczkana Moore, 1878: 1B thrasibulus thrasibulus Fruhstorfer, 1910: 1A; Sch-I; EN wiskotti Staudinger, 1882: 1A Genus Dercas Doubleday, [1847] lycorias lycorias (Doubleday, 1842): 2C, 2D; Sch-II verhuelli doubledayi Moore, [1905]: 2C, 2D Genus Eurema Huebner, [1819] andersonii jordani Corbet and Pendlebury, 1932: 2B, 2C, 2D blanda silhetana (Wallace, 1867): 2B, 2C, 2D brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867 ): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D laeta laeta (Boisduval, 1836): 2A, 2B laeta sikkima (Moore, [1906]): 2C, 2D simulatrix sarinoides (Fruhstorfer, 1910): 2C Genus Gandaca Moore, [1906] harina assamica Moore, [1906]: 2C, 2D Genus Gonepteryx Leach, [1815] amintha thibetana Nekrutenko, 1968: 2D mahaguru mahaguru Gistel, 1857: 2A, 2B rhamni gilgitica Tytler, 1926: 1A rhamni nepalensis Doubleday, 1847: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PIERINAE Swainson, 1820 Genus Aporia Huebner, [1819] agathon agathon (Gray, 1831): 2D agathon caphusa (Moore, 1872): 2B; Sch-IV agathon phryxe (Boisduval, [1836]): 2A, 2B; Sch-IV harrietae harrietae de Nicéville, 1893: 2D leucodice belucha (Marshall, 1882): 1A, 1B, 2A nabellica nabellica (Boisduval, [1836]): 2A, 2B; Sch-II soracta sara Evans, 1932: 2B soracta soracta Moore, 1857: 2A, 2B

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Genus Appias Huebner, [1819] albina darada (C. and R. Felder, [1865]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II indra indra (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D lalage lalage (Doubleday, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D libythea libythea (Fabricius, 1775): 2B; Sch-II lyncida eleonora (Boisduval, 1836): 2C, 2D nero galba (Wallace, 1867): 2C, 2D; Sch-II olferna olferna Swinhoe, 1890: 2C, 2D Genus Baltia Moore, 1878 butleri butleri Moore, 1882: 1A, 1B; Sch-II shawii (Bates, 1873): 1B sikkima Fruhstorfer, 1903: 2C; Sch-I; EN Genus Belenois Huebner, [1819] aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cepora Billberg, 1820 nadina nadina (Lucas, 1852): 2C, 2D nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Colotis Huebner, [1819] etrida etrida (Boisduval, 1836): 2B Genus Delias Huebner, [1819] acalis pyramus (Wallace, 1867): 2C, 2D agostina agostina (Hewitson, 1852): 2C, 2D belladonna horsfieldi (Gray, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C belladonna ithiela Butler, 1869: 2C, 2D belladonna lugens Jordan, 1925: 2D berinda berinda (Moore, 1872): 2D berinda boyleae Butler, 1885: 2B, 2D descombesi descombesi (Boisduval, 1836): 2C, 2D eucharis (Drury, 1773): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hyparete indica (Wallace, 1867): 2B, 2C, 2D pasithoe pasithoe (Linnaeus, 1767): 2C, 2D sanaca bhutya Talbot, 1937: 2D, VU* sanaca oreas Talbot, 1928: 2C; VU* sanaca perspicua Fruhstorfer, 1910: 2D, VU* sanaca sanaca (Moore, 1857): 2A, 2B; Sch-I; VU* Genus Euchloe Huebner, [1819] ausonia daphalis (Moore, 1865): 2B Genus Hebomoia Huebner, [1819] glaucippe glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C, 2D Genus Ixias Huebner, [1819] marianne (Cramer, [1779]): 2A, 2B pyrene evippe (Drury, [1773]): 2A, 2B pyrene latifasciata Butler, 1871: 2C, 2D Genus Leptosia Huebner, 1818 nina (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Mesapia Gray, 1856 peloria peloria (Hewitson, 1853): 2B Genus Pareronia Bingham, 1907 avatar (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 brassicae nepalensis Gray, 1846: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D canidia indica Evans, 1926: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D deota (de Niceville, [1884]): 1B; Sch-II dubernardi chumbiensis de Niceville, 1897: 2C krueperi devta (de Niceville, [1884]): 1B; Sch-I; CR melete ajaka Moore, 1865: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D melete melaina Roeber, 1907: 2C, 2D rapae rapae (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Pontia Fabricius, 1807 callidice kalora (Moore, 1865): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B chloridice alpina (Verity, 1911): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B; Sch-II daplidice moorei (Roeber, [1907]): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D glauconome iranica (Bienert, [1870]): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Prioneris Wallace, 1867 philonome clemanthe (Doubleday, 1842): 2C, 2D thestylis thestylis (Doubleday, 1842): 2B, 2C, 2D Family RIODINIDAE Grote, 1895 Subfamily RIODININAE Grote, 1895 Genus Abisara C. and R. Felder, 1860 bifasciata suffuse Moore, 1882: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chela amplifascia Tytler, 1940: 2D chela chela de Niceville, 1886: 2C, 2D fylla fylla (Westwood, 1851): 2B, 2C, 2D neophron neophron (Hewiton, 1861): 2C, 2D neophron neophronides Fruhstorfer, 1914: 2C Genus Dodona Hewitson, 1861 adonira adonira Hewitson, 1866: 2C, 2D; Sch-II adonira naga Tytler, 1940: 2D dipoea dipoea Hewitson, 1865: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II dipoea nostia Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2A, 2B durga durga (Kollar, [1844]): 1A, 2A, 2B egeon egeon (Westwood, [1851]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II eugenes eugenes Bates, [1868]: 2A, 2B eugenes venox Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2C, 2D ouida ouida Moore, 1866: 2C, 2D ouida phlegra Fruhstorfer, 1914: 2B Genus Stiboges Butler, 1876 nymphidia nymphidia Butler, 1876: 2D Genus Zemeros Boisduval, [1836] flegyas flegyas (Cramer, [1780]): 2B, 2C, 2D Family LYCAENIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily CURETINAE Hübner, [1819] Genus Curetis Huebner, [1819] acuta dentata Moore, 1879: 2B, 2C, 2D bulis bulis (Westwood, 1852 ): 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily LYCAENINAE Leach, 1815 Genus Acupicta Eliot, 1973 delicatum (de Niceville, 1887): 2C; Sch-II Genus Acytolepis Toxopeus, 1927 puspa gisca (Fruhstorfer, 1910): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Agriades Huebner, [1819] jaloka marlane (Hemming, 1934): 2A jaloka jaloka (Moore, [1875]): 1B, 2A jaloka leela (de Niceville, 1884): 1B; Sch-I; CR morsheadi (Evans, 1923): 2C Genus Albulina Tutt, 1909 asiatica (Elwes, 1882): 2C chitralensis gilgitica (Tytler, 1926): 1A chrysopis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) : 1A galathea depreei (Tytler, 1926): 1B galathea galathea (Blanchard, [1844]): 1A lehanus (Moore, 1878): 1A, 1B, 2B metallica gilgitica (Tytler, 1926): 1A metallica metallica (C. and R. Felder, [1865]): 1B omphisa (Moore, [1875]): 1A, 1B pharis (Fawcett, 1903): 2C sikkima (Moore, 1884): 2C DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Genus Alpherakya Zhdanko, 1994 devanica devanica (Moore, [1875]): 1A, 1B, 2A; Sch-II sarta gooraisica (Tytler, 1927): 1A, 2A Genus Amblypodia Horsfield, [1829] anita dina Fruhstorfer, 1907: 2C Genus Ancema Eliot, 1973 ctesia ctesia (Hewitson, 1865): 2B, 2C, 2D blanka minturna Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Anthene Doubleday, 1847 emolus emolus (Godart, 1824): 2B, 2C, 2D lycaenina lycambes (Hewitson, 1878): 2C, 2D Genus Apharitis Riley, 1925 lilacinus (Moore, 1884): 2B; Sch-II Genus Araotes Doherty, 1889 lapithis lapithis (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Arhopala Boisduval, 1832 aberrans (de Niceville, [1889]): 2C; Sch-II abseus indicus Riley, 1923: 2B, 2C, 2D aedias yendava (Grose-Smith, 1887): 2C amantes amatrix de Niceville, 1891: 2C amantes apella (Swinhoe, 1887): 2B, 2C ammonides elira (Corbet, 1941): 2D; Sch-I athada apha de Niceville, 1895: 2C atrax (Hewitson, 1862): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878): 2C, 2D; Sch-II bazalus teesta (de Niceville, 1866): 2B, 2C, 2D belphoebe belphoebe Doherty, 1889: 2D birmana birmana (Moore, [1884]): 2C, 2D camdeo camdeo (Moore, [1858]): 2C; Sch-II centaurus pirithous (Moore, [1884]): 2B, 2C, 2D comica de Niceville, 1900: 2D; Sch-I; EN curiosa (Evans, 1957): 2D dodonaea Moore, 1857: 2A, 2B, 2C eumolphus eumolphus (Cramer, [1780]): 2C, 2D fulla ignara Riley and Godfrey, 1921: 2C; Sch-II ganesa ganesa (Moore, [1858]): 2A, 2B, 2C ganesa watsoni Evans, 1912: 2D; Sch-II khamti Doherty, 1891: 2C, 2D nicevillei Bethune-Baker, 1903: 2C oenea (Hewitson, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II paraganesa paraganesa (de Niceville, 1882): 2B, 2C paraganesa zephyretta Doherty, 1891: 2D; Sch-II paramuta paramuta (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D perimuta perimuta (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D rama rama (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rama ramosa (Evans, 1925): 2D silhetensis silhetensis (Hewitson, 1862): 2C, 2D; Sch-II singla (de Niceville, 1885): 2B, 2C Genus Aricia Reichenbach, 1817 agestis nazira (Moore, 1865): 2A, 2B annulata (Elwes, 1906): 2C artaxerxes transalaica (Obratzov, 1935): 1A astorica (Evans, 1925): 1A Genus Artipe Boisduval, 1870 eryx eryx (Linnaeus, 1771): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Azanus Moore, [1881] ubaldus (Stoll, [1782]): 2B, 2C uranus Butler, 1886: 2B, 2C jesous gamra (Lederer, 1855): 2B

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Genus Bindahara Moore, [1881] phocides phocides (Fabricius, 1793): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Bothrinia Chapman, 1909 chennellii chennellii (de Niceville, [1884]): 2D; Sch-II Genus Caleta Fruhstorfer, 1922 decidia decidia (Hewitson, 1876): 2B, 2C, 2D elna noliteia (Fruhstorfer, 1918): 2C, 2D roxus roxana (de Niceville,1897): 2D Genus Castalius Huebner, [1819] rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Catapaecilma Butler, 1879 major major Druce, 1895: 2C, 2D; Sch-II subochracea Elwes, [1893]: 2D Genus Catochrysops Boisduval, 1832 panormus exiguus (Distant, 1886): 2C, 2D strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Celastrina Tutt, 1906 argiolus iynteana (de Niceville, 1884): 2C, 2D argiolus kollari (Westwood, [1852]): 2A, 2B gigas (Hemming, 1928): 2A, 2B hersilia vipia Cantlie and Norman, 1960: 2C, 2D huegelii huegelii (Moore, 1882): 2A, 2B huegelii oreoides (Evans, 1925): 2C, 2D lavendularis limbata (Moore, 1879): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Celatoxia Eliot and Kawazoe, 1983 marginata marginata (de Niceville, 1884): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Chaetoprocta de Niceville, 1890 kurumi baileyi Forster, 1980: 2B odata odata (Hewitson, 1865): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B odata peilei Forster, 1980: 2B Genus Charana de Niceville, 1890 mandarina mandarina (Hewitson, 1863): 2C, 2D Genus Cheritra Moore, 1881 freja evansi Cowan, 1965: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cheritrella de Niceville, 1887 truncipennis de Niceville, 1887: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Chilades Moore, 1881 lajus lajus (Stoll, [1780]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pandava pandava Horsfield, 1829: 2B, 2C, 2D parrhasius (Fabricius 1793): 2A, 2B Genus Chliaria Moore, 1884 kina kina (Hewitson, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II othona othona (Hewitson, 1865): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-I; LC Genus Chrysozephyrus Shirozu and Yamamoto, 1956 disparatus interpositus (Howarth, 1957): 2C, 2D duma (Hewitson, 1869): 2C, 2D dumoides (Tytler, 1915): 2C sandersi sandersi (Howarth, 1957): 2C sikkimensis (Howarth, 1957): 2C vittatus (Tytler, 1915): 2C; Sch-II zoa (de Niceville, 1889): 2C; Sch-II Genus Creon de Niceville, 1896 cleobis cleobis (Godart, 1824): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Dacalana Moore, 1884 penicilligera penicilligera (de Niceville, 1890): 2C, 2D cotys (Hewitson, 1865): 2C, 2D Genus Deudorix Hewitson, 1863 epijarbas amatius Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU epijarbas epijarbas (Moore, 1857): 2D

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Genus Discolampa Toxopeus, 1929 ethion ethion (Westwood, 1851): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Drupadia Moore, 1884 scaeva cyara (Hewitson, 1878): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN Genus Esakiozephyrus Shirozu and Yamamoto, 1956 icana icana (Moore, [1875]): 2A, 2B; Sch-II Genus Euaspa Moore, 1884 mikamii Koiwaya, 2002: 2D milionia milionia (Hewitson, [1869]): 2A, 2B miyashitai Koiwaya, 2002: 2C pavo (de Niceville, 1887): 2D; Sch-I; EN Genus Euchrysops Butler, 1900 cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Everes Huebner, [1819] argiades diporides Chapman, 1909: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II argiades tibetanus Lorkovic, 1943: 2C, 2D huegelii dipora (Moore, 1865): 2B, 2C huegelii huegelii (Gistel, 1857): 2A, 2B lacturnus assamica Tytler, 1915: 2B, 2C Genus Flos Doherty, 1889 adriana (de Niceville, 1883): 2B, 2C, 2D areste (Hewitson, 1862): 2C; Sch-II asoka (de Niceville, 1883): 2B, 2C chinensis (C. and R. Felder, 1865): 2C diardi diardi (Hewitson, 1862): 2C fulgida (Hewitson, 1863): 2C Genus Freyeria Courvoisier, 1920 putli (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D trochylus (Freyer, 1845): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Heliophorus Geyer, 1832 androcles androcles (Westwood, 1851 ): 2D androcles rubida Riley, 1929: 2D bakeri (Evans, 1927): 2A brahma brahma (Moore, [1858]): 2B, 2C, 2D epicles latilimbata Eliot, 1963: 2B, 2C, 2D hybrida (Tytler, 1912): 2C; Sch-I; EN ila pseudonexus Eliot, 1963: 2C indicus (Fruhstorfer,1908): 2C, 2D moorei coruscans (Moore, 1882): 2A, 2B moorei moorei (Hewitson, 1865): 2C, 2D oda (Hewitson, 1865): 2A, 2B sena (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2D tamu kala (Tytler, 1912): 2D tamu tamu (Kollar, [1844]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Horaga Moore, 1881 onyx onyx (Moore, 1858): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II syrinx sikkima Moore 1883: 2C viola Moore 1882: 2A, 2B, 2C; Sch-II Genus Hypolycaena C. and R. Felder, 1862 erylus himavantus Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2C, 2D narada Kunte, 2015: 2D Genus Inomataozephyrus Koiwaya, 2007 assamicus assamicus (Tytler, 1915): 2C, 2D syla (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B; Sch-II Genus Ionolyce Toxopeus, 1829 helicon merguiana (Moore, 1884): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Iraota Moore, [1881] timoleon timoleon (Stoll, [1790]): 2B, 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Iwaseozephyrus Fujioka, 1994 mandara irma (Evans, 1925): 2C mandara mandara (Doherty, 1886): 2B; CR Genus Jamides Huebner, [1819] alecto alocina Swinhoe, 1915: 2C, 2D bochus (Stoll, [1882]): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D caeruleus caeruleus (Druce, 1873): 2D; Sch-II celeno aelianus (Fabricius, 1793): 2B, 2C, 2D elpis pseudelpis Butler, 1879: 2C, 2D pura pura (Moore, 1886): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Lampides Huebner, [1819] boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Leptotes Scudder, 1876 plinius (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lestranicus Eliot and Kawazoe, 1983 transpectus (Moore, 1879): 2C, 2D Genus Leucantigius Shirozu and Murayama, 1951 atayalicus nangsarae Koiwaya, 2011: 2D Genus Loxura Horsfield, 1829 atymnus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lycaena Fabricius, 1807 kasyapa (Moore, 1865): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B panava (Westwood, 1852): 2A, 2B phlaeas baralacha (Moore, 1884): 2A, 2B phlaeas flavens (Ford, 1924): 2A, 2B, 1C Genus Mahathala Moore, 1878 ameria ameria (Hewitson, 1862): 2C; Sch-II Genus Maneca de Niceville, 1890 bhotea bhotea (Moore, 1884): 2C; Sch-II Genus Megisba Moore, [1881] malaya sikkima Moore, 1884: 2B, 2C, 2D malaya thwaitesi Moore, [1881]: 2C, 2D Genus Monodontides Toxopeus, 1927 musina musinoides (Swinhoe, 1910): 2D Genus Mota de Niceville, 1890 massyla (Hewitson, 1869): 2D Genus Nacaduba Moore, [1881] beroe gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2C, 2D hermus nabo Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2C, 2D kurava euplea Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2B, 2C, 2D pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2C, 2D pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2C, 2D subperusia lysa Fruhstorfer, 1916: 2D Genus Neocheritra Distant, 1884 fabronia fabronia (Hewitson, 1878): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Neopithecops Distant, 1884 zalmora zalmora (Butler, [1870]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Niphanda Moore, 1875 cymbia cymbia de Niceville, 1884: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Oreolyce Toxopeus, 1927 vardhana vardhana (Moore, [1875]): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Orthomiella de Niceville, 1890 pontis pontis (Elwes, 1887): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Pamela Hemming, 1935 dudgeonii (de Niceville, 1894): 2B, 2C; Sch-I; EN Genus Patricius Balint, [1992] younghusbandi (Elwes, 1906): 1B, 2C; Sch-II Genus Petrelaea Toxopeus, 1929 dana (de Niceville, [1884]): 2B, 2C, 2D DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Genus Phengaris Doherty, 1891 atroguttata lampra Röber, 1926: 2D Genus Pithecops Horsfield, [1828] corvus correctus Cowan, 1965: 2D fulgens fulgens Doherty, 1889: 2D; Sch-II Genus Plebejidea Koçak 1983 loewii laura (Evans, 1932): 1B Genus Plebejus Kluk, 1780 eversmanni eversmanni (Staudinger, 1886): 2B samudra (Moore, [1875]): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 ariana Moore, 1865: 2A dux Riley, 1926: 2B dux fraterluci (Balint, 1995): 2A pseuderos Moore, 1879: 2A stoliczkanus arene Fawcett, 1904: 2C stoliczkanus janetae Evans, 1927: 1A stoliczkanus stoliczkanus (C. and R. Felder, [1865]): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Pratapa Moore, 1881 deva lila Moore, 1884: 2C; Sch-II icetas extensa Evans, 1925: 2C, 2D icetas icetas (Hewitson, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2D; Sch-II icetas mishmia Evans, 1925: 2D; Sch-I; CR Genus Prosotas Druce, 1891 aluta coelestis (Wood-Mason and de Niceville, [1887]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II nora ardates Moore, 1874: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pia marginata Tite, 1963: 2C, 2D bhutea bhutea (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]): 2B, 2C, 2D lutea sivoka (Evans, 1910): 2C noreia hampsoni (de Niceville, 1885): 2B, 2D; Sch-I; NT Genus Pseudophilotes Beuret, 1958 vicrama cashmirensis (Moore, 1874): 1A, 1B, 2A vicrama vicrama (Moore, 1865): 2A Genus Pseudozizeeria Beuret, 1955 maha maha (Kollar, [1844]): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rachana Eliot, 1978 jalindra indra (Moore [1884]): 2D; Sch-II Genus Rapala Moore, [1881] dieneces dieneces (Hewitson,1878): 2C, 2D extensa Evans, 1926: 2A iarbus iarbus (Fabricius, 1787): 2C, 2D iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]): 2B manea schistacea (Moore, 1879): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nissa nissa (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C nissa ranta Swinhoe, 1897: 2C, 2D pheretima petosiris (Hewitson, 1863): 2B, 2C, 2D rectivitta (Moore, 1879): 2C, 2D; Sch-II refulgens de Niceville, 1891: 2C, 2D; Sch-II rosacea de Niceville, [1889]: 2C, 2D scintilla scintilla de Niceville, 1890: 2C, 2D; Sch-II selira (Moore, 1874): 2A, 2B sphinx (Fabricius, 1775): 2D suffusa (Moore, 1878): 2D; Sch-II tara de Niceville, [1889]: 2B, 2C, 2D varuna grisea (Moore, 1879): 2A, 2B varuna orseis (Hewitson, 1863): 2C, 2D

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Genus Rathinda Moore, 1881 amor (Fabricius, 1775): 2C Genus Remelana Moore, 1884 jangala ravata (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D Genus Satyrium Scudder, 1876 sassanides (Kollar 1850): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Shijimia Matsumura, 1919 moorei moorei (Leech, 1889): 2C, 2D; CR Genus Shirozuozephyrus Koiwaya, 2007 bhutanensis (Howarth, 1957): 2C birupa (Moore, 1877): 2A, 2B kirbariensis kirbariensis (Tytler, 1915): 2C triloka (Hannyngton, 1910): 2B Genus Shizuyaozephyrus Koiwaya, 2003 ziha (Hewitson, [1865]): 2B; Sch-II Genus Sinthusa Moore, 1884 chandrana chandrana (Moore, 1882): 2A, 2B; Sch-II chandrana grotei (Moore, [1884]): 2C, 2D nasaka amba (Kirby, 1878): 2C, 2D nasaka pallidior Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2A, 2B virgo (Elwes, 1887): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; NT Genus Spindasis Wallengren, 1857 elima elima (Moore, 1877): 2A, 2B, 2C; Sch-II elima uniformis (Moore, 1882): 2A elwesi (Evans, [1925]): 2B, 2C; Sch-I; NT evansii evansii (Tytler, 1915): 2D ictis ictis (Hewitson, 1865): 2A, 2B, 2C lohita himalayanus (Moore, 1884): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II mishmisensis (South, 1913): 2D nipalicus nipalicus (Moore, 1884): 2A, 2B; Sch-II rukma rukma (de Niceville, 1889): 2C rukmini (de Niceville, 1889): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN syama peguanus Moore, 1884: 2C, 2D vulcanus vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C zhengweilie chayuensis Huang, 2001: 2D Genus Surendra Moore, 1879 quercetorum quercetorum (Moore, [1858]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tajuria Moore, 1881 albiplaga albiplaga de Niceville, 1887: 2C; Sch-II cippus cippus (Fabricius, 1798): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II diaeus diaeus (Hewitson, 1865): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II illurgioides de Niceville, 1890: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II illurgis illurgis (Hewitson, 1869): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II jehana jehana Moore, 1883: 2B maculata (Hewitson, 1865): 2C, 2D melastigma (de Niceville, 1884): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II yajna istroidea de Niceville, 1887: 2C, 2D; Sch-II yajna yajna (Doherty, 1886): 2B; Sch-I; CR Genus Talicada Moore, [1881] nyseus nyseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1843): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tarucus Moore, [1881] ananda (de Niceville, [1884]): 2C, 2D; Sch-IV balkanicus nigra Bethune-Baker, 1918: 2B, 2C callinara Butler, 1886: 2A, 2B, 2C; Sch-II hazara Evans, 1932: 2A hazara Evans, 1932: 2A indicus Evans, 1932: 2C nara (Kollar, 1848): 2A, 2B, 2C venosus Moore, 1882: 2A, 2B

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waterstradti dharta Bethune-Baker, 1918: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Thermozephyrus Inomata and Itagaki, 1986 ataxus ataxus (Westwood, 1851 ): 2A, 2B; Sch-II ataxus zulla (Tytler, 1915): 2D; Sch-I; CR Genus Thersamonia Verity, 1919 aditya (Moore, [1875]): 1B Genus Ticherra de Niceville, 1887 acte acte (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D Genus Tongeia Tutt, [1908] pseudozuthus Huang, 2001: 2D Genus Udara Toxopeus, 1928 albocaerulea albocaerulea (Moore, 1879): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II dilecta dilecta (Moore, 1879): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Una de Niceville, 1890 usta usta (Distant, 1886): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Virachola Moore, 1881 isocrates (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D perse perse (Hewitson, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Yasoda Doherty, 1889 tripunctata tripunctata (Hewitson, 1863): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Zeltus de Niceville, 1890 amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865): 2C, 2D Genus Zesius Huebner, [1819] chrysomallus Huebner, [1819]: 2B Genus Zinaspa de Niceville, 1890 todara distorta (de Niceville, 1887): 2C, 2D Genus Zizeeria Chapman, 1910 karsandra (Moore, 1865): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Zizina Chapman 1910 otis sangra (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Zizula Chapman, 1910 hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily MILETINAE Corbet, 1939 Genus Allotinus C. and R. Felder, [1865] drumila drumila (Moore, [1866]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-I; NT unicolor continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1913: 2D Genus Liphyra Westwood, 1864 brassolis brassolis Westwood, 1864: 2C; Sch-I; EN Genus Logania Distant, 1884 distanti massalia Doherty, 1891: 2D Genus Miletus Huebner, [1819] biggsii biggsii (Distant, 1884): 2D; Sch-I chinensis assamensis (Doherty, 1891): 2B, 2C, 2D chinensis longeana de Nicéville, 1898: 2D Genus Spalgis Moore, 1879 epeus epeus (Westwood, 1852): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Taraka de Niceville, 1890 hamada mendesia Fruhstorfer, 1918: 2C, 2D Subfamily PORITIINAE Doherty, 1886 Genus Poritia Moore, [1866] erycinoides trishna Fruhstorfer, 1919: 2D hewitsoni hewitsoni Moore, 1866: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Simiskina Distant, 1886 phalena harterti (Doherty, 1889): 2D; Sch-I Family NYMPHALIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily AMATHUSIINAE Moore, 1894 Genus Aemona Hewitson, 1868 amathusia amathusia (Hewitson, 1867): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Amathuxidia Staudinger, [1887] amythaon amythaon (Doubleday, 1847): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Discophora Boisduval, [1836] sondaica zal Westwood, 1851: 2C, 2D; Sch-I timora Westwood, [1850]: 2C Genus Enispe Doubleday, [1848] cycnus cycnus Westwood, 1851: 2C, 2D; Sch-II cycnus verbanus Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2D euthymius euthymius (Doubleday, 1845): 2C, 2D Genus Faunis Huebner, [1819] canens arcesilas Stichel, 1933: 2C, 2D eumeus assama (Westwood, 1858): 2D; Sch-II Genus Stichophthalma C. and R. Felder, 1862 camadeva aborica Tytler, 1939: 2D camadeva camadeva (Westwood, 1848): 2C, 2D camadeva nicevillei Roeber, 1900: 2D nourmahal (Westwood, 1851 ): 2C, 2D; Sch-II sparta tytleri Rothschild, 1918: 2D Genus Thaumantis Huebner, [1826] diores diores Doubleday, 1845: 2C, 2D Subfamily APATURINAE Boisduval, 1840 Genus Chitoria Moore, 1896 sordida sordida (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II ulupi ulupi (Doherty, 1889): 2D; Sch-I; EN Genus Dilipa Moore, 1857 morgiana (Westwood, [1850]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-I; NT Genus Euripus Doubleday, 1848 consimilis consimilis (Westwood, 1850): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II nyctelius nyctelius (Doubleday, 1845): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Helcyra C. Felder, 1860 hemina hemina Hewitson, 1864: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU Genus Herona Doubleday, [1848] marathus marathus Doubleday, [1848]: 2C, 2D Genus Hestina Westwood, 1850 nicevillei jermyni (Druce, 1911): 2A nicevillei nicevillei (Moore, [1895]): 2A, 2B; Sch-I, VU persimilis persimilis (Westwood, [1850]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II persimilis zella Butler, 1869: 2A, 2B Genus Hestinalis Bryk, 1938 nama nama (Doubleday, 1844): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Mimathyma Moore, [1896] ambica ambica (Kollar, [1844]): 2B, 2C, 2D chevana chevana (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II chitralensis (Evans, 1912): 1A Genus Rohana Moore, [1880] parisatis parisatis (Westwood, 1850): 2B, 2C, 2D parvata parvata (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Sasakia Moore, [1896] funebris (Leech, 1891): 2D; Sch-I; CR Genus Sephisa Moore, 1882 chandra chandra (Moore, [1858]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-I; NT dichroa (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B Subfamily BIBLIDINAE Boisduval, 1833 Genus Ariadne Horsfield, [1829] ariadne pallidior (Fruhstorfer, 1899): 2B, 2C, 2D merione tapestrina (Moore, 1884): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily CALINAGINAE Moore, 1895 Genus Calinaga Moore, 1857 aborica Tytler, 1915: 2D DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

brahma Butler, 1885: 2D buddha Moore 1857: 2A, 2B; Sch-I; LC gautama Moore, 1901: 2C, 2D Subfamily CHARAXINAE Guenée, 1865 Genus Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816 aristogiton aristogiton C. and R. Felder, [1867]: 2C, 2D; Sch-II bernardus hemana Butler, 1870: 2B; Sch-II bernardus hierax C. and R. Felder, [1867]: 2C, 2D kahruba kahruba (Moore, [1895]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II marmax marmax Westwood, 1847: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II psaphon imna Butler, 1870: 2D solon solon (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, B, C, D solon sulphurous Rothschild, 1900: 2D; Sch-II Genus Polyura Billberg, 1820 agraria agraria (Swinhoe, 1887): 2A, 2B, 2C arja (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 2C, 2D athamas athamas (Drury, [1773]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bharata (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 2C, 2D delphis delphis (Doubleday, 1843): 2C, 2D; Sch-II dolon carolus (Fruhstorfer, 1904): 2D dolon centralis (Rothschild, 1899): 2C, 2D dolon dolon (Westwood, 1847): 2A, 2B; Sch-II eudamippus eudamippus (Doubleday, 1843): 2B, 2C, 2D moori sandakana (Fruhstorfer, 1895): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN narcaeus aborica (Evans, 1924): 2D schreiber assamensis (Rothschild, 1899): 2D; *; VU* Genus Prothoe Huebner, [1824] franck regalis Butler, 1885: 2D; Sch-I; EN Subfamily CYRESTINAE Guenée, 1865 Genus Chersonesia Distant, 1883 intermedia rahrioides Moore, [1899]: 2C, 2D; Sch-II risa risa (Doubleday, 1848): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cyrestis Boisduval, 1832 cocles cocles (Fabricius, 1787): 2C, 2D; Sch-II thyodamas ganescha (Kollar, 1848): 2A, 2B thyodamas thyodamas Boisduval, 1846: 2C, 2D Subfamily DANAINAE Boisduval, 1833 Genus Danaus Kluk, 1780 chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D genutia genutia (Cramer, [1779]): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D melanippus indicus (Fruhstorfer, 1899): 2C, 2D Genus Euploea Fabricius, 1807 algea deione Westwood, 1848: 2C, 2D core core (Cramer, [1780]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D doubledayi doubledayi C. and R. Felder, [1865]: 2C, 2D klugii klugii Moore, [1858]: 2C, 2D midamus rogenhoferi (Moore, 1883): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II mulciber mulciber (Cramer, [1777]): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-IV radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricius, 1793): 2C, 2D radamanthus ramsayi (Moore, [1890]): 2B, 2C; Sch-IV sylvester hopei C. and R. Felder,[1865]: 2C, 2D Genus Ideopsis Horsfield, [1829] similis persimilis (Moore, 1879): 2D Genus Parantica Moore, [1880] aglea melanoides Moore, 1883: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D melaneus plataniston (Fruhstorfer, 1910): 2B, 2C, 2D

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pedonga Fujioka, 1970: 2C, 2D sita sita (Kollar, [1844]): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tirumala Moore, [1880] limniace exotica (Gmelin, 1790): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D septentrionis septentrionis (Butler, 1874): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily HELICONIINAE Swainson, 1822 Genus Acraea Fabricius, 1807 issoria anomala Kollar, 1848: 2B issoria issoria (Huebner, [1819]): 2C, 2D terpsicore (Fabricius, 1793): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Algia Herrich-Schaeffer, 1864 fasciata (C. and R. Felder, 1860): 2C; CR Genus Argynnis Fabricius, 1807 aglaja vitatha (Moore, [1875]): 2A childreni childreni Gray, 1831: 2C, 2D childreni sakontala (Kollar, 1848): 2A, 2B clara clara (Blanchard, [1844]): 2B; Sch-II clara manis Fruhstorfer, 1903: 2C hyperbius hyperbius (Linnaeus, 1763): 2B, 2C, 2D jainadeva jainadeva (Moore, 1864): 2B jainadeva persephone Hemming, 1934: 1B; Sch-II kamala (Moore, 1857): 2A, 2B pandora pasargades Fruhstorfer, 1908: 1A Genus Boloria Moore, 1900 erubescens (Staudinger, 1901): 1A generator (Staudinger, 1886): 1A jerdoni jerdoni (Lang, 1868): 1A, 1B pales eupales (Fruhstorfer, 1903): 2C sipora (Moore, [1875]): 2A, 2B Genus Cethosia Fabricius, 1807 biblis tisamena Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2C, 2D cyane cyane (Drury, [1773]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cirrochroa Doubleday, [1847] aoris aoris Doubleday, [1847]: 2C, 2D tyche mithila Moore, 1872: 2C, 2D Genus Cupha Billberg, 1820 erymanthis lotis (Sulzer, 1776): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Issoria Huebner, [1819] altissima (Elwes, 1882): 2C, 2A; Sch-II gemmata (Butler, 1881): 2C lathonia issaea (Gray, 1846): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mackinnoni (de Niceville, 1891): 2B Genus Phalanta Horsfield, [1829] alcippe alcippoides (Moore, 1900): 2C, 2D; ** phalantha (Drury, [1773]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Vagrans Hemming, 1934 egista sinha (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Vindula Hemming, 1934 erota erota (Fabricius, 1793): 2C, 2D Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE Boisduval, 1833 Genus Libythea Fabricius, 1807 lepita lepita Moore,[1858]: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer, 1898: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily LIMENITIDINAE Behr, 1864 Genus Abrota Moore, 1857 ganga ganga Moore, 1857: 2C, 2D Genus Athyma Westwood, 1850 asura asura Moore, [1858]: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II cama cama Moore, [1858]: 2B, 2C, 2D

636

jina jina Moore, [1858]: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; CR kanwa phorkys (Fruhstorfer, 1913): 2C, 2D; Sch-II nefte inara (Westwood, 1850): 2C, 2D opalina opalina (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B orientalis Elwes, 1888: 2C, 2D perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pravara acutipennis Fruhstorfer, 1906: 2C, 2D; Sch-II ranga ranga Moore, [1858]: 2C, 2D; Sch-II reta moorei (Fruhstorfer, 1906): 2D; Sch-I; CR selenophora selenophora (Kollar, [1844]): 2B, 2C, 2D zeroca zeroca Moore, 1872: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Auzakia Moore, [1898] danava danava (Moore, [1858]): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Bassarona Moore, [1897] durga durga (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II iva iva (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN Genus Bhagadatta Moore, [1898] austenia (Moore, 1872): 2D; Sch-I; CR Genus Dophla Moore, [1880] evelina derma (Kollar, 1848): 2D Genus Euthalia Huebner, [1819] aconthea anagama Fruhstorfer, 1913: 2A, 2B aconthea garuda (Moore, [1858]): 2D aconthea suddhodana Fruhstorfer, 1913: 2C alpheda jama (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 2C, 2D anosia anosia (Moore, [1858]): 2D; Sch-II confucius sadona Tytler, 1940: 2D duda duda Staudinger, 1886: 2C, 2D; Sch-II franciae franciae (Gray, 1846): 2C, 2D; Sch-II lengba Tytler, 1940: 2D lubentina lubentina (Cramer, [1777]): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D* monina kesava (Moore, 1859): 2C, 2D nara nara (Moore, 1859): 2C, 2D; Sch-II patala patala (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B phemius phemius (Doubleday, [1848]): 2C, 2D sahadeva sahadeva (Moore, 1859): 2C, 2D saitaphernes saitaphernes Fruhstorfer, 1913: 2C telchinia (Menetries, 1857): 2C, 2D; LC Genus Lasippa Moore, 1898 viraja viraja (Moore, 1872): 2C, 2D Genus Lebadea Felder, 1861 martha martha (Fabricius, 1787): 2C, 2D Genus Lexias Boisduval, 1832 cyanipardus cyanipardus (Butler, [1869]): 2D; Sch-II dirtea dirtea (Fabricius, 1793): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Limenitis Fabricius, 1807 lepechini gilgitica Tytler, 1926: 1A trivena hydaspes Moore, 1874: 2A trivena ligyes Hewitson, 1864: 2A trivena pallida Tytler, 1926: 2A, 2B trivena trivena Moore, 1864: 2A, 2B Genus Moduza Moore, [1881] procris procris (Cramer, [1777]): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neptis Fabricius, 1807 adipala adipala Moore, 1872: 2C, 2D ananta ananta Moore, 1858: 2A, 2B ananta ochracea Evans, 1924: 2C, 2D armandia melba Evans, 1912: 2C; EN* capnodes pandoces Eliot, 1969: 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

cartica cartica Moore, 1872: 2B, 2C, 2D clinia praedicta Smetacek, 2011: 2B clinia susruta Moore, 1872: 2C, 2D harita harita Moore, [1875]: 2C, 2D hylas kamarupa Moore, [1875]: 2B, 2C, 2D jumbah jumbah Moore, [1858]: 2C, 2D magadha khasiana Moore, 1872: 2C, 2D; Sch-II mahendra mahendra Moore, 1872: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D manasa manasa Moore, [1858]: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU miah miah Moore, 1857: 2C, 2D miah varshneyi Smetacek, 2004: 2B namba namba Tytler, 1915: 2C, 2D narayana nana de Niceville, [1889]: 2C, 2D narayana narayana Moore, 1858: 2A, 2B; Sch-II nashona nashona Swinhoe, 1896: 2C, 2D; Sch-II nata yerburii Butler, 1886: 2A, 2B nycteus de Niceville, 1890: 2C; Sch-I; CR pseudovikasi (Moore, 1899): 2B, 2C, 2D radha radha Moore, 1857: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II sankara amba Moore, 1858: 2C, 2D sankara sankara (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B; Sch-I sappho astola Moore, 1872: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D soma butleri Eliot, 1969: 1A, 2A, 2B soma soma Moore, 1858: 2C, 2D; Sch-II zaida bhutanica Tytler, 1926: 2B, 2C, 2D zaida zaida Doubleday, [1848]: 2A, 2B; Sch-II Genus Neurosigma Butler, [1869] siva siva (Westwood, [1850]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Pantoporia Huebner, [1819] hordonia hordonia (Stoll, [1784]): 2B, 2C, 2D paraka paraka (Butler, 1879): 2D sandaka davidsoni Eliot, 1969: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Parasarpa Moore, 1898 dudu dudu (Doubleday, [1848]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II zayla (Doubleday, [1848]): 2C, 2D Genus Parthenos Huebner, [1819] sylvia gambrisius (Fabricius, 1787): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Phaedyma Felder, 1861 aspasia falda Eliot, 1969: 2D; EN* columella ophiana (Moore, 1872): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sumalia Moore, 1898 daraxa daraxa (Doubleday, [1848]): 2B, 2C, 2D zulema (Doubleday, [1848]): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU Genus Symphaedra Huebner, 1818 nais (Forster, 1771): 2B, 2C Genus Tanaecia Butler, [1869] jahnu jahnu (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D julii appiades (Menetries, 1857): 2B, 2C, 2D lepidea lepidea (Butler, 1868): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Subfamily NYMPHALINAE Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Aglais Dalman, 1816 caschmirensis aesis Fruhstorfer, 1912: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D caschmirensis caschmirensis (Kollar, [1844]): 1A, 1B, 2A ladakensis (Moore, 1878): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rizana rizana (Moore, 1872): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C; Sch-II Genus Doleschallia Felder, 1860 bisaltide indica Moore, 1899: 2C, 2D DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Genus Hypolimnas Huebner, [1819] misippus (Linnaeus, 1764): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II; LC bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Junonia Huebner, [1819] almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D iphita iphita (Cramer, [1779]): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D orithya ocyale Huebner, [1819]: 2C, 2D orithya swinhoei Butler, 1885: 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Kallima Doubleday, [1849] inachus inachus (Boisduval, 1846): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D knyvetti de Niceville, 1886: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Kaniska Moore, 1899 canace canace (Linnaeus, 1763): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Melitaea Fabricius, 1807 arcesia amoenula and Felder, [1867]: 1B arcesia balbita Moore, 1874: 1A, 1B arcesia irma Higgins, 1941: 2B arcesia sikkimensis Moore, 1901: 2C arcesia sindura Moore, 1865: 2B balbina Tytler, 1926: 1A fergana Staudinger, 1882: 1A nadezhdae Sheljuzhko, 1912: 1A shandura Evans, 1924: 1A Genus Nymphalis Kluk, 1780 antiopa yedanula Fruhstorfer, 1909: 2C; Sch-I; EN xanthomelas fervescens (Stichel, [1908]): 2A, 2B Genus Polygonia Huebner, [1819] c-album agnicula (Moore, 1872): 2D c-album cognata (Moore, 1899): 2A, 2B c-album kashmira Evans, 1932: 1A, 1B, 2A l-album l-album (Esper, 1781): 2A?; Sch-II undina (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890): 1B Genus Rhinopalpa C. and R. Felder, 1860 polynice birmana Fruhstorfer, 1898: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Symbrenthia Huebner, [1819] brabira brabira Moore, 1872: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hypselis cotanda Moore, [1875]: 2B, 2C, 2D lilaea khasiana Moore, [1875]: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D niphanda hysudra Moore, 1874: 2A, 2B niphanda niphanda Moore, 1872: 2C, 2D; Sch-II silana de Niceville, 1885: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU Genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 cardui (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indica indica (Herbst, 1794): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily PSEUDERGOLINAE Jordan, 1898 Genus Dichorragia Butler, [1869] nesimachus nesimachus (Doyere, 1840): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudergolis C. and R. Felder, [1867] wedah wedah (Kollar, 1848): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Stibochiona Butler, [1869] nicea nicea (Gray, 1846): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Subfamily SATYRINAE Boisduval, 1833 Genus Aulocera Butler, 1867 brahminus brahminoides Moore, [1896]: 2C, 2D brahminus brahminus Blanchard, 1853: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B; Sch-II

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brahminus dokwana Evans, 1923: 2B brahminus scylla Butler, 1867: 2A, 2B brahminus tsukadai Sakai, 1978: 2A, 2B loha japroa Tytler, 1939: 2C, 2D loha loha (Doherty, 1886): 2B padma asahi Fujioka, 1970: 2C, 2D padma avatara (Moore, 1857): 1A, 1B, 2A padma padma (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B padma tytleri Sakai, Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2001: 1A padma tytleri Sakai, Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2001: 1A saraswati saraswati (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B saraswati vishnu Gross, 1958: 2C, 2D swaha chumbica Moore, 1892: 2C, 2D swaha fulva Evans, 1923: 2D swaha garuna Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2A swaha gilgitica Tytler, 1926: 1A swaha swaha (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B Genus Callerebia Butler, 1867 annada annada (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; VU annada caeca (Watkins, 1925): 2A, 2B, 2C baileyi South, 1913: 2D dibangensis Roy, 2013: 2D hyagriva hyagriva (Moore, 1857): 2A, 2B; Sch-II hybrida Butler, 1880: 2A, 2B nirmala daksha Moore, 1874: 2A, 2B nirmala nirmala (Moore, 1865): 2A, 2B scanda opima (Watkins, 1927): 2C; Sch-II scanda scanda (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Chazara Moore, 1893 heydenreichi shandura (Marshall, 1882): 1A; Sch-II Genus Chonala Moore, 1893 masoni (Elwes, 1882): 2C Genus Coelites Westwood, [1850] nothis adamsoni Moore, 1891: 2D; Sch-I; CR Genus Cyllogenes Butler, 1868 janetae janetae de Niceville, 1887: 2C; Sch-I; EN* janetae loba Lang and Huang, 2012: 2D; EN* suradeva (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Elymnias Huebner, 1818 hypermnestra undularis (Drury, 1773): 2B, 2C, 2D malelas malelas (Hewitson, 1863): 2C; 2D malelas nilamba Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2B; Sch-II nesaea timandra Wallace, 1869: 2C, 2D patna patna (Westwood, 1851): 2B, 2C, 2D peali Wood-Mason, 1883: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN vasudeva deva (Moore, 1893): 2C, 2D vasudeva vasudeva Moore, 1857: 2C; Sch-II Genus Ethope Moore, [1866] himachala (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D Genus Heteropsis Westwood, 1850 malsara (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D Genus Hipparchia Fabricius, 1807 parisatis parsis (Le Cerf, 1913): 1A parisatis shiva (Le Cerf, 1913): 2A, 2B Genus Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915 brevistigma (Moore, 1893): 1A, 1B carbonelli Lukhtanov, 1995: 1A cheena baltistana Eckweiler and Bozano, 2011: 1A cheena cheena (Moore, 1865): 2A, 2B cheena kashmirica Moore, 1892: 1A, 2A coenonympha (C. and R. Felder, 1867 ): 1A, 1B

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davendra davendra (Moore, 1865): 2A, 2B; Sch-II hilaris (Staudinger, 1886): 1A pulchella (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 1A, 1B, 2B pulchra astorica (Tytler, 1926): 1A, 1B pulchra baroghila (Tytler, 1926): 1A pulchra neoza (Lang, 1868): 1A, 1B, 2A pulchra pulchra (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 2A, 2B pulchra Sylvia (Hemming, 1933): 1A tenuistigma laspura Evans, 1932: 1A Genus Kanetisa Moore, 1893 digna pallas (Marshall, 1883): 1A Genus Karanasa Moore, 1893 alpherakyi (Avinoff, 1910): 1A bolorica bolorica (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888): 1A cadesia (Moore, [1875]): 1A huebneri astorica Tytler, 1926: 1A huebneri balti Tytler, 1926: 1A huebneri expressa Avinoff and Sweadner, 1951: 1B huebneri huebneri (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 1A leechi hunza Avinoff and Sweadner, 1951: 1A modesta gemina Avinoff and Sweadner, 1951: 1A, 1B modesta modesta Moore, 1893: 1A, 1B moorei dubia Avinoff and Sweadner, 1951: 1A moorei gilgitica Tytler, 1926: 1A rohtanga Avinoff and Sweadner, 1951: 1A Genus Kirinia Moore, 1893 eversmanni cashmirensis (Moore, 1874): 2A; Sch-II Genus Lasiommata Westwood, 1841 maerula maerula C. and R. Felder, [1867]: 1A, 2A, 2B; Sch-I menava maeroides C. and R. Felder, [1868]: 1B, 2A, 2B; Sch-I, CR menava menava Moore, 1865: 1A, 1B schakra schakra (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B Genus Lethe Huebner, [1819] atkinsonia Hewitson, 1876: 2C; Sch-II baladeva aisa Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2B baladeva baladeva (Moore, [1865]): 2C; Sch-II bhairava (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D brisanda de Niceville, 1886: 2D; Sch-II chandica chandica (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D confusa confusa Aurivillius, 1898: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dakwania (Tytler, 1939): 2B distans Butler, 1870: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN dura gammiei (Moore, [1892]): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN europa niladana Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2B, 2C, 2D goalpara gana Talbot, [1949]: 2C, 2D goalpara goalpara (Moore, [1866]): 2A, 2B; Sch-II goalpara kabruensis Tytler, 1939: 2D gulnihal gulnihal de Niceville, 1887: 2D; Sch-I; EN isana dinarbas (Hewitson, 1863): 2C, 2D isana isana (Kollar, [1884]): 2A, 2B; Sch-II jalaurida elwesi (Moore, [1892]): 2C jalaurida jalaurida (de Niceville, 1880): 2A, 2B; Sch-II kansa (Moore, 1857): 2B, 2C, 2D latiaris latiaris (Hewitson, 1862): 2C, 2D; Sch-II maitrya maitrya (de Niceville, 1881): 2A, 2B, 2C margaritae Elwes, 1882: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN mekara mekara (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D mekara zuchara Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2D moelleri moelleri (Elwes, 1887): 2C, 2D; Sch-II naga Doherty, 1889: 2D; Sch-II


nicetas (Hewitson, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nicetella de Niceville, 1887: 2C, 2D; Sch-II ramadeva (de Niceville, 1887): 2C; Sch-I; EN rohria rohria Fabricius, 1787: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scanda scanda (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D; Sch-II serbonis bhutya Talbot , [1949]: 2D serbonis serbonis (Hewitson, 1876): 2C; Sch-II serbonis teesta Talbot, 1949: 2C siderea siderea Marshall, 1881: 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II sidonis (Hewitson, 1863): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sinorix sinorix (Hewitson, 1863): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II sura (Doubleday, [1849]): 2C, 2D tristigmata Elwes, 1887: 2C; Sch-II; EN verma sintica Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2C, 2D verma verma (Kollar, [1844]): 2A, 2B vindhya (C. and R. Felder, 1859): 2C, 2D visrava (Moore, [1866]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Loxerebia Watkins, 1925 narasingha narasingha (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN Genus Melanitis Fabricius, 1807 leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D phedima bela Moore, 1857: 2B, 2C, 2D phedima galkissa Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2A, 2B zitenius zitenius (Herbst, 1796): 2B, 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Mycalesis Huebner, 1818 adamsonii adamsonii Watson, 1897: 2D; Sch-II anaxias aemate Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2C, 2D annamitica watsoni Evans, 1912: 2D evansii Tytler, 1914: 2D francisca sanatana Moore, [1858]: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gotama charaka Moore, [1875]: 2C, 2D; Sch-II heri Moore, 1857: 2B, 2C; Sch-II intermedia (Moore, [1892]): 2D lepcha kohimensis Tytler, 1914: 2D lepcha lepcha (Moore, 1880): 2A, 2B malsarida Butler, 1868: 2D; Sch-II mestra mestra Hewitson, 1862: 2D; Sch-II mestra vetus Fruhstorfer, 1911: 2C, 2D mineus mineus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D misenus de Niceville, 1889: 2C, 2D; Sch-II nicotia Westwood, [1850]: 2B, 2C, 2D perseus Blasius (Fabricius, 1798): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D suaveolens ranotei Smetacek, 2012: 2B suaveolens tytleri Talbot, [1949]: 2C, 2D visala visala Moore, [1858]: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neope Moore, [1866] armandii khasiana Moore, 1881: 2D bhadra (Moore, 1857): 2C, 2D pulaha pandyia Talbot , [1949]: 2A, 2B pulaha pulaha (Moore, [1858]): 2A, 2C, 2D; Sch-II pulaha pulahoides (Moore, [1892]): 2D pulahina (Evans, 1923): 2C yama buckleyi Talbot , [1949]: 2A, 2B yama yama (Moore, [1858]): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Neorina Westwood, [1850] hilda Westwood, [1850]: 2C, 2D; Sch-II patria westwoodi Moore, 1891: 2D; Sch-II Genus Oeneis Huebner, [1819] buddha garhwalica Tytler, 1926: 2A, 2B; Sch-II Genus Orinoma Gray, 1846 damaris Gray, 1846: 2B, 2C, 2D

DAS et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Genus Orsotriaena Wallengren, 1858 medus medus (Fabricius, 1775): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paralasa Moore, 1893 chitralica yasina Tytler, 1926: 1A kalinda kalinda (Moore, 1865): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B; Sch-II kalinda kamriana Tytler, 1926: 2A mani lorimeri Tytler, 1926: 1A mani mani (de Niceville, 1881): 1A, 1B, 2A; Sch-II shallada shallada (Lang, 1881): 2A, 2B Genus Paroeneis Moore, 1893 pumilus bicolor (Seitz, [1909]): 2C pumilus pumilus (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 1B sikkimensis (Staudinger, 1889): 2C Genus Penthema Doubleday, [1848] lisarda lisarda (Doubleday, 1845): 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951 baldiva baldiva (Moore, 1865): 1A, 1B baldiva baltistana Holik, 1949: 1A baldiva gilgitica (Tytler, 1926): 1A baldiva lehana (Moore, 1878): 1A, 1B droshica (Tytler, 1926): 1A Genus Ragadia Westwood, [1851] crisilda crito de Niceville, 1890: 2C, 2D; Sch-II Genus Rhaphicera Butler, 1867 moorei mantra Talbot, [1949]: 2C moorei moorei (Butler, 1867): 2A, 2B, 2C satricus satricus (Doubleday, [1849] ): 2C, 2D Genus Satyrus Latreille, 1810 pimpla pimpla (C. and R. Felder, [1867]): 1A, 1B Genus Ypthima Huebner, 1818 affectata Elwes and Edwards, 1893: 2D baldus baldus (Fabricius, 1775): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D bolanica Marshall, 1882: 1A; Sch-II hannyngtoni hannyngtoni Eliot, 1967: 2A, 2B huebneri huebneri Kirby, 1871: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D indecora Moore, 1882: 2A, 2B, 2D Inica Hewitson, 1865: 2B, 2C, 2D kedarnathensis Singh, 2007: 2B lisandra avanta Moore, [1875]: 2A, 2B, 2C lisandra bara Evans, 1923: 2C, 2D lycus lycus de Niceville, 1889: 2D; Sch-II methora Hewitson, 1865: 2C, 2D newara newara Moore, [1875]: 2B, 2C, 2D nikaea Moore, [1875]: 2A, 2B persimilis Elwes and Edwards, 1893: 2C, 2D; Sch-I; EN philomela peguana Evans, 1924: 2D sakra austeni Moore, 1893: 2D sakra sakra Moore, 1857: 2B, 2C Genus Zipaetis Hewitson, 1863 scylax Hewitson, 1863: 2C, 2D

Abberations “*” = represents upto species level include in Schedule I “**”=represents upto species level include in Schedule II “VU*”= represents upto species level include in RedList as Vulnerable “EN*”= represents upto species level include in RedList as Endengerd 639

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Chapter 40

Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths) ABESH KUMAR SANYAL*, KAUSHIK MALLICK, SUSMITA KHAN, UTTARAN BANDYOPADHYAY, ARNA MAZUMDER, KAMALIKA BHATTACHARYYA, P.C. PATHANIA, ANGSHUMAN RAHA and KAILASH CHANDRA

Indian Himalaya, as a centre stage of mixing of faunal elements from different zoogeographic regions, harbours a significant richness of Lepidoptera. In this chapter, we attempted to provide a thorough overview of Himalayan moth diversity, which is currently estimated to be 4,107 species under 1,726 genera spreading over 153 subfamilies and 53 families. Among major families, Erebidae holds the maximum number of species followed by Geometridae and Noctuidae. Among six Himalayan states, Sikkim is the epitome of moth diversity, whereas there are still plenty of scopes for new records and species descriptions from Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh. Biogeographically, Central Himalaya biotic province (2C) holds maximum moth richness followed by Western (2B) and North-West Himalayan (2A) biogeographic provinces. Subalpine forests and alpine meadows above 3500m are habitats which harbour very specialised and climatically vulnerable species assemblage.

A

INTRODUCTION

mong 1,57,424 lepidopteran species known from the world (van Nieukerken et al., 2011), Macroheterocera, the well-supported moth clade identified through recent large molecular studies (Reiger, 2009; Mutanen et al., 2010), comprises about 47% species. The other roughly 40% of known lepidopteran fauna is considered under a popular term Microlepidoptera, distributed under ten clades. Butterfly comprises only around 13% of the diversity.

With this huge diversity and functional importance as primary consumer, pollinator and nutrient-recycler, moths are the potential focal group for ecological monitoring. Their effectiveness as ecological indicators are well-established globally through systematically collected experimental datasets (Kitching et al., 2000; New, 2004; Summerville et al., 2004; Lomov et al., 2006), especially covering a range of current environmental issues like deforestation, habitat fragmentation, land-use alteration and global climatic-warming. Indian Himalaya (IH), due to its sheer latitudinal and altitudinal expanse, harbours diverse biomes and habitats, which are the center-stage of mixing of different

biogeographic faunal elements. In the perspective of global climate change scenario, it is of immediate concern to introspect the known diversity of Himalayan moth. The current review aims to synthesise updated knowledge about moth diversity of the Indian Himalaya from a database of secondary literature spanning over two and half centuries (1758-2016).

HISTORICAL RESUME The earliest reference to moths of Himalayan region is found in “Systema Naturae” by Carl Linnaeus (1758), where the “Father of Taxonomy” described at least 51 species of moths belonging to Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Erebidae and other families, which have distribution in the Indian Himalaya. Dutch entomologist, Pieter Cramer in his key work “De Uitlandsche Kapellen” (1775) (Exotic Butterflies of the Tropical parts of the World, Asia, Africa and America) described at least 37 species of moths which are found in Himalaya. Student of Linnaeus and most pioneering entomologist of the eighteenth century, Fabricius in his “Systema Entomologiae” (1775) mentioned about 66 species of Himalayan moths. The Nineteenth century saw a number of important contributions to the knowledge about Himalayan Lepidoptera. First to

Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, M-Block, Kolkata-700053. Email: Corresponding author: [email protected] Citation Sanyal, A.K., Mallick, K., Khan, S., Bandyopadhyay, U., Mazumder, A., Bhattacharyya, K., Pathania, P.C., Raha, A. and Chandra, K. 2018. Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths). In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya: 651-726 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

mention among them, Irish writer and amateur zoologist Edward Donovan in his “An Epitome of the Natural History of the insects of India, and the islands in the Indian Seas” described and illustrated few Himalayan Lepidoptera. Kollar (1844) described around 60 species collected by Carl Von Hill on his trip through Kashmir and Empire of Sikh. Walker (1854) in “List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum: Part I-Heterocera” listed and described several species indicating their variations in characters, locality and the source from where it has been derived. British entomologist A.G. Butler, working in British Museum, in his seminal publication (1886) “On the collection of Lepidoptera from India” described 227 species of Indian moths among which a significant proportion was collected from Himalayan sites like Dharamsala, Darjeeling, Sikkim and sites from north-Eastern Himalaya. Frederick Moore, published a list of the Lepidoptera collected by Rev. J. H. Hocking (1888) chiefly from the Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh with descriptions of new genera and species. Cotes and Swinhoe (1887a, 1887b, 1888a, 1888b, 1889a, 1889b, 1889c) in their “Catalogue of Indian Moth” mentioned about species collected from North Western Himalayan sites like Kullu and Mussoorie, Darjeeling and Sikkim in Central Himalaya. Snellen (1890) worked on the Pyralidae specimens collected by Henry J. Elwes and Otto Moller from Sikkim. Till date, best-consolidated account of Himalayan moth diversity with 2,416 species record along with their detailed morphological description have been published by Hampson (1892, 1894, 1895, 1896) in his four volume Magnum Opus “The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma” and subsequent supplementary manuscripts (1900a, 1900b, 1900c, 1900d) in the Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. Major distribution record of Himalayan species can be extracted from his work stretching the entire Himalayan range starting from Kashmir valley, spread across Simla, Kulu, Dharamsala, Kangra, Dalhousie in Himachal Pradesh, Mussoorie and Dehradun in Uttarakhand, Darjeeling, Sikkim in Central Himalaya up to Eastern Himalaya. Hampson along with Dudgeon (1899, 1900a, 1900b) and Elwes published a catalogue of the moths of Sikkim and Bhutan. Other significant documentations on Himalayan moth were done by Rothchild (1920), Bell and Scott (1937) on Sphingidae. Meyrick, the founder of modern Microlepidoptera systematics, contributed elaboraltely (1910-1914, 1916-1937) on Indian and Himalayan Microlepidoptera. Clarke (1955-1969) published several catalogues of Microlepidoptera dscribed by Meyrick and housed in British museum. 652

Indian authors though started late, nevertheless, contributed profoundly on the nocturnal lepidopteran species record from Indian Himalaya. Mani and Sigh (1962) in the survey of high altitude insects from nival zones of North-West Himalaya listed 13 species of moths from Ladakh, Dras, Kashmir, Kulu, Kangra and Dharamsala. Roonwal et al. (1963) published a systematic catalogue of the moths recorded from Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. In 1967, Kapur and Arora described 44 species of family Noctuidae from Himachal, Jammu and Kashmir, Darjeeling and Sikkim. Arora et al. (1977) documented 45 species of moths distributed over 35 genera in 11 families collected from Garhwal district of Uttarakhand collected during Swiss zoological expedition to India. In the same year, Gupta and Shukla published a document on moths of Arunachal Pradesh which deals with 14 species from 4 families. In 1982, Arora and Choudhury published a monograph which deals with 55 species in 26 genera and six subfamilies of Arctiidae from Arunachal Pradesh and adjoining areas of Assam. In 1990, 15 species of moths under 9 families from Arunachal Pradesh were listed by Ghosh and Chaudhury. A study on family Ctenuchidae from Arunachal Pradesh was made by Arora et al. (1992). In 1994, Smetacek listed 98 species of Hawkmoths from Kumaon district of Uttarakhand. Arora (1997) published an account of moth fauna from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Uttarakhand. Ghosh and Chaudhury (1997) studied the families Arctiidae, Ctenuchidae and Hypsidae from different parts of West Bengal. 47 species in 32 genera under the family Geometridae from West Bengal have been described by Mandal and Ghosh (1997). Bhattacharya in two separate publications (1997a, b) reported 140 species of family Pyralidae and 35 species and subspecies of family Zygaenidae from West Bengal. Gupta (1997) worked on the family Saturniidae from West Bengal and accounted 20 species belonging to 14 genera in two subfamilies. Mandal and Maulik (1997) worked on families Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae, and Lymantriidae from Northern West Bengal and documented 41 species and 25 genera of Sphingidae, 6 species and 5 genera from family Lasiscampidae and 29 species and 12 genera of family Lymantriidae. In 2001, Kirti and Sodhi published a systematic list of Pyraustinae of family Pyralidae, which contains 102 species from Northeastern India. During 2003, various works have been conducted in Sikkim. Kirti and Sodhi (2003), Majumdar (2003a) documented 24 species and 182 species respectively of Arctiinae (Erebidae) moths Sikkim. Majumdar (2003b) further studied moths of families Ctenuchidae and Limacodidae Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

from Sikkim. Gupta (2003) reported 26 species belonging to over 14 genera and two subfamilies of Saturniidae from Sikkim. Zygaenidae moths of Sikkim have been studied by Bhattacharya in 2003. Ghosh (2003) provided a consolidated account of 525 species of family Geometridae recorded from Sikkim. Buchsbaum (2003) investigated Drepanidae fauna of the Himalayan region and recorded 80 species. In 2005, Walia published a consolidated account of Geometridae diversity of Himachal Pradesh with a record of 184 species collected from different localities in Western and North-Western Himalaya. Rose and Pooni (2004, 2005) taxonomically dealt with the superfamily Pterophoroidea, and family Tortricidae from North-Western India. They further documented 16 species belonging to 11 genera of family Tortricidae of North-Western India along with description of one new species. In 2006, Buchsbaum prepared a checklist of Agaristinae (Noctuidae) of the Himalayan region which contains 33 species. Smetacek (2008, 2009, 2011a, b) provided an extensive species list recorded from different elevations in Bhimtal region based on his observations from the 1970s, and material collection by Hauenstein and Hacker in Germany and some specimens in the Natural History Museum, London and in the University Museum, Oxford, U.K. Microlepidopteran families like Gelechiidae Lecithoceridae, Oecophoridae were extensively worked out, mainly from North-Western parts of the country including Shiwalik Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, by Pathania and Rose (2004), Pathania (2010), Pathania et al. (2006, 2007, 2009). Sood et al. (2006, 2010) published genitalial morphology of different families like Lasiocampidae, Eupterotidae, Sphingidae, Syntomidae from North-West Himalayas. In 2010, different studies were published from Uttarakhand including Arctiinae by Majumdar (2010) and Sphingidae (41 species/ subspecies belonging to 29 genera) by Majumdar and Kumar (2010). Maulik (2010) documented 25 species of family Lasiocampidae from Uttarakhand. In 2012, Henry described some moths from Sikkim, housed in the collection of Indian museum. Sanyal et al. (2011, 2013) and Sanyal (2015) reported 357 species of moths and their distribution pattern and biotic-abiotic factors governing them across various vegetational zones in the Gangotri Landscape in Uttarakhand. Chandra and Sambath (2013) documented 102 species from Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. Dar (2014) recorded a total of 90 species of Noctuoidea moths referable to 58 genera and 15 subfamilies from diverse localities of Jammu and Kashmir, with descriptions of two new species. Sekhon SANYAL et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths)

(2015) published faunistic records of Noctuid moths from Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. Gupta and Pathania (2016) published report on Lepidopteran pests of Apple plantation from Jammu and Kashmir. Uniyal et al. (2016) published a record of 169 Geometridae species from different Protected Areas of Uttarakhand and outlined diversity and distribution patterns across different altitude zones. 248 species of moths were recorded by Sondhi and Sondhi (2016) from Dehradun and Mussoorie (Uttarakhand). Kirti et al. (2017) described eight new species of family Erebidae from different parts of NorthEast India. Kumar et al. (2017) published male genitaliabased identification guide of wild silk-moths from Northeast India. The “Moths of Nepal” series edited and compiled by Haruta (1994a, b, c, 2002) is a major work on Himalayan moth fauna, although the species record is not included in the current list, as this chapter is only concerned about species recorded from Indian Himalaya. Nepal, being predominantly a Himalayan country, have both biogeographic affinities of Western and central Himalaya, thus this work is a valuable source for comparing species ecology of Himalayan moths. All the sampling localities extracted from above mentioned secondary literature was plotted into Indian political boundary map (Fig. 1). While sampling localities were well distributed in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh still have lots of potential areas to be sampled rigorously, especially the Trans-Himalayan region of J. and K. which also extends up to North-Western boundary of Himachal Pradesh, and higher elevation areas in Eastern Himalaya of Arunachal Pradesh. To reveal state-wise data representation, the total encountered points with GPS coordinates and unique localities for each Himalayan state were sorted out from the main database prepared from secondary literature. Altogether, after extensive literature survey, a total of 10,685 entries of moths were encountered in different Himalayan sites, among them, 8,531 entries could be assigned with valid GPS coordinates. Maximum entries were made from Uttarakhand (4,102), followed by Jammu and Kashmir (2,171), Sikkim (1,454), Himachal Pradesh (1,300), West Bengal (1,262) and Arunachal Pradesh (396) (Table 1). Among all the sites, Darjeeling in West Bengal has the maximum species occurrence records (1,216), followed by Bhimtal in Uttarakhand, Dharamsala and Shimla in Himachal Pradesh.

653

Fig. 1. Moth sampling localities in Indian Himalaya extracted from secondary literature.

Table 1. State-wise number of species entries, entries with geo-coordinates and unique collection localities. Total Species Entry

Points with GPS Coordinates

Unique Sampling Localities

Jammu and Kashmir

2171

2113

56

Himachal Pradesh

1300

1170

29

Uttarakhand

4102

4040

71

Sikkim

1454

179

30

West Bengal

1262

936

59

Arunachal Pradesh

396

267

48

State

If we look into the spatio-temporal (Figs. 2a, b) pattern of existing literature based on Himalayan moth diversity, certain interesting facts can be noted down. Moth studies in IH started long back in the 17th century and were at a nascent state during three earlier quarters of a 19th century. Between 1880 and 1920, a number of significant contributions were added, after which the trend again went into a dormant stage. The things started to change from the 1980s and in the last forty years’ time span most numbers of literature had been added to our knowledge base. Among six states spanning the entire IHR, most of the studies have been conducted in Sikkim (34 publications) followed by Himachal Pradesh (22 publications), West Bengal and Uttarakhand (18 publications from each state). The two-extreme western and eastern states of Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh certainly lacked substantial attention with only nine studies carried out in each. 654

SPECIES DIVERSITY Currently, our knowledge about Indian moth diversity is distributed over ten biogeographic zones; among three species richness hotspots, viz., the Western Ghats, North-East India and Himalaya, Himalaya certainly holds maximum species richness (Fig. 3). Currently around 4,107 validated species are reported from Indian Himalaya, which includes around 356 species recorded from the Trans-Himalayan biogeographic zone (Fig. 3). This substantial species richness is more than four times higher than currently known butterfly species from Indian Himalaya (Fig. 3) and is distributed over 1,726 genera across 62 families and 153 subfamilies (Table 2). Among seven Biotic Provinces of Indian Himalaya, maximum number of species (2248 species) are reported from Central Himalaya (2C) province. Western Himalayan (2B) province has a record of 1799 species, followed by North-Western (2A) Himalaya (877 species) and Eastern Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

a 2000-Till Date 1980-1999 1960-1979 1940-1959 1920-1939 1900-1919 1880-1899 1860-1879 1840-1859 1820-1839 1800-1819 Before 1800 0

20

40

b

40 35

60

80

34

30 22

25

18

20 15 10

18

9

9

5

00

Jammu & Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Sikkim

West Bengal

Arunachal Pradesh

Figs. 2a. Temporal pattern of publications; b. State-wise distribution of publications on moths of Indian Himalaya.

Fig. 3. Number of butterfly and moth species in different biogeographic zones in India. SANYAL et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths)

655

Himalaya (2D) (403 species). Among Trans-Himalayan biotic provinces, Ladakh mountain (1A) has around 38 species records, while the Tibetan Plateau in Jammu and Kashmir (1B) and Sikkim (1C) is least explored with around 15 species records only (Fig. 4). The so-called Microlepidoptera is distributed over 11 superfamilies and 28 families (Table 2), among which Tortricidae has major species richness (150 species; 73 genera), the majority of which are recorded from Jammu and Kashmir and Shiwalik landscape of Dehradun valley. The highest altitude record of this family is from 4100m in JK, Eucosma tetraplana (Moschler, 1866). Among other major microlepidopteran families, Gelechiidae (42 species under 16 genera) is primarily distributed throughout lower elevation zones (600m-1400m) in Shiwalik landscape of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Lecithoceridae (40 species under 11 genera), Tineidae (33 species under 20 genera), Pterophoridae (25 species under 17 genera), and Oecophoridae (21 species under 10 genera) are also majour microlepidoptera families. Most of the microlepidopteran records are from North-Western and Western Himalaya, with very few records from Eastern Himalaya and from higher elevation areas above 3500m. Among these four Microlepidoptera families, highest altitude record is of Pterophoridae, Diacrotricha fasciola Zeller 1852 from Gangotri National Park (3400m).

Two families represent superfamiliy Cossoidea; Cossidae and Sesiidae. Cossidae has 25 species belonging to 4 major genera, Zeuzera (5 species), Cossus (4 species), Xyleutes (4 species), Phragmataecia (4 species). Xyleutes persona (Le Guillou, 1841) is the most widely distributed species distributed throughout the Himalaya up to 2000m. Sesiidae has 19 species, major genera being Melittia (6 species) and Paranthrene (4 species). Major species record is from Sikkim and Uttarakhand, between 2000m-2200m. Superfamily Zygaenoidea is represented by two families; Limacodidae and Zygaenidae. Limacodidae has 57 species, over few major genera like Parasa (7 species), Scopelodes (6 species), Thosea (5 species), Ceratonema (5 species). Zygaenidae has 82 species in 34 genera, major among them are Erasmia (7 species), Artona (7 species), Cyclosia (5 species) and Agalope (5 species). Most of the species occurrences are from below 2000m, both in Western and Central Himalaya. Maximum species record is from Central Himalayan state Sikkim. Campylotes histronicus Westwood, 1839 and Soritia pulchella (Kollar, 1844) are pan-Himalayan species. Superfamily Thyridoidea is represented by a single family Thyrididae, with 37 species in 15 genera, with a single genus Rhodoneura, having 16 species, distribution of which is between 1500-2000m. Superfamily Hyblaeoidea is represented by only two species, Hyblaea firmamentum Guenée, 1852 recorded

Fig. 4. Number of moth species in seven biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

656


Table 2. Number of Subfamilies, genera and species among different families of moth recorded from the World and Indian Himalaya. World S. No.

Family

Indian Himalaya

No. of Genera

No. of Species

No. of Subfamilies

No. of Genera

No. of Species

1.

Hepialidae

62

606

-

4

9

2.

Adelidae

5

294

1

1

2

3.

Eriocottidae

6

80

-

1

3

4.

Psychidae

241

1,350

-

5

6

5.

Tineidae

357

2,393

9

20

33

6.

Bucculatricidae

4

297

-

1

2

7.

Gracillariidae

101

1,866

2

6

16

8.

Yponomeutidae

95

363

2

5

8

9.

Plutellidae

48

150

1

3

8

10.

Lyonetiidae

32

204

2

2

3

11.

Simaethistidae

2

4

-

1

1

12.

Autostichidae

72

638

2

6

8

13.

Lecithoceridae

100

1,200

2

11

40

14.

Blastobasidae

24

377

1

2

3

15.

Oecophoridae

313

3.308

3

10

21

16.

Elachistidae

161

3,201

5

7

15

17.

Stathmopodidae

44

408

1

2

2

18.

Batrachedridae

10

99

-

1

2

19.

Coleophoridae

5

1,386

-

1

4

20.

Scythrididae

30

669

1

4

10

21.

Cosmopterigidae

135

1,792

3

12

14

22.

Gelechiidae

500

4,700

4

16

42

23.

Pterophoridae

90

1,318

2

17

25

24.

Carposinidae

19

283

-

2

2

25.

Immidae

6

245

-

2

2

26.

Choreutidae

18

406

1

5

10

27.

Tortricidae

1,071

10,387

2

73

150

28.

Brachodidae

14

137

1

2

2

29.

Cossidae

151

971

4

12

25

30.

Sesiidae

154

1,397

2

8

19

31.

Limacodidae

301

1672

1

27

57

32.

Himantopteridae

11

80

-

2

2

33.

Zygaenidae

170

1,036

4

34

82

34.

Thyrididae

93

940

3

15

37

35.

Hyblaeidae

2

18

-

1

2

36.

Callidulidae

7

49

3

6

7

37.

Pyralidae

1.055

5,921

4

58

109

SANYAL et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths)

657

Table 2. contd. World S. No.

Family

Indian Himalaya

No. of Genera

No. of Species

No. of Subfamilies

No. of Genera

No. of Species

38.

Crambidae

1.020

9,655

13

177

346

39.

Drepanidae

122

660

2

28

53

40.

Lasiocampidae

224

1,952

2

24

39

41.

Eupterotidae

53

339

1

8

17

42.

Brahmaeidae

7

65

-

1

2

43.

Bombycidae

26

185

2

11

16

44.

Sphingidae

206

1,463

3

54

184

45.

Saturniidae

169

2,349

2

13

37

46.

Epicopeiidae

9

20

-

2

3

47.

Uraniidae

90

686

4

13

34

48.

Geometridae

202

23,002

7

309

879

49.

Notodontidae

704

3,800

12

85

137

50.

Erebidae

1,760

24,569

14

348

913

51.

Euteliidae

29

520

2

17

36

52.

Nolidae

186

1,738

6

44

103

53.

Noctuidae

1,089

11,772

17

207

525

153

1,726

4,107

Total from Siang district in Arunachal Pradesh and H. purea (Cramer, 1777) recorded from Kumaon, Uttarakhand. Superfamily Calliduloidea is represented by a single family Callidulidae with 7 species under 6 genera, most of them recorded from Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. The third largest superfamily in the Indian Himalaya, Pyraloidea is represented over two families. 109 species represent Pyralidae under 58 genera, prominent among which are Pyralis (9 species), Endotricha (8 species), Sacada (5 species), Orthaga (5 species). Most of the species in this family are distributed within the range of 1500m to 2000m in IH; highest altitude record is 3000m for Orthaga aenescens (Moore, 1888) from Uttarakhand. Polythlipta cerealis Lederer, 1863 is distributed across the Himalaya. Family Crambidae, 4th largest among macrolepidopterans in IH is represented by 346 species belonging to over 177 genera, major among them being Pyrausta (13 species), Patania (12 species), Glyphodes (11 species) and Dichocrocis (7 species). The family is majorly distributed between 1700m to 2600m, and 3 species were recorded above 3000m; viz. Glyphodes crithealis Walker, 1859, Patania quadrimaculalis Kollar, 1844, and Pyrausta signatalis Walker, 1866 from high altitude protected areas of Uttarakhand. Superfamily Drepanoidea represented by a single family Drepanidae has 53 species under 28 genera. Major 658

genera are Habrosyne (6 species), Oreta (5 species), Gaurena (4 species). Mean species distribution of the family is around 2300m and highest recorded species Gaurena dierli Werny, 1966 from 3500m in Uttarakhand. Gaurena florens Walker, 1865 is distributed along the entire Himalaya. Superfamily Lasiocampoidea is represented by a single family Lasiocampidae having 39 species recorded from IH under 24 genera. Major genera are Kunugia (6 species), Gastropacha (4 species), Euthrix (3species). Mean distribution of the family is between 1500m and 2500m, highest species recorded from 3500m in Uttarakhand is Malacosoma indica Walker, 1855. 5 families represent superfamily Bombycoidea in IH. Eupterotidae has 17 species belonging to over 8 genera, among which Eupterote is the major genus having 6 species. Apona caschmirensis Kollar, 1844 is the highest recorded species from 3400m. Brahmaeidae is represented by 2 species, Brahmaea wallichii Gray, 1831, being more commonly distributed up to 3500m. Bombycidae is represented by 16 species under 11 genera, Mustilia being widespread and containing maximum number of species (3 species), among which Mustilia sphingiformis Moore, 1879 is recorded from 3200m. Mean species distribution of this family is between 1500m to 2000m. Saturniidae is represented by 37 species under 13 genera, major among them are Caligula (7 species), Antheraea (5 species), Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

A. Oeonistis entella (Cramer, 1779) (Erebidae); B. Hamodes propitia (Guerin, 1830) (Erebidae); C. Asota ficus (Fabricius, 1775) (Erebidae); D. Leucoma clara Walker, 1865 (Lymantriidae); E. Mimeusemia peshwa Moore, 1859 (Noctuidae); F. Diphtherocome pallida (Moore, 1867) (Noctuidae); G. Tyana callichlora Walker, 1886 (Nolidae); H. Buckleria paludum Zeller, 1839 (Pterophoridae); I. Terastia egialealis Walker, 1859 (Crambidae); J. Campylotes histrionicus Sestwood, 1839 (Zygaenidae); K. Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 (Cossidae); L. Cyclidia rectificata Walker, 1862 (Drepanidae). SANYAL et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths)

659

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

M. Brahmaea wallichii (Gray, 1831) (Brahmaeidae); N. Loepa katinka (Westwood, 1848) (Saturniidae); O. Attacus atlas Linnaeus, 1758 (Saturniidae); P. Theretra nessus (Drury, 1773) (Sphingidae); Q. Polyptychus trilineatus trilineatus Moore, 1888 (Sphingidae); R. Eupterote undata Blanchard, 1844 (Eupterotidae); S. Trabala vishnou Lefebvre, 1827 (Lasiocampidae); T. Parasa pastoralis Butler, 1885 (Limacodidae); U. Cheromettia apicata (Moore, 1879) (Limacodidae); V. Eucyclodes gavissima Walker, 1861 (Geometrinae); W. Orudiza protheclaria Walker, 1861 (Uraniidae); X. Phalera grotei Moore, 1860 (Notodontidae).

660


SANYAL et al. : Insecta : Lepidoptera (Moths)

3500 Altitude (m)

3000 2500 2000

Sterrhinae

Geometrinae

Larentiinae

500 0

Ennominae

1500 1000

Fig. 5. Altitudinal distribution of four major subfamilies of Geometridae across Indian Himalaya.

Noctuidae

6000 5250 4500 3750 3000 2250 1500 750 0

Erebidae

Superfamily Noctuoidea is represented by 5 families in IH. Family Notodontidae is represented by 137 species under 85 genera, most speciose among them are Phalera (8 species), Tarsolepis (4 species), Niganda (4 species). Highest record of this family is from 3400m in Uttarakhand, Rachia plumosa Moore, 1879. By far, the largest family of moth in Indian Himalaya is Erebidae which contains 913 species under 348 genera and 14 subfamilies. Among major subfamilies, Arctiinae has a record of 373 species under 109 genera. The dominant genera are Cyana (29 species), Spilosoma (23 species), Amata (20 species), Barsine (20 species), Eilema (18 species), Lemyra (18 species) etc. The genus Hypena of subfamily Hypeninae is the most speciose among Erebidae containing 31 species.

Arctiidae

Superfamily Geometroidea is represented by 3 families in IH. Epicopeiidae is a small family having 3 species only under 2 genera. Uraniidae has 34 species under 13 genera, Epiplema being the most speciose genera having 13 species. This family is generally distributed below 2000m, highest recorded species is from 2600m in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. The second largest family of moth in IH, Geometridae is represented by 879 species in 309 genera. Among 7 subfamilies of Geometridae, Ennominae is the largest subfamily containing 411 species followed by Larentiinae (200 species), Geometrinae (132 species), Sterrhinae (115 species), Desmobathrinae (15 species), Oenochrominae (5 species) and Orthostixinae (1 species). Altitudinal stratification of the four major subfamilies shows, Larentiinae has mean species distribution at 2500m, while other subfamilies have it around 1500m (Fig. 5). Major genera among Ennominae are Abraxas (26 species), Arichanna (17 species), Chiasmia (15 species), Alcis (15 species), Chorodna (14 species), Ourapteryx (8 species) etc. while the highest species record is from 4000m in Sikkim, Loxaspilates unidiluta Inoue, 1987. Among Larentiinae, prominent genera are Eupithecia (30 species), Hydrelia (11 species), Perizoma (10 species), Ecliptopera (8 species), Photoscotosia (8 species) and highest species record is from 3800m in Sikkim, Agnibesa recurvilineata Moore, 1888. In Geometrinae, there are several closely allied genera, among which most species rich are Agathia (9 species), Herochroma (7 species), Pingasa (7 species) etc., the highest species Comostola ovifera Warren, 1893, being recorded at 3800m in Sikkim. The subfamily Sterrhinae mainly consists of few hyper diverse genera like Scopula (35 species), Idaea (25 species), Rhodostrophia (13 species). Ennominae species Ascotis selenaria (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) and Geometrinae species Agathia hilarata Guenée, 1858 are found all over IH.

4000

Altitude (m)

Neoris (3species), of which Caligula thibeta (Westwood, 1853) is highest recorded species from 3600m. Loepa katinka (Westwood, 1848) and Samia cynthia (Drury, 1773) are recorded across the length of the IHR. The most speciose family of this superfamily, Sphingidae is represented by 184 species in 54 genera. The prominent genera are Macroglossum (18 species), Ambulyx (13 species), Theretra (12 species), Marumba (9 species) and Rhagastis (9 species). Major distribution of the family is within 1000m to 2000m, areas above 3000m having very less species record. Rhopalopsyche nycteris Kollar, 1844 is the most widespread and highest recorded (4000m in J and K) species. Ambulyx placida Moore, 1888, and Macroglossum gyrans Walker, 1856 are also distributed throughout IH.

Fig. 6. Altitudinal distribution of three major families/ subfamilies of Noctuoidea across Indian Himalaya.

The subfamily Erebinae has dominant genera like Parallelia (12 species), Catocala (10 species), Erebus (6 species), Orthrepsypna (7 species), Supersypnoides (6 species).The Lymantriinae has 124 species distributed among 37 genera, dominant among which are Euproctis 661

Fig. 7. Genus and species number for major subfamilies of Erebidae from Indian Himalaya.

(30 species), Lymantria (15 species), Dasychira (12 species). Among species distributed throughout the IH, representation from Erebidae is the highest with 18 species of Cyana, 5 species of Spilosoma, 2 species of Chrysorhabdia and Callimorpha each. Euteliidae is a small family having 36 species in IH under 17 genera, major among them are Eutelia (7 species), Anigraea (4 species), Lophoptera (3 species). Family Nolidae has 103 species over 44 genera, most prominent among which are Celama (13 species), Carea (9 species), Roeselia (7 species), Risoba (5 species) etc. This family has its major species distribution around 1500m. Noctuidae currently has 525 species record in IH under 17 subfamilies, dominant among which are Noctuinae (259 species), Acontiinae (42 species), Plusiinae (36 species), Acronictiinae (34 species). Most speciose genera for this family are Mythimna (22 species), Euplexia (16 species), Athetis (15 species), Xestia (11 species) etc. Among three major faunal groups of Noctuoidea, mean species distribution of Arctiinae was below 1500m (Fig. 6), although species range extends upto 5000m. Major species distribution of family Erebidae was between 800m to 2200m, and the highest species record is from 5073m, Preparctia hannyngtoni Hampson, 1910. Mean species distribution of family Noctuidae is around 3000m (Fig. 6), and highest species Agrotis ipsilon Hüfnagel, 1766 was recorded from 4300m in Himachal Pradesh. Two species of Plusiinae, Trichoplusia daubei Boisduval, 1840 and Autographa nigrisigna Walker, 1857 have panHimalayan distribution.

STATEWISE OVERVIEW The dataset on moth fauna of IH compiled from huge secondary literature gives us the scope to analyze it on a 662

broad geographical basis, the unit of which can be political as much as ecological or physical. Species richness of moths was mapped in 0.15 resolution, i.e. nearly 16 km2 grid cells across the entire Himalayan landscape. Richness was categorized into five groups: 600 species. As to plot richness, we need geo-tagged information against every species record, and such kind of information is certainly lacking in older references, species against which only State name could be found as locality information, could not be included in generating Richness Grid map. Such discrepancies were most evident in the case of Sikkim. Species richness was more or less uniform (up to 150 species record per cell) across the entire Himalayan landscape (Fig. 8). In Jammu and Kashmir, all the cells containing 3500m altitudinal band. The NorthWestern Himalayan biogeographic zone of J and K is little explored with only 2 cells, in the 1001m-2000m altitude zone. Across Himachal Pradesh 8. Among the genera, sisorid genus Glyptothorax (20

Fig. 1. Distribution of Indian Himalayan fishes.

800


Table 1. Freshwater Fishes of Indian Himalaya Region: Systematic Classification. Genera (Nos.)

Freshwater Fishes: Systematic Classification PHYLUM CHORDATA Subphylum Craniata Superclass Gnathostomata Class Actinopterygii DivisionTeleostei Order Osteoglossiformes Family Notopteridae Order Anguilliformes Family Anguillidae Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae Family Engraulidae Order Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidae Family Psilorhynchidae Family Cobitidae Family Balitoridae Family Nemacheilidae Order Siluriformes Family Amblycipitidae Family Sisoridae Family Erethistidae Family Siluridae Family Chacidae Family Clariidae Family Heteropneustidae Family Ailiidae

Total GOPI et al. : Pisces

Species (Nos.)

Endemics (Nos.)

2

2

---

1

1

---

1 1

1 1

---

40 1 5 2 7

111 5 13 2 42

27 1 2 1 21

1 12 4 3 1 1 1 3

4 41 15 6 1 2 1 5

3 18 8 -----------

Family Horabagridae Family Pangasiidae Family Bagridae Order Salmoniformes Family Salmonidae Order Mugiliformes Family Mugilidae Order Beloniformes Family Belonidae Order Cyprinodontiformes Family Aplocheilidae Family Poeciliidae Order Syngnathiformes Family Syngnathidae Order Synbranchiformes Family Synbranchidae Family Mastacembelidae Family Chaudhuriidae Order Perciformes Family Ambassidae Family Nandidae Family Badidae Family Cichlidae Family Gobiidae Family Anabantidae Family Osphronemidae Family Channidae Order Tetraodontiformes Family Tetraodontidae

1 1 7

1 1 15

----3

2

2

---

1

1

---

1

1

---

1 2

1 3

-----

1

1

---

1 2 1

3 3 1

1 --1

2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

4 1 7 1 1 1 4 10

1 --6 --------4

1

1

---

13 Orders

118

316

97

38 Families

801

spp.) is the most species-rich followed by cyprinid genus Garra (20 spp.) and nemacheilid genus Schistura (19 spp.). Other species-rich genera are Schizothorax (12 spp.), Barilius (8 spp.) and Psilorhynchus (5 spp.) of the family Cyprinidae, and Trypplophysa (10 spp.) and Aborichthys (7 spp.) of the family Nemacheilidae. Among the Siluriformes, the genus Pseudolaguvia (7 spp.) (Erethistidae), Mystus (5 spp.) (Bagridae), and among the Perciformes, the genus Badis (7spp.) (family Badidae) and Channa (6 spp.) (Channidae) are also species-rich groups in the Himalaya freshwater systems in India. The average number of species per genus is >2 spp. Fishes of the Indian Himalaya occur in greater diversity towards the east as compared with the west (Fig. 1). The Brahmaputra drainage system harbours the fishes of the genera Aborichthys, Erethistoides, Olyra, etc., which are not found along the Himalayas beyond the Brahmaputra system. The genera Neolissochilus and Pseudecheneis have distribution up to the Kosi drainage, whereas the Balitora, Semiplotus are found further beyond as far as the Gandak drainage system. The genus Psilorhynchus has the extended distribution up to the Jumna. The genera like Amblyceps, Bagarius, Botia, Gagata, Garra, Glyptothorax, Indotriplophysa Paracanthocobitis, Schistura, Schizothorax, etc. have their distribution along the entire range of the Himalayas. The genera like Garra, Glyptothorax, Indotriplophysa, Triplophysa, Schizopyge, Schizopygopsis, Schizothorax, and Silurus are found even beyond the Himalayas. Several fish forms of the Brahmaputra drainage and the Assam Hillstreams do not occur in the Western Himalayas. At the same time, the same genera, or some closely allied forms occur in Myanmar, Southern China, south-east Asia (Malay Peninsula). The Himalayan fish-fauna have a close relationship with the Indo-Chinese and the south-east Asian forms. Hora (1954) viewed that the genera of the endemic fishes are closely allied to South-East Asian forms. He surmised that the Himalayas have derived their fish-fauna mainly from the east, probably from the Yunnan area, wherefrom they spread to the west as far as Africa in the favourable ecological conditions facilitating their dispersal. The genera such as Garra and Tor have their distribution towards the east as well as in the west far up to Africa. Aborichthys is endemic to the Eastern Himalayas. Among the genera in the Indian Himalaya, the Amblypharygogodon, Diptychus, Barilis, Chela, Devario, Diptychus, Esomus, Garra, Labeo, Puntius, Rasbora, Salmostoma, Schizothorax, Tor, etc. (Cyprinidae); Botia and Lepidocephalichthys (Cobitidae); Paracanthocobitis, Physoschistura, Schistura (Nemacheilidae); Mystus (Bagridae); Bagarius, Glyptothorax, Glyptosternon (Sisoridae); Clarias (Clariidae); Channa (Channidae) are 802

common to the Palaearctic area and the Oriental of India, though some of them are also Ethiopian. Fossil evidences of fishes, other than some remains of Schizothoracine from higher Himalayas, are very rare or obscure (Hora, 1937b). Hora and Menon (1953) further highlighted on the evidences of catfishes of Silurus and Bagarius obtained from the cold and deeper waters at the bases of hills of Upper Siwalik rocks. They surmised that the typical torrential fishes of the Himalayas have Pleistocene origin, i.e. they have evolved in the recent period. The relevance of this period is that by the end of Pliocene or at the beginning of the Pleistocene only, one of the major upheavals of the Himalayas had taken place (Krishnan, 1952). The origin or evolution of the fish fauna in the Himalayas must have been the consequence or after-effects of the orogenic events at various stages in the Himalayas’uplift, depending on the locations and geological disturbances. Hora (1954) adduced that the fishes of Schizothoracinae must have evolved in Central Asia in the turbulent streams of snow-melt waters during the First Interglacial period as evidenced by the occurrence of primitive forms of this subfamily in South China. Subsequently, in the favourable ecological conditions of the Second Glacial period, and by the formation of the east-west drainage systems, they migrated westwards as far as Kashmir or beyond. Many of the fish species, especially the cyprinid, nemacheilid, cobitid and the silurid forms from Ladakh have their affinities to the forms of palaearctic origin and are specialised in many ways. Tilak (1990) observed that the palaearctic cyprinids of the subfamily Schizothoracinae had entered the Indian region through the north side across the Himalayas during the late Pleistocene era, as enunciated by Das (1965, 1966) and Das and SubIa (1964, 1970). Tilak and Husain (1978), based on the distribution of some of the fresh-water fishes of Indo-Gangetic plains, also explained the entry of fishes towards West along the base of Himalaya in Indo-Gangetic plains. Briggs (1979) remarked that the Oriental region was the centre of evolutionary radiation for the Ostariophysan and other advanced groups of primary freshwater fishes (which was contrary to the biogeographical theory proposed by Henning (1966), Brundin (1975), Novacek and Marshall (1976), explaining that South America was most likely the area of origin of Ostariophysan fishes). However, the evolution of Schizothoracid fishes is considered a recent event than the evolution of the family Cyprinidae as a whole. Given the distribution of species of the cyprinid genera Schizothorax, Schizoppyge and Schizopygopsis and also that of sisorid catfish, like, Glyptosternon reticulatum (McClelland) in Ladakh, and Kashmir and Poonch Valleys, it can be surmised that the drainage of these areas was likely to be contiguous with Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

one another, allowing the movement of these species freely in these areas before the rise of Himalaya (Silas, 1960; Das, 1965; Sharma and Sharma, 1974; Talwar, 1978; Nath, 1981 and Tilak, 1987, 1990). Himalayas’ uplift with the formation of high ranges caused disruption of the common drainage of the two areas, and thus the major stock of these fishes were cut off from these Valleys (Tilak, 1990). The richer diversity of taxa, genera and species, of Schizothoracinae and some specialised silurids in Ladakh, suggests that this area has been the home habitats of these fishes. Further, the present-day distribution of Diptychus maculates in Ladakh on the one side, and Labaul Valley (Himachal Pradesh) on the other (TiIak, 1976, 1990) also supports the fact that the drainage of Chandra Bhaga river (Chenab) in Labaul Valley must have had a connection at one time with that of Ladakh. The introduction of Glyptosternum, Schizopyge, Schizopygopsis and Schizothorax into the drainage system on the southern face of Himalaya probably must have taken place from Kashmir through the Poonch Valley into the Chenab drainage and further into other river systems along Himalaya. Since the introduction of Schizopyge, Schizopygopsis and Schizothorax into the drainage system along the southern face of Himalaya was a subsequent event, these fishes had to cross through the waterways of very low altitudes, and probably living there for hundreds of years, before they had gradually ascended to the rivers along the southern side of Himalaya. The species of Glyptosternum because of their specialised mode of living, i.e., clinging to rocks near the bottom of water, remained limited up to the Chenab drainage and did not move further along with Scnizothoracid fishes. Schizothoracids which have invaded the higher reaches of Himalayan streams during the recent era, however, presumably, have not achieved those altitudes at which their parental stock lived in Kashmir or Ladakh. It is evidenced in the present-day distribution of these fishes in Himalayan Rivers draining into the Indo-Gangetic plains. As for example, the same species, such as Schizothorax richardsonii, which thrives well at an altitude of 4000 mts. and above in ladakh, is not found in the streams and rivers on the southern side of Himalaya at altitudes higher than 1500 mts. The zoogeographic inference from the series of these events reflects that in the case of distribution of silurids and schizothoracids, the dispersal of Central-Asiatic fishes took place through the northern gate via the Kashmir and Poonch Valleys towards the East along Himalayas (TiIak, op. cit.). The fauna and their ecology of high-altitudes of the Himalaya, above the upper limits of forest, are fundamentally different from that of the forest zones. The fauna of Himalaya at higher altitudes, above the GOPI et al. : Pisces

upper limits of the forest, are relatively sparse, notably lack tropical Indian, south-Chinese, Indo-Chinese and Malayan derivatives. Instead occur cold-adapted Palaearctic elements, the bulk of them endemics that emerged in situ with the Himalayan uplift. This higherelevation region of Himalaya belongs to the Turkmenian sub region of the Palaearctic Region. The vertebrates, like fishes, are very poorly and sparsely represented. The endemic elements of this region today are the descendants of the ancestral stock of Middle Asiatic origin (Mani, 1974). They inhabited the region when its elevation was not high. The ancestral stock evolved into the typically endemic, high-altitude elements consequent upon the uplift of the Himalaya. Pleistocene glaciations and the climatic and other changes that followed at the end of the Pleistocene glaciations were significant factors in this evolution. The Northwest Himalaya thus reveals a different faunal zoogeography for fishes from the rest of the Himalaya. Genera such as Schizopygopsis, Schizothorax, Ptychobarbus, etc. are almost restricted to the Palaearctic of India. Of these, Schizopygopsis and Ptychbarbus evolved in the Turkmenian sub region. The genus Schizothorax occurs in both the Mediterranean and Turkmenian sub regions. The species of Ptychobarbus and Schizopygopsis from India are restricted to the Northwest Himalaya, mainly to the upper Indus drainage in the region, and not so far recorded from areas east of the Great defile of the R. Sutlej. In the Northwest Himalaya, the species of these genera occur in streams and lakes which are not widely separated from each other by high ridges. Many species are common to different streams, i.e., they are not geographically restricted to specific watersheds. The common occurrence of these species in the water bodies suggests that these lakes and rivers of the Northwest Himalaya are relicts of a former, larger and continuous mass of water (Mani, 1974).

THREATS Freshwater fishes of the Himalaya region of India are under anthropogenic pressures. Human dependence on freshwater resources combined with localized and distant disturbances in the river-drainage basins, right from upstream networks to lower river reaches, and other freshwater bodies have consequently resulted in loss of biodiversity, notably species extinctions, comparatively at a faster pace and rates, and further exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change (Vörösmarty et al. 2010). Fish and their habitats face threats from both natural and man-made hazards. The fish population face varied threats of natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, changes in the river course, glacial water discharge, erosion, cloud burst, natural discharge of organic/ inorganic elements 803

and diseases. The threats are further compounded by man-made hazards like pollution, river encroachment and embankments, sand mining, and hydroelectric and irrigation dams. Hydroelectric and irrigation dams across the rivers and flow regulation, changing the lotic environment to lentic and homogenisation of habitats; conversion of wetlands into other forms of land uses, destruction of riparian vegetation, etc. have deleterious effect on biodiversity, very vulnerable to rare and endemic species, species with large home ranges, species with limited dispersal potential as well as low reproductive potential, species with short life cycles, and diadromous species. Destruction of riparian vegetation upsets and damages stream substrate composition that is used by several fishes for their shelter and foraging. Scientists believe that the global temperature rise and the consequent effect of climate change could unleash deleterious effect on biodiversity and its complexity on a global level (Gopi et al., 2017). The climate-induced changes on a pan-India scale also portend serious threat to Indian biodiversity, especially the diversity of fishes and their populations thriving in the freshwaters. Indian biodiversity-rich ‘hot spots’ are vulnerable to the glaciallake outburst floods as occurring in Himalayas and northeastern India (Das, 2010), or to monsoonic cloud outburst and massive landslides in northeastern India, heavily eroding and decimating biodiversity, especially of the rheophilic fish populations, in the highland river tributaries and mountain streams of Himalayan region. The Himalayan fishes are facing threats from many anthropogenic activities. According to Dudgeon et al. (2006), the threats to freshwater biodiversity can be divided into five major categories viz., flow modification, habitat degradation, over-exploitation, species invasion and water pollution. All the five threat categories are represented in the Himalaya and should be regarded as the major threats to the freshwater ichthyofauna of the region.

THREATENED FISHES A total of 21 species of out of 310 (6.6%) are categorized as threatened (CR, EN, and VU assessments) while 23 (7.3%) have been categorized as Near Threatened as per IUCN (2017). The threatened species includes one Critically Endangered, 6 Endangered, and 14 Vulnerable. The critically endangered species, Glyptothorax kashmirensis is known from the Jhelum River in Kashmir. This river being currently dammed in several locations, this specialised benthic catfish is facing habitat loss and also other threats like introduction of exotic invasive fish species into the reservoirs. It has been recorded from the Ganges River drainage in Nepal. However, this record requires further verification (Ng, 2010). Among the 5 endangered species, 804

3 species namely Amblyceps arunchalensis, Devario horai and Lepidocephalichthys arunachalensis are endemic in the Brahmaputra River drainage. The next highest number of species (8.3%) is in the Data Deficient category and 86 species (27.7%) are yet to be assessed. Many of the species under these categories might be threatened as their information is very scanty. Therefore, detailed studies are urgently needed to assess the status of these species. Half of the fish species (156 species out of 310) in the Himalaya region of India are categorized as Least Concern (LC). Vishwanath et al. (2010) remarked that the assessment as Least Concern was more often based on perceived abundance from sampling data and some of these species may require reassessment in the future given that they are suspected to belong to species complexes containing several morphologically similar (cryptic) species having more geographically circumscribed ranges (like Aplocheilus panchax as one such example). Conservation Strategies of Threatened Fishes The natural aquatic ecosystems are subject to considerable stresses due to changes in the environment and various human activities. These lead to a decline in the fish diversity and population. Therefore, a need has arisen to take necessary steps to conserve the habitat and diverse fish genetic resources on one hand and to adopt rational and efficient utilization of fish stock on the other hand. The deteriorating situation of aquatic water bodies and their catchments due to various anthropogenic activities are causing critical problems for some fish population and diversity (Vishwanath et al., 2010). Conservation of fish diversity is urgently needed in India both for economic and ecological reasons (Menon, 2004).Since the Himalaya region harbours many threatened or endemic species, the measures furnished below are suggested: 1. Eco-biological investigations: An Extensive investigation on the ecology and biology of the threatened fishes may be conducted using scientific techniques. Detail knowledge of the ecology and biology of fishes is useful in fishery management and conservation. 2. Monitoring of habitat and population size: Regular monitoring of water quality, habitat characteristics and population sizes of the threatened fishes of the river may be carried out. Maintenance of the ecological process of the Himalayan Lakes and River are essential for the successful conservation of fishes. 3. Afforestation and protection from erosion: Afforestation is a practical effective means of reducing soil erosion. An extensive social forestry programme will effectively check the pressure on denudation of the available forest cover and practice of Jhum (shifting) cultivation may be controlled. This would ultimately help to retain vegetal cover and reduce the inflow of silt Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

particles along with the runoff to the Himalayan River which would be of great help for reducing the turbidity of the river water. 4. Sustainable utilization of fishes: The fish resources should be wisely utilized and proper sustainable utilization techniques may be adopted. 5. Implementation of domestic legislations: Laws on catching brooders should be formulated and implemented. 6. Establishment of fish sanctuaries: Fish sanctuaries for the protection of the threatened species may be established at suitable portion of the region. 7. Awareness programmes: Local communities should be encouraged to participate in the conservation programmes of the fishes. Proper awareness programmes on the status and importance of fishes and their habitat may be organised for the local communities so that the concept of ‘Social Fencing’ would come into existence. Such initiatives depend on the development of trust between local communities and conservation authorities. Once the understanding between the regulatory authorities and local communities is established, the people themselves would start protecting the fish and their habitat.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Phylum CHORDATA Haeckel, 1874 Subphylum CRANIATA Lankester, 1877 Superclass GNATHOSTOMATA Zittel, 1879 Class ACTINOPTERIGII Klein, 1885 Division TELEOSTEI Müller, 1845 Oder OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES L. S. Berg, 1940 Family NOTOPTERIDAE Bleeker, 1851 Genus Chitala Fowler, 1934 chitala (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Notopterus Lacepède, 1800 notopterus (Pallas, 1769): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Oder ANGUILLIFORMES L. S. Berg, 1943 Family ANGUILLIDAE Rafinesque, 1810 Genus Anguilla Schrank, 1798 bengalensis (Gray, 1831): 2D Oder CLUPEIFORMES Bleeker, 1959 Family CLUPEIDAE Cuvier, 1816 Genus Gudusia Fowler, 1911 chapra (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Family ENGRAULIDAE Gill, 1861 Genus Setipinna Swainson, 1839 phasa (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Order CYPRINIFORMES Bleeker, 1859 Family CYPRINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Amblypharyngodon Bleeker, 1860 mola (Hamilton, 1822) : 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 almorae (Chaudhuri, 1912): 2B dero (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D diplostoma (Heckel, 1838): 1A GOPI et al. : Pisces

Genus Barilius Hamilton, 1822 arunachalensis Nath, Dam and Kumar, 2010: 2D barila (Hamilton, 1822): 2B; LC bendelisis (Hamilton, 1807): 1A, 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D dimorphicus Tilak and Hussain, 1990: 2B modestus Day, 1872: 2B; NA pectoralis Husain, 2012: 2B shacra (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D vagra (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bengala Gray, 1834 elanga (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Cabdio Hamilton, 1822 jaya (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D morar (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Carassius Jarocki, 1822 auratus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2B, 2C carassius (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2B Genus Chagunius Smith, 1938 chagunio (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus: Chela Hamilton, 1822 cachius (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 2D Genus Cirrhinus Oken, 1817 mrigala (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D reba (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner, 1866 idella (Valenciennes, 1844): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 carpio Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Danio Hamilton, 1822 dangila (Hamilton, 1822): 2D rerio (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Devario Heckel, 1843 aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839): 1C, 2C, 2D assamensis (Barman, 1984): 2D devario (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D horai (Barman, 1983): 2D Genus Diptychus Steindachner, 1866 maculatus Steindachner, 1866: 1A Genus Esomus Swainson, 1839 danricus (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 2B, 2D Genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 alticaputus Arunachalam, Nandagopal and Mayden, 2013: 2D annandalei Hora, 1921: 1C, 2C, 2D arunachalensis Nebeshwar andVishwanath, 2013: 2D arupi Nebeshwar, Vishwanath and Das, 2009: 2D birostris Nebeshwar andVashwanath, 2013: 2D chaudhurii Hora, 1921: 2C gotyla (Gray, 1830): 1C kalpangi Nabeswar, Bagra and Das, 2012: 2D kempi Hora, 1921: 2D kimini Arunachalam, Nandagopal and Mayden 2013: 2D lamta (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D lissorhynchus (McClelland, 1842): 2D magnidiscus Tamang, 2013: 2D minimus Arunachalam, Nandagopal and Mayden, 2013: 2D naganensis Hora, 1921: 2D nasuta (McClelland, 1838): 1C, 2D nigricauda Arunachalam, Nandagopal and Mayden 2013: 2D

805

quadratirostris Nebeshwar and Vishwanath 2013: 2D rupecula (McClelland, 1839): 2D tamangi Gurumayum and Kosygin 2016: 2D Genus Gibelion Heckel, 1843 catla (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hypophthalmichthys Bleeker, 1860 molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C nobilis (Richardson, 1845): 2B Genus Labeo Cuvier, 1816 bata (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D boga (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D calbasu (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dyocheilus (McClelland, 1839) 1A, 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795): 2C, 2D gonius (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D pangusia (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D rohita (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Laubuka Bleeker, 1859 laubuca (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Naziritor Mirza and Javed, 1985 chelynoides (McClelland, 1839): 2B Genus Neolissochilus Rainboth, 1985 dukai (Day, 1878): 2D hexagonolepis (McClelland, 1839): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hexastichus (McClelland, 1839): 1C, 2C, 2D spinulosus (McClelland, 1845): 1C Genus Opsarius McClelland, 1838 barna (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D tileo (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Oreichthys Smith, 1933 cosuatis (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Osteobrama Heckel, 1843 cotio (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D Genus Pethia Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura and Maduwage, 2012 conchonius (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D guganio (Hamilton, 1822): 2C shalynius (Yazdani and Talukdar, 1975): 2D ticto (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Poropuntius Smith, 1931 clavatus (McClelland, 1845): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Ptychobarbus Steindachner, 1866 conirostris Steindachner, 1866: 1A Genus Puntius Hamilton, 1822 chola (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D khohi Dobriyal, Singh, Uniyal, Joshi, Phurailatpam and Bisht, 2004: 2B sophore (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D terio (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D Genus Raiamas Jordan, 1919 bola (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D Genus Rasbora Bleeker, 1859 daniconius (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D kobonensis Chaudhuri, 1913: 2D rasbora (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Salmostoma Swainson, 1839 bacaila (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D phulo (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Schizopyge Heckel, 1847

806

niger (Heckel, 1838): 1A, 2A Genus Schizopygopsis Steindachner, 1866 stolickai Steindachner, 1866: 2D Genus Schizothorax Heckel, 1838 curvifrons Heckel, 1838: 1A, 1B esocinus Heckel, 1838: 1A, 2D huegelii Heckel, 1838: 1A intermedius McClelland and Griffith 1842: 1A kumaonensis Menon, 1971: 2B labiatus (McClelland, 1842): 1A microcephalus Day, 1877: 1A molesworthi (Chaudhuri, 1913): 2D nasus Heckel, 1838: 1A plagiostomus Heckel, 1838: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D progastus (McClelland, 1839): 1A, 1C, 2D richardsonii (Gray, 1832): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Securicula Günther, 1868 gora (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Semiplotus Bleeker, 1860 semiplotus (McClelland, 1839): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Systomus McClelland, 1838 sarana (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tariqilabeo Mirza and Saboohi, 1990 burmanicus (Hora, 1936): 2D diplochilus (Heckel, 1838): 1A, 2A latius (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tor Gray, 1834 mosal (Hamilton, 1822): 1C putitora (Hamilton, 1822): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tor (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PSILORHYNCHIDAE Hora, 1926 Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1838 arunachalensis (Nebeshwar, Bagra and Das 2007): 2D balitora (Hamilton, 1822): 2D homaloptera Hora, and Mukerji, 1935 : 2D nudithoracicus Tilak and Husain, 1980 : 2B sucatio (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Family COBITIDAE Swainson, 1838 Genus Botia Gray, 1831 almorhae Gray, 1831: 2B birdi Chaudhuri, 1910: 1A, 2B dario (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D lohachata Chaudhuri, 1912: 1B, 2A, 2B rostrata Günther, 1868: 2D Genus Canthophrys Swainson, 1838 gongota (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Lepidocephalichthys Bleeker, 1863 annandalei Chaudhuri, 1912: 2D arunachalensis (Datta and Barman, 1984): 2D goalparensis Pillai and Yazdani 1976: 2B, 2D guntea (Hamilton, 1822): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neoeucirrhichthys Bănărescu and Nalbant, 1968 maydelli Bănărescu and Nalbant, 1968: 2C Genus Pangio Blyth, 1860 apoda Britz and Maclaine, 2007: 2C pangia (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D Family BALITORIDAE Swainson, 1839 Genus Balitora Gray, 1830 brucei Gray, 1830: 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Bhavania Hora, 1920 arunachalensis Nath, Dam, Bhutia, Dey and Das, 2007: 2D Family NEMACHEILIDAE Regan, 1911 Genus Aborichthys Chaudhuri, 1913 cataracta Arunachalam, Raja, Malaiammal and Mayden 2014: 2D elongatus Hora, 1921: 1C, 2C, 2D garoensis Hora, 1925: 2D kempi Chaudhuri 1913 : 2D verticauda Arunachalam, Raja, Malaiammal and Mayden 2014: 2D tikaderi Barman, 1985: 2D waikhomi Kosygin, 2012: 2D Genus Acanthocobitis Peters, 1861 pavonacea (McClelland, 1839): 2D Genus Indotriplophysa Prokofiev, 2010 yasinensis (Alcock, 1898): 1A,1B Genus Paracanthocobitis Grant, 2007 botia (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D zonalternans (Blyth, 1860): 2D Genus Physoschistura Bănărescu and Nalbant, 1982 dikrongensis Lokeshwor and Vishwanath, 2012: 2D walongensis Tamang and Sinha, 2016: 2D Genus Schistura McClelland, 1838 beavani (Gunther, 1868): 2D carletoni (Fowler, 1924): 2B, 2C cincticauda (Blyth, 1860): 2D corica (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D devdevi (Hora, 1935): 1C, 2C, 2D doonensis (Tilak and Husain, 1977): 2B gangeticus (Menon, 1987): 2B himachalensis (Menon, 1987): 1B horai (Menon, 1952): 2B inglisi (Hora, 1935): 2C kangrae (Menon, 1952) : 1B, 2A montana McClelland, 1838: 2A, 2B multifasciata (Day, 1878) 1C, 2C, 2D obliquofascia Lokeshwor, Barat, Sati, Darshan, Vishwanath and Mahanta, 2012: 2B rosammae (Sen, 2009): 2D rupecula McClelland, 1838: 1A, 1C, 2B, 2D savona (Hamilton, 1822): 2D scaturigina McClelland, 1839: 2D tirapensis Kottelat, 1990: 2D Genus Triplophysa Rendahl, 1933 drassensis (Tilak, 1990): 1A gracilis (Day, 1877): 1A, 1C kashmirensis (Hora, 1922): 1A ladacensis (Günther, 1868): 1A marmorata (Heckel, 1838): 1A microps (Steindachner, 1866: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B shehensis Menon, 1987: 1A stewarti (Hora, 1922): 1A stolickai (Steindachner, 1866): 1A, 2A, 2B tenuicauda (Steindachner, 1866): 1A Order SILURIFORMES G. Cuvier, 1817 Family AMBLYCIPITIDAE Day, 1873 Genus Amblyceps Blyth, 1858 apangi Nath and Dey, 1989: 2D GOPI et al. : Pisces

arunchalensis Nath and Dey, 1989: 2D mangois (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D waikhomi Darshan, Kachari, Dutta, Ganguly and Das 2016: 2D Family SISORIDAE Bleeker, 1858 Genus Bagarius Bleeker, 1853 bagarius (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Creteuchiloglanis Zhou, Li and Thomson, 2011 arunachalensis Sinha and Tamang, 2014: 2D kamengensis (Jayaram, 1966): 2D payjab Darshan, Dutta, Kachari, Gogoi, Aran and Das 2014: 2D Genus Exostoma Blyth, 1860 labiatum (McClelland, 1842): 2D stuarti (Hora, 1923): 2D tenuicaudata Tamang, Sinha and Gurumayum 2015: 2D Genus Gagata Bleeker, 1858 cenia (Hamilton, 1822): 2D gagata (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Glyptosternon McClelland, 1842 maculatum (Regan, 1905): 1C, 2D reticulatum McClelland, 1842: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Glyptothorax Blyth, 1860 alaknandi Tilak, 1969: 2B annandalei Hora, 1923: 2D brevipinnis Hora, 1923: 2B, 2D cavia (Hamilton, 1822): 2D conirostris (Steindachner 1867): 2A, 2B, 2D dikrongensis Tamang and Chaudhry, 2011: 2D garhwali Tilak, 1969: 2B gracilis (Günther, 1864): 1C, 2C, 2D indicus Talwar, 1991: 2D kashmirensis Hora, 1923: 1A mibangi Darshan, Dutta, Kachari, Gogoi and Das 2015: 2D pantherinus Anganthoibi and Wishwanath 2013: 2D pasighatensis Arun Kumar, 2016: 2D pectinopterus (McClelland, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2D punjabensis Mirza and Kashmiri, 1971: 1A radiolus Ng and Lalramliana, 2013: 2C saisii (Jenkins, 1910): 2D stolickai (Steindachner, 1867): 2A, 2B striatus (McClelland, 1842): 1C, 2C, 2D telchitta (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Gogangra Roberts, 2001 viridescens (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Nangra Day, 1877 assamensis Sen and Biswas 1994: 2D nangra (Hamilton, 1822): 2B Genus Oreoglanis Smith, 1933 majuscula Linthoingambi and Vishwanath, 2011: 2D pangenensis Sinha and Tamang, 2015: 2D Genus Parachiloglanis Wu, He and Chu, 1981 hodgarti (Hora, 1923): 1C, 2D Genus Pseudecheneis Blyth, 1860 sirenica Vishwanath and Darshan, 2007: 2D sulcata (McClelland, 1842): 1C, 2C, 2D suppaetula Ng, 2006: 2B Genus Sisor Hamilton, 1822 rhabdophorus Hamilton, 1822: 2C, 2D

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Family ERETHISTIDAE Bleeker, 1862 Genus Conta Hora, 1950 conta (Hamilton, 1822): 2D pectinata Ng, 2005: 2D Genus Erethistes Müller and Troschel, 1849 hara (Hamilton, 1822): 2D horai (Misra, 1976): 2C jerdoni (Day, 1870): 2D pusillus Müller and Troschel, 1849: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Erethistoides Hora, 1950 montana Hora, 1950: 2C, 2D senkhiensis Tamang, Chaudhry and Choudhury, 2008: 2D Genus Pseudolaguvia Misra, 1976 ferula Ng, 2006: 2D foveolata Ng, 2005: 2C jiyaensis Tamang and Sinha, 2014: 2D magna Tamang and Sinha, 2014: 2D ribeiroi (Hora, 1921): 2D shawi (Hora, 1921): 1C, 2C, 2D viriosa Ng and Tamang, 2012: 2D Family SILURIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Ompok Lacepède, 1803 bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D pabda (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D pabo (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Pterocryptis Peters, 1861 indicus (Datta, Barman and Jayaram, 1987): 2D gangelica (Peters, 1861): 2D Genus Wallago Bleeker, 1851 attu (Bloch and Schneider, 1801): 2B, 2D Family CHACIDAE Bleeker, 1858 Genus Chaca Gray, 1831 chaca (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Family CLARIIDAE Bonaparte, 1845 Genus Clarias Scopoli, 1777 magur (Hamilton, 1822): 2D gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): 2C Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE Hora, 1936 Genus Heteropneustes Müller, 1840 fossilis (Bloch, 1794): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family AILIIDAE Bleeker, 1858 Genus Ailia Gray, 1830 coila (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Clupisoma Swainson, 1838 garua (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2D montana Hora, 1937: 2C Genus Eutropiichthys Bleeker, 1862 murius (Hamilton, 1822): 2C vacha (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Family HORABAGRIDAE Jayaram, 2006 Genus Pachypterus Swainson, 1838 atherinoides (Bloch, 1794): 2D Family PANGASIIDAE Bleeker, 1858 Genus Pangasius Valenciennes, 1840 pangasius (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Family BAGRIDAE Bleeker, 1858 Genus Batasio Blyth, 1860 batasio (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D fasciolatus Ng, 2006: 2D

808

merianiensis (Chaudhuri, 1913): 2D tengana (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D Genus Chandramara Jayaram, 1972 chandramara (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Hemibagrus Bleeker, 1862 menoda (Hamilton, 1822): 2D Genus Mystus Scopoli, 1777 bleekeri (Day, 1877): 2B, 2C, 2D cavasius (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D dibrugarensis (Chaudhuri, 1913): 2D tengara (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D vittatus (Bloch, 1794): 2B, 2D Genus Olyra McClelland, 1842 longicaudata McClelland, 1842: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Rita Bleeker, 1853 rita (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sperata Holly, 1939 aor (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D seenghala (Sykes 1839): 2B, 2D Order SAMONIFORMES Bleeker, 1859 Family SALMONIDAE Cuvier, 1816 Genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861 mykiss (Walbaum, 1792): 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 trutta Linnaeus 1758: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2D Order MUGILIFORMES Gunther, 1880 Family MUGILIDAE Jarocki, 1822 Genus Sicamugil Fowler, 1939 cascasia (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C Order BELONIFORMES Berg, 1937 Family BELONIDAE Bonaparte, 1835 Genus Xenentodon Regan, 1911 cancila (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Berg, 1940 Family APLOCHEILIDAE Bleeker, 1859 Genus Aplocheilus McClelland, 1838 panchax (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C Family POECILIIDAE Bonaparte, 1831 Genus Gambusia Poey, 1854 affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853): 1A, 1B holbrooki Girard, 1859: 2B Genus: Poecilia Bloch and Schneider, 1801 reticulata Peters 1859: 1C, 2C Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Berg, 1940 Family SYNGNATHIDAE Rafinesque, 1810 Genus Microphis Kaup, 1853 deocata (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Family SYNBRANCHIDAE Bonaparte, 1835 Genus Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 bengalense McClelland, 1844: 1C, 2C Genus Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 cuchia (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D hodgarti (Chaudhuri, 1913): 2D Family MASTACEMBELIDAE Swainson, 1839 Genus Macrognathus Lacepède, 1800 aral (Bloch and Schneider, 1801): 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

pancalus Hamilton, 1822: 2B, 2D Genus Mastacembelus Scopoli, 1777 armatus (Lacepède, 1800): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family CHAUDHURIIDAE Annandale, 1918 Genus Pillaia Yazdani, 1972 indica Yazdani, 1972: 2D Order PERCIFORMES Rafinesque, 1810 Family AMBASSIDAE Klunzinger, 1870 Genus Chanda Hamilton, 1822 nama Hamilton, 1822: 2C, 2D Genus Parambassis Bleeker, 1874 baculis (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D bistigmata Geethakumari, 2012: 2D ranga (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D Family NANDIDAE Bleeker, 1852 Genus Nandus Valenciennes, 1831 nandus (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D Family BADIDAE Barlow, Liem and Wickler, 1968 Genus Badis Bleeker, 1853 andrewraoi Valdesalici and van der Voort, 2015: 2C assamensis Ahl, 1937: 2D badis (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Badis kyanos Valdesalici and van der Voort, 2015: 2C Badis laspiophilus Valdesalici and van der Voort, 2015: 2C Badis singenensis Geetakumari and Kadu, 2011: 2D Badis triocellus Khynriam and Sen, 2013: 2D Family CICHLIDAE Bonaparte, 1835 Genus Oreochromis Günther, 1889 mossambicus (Peters, 1852): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

Family GOBIIDAE Cuvier, 1816 Genus Glossogobius Gill, 1859 giuris (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family ANABANTIDAE Bonaparte, 1831 Genus Anabas Cloquet, 1816 testudineus (Bloch, 1792): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family OSPHRONEMIDAE Van der Hoeven, 1832 Genus Ctenops McClelland, 1845 nobilis McClelland, 1845: 1C, 2C Genus Trichogaster Bloch and Schneider, 1801 chuna (Hamilton, 1822): 1C, 2C, 2D fasciata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lalius (Hamilton, 1822): 2B, 2C, 2D Family CHANNIDAE Fowler, 1934 Genus Channa Scopoli, 1777 amphibeus (McClelland, 1845): 2C aurantimaculata Musikasinthorn, 2000: 2D barca (Hamilton, 1822): 2D bleheri Vierke, 1991: 2D gachua (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D marulius (Hamilton, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2D melanostigma Geetakumari and Vishwanath, 2010: 2D punctata (Bloch, 1793) 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D stewartii (Playfair, 1867): 2D striata (Bloch, 1793): 2D Order TETRAODONTIFORMES Berg, 1940 Family TETRAODONTIDAE Bonaparte, 1831 Genus Leiodon Swainson, 1839 cutcutia (Hamilton, 1822): 2C, 2D

REFERENCES Allen, D.J., Molur, S. and Daniel, B.A. (Compilers) 2010. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya. Cambridge, UK and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Zoo Outreach Organisation, Coimbatore, India: viii + 1-88. Bagra, K., Kadu, K., Sharma, N., Laskar, B.A., Sarkar, U.K. and Das, D.N. 2009. Ichthyological survey and review of the checklist of fish fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Check List, 5(2): 330-350. Boulenger, G.A., Annandale, N., Wall, F. and Tate Regan, C. 1907. Reports on a col1ection of Batrachia, Reptiles and Fish from Nepal and the Western Himalayas. Rec. Indian Mus., 1: 149-158. Briggs, J.C. 1979. Ostariophysan zoogeography : An alternative hypothesis. Copeia: 111-118. Brundin, L. 1975. Circum-antartic distribution patterns and continental drift. Mem. Mus. nat. Hist., Paris, 88: 19-27. Burrard, S.C. and Hayden, H.H. 1933. A sketch of the Geography and Geology of the Himalayan mountains and Tibet. Revised by Burrard and Herron (Delhi). Chibber, H.L. 1949. Westward drift of the rivers of North India. Bull. Nat. Geogr. Soc. India, 12: 1-15. Das, P.K. 2010. Glacial lakes emerge as series threats. The Assam Tribune Guwahati, 72(200):13. Das, M.K. and Jayaram, K.C. 1981. A comparative analysis of the western and eastern Himalayan populations of Labeo dyocheilus (McClelland) (Pisces : Cypriniformes) with a discussion of its specific composition. Bull. zool. Surv. India, 4(1): 85-93. Das, S.M. 1965. A revision of the fish species inhabiting Kashmir Province. Kashmir Sci., 2: 13-19. Das, S.M. 1966. Palaearctic elements in the fauna of Kashmir. Nature, 212: 1-6. Das, S.M. and Nath, S. 1965. The ichthyofauna of Poonch Valley (Jammu and Kashmir State). Kashmir Sci., 2: 147-155. Das, S.M. and Subia, B.A. 1964. The ichthyofauna of Kashmir. Part II. The speciation of Kashmir fishes with two new records of species. Ichthyologica, 3: 57- 62. Das, S.M. and Subia, B.A. 1970. The pamir-Kashmir theory of origin, evolution and distribution (‘f Kashmir Fishes, with their general ecology. Kashmir Sci., 7: 1-15. GOPI et al. : Pisces

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Day, F. 1876. On the fishes of Yarkand. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 781-807. Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, M.O., Kawabata, Z.I., Knowler, D.J., Lévêque, C., Naiman, R.J., Prieur-Richard, A.-H., Soto, D., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Sullivan, C.A. 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol. Rev., 81: 163-182. Guenther, A. 1868. Catalogue of Fishes of the British Museum. London, 7: 1-512. Gurumayum, S.D., Kosygin, L. and Tamang, L. 2016. Ichthyofaunal diversity of Arunachal Pradesh, India: A part of Himalaya biodiversity hotspot. Int. J. Fish. Aqu. Stud., 4(2): 337-346. Gurung, D.B., Dorji, S., Tshering, U. and Wangyal, J.T. 2013. An annotated checklist of fishes from Bhutan. J. Threat. Taxa, 5(14): 4880-4886. Gopi, K.C., Mishra, S.S. and Kosygin, L. 2017. Pisces. In: Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India (eds. Chandra, K, Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.), Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata: 527570. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana. Hora, S.L. 1922. Notes on fishes in the Indian Museum. III. On fishes belonging to the family Cobitidae from High altitudes of Central Asia. Rec. Indian Mus., 24: 63-83. Hora, S.L. 1935. Notes on fishes in the Indian Museum. XXIV. Loaches of the genus Nemachilus from eastern Himalayas, with the description of a new species from Burma and Siam. Rec. Ind. Mus., 37: 49-67, pl. 3. Hora, S.L. 1936. Yale North Indian Expedition. Article XVII. Report on fishes. part I. Cobitidae. Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts. Sci., 10: 299-321. Hora, S.L. 1937a. Comparison of the fishfauna of the Northern and the Southern faces of the Great Himalayan Range. Ibid., 39: 241-250. Hora, S.L. 1937b. Distribution of Himalayan fishes and its bearing on certain Palaeogeographical problems. Ibid, 251-259. Hora, S. L. 1937c. Notes on fishes in the Indian Museum. XXX. On a small collection of fish from the Upper Chindwin drainage. XXXIII. On a collection of fish from the Kumaon Himalayas. Rec. Ind. Mus., 39: 321–350. Hora, S.L. 1937d. Geographical distribution of Indian fresh-water fishes and its bearing on the probable land connections between India and the adjacent countries. Curr. Sci., 5: 351-356. Hora, S.L. 1953. Fish distribution and the Central Asian orography. Curr. Sci., 22: 93-97. Hora, S.L. and Mukherji, D.O. 1935. Fishes collected by the Netherland Karakoram Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. Niederl. Exped. Karakorum, Leipzig, 1: 426-446, epls. 5 figs. Hora, S.L. and Menon, A.G.K. 1953. Distribution of the fishes of the past and their bearing on the geography of India. Everyday Science, 2: 105-113. IUCN, 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1.. Downloaded on 09 August 2017. Jayaram, K.C. 1977. Zoogeography of Indian freshwater fishes. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 86(4): 265-274. Jayaram, K.C. 1999. The Freshwater Fishes of Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi: 1-471. Jayaram, K.C. 2006. Catfishes of India. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi: 1-383. Krishnan, M.S. 1943. Geology of India and Burma. Mani, M.S. 1974. Biogeographical evolution in India. In, Ecology and Biogeography in India, ed. W Junk: 698-724. Menon, A.G.K. 1949a. Fishes of the Kosi Himaalayas, Nepal, Rec. Ind. Mus., 47. 1. Menon, A.G.K. 1949b. Fishes of the Kumaon Himalayas. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 48, 535-542. Menon, A.G.K. 1954. Fish Geography of the Himalayas, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX-4, 467-493. Menon, A.G.K. 1965. Taxonomy of fishes of the genus Scizothorax Heckel with the description of a new species from Kumaon Himalayas. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 63: 195-208. Menon, A.G.K. 1974. A check-list of fishes of the Himalayan and the Indo-Gangetic plains. Spec. Publ. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 1: 1-136. Menon, A.G.K. 2004. Threatened fishes of India and their conservation. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 1-170 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Moumita, P., Gupta, S. and Banerjee, S. 2009. Fish fauna of major rivers of Darjeeling district, with special reference to their conservation status. Rec.zool. Surv. India, 109(4): 15-23. 810


Mukherjee, D.D. 1932. On a rare Eastern Himalayan and Assmese Loach Somileptes gongota (Ham. Buch.) with special reference to its generic position. Rec. Indian Mus., 34: 125-130. Nath, S. 1981. On a of co.bitid loaches of the genus Noemacheilus van hasselt from Poonch Valley (Jammu and Kashmir). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 78(3): 612-613. Negi, S.S. 1994. Himalayan fishes and fisheries. Ashish, New Delhi: v + 1-291. Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the world.4th edition. John Willey and Sons, Hoboken N.J.: i-xix, 1-601. Ng, H.H. 2010. Glyptothorax kashmirensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T168414A6487956. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T168414A6487956.en. Downloaded on 09 August 2017. Novacek, M.J. and Marshall, L.G. 1976. Early biogeographical history of ostariophysan fishes. Copeia, : 1-12. Pascoe, E.H. 1968. A Manual of the Geology of India and Burma. (3rd Ed.). Geological Survey of India: 1-2363. Regan, C.T. 1907. Reports on a collection of batrachia, reptiles and fish from Nepal and the western Himalayas. Fishes. Rec. Ind. Mus., 1: 157–158. Saxena, D.B. 1968. Fish and fisheries of Jammu and Kashmir state. Part II. Systematic account of the fishes of the state. lchthyologica, 7: 48-65. Sharma, B.D. and Sharma, T. 1974. Six new fish records for Poonch Valley in Jammu and Kashmir state. Indian J. Anim. Res., 8(1): 45. Shaw, G.E. and Shebbeare, E.O. 1937. The fishes of Northern Bengal. J. Roy. Asia. Soc. Bengal, 3: 1-124. Shrestha, T.K. 2008. Ichthyology of Nepal. A study of fishes of the Himalayan waters. Himalayan Ecosphere, Kathmandu: x+1-390, 72 pls. Silas, E.G. 1952. The taxonomic assessment and levels of evolutionary divergence of fishes with the so-called Malayan affinities in Peninsular India. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 18(5): 423-447. Silas, E.G. 1960. Fishes from the Kashmir Valley. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 57: 66-77. Sivakumar, K. 2008. Species richness, distribution pattern and habitat use of fishes in the trans-Himalayas, India. Elect. J. Ichthyology, 1: 31-42. Steindachner, F. 1866. Ichthyologische Mittheilungen VI. Zur Fische-fauna Kashmirs under benachbarbten Landerstriche. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 16: 784-796, 6 pis. Stewart, F.H. 1909. Comparison of the fish fauna of the north and the south faces of the Great Himalayas Range. Rec. Indian Mus., 3: 121-123. Talwar, P.K. 1978. On the fishes collected by the Ladakh Expedition, 1976. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 74(3): 501-505, 2 text-figs. Tilak, R. 1976. On the distribution of Diptychus maculatus Steindachner in India. Newsl. zool. Surv. India, 2(3): 115-116. Tilak, R. 1987a. Fauna of India Schizothoracinae (family Cyprinidae) : 1-229 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Tilak, R. 1987b. The Fauna of India and adjacent countries. Pisces (Teleostomi) Sub-family: Schizothoracinae : x+1-229 (Published by the Director Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Tilak, R. 1990. On the fish fauna of Ladakh with notes on zoogeography. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 87(2): 131-149. Tilak, R. and Husain, A. 1978. Redescription of Glyptothorax saisii (Jenkins) (Sisoridae: Siluriformes), with remarks on its discontinuous distribution. Ann. Zool., 14(1): 33-40, 5 text-figs. Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W.S. and Sarkar, U.K. 2007. Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India: 1-264. Vishwanath, W., Ng, H.H., Britz, R., Kosygin Singh, L., Chaudhry, S., and Conway, K.W. 2010. The status and distribution of freshwater fishes of the eastern Himalaya region. In The status and Distribution of freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya (Compilers: Allen, D.J., Molur, S. and Daniel, B.A.), IUCN, Cambridge, U.K. and Gland, Switzerland: 22-41. Vörösmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Reidy Liermann, C. and Davies, P.M. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 468: 334–334. Wadia, D.N. 1938.The Post-tertiary hydrography of Nothern India and the changes in the courses of its rivers during the last glacial epoch. Ibid., 4: 387-394. GOPI et al. : Pisces

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Aborichthys waikhomi Kosygin, 2012

Amblyceps apangi Nath and Dey, 1989

Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822)

Anguilla bengalensis (Gray, 1831)

Badis singenensis Geetakumari & Kadu, 2011

Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton, 1807)

Channa stewartii (Playfair, 1867)

812


Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758

Garra arupi Nebeshwar, Vishwanath and Das, 2009

Garra tamangi Gurumayum and Kosygin, 2016

Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)

Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822)

Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) GOPI et al. : Pisces

813

Nandus nundus (Hamilton, 1822)

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769)

Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822)

Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832)

Semiplotus semiplotus (McClelland 1839)

Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822)

Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

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Chapter 49

Amphibia KAUSHIK DEUTI

Presently 80 species of amphibians are known from the different areas of indian Himalayas consisting of about 76 Anurans, 2 salamanders and 2 caecilians. The maximum number of species recorded from East Himalaya (59), followed by Central Himalaya (43), West Himalaya (23), North-West Himalaya (18), Ladakh-Trans Himalaya (8), and Tibetan Plateau-Trans Himalaya (6). The different altitudes and habitat types consistent with varying climate and vegetation in the different areas of the Himalayas create appropriate ecological niches for differently adapted amphibian species. Not much is known about both the zoogeographical as well as altitudinal distribution pattern of Himalayan amphibians, and many areas are still unexplored especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh. Proper documentation of Himalayan amphibian species is yet to be completed. Meanwhile, deforestation and habitat destruction, damming of rivers, over-fishing and pollution by pesticide and detergents, stone-quarrying, acidification of water bodies, the capture of frogs for human consumption, climate change and global warming and increase in UV-B radiation at higher altitudes are taking a heavy toll on the existing population of Himalayan amphibians.

T

INTRODUCTION

he Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone extends from Karakoram Range in Kashmir and Ladakh in the west to Abor and Mishmi hills in Arunachal Pradesh in the east harbours about 80 species of amphibians. It is divided into 7 biotic provinces namely, 1A (Trans Himalaya-Ladakh Mountains), 1B (Trans Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau), 1C (Trans Himalaya: Sikkim), 2A (Himalaya: North-West), 2B (Himalaya: West Himalaya), 2C (Himalaya: Central Himalaya) and 2D (Himalaya: East Himalaya). The different altitudes and habitat types consistent with changing climate and vegetation in the various areas of the Himalayas create appropriate ecological niches for differently adapted amphibian species. This includes 6 species of toads, about 70 species of frogs, 2 salamanders and at least 2 species of caecilians. Genera like Amolops, Nanorana, Fejervarya, Polypedates and Duttaphrynus are widespread throughout the Himalayas, while Bufotes, Allopaa and Chrysopaa are restricted to the Western Himalayas and Megophrys, Xenophrys, Rhacophorus, Philautus, Raorchestes and Theloderma are restricted to the Eastern

Himalayas. Scutiger is restricted to the high altitude lakes, Amolops, Megophrys and Xenophrys to the hill-streams. They all have tadpoles with special adaptations to develop in hill-streams like ventral suckers and funnel-shaped mouth parts. Polypedates, Rhacophorus and Theloderma are found on trees while Philautus and Raorchestes are seen on bushes. However, not much is known about both the spatial and altitudinal distribution pattern of Himalayan amphibians and many areas are still unexplored especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh. Hence, the proper documentation of Himalayan amphibian species is yet to be completed.

HISTORICAL RESUME The first attempt to document the amphibians of the Himalayas began with the Abor expedition to the Eastern Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh by Annandale in 1912 although he had earlier reported about the eggs and breeding habits of the Himalayan salamander in 19071908. Annandale (1906-1908) also studied the Himalayan hill-stream tadpoles and the parallel evolution of fish and tadpoles of mountain streams (1922). He (1917) further

Zoological Survey of India, FPS Building, Indian Museum, 27 JL Nehru Road, Kolkata, 700016. E-mail: [email protected] Citation Deuti, K. 2018. Amphibia. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 815-822 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

reported the occurrence of Rana pleskii Gunther from Kashmir. The hill-stream amphibian tadpoles of the genus Amolops and Megophrys were described and their riparian adaptation with the help of ventral suckers and suctorial mouth-parts were studied by Annandale’s student Hora (1922-1934) and also by Bhaduri (1935) and Kripalani (1952-1961). Before that, Jerdon (1870) had collected and described some amphibians from the Himalayan regions of Darjeeling. Boulenger (1905-1907) of the British Museum of Natural History also studied the taxonomy of several Himalayan amphibian species. Malcolm Smith (1851-1853) also studied the amphibians from Nepal. Daniel during his tenure as Curator of the Bengal Natural History Museum at Darjeeling studied some amphibians from the areas around Darjeeling in West Bengal (1962), and Chaudhuri of the Darjeeling Zoo studied the Himalayan salamander (1966). Chanda (1986) and Sarkar et al. (1992) studied the frogs of Darjeeling district. Dasgupta (1983-1992) made extensive observations on the Himalayan salamander in that district. Later Seglie et al. (2003); Deuti and Hegde (2007) made Status Surveys of the Himalayan salamander in the Darjeeling hills. Mallick (1997); Sarkar and Deuti (2007) studied the breeding behaviour of the Darjeeling bush frog (Philautus annandalii). Deuti and Ayyaswamy (2008a, 2008b, 2008c) reported a few more species from the Darjeeling hills and Deuti (2010) first reported the Liebig’s hill frog (Nanorana liebigii) from Bhutan. Recently, Deuti et al., (2017) described two more new species of Xenophrys from Darjeeling hills and Sikkim.

Dubois (1974-1979) studied the amphibians of Nepal and Shrestha (1984-1989) studied on the Himalayan salamander in Eastern Nepal. Later, Kathiwada et al. (2015) described this variety as a new species of salamander (Tylototriton himalayanus). Swan and Leviton (1962) studied the herpetofauna of Nepal and made a zoogeographical analysis. In the Eastern Himalayas, Sarkar and Sanyal (1985) studied the amphibians of Namdapha Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh and described two new species. Chanda and Ghosh (1989) described the Shyamrup’s bush frog from there. Sarkar and Ray (2006) described Saha’s bush frog from Namdapha. Borah and Bordoloi (2001) reported 9 more species from Arunachal Pradesh. Mahony et al. (2013) described several species of Megophryid frogs. Kamei et al. (2013) studied the caecilians of the Eastern Himalayas. In the Western Himalayas, Acharji and Kripalani (1951) made collections from Kangra and Kullu valleys, Himachal Pradesh. Tilak et al. (1977), Tilak and Mehta (1977, 1983), and Tilak and Ray (1985) reported the amphibians from Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh states. Later Sharma and Deuti (2014) published a fieldguide on the amphibians of Himachal Pradesh. Ray (1992, 1996, 1999) studied the amphibians of Dehradun district, Uttarakhand and described three new species. Verma et al. (1995) studied the amphibians of Jammu and Kashmir including that of Ladakh. Gruber (1981) also studied the amphibians of Kashmir and Ladakh. In Pakistan, Khan

Fig. 1. Number of species in each biotic province of Indian Himalaya.

816


(1979) studied the amphibians of northern Punjab and Pakistan occupied Kashmir. Waltner (1974) studied the geographical and altitudinal distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the Himalayas.

SPECIES DIVERSITY

reported from different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya biogeographic zone are given herewith in the form of a systematic list. Among Bufonids (Toads), Bufotes latastii is found only in Ladakh while Duttaphrynus stuarti and Ingerophrynus macrotis are found in Arunachal Pradesh while the other three species of Duttaphrynus are found all over the Himalayas.

About 80 species of amphibians are known from different areas of the Indian Himalayas. This includes 6 species of toads, 70 species of frogs, 2 species of salamanders and 2 species of caecilians. The maximum number of species recorded from East Himalaya (59), followed by Central Himalaya (43), West Himalaya (23), North-West Himalaya (18), Ladakh-Trans Himalaya (8), and Tibetan Plateau-Trans Himalaya (6) (Fig. 1). The amphibians

Among Dicroglossids (aquatic frogs), the genera Allopaa and Chrysopaa are found in Kashmir and Ladakh while Ingerana and Ombrana are found in the Eastern Himalayas. The other genera Euphlyctis, Fejervarya, Hoplobatrachus, Nanorana and Sphaerotheca are common all over the Himalayas.

A

B

C

D

E

F

A. Humerana humeralis (Boulenger, 1887) Bright Frog; B. Ingerana borealis (Annandale, 1912) Boreal Hill Frog; C. Leptobrachium bompu Sondhi and Ohler, 2011 Blue-eyed Frog; D. Nanorana blanfordii (Boulenger, 1882) Blanford's Hill Frog; E. Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1864) Balloon Frog; F. Nanorana annandalii (Boulenger, 1920) Annandale's Hill Frog. DEUTI : Amphibia

817

Among Megophryids (stream frogs), Leptobrachium, Megophrys and Xenophrys are all found in the Eastern Himalayas while Scutiger dwells in high altitude lakes only. The tadpoles with funnel-shaped mouthparts develop in hill-streams. The Microhylids (narrow-mouthed frogs) including genera like Microhyla, Kaloula and Uperodon are found all over the Himalayas but in lesser numbers. Among Ranids (true frogs) the different species of the genus Amolops are found in the hill-streams in various areas of the Himalayas, and their tadpoles have ventral suckers with which they cling on to slippery rocks underwater feeding on attached algae. Clinotarsus, Humerana, Odorrana and Pterorana are all seen in Eastern Himalayas only. The Rhacophorids (tree and bush frogs) are arboreal and mostly found in the Eastern Himalayas including species of the genera Chiromantis, Kurixalus, Nasutixalus, Philautus, Raorchestes and Rhacophorus, Only Polypedates are found all over the Himalayas. The species of the genera Philautus and Raorchestes are seen on bushes while the rest on trees. Sometimes species of the genera Rhacophorus and Polypedates climb high on the trees and Kurixalus and Nasutixalus often breeds in tree-holes. Theloderma has been also seen to breed inside bamboo stumps. The two species of salamanders are found in Central and Eastern Himalayas. Tylototriton himalayanus is found from eastern Nepal to Darjeeling hills and Bhutan while T. verrucosus in Arunachal Pradesh. They are basically forest leaf-litter dwelling Urodels but visit montane lakes between April to August for breeding. Their tadpoles have all four limbs just after hatching out from eggs which remain attached to submerged or emergent vegetation. One of the caecilians is found in Sikkim and Darjeeling hills of northern West Bengal (Ichthyophis sikkimensis) while the other Chikila darlong in Arunachal Pradesh. They remain buried in the bed of hill-streams for the most of the year. Association/Relationship/Significance and Ecosystem Services Amphibians associated with Himalayan ecosystems are unique in that they have to cope up with different altitudes, climates and temperature fluctuations, right from the foothills to the alpine ecosystems. Certain species show specific adaptations to live in specific habitats. Some are arboreal while others are restricted to the few montane lakes and pools even at high altitudes (like Scutiger and Bufotes) and seem to be less affected by temperature fluctuations although they hibernate in winter. Few are saxicolous in habit, hiding deep inside rock crevices from where they emerge only during the 818

breeding season. Hill-streams are a favourite habitat of many Himalayan amphibians like Amolops, Megophrys, Xenophrys and also some Nannorana. They all have special riparian adaptations to survive in the fast-flowing cascades. Amolops tadpoles have specialized ventral suckers to cling to the underwater rocks while Xenophrys tadpoles living in rock-pools in the streams feed by continuously expanding and contracting their suctorial mouth parts. Like in the plains, amphibians in the Himalayas also play a double role by spending part of their life in water and the rest on land. Thus they form two major components in the food chain of two different ecosystems. As a result, they help to circulate the organic and inorganic constituents of the environment between land and water. The most important function of amphibians in nature is often grossly underestimated. While on the one hand, they are active predators, on the other hand they constitute a vital link in the food chain of life by serving as prey base for apex predators in the ecosystem. Being extremely voracious they are natural population regulators of the numerous invertebrate species. In their turn, amphibians are extremely prolific breeders, capable of rapid growth and intensive utilisation of available food resources. Thus they can increase their number and biomass very rapidly and so govern the population of the secondary predators who feed on them.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION As population status of many Himalayan amphibian species is not properly known, their categorization has not been complete, and appropriate conservation measures have not been taken. Threats to Himalayan amphibians include deforestation and habitat destruction, damming of rivers, over-fishing and pollution by pesticide and detergents, stone-quarrying, acidification of water bodies, the capture of frogs for human consumption, climate change and global warming and increase in UV-B radiation at higher altitudes. Only the Himalayan Salamander has been included under Schedule II part II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. However, water bodies which are vital breeding grounds for the species are being drained and filled up. Developmental projects in the vicinity of such natural wetlands like the construction of roads and hotels are taking a heavy toll on their meagre population. The introduction of carps and exotic freshwater fishes are destroying their eggs and tadpoles. Fencing and protection of such wetlands are vitally required for the continued survival of the Himalayan salamander. Similarly maintaining the natural flow of the Himalayan hill-streams is vital for the survival of many Himalayan frog species. High-altitude Himalayan lakes are to be kept undisturbed and unpolluted for the survival of high-altitude toads. Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

GAP AREAS Little is known of the amphibian faunal species inhabiting the Himalayas. Many areas are yet to be properly explored especially in remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh. The spatial and altitudinal distribution patterns of most species are unknown. Research on this is both necessary and interesting but would require hard back-breaking field work which may be costly as well. Some areas have no proper roads or logistical infrastructure preventing initiation of field studies. Many areas are in high altitudes and need special equipment, extra manpower and lot of funds to cover. Biological studies on the life history of most amphibian species have not been initiated, their taxonomy itself is poorly known.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Class AMPHIBIA Gray, 1825 Order ANURA Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 Family BUFONIDAE Gray, 1825 Genus Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 latastii (Boulenger, 1882): 1A, 1B (Ladakh Toad) Genus Duttaphrynus Frost et al., 2006 himalayanus (Gunther, 1864): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Himalayan Toad) melanostictus (Schneider, 1799): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Common Indian Toad) stomaticus (Lutken, 1864): 2A, 2B, 2D (Marbled Toad) stuarti (Smith, 1929): 2D (Stuart’s Toad) Genus Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006 macrotis (Boulenger, 1887): 2D Family DICROGLOSSIDAE Anderson, 1871 Genus Allopaa Ohler and Dubois, 2006 barmoachensis (Khan and Tasnim, 1989): 1A (Barmoachen Frog) hazarensis (Dubois and Khan, 1989): 1A (Hazara Frog) Genus Chrysopaa Ohler and Dubois, 2006 sternosignata (Murray, 1885): 1A, 1B Genus Euphlyctis Fitzinger, 1843 cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Skittering Frog) Genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 nepalensis (Dubois, 1975): 2C, 2D (Nepal Cricket Frog) pierrei (Dubois, 1975): 2C, 2D (Pierre’s Cricket Frog) syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Syhadra Cricket Frog) teraiensis (Dubois, 1984): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Terai Cricket Frog) Genus Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863 crassus (Jerdon, 1854): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Jerdon’s Bull Frog) tigerinus (Daudin, 1802): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Indian Bull Frog) Genus Ingerana Dubois, 1987 borealis (Annandale, 1912): 2C, 2D (Boreal Hill Frog) Genus Nanorana Günther, 1896 annandalii (Boulenger, 1920): 2C, 2D (Annandale’s Frog) arnoldi (Dubois, 1975): 2C, 2D (Arnold’s Frog) DEUTI : Amphibia

blanfordii (Boulenger, 1882): 2C, 2D (Blanford’s Frog) chayuensis (Ye, 1977): 2C (Chayu Frog) gammii (Anderson, 1871): 2C (Gammi’s Frog) liebigii (Gunther, 1860): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Liebig’s hill Frog) minica (Dubois, 1975): 2A, 2B (Minute Frog) vicina (Stoliczka, 1872): 2A, 2B (Stoliczka’s Frog) Genus Ombrana Dubois, 1992 sikimensis (Jerdon, 1870): 2C (Sikkimese Frog) Genus Sphaerotheca Günther, 1859 breviceps (Schneider, 1799): 2A, 2B (Indian burrowing Frog) Family MEGOPHRYIDAE Bonaparte, 1850 Genus Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838 bompu Sondhi and Ohler, 2011: 2D (Blue-eyed Frog) Genus Megophrys Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 ancrae Mahony,Teeling and Biju, 2013: 2D vegrandis Mahony,Teeling and Biju, 2013: 2D Genus Scutiger Theobald, 1868 nyingchiensis Fei, 1977: 1A, 1B (Ladakh high-altitude Toad) sikimmensis (Blyth, 1855): 2C (Sikkimese high-altitude Toad) Genus Xenophrys Günther, 1864 glandulosa (Fei,Ye and Huang, 1991): 2C, 2D (Glandulated Megophryid Frog) katabhako Deuti, Grosjean, Nicolas, Vasudevan and Ohler, 2017: 2C (Spiny-thighed Megophryid Frog) major (Boulenger, 1908): 2C, 2D (Large Megophryid Frog) robusta (Boulenger, 1908): 2C (Robust Megophryid Frog) sanu Deuti, Grosjean, Nicolas, Vasudevan and Ohler, 2017: 2C (Small Megophryid Frog) Family MICROHYLIDAE Günther, 1858 (1843) Genus Kaloula Gray, 1831 taprobanica Parker, 1934: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Indian Painted Frog) Genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 berdmorei (Blyth, 1856): 2D (Berdmore’s Painted Frog) ornata (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Ornate narrow-mouthed Frog) Genus Uperodon Duméril and Bibron, 1841 globulosus (Gunther, 1864): 2B, 2C (Balloon Frog) systoma (Schneider, 1799): 2B (Marbled Balloon Frog) Family RANIDAE Rafinesque, 1814 Genus Amolops Cope, 1865 chakrataensis Ray, 1992: 2B (Chakrata Stream Frog) formosus (Gunther, 1875): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Beautiful Stream Frog) gerbillus (Annandale, 1912): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Gerbil Stream Frog) himalayanus (Boulenger, 1888): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Himalayan Stream Frog) jaunsari Ray, 1992: 2B (Jaunsar Stream Frog) marmoratus (Blyth, 1855): 2C, 2D (Marmorated Stream Frog) monticola (Anderson, 1871): 2C, 2D (Monticolated Stream Frog) Genus Clinotarsus Mivart, 1869 alticola (Boulenger, 1882): 2C, 2D (Point nosed Frog) Genus Humerana Dubois, 1992 humeralis (Boulenger, 1887): 2C, 2D (Bright Frog)

819

Genus Odorrana Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990 chloronota (Gunther, 1876): 2D (Chloronated Frog) mawphlangensis (Pillai and Chanda, 1977): 2D (Mawphlang Smelling Frog) Genus Pterorana Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986 khare Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986: 2D (Gliding Frog) Family RHACOPHORIDAE Hoffman, 1932 (1858) Genus Chiromantis Peters, 1854 doriae (Boulenger, 1893): 2D (Doria’s Tree Frog) vittatus (Boulenger, 1887): 2D (Bi-lined Tree Frog) Genus Kurixalus Ye, Fei, and Dubois, 1999 appendiculatus (Gunther, 1858): 2D (Appendiculated Tree Frog) naso (Annandale, 1912): 2D (Bubble-nesting Frog) Genus Nasutixalus Jiang, Yan, Wang, and Che, 2016 jerdonii (Gunther, 1876): 2C, 2D (Jerdon’s Tree Frog) Genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 kempii (Annandale, 1912): 2D (Kemp’s Bush Frog) microdiscus (Annandale, 1912): 2D (Small disked Bush Frog) namdaphaensis Sarkar and Sanyal, 1985: 2D (Namdapha Bush Frog) Genus Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829): 2C, 2D (Six-lined Tree Frog) maculatus (Gray, 1834): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D (Common Indian Tree Frog) megacephalus Hallowell, 1861: 2C, 2D (Large-headed Tree Frog) teraiensis (Dubois, 1987): 2B, 2C, 2D (Terai Tree Frog)

Genus Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010 annandalii (Boulenger, 1906): 2C, 2D (Darjeeling Bush Frog) sahai (Sarkar and Ray, 2006): 2D (Saha’s Bush Frog) Genus Rhacophorus Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 bipunctatus Ahl, 1927: 2D (Twin-spotted Tree Frog) kio Ohler and Delorme, 2006: 2D (Kio Tree Frog) maximus Gunther, 1858: 2C, 2D (Large Tree Frog) rhodopus Liu and Hu, 1960: 2D (Red-webbed Tree Frog) translineatus Wu, 1977: 2D tuberculatus (Anderson, 1871): 2D (Tuberculated Tree Frog) Genus Theloderma Tschudi, 1838 asperum (Boulenger, 1886): 2C, 2D (Fungus Bark Frog) moloch (Annandale, 1912): 2D (Rough Skinned Frog) Order CAUDATA Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 Family SALAMANDRIDAE Goldfuss, 1820 Genus Tylototriton Anderson, 1871 himalayanus Khatiwada et al., 2015: 2C (Himalayan Salamander) verrucosus Anderson, 1871: 2D (Verrucose Salamander) Order GYMNOPHIONA Müller, 1832 Family ICHTHYOPHIIDAE Taylor, 1968 Genus Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826 sikkimensis Taylor, 1960: 2C (Sikkimese Caecilian) Family CHIKILIDAE Kamei et al., 2012 Genus Chikila Kamei et al., 2012 darlong Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson and Biju, 2013: 2D (Darlong’s Chikila)

REFERENCES Acharji, M.N. and Kripalani, M.B. 1951. On a collection of Reptilia and Batrachia from the Kangra and Kulu valleys, Western Himalayas. Rec. Indian Mus., 39(2): 175-184. Annandale, T.N. 1906. Notes on the freshwater fauna of India VIII, some Himalayan tadpoles. J. Asiat Soc Beng., 2: 289292. Annandale, T.N. 1907. The eggs of Tylototriton verrucosus. Rec. Indian Mus., 1: 278-279. Annandale, T.N. 1908a. Breeding habits of Tylototriton verrucosus. Rec. Indian Mus., 2: 305-306. Annandale, T.N. 1908b. Description of the tadpole of Rana pleskii with notes on allied forms. Rec. Indian Mus., 2: 345346. Annandale, T.N. 1912. Zoological results of the Abor expedition. Rec. Indian Mus.., 8(2): 7-36. Annandale, T.N. 1917. The occurrence of Rana pleskii Gunther in Kashmir. Rec. Indian Mus., 13: 417-418. Annandale, T.N. 1922. Parallel evolution in the fish and tadpoles of mountain streams. Rec Indian Mus., 24: 505. Bhaduri, J.L. 1935. The anatomy of the adhesive apparatus in tadpoles of Rana afghana (Gunther), with special reference to adaptive modifications. Trans Royal Edin., 58: 339. Borah, M.M. and Bordoloi, S. 2001. Nine new records of Amphibia (Anura) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 98(1): 123-126. Boulenger, G.A. 1905. On the habitat of Rana blanfordii. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7(16): 640. Boulenger, G.A., Annandale, T.N., Wall, F. and Regan, C.T. 1907. Reports on a collection of Batrachia, Reptiles and fish from Nepal and the Western Himalayas. Rec Ind Mus., 1: 149-158. Chanda, S.K. 1986. On a collection of Anuran amphibians from Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas, with description of a new species of Rana (Ranidae). J. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc., 5(2): 140-151. Chanda, S.K. and Ghosh, A.K. 1989. A new frog of the genus Philautus Gistel from proposed Namdapha Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, north-eastern India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 86(2): 215-217. 820


Chaudhuri, S.K. 1966. Studies on Tylototriton verrucosus (Himalayan newt) found in Darjeeling. J. Bengal nat. Hist. Soc., 35(1): 32-36. Daniel, J.C. 1962. Notes on some amphibians of the Darjeeling area, West Bengal. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 59(2): 666668. Das, I. 1987. Natural history of the Indian Salamander. Herpet. News., 9: 3. Dasgupta, R. 1983. Observations on the Himalayan newt. J. Bengal nat. Hist. Soc., 2(2): 59-60. Dasgupta, R. 1990. Distribution and conservation problems of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus) in the Darjeeling Himalayas. Hamadryad, 15(1): 13-15. Dasgupta, R. 1992. The Himalayan Salamander (Tylototriton verrucosus): characteristics, status and suggestions for conservation. Zoos Print J., 7(8): 13-15. Deuti, K. 2010. First record of Liebig’s hill frog (Nanorana liebigii) from Bhutan. Herpet. Rev., U.S.A., 41(1): 104. Deuti, K. and Ayyaswamy, A.K. 2008a. Nanorana chayuensis (Chayun Bull Frog) a new record for India. Herpet. Rev., U.S.A., 39(2): 234. Deuti, K. and Ayyaswamy, A.K. 2008b. Rediscovery of Robust Pelobatid frog, Xenophrys robusta, after fifty years with three colour morphs. Rec. zool. Surv. Ind., 108(4): 119-120. Deuti, K. and Ayyaswamy, A.K. 2008c. Three new records of amphibians from West Bengal. Rec. zool. Surv. Ind., 108(4): 17-20. Deuti, K. and Hegde, V.D. 2007. Handbook on Himalayan Salamander. Nature Books India, New Delhi: 1-43 + 12 colour plates. Deuti, K., Grosjean, S., Nicolas, V., Vasudevan, K. and Ohler, A. 2017. Nomenclatural puzzle in early Xenophrys nomina (Anura: Megophryidae) solved with description of two new species from India (Darjeeling hills and Sikkim). Alytes., 34: 21-49. Dubois, A. 1974. Diagnoses de trois especes nouvelles d’Amphibiens du Nepal. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 98: 495-497. Dubois, A. 1975. Un nouveau complexe d’especes Jumelles distinguses parle chant le grenouilles du Nepal voisines de Rana limnocharis Boie (Amphibiens, Anoures). C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris, 281: 1717-1720. Dubois, A. 1978. A new species of Scutiger Theobald, 1868 from the Western Himalayas (Anura: Pelobatidae). Sencken. Biol., 59(3-4): 163-172. Dubois, A. and Khan, M.S. 1979. A new species of frog (Genus Rana subgenus Paa) from Northern Pakistan (Amphibia: Anura). J. Herp., 13(4): 403-410. Gruber, U. 1981. Notes on the herpetofauna of Kashmir and Ladakh. British J. Herp., 6(5): 145-150. Hora, S.L. 1922. Some observations of the oral apparatus of the tadpoles of Megalophrys parva Boulenger. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Beng., 17(1): 9-15. Hora, S.L. 1927. Animal life in torrential streams. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 32: 114-115. Hora, S.L. 1928. Further observations on the oral apparatus of the tadpoles of the genus Megalophrys. Rec. Indian Mus., 30(1): 39-145. Hora, S.L. 1930. Ecology, bionomics and evolution of the torrential fauna with special reference to the origins of attachment. Phil. Trans. Royal. Soc. London., 218: 171-288. Hora, S.L. 1932. Development and probable evolution of the suctorial disc in the tadpoles of Rana afghana Gunther. Trans. Royal. Soc. Edinburgh., 57(2): 469-472. Hora, S.L. 1934. Further observations on the bionomics of the tadpoles of Rana afghana Gunther. Rec. Indian Mus., 36(3): 321-325. Jerdon, T.C. 1870. Notes on Indian Herpetology. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng.: 66-85. Kamei, R.G., Gower, D.J., Wilkinson, M and Biju, S.D. 2013. Systematics of the caecilian family Chikilidae (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) with the description of three new species of Chikila from northeast India. Zootaxa, 3666(4): 401435. Kathiwada, W., Ghimire., Vasudevan, K., Paudel and Jiang, 2015. Asian Herp Res., 6: 251. DEUTI : Amphibia

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Khan, M.S. 1979. On a collection of amphibians from northern Punjab and Azad Kashmir, with ecological notes. Biol. Lahore., 25(1-2): 37-50. Kripalani, M. 1952. On Indian tadpoles with a sectorial disc. Rec. Indian Mus., 50: 359-366. Kripalani, M. 1953. On two remarkable tadpoles from the Darjeeling district. Everyday Sci., 2: 57-61. Kripalani, M. 1961. Zoological results of the Indian Cho-Oyu Expedition (1958) in Nepal. Part 5. Amphibia. Rec. Indian Mus., 59: 214-244. Mahony, S., Teeling, E.C. and Biju, S.D. 2013. Three new species of horned frogs, Megophrys (Amphibia: Megophryidae), from northeast India, with a resolution to the identity of Megophrys boettgeri populations reported from the region. Zootaxa, 3722(2): 143-169. Mallick, P.K. 1997. Notes on reproduction in Philautus annandalii in Sikkim. Hamadryad., 22(2): 123-124. Ray, P. 1992. Two new hill-stream frogs of the genus Amolops Cope (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) from Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian J. For., 15(4): 346-350. Ray, P. 1996. Amphibian diversity in and around Tehri dam, site, Uttar Pradesh, India. Zoo's Print J., 11(5): 6. Ray, P. 1999. Systematic studies on the Amphibian fauna of the district Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh, India. Mem. Zool. Surv. India, 18(3): 1-102. Sarkar, A.K. and Deuti, K. 2007. Wrestling for territorial defense in Philautus annandalii. Hamadryad, 31(2): 367-368. Sarkar, A.K. and Ray, S. 2006. Amphibia in Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sarkar, A.K. and Sanyal, D.P. 1985. Amphibia. In, Fauna of Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh, a proposed biosphere reserve. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 82(1-4): 285-295. Sarkar, A.K., Biswas, M.L. and Ray, S. 1992. Amphibia. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(2): 67-100, (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Seglie, D., Roy, D., Giacoma, C and Mushahiddunnabi, M. 2003. Distribution and conservation of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus, Urodela: Salamandridae) in the Darjeeling district, West Bengal (India). Russian J. Herpetol., 10(2): 159-164. Sharma, I. and Deuti, K. 2014. A field guide on Amphibians of Himachal Pradesh: 1-32 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Shrestha, T.K. 1984. On the distribution and habitat of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson) in eastern Nepal. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 81(2): 485-487. Shrestha, T.K. 1989. Ecological aspects of the life history of the Himalayan newt, Tylototriton verrucosus (Anderson) with reference to conservation and management. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 86(3): 333-338. Smith, M.S. 1851. On a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Nepal. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 12(4): 726-728. Smith, M.S. and Battersby, J.C. 1853. On a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Nepal. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 12(6): 702-704. Swan, L.W. and Leviton, A.E. 1962. The herpetology of Nepal: a history, checklist and zoogeographical analysis of the herpetofauna. Proc. California Acad Sci., 4(32): 103-147. Tilak, R. and Mehta, H.S. 1977. Report on a collection of amphibians from district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Newsl. zool. Surv. India., 3(4): 196-198. Tilak, R. and Mehta, H.S. 1983. On a collection of amphibians of the Sirmour district, Himachal Pradesh. Res. Bull. Punjab Univ., 34(3-4): 157-166. Tilak, R. and Ray, P. 1985. Description of a new species of the sub-genus Rana (Paa) Dubois from Chakrata hills, district Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh, India. (Ranidae: Anura). Zool. Anz., 215(3-4): 231-239. Tilak, R., Sarkar, A.K. and Mehta, H.S. 1977. On the occurrence of Bufo viridis Laurenti in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh (Bufonidae: Anura). Newsl. zool. Surv. India., 3(1): 29-30. Verma, A.K., Sahi, D.N. and Verma, K. 1995. The amphibian fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State, India. Cobra., 20: 2-6. Waltner, R.C. 1974. Geographical and altitudinal distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the Himalayas. Cheetal, 16(1): 17-25. 822


Chapter 50

Reptilia VARADARAJU1 and DEEPAK C.K.2

The present study documents a total of 200 species of reptiles belonging to 85 genera and 20 families under 3 orders from the Indian Himalayan Region. Order Squamata accounts for 91% of the reptilian diversity in the region. Among different biotic provinces within Indian Himalaya, East Himalaya harbors the highest number of species (108), followed by Central Himalaya (102) and West Himalaya (84). There are no records of reptiles from Sikkim Trans Himalaya. Only 13 (6.5%) species of reptiles are endemic to the region.

R

INTRODUCTION

eptiles were the first terrestrial, poikilothermic and omniote vertebrates to occupy all kinds of environment in the world except severe cold region. They produce shelled eggs with large yolk which helps them to survive on land. Reptiles evolved from amphibian-like ancestors about 250 million years ago in the Carboniferous period and were dominant in the world’s fauna during the Mesozoic era, which is called the Golden Age of Reptiles. The dinosaurs, the marine Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus and the flying pterosaurs reached the peak of their development and distribution in the later part of this era (late Cretaceous period). Mammal like reptiles appeared very early in reptilian history and by Triassic period had given rise to mammals. The only species that survived into the Cenozoic era belong to the same orders as that of extant reptiles. Reptiles are characterized by dry and cornified skin usually covered with epidermal scales or scutes. They possess integumentary glands whose secretions help to attract opposite sex during breeding season. They usually have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs which end in clawed digits (absent in snakes and limbless lizards). Limbs are paddle l ike in marine turtles and reduced in some lizards. A post anal tail is usually present. Ear drums are slightly depressed. The cloacal opening is either trans verse or longitudinal (chelonians and crocodilians). Lateral line organs are absent.

The Himalaya is a complex folded mountain chain in the northern boundary of Indian subcontinent which acts as a bridge and barrier. It is characterized by countless glaciers and snow-covered peaks. The Himalaya is divided into two sub regions as Western Himalaya and Eastern Himalaya. The former covers Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and the latter covers Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal Hills. Biogeographically, the Indian Himalayan region falls under the Boreal zone, which has two sub zones, namely Sino-Siberian and Sino Himalayan. The whole area can be divided into four distinct zones (1) Siwaliks (outer Himalaya): It is characterized by series of low hills developed along the southern periphery of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand with an elevation of 300-1500 meters. (2). Lower or Lesser Himalaya: It has an elevation of 1000-3500 meters. (3).Greater (Higher) Himalaya: It is the core of complex mountain chain in northern part and consists of snow clad peaks, glaciers, and deep river valleys 4. Trans Himalaya: It lies to the north of Greater Himalaya at an elevation of over 3000 meters. The study presents a comprehensive checklist of Class Reptilia found in the Indian Himalaya based on published literature and species reported by various survey parties of ZSI and other organizations across the country. The species are listed with their valid names and distribution in biotic provinces in Indian Himalayan Range. The classification scheme used and taxonomy generally follows that of Zug et al. (2001) and Uetz et al. (2017).

1Fire

Proof Spirit Building, Indian Museum, Zoological Survey of India, JL Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016. 2Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore Kolkata-700053.

Citation Varadaraju and Deepak, C.K., 2018. Reptilia. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 823-830 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

HISTORICAL RESUME

reported 124 species of reptiles from northeast India. Ramakrishna and Alfred (2007) reported 121 species of reptiles from Indian Himalaya. Sanyal and Gayen (2006), in their study, reported the occurrence of 33 species of snakes and 12 species of lizards from the east Himalayan region of Arunachal Pradesh. Pawar and Birand (2001) reported 95 species of reptiles from North East India with several new locality records from Arunachal Pradesh. Agarwal et al. (2010) published a preliminary checklist of reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh with details of 33 species including several rediscoveries. Recently, Bahuguna (2010) studied the Reptilia fauna of Uttarakhand.

Waltner (1974) gave a detailed account of geographical and altitudinal distribution of about 160 species of reptiles found in the Himalayan region. Hussain and Ray (1995) reported 70 species of reptiles belonging to 46 genera, 13 families and 3 orders from western Himalaya alone. Bhatnagar (1969) reported the occurrence of Elaphe radiata from Doon valley and Doon Siwalik. Joshi and Kumar (1970) recorded five species of snakes (Indotyphlops porrectus, Eryx johni, Python molurus, Ptyas mucosus and Naja naja) , whereas Gupta and Sinha (1978) recorded six species of snakes viz. Python molurus, Bungarus caeruleus, Ophiophagus hannah, Naja naja and Daboia russellii from Siwaliks. Very few studies have been carried out on the distribution of turtles and tortoises in Western Himalaya. Kachuga tecta has been reported from river Ganga in Siwaliks by Joshi and Kumar (1970). Dutta (1999) studied herpetofauna of Great Himalayan National Park and provided a list of reptile species distributed in Western Himalayas. Saikia et al. (2007) compiled a checklist of reptilian fauna of Himachal Pradesh. Chhetri et al. (2010) recorded 42 species of reptiles along an elevation gradient in Teesta valley. Ahmed et al. (2009)

A

SPECIES DIVERSITY Globally, 10,544 species belonging to 1,194 genera, 85 families and 4 orders (Uetz et al., 2017) of class Reptilia are recorded of which around 603 species belonging to 170 genera, 30 families and 3 orders (Das, 2012; Uetz et al., 2017) are recorded from the Indian subcontinent. This chapter reports the occurrence of a total of 200 species belonging to 85 genera, 20 families and 3 orders from the Indian Himalaya (Table 1).

B

D

C

E

A. Cuora mouhotii (Gray, 1862); B. Gloydius himalayanus (Gunther, 1864); C. Gloydius himalayanus (Gunther, 1864); D. Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1792); E. Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor, 1839).

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Table 1. Number of species, genera, families and orders of Class Reptilia in world, India and Indian Himalaya. World

India

%

IH

%

Species

10,544

603

5.45

200

34.78

Genera

1,194

170

14.23

85

50

Family

85

30

35.29

20

66.66

Order

4

3

75

3

100

All the 3 orders occurring in India namely Testudines (Turtles and tortoises), Squamata (Lizards and snakes) and Crocodylia (Crocodiles and gharials) are also found in the IH . Percentage composition of different orders found in the region is shown in Fig. 1. Order Squamata

Squamata 91%

Crocodylia 1% Testudines 8%

Fig. 1. Percentage composition of different orders of class Reptilia in Indian Himalaya.

accounts for 91% of reptilian diversity of the region. Order Crocodylia is represented by only two species namely Crocodylus palustris and Gavialis gangeticus both of which have their distribution limits at the Himalayan foothills. Order Squamata comprises of 15 families, order Testudines 3 families and order Crocodylia 2 families. Family Colubridae has the highest number of species followed by Agamidae both belonging to the order Squamata. Among Testudines, family Geomydidae accounts for most of the diversity in the region.

DISTRIBUTION IN BIOTIC PROVINCES Among the 7 biotic provinces within IH, East Himalaya harbors the highest number of species (108), followed by Central Himalaya (102), West Himalaya (84) and Northwest Himalaya (46). Ladakh Mountains (11) and Tibetan plateau (6) harbors relatively less number of species whereas there are no records of reptiles from Sikkim Trans Himalaya (Fig. 2). The species richness increases gradually as we move from Western Himalaya to Eastern Himalaya.

ENDEMISM Among 200 species distributed across the Indian Himalaya, 13 (6.5%) are endemic to the region. This includes 6 species which are restricted to the Central Himalaya, 2 restricted to West Himalaya and 1 restricted to North-west Himalaya and East Himalaya each. The rest of the endemics are distributed across two or more biotic provinces within the IH. All the endemic species

Fig. 2. Distribution of Reptilia in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya. VARADARAJU and DEEPAK : Reptilia

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belong to the order Squamata. 6 of them belong to family Colubridae, 4 in family Gekkonidae and one each in Agamidae, Lacertidae and Typhlopidae. Most of the reptile species found in the IH are also recorded from hills of North East India or adjacent parts of the mountain range in Nepal and Bhutan. Hence, the number of endemic species found in IH is relatively low compared to several other taxa.

THREATS Major threats faced by reptile populations in the IH include Climate change, habitat loss and degradation, poaching, introduction of invasive species, diseases etc. Being poikilotherms reptiles are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. Moreover, most reptiles exhibit Temperature dependent Sex Determination (TSD) and even a slight change in atmospheric temperature might severely alter their sex ratios. Reptiles whose range is limited to high altitude regions are particularly vulnerable to changes in atmospheric temperature resulting from global warming. Habitat loss and degradation can result in fragmentation of reptile population thereby leading to local extinction. Construction of dams across Himalayan river systems might pose threat to aquatic and semiaquatic reptiles like gharials, crocodiles and turtles by restricting their movement and hence restricting gene flow between populations. Reptiles such as monitor lizards, turtles and snakes are poached by local communities for consumption, leather or to be sold as pets. 13 species of reptiles found in the IH are listed under Schedule I Part II of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and 6 under Schedule II Part II.

GAP AREAS There is a dearth in studies pertaining to behavior, ecology, and population dynamics of reptile species from India and particularly from IH region. The IIUCN conservation status for 60% of the species found in the region have still not been assessed.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Order CROCODYLIA Owen, 1842 Suborder EUSUCHIA Huxley, 1875 Family CROCODYLIDAE Cuvier, 1807 Genus Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768 *palustris (Lesson, 1831): 2B Family GAVIALIDAE Adams, 1854 Genus Gavialis Oppel, 1811 *gangeticus (Gmelin, 1789): 2B Order TESTUDINES Cope, 1868 Suborder CRYPTODIRA Gray, 1825 Superfamily TESTUDINOIDEA Fitzinger, 1826

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Family TESTUDINIDAE Gray, 1854 Genus Indotestudo Lindolm, 1929 elongata (Blyth, 1853): 2B Family GEOMYDIDAE Theobald, 1868 Genus Batagur Gray, 1856 kachuga (Gray, 1831): 2B Genus Cuora Gray, 1856 amboinensis (Daudin, 1802): 2D mouhotii (Gray, 1862): 2D Genus Cyclemys Bell, 1834 gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink and Hundsdorfer, 2008: 2D oldhami Gray, 1863: 2D Genus Geoclemys Gray, 1856 hamiltonii Gray, 1831: 2B Genus Melanochelys Gray, 1834 tricarinata (Blyth, 1856): 2B, 2C, 2D trijuga (Schweigger,1812) : 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Pangshura Gray, 1856 sylhetensis Jerdon, 1870: 2D tectum Gray, 1830: 2B, 2D smithii (Gray, 1863): 2A, 2B Superfamily TRIONYCHOIDEA Gray, 1825 Family TRIONYCHIDAE Gray, 1825 Genus Nilssonia Gray, 1872 gangetica (Cuvier, 1825): 2B hurum (Gray, 1830): 2D nigricans (Anderson, 1875): 2D Genus Chitra Gray, 1844 indica (Gray, 1830): 2B Genus Lissemys Smith, 1931 punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C Order SQUAMATA Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder SAURIA Macartney, 1802 Infraorder IGUANIA Rafinesque, 1815 Family AGAMIDAE Gray, 1827 Subfamily AGAMINAE Gray, 1827 Genus Laudakia Gray, 1845 agrorensis (Stoliczka, 1872): 2A dayana (Stoliczka, 1871): 1B, 2B tuberculata (Hardwicke and Gray, 1827): 2A,2B pakistanica (Baig, 1989): 1A Genus Paralaudakia Baig, Wagner, Ananjeva andBöhme, 2012 himalayana (Steindachner, 1867): 1A, 1B Genus Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825 theobaldi Blyth, 1863: 1A, 1B Subfamily DRACONINAE Cuvier, 1829 Genus Calotes Cuvier, 1817 jerdoni Günther, 1870: 2C, 2D mystaceus Duméril and Bibron, 1837: 2D versicolor (Daudin, 1802): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Draco Linnaeus, 1758 maculatus Gray, 1845: 2D Genus Japalura Gray, 1853 andersoniana Annandale, 1905: 2D kumaonensis (Annandale, 1907): 2A, 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

major (Jerdon, 1870): 1A, 2A, 2B sagittifera Smith, 1940: 2D tricarinata (Blyth, 1854): 2C variegata Gray, 1853: 2C Genus Oriocalotes Gunther, 1864 paulus Smith, 1935: 2D Genus Pseudocalotes Fitzinger, 1843 austeniana (Annandale, 1908): 2D Genus Ptyctolaemus Peters, 1864 gularis (Peters, 1864): 2D Genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 ponticeriana Cuvier, 1829: 2A, 2B sivalensis Schleich, Kastle and Shah, 1998: 2B Infraorder GEKKOTA Cuvier, 1817 Family GEKKONIDAE Cuvier, 1817 Genus Altiphylax Yeriomtschenko and Shcherbak, 1984 stoliczkai (Steindachner, 1867): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 fasciolatus (Blyth, 1860): 2B gubernatoris (Annandale, 1913): 2C khasiensis (Jerdon, 1870): 2C, 2D lawderanum (Stoliczka, 1871): 2B Genus Cyrtopodion Fitzinger, 1843 himalayanum Duda and Sahi, 1978: 2A mansarulus Duda and Sahi, 1978: 2A rohtasfortai (Khan and Tasnim, 1990): 2A Genus Gekko Laurenti, 1768 gecko (Linnaeus, 1758): 2D Genus Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 aquilonius Zug and McMahan, 2007: 2B, 2C, 2D brookii Gray, 1845: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flaviviridis Rüppell, 1835: 2A, 2B, 2C frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836: 2C, 2D garnotii Duméril and Bibron, 1836: 2C platyurus (Schneider, 1792): 2C, 2D Infraorder SCINCOMORPHA Camp, 1923 Family LACERTIDAE Oppel, 1811 Subfamily LACERTINAE Gray, 1825 Genus Ophisops Menetries, 1832 jerdoni Blyth, 1853: 2A, 2B Genus Takydromus Daudin, 1802 sexlineatus Daudin, 1802: 2C, 2D sikkimensis Gunther, 1888: 2C Family SCINCIDAE Gray, 1825 Subfamily LYGOSOMINAE Mittleman, 1952 Genus Ablepharus Lichtenstein, 1823 pannonicus (Fitzinger, 1824): 2A Genus Asymblepharus Eremchenko and Shcherbak, 1980 ladacensis (Günther, 1864): 1B, 2B himalayanum (Günther, 1864): 2A, 2B sikkimensis (Blyth, 1854): 2C, 2D tragbulense (Alcock, 1898): 2A Genus Eutropis Fitzinger, 1843 carinata (Schneider, 1801): 2B, 2C dissimilis (Hallowell, 1857): 2B, 2D macularia (Blyth, 1853): 2B, 2D VARADARAJU and DEEPAK : Reptilia

multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820): 2D Genus Lygosoma Hardwicke and Gray, 1828 punctata (Gmelin, 1799): 2B albopunctata (Gray, 1846):2B Genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 courcyanum (Annandale, 1912): 2D indicus (Gray, 1853): 2C, 2D maculatus (Blyth, 1853): 2C, 2D Subfamily SCINCINAE Gray, 1825 Genus Eurylepis Blyth, 1854 taeniolata Blyth, 1854: 2A, 2B Infraorder DIPLOGLOSSA Cope, 1864 Family ANGUIDAE Gray, 1825 Subfamily ANGUINAE Gray, 1825 Genus Dopasia Gray, 1853 gracilis (Gray, 1845): 2B, 2C, 2D Infraorder PLATYNOTA Duméril and Bibron, 1839 Family VARANIDAE Merrem, 1820 Genus Varanus Merrem, 1820 bengalensis (Daudin, 1802): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flavescens (Hardwicke and Gray, 1827): 2B Suborder SERPENTES Linnaeus, 1758 Superfamily PYTHONOIDEA Fitzinger, 1826 Family PYTHONIDAE Fitzinger, 1826 Genus Python Daudin, 1803 bivittatus Kuhl, 1820: 2B, 2D molurus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Superfamily BOOIDEA Bonaparte, 1831 Family BOIDAE Gray, 1825 Subfamily ERYCINAE Bonaparte, 1831 Genus Eryx Daudin, 1803 conicus (Schneider, 1801): 2A,2B, 2C johnii (Russell, 1801): 2A, 2 B Superfamily COLUBROIDEA Gray, 1849 Family COLUBRIDAE Oppel, 1811 Genus Blythia Theobald, 1868 reticulata (Blyth, 1854): 2D Genus Rhabdops Boulenger, 1893 bicolor (Blyth, 1854): 2D Subfamily COLUBRINAE Oppel, 1811 Genus Ahaetulla Link, 1807 nasuta Lacepede, 1789: 2B prasina (Boie, 1827): 2C, 2D Genus Argyrogena Werner, 1924 fasciolata (Shaw, 1802): 2C vittacaudata (Blyth, 1854): 2C Genus Boiga Fitzinger, 1826 cyanea (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854): 2C, 2D forsteni (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854): 2B, 2C gokool (Gray, 1835): 2C, 2D multifasciata (Blyth, 1861): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D multomaculata (Boie, 1827): 2D ochracea (Theobald, 1868): 2C, 2D quincunciata (Wall, 1908): 2D siamensis Nutaphand, 1971: 2C, 2D trigonata (Schneider, 1802): 2A, 2B, 2C

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Genus Chrysopelea Boie, 1826 ornata (Shaw, 1802): 2C, 2D Genus Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843 helena (Daudin, 1803): 2B, 2C radiatus (Boie, 1827): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 biloreatus Wall, 1908: 2C, 2D cyanochloris (Wall, 1921): 2C, 2D pictus (Gmelin, 1789): 2C, 2D tristis (Daudin, 1803): 2B, 2C Genus Elachistodon Reinhardt, 1863 westermanni Reinhardt, 1863: 2B, 2C Genus Elaphe Wagler, 1833 cantoris (Boulenger, 1894): 2C, 2D hodgsoni (Gunther, 1860): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C taeniura (Cope, 1861): 2C, 2D Genus Euprepiophis Fitzinger, 1843 mandarinus (Cantor, 1842): 2D Genus Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828 frenatum (Gray, 1853): 2D prasinum (Blyth, 1854): 2C, 2D Genus Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843 frenatus (Gunther, 1858): 2D rappi (Gunther, 1860): 2B, 2C stoliczkae (Sclater, 1891): 2C, 2D Genus Lycodon Fitzinger, 1826 aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C fasciatus (Anderson, 1879): 2C gammiei (Blanford, 1878): 2C, 2D jara (Shaw, 1802): 2B, 2C, 2D laoensis (Gunther, 1864): 2D mackinnoni Wall, 1906: 2A, 2B septentrionalis (Gunther, 1875): 2C, 2D striatus (Shaw, 1802): 2A, 2B Genus Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 albocinctus (Cantor, 1839): 2C, 2D arnensis (Shaw, 1802): 2A, 2B cinereus (Gunther, 1864): 2D cyclurus (Cantor, 1839): 2D erythrogaster Boulenger, 1907: 2C erythrorhachis Wall, 1910: 2D juglandifer (Wall, 1909): 2C melaneus Wall, 1909: 2C melanozonatus Wall, 1922: 2D taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853): 2B Genus Oreocryptophis Utiger, Schätti and Helfenberger, 2002 porphyraceus (Cantor, 1839): 2C, 2D Genus Platyceps Blyth, 1860 ladacensis (Anderson, 1871): 1A, 1B rhodorachis (Jan, 1865): 1A ventromaculatus (Gray, 1834): 2A Genus Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843 korros (Schlegel, 1837): 2C, 2D mucosa (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854): 2C, 2D

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Genus Spalerosophis Jan, 1865 atriceps (Fischer, 1885): 2B diadema (Schlegel, 1837): 2A, 2B Subfamily NATRICINAE Bonaparte, 1838 Genus Amphiesma A.M.C Dumeril, Bibron and A.H.A. Dumeril, 1854 stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hebius Thompson, 1913 khasiense (Boulenger, 1890): 2C, 2D modestum (Gunther, 1875): 2D parallelum (Boulenger, 1890): 2C venningi (Wall, 1910): 2D Genus Herpetoreas Günther, 1860 platyceps (Blyth, 1854): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sieboldii Gunther, 1860: 2C, 2D Genus Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893 plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839): 2B Genus Rhabdophis Fitzinger, 1843 himalayanus (Gunther, 1864): 2C, 2D subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837): 2C, 2D Genus Sinonatrix Rossman and Eberle, 1977 percarinata (Boulenger, 1899): 2D Genus Trachischium Gunther, 1853 fuscum (Blyth, 1854): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D guentheri Boulenger, 1890: 2C laeve Peracca, 1904: 2B monticola (Cantor, 1839): 2D tenuiceps (Blyth, 1854): 2C, 2D Genus Xenochrophis Gunther, 1864 piscator (Schneider, 1799): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sanctijohannis (Boulenger, 1890): 2A, 2C, 2D trianguligerus (Boie, 1827): 2D Subfamily PSEUDOXENODONTINAE McDowell, 1987 Genus Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890 macrops (Blyth, 1855): 2C, 2D Subfamily SIBYNOPHINAE Dunn, 1928 Genus Sibynophis Fitzinger, 1843 collaris (Gray, 1853): 2B, 2C, 2D sagittarius (Cantor, 1839): 2B Family LAMPROPHIIDAE Fitzinger, 1843 Subfamily PSAMMOPHIINAE Dowling, 1967 Genus Psammophis Fitzinger, 1826 condanarus (Merrem, 1820): 2B leithii Gunther, 1869: 1A2B schokari (Forskal, 1775):1A Subfamily PSEUDASPIDINAE Cope, 1893 Genus Psammodynastes Gunther, 1858 pulverulentus (Boie, 1827): 2C, 2D Family PAREATIDAE Romer, 1956 Genus Pareas Wagler, 1830 margaritophorus (Jan, 1866): 2C monticola (Cantor, 1839): 2C, 2D Family ELAPIDAE F. Boie, 1827 Genus Bungarus Daudin, 1803 bungaroides (Cantor, 1839): 2C, 2D caeruleus (Schneider, 1801): 2B, 2C fasciatus (Schneider, 1801): 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

lividus Cantor, 1839: 2C, 2D niger Wall, 1907: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Naja Laurenti, 1768 kaouthia Lesson, 1831: 2B, 2C, 2D naja (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B oxiana (Eichwald, 1831): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Ophiophagus Gunther, 1864 hannah (Cantor, 1836): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy and Lawson, 2001 macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1844): 2C, 2D Family VIPERIDAE Oppel, 1811 Subfamily CROTALINAE Oppel, 1811 Genus Gloydius Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1981 himalayanus (Gunther, 1864): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ovophis Burger, 1981 monticola (Gunther, 1864): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1983 himalayanus Pan, Chettri, Yang, Jiang, Wang, Zhang and Vogel, 2013: 2C jerdonii (Gunther, 1875): 2C, 2D kaulbacki (Smith, 1940): 2D mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839): 2D Genus Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804 albolabris Gray, 1842: 2B, 2C, 2D erythrurus (Cantor, 1839): 2C gumprechti David, Vogel, Pauwels and Vidal, 2002: 2C medoensis Zhao, 1977: 2D

popeiorum Smith, 1937: 2C, 2D septentrionalis Kramer, 1977: 2B stejnegeri Schmidt, 1925: 2C Subfamily VIPERINAE Oppel, 1811 Genus Daboia Gray, 1842 russelii (Shaw and Nodder, 1797): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Echis Merrem, 1820 carinatus (Schneider, 1801): 2B Genus Macrovipera Reuss, 1927 lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Superfamily TYPHLOPOIDEA Gray, 1845 Family GERRHOPILIDAE Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan and Hedges, 2010 Genus Gerrhopilus Fitzinger, 1843 oligolepis (Wall, 1909): 2C Family TYPHLOPIDAE Merrem, 1820 Genus Argyrophis Gray, 1845 diardii (Schlegel, 1839): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Indotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin and Vidal, 2014 braminus (Daudin, 1803): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D jerdoni (Boulenger, 1890): 2C, 2D meszoelyi (Wallach, 1999): 2C porrectus (Stoliczka, 1871): 2A, 2B, 2C tenuicollis (Peters, 1864): 2D * Occurrence in the Himalayan biogeographic zone needs confirmation but present in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand

REFERENCES Agarwal, I., Mistry, V. and Athreya, R., 2010. A preliminary checklist of the reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Russ. J. Herpetol. 17. 81-93. Ahmed, M.F., Das, A. and Dutta, S.K. 2009. Amphibians and Reptiles of North East India. A Photographic Guide, Guahati University. Aranyak: 1-167. Bahuguna, A. 2010. Reptilia. In, Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18(I): 445-501 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Bhatnagar, R.K. 1969. Extension range of copper head snake, Elaphe radiata Schlegel (Ophidia: Colubrida) to Doon valley and Doon Siwaliks. J. Bombay. nat. Hist. Soc., 66(2): 383. Chhetri, B., Bhupathy, S. and Acharya, B.K. 2010. Distribution pattern of reptiles along an eastern Himalayan elevation gradient, India. J. Acta Oecol., 36: 16-22. Dutta, S.K. 1999. Assessment of Herpetofauna: Diversity, Distribution, Ecological Requirements and Responses to Human Activities in GHNP and WLSs. Bhubaneswar, Orissa: 1–16. Gupta, P.N. and Sinha, B.K.P. 1978. Siwalik Van Prabhag, Siwalik Virat Uttar Pardesh KI Karya Yojna (1979-80 se 1988-89 tak) Nainital: 17 (in Hindi). Hussain, A. and Ray, P. 1995. Reptiles. In, Fauna of Western Himalayas (Uttar Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 1: 159-167 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Joshi, D.P. and Kumar, R.M. 1970. Siwalik Van Prabhag, Siwalik Virat Uttar Pardesh KI Karya Yojna 91969-70 se 1978-79 tak) Nainital: 64-65 (in Hindi). Pawar, S. and Birand, A. 2001. A survey of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Northeast India. CERC Technical Report #6, Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, Mysore. VARADARAJU and DEEPAK : Reptilia

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Ramakrishan and Alfred, J.R.B. 2007. Faunal Resources in Eastern Himalaya. In, Faunal Resources in India, 346-386 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Saikia, U., Sharma, D.K. and Sharma, R.M. 2007. Checklist of reptilian fauna of Himachal Pradesh. Reptile Rap News Letter, 8: 6-9. Sanyal, D.P. and Gayen, N.C. 2006. Reptilia. In, Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13(I): 247-284 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Uetz, P., Freed, P. and Hosek, J. 2017. The reptile database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [28/08/2017]. Waltner, R.C. 1974. Geographical and altitudinal distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the Himalaya. Cheetal, 16(1):17-25. Zug, G.R., Vitt, L.J. and Caldwell, J.P. 2001. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2nd ed., 630 pp (Published by Academic Press San Diego, London).

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Chapter 51

Aves KRISHNENDU MANDAL, KAMALIKA BHATTACHARYA, PAROMIT CHATTERJEE, PRITAM KUMAR DEY, GOPINATHAN MAHESWARAN and IMRAN ALAM

Research on avifauna in India has shown that about 80% of the birds of the Indian subcontinent are found in the Indian Himalaya with the eastern Himalayas being twice species rich than the western Himalaya and most species diverse in the world. Also, the largest number of threatened avian species in Asia are also found in the Indian Himalaya. Since last century, several research had been conducted in the Indian Himalaya focusing on taxonomy, bird song acoustic, genetic variations, evolution, distribution, climate change, conservation, habitat ecology and behavioural ecology. However, the diversity of avifauna across Indian Himalaya is still opaque. The present study documented a checklist of birds of Indian Himalaya with information on species distribution across biotic provinces. A total of 940 bird species have been documented from Indian Himalaya belonging to 401 genera and 94 families under 23 orders.

T

INTRODUCTION

he Indian Himalaya (IH) spreads from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. Administratively, the IH includes the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts) and Arunachal Pradesh. Birds are abundant across the Indian Himalaya, varying across altitude and vegetation types. However, bird diversity is not similar in the central, eastern, and western Himalaya. Community assemblages vary with the biotic provinces with the least species diversity in the Trans-Himalayas (1A, 1B, 1C) and maximum in Himalayas (2A, 2B, 2C, 2D) provinces. Species diversity is known to be rich in the eastern Himalaya as compared to western Himalaya (Inskipp and Inskipp, 1985). Research has shown that 80% of the birds of the Indian subcontinent are found in the IH with the eastern Himalaya being twice species rich than western Himalaya (Price et al., 2003) and most species diverse in the world (Stattersfield et al., 1998). However, in Asia, the largest number of threatened avian species are also found in IH (Acharya and Vijayan, 2010). Bird community composition across IH varies with season with species from lower altitudes visiting higher altitudes in summer and species of higher altitudes visiting lower altitudes during winters. IH also gets winter

visitors from Siberia, central Asia and different parts of the world. Some of the most common winter visitors are northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), northern pintail (Anas acuta), ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), spot-billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha), common teal (Anas crecca), Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), red-necked grebe (Podiceps griseigena), black stork (Ciconia nigra), plovers, terns, water fowl and egrets. Species as blue-throat (Luscinia svecica), Red-headed Bunting (Granativora bruniceps) are altitude and breeding migrants. Asian verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias thalassinus) is an altitude migrant and summer visitors to IH. Some species as Nepal wren-babbler (Pnoepyga immaculate), Satyr Tragopan (Tragopan satyra), Western Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), Chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii) and white-throated tit (Aegithalos niveogularis) are endemic to the central, eastern and western Himalayas. Over the years numerous research had been conducted in the IH focusing on taxonomy, bird song acoustic, genetic variations, evolution, distribution, climate change, conservation, habitat ecology and behavioural ecology. There are books on birds of the Indian subcontinent that include birds of the IH by authors as Ali (1949, 1979), Grimmett et al. (1998, 2013, 2016) and Grewal and

Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected] Citation Mandal, K., Bhattacharya, K., Chatterjee, P., Dey, P.K., Maheswaran, G. and Alam, I. 2018. Aves. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 831-854 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

Pfister (1998). This chapter is an approach to accumulate the published data from these books and recent publications from IH and produce a checklist of birds of IH with information on species distribution across biotic provinces. The bird species diversity in this chapter includes resident species, species restricted to western or central or eastern Himalaya, seasonal migrants, altitude migrants, passage migrants, altitude restricted species, and common species found across altitude.

HISTORICAL RESUME Indian Himalaya has been the focus of avian diversity study for naturalists, scientists and researchers since ages. Literature review reveals published literature on avian diversity dating back to 17th century A.D. A recent bibliography compilation of published literature by Chaudhury et al. (2016) shows that the region has 1567 publications from 1833 to 2016 encompassing two centuries. State wise there are 681 publications with 252 from Jammu and Kashmir (mostly in the Ladakh region), 194 from Uttarakhand, 193 from Himachal Pradesh and 157 from Arunachal Pradesh (Chaudhury et al., 2016). According to the bibliography, 1050 publications are on general topics followed by 375 on avian ecology, 209 on taxonomy, 206 on avian behaviour and 174 on the conservation of birds with most of the literature published between 1991 and 2010. Some of the notable research works from biotic provinces 1A (Himalaya -Ladakh Mountains) and 2A (Himalaya - North West Himalaya) are Bates (1936), Beresford (1944), Bates and Lowther (1952) Das et al. (1964), Holmes (1979), Gupta (1982), Lamba et al. (1982), Holmes and Parr (1989), Kaul (1989), Kaul and Qadri (1989), Barman (1993), Masli et al. (2001), Kaul and Srivastava (2007) and Khan et al. (2012). Research works from biotic province 1B (Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau) and 2B (Himalaya-West Himalaya) are Mahabal (2000), Sharma and Mahabal (1997), Gaston and Singh (1980), Chauhan and Sharma (1991), Gaston and Garson (1992), Kalsi (1999), Bashir (2000), Jandrotia et al. (2002), Bhargav et al. (2007), Dilawar and Sharma (2014). Buner et al. (2015); Ilyas and Ansari (2001), Tak and Sati (2001), Bhattacharya and Sathyakumar (2007), Sinha and Chandola (2007), Sultana et al. (2007), Naithani and Bhatt (2010), Joshi and Bhatt (2011), Datta and Devasar (2012), Rahmani and Mohan (2013). From biotic province 1C (Trans - Himalaya Sikkim) and 2C (Himalaya - Central Himalaya), research works are Stevens (1923, 1924a, 1924b, 1925a, 1925b), Mistry (1968), Steffee (1981), Ripley (1982), Kazmierczak and Singh (1998), Waddell (2001), Jha and Jha (2003), Datta et al. (1999), Rahut et al. (2012), Choudhury (2016); from West Bengal are Mukherjee et al. (1979), Mukherjee et al. (1982), Rahut (2013), Mitra 832

and Jha (2015). From biotic province 2D (Himalaya East Himalaya) notable research works are Athreya (2005, 2006), Ahmed et al. (2002), Aiyadurai (2007, 2012), Bonpo and Kuriakose (2014), and Choudhury (1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2016) and Dey et al. (2017).

SPECIES DIVERSITY The avian diversity of India is represented by 1,340 species (Chandra et al., 2016). The present chapter documented a checklist of birds in Indian Himalaya comprising a total of 940 species belonging to 401 genera from 94 families under 23 orders with their distribution in biotic provinces in the region. It was found that some 361 species are found in the biogeographic zone (1)–Trans-Himalaya and 887 species are found in the biogeographic zone (2)–Himalaya. However, 41 species were found which are restricted to only Trans-Himalayan Region, and 569 species were found only restricted to Himalayan Zone. Some 295 species were reported from both Trans Himalaya (1) and Himalaya (2). In Trans Himalaya, among the different biotic provinces, maximum species of birds are found in 1A-Ladakh Mountains (N=247) followed by 1B-Tibetan Plateau (N=182) and 1C-Sikkim Himalaya (N=147) (Fig. 1). In Himalaya, a maximum number of bird species are found in 2C–Central Himalaya (N=611) followed by 2B-West Himalaya (N=566), 2D-East Himalaya (N=539), and 2A-North West Himalaya (N=524) (Fig. 1).

ENDEMISM The Himalayan species includes approximately 450 breeding species, and 39 species are endemic to the Himalayas including the other neighboring Himalayan countries Nepal and Bhutan (Bird Life International, 2014) including 11 endemic species in western Himalaya (Chaudhury et al., 2016), 19 endemic and 22 range restricted species in eastern Himalaya (Stattersfield et al. 1998; Jathar and Rahmani 2006). The BirdLife International studied the phylogeny of endemic species of IH and identified their conservation status. Their work identified Western Tragopans (Tragopan melanocephalus), Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), Kashmir flycatcher (Ficedula subrubra), Sclater’s Monal (Lophophorus sclateri), Blyth’s tragopan (Tragopan blythii), Chestnutbreasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii), Dark-rumped Swift (Apus acuticauda), Rusty-throated wren-babbler (Spelaeornis badeigularis), Tawnybreasted wren-babbler (Spelaeornis longicaudatus) and Snowy-throated babbler (Stachyris oglei) as vulnerable endemic species of IH and Tytler’s leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus tytleri), Ward’s trogon (Harpactes wardi), Rufous throated wren-babbler (Spelaeornis caudatus) and Rusty-bellied shortwing (Brachypteryx hyperythra) as near threatened species of IH (Thakur and Negi, 2015). Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Fig. 1. Number of species along the elevational belts in different biotic provinces of Indian Himalaya.

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Birds inhabit every possible habitat in the ecosystem and are good environmental health indicators. Birds also help sustain communities of plants and other species of animal coexisting with them. They are directly affected by any change in the physical and chemical parameters of its habitat caused by both natural and human-made sources. Of natural sources, threats are changes in climatic parameters, natural disaster as flood, cloud bust, rainstorms, snowstorms, tornadoes, thunder storms, and drought. Some of the major human–made threats are hunting pressure, poaching, forest land encroachment, solid and chemical waste dumping, grazing, habitat destruction, deforestation, human-made introduction of invasive species, change in water quality due to chemical discharge from industries, fertiliser spill from agricultural lands, oil spills and eutrophication are Similar to other species bird community composition differs across ecosystems, and changes in community composition of birds are generally driven by ecological changes. These ecological changes may be natural as natural disasters or man-made as habitat destruction, but have major impacts on habitat specialists rather than generalist species. Climate change has endless implications on birds with slight changes in temperature, precipitation and humidity may cause shifts in breeding time, breeding success, migration schedules, changes in breeding and foraging ground, the destination of migration, distribution range across latitude and longitude. Urban developments in and MANDAL et al. : Aves

around forested landscapes in high altitude regions of IH also threatens bird community. The imposed threats are due to habitat destruction for the construction of tourist attractant, parks, housing estates and hotels. In the IH encroachment of agriculture land into forest land, dam construction, and forest burning are some of the most posed threat to the habitat of birds. Hunting of birds for recreation and food also poses a major threat to game birds, pigeons, partridges, fowls, etc. Tribal cultures across Himalaya also value bird body parts as feathers and beaks for various rituals that involve hunting of endangered and critically endangered species of birds. In brief, birds in the IH faces threats due to economic, cultural and developmental stress alongside threat from natural sources. Some studies suggest the probability of changes in population size of birds of IH. According to IUCN (Reis and Lima, 2009), there is a decreasing trend in population of endemic species of western Himalaya as Western Tragopans (Tragopan melanocephalus), Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), Tytler’s leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus tytleri), Kashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis), Kashmir flycatcher (Ficedula subrubra); of central Himalayan endemic species as Hoary-throated barwing (Actinodura nipalensis); and of eastern Himalayan species as Chestnutbreasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii), Blyth’s tragopan (Tragopan blythii), Sclater’s monal (Lophophorus sclateri), Yellow-vented warbler (Phylloscopus cantator), Ward’s trogon (Harpactes wardi), Broad-billed warbler 833

(Tickellia hodgsoni), Striped laughingthrush (Garrulax virgatus), Rufous-throated wren-babbler (Spelaeornis caudatus), Snowy-throated babbler (Stachyris oglei), Rusty-throated wren-babbler (Spelaeornis badeigularis), Tawny-breasted wren-babbler (Spelaeornis longicaudatus), Striped laughingthrush (Garrulax virgatus), Hoarythroated barwing (Actinodura nipalensis), Streakthroated barwing (Actinodura waldeni), Ludlow’s fulvetta (Alcippe ludlowi), Beautiful sibia (Heterophasia pulchella), White-naped yuhina (Yuhina bakeri), Whitebrowed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae), and Rusty-bellied shortwing (Brachypteryx hyperythra). Population size of some species like Himalayan quails, Dark-rumped swift, Kashmir Flycatchers are decreasing due to restricted range of distribution and subsequent changes in their immediate ecosystem. Populations are also being effected by varying natural and man-made threats as industrial development, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation, deforestation and climate change. Conservation of birds is necessary to protect and conserve the entire biodiversity of the Himalayan ecosystem as it acts as a good environmental health indicator. Conservation aspect in IH involves continuous scientific monitoring programs by scientists and researchers together with stake holder awareness campaigns and community participation. The best examples of such bird conservation programs in India involves Amur Falcons and Great Hornbills. Amur falcons fly over Nagaland during mass migration and were hunted by locals for food and economic benefits, but continuous awareness programs among local community have stopped hunting and made saviours out of hunters. Horns of great hornbills were traditionally used by Nishi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh for ornamentation, decoration, medicine and food. This lead to the population decrease of the species but community participation programs the population had been recovered and hunting was controlled. Alongside awareness programs and species specific conservation approaches towards conservation of habitat of the species and deforestation, controls are also contributing to bird conservation in the Himalayas.

DISCUSSION India has till date 1,567 studies focusing on the birds of Himalayas (Choudhury et al., 2016) and the currently formulated checklist comprises a total of 938 species. The checklist presented in this chapter records 401 genera from 94 families under 23 orders. Scientific studies on birds in India can be dated back to the 17th century covering almost every part of the country along with every ecosystem and landscape yet no checklist has been formulated in the Indian Himalayan Region, one of the biodiversity hotspots of India. Studies earlier were 834

difficult or at least wasn’t as much easy as it is today with the help of the modern equipment and tools. Studies and publications have been blooming on the Bird taxonomy and ecology from the 1990s rapidly (Praveen et al., 2016; Choudhury et al., 2016). Studies have been conducted on the taxonomy, distribution, local or landscape wise diversities, ecology and behaviour, conservation action plans and much more. Still, study remains on the birds of entire Himalayas. Even the diversity across the elevation remains unknown. Population movements are also under study. Since the climate change is much faster-happening studies related to the changing climatic conditions and the bird population both at the landscape level and local level is needed as well as the genetic diversity and similarities between the populations residing in the higher altitudes and at the lower altitudes. Extinctions are no one-day procedure and start with small incidents that so far we imagined as range shifts while possibilities are that those populations at the lower ranges have been extinct and the upper range populations have moved further up (Wiens, 2016). Most bird species residing in the Himalayas (like Monals or Tragopans) are restricted to an altitudinal belt mostly depending on the habitat or forest type. Some are restricted to the variations of geology, topography, climate or land cover (Katuwal et al., 2016). Some of the birds may migrate even to the lower Himalayas or to the Upper Himalayas varying according to the seasons. Local migrations of birds also depend on their body size, resource requirement for biological fitness or on the home range. Like Galliformes has lesser histories of migrations as these species are mostly altitudinal migrants between their breeding and non-breeding habitats (Norbu et al., 2017). The Himalaya holds diverse ecosystems both natural and human-made. Various forest types to high altitudinal wetlands, snow covered landscapes to river ecosystems in the valleys of lower Himalayas. This much diverse habitat has supported and provided a chance to the birds of Himalayas to adapt and evolve to their current niche over thousands of past years (Svardso, 1949), and these process of evolution has led the species to speciate. Some remained as they are developed even thousands of years without any further adaptations while some acquire capabilities to adapt readily. Current ecosystems, those are human made, or human influenced are increasing in numbers than the natural all over the world including the Himalayas (Tilman, 2001). Recent studies have found utilisation of agricultural landscapes is far more than expected in the Himalayas during the season of winter. Eighty percent of the forest dwelling species has been observed to utilise agricultural lands while the rest with maybe lesser adaptability or higher strategies in food and niche Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

selection resumed staying in the primary forests (Elsen et al., 2017). The Himalaya is under a massive change from the top of its snow peaks in the Human induced climate change to the lower forests where plantation, residency and agricultural lands are increasing. Since, most of the Himalayan birds have lesser altitudinal migration range, highly specific habitat choice and range restrictions they are in the front line of facing extinctions.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Class AVES Linnaeus, 1758 Order ANSERIFORMES Wagler, 1831 Family ANATIDAE Leach, 1820 (Ducks, Geese, Swans) Genus Aix Boie, 1828 galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Anas Linnaeus, 1758 acuta Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D crecca Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C poecilorhyncha : Froster, 1781: 2D querquedula Linnaeus, 1758: 2D Genus Anser Brisson, 1760 albifrons (Scopoli, 1769): 2A, 2B anser (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B fabalis (Latham, 1787): 2B indicus (Latham, 1790): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Asarcornis Salvadori, 1895 scutulata (Müller, 1842): 2D Genus Aythya Boie, 1822 baeri (Radde, 1863): 1C, 2C, 2D ferina (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D marila (Linnaeus, 1761): 1A nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bucephala Baird, 1858 clangula (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2D Genus Clangula Leach, 1819 hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C, 2D Genus Cygnus Garsault, 1764 columbianus (Ord, 1815): 2D cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2D olor (Gmelin, 1789): 1A, 2A Genus Mareca Stephens, 1824 penelope (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2D strepera (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B Genus Marmaronetta Riechenbach, 1853 angustirostris (Menetries, 1832): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Mergellus Selby, 1840 albellus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Mergus Linnaeus, 1758 merganser Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Netta Kaup, 1829 rufina (Pallas, 1773): 2B, 2C Genus Nettapus Brandt, 1836 coromandelianus (Gmelin, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828 leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B MANDAL et al. : Aves

Genus Spatula Boie 1822 clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tadorna Boie, 1822 ferruginea (Pallas, 1764): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Order GALLIFORMES Temminck, 1820 Family PHASIANIDAE Horsfield, 1821 (Partridges, Pheasants, Grouse) Genus Alectoris Kaup, 1829 chukar (Gray, 1830): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 atrogularis (Blyth, 1850): 2D mandellii Hume, 1874: 2C, 2D rufogularis (Blyth, 1849): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D torqueola (Valenciennes, 1825): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Bumbosicola Gould, 1863 flytchii Anderson, 1871: 2D Genus Catreus Cabanis, 1851 wallichii (Hardwicke, 1827): 2A, 2B Genus Coturnix Garsault, 1764 coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1849: 2C Genus Crossoptilon Hodgson, 1838 crossoptilon (Hodgson, 1838): 2D Genus Francolinus Stephens, 1819 francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789): 2A, 2B Genus Gallus Brisson, 1760 gallus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ithaginis Wagler‎, 1832 cruentus (Hardwicke, 1821): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Lerwa Hodgson, 1837 lerwa (Hodgson, 1833): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lophophorus Temminck, 1813 impejanus (Latham, 1790): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sclateri Jerdon, 1870: 2D Genus Ophrysia Bonaparte, 1856 superciliosa (Gray, 1846): 2A, 2B Genus Perdicula Hodgson, 1837 asiatica (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B Genus Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 cristatus Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C muticus Linnaeus, 1766: 2C Genus Perdix Brisson, 1760 hodgsoniae (Hodgson, 1857): 1B, 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 bicalcaratum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2D Genus Pucrasia Gray, 1841 macrolopha (Lesson, 1829): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Synoicus Latham, 1801 chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766): 2B, 2D Genus Tetraogallus Gray, 1832 himalayensis Gray, 1843: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B tibetanus Gould, 1854: 1B, 1C, 2D Genus Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 blythii (Jerdon, 1870): 2D melanocephalus Gray, 1829: 2B satyva (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B temminckii (Gray, 1831): 2D

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Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Fürbringer, 1888 Family PODICIPEDIDAE Bonaparte, 1831 (Grebes) Genus Podiceps Latham, 1787 auritus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A nigricollis Brehm, 1831: 1A Genus Tachybaptus Reichenbach, 1853 ruficollis (Pallas, 1764): 2B Order COLUMBIFORMES Latham, 1790 Family COLUMBIDAE Leach, 1820 (Pigeons) Genus Chalcophaps Gould, 1843 indica (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C, 2D Genus Columba Linnaeus, 1758 eversmanni Bonaparte, 1856 : 1B, 2A, 2B hodgsonii Vigors, 1832: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D leuconota Vigors, 1831: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D livia Gmelin, 1789: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C palumbus Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C pulchricollis Blyth, 1846: 2C, 2D rupestris Pallas, 1811: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ducula Hodgson, 1836 badia (Raffles, 1822): 2C, 2D Genus Macropygia Swainson, 1837 unchall (Wagler, 1827): 2C, 2D Genus Streptopelia Bonaparte, 1855 chinensis (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B, 2C decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D orientalis (Latham, 1790): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D turtur (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A Genus Treron Vieillot, 1816 apicauda Blyth, 1846: 2B, 2C, 2D bicinctus (Jerdon, 1840): 2B, 2C, 2D curvirostra (Gmelin, 1789): 2C, 2D phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sphenurus (Vigors, 1832): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Order PTEROCLIDIFORMES Huxley, 1868 Family PTEROCLIDIDAE Bonaparte, 1831 (Sandgrouse) Genus Pterocles Temminck, 1815 indicus (Gmelin, 1789): 2A orientalis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Syrrhaptes Illiger, 1811 tibetanus Gould, 1850: 1B, 1C Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Ridgway, 1881 Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Nightjars) Genus Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758 affinis Horsfield, 1821: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D asiaticus Latham, 1790: 2A, 2B, 2C europaeus Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C, 2D indicus Latham, 1790: 2B, 2C, 2D macrurus Horsfield, 1821: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lyncornis Gould, 1838 macrotis (Vigors, 1831): 2D coronate (Tickell, 1833): 2B, 2C, 2D Family PODARGIDAE Gray, 1847 Genus Batrachostomus Gould, 1838 hodgsoni (Gray, 1859): 2C Order APODIFORMES Peters, 1940

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Family APODIDAE Hartert, 1897 (Swifts) Genus Aerodramus Oberholser, 1906 brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Apus Scopoli, 1777 affinis (J. E. Gray, 1830): 1A, 2A, 2B apus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837): 2B, 2C pacificus (Latham, 1801): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hirundapus Hodgson, 1837 caudacutus (Latham, 1801): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cochinchinensis (Oustalet, 1878): 2C, 2D giganteus (Temminck, 1825): 2D Genus Tachymarptis Roberts, 1922 melba (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Zoonavena Mathews, 1918 sylvatica (Tickell, 1846): 2A, 2B, 2C Family HEMIPROCNIDAE Oberholser, 1906 (Swifts) Genus Hemiprocne Nitzsch, 1829 coronata (Tickell, 1833): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Order CUCULIFORMES Wagler, 1830 Family CUCULIDAE Horsfield, 1823 (Cuckoos) Genus Cacomantis S. Müller, 1843 merulinus (Scopoli, 1786): 2C, passerinus (Vahl, 1797): 2B, 2C sonneratii (Latham, 1790): 2B, 2C Genus Centropus Illiger, 1811 bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788): 2B, 2C, 2D sinensis (Stephens, 1815): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Chrysococcyx F. Boie, 1826 maculatus (Gmelin, 1788): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Clamator Kaup, 1829 coromandus (Linnaeus, 1766) 2B, 2C, 2D jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783): 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758 canorus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D micropterus Gould, 1838: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D poliocephalus Latham, 1790: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D saturatus Blyth, 1843: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Eudynamys Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hierococcyx Müller, 1845 sparverioides (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Phaenicophaeus Stephens, 1815 tristis (Lesson, 1830) Genus Surniculus Lesson, 1830 lugubris (Horsfield, 1821): 2D nisicolor (Blyth, 1843): 2C, 2D varius (Vahl, 1797): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Taccocua Lesson, 1830 leschenaultii Lesson, 1830: 2A, 2B, 2C Order GRUIFORMES Bonaparte, 1854 Family GRUIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Cranes) Genus Grus Brisson, 1760 grus (Linnaeus1758): 2A, 2B, 2C nigricollis Prjevalsky, 1876: 1A, 2B virgo Linnaeus, 1758: 2B Genus Leucogeranus Bonaparte, 1855 leucogeranus (Pallas, 1773): 2B Family RALLIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Rails, Coots) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Amaurornis Reichenbach, 1853 phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gallicrex Blyth, 1852 cinerea (Gmelin, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gallinula Brisson, 1760 chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Fulica Linnaeus, 1758 atra Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lewinia Gray, 1855 striata (Linnaeus, 1766): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Porphyrio Brisson, 1760 porphyria Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Porzana Vieillot, 1816 porzana (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B Genus Rallina Gray, 1846 eurizonoides (Lafresnaye, 1845): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B indicus Blyth, 1849: 2D Genus Zapornia Leach, 1816 bicolor (Walden, 1872): 1C, 2C, 2D fusca (Linnaeus, 1766): 2B, 2C, 2D parva Scopoli, 1769: 1A, 2A pusilla (Pallas, 1776): 2A, 2B, 2C Order OTIDIFORMES Wagler, 1830 Family OTIDIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Bustards) Genus Tetrax Forster, 1817 tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A Order CICONIIFORMES Bonaparte, 1854 Family CICONIIDAE Gray, 1840 (Storks) Genus Ciconia Brisson, 1760 ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2D episcopus Boddaert, 1783: 2A nigra (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2D Genus Ephippiorhynchus Bonaparte, 1855 asiaticus (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Order PELECANIFORMES Sharpe, 1891 Family ARDEIDAE Leach, 1820 (Herons) Genus Ardea Linnaeus, 1758 alba Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cinerea Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C, 2D insignis Hume, 1878: 2D Genus Ardeola Boie, 1822 bacchus Bonaparte, 1855: 2D grayii (Sykes, 1832): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Botaurus Stephens, 1819 stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Bubulcus Bonaparte, 1855 ibis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Egretta Forster, 1817 garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766): 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Gorsachius Bonaparte, 1855 melanolophus (Raffles, 1822): 2D Genus Ixobrychus Billberg, 1828 minutus (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Nycticorax Forster, 1817 nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PELECANIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Pelicans) MANDAL et al. : Aves

Genus Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758 crispus Bruch, 1832: 1A, 2A, 2B onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B philippensis Gmelin, 1789: 2B, 2D Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Richmond, 1917 (Ibises) Genus Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Plegadis Kaup, 1829 falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pseudibis Hodgson, 1844 papillosa (Temminck, 1824): 2B, 2C Order SULIFORMES Sharpe, 1891 Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Reichenbach, 1850 (Cormorants) Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760 carbo (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D Order CHARADRIIFORMES Huxley, 1867 Family CHARADRIIDAE Leach, 1820 (Plovers, Lapwings) Genus Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758 alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 : 2A, 2B, 2C dubius Scopoli, 1786: 2A, 2B, 2D hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758: 2B mongolus Pallas, 1776: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D placidus Gray and Gray, 1863: 2D Genus Pluvialis Brisson, 1760 apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B fulva (Gmelin, 1789): 1A, 1B, 2C, 2D squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2B Family GLAREOLIDAE Brehm, 1831 (Coursers, Pratincoles) Genus Glareola Brisson, 1760 lactea Temminck, 1820: 2A, 2B maldivarum Forster, 1795: 1C, 2C, 2D pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766): 1B Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Bonaparte, 1838 (Oystercatchers, Ibisbills) Genus Ibidorhyncha Vigors, 1832 struthersii Vigors, 1832: 1A, 1B , 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family JACANIDAE Stejneger, 1885 (Jacanas) Genus Hydrophasianus Wagler, 1832 chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Metopidius Wagler, 1832 indicus (Latham, 1790): 2C, 2D Family LARIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Chlidonias Rafinesque, 1822 hybrida (Pallas, 1811): 2A, 2B Genus Larus Linnaeus, 1758 brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840: 1A, 1B ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 aurantia Gray, 1831: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hirundo Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2D Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Bonaparte, 1854 (Stilts, Avocets) Genus Himantopus Brisson, 1760 himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2D Genus Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 avosetta Linnaeus, 1758: 2D Genus Vanellus Brisson, 1760 cinereus (Blyth, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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indicus (Boddaert, 1783): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D leucurus Lichtenstein, 1823: 2A malabaricus Boddaert, 1783: 2B vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family SCOLOPACIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Sandpipers) Genus Actitis Illiger, 1811 hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Arenaria Brisson, 1760 interpres (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2A Genus Calidris Gmelin, 1789 acuminata (Horsfield, 1821) 2A, 2B alba Pallas, 1764: 1B alpina (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2B canutus Linnaeus, 1758: 1B falcinellus Pontoppidan, 1763: 1B ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763): 2A, 2B minuta (Leisler, 1812): 1B, 2A, 2B pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) 2A, 2B temminckii (Leisler, 1812): 1A,1B, 2A, 2B tenuirostris Horsfield, 1821: 1B Genus Gallinago Brisson, 1760 gallinago (Linnaeus 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C megala Swinhoe, 1861: 1B nemoricola Hodgson, 1836: 2A, 2B, 2C solitaria Hodgson, 1831: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C stenura (Bonaparte, 1831): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Limosa Brisson, 1760 lapponica Linnaeus, 1758: 1B limosa Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lymnocryptes Boie, 1826 minimus (Brunnich, 1764): 2A, 2C Genus Numenius Brisson, 1760 arquata (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2B phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2C Genus Phalaropus Brisson, 1760 lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B Genus Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758 rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tringa Linnaeus, 1758 erythropus (Pallas, 1764): 1A, 2A glareola Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A, 2B nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767): 1B, 2A, 2C ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803): 1B totanus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Xenus Kaup, 1829 cinereus (Guldenstadt, 1775): 1B, 2A Family STERCORARIIDAE Gray, 1871 (Skuas) Genus Stercorarius Brisson, 1760 parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B Family TURNICIDAE Gray, 1840 Genus Turnix Bonnaterre, 1791 suscitator Gmelin, 1789: 2D tanki Blyth, 1843: 2C, 2D Order ACCIPITRIFORMES Vieillot, 1816 Family ACCIPITRIDAE Vieillot, 1816 (Kites, Hawks, Eagles) Genus Accipiter Brisson, 1760 badius (Gmelin, 1788): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B

838

nisus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824): 2B, 2C, 2D virgatus (Temminck, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Aegypius Savign, 1809 monachus (Linnaeus, 1766): 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Aquila Brisson, 1760 chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B fasciata Vieillot, 1822 : 2A, 2B, 2C heliaca Savigny, 1809: 2A nipalensis Hodgson, 1833: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rapax (Temminck, 1828): 2A, 2B Genus Aviceda Swainson, 1836 jerdoni (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D Genus Butastur Hodgson, 1843 teesa (Franklin, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Buteo Lacépède, 1799 buteo (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, hemilasius Temminck and Schlegel, 1844: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C refectus Portenko, 1935: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Circaetus Vieillot, 1816 gallicus (Gmelin, 1788): 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Circus Lacépède, 1799 aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C macrourus (Gmelin, 1770): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Clanga Adamowicz, 1858 clanga (Pallas, 1811): 2A, 2B, 2C hastata (Lesson, 1831): 2A, 2C Genus Elanus Savigny, 1809 caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789): 1B, 2B, 2C Genus Gypaetus Storr, 1784 barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Gyps Savigny, 1809 bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788): 2A, 2B, 2C fulvus (Hablizl, 1783): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D himalayensis Hume, 1869: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C indicus (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809 albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D leucoryphus (Pallas, 1771): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Haliastur Selby, 1840 indus (Boddaert, 1783): 2C, 2D Genus Hieraaetus Kaup, 1844 pennatus (Gmelin, 1788): 1A,1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Icthyophaga Lesson, 1843 humilis (Muller and Schlegel, 1841): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ictinaetus Blyth, 1843 malaiensis (Temminck, 1822): 2A, 2B, 2C. 2D Genus Lophotriorchis Sharpe, 1874 kienerii (de Sparre, 1835): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Milvus Lacépède, 1799 migrans (Boddaert, 1783): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D milvus (Linnaeus, 1758): Genus Neophron Savigny, 1809 percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2A, 2B Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Nisaetus Hodgson, 1836 cirrhatus limnaeetus (Gmelin, 1788): 2B, 2C, 2D nipalensis Hodgson, 1836: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pernis Cuvier, 1816 ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821): 1A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sarcogyps Lesson, 1842 calvus (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B Genus Spilornis Gray, 1840 cheela (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PANDIONIDAE Sclater and Salvin, 1873 (Osprey) Genus Pandion Savigny, 1809 haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1B, 2A,2C Order STRIGIFORMES Wagler, 1830 Family STRIGIDAE Leach, 1820 (Owls) Genus Aegolius Kaup, 1829 funereus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B Genus Asio Brisson, 1760 flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763): 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C otus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Athene Boie, 1822 brama (Temminck, 1821): 2A, 2B, 2C noctua (Scopoli, 1769): 1A, 1B Genus Bubo Duméril, 1805 bubo bengalensis (Franklin, 1831): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C bubo (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C nipalensis Hodgson, 1836: 2B, 2C Genus Glaucidium Boie, 1826 brodiei (Burton, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cuculoides (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D radiatum (Tickell, 1833): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Ketupa Lesson, 1830 flavipes (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D ketupu (Horsfield, 1821): 2D zeylonensis (Gmelin, 1788): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ninox Hodgson, 1837 scutulata (Raffles, 1822): 2B, 2C Genus Otus Pennant, 1769 lettia Pennant, 1769: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D scops (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A spilocephalus (Blyth, 1846): sunia (Hodgson, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Strix Linnaeus, 1758 aluco Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A leptogrammica Temminck, 1832: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family TYTONIDAE Ridgway, 1914 (Barn Owls) Genus Phodilus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1830 badius (Horsfield, 1821): 2C Genus Tyto Billberg, 1828 alba (Scopoli, 1769): 2A, 2C longimembris (Jerdon, 1839): 2B, 2C Order TROGONIFORMES Aou, 1886 Family TROGONIDAE Lesson, 1828 (Trogons) Genus Harpactes Swainson, 1833 erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834): 2C, 2D wardi (Kinnear, 1927): 2C, 2D Order BUCEROTIFORMES Fürbringer, 1888 Family BUCEROTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Hornbills) Genus Aceros Hodgson, 1829 nipalensis (Hodgson, 1829): 2C, 2D MANDAL et al. : Aves

Genus Anthracoceros Reichenbach, 1849 albirostris (Shaw, 1808): 2B, 2C Genus Buceros Linnaeus, 1758 bicornis Linnaeus, 1758: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ocyceros Hume, 1873 birostris (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Rhyticeros Reichenbach, 1849 undulatus (Shaw, 1811): 2D Order PICIFORMES Meyer and Wolf, 1810 Family INDICATORIDAE Swainson, 1837 (Honeyguides) Genus Indicator Stephens, 1815 xanthonotus Blyth, 1842: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PICIDAE Leach, 1820 (Woodpeckers) Genus Blythipicus Bonaparte, 1854 pyrrhotis (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D Genus Chrysocolaptes Blyth, 1843 festivus (Boddaert, 1783): 2B, 2C lucidus (Scopoli, 1786): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Chrysophlegma Gould, 1850 flavinucha (Gould, 1834): 2C, 2D Genus Dendrocopos Koch, 1816 auriceps (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B canicapillus (Blyth, 1845): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cathpharius (Blyth, 1843): 2C, 2D darjellensis (Blyth, 1845): 2C, 2D himalayensis (Jardine and Selby, 1831): 1A, 2A, 2B hyperythrus (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D macei (Vieillot, 1818): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D mahrattensis (Latham, 1802): 2A, 2B nanus (Gmelin, 1788): 2B Genus Dinopium Rafinesque, 1814 benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C shorii (Vigors, 1831): 2B, 2C Genus Gecinulus Blyth, 1845 grantia (Horsfield, 1840): 2C, 2D Genus Jynx Linnaeus, 1758 torquilla Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Micropternus Blyth, 1845 brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Mulleripicus Bonaparte, 1854 pulverulentus (Temminck, 1826): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Picumnus Temminck, 1825 innominatus Burton, 1836: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Picus Linnaeus, 1758 canus Gmelin, 1788: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D squamatus Vigors, 1831: 1A, : 2A, 2B xanthopygaeus (Gray and Gray, 1847): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Sasia Hodgson, 1837 ochracea Hodgson, 1837: 2C, 2D Family RAMPHASTIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Toucans, Barbets) Genus Psilopogon Müller, 1836 asiaticus (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D australis (Horsfield, 1821): 2C, 2D franklinii (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D haemacephalus (Müller, 1776): 2A, 2B, 2C lineatus (Vieillot, 1816): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D virens (Boddaert, 1783): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1788): 2A, 2B

839

Order CORACIIFORMES Forbes, 1884 Family ALCEDINIDAE Rafinesque, 1817 (Kingfishers) Genus Alcedo Linnaeus, 1758 atthis (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hercules Laubmann, 1917: 2C Genus Ceryle Boie, 1828 rudis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ceyx Lacépède, 1799 erithaca (Linnaeus, 1758): 2C Genus Halcyon Swainson, 1821 coromanda (Latham, 1790): 2C, 2D pileata (Boddaert, 1783): 2C smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Megaceryle Kaup, 1848 lugubris (Temminck, 1834): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pelargopsis Gloger, 1841 capensis (Linnaeus, 1766): 2B, 2C, 2D Family CORACIIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Rollers) Genus Coracias Linnaeus, 1758 benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D garrulus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A Genus Eurystomus Vieillot, 1816 orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766): 2C, 2D Family MEROPIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Bee-eaters) Genus Merops Linnaeus, 1758 apiaster Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A leschenaulti Vieillot, 1817 : 2A, 2B orientalis Latham, 1801: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D persicus Pallas, 1773: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B philippinus Linnaeus, 1767: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Nyctyornis Jardine and Selby, 1830 athertoni (Jardine and Selby, 1828): 2B, 2C, 2D Order FALCONIFORMES Sharpe, 1874 Family FALCONIDAE Leach, 1820 (Falcons, Caracaras) Genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758 amurensis Radde, 1863: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cherrug Gray, 1834: 2A, 2B columbarius Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C jugger Gray, 1834: 2C naumanni Fleischer, 1818: 2C, 2D peregrinus Tunstall, 1771: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D severus Horsfield, 1821: 2C, 2D subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Microhierax Sharpe, 1874 caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C melanoleucos (Blyth, 1843): 2D Order PSITTACIFORMES Wagler, 1830 Family PSITTACIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Old World Parrots) Genus Loriculus Blyth, 1849 vernalis (Sparrman, 1787): 2C Genus Psittacula Cuvier, 1800 alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C derbiana (Fraser, 1852): 2D eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C finschii (Hume, 1874): 2D himalayana (Lesson, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C krameri (Scopoli, 1769): 2A, 2B, 2C

840

roseata Biswas, 1951: 2C Order PASSERIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758 Family ACROCEPHALIDAE Salvin, 1882 (Brush, Reed and Swamp Warblers) Genus Acrocephalus Naumann and Naumann, 1811 agricola (Jerdon, 1845): 1B, 2A bistrigiceps Swinhoe, 1860: 1B concinens (Swinhoe, 1870): 1A, 2A dumetorum Blyth, 1849: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B melanopogon (Temminck, 1823): 2A orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1847): 2C, 2D schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B stentoreus (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833): 2A, 2C Genus Iduna Keyserling and Blasius, 1840 caligata (Lichtenstein, 1823): 1A, 2A Family AEGITHINIDAE Gray, 1869 (Ioras) Genus Aegithina Vieillot, 1816 tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family AEGITHALIDAE Reichenbach, 1850 (Long-tailed Tits) Genus Aegithalos Hermann 1804 concinnus (Gould, 1855): 2D iouschistos (Blyth, 1845): 2C, 2D leucogenys (Moore, 1854): 1A, 2A niveogularis (Gould, 1855): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Leptopoecile Severtsov, 1873 sophiae Severtzov, 1873: 1A, 2A Family ARTAMIDAE Vieillot, 1816 (Woodswallows, Australian magpies and allies) Genus Artamus Vieillot, 1816 fuscus Vieillot, 1817: 2B, 2C, 2D Family ALAUDIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Larks) Genus Eremopterix Kaup, 1836 griseus (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Alaudala Horsfield and Moore, 1858 raytal (Blyth, 1845): 2C rufescens (Vieillot, 1819): 1B Genus Mirafra Horsfield, 1821 assamica Horsfield, 1840: 2C, 2D cantillans Blyth, 1845: 2A, 2B erythroptera Blyth, 1845: 2A Genus Melanocorypha Boie, 1828 bimaculata (Ménétries, 1832): 1A, 1B maxima Blyth, 1867: 1B, 1C Genus Galerida Boie, 1828 cristata (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A Genus Ammomanes Cabanis, 1851 deserti (Lichtenstein, 1823): 2A Genus Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 arvensis Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A gulgula Franklin, 1831: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Calandrella Kaup, 1829 brachydactyla (Leisler, 1814): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2C Genus Eremophila Boie, 1828 alpestris (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A Family BOMBYCILLIDAE Vieillot, 1808 Genus Bombycilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Waxwings) garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Minivets, Cuckooshrikes) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Coracina Vieillot, 1816 dobsoni (Ball, 1872): 2D javensis (Horsfield, 1821): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lalage Boie, 1826 melanoptera (Rüppell, 1839): 2A, 2B melaschistos (Hodgson, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pericrocotus Boie, 1826 brevirostris (Vigors, 1831): 2C, 2D cinnamomeus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C divaricatus (Raffles, 1822): 1B ethologus Bangs and Phillips, 1914: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flammeus (Forster, 1781): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D roseus (Vieillot, 1818): 2A, 2B, 2C solaris Blyth, 1846 : 2C, 2D Family CERTHIIDAE Leach, 1820 (Treecreepers) Genus Certhia Linnaeus, 1758 discolor Blyth, 1845: 2B, 2C, 2D himalayana Vigors, 1832: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D nipalensis Blyth, 1845: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family CETTIIDAE Alström et al., 2006 (Bush Warblers and allies) Genus Abroscopus Baker, 1930 albogularis (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D schisticeps (Gray and Gray, 1847): 2B, 2C, 2D superciliaris (Blyth, 1859): 2C, 2D Genus Cettia Bonaparte, 1834 brunnifrons (Hodgson, 1845): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D castaneocoronata (Burton, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cetti (Temminck, 1820): 2A, 2B major (Moore, 1854): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Horornis Hodgson, 1845 canturians (Swinhoe, 1860): 2D flavolivaceus (Blyth, 1845): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fortipes (Hodgson, 1845): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tesia Hodgson, 1837 cyaniventer Hodgson, 1837: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D olivea (McClelland, 1840): 2C, 2D Genus Tickellia Blyth, 1861 hodgsoni (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D Family CHLOROPSEIDAE Wetmore, 1960 (Fairy-bluebirds and Leafbirds) Genus Chloropsis Jardine and Selby, 1827 aurifrons (Temminck, 1829): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cochinchinensis (Gmelin, 1789): 2D hardwickii Jardine and Selby, 1830: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family CINCLIDAE Sundevall, 1836 (Dippers) Genus Cinclus Borkhausen, 1797 cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pallasii Temminck, 1820: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family CISTICOLIDAE Sundevall, 1872 (Cisticolas) Genus Cisticola Kaup, 1829 juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Orthotomus Horsfield, 1821 atrogularis Temminck, 1836: 2C, 2D sutorius (Pennant, 1769): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Prinia Horsfield, 1821 atrogularis (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D buchanani Blyth, 1844: 2A cinereocapilla Moore, 1854: 2B, 2C MANDAL et al. : Aves

crinigera Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flaviventris (Delessert, 1840): 2D hodgsonii Blyth, 1844: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D inornata Sykes, 1832: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D socialis Sykes, 1832: 2A, 2B, 2C sylvatica Jerdon, 1840: 2A, 2B Family CORVIDAE Leach, 1820 (Crows, Jays) Genus Cissa Boie, 1826 chinensis (Boddaert, 1783): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Corvus Linnaeus, 1758 corax Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B corone Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D monedula (Linnaeus, 1758): : 1A, 1B, 2A splendens Vieillot, 1817: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Dendrocitta Gould, 1833 formosae Swinhoe, 1863: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D frontalis Horsfield, 1840: 2C, 2D vagabunda (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Garrulus Brisson, 1760 glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lanceolatus Vigors, 1830: 2A, 2B Genus Nucifraga Brisson, 1760 caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D multipunctata Gould, 1849 Genus Pica Brisson, 1760 pica (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Pyrrhocorax Tunstall, 1771 graculus (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B pyrrhocorax (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B Genus Urocissa Cabanis, 1850 erythroryncha (Boddaert, 1783): 2A, 2B flavirostris (Blyth, 1846): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family DICAEIDAE Bonaparte, 1853 (Flowerpeckers) Genus Dicaeum Cuvier, 1816 agile (Tickell, 1833): 2A, 2B, 2C chrysorrheum Temminck, 1829: 2C, 2D cruentatum (Linnaeus, 1758): 2D erythrorhynchos (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C ignipectus (Blyth, 1843): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D melanozanthum (Blyth, 1843): 2B, 2C minullum (Swinhoe, 1870): 2C, 2D Family DICRURIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Drongos) Genus Dicrurus Vieillot, 1816 aeneus Vieillot, 1817: 2B, 2C, 2D annectens (Hodgson, 1836): 2B, 2C caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766: 2B, 2C, 2D leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2B, 2C, 2D remifer (Temminck, 1823): 2B, 2C, 2D Family EMBERIZIDAE Vigors, 1831 (Old World Buntings) Genus Emberiza Linnaeus, 1758 aureola Pallas, 1773: 2C, 2D bruniceps Brandt, 1841: 1A, 1B, 2A buchanani Blyth, 1845: 1A, 2A, 2B cia Linnaeus, 1766: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B citrinella Linnaeus, 1758: 1B

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fucata Pallas, 1776: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D godlewskii Taczanowski, 1874: hortulana Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A lathami Gray, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D leucocephalos Gmelin, 1771: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D melanocephala Scopoli, 1769: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, pusilla Pallas, 1776: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rutile Pallas, 1776: 1C, 2B, 2C schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B spodocephala Pallas, 1776: 1C, 2B, 2C stewarti (Blyth, 1854): 1A, 2A, 2B Family ESTRILDIDAE Illiger, 1811 (Waxbills) Genus Amandava Blyth, 1836 amandava (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Genus Euodice Reichenbach, 1862 malabarica (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B Genus Lonchura Sykes, 1832 malacca (Linnaeus, 1766): 2C, 2D punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D striata (Linnaeus, 1766): 2C, 2D Family EURYLAIMIDAE Horsfield, 1821 (Typical broadbills) Genus Psarisomus Swainson, 1837 dalhousiae (Jameson, 1835): 2C, 2D Genus Serilophus Swainson, 1837 lunatus (Gould, 1834): 2C, 2D Family FRINGILLIDAE Leach, 1820 (Finches, Euphonias and Hawaiian Honeycreepers) Genus Agraphospiza (Blanford, 1872) rubescens (Blanford, 1872): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Bucanetes Cabanis, 1851 mongolicus (Swinhoe, 1870): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Callacanthis Reichenbach, 1850 burtoni (Gould, 1838): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Carduelis Brisson, 1760 carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A Genus Carpodacus Kaup, 1829 edwardsii Verreaux, 1871: 1C, 2C, 2D erythrinus (Pallas, 1770): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D grandis Blyth, 1849: 1C, 2D pulcherrimus (Moore, 1856): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C puniceus (Blyth, 1845): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rodochroa Vigors, 1831: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rodopeplus (Vigors, 1831): 1C, 2B, 2C rubicilla (Guldenstadt, 1775): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A rubicilloides Przewalski, 1876: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B sipahi (Hodgson, 1836): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C subhimachalus (Hodgson, 1836): 1C, 2C, 2D thura Bonaparte and Schlegel, 1850: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D vinaceus Verreaux, 1871: 2A, 2B Genus Chloris Cuvier, 1800 ambigua (Oustalet, 1896): 2D spinoides (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Coccothraustes Brisson, 1760 coccothraustes (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Genus Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758 coelebs Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Leucosticte Swainson, 1832 brandti Bonaparte, 1850: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C

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nemoricola (Hodgson, 1836): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C sillemi Roselaar, 1992: 1B Genus Linaria Bechstein, 1802 cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A flavirostris (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2C Genus Loxia Linnaeus, 1758 curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Mycerobas Cabanis, 1847 affinis (Blyth, 1855): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C carnipes (Hodgson, 1836): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D icterioides (Vigors, 1830): 1A, 2A, 2B melanozanthos (Hodgson, 1836): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Procarduelis (Hodgson, 1836) nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836): 1C, 2B, 2C Genus Pyrrhoplectes Hodgson, 1844 epauletta (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D Genus Pyrrhula Brisson, 1760 aurantiaca Gould, 1858: 2A, 2B erythaca Blyth, 1862: 2C, 2D erythrocephala Vigors, 1832: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C nipalensis Hodgson, 1836: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Serinus Koch, 1816 pusillus (Pallas, 1811): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Spinus Koch, 1816 spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) thibetanus (Hume, 1872) Family HIRUNDINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Swallows) Genus Cecropis F. Boie, 1826 daurica (Laxmann, 1769): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C striolata (Schlegel, 1844): 2D Genus Delichon Horsfield and Moore, 1854 dasypus (Bonaparte, 1850): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nipalense Moore, 1854: 2B, 2C, 2D urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 rustica Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C smithii Leach and Koenig, 1818: 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Petrochelidon Cabanis, 1850 fluvicola (Blyth, 1855): 2A, 2B Genus Ptyonoprogne Reichenbach, 1850 concolor (Sykes, 1832): 2A, 2B rupestris (Scopoli, 1769): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Riparia Forster, 1817 diluta (Sharpe and Wyatt, 1893): 1B, 2A paludicola (Vieillot, 1817): 1B, 2A, 2C riparia (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2D Family IRENIDAE Jerdon, 1863 (Fairy-bluebirds, Leafbirds) Genus Irena Horsfield, 1821 puella (Latham, 1790): 2C, 2D Family LANIIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Shrikes) Genus Lanius Linnaeus, 1758 cristatus Linnaeus, 1758: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D excubitor Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A isabellinus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833: : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B schach Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tephronotus (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D vittatus Valenciennes, 1826: 2A, 2B Family LEIOTHRICHIDAE (Babblers, Laughingthrushes and allies) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Actinodura Gould, 1836 egertoni Gould, 1836: 2C, 2D Genus Argya Lesson, 1831 earlei (Blyth, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D malcolmi (Sykes, 1832): 2A, 2B Genus Chatarrhaea Blyth, 1855 longirostris (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D Genus Chrysominla Hodgson, 1837 strigula (Hodgson, 1837): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cutia Hodgson, 1837 nipalensis Hodgson, 1837: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Garrulax Lesson, 1831 albogularis (Gould, 1836): 2A,2B, 2C, 2D caerulatus (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D cineraceus (Godwin-Austen, 1874): 2D galbanus Godwin-Austen, 1874: 2D gularis (McClelland, 1840): 2D lanceolatus (Verreaux, 1870): 2D leucolophus (Hardwicke, 1816): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D merulinus Blyth, 1851: 2D monileger (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D nuchalis Godwin-Austen, 1876: 2D ocellatus (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pectoralis (Gould, 1836): 2C, 2D ruficollis (Jardine and Selby, 1838): 2D rufogularis (Gould, 1835): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sannio Swinhoe, 1867: 2D Genus Grammatoptila Reichenbach, 1850 striata (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Heterophasia Blyth, 1842 capistrata (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gracilis (Horsfield, 1840): 2C, 2D picaoides (Hodgson, 1839): 2C, 2D pulchella (Godwin-Austen, 1874): 2D Genus Leiothrix Swainson, 1832 argentauris (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D lutea (Scopoli, 1786): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Leioptila Blyth, 1847 annectens Blyth, 1847: 2C, 2D Genus Liocichla Swinhoe, 1877 phoenicea (Gould, 1837): 2C, 2D Genus Minla Hodgson, 1837 ignotincta Hodgson, 1837: 2C, 2D Genus Sibia Hodgson, 1836 nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D waldeni (Godwin-Austen, 1874): 2D Genus Siva Hodgson, 1837 cyanouroptera Hodgson, 1837: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Trochalopteron Blyth, 1843 affine (Blyth, 1843): 1C, 2C, 2D austeni Godwin-Austen, 1870: 2D erythrocephalum (Vigors, 1832): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lineatum (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C squamatum (Gould, 1835): 2C, 2D subunicolor Blyth, 1843: 2C, 2D variegatum (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 2A, 2B virgatum Godwin-Austen, 1874: 2D Genus Turdoides Cretzschmar, 1826 striata (Dumont, 1823): 2A, 2B, 2C MANDAL et al. : Aves

Family LOCUSTELLIDAE Bonaparte, 1854 (Bush warblers) Genus Chaetornis (Jerdon, 1841) striata (Jerdon, 1841): 2C Genus Locustella Kaup, 1829 lanceolata (Temminck, 1840): 2C luteoventris (Hodgson, 1845): 2C, 2D major (Brooks, 1871): 1A, 2A mandelli (Brooks, 1875): 2D naevia (Boddaert, 1783): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C tacsanowskia Swinhoe, 1871: 2C, 2D Genus Megalurus Horsfield, 1821 palustris Horsfield, 1821: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family MONARCHIDAE Bonaparte, 1853 (Monarch, Paradise-flycatchers) Genus Hypothymis F. Boie, 1826 azurea (Boddaert, 1783): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Terpsiphone Gloger, 1827 affinis (Blyth, 1846): 2D paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family MOTACILLIDAE Horsfield, 1821 (Wagtails, Pipits) Genus Anthus Bechstein, 1805 campestris (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D cervinus (Pallas, 1811): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B godlewskii (Taczanowski, 1876): 2A , 1C, 2C hodgsoni Richmond, 1907: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D richardi Vieillot, 1818: 2A, 2B, 2C roseatus Blyth, 1847: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rubescens (Tunstall, 1771): 2C rufulus Vieillot, 1818: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D similis (Jerdon, 1840): 2A, 2B spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D sylvanus (Hodgson, 1845): 2A, 2B, 2C trivialis (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Dendronanthus (Gmelin, 1789) indicus (Gmelin, 1789): : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758 alba Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cinerea Tunstall, 1771: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D citreola Pallas, 1776: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C flava Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C maderaspatensis Gmelin, 1789: 2A, 2B, 2C Family MUSCICAPIDAE Sundevall, 1836 (Chats, Flycatchers) Genus Anthipes Blyth, 1847 monileger (Hodgson, 1845): 2C, 2D Genus Brachypteryx Horsfield, 1821 hyperythra Blyth, 1861: 2C, 2D leucophris (Temminck, 1828): 2C, 2D montana Horsfield, 1821 : 2C, 2D Genus Calliope Gould, 1836 calliope (Pallas, 1776): 1B, 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Pectardens David, 1871: 2D pectoralis (Gould, 1837): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B,2C, 2D Genus Cercotrichas Boie, 1831 galactotes (Temminck, 1820): 2A Genus Cinclidium Blyth, 1842 frontale Blyth, 1842: 2C Genus Copsychus Wagler, 1827 saularis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

843

Genus Cyornis Blyth, 1843 concretus (Muller, 1836): 2D poliogenys Brooks, 1880: 2C, 2D rubeculoides (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tickelliae Blyth, 1843: 2B unicolor Blyth, 1843: 2C, 2D Genus Enicurus Temminck, 1822 immaculatus (Hodgson, 1836): 2B, 2C, 2D leschenaulti (Vieillot, 1818): 2C, 2D maculatus Vigors, 1831: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D schistaceus (Hodgson, 1836): 2B, 2C, 2D scouleri Vigors, 1832: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Eumyias Cabanis, 1850 thalassinus (Swainson, 1838): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ficedula Brisson, 1760 erithacus (Jerdon and Blyth, 1861): 1C, 2C, 2D hodgsoni (Moore, 1854): 1C, 2C, 2D hyperythra (Blyth, 1843): 1C, 2B,2C, 2D parva (Bechstein, 1792): 2A, 2B sapphira (Blyth, 1843): 2C, 2D strophiata (Hodgson, 1837): 1C, 2A, 2B,2C, 2D subrubra (Hartert and F. Steinbacher, 1934): 2A superciliaris (Jerdon, 1840): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tricolor (Hodgson, 1845): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C,2D westermanni (Sharpe, 1888): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Heteroxenicus Sharpe, 1902 stellatus (Gould, 1868): 2B, 2C Genus Hodgsonius Gray, 1846 phaenicuroides (Gray, 1846): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Kittacincla Scopoli, 1788 malabarica (Scopoli, 1788): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Larvivora Hodgson, 1837 brunnea Hodgson, 1837: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D cyane (Pallas, 1776) 1837: 2D Genus Luscinia Forster, 1817 svecica (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Monticola Boie, 1822 cinclorhyncha (Vigors, 1832): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rufiventris (Jardine and Selby, 1833): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Muscicapa Brisson, 1760 dauurica Pallas, 1811: 2A, 2B ferruginea (Hodgson, 1845): 2C, 2D muttui (Layard, 1854): 2D ruficauda Swainson, 1838: : 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C sibirica Gmelin, 1789: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C,2D striata (Pallas, 1764): 1A, 2A Genus Myiomela Gray, 1846 leucura (Hodgson, 1845): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Myophonus Temminck, 1822 caeruleus (Scopoli, 1786): 1A, 1C, 2A,2B, 2C, 2D Genus Niltava Hodgson, 1837 grandis (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D macgrigoriae (Burton, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sundara Hodgson, 1837: 1A, 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D vivida (Swinhoe, 1864): 2D Genus Oenanthe Vieillot, 1816 albonigra (Hume, 1872): 2A

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chrysopygia (de Filippi, 1863): 2A, 2B deserti (Temminck, 1825): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B fusca (Blyth, 1851): 2A, 2B isabellina (Temminck, 1829): 2A, 2B oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A picata (Blyth, 1847): 1A, 1B, 2A pleschanka (Lepechin, 1770): 1A,2A Genus Phoenicurus Forster, 1817 auroreus (Pallas, 1776): 2D erythrogastrus (Guldenstadt, 1775): 1A, 2A, 2B frontalis Vigors, 1832: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fuliginosa (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hodgsoni (Moore, 1854): 1C, 2C, 2D leucocephalus (Vigors, 1831): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ochruros (Gmelin, 1774): 1A, 1B, 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D schisticeps (Gray, 1846): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Saxicola Bechstein, 1802 caprata (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ferreus Gray and G. R. Gray, 1847: 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D insignis Gray and G. R. Gray, 1847: 2B, 2C jerdoni (Blyth, 1867): 2B,2D leucurus (Blyth, 1847): 2C, 2D Genus Saxicoloides Linnaeus, 1766 fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2C Genus Tarsiger Hodgson, 1845 chrysaeus Hodgson, 1845: 1A, 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hyperythrus (Blyth, 1847): 1C, 2C, 2D indicus (Vieillot, 1817): 2B, 2C, 2D Family NECTARINIIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Sunbirds) Genus Aethopyga Cabanis, 1850 gouldiae (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ignicauda (Hodgson, 1836): 1C, 2B, 2C nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836): 2B, 2C saturata (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D siparaja (Raffles, 1822): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Arachnothera Temminck, 1826 longirostra (Latham, 1790): 2C, 2D magna (Hodgson, 1836): 2C, 2D Genus Chalcoparia Cabanis, 1851 singalensis (Gmelin, 1789): 2C, 2D Genus Cinnyris Cuvier, 1816 asiaticus (Latham, 1790): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Leptocoma Cabanis, 1850 sperata (Linnaeus, 1766): 2D zeylonica (Linnaeus, 1766): 2C Family ORIOLIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Orioles, Figbirds and allies) Genus Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 chinensis Linnaeus, 1766: 2C kundoo Sykes, 1832: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758): tenuirostris Blyth, 1846: 2C, 2D traillii (Vigors, 1832): 2B, 2C, 2D xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C Family PARIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Tits, Chickades) Genus Cephalopyrus Bonaparte, 1854 flammiceps (Burton, 1836): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Cyanistes Kaup, 1829 cyanus (Pallas, 1770): 1A Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Lophophanes Kaup, 1829 dichrous (Blyth, 1845): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Machlolophus Cabanis, 1850 spilonotus (Bonaparte, 1850): 2C, 2D Xanthogenys (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B Genus Melanochlora Lesson, 1839 sultanea (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D Genus Parus Linnaeus, 1758 major Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D monticolus Vigors, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Periparus Sélys Longchamps, 1884 ater (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rubidiventris (Blyth, 1847): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C rufonuchalis (Blyth, 1849): 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Pseudopodoces Zarudny and Loudon, 1902 humilis (Hume, 1871): 1B, 1C Genus Sylviparus Burton, 1836 modestus Burton, 1836: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PASSERIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Sparrows, Snowfinches and allies) Genus Gymnoris (Burton, 1838) xanthocollis (Burton, 1838): 2A, 2B Genus Montifringilla Brehm, 1828 adamsi Adams, 1859: 1A, 1B Genus Onychostruthus Richmond, 1917 taczanowskii (Prjevalsky, 1876): 1B Genus Passer Brisson, 1760 cinnamomeus (Temminck, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C,2D hispaniolensis (Temminck, 1820): 1A, 1B, 2A montanus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Petronia Kaup, 1829 petronia (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A Genus Pyrgilauda Bonaparte, 1850 blanfordi (Hume, 1876): 1B, 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D ruficollis (Blanford, 1871): 1A, 2C Family PELLORNEIDAE Vigors and Delacour, 1946 (Smaller Babblers) Genus Alcippe Blyth, 1844 nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D poioicephala (Jerdon, 1844): 2D Genus Gampsorhynchus Blyth, 1844 rufulus Blyth, 1844: 2C, 2D Genus Graminicola Jerdon, 1863 bengalensis Jerdon, 1863: 2C, 2D Genus Laticilla Blyth, 1844 burnesii (Blyth, 1844): 2A, 2B Genus Malacocincla Blyth, 1845 abbotti Blyth, 1845: 2C, 2D Genus Napothera Gray, 1842 epilepidota (Temminck, 1828): 2D Genus Pellorneum Swainson, 1832 albiventre (Godwin-Austen, 1877): 2D palustre Gould, 1872: 2D ruficeps Swainson, 1832: 2C, 2D Genus Rimator Blyth, 1847 malacoptilus Blyth, 1847: 2C, 2D Genus Schoeniparus Hume, 1874 castaneceps (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D MANDAL et al. : Aves

cinereus (Blyth, 1847): 2C, 2D dubius (Hume, 1874): 2D rufogularis (Mandelli, 1873): 2C, 2D Genus Trichastoma Blyth, 1842 tickelli Blyth, 1859: 2D Genus Turdinus Blyth, 1844 brevicaudatus Blyth, 1855: 2D Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE Alstrom et al., 2006 (Old World Leaf Wrablers) Genus Phylloscopus Boie, 1826 affinis (Tickell, 1833): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C cantator (Tickell, 1833): 1C, 2C chloronotus (Gray and G. R. Gray, 1847): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D collybita (Vieillot, 1817): 1A, 2A, 2C fuligiventer (Hodgson, 1845): 1C, 2B fuscatus (Blyth, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C griseolus Blyth, 1847: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B humei (Brooks, 1878): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B inornatus (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D maculipennis (Blyth, 1867): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D magnirostris Blyth, 1843: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D neglectus Hume, 1870: 2A occipitalis (Blyth, 1845): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B pulcher Blyth, 1845: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C reguloides (Blyth, 1842): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sindianus lorenzii (T. Lorenz, 1887): sindianus Brooks, 1880: 1A, 1B, 2A subviridis (Brooks, 1872): 1A, 2A trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tytleri Brooks, 1871: 1A, 2A, 2B Genus Seicercus Swainson, 1837 affinis (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D burkii (Burton, 1836): 2A, 2B, 2C castaniceps (Hodgson, 1845): 1C, 2C, 2D poliogenys (Blyth, 1847): 2C, 2D xanthoschistos (Gray and Gray, 1847): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PITTIDAE Swainson, 1831 (Pittas) Genus Hydrornis Blyth, 1843 nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837): 2C, 2D Genus Pitta Swainson, 1831 brachyura (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C cyanea Blyth, 1843: 2D sordida (Statius Muller, 1776): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PLOCEIDAE Sundevall, 1836 (Weavers) Genus Ploceus Cuvier, 1816 benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B manyar (Horsfield, 1821): 2A, 2B megarhynchus Hume, 1869: 2B, 2C philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PNOEPYGIDAE Hodgson, 1844 (Wren Babblers) Genus Pnoepyga Hodgson, 1844 albiventer (Hodgson, 1837): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D immaculata Martens and Eck, 1991: 2B, 2C pusilla Hodgson, 1845: 2B, 2C, 2D Family PRUNELLIDAE Richmond, 1908 (Accentors) Genus Prunella Vieillot, 1816 atrogularis (Brandt, 1843): 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B collaris (Scopoli, 1769): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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fulvescens (Severtsov, 1873): 1A, 1B himalayana (Blyth, 1842): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C immaculata (Hodgson, 1845): 1C, 2C rubeculoides (Moore, 1854): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C strophiata (Blyth, 1843): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family PYCNONOTIDAE Gray, 1840 (Bulbuls) Genus Alophoixus Oates, 1889 flaveolus (Gould, 1836): 2C, 2D Genus Brachypodius Blyth, 1845 atriceps (Temminck, 1822): 2D Genus Hemixos Blyth, 1845 flavala Blyth, 1845: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hypsipetes Vigors, 1831 leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Iole Blyth, 1844 viridescens Blyth, 1845: 2D Genus Ixos Temminck, 1825 mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pycnonotus F. Boie, 1826 cafer (Linnaeus, 1766): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D flavescens Blyth, 1845: 2D flaviventris (Tickell, 1833): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2B, 2C, 2D leucogenys (Gray, 1835): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D striatus (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D Genus Spizixos Blyth, 1845 canifrons Blyth, 1845: 2D Family REGULIDAE Vigors, 1825 (Crests or kinglets) Genus Regulus Cuvier, 1800 regulus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family RHIPIDURIDAE Sundevall, 1872 (Fantails) Genus Rhipidura Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 albicollis (Vieillot, 1818): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D aureola Lesson, 1831: 2A, 2B, 2C Family SCOTOCERCIDAE Fregin, et al., 2012 (Bush Warblers and allies) Genus Hemitesia Chapin, 1948 pallidipes (Blanford, 1872): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family SITTIDAE Lesson, 1828 (Nuthatches, Spotted Creepers, Wallcreepers) Genus Sitta Linnaeus, 1758 cashmirensis Brooks, 1871: 1A, 2A castanea Lesson, 1830: 2A, 2B formosa Blyth, 1843: 2C, 2D leucopsis Gould, 1850: 1A, 2A, 2B nagaensis Godwin-Austen, 1874: 2D Family STENOSTIRIDAE Beresford, Beresford et al., 2005 (Fairy-flycatchers, Crested-flycatcghers) Genus Chelidorhynx Blyth, 1843 hypoxanthus (Blyth, 1843): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Culicicapa Swinhoe, 1871 ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family STURNIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Starlings) Genus Acridotheres Vieillot, 1816 fuscus (Wagler, 1827): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ginginianus (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B grandis Moore, 1858: 2C,2D tristis (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

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Genus Ampeliceps Blyth, 1842 coronatus Blyth, 1842: 2D Genus Gracula Linnaeus, 1758 religiosa Linnaeus, 1758: 2C Genus Gracupica Lesson, 1831 contra (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A,2B, 2C, 2D Genus Pastor Temminck, 1815 roseus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 2A Genus Saroglossa Hodgson, 1844 spilopterus (Vigors, 1831): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sturnia Lesson, 1837 malabarica (Gmelin, 1789): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758 vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A Family SYLVIIDAE Leach, 1820 (Sylvia warblers, Parrotbills and allies) Genus Cholornis Verreaux, 1870 unicolor (Hodgson, 1843): 2C, 2D Genus Chrysomma Blyth, 1843 altirostre Jerdon, 1862: 2C, 2D sinense (Gmelin, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Fulvetta David and Oustalet, 1877 cinereiceps (Verreaux, 1870): 2D ludlowi Kinnear, 1935: 2D vinipectus (Hodgson, 1837): 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Lioparus Bonaparte, 1850 chrysotis (Blyth, 1845): 2C, 2D Genus Myzornis Blyth, 1843 pyrrhoura Blyth, 1843: 2C, 2D Genus Paradoxornis Gould, 1836 flavirostris Gould, 1836: 2C, 2D guttaticollis David, 1871: 2D Genus Psittiparus Hellmayr, 1903 gularis (Gray, 1845): 2C, 2D ruficeps (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D Genus Suthora Hodgson, 1837 fulviforns (Hodgson, 1845): 2C, 2D nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sylvia Scopoli, 1769 borin (Boddaert, 1783): 1A, 2A communis Latham, 1787: 1A, 1B curruca (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A, 2B, 2C nana (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833): 1A, 2A Family TICHODROMIDAE Swainson, 1827 Genus Tichodroma Illiger, 1811 muraria (Linnaeus, 1766): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family TIMALIIDAE Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 (Scimitar Babbler and allies) Genus Cyanoderma Blyth, 1844 chrysaeum (Blyth, 1844): 2C, 2D pyrrhops (Blyth, 1844): 2A, 2B, 2C ruficeps (Blyth, 1847): 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Dumetia Blyth, 1852 hyperythra (Franklin, 1831): 2B Genus Erythrogenys Blyth, 1844 erythrogenys (Vigors, 1832): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hypoleucos (Blyth, 1844): 2D Genus Mixornis Blyth, 1842 gularis (Horsfield, 1822): 2C, 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Pomatorhinus Horsfield, 1821 ferruginosus Blyth, 1845: 2C, 2D ochraceiceps Walden, 1873: 2D schisticeps Hodgson, 1836: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D superciliaris (Blyth, 1842): 2C, 2D Genus Spelaeornis David and Oustalet, 1877 badeigularis Ripley, 1948: 2D caudatus (Blyth, 1845): 2C, 2D chocolatinus (Godwin-Austen and Walden, 1875) longicaudatus (Moore, 1854): 2D troglodytoides (Verreaux, 1870): 2D Genus Sphenocichla Godwin-Austen and Walden, 1875 humei (Mandelli, 1873): 2C, 2D Genus Stachyris Hodgson, 1844 nigriceps Blyth, 1844: 2C, 2D Genus Timalia Horsfield, 1821 pileata Horsfield, 1821: 2C, 2D Family TROGLODYTIDAE Swainson, 1832 (Wrens) Genus Troglodytes Vieillot, 1809 troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758): 1A, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family TURDIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Thrushes) Genus Cochoa Hodgson, 1836 purpurea Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D viridis Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Geokichla Müller, S, 1836 citrina (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D sibirica (Pallas, 1776): 2D wardii (Blyth, 1843): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Grandala Hodgson, 1843 coelicolor Hodgson, 1843: 1A, 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Turdus Linnaeus, 1758 albocinctus Royle, 1840: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D atrogularis Jarocki, 1819: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D boulboul (Latham, 1790): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dissimilis Blyth, 1847: 2D eunomus Temminck, 1831: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D feae (Salvadori, 1887): 2C kessleri (Prjevalsky, 1876): 2D maximus (Seebohm, 1881): 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D obscurus Gmelin, 1789: 2C, 2D

philomelos Brehm, 1831: 2A pilaris Linnaeus, 1758: 1A rubrocanus Gray and G. R. Gray, 1847: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ruficollis Pallas, 1776: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D unicolor Tickell, 1833: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Zoothera Vigors, 1832 dauma (Latham, 1790): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D dixoni (Seebohm, 1881): 1C,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D marginata Blyth, 1847: 2C mollissima (Blyth, 1842): 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D monticola Vigors, 1832: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C,2D Family VANGIDAE Swainson, 1831 (Vangas and helmetshrikes) Genus Hemipus Sykes, 1832 picatus (Sykes, 1832): 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Tephrodornis Swainson, 1832 pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789): 2A, 2B, 2C virgatus (Temminck, 1824): 2B, 2C, 2D Family VIREONIDAE Swainson, 1837 (Shrike-babblers, erpornis and vireos) Genus Erpornis Blyth, 1844 zantholeuca Blyth, 1844: 2C, 2D Genus Pteruthius Swainson, 1832 aeralatus Blyth, 1855: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D intermedius (Hume, 1877): 2D melanotis Hodgson, 1847: 2C, 2D ripleyi Biswas, 1960: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rufiventer Blyth, 1842: 2C, 2D xanthochlorus Gray and Gray, 1847: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Bonaparte, 1853 (White eye) Genus Yuhina Hodgson, 1836 bakeri Rothschild, 1926: 2C, 2D castaniceps (Moore, 1854): 2C, 2D flavicollis Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D gularis Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2B, 2C, 2D nigrimenta Blyth, 1845: 2B, 2C, 2D occipitalis Hodgson, 1836: 1C, 2C, 2D Genus Zosterops Vigors and Horsfield, 1827 palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824): 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

REFERENCES Acharya, B.K. and Vijayan, L. 2010. Status and distribution of endemic and threatened birds of the Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim, India. J. Threat. Taxa, 2(2): 685-689. Ahmed, M.F., Talukdar, B.K. and Dey, A. 2002. Birding in Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin, 35: 71. Aiyadurai, A. 2007. Pheasant hunting: a cultural practice in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. WPA News, 79: 6-7. Aiyadurai, A. 2012. Bird hunting in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh, North Eastern India. Indian Birds, 7(5): 134-137. Ali, S. 1949. Indian hill birds. Oxford University Press: 1-188. Ali, S., 1979. The book of Indian birds. Bombay Natural History Society: 1-737. Athreya, R. 2005. Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Birding Asia, 4: 47-51. Athreya, R. 2006. New species of Liocichla discovered in Arunachal Pradesh. Mistnet, 7(2): 11-12. Barman, S. 1993. Avifauna of Udhampur (Jammu and Kashmir) district. In: Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond: 92-97. Bashir, S. 2000. Status, distribution and ecology of the Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus in the western Himalayas. Mor, 2: 7. Bates, R.S.P. 1936. On the birds of the Kishenganga valley, Kashmir. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 38(3): 520-539. MANDAL et al. : Aves

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Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1998. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India: 1-188. Grimmett, R. and Inskipp, T. 2003. Birds of northern India: 1-304. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 2013. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Bloomsbury Publishing: 1-528. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T. and Baral, H.S. 2016. Birds of Nepal: Revised Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing: 1-367. Gupta, A. 1982. A useful book for birdwatching in Kashmir. Newsletter for Birdwatchers, 22: 11-12: 12. Holmes, P. 1979. Oxford Ornithological expedition to Kashmir. Report, 17: 63. Holmes, P. and Parr, A. 1989. A checklist of the birds of Haigam Rakh, Kashmir. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 85(3): 465-473. Ilyas, O. and Ansari, M. 2001. Bird community structure of the Karanprayag region of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Status of Indian Birds and their conservation: First International Conference on Indian Ornithology (ICIO)-2011: 1-232. Inskipp, T. 2006. More on the distribution of the White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus. Indian Birds, 1(6): 143-144. Inskipp, C, and Inskipp, T. 1985. A guide to the birds of Nepal. Croom Helm.: 1-158. Jandrotia, J.S., Katoch, S.S. and Kaul, R. 2002. Surveys of pheasants in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Jathar, G.A. and Rahmani, A.R., 2006. Endemic birds of India. Buceros, 2(2): 1-49. Jha, A. and Jha, V. 2003. Chronometric aptitude of a few birds in Sikkim. Tigerpaper. 30(4): 1-2. Joshi, K. and Bhatt, D. 2011. Birds of three different forest habitats in Nainital district (Western Himalaya), Uttarakhand, India. Indian Birds, 7(2): 33-37. Kalsi, R.S. 1999. Density index and habitat associations of the Cheer Pheasant in Himachal Pradesh, India. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin. 30: 13. Katuwal, H., Bhandari, J., Thapa, V., Gurung, R., Chaudhary, R., Magar, T. and Chaudhary, H., 2016. How many birds do the sacred forests hold. J. of Zoo. Stud., 3(4): 7-19. Kaul, R. 1989. Uttar Pradesh Cheer Pheasant project. WPA News, 26: 15-19. Kaul, R. and Qadri, S. 1989. Western Tragopan surveys in the Limber Valley, Kashmir, India. WPA News, 26: 12-14. Kaul, R. and Srivastava, A.K. 2007. Status, Distribution and conservation of Galliformes in Jammu and Kashmir. Envis Bulletin: wildlife and Protected Areas. 10(1): 115-116. Kazmierczak, K. and Singh, R. 1998. North Bengal and Sikkim. IN: A Birdwatchers’ Guide to India: 118-139. Khan, S.A., Rao, R. J. and Wani, K.A. 2012. Studies on bird diversity of Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary of Jammu and Kashmir, India. J. Threat. Taxa., 4(13): 3228-3232. Lamba, B.S., Narang, M.L., Tyagi, A.K., Tak, P.C., Kumar, G. and Bacha, M.S. 1982. Pheasant census survey of Kashmir valley - a report. Pheasant in Asia 1982: Proceedings of the Second International Pheasant Symposium held in Srinagar, Kashmir, September 1982: 52-57. Mahabal, A. 2000. Birds of Talra Wildlife Sanctuary in Lower Western Himalaya, H.P., with Notes on their status and altitudinal movements. Zoo’s Print J., 15(10): 334-338. Masli, A.A., Shah, G.M. and Jan, U. 2001. Species composition and diversity of avifauna of Marhome wetland in Jammu and Kashmir. Status of Indian Birds and their conservation: First International Conference on Indian Ornithology (ICIO)-2011: 1-301. Mistry, N.M. 1968. Birdwatching in Darjeeling and Sikkim. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8(7): 2-4. Mitra, A. and Jha, A.K. 2015. Difference in foraging patterns between male and female Temminck’s Tragopan (Tragopan temminckii) at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, Zoos’ Print. 30(1): 8-9. Mukherjee, R., Ghosal, D.K. and Saha, S.S. 1979. Wild encounters on the Darjeeling Himalayas. Cheetal, 21(2-3): 33-35. Mukherjee, R., Saha, S.S. and Ghosh, R.K. 1982. Further wild encounters in Darjeeling Himalayas. Cheetal. 23(4): 35-37. Naithani, A. and Bhatt, D. 2010. A checklist of birds of Pauri district, Uttarakhand, India. Indian Birds, 6(6): 153-157. MANDAL et al. : Aves

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Aceros nipalensis (Hodgson, 1829)

Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)

Aethopyga nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837)

Arachnothera magna (Hodgson, 1837)

Carpodacus thura Bonaparte and Schlegel, 1850

Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus (Blyth, 1843)

Enicurus immaculatus (Hodgson, 1836)

Eumyias thalassinus Swainson, 1838

MANDAL et al. : Aves

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Ficedula erithacus (Jerdon and Blyth, 1861)

Ficedula strophiata (Hodgson, 1837)

Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell, 1833)

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, 1758

Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845

Heterophasia picaoides (Hodgson, 1839)

Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789)

Lonchura striata (Linnaeus, 1766) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758

Minla ignotincta Hodgson, 1837

Niltava sundara Hodgson, 1837

Parus monticolus Vigors, 1831

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Passer rutilans (Temminek, 1836)

Yuhina flavicollis Hodgson, 1836

MANDAL et al. : Aves

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Phoenicurus leucocephalus (Vigors, 1831)

Psilopogon virens (Boddaert, 1783)

Pyenonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)

Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Siva cyanouroptera Hodgson, 1837

Yuhina bakeri Rothschild, 1926


Chapter 52

Mammalia M. KAMALAKANNAN1, LALIT KUMAR SHARMA2 and C. VENKATRAMAN3

The Indian Himalaya (IH) is represented in six states viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. This region holds important populations of some of the most conservation priority species populations, further the regions is also home to a large number of endemic species such as Hangul, Snow Leopard, etc. Based on the present review about 280 species representing 36 families and 11 orders of mammals are reported to be present in IH. The major threats to the conservation of mammals in the region include man-animal conflict, habitat loss and illegal wildlife poaching.

T

INTRODUCTION

he Himalaya is the longest and the highest mountain range in the world. The Indian Himalayan range extends from the Jammu and Kashmir in the North to Arunachal Pradesh in the East. The wide variation in altitude and geo-climatic variability throughout the mountain ranges make them one of the most biologically rich areas in the world. The undulations and topography of mountain ranges of Himalaya provide habitat for a variety of life forms in general but specifically to the faunal groups.

Rodgers and Panwar (1988), classified the land mass of the Himalayas under two bio-geographic zones viz., Zone -1 and Zone -2 which is further classified into seven biotic provinces (1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D). The Biogeographic Zone-1 (Trans-Himalayas) covers about 184823 km2 area representing about 5.62% of the total geographic area of the country. The variability in climate and topographic in the Himalayas has resulted in high level of faunal diversity. Moreover, the rich biological diversity in the Himalaya can be attributed with high species turnover associated with altitudinal variation in habitat, as well as variation in species composition along the ranges. The Himalaya was formed after the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate about 52-55 million years ago (mya) (Beck et al., 1995). After the collision of the two plates (Indian and Eurasian) the

upliftment of the Himalayas is going on which is resulting in speciation, and consequently, making the region mega diverse. The Protected Areas (PAs) network of the regions is represented by some of the well known biologically rich PAs of the Himalayas viz., The Great Himalayan National Park, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Khanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Dehang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve, Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, Namdapha National Park, Hemis National Park, Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Dachigam National Park, Kistwar High Altitude National Park, and Askot Wildlife Sanctuary embraces (Rawal and Dhar, 2001). These PAs provide habitat to threatened and endangered species such as Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu), Himalayan Brown Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), 4 species of Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster, M. cupreus, M. fuscus and M. leucogaster), Serow (Capricornis thar), Wild Yak (Bos mutus), Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens), Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Himalayan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco), etc. The diversity of different groups of wild animals in these PAs have been well documented in various publication viz., status and conservation of wildlife in Himachal Pradesh (Gaston et al., 1983), mammals of the Great Himalayan National Park (Vinod and Sathyakumar, 1999), mammals of Nanda Devi

Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053. Email: [email protected], [email protected]; 3 [email protected] Citation Kamalakannan, M., Sharma, L.K. and Venkatraman, C. 2018. Mammalia. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya : 855-863 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).

National Park (Sathyakumar 2004), mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya (Mishra et al., 2006), mammals of Neora Valley National Park (Chakraborty et al., 2007), mammals of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (Sathyakumar et al., 2011). However, majority of the faunal surveys have documented the large mammalian diversity except the study by Saikia et al. (2011) and Saikia and Boro (2013) which have attempted to provide information on bats of Himachal Pradesh and Western Himalaya. Moreover, the diversity of the smaller mammals like rodents and insectivores is not sufficiently known from the Indian Himalayan regions.

scientific papers and technical reports available using internet search engines was downloaded and reviewed. The IUCN Red list 2017-1 version was also referred for collecting information pertaining to their presence in IH by using the distribution maps available on IUCN portal. Furthermore, efforts were also made to consult the ZSI library rich in faunal literature and historical publications.

SPECIES DIVERSITY

A systematic review has been carried out for developing the checklist of mammalian species of IH. For the review, relevant published information in the form of

The mammalian fauna list for the present study of IH was based on the following studies; Vinod and Sathyakumar (1999), Alfred et al. (2006), Mishra et al. (2006), Chakraborty et al. (2007), Sathyakumar et al. (2011), Saikia et al. (2011), Saikia and Boro (2013), Johnsingh and Manjrekar (2013; 2015), Menon (2014), Sharma et al. (2015) and by using IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2017-1) (IUCN 2017). As per Wilson and Reeder

A

B

C

D

E

F

METHODOLOGY

A. Equus kiang (Miircrift, 1841) Kiang; B. Ursus thibetanus (Cuvier, 1823) Asiatic Black Bear; C. Semnopithecus ajax (Pocock, 1928) Kashmir Gray Langur; D. Cervus elaphus hanglu (Wagner, 1844) Kashmir Red Deer; E. Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) Yellow‐ throated Marten; F. Mustela sibirica (Pallas, 1773) Siberian Weasel.

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(2005), a total of 5416 mammal species has been reported from the globe, out of which about 427(8%) species here found to be present in India representing 13 orders and 48 families. Based on the review of published literature and IUCN database about 280 species representing 36 families and 11 orders of mammals are reported to be present in IH. Out of which Namdhapa Flying Squirrel Biswamoyopterus biswasi and many subspecies such as, Ursus thibetanus laniger, Capra falconeri falconeri, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus, Lutra lutra aurobrunneus, Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi, Mustela sibirica hodgsonii, Mustela sibirica canigula, Ochotona macrotis macrotis, Ochotona nubrica nubrica, Ochotona thibetana sikimaria, Myotis muricola caliginosus, etc., are endemic to this region (Sharma et al., 2015). East Himalaya harbours the highest number of species (154), followed by Central Himalaya (139), West Himalaya (115), North-west Himalaya (111), Tibetan Plateau (72), Ladakh Area (56), and Trans Himalaya Sikkim (4) (Fig. 1).

THREATS AND CONSERVATION Based on the published information following major threats have been identified to the mammalian fauna of Indian Himalaya: Habitat loss due to land use change: In IH due to rapid population expansion, forest areas are getting converted into other land use types mainly for human habitation and expansion of farmland to enhance productivity. The

increasing human population is exhibiting tremendous pressure due to increased demand for food, fuel, fodder and building materials on natural resources which are leading to habitat degradation. Unsustainable livestock grazing: In the absence of National Grazing Policy the wildlife habitats of Himalayan region are getting degraded. Grazing by livestock leads to degradation of soil in forested areas which negatively impact the regeneration of plant species which are important food species of wild animals. Further, grazing in forested area and overutilization of pastures by livestock is also leading to plant community structure change and alteration of habitat. It has been reported by many studies that competition between livestock and wild ungulates in the Himalayas is leading to deterioration of habitat and reduction of herbivores wild animals. Illegal wildlife trade: Illegal wildlife trade in the Himalayan region is a major threat to the longterm conservation of large mammals, since, in the IH international land borders are porous through which illegal wildlife trade take place from India to neighboring countries such as China, Nepal, Bangladesh where wildlife products are in demand for various use. Forest Fire: In IH forest fire has become a recurring phenomenon impacting the populations of wild animals as forest fires result in the destruction of forested habitat which is formed after long successional stages. In the Himalayan States of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh forest fire is engulfing vital wildlife habitats every year.

Fig. 1. Number of species in each biotic province from Indian Himalaya. KAMALAKANNAN et al. : Mammalia

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Climate Change: The Himalaya is vulnerable to climate change increasing the temperature in the regions is impacting the behavioral ecology of many species which are climate sensitive such as Asiatic black bear, Snow Leopard, Marmot, etc. Its direct impact is visible as distribution range shifts are predicted for many large mammals in IH. Also, it is resulting in changing the forest cover composition of the habitats support a large number of mammals. Top Priority Mammals Requiring Assessment Surveys: The following 25 mammal species known from Indian Himalaya require the assessment surveys i.e. Himalayan Brown Bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens), Dhole (Cuon alpinus), Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea), Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster), Kashmir Musk Deer (Moschus cupreus), Black Musk Deer (Moschus fuscus), Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster), Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Tibetan Gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), Markhor (Capra falconeri), Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), Chinese Goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), Woolly Flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus), Namdhapa Flying Squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi), and Kashmir Gray Langur (Semnopithecus ajax).

CONCLUSIONS The present review provides an updated list of mammals distributed in the IH out of which many are endangered and threatened. During the literature review, it was observed that scientific data on many species is not available which is imperative for the making informed conservation and management decisions. The present study also narrates the major conservation threats to the mammals of IH. Moreover, information on many species is not available for majority of the PAs in the IH. Hence, it is recommended that efforts should be made towards assessing the conservation status of species which are under unfavourable condition and with endangered conservation status.

SYSTEMATIC LIST Class MAMMALIA Linnaeus, 1758 Order PROBOSCIDEA Illiger, 1810 Family ELEPHANTIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Elephas Linnaeus, 1758 maximus Linnaeus, 1758 Asiatic Elephant: 2B, 2C, 2D Order SCANDENTIA Wagner, 1855 Family TUPAIIDAE Gray, 1825

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Genus Tupaia Raffles, 1821 belangeri (Wagner, 1841) Northern Treeshrew: 2C, 2D Order PRIMATES Linnaeus, 1758 Family LORISIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Nycticebus Geoffroy, 1812 bengalensis (Lacepede, 1800) Bengal Slow Loris: 2D Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Macaca Lacépède, 1799 assamensis (Mc Clelland, 1840) Assam Macaque:1B, 2C, 2D mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) Rhesus Macaque: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D munzala Sinha et al., 2005 Arunachal Macaque: 2D leonina (Blyth, 1863) Northern Pig-tailed Macaque: 2D leucogenys Li et al., 2015 White-cheeked Macaque: 2D Genus Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1822 ajax (Pocock, 1928) Kashmir Gray Langur: 2A hector (Pocock, 1928) Tarai Gray Langur: 2B, 2C schistaceus Hodgson, 1840 Nepal Gray Langur: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Trachypithecus Reichenbach, 1862 pileatus (Blyth, 1843) Capped Langur: 2D Family HYLOBATIDAE Gray, 1870 Genus Hoolock Mootnick & Groves, 2005 hoolock (Harlan, 1834) Western Hoolock Gibbon: 2D leuconedys (Groves, 2005) Eastern Hoolock Gibbon: 2D Order RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821 Family SCIURIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Ratufa Gray, 1867 bicolor (Sparrmann, 1778) Black Giant Squirrel: 2C, 2D Genus Belomys Thomas, 1908 pearsonii (Gray, 1842) Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel: 2C, 2D Genus Biswamoyopterus Saha, 1981 biswasi Saha, 1981 Namdhapa Flying Squirrel: 2D Genus Eoglaucomys Howell, 1915 fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) Kashmir Flying Squirrel: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Genus Eupetaurus Howell, 1915 cinereus Thomas, 1888 Woolly Flying squirrel:1A Genus Hylopetes Thomas, 1908 alboniger (Hodgson, 1836) Parti-Coloured Flying Squirrel: 2C, 2D Genus Petaurista Link, 1795 elegans (Muller, 1840) Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel: 1B, 2C, 2D magnificus (Hodgson, 1836) Hodgson’s Giant flying Squirrel: 1B, 2C, 2D nobilis (Gray, 1842) Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel: 2C, 2D petaurista (Pallas, 1766) Red Giant Flying Squirrel: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D philippensis (Elliot, 1839) Indian Giant Flying Squirrel: 2D Genus Callosciurus Gray, 1867 erythraeus (Pallas, 1779) Pallas’s Squirrel: 2C, 2D pygerythrus (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1833) Irrawaddy Squirrel: 2C, 2D Genus Dremomys Heude, 1898 lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) Orange bellied Himalayan Squirrel: 2C, 2D pernyi (Milne- Edwards, 1867) Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel: 2D Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

rufigenis (Blanford, 1878) Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel: 2D Genus Funambulus Lesson, 1835 pennantii Wroughton, 1905 Northern Palm Squirrel: 2A, 2B Genus Tamiops Allen, 1906 macclellandii (Horsfield, 1840) Himalayan Striped Squirrel: 1B, 2C, 2D Genus Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 caudata (Geoffroy, 1844) Long-tailed Marmot: 1A, 1B, 1C himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) Himalayan Marmot: 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family DIPODIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Sicista Gray, 1827 concolor (Buchner, 1892) Chinese Birch mouse: 1A, 2A Family SPALACIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Rhizomys Gray, 1831 pruinosus Blyth, 1851 Hoary Bamboo Rat: 2A Family CRICETIDAE Fischer, 1817 Genus Alticola Blanford, 1881 albicaudus (True, 1894) White-tailed Mountain Vole: 1A, 1B, 2A argentatus (Severtzov, 1879) Silver Mountain Vole: 1A, 2A montosa (True, 1894) Kashmir Mountain Vole: 1A, 2A roylei (Gray, 1842) Royle’s Mountain Vole: 2A, 2B stoliczkanus (Blanford, 1875) Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole: 1B, 1C Genus Eothenomys Miller, 1896 melanogaster (Milne-Edwards, 1871) Père Davids Redbacked Vole: 2D Genus Hyperacrius Miller, 1896 fertilis (True, 1894) Subalpine Kashmir Vole: 1A, 2A wynnei (Blanford, 1881) Conifer Kashmir Vole: 2A Genus Neodon Horsfield, 1841 sikimensis Horsfield, 1841 Sikkim Mountain Vole: 1B, 2C Genus Phaiomys Blyth, 1863 leucurus Blyth, 1863 Blyth’s Mountain Vole: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C Genus Cricetulus Milne-Edwards, 1867 alticola Thomas, 1917 Ladakh Dwarf Hamster: 1B migratorius (Pallas, 1773) Gray Dwarf Hamster: 1A, 2A Family MURIDAE Illiger, 1811 Genus Tatera Lataste, 1882 indica (Hardwicke, 1807) Indian Gerbil: 2A, 2B Genus Apodemus Kaup, 1829 draco (Barret-Hamilton, 1900) South China Field Mouse: 2D latronum Thomas, 1911 Large-eared Field Mouse: 2D pallipes (Barrett-Hamilton, 1900) Himalayan Field Mouse: 1A, 2A, 2B rusiges Miller, 1913 Kashmir Field Mouse: 1A, 2A uralensis (Pallas, 1811) Herb Field Mouse: 1A Genus Bandicota Gray, 1873 bengalensis (Gray, 1835) Indian Mole Rat: 2A, 2B, 2C indica (Bechstein, 1800) Greater Bandicoot Rat: 2B, 2C Genus Berylmys Ellerman, 1947 bowersi (Anderson, 1879) Bower’s Berylmys: 2D mackenziei (Thomas, 1916) Mackenzie’s Berylmys: 2D manipulus (Thomas, 1916) Manipur Berylmys: 2D Genus Chiropodomys Peters, 1868 gliroides (Blyth, 1856) Indomalayan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse: 2D KAMALAKANNAN et al. : Mammalia

Genus Dacnomys Thomas, 1916 millardi Thomas, 1916 Millard’s Dacnomys: 2C Genus Golunda Gray, 1837 ellioti Gray, 1837 Indian Bush Rat: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Leopoldamys Ellerman, 1947 edwardsi (Thomas, 1882) Edward’s Rat: 2C, 2D sabanus (Thomas, 1887) Long-tailed Giant Rat: 2D Genus Micromys Dehne, 1841 minutus (Pallas, 1771) Harvest Mouse: 2D Genus Millardia Thomas, 1911 meltada (Gray, 1837) Common Metad: 2A, 2B Genus Mus Linnaeus, 1758 booduga (Gray, 1837) Little Indian Field Mouse: 2A, 2B, 2C cervicolor Hodgson, 1845 Fawn-colored Mouse: 2A, 2B cookii Ryley, 1914 Cook’s Mouse:1B, 2C, 2D musculus Linnaeus, 1758 House Mouse: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pahari Thomas, 1916 Sikkim Mouse: 1B, 2C saxicola Elliot, 1839 Elliot’s Spiny Mouse: 2A, 2B terricolor Blyth, 1851 Earth-colored Mouse: 2A, 2B Genus Nesokia Gray, 1842 indica (Gray, 1830) Short-tailed Mole Rat: 2B Genus Niviventer Marshall, 1976 brahma (Thomas, 1914) Brahman Niviventer: 2D eha (Wroughton, 1916) Smoke-bellied Niviventer: 1B, 2C, 2D fulvescens (Gray, 1847) Chestnut Rat: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D langbianis (Robinson & Kloss, 1922) Indochinese Arboreal Niviventer: 2D niviventer (Hodgson, 1836) Himalayan Niviventer: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rattus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 andamanensis (Blyth, 1860) Indochinese Forest Rat: 1B, 2C, 2D nitidus (Hodgson, 1845) Himalayan Filed Rat: 2B, 2C, 2D pyctoris (Hodgson, 1845) Himalayan Rat: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common House Rat: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tanezumi (Temminck, 1844) Oriental House Rat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Vandeleuria Gray, 1842 oleracea (Bennett, 1832) Indomalayan Vandeleuria: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family HYSTRICIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Atherurus Cuvier, 1829 macrourus (Linnaeus, 1758) Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine: 2D Genus Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 Himalayan Crestless Porcupine: 2C indica Kerr, 1792 Indian Crested Porcupine: 1A, 2A, 2B Order LAGOMORPHA Brandt, 1855 Family OCHOTONIDAE Thomas, 1897 Genus Ochotona Link, 1795 curzoniae (Hodgson, 1858) Pleteau Pika: 1A, 1B, 2A forresti Thomas, 1923 Forrest›s Pika: 2D ladacensis (Günther, 1875) Ladakh Pika- 1B macrotis (Günther, 1875) Large-eared Pika: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D

859

nubrica Thomas, 1922 Nubra Pika: 1B roylei (Ogilby, 1839) Royle›s Pika: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D thibetana (Milne-Edwards, 1871) Moupin Pika: 1B, 2C Family LEPORIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Caprolagus Blyth, 1845 hispidus (Pearson, 1839) Hispid Hare: 2D Genus Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 nigricollis F. Cuvier, 1823 Indian Hare: 2A, 2B capensis Linnaeus, 1758 Cape Hare: 1A, 2A oiostolus Hodgson, 1840 Woolly Hare: 1B Order EULIPOTYPHLA Family SORICIDAE Fischer, 1814 Genus Crocidura Wagler, 1832 attenuata Milne-Edwards, 1872 Asian Gray Shrew: 2B, 2D fuliginosa (Blyth, 1855) Southeast Asian Shrew: 2D horsfieldii (Tomes, 1856) Horsfield›s Shrew: 1B pergrisea Miller, 1913 Pale Grey Shrew: 1A pullata Miller, 1911 Kashmir White-toothed Shrew: 1A, 1B vorax G. Allen, 1923 Voracious Shrew: 2D Genus Suncus Ehrenberg, 1832 etruscus (Savi, 1822) Etruscan Shrew: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D murinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Asian Musk Shrew: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D stoliczkanus (Anderson, 1877) Anderson›s Shrew: 2B Genus Anourosorex Milne-Edwards, 1872 assamensis Anderson, 1875 Assam Mole Shrew: 2D schmidi Petter, 1963 Giant Mole Shrew: 2C squamipes Milne-Edwards, 1872 Chinese Mole Shrew: 2D Genus Chimarrogale Anderson, 1877 himalayica (Gray, 1842) Himalayan Water Shrew: 2A, 2C Genus Episoriculus Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 195 caudatus (Horsefield, 1851) Hodgson›s Brown-toothed Shrew: 1B, 2B, 2C leucops (Horsefield, 1855) Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew: 1B, 1C, 2D macrurus (Blanford, 1888) Long-tailed Mountain Shrew: 2C Genus Nectogale Milne-Edwards, 1870 elegans Milne-Edwards, 1870 Elegant Water Shrew: 2C, 2D Genus Soriculus Blyth, 1854 nigrescens (Gray, 1842) Himalayan Shrew: 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 minutus Linnaeus, 1766 Eurasian Pygmy Shrew: 1A, 1B, 2A planiceps Miller, 1911 Kashmir Pygmy Shrew: 1A, 2A Family TALPIDAE Fischer, 1814 Genus Euroscaptor Miller, 1940 micrura (Hodgson, 1841) Himalayan Mole: 2C, 2D Genus Parascaptor Gill, 1875 leucura (Blyth, 1850) White-tailed Mole: 2D Order CHIROPTERA Blumenbach, 1779 Family PTEROPODIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Cynopterus Cuvier, 1824 brachyotis (Müller, 1838) Lesser Shortnosed Fruit Bat: 2D sphinx (Vahl, 1797) Greater Shortnosed Fruit Bat: 1B,2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Eonycteris Dobson, 1873 spelaea (Dobson, 1871) Lesser Dawn Bat: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Macroglossus Cuvier, 1824 sobrinus Andersen, 1911 Greater Longnosed Fruit Bat: 1B, 2C

860

Genus Megaerops Peters, 1865 ecaudatus (Temminck, 1837) Temminck’s Tailless Fruit Bat: 2D niphanae Yenbutra and Felten, 1983 Ratanaworabhan’s Fruit Bat: 2C, 2D Genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 giganteus (Brünnich, 1782) Indian Flying Fox: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820) Leschenault’s Rousette:2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Sphaerias Miller, 1906 blanfordi (Thomas, 1891) Blanford’s Fruit Bat: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family RHINOLOPHIDAE Lacépède, 1799 Genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 affinis Horsfield, 1823 Intermediate Horseshoe Bat: 2B, 2C, 2D ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) Greater Horseshoe Bat: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) Lesser Horseshoe Bat: 1A, 1B lepidus Blyth, 1844 Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat: 2B, 2C, 2D luctus Temminck, 1834 Woolly Horseshoe Bat: 2B, 2C, 2D macrotis Blyth, 1844 Bigeared Horseshoe Bat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D pearsonii Horsfield, 1851 Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat: 1B, 2B, 2C pusillus Temminck, 1834 Least Horseshoe Bat: 2B, 2C, 2D rouxii Temminck, 1835 Rufous Horseshoe Bat: 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D shortridgei Andersen, 1918 Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat: 2D sinicus Andersen, 1905 Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D subbadius Blyth, 1844 Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat: 2D trifoliatus Temminck, 1834 Trefoil Horseshoe Bat: 2C yunanensis Dobson, 1872 Dobson›s Horseshoe Bat: 2D Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE Lydekker, 1891 Genus Coelops Blyth, 1848 frithii Blyth, 1848 East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat: 2C Genus Hipposideros Gray, 1831 armiger (Hodgson, 1835) Great Leafnosed Bat: 2B, 2C cineraceus Blyth, 1853 Ashy Leafnosed Bat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D fulvus Gray, 1838 Fulvus Leafnosed Bat: 2A larvatus (Horsfield, 1823) Intermediate Leafnosed Bat: 2D lankadiva Kelaart, 1850 Kelaart›s Leafnosed Bat: 2C pomona Andersen, 1918 Pomona Leafnosed Bat: 2C, 2D speoris (Schneider, 1800) Schneider’s Leafnosed Bat: 2B Family MEGADERMATIDAE H. Allen, 1864 Genus Megaderma (Geoffroy, 1810) lyra Geoffroy, 1810 Greater False Vampire Bat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family RHINOPOMATIDAE Bonaparte 1838 Genus Rhinopoma Geoffroy 1818 hardwickii Gray, 1831 Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat: 2B Family EMBALLONURIDAE Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855 Genus Taphozous Geoffroy, 1818 longimanus Hardwicke, 1825 Longwinged Tomb Bat: 2C melanopogon Temminck, 1841 Black-bearded Tomb Bat: 2C nudiventris Cretzschmar, 1830 Naked-rumped Tomb Bat: 2C Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Arielulus Hill and Harrison, 1987 circumdatus (Temminck, 1840) Bronze Sprite: 2C Genus Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 bottae (Peters, 1869) Botta›s Serotine: 1A, 2A gobiensis Bobrinskii, 1926 Gobi Big Brown Bat: 1A, 2A serotinus (Schreber, 1774) Common Serotine:1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tatei Ellerman & MorrisonScott, 1951 Sombre Bat: 2C Genus Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943 affinis (Dobson, 1871) Chocolate Pipistrelle: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Ia Thomas, 1902 io Thomas, 1902 Great Evening Bat: 2D Genus Harpiola Thomas, 1915 grisea Peters, 1872 Peters’s Tubenosed Bat: 2B Genus Scotoecus Thomas, 1901 pallidus (Dobson, 1876) Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat: 2A heathii (Horsfield, 1831) Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat Genus Scotophilus Leach, 1821 kuhlii Leach, 1821 Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D ornatus (Blyth, 1851) Harlequin Bat: 2C, 2D Genus Nyctalus Bowdich, 1825 leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) Leisler’s Noctule: 2A, 2B montanus (Barrett Hamilton, 1906) Mountain Noctule: 2A, 2B noctula (Schreber, 1774) Noctule: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 cadornae (Thomas, 1916) Cadorna’s Pipistrelle: 2C coromandra (Gray, 1838) Indian Pipistrelle: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D javanicus (Gray, 1838) Javan Pipistrelle: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D paterculus Thomas, 1915 Mount Popa Pipistrelle: 2A pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) Common Pipistrelle: 1A, 2A savii (Bonaparte, 1837) Savi’s Pipistrelle: 2A tenuis (Temminck, 1840) Least Pipistrelle: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Scotozous Dobson, 1875 dormeri Dobson, 1875 Dormer›s Pipistrelle: 2A Genus Barbastella Gray, 1821 leucomelas (Cretzschmar, 1826) Eastern Barbastelle: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Otonycteris Peters, 1859 hemprichii Peters, 1859 Hemprich’s Desert Bat: 1A, 2A Genus Plecotus Geoffroy, 1818 auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) Brown Longeared Bat: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Tylonycteris Peters, 1872 pachypus (Temminck, 1840) Lesser Bamboo Bat: 2C Genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 annectans (Dobson, 1871) Hairyfaced Myotis: 2C blythii (Tomes, 1857) Lesser Mouseeared Myotis: 2A, 2B formosus (Hodgson, 1835) Hodgson’s Myotis: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C laniger Peters, 1871 Chinese Water Myotis: 2D montivagus (Dobson, 1874) Burmese Whiskered Myotis: 2D longipes (Dobson, 1873) Kashmir Cave Myotis: 2A muricola (Gray, 1846) Nepalese Whiskered Myotis: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D nipalensis (Dobson, 1871) Nepal Myotis: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D KAMALAKANNAN et al. : Mammalia

sicarius Thomas, 1915 Mandelli›s Mouseeared Myotis: 2C siligorensis (Horsfield, 1855) Himalayan Whiskered Myotis: 2B, 2C Genus Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837 schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817) Schreibers’s Longfingered Bat: 2B, 2D magnater Sanborn, 1931 Western Longfingered Bat: 2D Genus Harpiocephalus Gray, 1842 harpia (Temminck, 1840) Lesser Hairywinged Bat: 2C Genus Murina Gray, 1842 aurata Milne Edwards, 1872 Little Tubenosed Bat: 2C cyclotis Dobson, 1872 Round eared Tube nosed Bat: 1B, 2C huttoni (Peters, 1872) Hutton’s Tube nosed Bat: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C tubinaris (Scully, 1881) Scully›s Tube nosed Bat: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 2D Genus Kerivoula Gray, 1842 hardwickii (Horsfield, 1824) Hardwicke’s Woolly Bat: 2A, 2D picta (Pallas, 1767) Painted Woolly Bat: 2C Genus Tylonycteris Peters, 1872 robustula Thomas, 1915 Greater Bamboo Bat: 2D Genus Philetor Thomas, 1902 brachypterus Temminck, 1840 Rohu›s Bat: 2C Order PHOLIDOTA Weber, 1904 Family MANIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Manis Linnaeus, 1758 crassicaudata Geoffroy, 1803 Indian Pangolin: 2A pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 Chinese Pangolin: 2C, 2D Order CARNIVORA Bowdich (1821) Family FELIDAE Fischer von Waldheim, 1817 Genus Catopuma Severtzov, 1858 temminckii (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827) Asiatic Golden Cat: 2C, 2D Genus Felis Linnaeus, 1758 chaus Schreber, 1777 Jungle Cat: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Otocolobus Brandt, 1841 manul Pallas, 1776 Pallas’s Cat: 1B Genus Lynx Kerr, 1792 lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) Eurasian Lynx: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Genus Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858 marmorata (Martin, 1837) Marbled Cat: 2C, 2D Genus Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858 bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) Leopard Cat: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Neofelis Gray, 1867 nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) Clouded Leopard: 2C, 2D Genus Panthera Oken, 1816 pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) Leopard: 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tiger: 2B, 2D uncia (Schreber, 1775) Snow Leopard: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D Family VIVERRIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Arctictis Temminck, 1824 binturong (Raffles, 1821) Binturong: 1B, 2C, 2D Genus Arctogalidia Merriam, 1897 trivirgata (Gray, 1832) Small toothed Palm Civet: 2D Genus Paguma Gray, 1831 larvata (Smith, 1827) Masked Palm Civet: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Paradoxurus Cuvier, 1822 hermaphroditus (Pallas, 1777) Asian Palm Civet: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

861

Genus Prionodon Horsfield, 1822 pardicolor Hodgson, 1842 Spotted Linsang: 1B, 2C, 2D Genus Viverra Linnaeus, 1758 zibetha Linnaeus, 1758 Large Indian Civet: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Viverricula Hodgson, 1838 indica (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1803) Small Indian Civet: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family HERPESTIDAE Bonaparte, 1845 Genus Herpestes Illiger, 1811 edwardsii (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1818) Grey Mongoose: 2A, 2B, 2C auropunctatus (Hodgson, 1836) Small Indian Mongoose: 2A, 2B urva (Hodgson, 1836) Crab eating Mongoose: 2D Family HYAENIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Hyaena Brisson, 1762 hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) Striped Hyena: 2B Family CANIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Canis Linnaeus, 1758[ aureus Linnaeus, 1758 Golden Jackal: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D lupus chanco Gray, 1863 Himalayan Wolf: 2A, 2B alpinus (Pallas, 1811) Dhole: 1B, 2C, 2D Genus Vulpes Frisch, 1775 bengalensis (Shaw, 1800) Bengal Fox: 2B ferrilata Hodgson, 1842 Tibetan Sand Fox: 1B vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Fox: 1A, 1B, 2D Family URSIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Melursus Meyer, 1793 ursinus (Shaw, 1791) Sloth Bear: 2B, 2D Genus Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 arctos Linnaeus, 1758 Himalayan Brown Bear: 1A, 2A, 2B thibetanus [Baron] Cuvier, 1823 Asiatic Black Bear: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Helarctos Horsfield 1825 malayanus (Raffles, 1821) Sun Bear: 2D Family MUSTELIDAE Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Genus Aonyx Lesson, 1827 cinerea (Illiger, 1815) Oriental Small clawed Otter: 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lutra Brünnich, 1771 lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) European Otter: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Lutrogale (Gray, 1865) perspicillata (Geoffroy Sain Hilaire, 1826) Smooth-coated Otter: 2B, 2C Genus Martes Pinel, 1792 flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) Yellow throated Marten: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D foina (Erxleben, 1777) Beech Marten: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Mellivora Storr, 1780 capensis (Schreber, 1776) Honey Badger-2B Genus Melogale Saint-Hilaire, 1831 moschata (Gray, 1831) Chinese Ferretbadger: 2D personata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831 Burmese Ferret Badger: 2D Genus Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 altaica Pallas, 1811 Mountain Weasel: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D erminea Linnaeus, 1758 Ermine: 1A, 1B, 2A kathiah Hodgson, 1835 Yellow-bellied Weasel: 2D sibirica Pallas, 1773 Siberian Weasel: 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D

862

strigidorsa Gray, 1853 Backstriped Weasel: 2C, 2D Family AILURIDAE Gray, 1843 Genus Ailurus Cuvier, 1825 fulgens Cuvier, 1825 Red Panda: 2C, 2D Order PERISSODACTYLA Owen, 1848 Family EQUIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Equus Linnaeus, 1758 kiang Moorcroft, 1841 Kiang: 1A, 1B Order ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848 Family SUIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Sus Linnaeus, 1758 scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Wild Pig: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family MOSCHIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 chrysogaster (Hodgson, 1839) Alpine Musk Deer: 2B, 2C, 2D cupreus Grubb, 1982 Kashmir Musk Deer: 1A fuscus Li, 1981 Black Musk Deer: 2C leucogaster Hodgson, 1839 Himalayan Musk Deer: 2A, 2B, 2C Family CERVIDAE Goldfuss, 1820 Genus Axis Smith, 1827 axis (Erxleben, 1777) Spotted Deer: 2B, 2C porcinus (Zimmermann, 1780) Hog Deer: 2B, 2D Genus Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 elaphus hanglu Wagner, 1844 Kashmir Red Deer: 2A Genus Muntiacus Rafinesque, 1815 muntjak (Zimmermann, 1780) Indian Muntjac: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Rusa Smith, 1827 unicolor (Kerr, 1792) Sambar: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Family BOVIDAE Gray, 1821 Genus Procapra Hodgson, 1846 picticaudata Hodgson, 1846 Tibetan Gazelle: 1B Genus Bos Linnaeus, 1758 gaurus Smith, 1827 Gaur: 2D mutus (Przewalski, 1883) Wild Yak: 1B Genus Boselaphus Blainville, 1816 tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766) Nilgai: 2A, 2B Genus Tetracerus Leach, 1825 quadricornis (de Blainville, 1816) Four-horned Antelope Genus Budorcas Hodgson, 1850 taxicolor Hodgson, 1850 Takin: 2D Genus Capra Linnaeus, 1758 falconeri (Wagner, 1839) Markhor: 1A, 2A sibirica (Pallas, 1776) Siberian Ibex: 1B Genus Capricornis Ogilby, 1836 thar (Hodgson, 1831) Himalayan Serow: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D Genus Hemitragus Hodgson, 1841 jemlahicus (Smith, 1826) Himalayan Tahr: 2A, 2B, 2C Genus Naemorhedus Hamilton Smith, 1827 baileyi Pocock, 1914 Red Goral: 2D goral (Hardwicke, 1825) Himalayan Goral: 2A, 2B, 2C griseus (MilneEdwards, 1871) Chinese Goral: 2D Genus Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 ammon (Linnaeus, 1758) Argali: 1B orientalis Gmelin, 1774 Urial: 1A, 1B Genus Pantholops Hodgson, 1834 hodgsonii (Abel, 1826) Chiru: 1B Genus Pseudois Hodgson, 1846 nayaur (Hodgson, 1833) Bharal: 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 2D


REFERENCES Alfred, J.R.B., Ramakrishna and Pradhan, M.S. 2006. Validation of Threatened Mammals of India. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata: 1-568. Beck, R.A., Burbank, D.W., Sercombe, W.J., Riley, G.W., Barndt, J.K., Berry, J.R., Afzal, J., Khan, A.M., Jurgen, H., Metje, J., Cheema, A., Shafique, N.A., Lawrence, R.D., and Khan, M.A. 1995. Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature, 373: 55-58. Chakraborty, S., Dey, P., Tripathi, S., Jana, S. and Dey, A. 2008. Report on the status of Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosi (Griffith) and Hodgson’s flying squirrel Petaurista magnificus (Hodgson) in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal (Survey period 2006-2007). Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal. Gaston, A.J., Garson, P.J. and Hunter, M.L. 1983. The status and conservation of forest wildlife in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalayas. Biol. Cons., 27: 291-314. ISFR, 2015. Indian State of Forest Report 2015. Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Manjrekar, N. 2013. Mammals of South Asia, Vol. 1. India, University Press. IUCN 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Manjrekar, N. 2013. Mammals of South Asia, Vol. 1. India, University Press. Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Manjrekar, N. 2015. Mammals of South Asia, Vol. 2. India, University Press. Menon, V. 2014. Indian mammals- a field guide. Hachette (India) Pvt. Limited: 1-528. Mishra, C., Madhusudan, M.D. and Datta, A. 2006. Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs. Oryx, 40: 29-35. Rawal, R.S and Dhar, U. 2001. Protected area network in Indian Himalayan region: Need for recognizing values of low profile protected areas. Curr. Sci., 81(2): 175-184. Rodgers, W.A. and Panwar, H.S. 1988. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. A report prepared for the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Wildlife, Government of India, volumes 1 and 2. Saikia, U. and Boro, A. 2013. Bat fauna of the Western Himalaya of India: A Zoogeographic Perspective. Taprobanica, 05(01): 50-59. Saikia, U., Thakur, M.L., Bawri, M. and Bhattacharjee, P.C. 2011. An inventory of the Chiropteran fauna of Himachal Pradesh, northwest India with some ecological observations. J. Threat. Taxa, 4(3): 1637-1655. Sathyakumar, S. 2004. Conservation status of mammals and birds in Nanda Devi National Park: an assessment of changes over two decades (IN) Biodiversity Monitoring Expedition Nanda Devi 2003. Uttaranchal State Forest Department, Dehradun, India: 1-14. Sathyakumar, S., Bhattacharya, T., Bashir, T., Poudyal, K. and Lachungpa, U. 2011. Assessing mammal distribution and abundance in intricate eastern Himalayan habitats of Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India. Mammalia, 75: 257-268. Sharma, G., Kamalakannan, M., and Venkataraman, K. 2015. A checklist of mammals of India with their distribution and conservation status. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata-700 053, India. ZSI e-publication, 104. Vinod, T.R. and Sathyakumar, S. 1999. Ecology and conservation of mountain ungulates in great Himalayan national park, western Himalaya, Final Report (FREEP-GHNP). Vol. 3. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India. Wildlife Institute of India, 2015. ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas www.wiienvis.nic.in. Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.A.M. 2005. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, 1 & 2: 1-2141.

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Annexure SYSTEMATIC LIST OF TAXA/SPECIES WHICH ARE NOT INCLUDED IN CHAPTERS. FRESHWATER SPONGES Phylum PORIFERA Grant, 1826 Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885 Order HAPLOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Suborder SPONGILLINA Manconi and Pronzato, 2002 Family SPONGILLIDAE Gray, 1867 Genus Ephydatia Lamouroux, 1816 fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1759): 2B meyeni (Carter, 1849): 2B Genus Radiospongilla Penney and Racek, 1968 cerebellata (Bowerbank, 1863): 2B cinerea (Carter, 1849): 2B Genus Spongilla Lamarck, 1816 lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759): 2A Genus Stratospongilla Annandale, 1909 bombayensis (Carter, 1882): 2B Sources: Annandale (1907), Khera and Chaturvedi (1976), and Saxena (2017). FRESHWATER CNIDARIANS Phylum CNIDARIA Hatschek, 1888 Class HYDROZOA Owen, 1843 Subclass TRACHYLINAE Haeckel, 1879 Order LIMNOMEDUSAE Kramp, 1938 Family OLINDIIDAE Haeckel, 1879 Genus Mansariella Malhotra, Duda and Jyoti, 1976 lacustris Malhotra, Duda and Jyoti, 1976: Himalaya Genus Limnocnida Günther, 1893 indica Annandale, 1912: Himalaya Sources: Malhotra et al. (1976) and Tilak et al. (1976). FRESHWATER GASTROTRICHA Phylum GASTROTRICHA Metschnikoff, 1864 Order CHAETONOTIDA Remane, 1925 [Rao and Clausen, 1970] Family CHAETONOTIDAE Gosse, 1864 sensu Leasi and Todaro, 2008 Subfamily CHAETONOTINAE Kisielewski, 1991 Genus Lepidodermella Blake, 1933 squamata (Dujardin, 1841): 1B Source: Sharma (1980). PARASITIC NEMATODES OF ARTHROPODS Phylum NEMATODA Diesing, 1861 Order OXYURIDA Weinland, 1858 Superfamily HYSTRIGNATHOIDEA Travassos, 1920 Family CHITWOODIELLIDAE Basir, 1948 Genus Mirzaiella Basir, 1942 alii Farooqui, 1967: 2B haroldi Farooqui, 1968: 2B Superfamily THELASTOMATOIDEA Travassos, 1929 Family THELASTOMATIDAE Travassos, 1929 Subfamily BINEMATINAE Travassos, 1925

Genus Binema Travassos, 1925 mirzaia (Basir, 1942) Basir, 1956: 2B Subfamily HAMMERSCHMIDTIELLINAE Chitwood, 1932 Genus Hammerschmidtiella Chitwood, 1932 diesingi (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Chitwood, 1932: 2B Subfamily BLATTICOLINAE Travassos, 1929 Genus Blatticola Schwenk, 1926 blattae (Craeffe, 1860) Chitwood, 1932: 2A Subfamily THELASTOMATINAE Travassos, 1929 Genus Leidynema Schwenk, 1929 appendiculatum (Leidy, 1850) Chitwood, 1932: 2B periplaneti Farooqui, 1967: 2B Source: Gantait and Venkataraman (2013). FRESHWATER NEMATODES Phylum NEMATODA Diesing, 1861 Class ENOPLEA Inglis 1983 Subclass DORYLAIMIA Inglis 1983 Order DORYLAIMIDA Pearse, 1942 Suborder DORYLAIMINA Pearse, 1936 Superfamily DORYLAIMOIDEA de Man, 1876 Family DORYLAIMIDAE de Man, 1876 Genus Crocodorylaimus Andrassy, 1988 borchuk Tsalolokhin, 2014: 2A Order MONONCHIDA Jairajpuri, 1969 Suborder MONONCHINA Kirjanova and Krall, 1969 Superfamily MONONCHOIDEA Filipjev, 1934 Family MONONCHIDAE Filipjev, 1934 Genus Mononchus Bastian, 1865 Mononchus sp.: 2A Subclass ENOPLIA Pearse 1942 Order TRIPLONCHIDA Cobb, 1919 Suborder TOBRILINA Tsalolikhin, 1976 Superfamily TOBRILOIDEA Filipjev, 1918 Family TOBRILIDAE De Coninck, 1965 Genus Tobrilus (Andrássy, 1959) gracilis (Bastian, 1865): 2A Genus Brevitobrilus Tsalolikhin, 1981 vibratus (Sukul, 1967): 2A Suborder TRIPYLINA Andrassy, 1974 Superfamily TRIPYLOIDEA de Man, 1876 Family TRIPYLIDAE de Man, 1876 Genus Tripyla Bastian, 1865 glomerans Bastian, 1865: 2A Genus Koerneria Meyl 1960 filicaudata (Khera, 1970) Andrássy, 1984: 2A, 2B Genus Pelodera Schneider 1866 Subgenus Cruznema dunensis Khera, 1971: 2B Class CHROMADOREA Inglis 1983 Subclass CHROMADORIA Inglis 1983 Order DESMODORIDA De Coninck, 1965 Suborder DESMODORINA De Coninck, 1965 Superfamily DESMODOROIDEA Filipjev, 1922 Family DESMODORIDAE Filipjev, 1922 Subfamily PRODESMODORINAE Lorenzen, 1981

Genus Prodesmodora Micoletzky, 1923 Prodesmodora sp.: 2A Order MONHYSTERIDA Filipjev, 1929 Suborder MONHYSTERINA De Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933 Superfamily MONHYSTEROIDEA Filipjev, 1929 Family MONHYSTERIDAE de Man, 1876 Genus Eumonhystera Andrássy, 1981 similis (Buetschli, 1873): 2A Genus Monhystera Bastian, 1865 wangi Wu and Hoepply, 1929: 2A Order PLECTIDA Gadea, 1973 Suborder PLECTINA Malakhov, Ryzhikov and Sonin, 1982 Superfamily PLECTOIDEA Örley, 1880 Family PLECTIDAE Örley, 1880 Subfamily PLECTINAE Örley, 1880 Genus Plectus Bastian, 1865 rhizophilus de Man, 1880: 2A Source: Khera (1971), and Tsalolikhin (2014). VELVET WORMS Phylum ONYCHOPHORA Grube, 1853 Family PERIPATIDAE Evans, 1901 Genus Typhloperipatus Kemp, 1913 williamsoni Kemp, 1913: 2D Source: Oliveira et al. (2012). ARTHROPODS (MITES, OPILIONES, SOLIFUGAE, PSEUDOSCORPIONES) Phylum ARTHROPODA von Siebold, 1848 Subphylum CHELICERATA Heymons, 1901 Class ARACHNIDA Cuvier, 1812 Order OPILIONES Sundevall, 1833 Suborder CYPHOPHTHALMI Simon, 1879 Genus Meghalaya Giribet, Sharma and Bastawade, 2007 annandalei Giribet, Sharma and Bastawade, 2007: 2D Suborder EUPNOI Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 Superfamily PHALANGIOIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family PHALANGIIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Euphalangium Roewer, 1911 martensi Das and Bastawade, 2006: 1A Family SCLEROSOMATIDAE Simon, 1879 Subfamily GAGRELLINAE Thorell, 1889 Genus Melanopa Thorell, 1889 atrata (Stoliczka, 1869): 2B fragilis (With, 1903: 2C hirta (With, 1903): 2C transversalis Roewer, 1912: 2C unicolor Roewer, 1912: 2B Genus Gagrella Stoliczka, 1869 speciosa Roewer, 1911: 2C Genus Melanopula Roewer, 1929 biceps Roewer, 1929: 2C Genus Paradentobunus Roewer, 1915 aureomaculatus Roewer, 1915: 2C

866

Genus Zaleptus Thorell, 1876 caeruleus Roewer, 1910: 2C splendens Roewer, 1911: 2C Genus Tetraceratobunus Roewer, 1915 lineatns Roewer, 1915: 2C Genus Euzaleptus Roewer, 1911 minutus (With, 1903): 2C muticus Roewer, 1929: 2C pilosus Roewer, 1929: 2C Genus Metazaleptus Roewer, 1912 hirsutus (With, 1903): 2C Genus Metaverpulus Roewer, 1912 hirsutus Roewer, 1912: 2C Genus Harmanda Roewer, 1910 aenescens (Roewer, 1911): 2A albipunctata (Roewer, 1915): 2C annulata (Roewer, 1911): 2A, 2B instructa Roewer, 1910: 2C lineata (Roewer, 1911): 2C Genus Carmichaelus Roewer, 1929 maculatus Roewer, 1929: 2C Genus Ceratobunus Thorell, 1889 annulatus Thorell, 1889: 2C cupreus Roewer, 1912: 2C Subfamily LEIOBUNINAE Banks, 1893 Genus Leiobunum Koch, 1839 mirum Roewer, 1957: 2A Suborder DYSPNOI Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 Superfamily ISCHYROPSALIDOIDEA Simon, 1879 Family SABACONIDAE Dresco, 1970 Genus Sabacon Simon, 1879 nishikawai Martens, 2015: 2C simbuakhola Martens, 2015: 2C Suborder LANIATORES Thorell, 1876 Infraorder GRASSATORES Kury, 2002 Superfamily ASSAMIOIDEA Sørensen, 1884 Family ASSAMIIDAE Sørensen, 1884 Genus Neassamia Roewer, 1935 aborensis (Roewer, 1913): 2D Superfamily EPEDANOIDEA Sørensen, 1886 Family SANDOKANIDAE Özdikmen and Kury, 2007 Genus Gnomulus Thorell, 1890 roingii Bastawade, 2006: 2D Order SOLIFUGAE Sundevall, 1833 Family GALEODIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Genus Galeodes Olivier, 1791 ctenogaster (Roewer, 1934): 1A Order PSEUDOSCORPIONES de Geer 1778 Suborder IOCHEIRATA Harvey 1992 Superfamily NEOBISIOIDEA Chamberlin 1930 Family NEOBISIIDAE Chamberlin, 1930 Subfamily MICROCREAGRINAE Balzan 1892 Genus Bisetocreagris Ćurčić, 1983 kaznakovi lahaulensis (Mani, 1959): 2A


Subfamily MICROCREAGRINAE Balzan 1892 Genus Stenohya Beier, 1967 kashmirensis (Schawaller, 1988) Genus Microcreagris Balzan, 1892 abnormis Turk, 1946: 2B Superfamily CHELIFEROIDEA Risso 1826 Family CHERNETIDAE Menge, 1855 Subfamily LAMPROCHERNETINAE Beier 1932 Genus Allochernes Beier, 1932 tucanus Beier, 1959: 2A Order MESOSTIGMATA Canestrini, 1891 Suborder MONOGYNASPIDA Camin and Gorirossi, 1955 Infraorder GAMASINA Kramer, 1881 Hyporder PARASITIAE Evans and Till, 1979 Superfamily PARASITOIDEA Oudemans, 1901 Family PARASITIDAE Oudemans, 1901 Genus Parasitellus Willmann, 1939 Parasitellus sp.: 2A Hyporder DERMANYSSIAE Evans and Till, 1979 Superfamily EVIPHIDOIDEA Berlese, 1913 Family MACROCHELIDAE Vitzthum, 1930 Genus Northroholaspis Berlese, 1903 Northroholaspis sp.: 2A Superfamily ASCOIDEA Voigts and Oudemans, 1905 Family AMEROSEIIDAE Evans, 1961 Genus Neocypholaelaps Vitzthum, 1942 indica Evans, 1963: 2A Superfamily DERMANYSSOIDEA Kolenati, 1859 Family DERMANYSSIDAE Kolenati, 1859 Genus Liponyssoides Hirst, 1913 sanguineus (Hirst, 1914): 1A, 2A Genus Dermanyssus Duges, 1834 gallinae (De Geer, 1778): 2A FamiIy HAEMOGAMASIDAE Oudemans, 1926 Genus Eulaelaps Berlese, 1903 indiscretus Alfred, 1969: 1A, 2A stabularis (Koch, 1836): 1A, 2A Genus Haemogamasus Bregetova, 1956 nidiformes Bregetora, 1956: 1A, 2A gyrinodes Alfred, 1969: 2A Family LAELAPIDAE Berlese, 1892 Genus Androlaelaps Berlese, 1903 aduncus Allred, 1969: 2A casalis (Berlese, 1887): 2A marshalli Berlese, 1911: 2A Genus Hypoaspis Canestrini, 1884 pavlovskii (Bergetova, 1955): 1A, 2A miles (Berlese, 1892): 2A Genus Laelaps Koch, 1836 aqilis Koch, 1836: 1A, 2A algericus Hirst, 1925: 1A, 2A jugalis Allred, 1969: 2A nuttalli Hirst, 1916: 2A traubi Domrow, 1962: 2A

Annexure

tukestanicus Lange, 1955: 2A Genus Myonyssus Tiraboschi, 1904 Myonyssus sp.: 2A Genus Eehinolaelaps Ewing, 1929 eehidninus Berlese, 1887: 2A Genus Euvarroa Delfinado and Baker, 1974 sinhai Delfinado and Baker, 1974: 2A Genus Tropilaelaps Delfinado and Baker, 1961 clareae Delfinado and Baker, 1961: 2A koenigerum Delfinado and Baker, 1982: 2A Family MACRONYSSIDAE Oudemans, 1936 Genus Ornithonyssus Sambon, 1928 bacoti (Hirst, 1913): 2A bursa (Berlese, 1888): 2A sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877): 2A Genus Sauronyssus Sambon, 1928 Sauronyssus sp.: 2A Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948 musculi (Johnston, 1849): 1A, 2A Genus Steatonyssus Kolenati, 1858 Steatonyssus sp.: 2A Genus Pellomyssus Calrk and Yunker, 1956 passeri Yunker, 1956: 2A Family RHINONYSSIDAE Trouessart, 1895 Genus Tinaminyssus Strandtmann and Wharton, 1958 Tinaminyssus sp. : 2A Family SPINTURNICIDAE Oudemans, 1901 Genus Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 pindarensis Bhat, 1973 : 2A plecotinus (Koch, 1839): 2A Genus Ancystropus Koienati, 1856 kanheri Hiregaudar and Bal, 1956: 1A, 2A taprobanicus (Turk, 1950): 2A zeleborii Kolenati, 1856: 2A Genus Meristaspis Koienati, 1857 lateralis (Kolenati, 1856): 2A Family VARROIDAE Delfinado and Baker, 1974 Genus Varroa Oudemans, 1904 destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000: 2A jacobsoni Oudemans, 1904: 2A Order TROMBIDIFORMES Reuter, 1909 Suborder PROSTIGMATA Kramer, 1877 Infraorder EUPODINA Krantz, 1978 Superfamily ERIOPHYOIDEA Nalepa, 1898 Family ERIOPHYIDAE Nalepa, 1898 Family ERIOPHYIDAE Nalepa, 1898 Subfamily ERIOPHYINAE Nalepa, 1898 Tribe ERIOPHYINI Nalepa, 1898 Genus Eriophyes von Siebold, 1851 erineus Nalepa, 1898: 2A mangiferae Sayed, 1946: 2A Subfamily CECIDOPHYINAE Keifer, 1966 Tribe COLOMERINI Newkirk and Keifer, 1975 Genus Colomerus Newkirk and Keifer, 1971 trichodesmae Chakrabarti and Pandit, 1997: 2C

867

Genus Cosetacus Keifer, 1966 eupatori Chakrabarti and Pandit, 1997: 2C prosteti Pandit and Chakrabarti, 2007: 2C Genus Neodichopelmus Manson, 1972 cordiae Chakrabarti and Pandit, 1997: 2C Genus Protumescoptes Pandit and Chakrabarti, 2000 alztedesinae Pandit and Chakrabarti, 2000: 2C Subamily PHYLLOCOPTINAE Nalepa, 1892 Tribe ANTHOCOPTINI Amrine and Stasny, 1994 Genus Tegolophus Keifer, 1961 parviflorii Pandit and Chakrabarti, 2007: 2C Genus Propeaciota Chakrabarti et al., 2017 genusetosis Chakrabarti et al., 2017: 2C Genus Spinaephyes Chakrabarti et al., 2017 alnus Chakrabarti et al., 2017: 2C Genus Indosetacus Ghosh and Chakrabarti, 1987 cleistanthusi Chakrabarti et al., 2008: 2C Infraorder ANYSTINA van der Hammen, 1972 Hyporder PARASITENGONA Oudemans, 1909 Superfamily TROMBICULOIDEA Ewing, 1929 Family LEEUWENHOEKIIDAE Womersley, 1944 Genus Multisetosa Hsu and Wen, 1963 himalayensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A Genus Odontacarus Ewin, 1929 Subgenus Leogonius Vercammen-Grandjean, 1968 gymnodactyli (Ewing, 1925): 2A joshii Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B Genus Shunsennia Jameson and Toshioka, 1953 wissemani Traub and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A, 2B Genus Whartonia Ewing, 1944 Subgenus Fascutonia Vercammen-Grandjean et al., 1973 kumaonensis Bhat, 1971: 2B Family TROMBICULIDAE Ewing, 1929 Tribe TROMBICULINI Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 Genus Blankaartia Oudemans, 1911 Subgenus Blankaartia Oudemans, 1911 acuscutellaris (Walch, 1922): 2A Genus Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 Subgenus Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 baltalense Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A bhimtalense (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B dehradunense Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B deliense (Walch, 1923): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D delimushi Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A, 2B dihumerale Traub and Nadchatram, 1967: 1A, 2A discrepans Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B dooleyi Nadchatram, 1970: 2C dux (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B, 2C fulleri (Ewing, 1945): 2C fulmentum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A, 2B imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A insigne Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B

868

irregulare Traub and Nadchatram, 1967: 1A, 2A jyewickremei (Womersley, 1952): 2A kalrai (Radford, 1953): 2B. lagone Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2B mirum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2B mitchelli Nadchatram, 1970: 2B oreophilum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A, 2B pakistanum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 1B paradux Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A parapalpale (Womersley, 1952): 1A, 2B parviscutum Mitchell and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A, 2B peniscutum Vercammen-Grandjean et al., 1966: 1B puta (Womersley, 1952): 2A rupestre Traub and Nadchatram, 1967: 1B, 2A russicum (Oudemans, 1902): 2B siligorense Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B solitarium Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 1A spilletli Mitchell and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A subintermedium (Jameson and Toshioka, 1954): 1B subrussicum Kolebinova, 1970: 2B tithwalense (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B Subgenus Ericotrombidium Vercammen-Grandjean and Andre, 1966 bhattipadense (Joshee, 1964): 1A, 2A, 2B eximium Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A indicum Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B murphyi Nadchatram, 1970: 2A, 2B pseudogliricolens Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A, 2B uriense Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976: 2A, 2B vietzi (Womersley, 1952): 2B Genus Microtrombicula Ewing, 1950 Subgenus Microtrombicula Ewing, 1950 altens Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A buxtoni (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B cotrivensa Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B khurdangencosa Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 1B khurdangensis (Womersley, 1952): 1B latens Traub and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A palicula Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A perissochaeta Traub and Nadchatram, 1966: 1A, 1B, 2A pseudoperissochaeta Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B rajoriensis (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B spicea (Gater, 1932): 2A, 2B talens Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B unigenuala Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B vacillata Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A vencotrisa Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A ventricosa Traub and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A Genus Neotrombicula Hirst, 1925 autumnalis (Shaw, 1790): 2A, 2B anax Audy and Womersley, 1957: 2A, 2B


cervulicola (Ewing, 1931): 2B gayanoi Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B guptai Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B, 2C inflata Mitchell and Nadchatram, 1966: 2A kanzalwanensis (Womersley, 1952): 1A kashmirensis (Womersley, 1952): 1A microti (Ewing, 1928): 1B nagayoi (Sasa et al., 1950): 2A, 2B nivalis Kudryashova, 1977: 2A, 2B Genus Trombiculindus Radford, 1948 squamosus Radford, 1948: 2B aetherius Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B, 2C mehtai Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2C squamiferus (Womersley, 1952): 2A varifolius Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A Genus Trombigastia Vercammen-Grandjean and Brennan, 1957 tristernala Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A Tribe Schoengastiini Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 Genus Schoengastia Oudemans, 1910 tuberculatae Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B Genus Ascoschoengaslia Ewing, 1946 indica (Hirst, 1915): 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D katarmalensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B leechi Domrow, 1962: 2A, 2B roluis (Traub and Audy, 1954): 2A, 2B Genus Doloisia Oudemans, 1910 Subgenus Doloisia Oudemans, 1910 bhati Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B Genus Helenicula Audy, 1954 lanius (Radford, 1946): 2A, 2B, 2C comata (Womersley, 1952): 2A kohlsi (Philip and Woodward, 1946): 2A, 2B, 2C mattei Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B miyagawai (Sasa, Kumada and Miura, 1951): 2A, 2B nadchatrami Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B Genus Schoutedenichia Jadin and Vercammen-Grandjean, 1954 Subgenus Schoutedenichia Jadin and Vercammen-Grandjean, 1954 gangutriani Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B nausheraensis (Womersley, 1952): 2A Genus Walchiella Fuller, 1952 oudemansi (Walch, 1922): 2A Tribe GAHRLIEPIINI Nadchatram and Dohany, 1974 Genus Gahrliepia Oudeman, 1912 usitata Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B uttaranchalensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B Genus Schoengastiella Hirst, 1915 bengalensis Hirst, 1915: 2A, 2C, 2D ceylonica (Womersley, 1952): 2A, 2B, 2C chirhatiensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B dalhousiensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A darjeelingensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2C helata (Traub and Evans, 1954): 2A, 2B kalrata (Traub and Evans, 1954): 2A, 2B

Annexure

kumaonensis (Womersley, 1952): 2B ligula Radford, 1946: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D praecipua Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B punctata Radford, 1946: 2B tarsala Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2B uttarkashiensis Stan Fernandes and Kulkarni, 2003: 2A, 2B Genus Walchia Ewing, 1931 Subgenus Walchia Ewing, 1931 rustica (Gater, 1932): 2C Infraorder ELEUTHERENGONA Oudemans, 1909 Hyporder RAPHIGNATHINA Kethley, 1982 Superfamily PTERYGOSOMATOIDEA Oudemans, 1910 Family PTERYGOSOMATIDAE Oudemans, 1910 Genus Pterygosoma Peters, 1849 Pterygosoma sp.: 2A Superfamily RAPHIGNATHOIDEA Kramer 1877 Family RAPHIGNATHIDAE Kramer, 1879 Genus Raphignathus Duges, 1834 darjeelingensis Chatterjee and Gupta, 2002 Superfamily TETRANYCHOIDEA Donnadieu 1875 Family TETRANYCHIDAE Donnadieu 1875 Genus Tetranychus Dufour, 1832 neocaledonicus Andre, 1923: 2A cinnabarinus (Boisduval, 1867): 2A Hyporder HETEROSTIGMATA Berlese, 1899 Superfamily PYGMEPHOROIDEA Cross, 1965 Family SCUTACARIDAE Oudemans, 1916 Genus Acarapsis Hirst, 1921 woodi (Rennie, 1921): 2A Superfamily TARSONEMOIDEA Kramer, 1877 Family TARSONEMIDAE Kramer, 1877 Genus Iponemus Lindquist, 1969 gaebleri himalayensis Lindquist, 1969: 2A Suborder ORIBATIDA van der Hammen, 1968 Infraorder ENARTHRONOTA Grandjean, 1969 Superfamily BRACHYCHTHONIOIDEA Thor, 1934 Family BRACHYCHTHONIIDAE Thor, 1934 Genus Liochthonius Hammen, 1959 Liochthonius sp. : 2C Superfamily ATOPOCHTHONIOIDEA Grandjean, 1949 Family PTEROCHTHONIIDAE Grandjean, 1950 Genus Pterochthonius Berlese, 1913 angelus Berlese, 1913: 2C Superfamily HYPOCHTHONIOIDEA Berlese, 1910 Family HYPOCHTHONIIDAE Berlese, 1910 Genus Hypochthonius Koch, 1836 rufulus C.L. Koch, 1835: 2A, 2C Infraorder DESMONOMATA Woolley, 1973 Hyporder BRACHYPYLINA Hull, 1918 Superfamily HERMANNIELLOIDEA Grandjean, 1934 Family PLASMOBATIDAE Grandjean, 1961 Genus Plasmobates Grandjean, 1929 pagoda Grandjean, 1929: 2C Superfamily PLATEREMAEOIDEA Trägårdh, 1926

869

Family PLATEREMAEIDAE Tragardh, 1926 Genus Arthrodaemaeus Grandjean, 1954 Arthrodaemaeus sp. : 2C Superfamily DAMAEOIDEA Berlese, 1896 Family DAMAEIDAE Berlese, 1896 Genus Damaeus Koch, 1835 Damaeus sp. : 2C Superfamily AMEROIDEA Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1957 Family AMERIDAE Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1957 Genus Amerus Berlese, 1883 specious Pearce, 1906: 2C Genus Defectamerus Aoki, 1984 Defectamerus sp. : 2C Superfamily GUSTAVIOIDEA Oudemans, 1900 Family GUSTAVIIDAE Oudemans, 1900 Genus Gustavia Kramer, 1879 oceanic Perez-Inigo, 1987: 2C palmicinctus Pearce, 1906: 2C Superfamily CARABODOIDEA Koch, 1837 Family OTOCEPHEIDAE Balogh, 1961 Genus Eurostocepheus Aoki, 1965 mahunkai Mondal and Kundu, 1999: Himalaya Superfamily OPPIOIDEA Grandjean, 1951 Family OPPIIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Genus Paroppia Hammer, 1968 Paroppia sp. : 2C Superfamily TRIZETOIDEA Ewing, 1917 Family SUCTOBELBIDAE Jacot, 1938 Genus Rhynchobelba Willmann, 1953 Rhynchobelba sp. : 2C Superfamily LICNEREMAEOIDEA Grandjean, 1931 Family SCUTOVERTICIDAE Grandjean, 1954 Genus Arthrovertex Balogh, 1970 Arthrovertex sp. : 2C Genus Hypovertex Krikolutsky 1969 transversalis Balogh and Csiszar, 1963: 2C Superfamily ORIPODOIDEA Jacot, 1925 Family HAPLOZETIDAE Grandjean, 1936 Genus Acutozetes Balogh, 1970 Acutozetes sp. : 2C Family ORIBATULIDAE Thor, 1929 Genus Gerloubia Coetzer, 1968 Gerloubia sp. : 2C Superfamily CERATOZETOIDEA Jacot, 1925 Family CERATOZETIDAE Jacot, 1925 Genus Ceratozetella Shaldubina, 1966 Ceratozetella sp. : 2C Genus Farchacarus Wallwork, 1967 Farchacarus sp. : 2C Superfamily ORIPODOIDEA Jacot, 1925 Family CALOPPIIDAE Balogh, 1960 Genus Zetorchella Berlese, 1916 sottoegarciai (Corpus-Raros, 1979): 2C Family HAPLOZETIDAE Grandjean, 1936

870

Genus Peloribates Berlese, 1908 paraguyaensis Balogh and Mahunka, 1981: 2C Hyporder ASTIGMATA Canestrini, 1891 (=Astigmatina Krantz and Walter, 2009) Superfamily HEMISARCOPTOIDEA Oudemans, 1904 Family CARPOGLYPHIDAE Oudemans, 1923 Genus Carpoglyphus Robin, 1869 lactis (Linnaeus, 1758): 2A Family CHAETODACTYLIDAE Zachvatkin, 1941 Genus Sennertia Oudemans, 1905 Sennertia sp. : 2A Genus Schulzea Zachvatkin, 1941 Schulzea sp. : 2A Superfamily GLYCYPHAGOIDEA Berlese, 1897 Family GLYCYPHAGIDAE Berlese, 1897 Genus Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 destructor (Schrank, 1781): 2A Superfamily ACAROIDEA Latreille, 1802 Family ACARIDAE Latreille, 1802 Genus Kuzinia Zachvatkin, 1941 evae Putatunda, Aggarwal and Kapil, 1984: 2A Genus Tyrophagus Oudemans, 1924 longior (Gervais, 1844): 2A tropicus Robertson, 1959: 2A Order THELYPHONIDA Latreille, 1804 (=Order Uropygi Thorell, 1883) Family THELYPHONIDAE Lucas, 1835 Subfamily MASTIGOPROCTINAE Speijer, 1933 Genus Uroproctus Pocock, 1894 assamensis (Stoliczka, 1869): 2C, 2D Order SCHIZOMIDA Petrunkevitch, 1945 Suborder SCHIZOMINA Petrunkevitch, 1945 Superfamily HUBBARDIOIDEA Cook, 1899 Family HUBBARDIIDAE Cook, 1899 Genus Schizomus Cook 1899 arunachalicus Bastawade, 2006: 2D Sources: Chakrabarti and Pandit (1997), Putatunda and Abrol (2001), Pandit and Chakrabarti (2000, 2007), Gupta (2002, 2003), Harvey (2003, 2011), Fernandes and Kulkarni (2003), Sanyal and Bhattacharya (2005), Bastawade (2006), Chakrabarti et al. (2008), Moitra et al. (2012), Kotwal et al. (2013), Singh et al. (2013), Martens J. (2015), and Chakrabarti et al. (2017). HEXAPODA (DIPLURA, STREPSIPTERA, RAPHIDIOPTERA) Phylum ARTHROPODA von Siebold, 1848 Subphylum HEXAPODA Latreille, 1825 Class DIPLURA Börner, 1904 Family PARAJAPYGIDAE Womersley, 1939 Genus Grassjapyx Silvestri, 1903 indica (Silvestri, 1913): 2C Family JAPYGIDAE Haliday, 1864 Genus Metajapyx Silvestri, 1933 subterraneus (Packard, 1874): 2A Sources: Silvestri (1930) and Mir (1995). Class INSECTA Linnaeus, 1758 Order STREPSIPTERA Kirby 1813 Family CORIOXENIDAE Kinzelbach, 1970 Subfamily TRIOZOCERINAE Kinzelbach, 1970 Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya

Genus Triozocera Pierce, 1909 genitalis (Chaudhuri and Dasgupta, 1977) : 2D Family LYCHNOCOLACIDAE Bohart, 1951 Genus Lychnocolax Bohart, 1951 similis Chaudhuri, Ghosh and Das Gupta, 1983 : 2D Family MYRMECOLACIDAE Saunders, 1872 Genus Myrmecolax Westwood, 1861 plantipes (Chaudhuri, 1978): 2D Sources: Chaudhuri et al. (1978, 1983), and Mazumdar and Chaudhuri (2004). Order RAPHIDIOPTERA Navás, 1916 Genus Mongoloraphidia Aspöck and Aspöck, 1968 Subgenus Mongoloraphidia Aspöck and Aspöck, 1968 kashmirica Aspöck and Aspöck, (1982): 2A Source: Chandra and Sharma (2010). GARDEN CENTIPEDES OR PSEUDOCENTIPEDES Subphylum MYRIAPODA Latreille, 1802 Class SYMPHYLA Ryder, 1880

Family SCUTIGERELLIDAE Bagnall, 1913 Genus Scutigerella Ryder, 1882 immaculatus (Newport, 1845): 2A subunguiculata (Imms, 1908): 2A Genus Hanseniella Bagnall, 1913 caldaria (Hansen, 1903): 2C milloti Aubry and Masson, 1953: 2C Sources: Rochaix (1955) and Rishi (1984). BRYOZOANS Phylum BRYOZOA Ehrenberg, 1831 Family PLUMATELLIDAE Allman, 1856 Genus Plumatella Lamarck, 1816 emarginata Allman, 1844: 2C, 2D fruticosa Allman, 1844 : 2A, 2C, 2D javanica Kraepelin, 1906: 2C Genus Hyalinella Jullien, 1885 punctata (Hancock, 1850): 2C Sources: Samanta (1998, 2003).

REFERENCES Annandale, N. 1907. Notes on the freshwater fauna of India. IX. Descriptions of new Freshwater Sponges from Calcutta, with a record of two known species from the Himalayas and a list of the Indian forms. J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 3: 15-26. Chakrabarti, S. and Pandit, R.K. 1997. Four new eriophyid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from north Bengal, India. Acarol., 38: 377-383. Chakrabarti, S., Pandit, R.K. and Mondal, S. 2008. New Eriophyid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from north Bengal, India. Acarol, 48(3-4): 197-202. Chakrabarti, S., Sur, S., Roy. S. and Sarkar, S. 2017. Two new genera and two new species of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from North Bengal, India. Zootaxa, 4236(1): 172-182. Chaudhuri P. K., Das Gupta S. K. and Chatterjee A. K. 1978. Description of a new species of Parastylops (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) from Arunchal Pradesh. Orient. Insects, 12: 387-389. Chaudhuri P. K., Ghosh M. and Das Gupta S. K. 1983. Notes on Indian Strepsiptera with descriptions of three new species. Deut. Entomol. Zeits., 30: 23-29. Fernandes, S.S.J. and Kulkarni, S.M. 2003. Studies on the Trombiculid mite fauna of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No. 212: 1-539. Gantait, Venkat, V. and Venkataraman, K. 2013. Catalogue of Arthropod Parasitic of Nematodes of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 345: 1-83 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Gupta, S.K. 2002. A monograph on plant inhabitaing predatory mites of India. Part I: Order: Merostigmata. Mem.zool. Surv. India, 19(2): 1-183 (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Gupta, S.K. 2003. A monograph on plant inhabitaing predatory mites of India. Part II: Order: Merostigmata. Mem.zool. Surv. India, 20(1): 1-185 (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Harvey, M.S. 2003. Catalogue of the Smaller Arachnid Orders of the World: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae, CSIRO Publications: 1-385. Harvey, M.S. 2011. Pseudoscorpions of the World, version 2.0. Western Australian Museum, Perth. http://www.museum. wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions. Khera, S. 1971. Nematodes from the banks of still and running waters Xi. Subfamily Rhabditinae. Indian J. Nematol., 1: 237-243. Khera, S. and Chaturvedi, Y. 1976. Check-list of Indian freshwater sponges. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Misc. Publ. Occ. Paper No., 4: 1-29.

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Kotwal, S., Abrol, D.P., Dar, A.S. and Gandotra, A. 2013. Mite pest of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and their seasonal incidence in Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The Bioscan, 8(2): 529-531. Mahamood, M.D. and Ahmad, I. 2010. Re-description of Koerneria filicaudata (Khera, 1970) Andrássy, 1984 and first report of its male. Nematol. Medit., 38: 163-166. Malhotra, Y.R., Duda, P.L. and Jyoti, M.K. 1976. Mansariella lacustris gen. et. sp. nov., a new freshwater medusae from Jammu, India. Curr. Sci., 45(5): 190-191, figs. 1-3. Martens, J. 2015. Sabacon Simon, 1879 in the Palearctic: a survey of new and known species from France. Nepal, India, China, Russia and Japan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae). In, Biodiversitat und Naturausstattungim Himalaya V. (Eds. Hartmann, M and Weipert J.). Verein der Freunde and Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt: 167210. Mazumdar, A. and Chaudhuri, P.K. 2004. A catalogue of strepsipteran species (Insecta) of India. Proc. zool. Soc., 57(1): 43-46. Mir, G.M. 1995. Bionomics of Diplura, Apterygota: Insecta of mixed forest ranges of Kashmir Himalayas. Indian J. For., 18(2): 141-145. Moitra, M.N., Sanyal, A.K. and Chakrabarti, S. 2012. On diversity and abundance of soil acarines with special references to oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) at different altitudes in the Eastern Himalaya, India. In, Biodiversitat und Naturausstattungim Himalaya IV. (Eds. Hartmann, M and Weipert J.). Verein der Freunde and Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt: 107-120. Oliveira, I.S., Read, V.M.S.J. and Mayer, G. 2012. A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys, 211: 1-70. Pandit, R.K. and Chakrabarti, S. 2000. A new genus and four new species of eriophyid mites (Acari : Eriophyoidea) from North Bengal, India. Acarol., 41(3): 303-311. Pandit, R.K. and Chakrabarti, S. 2007. Three new Eriophyid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from north Bengal, India. Acarologia, 47(3-4): 143-148. Rishi, N.D. 1984. Occurrence of Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) (Symphyla: Scutigerellidae) as pest of vegetable crops in Kashmir. Bull. Entomol., 25(2): 200. Rochaix, B. 1955. Symphyles des Indes Orientales. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 12(8): 174-176. Samanta, T.K. 1998. Fresh Water Bryozoa. In, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(10): 445-461 (Published by Director Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta). Samanta, T.K. 2003. Freshwater Bryozoa of Sikkim. In, Fauna of Sikkim, State Fauna Series, 9(5): 121-127 (Published by Director Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sanyal, A.K. and Bhattacharya, A.K. 2005. Parasitic Mite (Acari). In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, Part-2: 247-254 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sanyal, A.K. and Bhattacharya, A.K. 2005. Parasitic Mite (Acari). In, Fauna of Western Himalaya, Part 2: 247-254 (Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Saxena, M.M. 2017. Porifera (Sponges): 55-66. In, Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India, (Eds. Chandra, K., Gopi, K.C., Rao, D.V., Valarmathi, K. and Alfred, J.R.B.): 1-624 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Sharma, B. K. 1980. Taxonomic notes on some freshwater Gastrotricha from West Bengal, India. Hydrobiol., 70: 265–267. Silvestri, F. Contributions to a knowledge of the Indo-Malayan Japygidae (Thysanura) by, Portici. Rec. Indian Mus., 32(4): 438-489. Singh, S., Makkar, G.S and Chhuneja, P.K. 2013. Record of parasitic mites associated with different species of honey bee in India. Insect Env., 19(1): 37-42. Tilak. R., Julka, J.M. and Subbaraju, R.C. 1976. Occurrence of the freshwater medusa Limnocnida Gtinther, in Renuka lake, Himachal Pradesh. Newsl. zool. Surv. lndia, 2(6): 263-265. Tsalolikhin, S.YA. 2014. To the fauna of the free-living nematodes (Nematoda) of high-mountain water bodies of the Western Himalayas and the Pamir. Zoosys. Rossica, 23(2): 178-187.

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