Vol 4 Issue 3 April 2014
ISSN No : 2230-7850 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Indian Streams Research Journal
Executive Editor Ashok Yakkaldevi
Editor-in-Chief H.N.Jagtap
Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2230-7850 Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial board.Readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects.
International Advisory Board Flávio de São Pedro Filho Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
Mohammad Hailat Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Carolina Aiken
Hasan Baktir English Language and Literature Department, Kayseri
Kamani Perera Regional Center For Strategic Studies, Sri Lanka
Abdullah Sabbagh Engineering Studies, Sydney
Ghayoor Abbas Chotana Dept of Chemistry, Lahore University of Management Sciences[PK]
Janaki Sinnasamy Librarian, University of Malaya
Catalina Neculai University of Coventry, UK
Romona Mihaila Spiru Haret University, Romania
Ecaterina Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Delia Serbescu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
Loredana Bosca Spiru Haret University, Romania
Anurag Misra DBS College, Kanpur Titus PopPhD, Partium Christian University, Oradea,Romania
Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil George - Calin SERITAN Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political Sciences Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi
Anna Maria Constantinovici AL. I. Cuza University, Romania Horia Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest,Romania Ilie Pintea, Spiru Haret University, Romania Xiaohua Yang PhD, USA ......More
Editorial Board Iresh Swami Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil Head Geology Department Solapur University,Solapur Rama Bhosale Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Panvel Salve R. N. Department of Sociology, Shivaji University,Kolhapur Govind P. Shinde Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Education Center, Navi Mumbai Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary,Play India Play,Meerut(U.P.)
N.S. Dhaygude Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur Narendra Kadu Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune K. M. Bhandarkar Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Sonal Singh Vikram University, Ujjain
Rajendra Shendge Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Yalikar Director Managment Institute, Solapur Umesh Rajderkar Head Humanities & Social Science YCMOU,Nashik S. R. Pandya Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, Mumbai
Alka Darshan Shrivastava G. P. Patankar S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Director,Hyderabad AP India.
Rahul Shriram Sudke Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
S.Parvathi Devi Ph.D.-University of Allahabad
S.KANNAN Annamalai University,TN
Sonal Singh, Vikram University, Ujjain
Satish Kumar Kalhotra Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email:
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Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN 2230-7850 Volume-4 | Issue-3 | April-2014 Available online at www.isrj.net
EFFECT OF SWISS BALL EXERCISE AND CRUNCHES EXERCISE ON FLEXIBILITY A. Sathish Kumar Visiting Faculty-Physical Director, Anna University -University College of Engineering, Dindigul.
Abstract:-The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Swiss ball exercise and crunches exercise on flexibility. For the purpose of the study 30 sedentary male students from Pondicherry University were randomly selected and their age ranged between 19-22 years. Subjects were asked to assemble in the multipurpose hall in the morning hours and were given training. The subjects were hostel students and their food patterns were similar. Their life style and living condition were not taken into consideration. They were divided into three groups A, B and C with 10 subjects in each group. Group A was kept under control group (CG), group B was treated with Swiss ball exercise group (SBEG) and group C were given crunches exercise group (CEG). The subjects of group B and C underwent training for twelve weeks with the duration of 45 minutes. The training was started at 6.30 am and it was given for 6 days per week. The pre test and post test on flexibility was measured using sit and reach test. The data was statistically analysed by using ANCOVA to find out the significant difference among the three groups. The finding of the study revealed that there was a beneficial effect on flexibility for both the experimental groups when compared to the control group. The training was more effective for SBEG than the CEG. Keywords: Swiss ball, Flexibility, Crunches exercise. INTRODUCTION Flexibility exercises differ with a person's particular needs. No matter the type of stretching to be done, it is important to warm up the muscles first. Exercise ball is a great way to become more fit. The posture and body awareness naturally improve, balance, flexibility overall strength and endurance. Feel unstable when sitting on the exercise ball. Because the feeling of it fades the more by sitting, the muscles and joints get better at responding to the unstable environment. The swiss ball, can take the abdominals through a complete range of motion through the performance of crunches twisting crunches, where the upper body twists in opposite directions during the crunch to extend the muscular effect across the abdomen; and the flexion of the thoracic spine, the vertebrae of the mid-back to improve overall flexibility. The Swiss ball is an ideal supplement to an existing training program, such as yoga or Pilates, which promote greater strength and flexibility in a safe and controlled physical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS SELECTION OF SUBJECTS To achieve the purpose of this study, 30 sedentary students were randomly selected from different departments in Pondicherry University, Puducherry. The subject's age ranged between 19 to 22 years as per the university records. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA The subjects were oriented for this study and the purpose of the study was explained. The method of performing the test on flexibility was explained to the subjects before conducting the test. The research scholar explained and demonstrated the stroke stand and sits and reach test to the subjects. The recordings of the measurements were made known to the subjects A. Sathish Kumar ,“EFFECT OF SWISS BALL EXERCISE AND CRUNCHES EXERCISE ON FLEXIBILITY” Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | April 2014 | Online & Print
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.Effect Of Swiss Ball Exercise And Crunches Exercise On Flexibility with a view to familiarize about their performance. The subjects of the experimental groups received personalized attention and supervision of the trainer in relation to the Swiss ball and crunches. The training was carried out in the multipurpose hall in the physical education department. The training was given for forty five minutes in the morning hours at 6.30 am for twelve weeks. The subjects living condition and life style were not taken into consideration for this study. The subjects were hostlers and their food pattern was similar. RESULT TABLE I MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR PRE AND POST TEST ON FLEXIBILITY VARIABLES
GROUPS
N
Control group Flexibility
Swiss group Crunches group
ball
10 10 10
TEST
MEAN
STD. DEVIATION
Pre test Post test Pre test Post test Pre test Post test
31.30 31.10 31.80 37.50 31.30 35.10
3.20 2.92 4.37 3.81 3.65 3.54
The mean and standard deviation for pre and post test scores on flexibility test for control group, Swiss ball group and crunches group. The initial and final means for control, Swiss ball group and crunches group on flexibility test were 31.30 and 31.10, 31.80 and 37.50, 31.30 and 35.10. TABLE II ANOVA TABLE FOR FLEXIBILITY OF CONTROL, SWISS BALL GROUP AND CRUNCHES GROUP
Variables
Source of Variance df
Flexibility
Between Groups Within Groups Total
2
Sum of Sum of Mean squares squares squares for x for y X
Mean squares Y
1.67
104.53
209.07
0.83
‘F’ ratio
8.81 27 383.80
320.30
29 385.47
529.37
14.22
11.86
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence with degrees of freedom for 2 and 27. Required table value at 0.05 level is 3.36. The table discloses the pre and post test results of ANOVA on flexibility for three different groups namely control, Swiss ball group and crunches group. The calculated 'F' value is 8.81, which is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. This implies that there is a significant change due to the effect of selected training.
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | April 2014
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.Effect Of Swiss Ball Exercise And Crunches Exercise On Flexibility TABLE III CALCULATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON FLEXIBILITY OF SWISS BALL, CRUNCHES GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP Variables
Source of Variance
Flexibility
Between Groups Within Groups Total
df
Sum of Squares x
Sum of Squares y
Sum of Squares x.y
Mean Squares x.y
2
1.67
209.07
184.05
92.02
27
383.80
320.30
21.93
0.84
29
385.47
529.37
‘F’ ratio
109.10
The adjusted means for the post test data of ANCOVA among the three groups on flexibility. The calculated 'F' value is 106.10 is greater than the required table value 3.36 at 0.05 level of confidence. This indicates that there is a significant difference among the groups which indicates that there is an effect in training programme which in turn induces changes in the post test programme. Whenever, the obtained 'F' ratio value is found to be significant, the Scheffe's post hoc test is applied to find out the paired mean differences, and it is presented in tables. TABLE V ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS FOR EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP IN ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE PROBLEM ON FLEXIBILITY SWISS BALL GROUP 37.21 37.21 -
CRUNCHES GROUP 35.25 35.25
CONTROL GROUP 31.25 31.25
MEAN DIFFERENCES 1.96 5.96 4.00
* Significant at 0.05 level. Scheffe's confidence interval at 0.05 level is 1.06. The table V shows the Scheffe's post-hoc method of testing the significance for the differences between the paired means following a significant analysis of co-variance for crunches, Swiss ball and control groups. The adjusted mean on flexibility in order of magnitude and the difference between the means for the control and two experimental groups are given in the table. The mean differences between the Swiss ball group and crunches group are 1.96, which is insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence. In the comparison between Swiss ball group and control group the difference are 5.96, which is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The ordered adjusted means on flexibility and differences between crunches group and control group are 4.00, which is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. This indicates that the Swiss ball group had a better improvement when compared to the crunches group and control group. The differences in means of crunches group, Swiss ball group and control group is presented in fig 1.
Fig. 1. Mean differences among experimental groups and control group on flexibility Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | April 2014
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.Effect Of Swiss Ball Exercise And Crunches Exercise On Flexibility DISCUSSION The study was framed to analyze the effect of Swiss ball and crunches on flexibility on sedentary men (aged 19 and 22 years). The subjects were given training on Swiss ball and crunches exercise continuously for a period of 12 weeks for six days in a week. The selected physical variable is flexibility. The main aim of the study was to enhance the efficiency of physical fitness of the college men. The result of the study is in consonance with the findings of the following studies by Sternlicht and Rugg (August 2003), Escamilla et al., (May 2006), Sternlicht et al., (May 2007), Neufer, et. al., (October 1987)3 and Thompson, et. al., (September 1996)4. CONCLUSION It was observed from the pre test results, that there is no significant difference among control and experimental groups. While the post test results of control and experimental groups revealed that, there is a significant difference among the three groups. The training program has influenced the experimental groups where as there is no effect in the control group. In the analysis of co-variance on flexibility among control and two experimental groups, a significant difference was revealed which throws light on the application for twelve weeks Swiss ball exercise and crunches exercise. From the statistical analysis it is clear that both the training programmes had its own effect. But the Swiss ball exercise showed significant effects in the flexibility when compared to crunches group and control group. REFERENCES 1.http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/Sp-Tw/Swiss-Ball-Training-Techniques.html 2.Karon Karter, “Balance Training” (United States: Ulysses Press, 2007):3-4 3.http://www.bindependent.com/hompg/bi/bindep/store/aisles/exercise/balls/exerciseballuse.htm 4.Sternlicht E. and Rugg S. 2003. Electromyography Analysis of Abdominal Muscle Activity using Portable Abdominal Exercise Devices and a Traditional Crunch. Journal of Strengthand Conditioning Research. 17(3), 463-468. 5.Escamilla R. F. et al., 2006. Electromyographic Analysis of Traditional and Non traditional Abdominal Exercises. Implications for Rehabilitation and Training Physical Therapy. 86(5), 656-671. 6.Sternlicht E. et al., 2007. Electromyographic Comparison of a Stability Ball Crunch with a Traditional Crunch. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21(2), 506-509. 7.Neufer P. D. et al., 1987. Effect of Reduced Training on Muscular Strength and Endurance in Competitive Swimmers. Medical Science and Sports Exercises. 19(5), 486-490. 8.Thompson C. H. et al., 1996. Effect of Creatine on Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle in Swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 30(3), 222-225.
A. Sathish Kumar Visiting Faculty-Physical Director, Anna University -University College of Engineering, Dindigul.
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | April 2014
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