Canyon mnule deer imerd was believed! to imave commtained! 200 immd!i- viduals. (Vieira et al., 1994) .... Grand. Island,. New. York,. USA). Samples were centrifuged at. 340. X G, at. -20. C for 15 mm. The ..... imm Yellowstone. National. Park.
of zhultfe
j(flifl1il
INFECTIOUS
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
MULE
(ODOCOILEUS
DEER
ZION
NATIONAL
Sharon
K. Taylor,14
Victor
Sharon L. Fedorchak,2 Ralph E. Moore2 National
Park
P.O. Box 2 Resource
Service,
G. Vieira,2
and
pp
:326:35) 1996
ASMkiatu))
FROM
UTAH
Kenneth
Wildlife
37127 (WASO Management
I)96.
IN FREE-RANGING
HEMIONUS)
PARK,
:32(2) l)isras,
lhsaws, © \\iI(IliI(
Elizabeth
S. Williams,3
W. Mills,3Jackie
Vegetation
Pilkington,2 M. Boerger-Fields,3
Rupert
L. Cavender,3
Amy
and
Division,
490), Washington, D.C. 20013, USA Division, Zion National Park, Spnngdale,
Utah
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA Current Address: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
84767,
USA
of Wyoming,
Aim epizootic of in fectiomms keratocoumjumrmctivitis (1K) was stumdied opportmmmmisticahly iii mimimle (leer (Odocoileus /me;nionu.s) frommm Zion Natiommal Park, Utalm (USA), frommm Novemumber 1992 to Marclm 1994. Moraxella sp. and Chiamydia sp. were isolated! frommi tIme conjuimmctiva of two of sevemm deer. 1mm additiomm, Thelazia calzfornien.si.s occurred oum time commjummctivas of six of deer. Basedl omm field observations, adumlts appeared to he affected climmically at a Imighier imicidemmce dhmrmmmg botlm years as opposed to jumvemmiles. Conical opacity was time mmmost apparent chimmical sigmm from 1992 to 1993. However, iii time following year, blepimarospasmn ammdl epipimora were mmoted mimore oftemm. \Ve were also able to documment time chimmical recovery of tlmree affected deer. 1mm additiomm, Moraxella sp. was recovered from time eyes of a climmicahly unaffected (leer 1 A I3STRA(
T:
free-rammgiumg
year
after
Ke,, calzfi)nz
the
epizootic
words: h’nsis,
occurred.
Infectious
pinkeye, Zion
keratocommjummctivitis,
mmmi lie deer,
Odocoilen.s
hemionu.s,
INTRODUCTION
as
mule
Park,
deer,
n ian us), I mmfectious kmmowum
keratoconjunctivitis
as
pinkeye
1)eemm reported
imas
mmmost
1mm cattle, aumd
tagmouls
imm time
imave
1979).
etiological
Nei.s’seria si)., mimycoplasmmmas,
5k).,
sp.),
(Thelazia Few are
sp.) of
1K
docummimemmted.
tected!
because
by predators. dividumals
or
in
reports
smmmahl groups
much
i)een
viduals
ammd
mmemnatodes
appeared!
wildlife
involve animals,
of
easily
ranging
insuch
326
is
be
of
sustain
1994)
We
kin
from cammyon.
mnule
deer
tional
Park
1993
an!
deer
quantity
during 1993
describe
time to
and
poptilations
(Cuinaim epizootic in
hmerd
witimin wimmters
1994.
immd!i-
vegetation
keratoconjunctivitis mule
Time imerd
200
and!
is
wide, a road
time
adequate those
1992).
infectious
0.5
commtained!
al.,
ocwhichm
seeim
of
imave
et
epizootic
and
be
time
(USA)
Canyon
long
can
iii
Utaim
Time Zion
lengtim
to
to to
located!
Canyon
(Vieira
ningimanm,
unde-
only
area time
believed!
big-
populttion
of
Park’s
Zion
qulahity
takemm
the
wintering was
are
Park
37#{176}16’W).
runs
immor-
a large
1992).
5 kin
of
Chbamydia
of
corner the
alces)
amm indirect
canadensis)
al.,
virgi-
tibocapra
(Alces
decline
National
which
si).,
i)e of
et
in
(Moraxebla
often
may
(Ovis
(0.
keratoconjummcas
the
approximately is
have
free-ranging
animals Most
(Brown
1979).
Cases
simeep
curred
(Baptista,
bacteria
viruses,
horn
(1 12#{176}59’S,
time
prevalence
agents
(Baptista,
cases
summligimt,
cattle
Listeria
in
T/u’lazia
(An
in oose
imiiplicated
southwestermm
transfer
1mm cattle,
inchmding
iulil)licated,
dust,
between
was factor
Zion
deer
Infectious
tality (Meagimer
Predispos-
in yoummmg ammi mnals
Various
con-
tailed
spp.,
ammtehope
and 1982).
tivitis
during
1968).
mnechmanically
1972).
hmighmest
in
commmmon
mmmost
immcluded
americana),
(Wilcox,
is hmigimly
are
iumvolved
Adkins,
usumally
disease
(\Vilcox,
wimichm
organismmms and
time
white
pronghmormm
(Timorne,
livestock
world
mumommthms, especially
imummimid weatimer immg factors
time
epizootics
warmer
ammd! flies
of
also
keratitis
imm domestic
coummtries
1968).
(1K), vascular
amid!
spp., Moraxella Utaim.
Chiamydia
National
Our
a free-
Zion of
1992
objectives
Nato
TAYLOR
were
to
identify
characterize likely
ET AL-INFECTIOUS
the etiological
MATERIALS
epizootiology
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
and
of
agents. AND
were
examined
for
lesions.
and
centrifuged
supernatant
was
Blood,
major organs (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, heart, skeletal muscle), and the head were collected and sent overnight mail to the University of Wyoming, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (Laramie, Wyoming, USA). Upon arrival, further gross examinations were conducted. Tissues (lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, heart, skeletal muscle) for histologic evalumation were fixed in 10% buffered formahin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 to 7 j.m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. We tested for caprine arthritis-encephalitis/ovine progressive pneumonia antibodies with an immunodiffusion test (Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Wheat Ridge, Colorado, USA). For bacterial isolations, conjunctival swabs were streaked on Columbia blood agar and MacConkey agar (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysvihle, Maryland, USA) and incubated in 5% CO2 at 35 C for 48 hr. The identification techniques of Carter and Cole (1990) were used to identify the bacteria. Chla;nydia spp. isolations were attempted using minced cornea and conjunctiva placed in Bovarnick’s medium (Bovarnick et al., 1950) containing 10 p.g/ml gentamicin (Gibco Laboratories, Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, New York, USA). Samples were centrifuged at 340 X G, at -20 C for 15 mm. The supernatant
well
plate
MULE
with
mixed
and
attempted isolation. C and inoculated
METHODS
gross
decanted medium
suiting
The first mule deer having vision difficulty in Zion National Park was observed on 20 November 1992. Organized field observations of the deer for clinical signs began on 14 Decemmiher 1992 and continued through March 1994 with a break during the summer when deer dispersed out of time canyon. The observation process entailed two resource managers traveling up and down the 5 km long Zion Canyon road and using binoculars to observe the deer for clinical signs. Over 2,600 individual deer observational reports were made. Observations for each deer included: date, sex, age (adult or juvenile), location, eye lesions (normal, epiphora, blepharospasm, cornea1 opacity), eye affected (unilateral or bilateral) and, when possible, individual animal identification (antler points and configuration, and torn ears). Documenting the course of the clinical signs in the freeranging mule deer resulted in many of the deer being counted on consecutive days. Seven deer (one aduilt female, three adult males, one juvenile female, and two juvenile males) in poor body condition were shot. Carcasses
was
IN FREE-RANGING
an as
eqimal
before.
stored
at
327
volume Thme
-70
Samples were onto dumphicate
(Corning,
DEER
C
reumntil
thawed at 37 wells of a 24
Cambridge,
Massachu-
USA) containing CRL 1696 McCoy cells (American Type Culture Collection, Rockvihle, Maryland) with 12 mm cover glasses. Wells containing samples were centrifuged at 2126 X G, 25 C, for 60 mm, followed by incumbation with minimnummim essential medium witim Earles salts and nonessential amino acids (Gibco Labsetts,
oratories)
containing
(Hyclone
Laboratories,
37
C
in
5%
examined
10%
CO2 daily
fetal Inc.,
7 days.
for for
bovine
Utahm)
McCoy
cytopatimic
serumni
Logan,
cells
effect
and
at
were stained
at 7 days postinoculation withm a direct flumorescent antibody stain (Cultureset Chilanmydia Identification Reagent, Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Raritan, New Jersey, USA) to (letect Chiamydia spp. Infectious bovine riminotrachitis (IBR) isolations were attemmipted using minced cornea and conjunctiva placed in Bovarnicks mediuumm (Bovarnick et al., 1950). Samimples were centrifumged at 340 X C, at -20 C for 15 mimin. Sumpernatant
was
equal before.
volume of Resulting
-70
C
until
decanted
and
medium and supernatant
attempted
isolation.
mixed
with
an
centrifuged was stored
as at
Samples
were
thawed at 37 C and Mediumm 199 with Earles salts (Gibco Laboratories) containing 2% fetal bovine serumim (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Loumis, Missouri, USA) to control viruses. We added! BHV (bovine herpes virus) type I (National Veterinary Service Laboratory (NVSL), Ammies, Iowa, USA) to confluent monolayers of fetal bovine cells (Monfort Biologicals, Greehy, Colorado) in a 48 well plate (Corning). Cells inoculated with the samimples then were incubated at 37 C, 5% CO2 for 2 days at which time thmey were passed into tissue cumltumres. Thmey then were observed daily for 7 days with an inverted light
mimicroscope.
If
cytopathic
effects
were
noted, the cells were stained withm IBR flumorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antiserum (FITC) (NVSL) for the presence of IBR antigen. Direct flourscent antibody staining of conjunctival
and
conical
sections
for
IBR
and
Chiamydia sp. was conducted by placing 1 mm2 of tissume on to a cryostat chuck withm OTC embeddment compound (Miles Inc., Elkhart, Indiana, USA). The chuck then was placed in the cryostat at -10 C. Tissues were cut immto 4 pmii sections, placed on slides, fixed in acetone for 5 mm and then allowed to air dry. We added IBR FITC conjugated antiserum (NVSL) to half of these sections, and Chlainydia psittaci FTIC conjumgated antiserumm (NVSL) to time otim-
328
JOURNAL
TABI.E
1.
winters
of
OF WILDLIFE
DISEASES,
()bservatiomms
of
to 1993
and
1992
Number
deer
mule 1993
to
in Zion
National
1996
Park
affected
with
of
(leer
Number
observed
deer
Percent
of
affected
of all
deer
keratoconjuimmctivitis,
Percent
Percent of all juveniles
of all
adults
affected
affected
affected
1993
1)ecember
13
314
9
3
January
19
525
66
8 8
184
i3
218
9
13 7 4
Febniarv March Total
1993
infectious
1994.
Number
days
to
32, NO. 2, APRIL
of
observation
1992
VOL.
48
11 31
0 1 3 i
35
23
1,241
1994
to
November
6
I)eceinber
11 9
289 393 531
29 49 62
10 13 12
25 32 36
5 5
5
242
24
10
24
2
January February Total
37
C
in
applied
All sections 5%
and
icaily
1.455
31
er sectioums.
for
CO2
then
for
sections
positive
30
were
mm.
were
incubated
at
Coverslips
observed
were
microscop-
particles
(C.
from four of and examined microscopy
Hearne,
pers.
the by for
comm.).
tive
by
specimmmens
tional USA)
Parasite tinder
Kofoid
et
were
al.
(1937).
deposited
Collection accession
time
Clinically, years
a Imigimer (Table
adults
U.S.
Na-
(Beltsville, Maryland, number USNPC 85460.
were
prevalence 1).
No
significant
affected
juveniles difference
both
deer
Corneal
125
with
eyes
and
epiphora
the
following
more
opacity
was
in
also
able
to
of three
In from
recovered
izootic in
the
the
164
affected,
in 82, in
of
of
epiphora
36.
the
clinical
that
had!
in
We
were
recovery identifiable
Moraxebba
the deer
eye
surface
1 yr
after
sp. of the
a
ep-
occurred.
six
of
moderate date
and the
keratoconjunctivitis seven
deer
amounts
were focal
hyperemia
at
vascularization
the
noted Mild
to
mucopurulent (Thebazia
on
areas
was necropsied.
of
nematodes present
affected
with and
53 in
signs and
addition,
unaffected
in in
became
clinically
deer
fre-
However,
clinical
document
was
most
occurring
eyes.
be
the deer
observers
the
characteristics. clinically
30
opacity
affected
of
noted
occurred conical
we and
year
time
changed to
and 1993.
affected sign
as
trend
observed and
1994),
blephraspasm
blepharospasm 67,
to first
194
with
this
eyes
time
year,
familiar
disease
to
unilaterally
clinical
eyes
47
1992
(1993
found
reported
were
in
affected
During we
quently
signs
from
winter deer
bilaterally.
eyes.
of observed
following
epizootic,
of affected
Clinical unilaterally
50
70
number
females.
occur
in
observed
sis)
timan
to
The
the
or
Bilateral
RESULTS
at
between
males
bilaterally
Representain
noted
adult
94
Tissimes were ground with a mumortar and pestle, diluted with distilled water and centrifuiged at 3,024 X C for 20 mm. The supernatant was timen cemmtrifimged for 1 hr at 39,191 X C. The pellet was resumspended in 10 drops of distilled water. One drop of the suspension was added to a mixture of the following ingredients: 20 drops of distilled water, four drops of 4% phospimotimngstic acid (Electron Microscopy Scieimces, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, USA) and drop of 0.1% bovine senmmmi albumin (GibCo Laboratories). The mixture was nebuhized omm to collodion-coated 300 mmmesh copper grids. Time immaterial on the grids was then examimined witim a Philips 410 LS transmission electron mmiicroscope (Philips Electronic Instnmments, Mahwaim, New Jersey) for time presence of virus-hike particles at 60 KV Ocuilar parasites were mmmounted in Hoyer’s mmmediimmn (Pritchard and Knmse, 1982) and identified based on morphological characteristics described
was
observed
flumorescence.
and conjunctivas deer were randomly selected mmegative contrast stain electron Cormmeas
virus-like
3
the
Corneas
of
opaqueness were
calfornien-
conjunctiva
deer.
limbus.
exuof
were Focal present.
and
six
cloudy slight
ulcerations
TAYLOR
2. Laboratory keratoconjunctivitis.
TABLE
tious
ET AL-INFECTIOUS
results
seven
from
Age
Zion
National
Electron micros-
IBR Sex
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Park
IN FREE-RANGING
mule
deer
affected
MULE
DEER
withm clinical
sigims
Bacterial isolate
FM
copy
isolate
Adult
Negb
Neg
Pos
Proteus
Male
Adult
Neg
ND
Neg
Pseudomonas
Ocular parasites
Thelazia
calfirnien.si.s
Thelazia
calfirniensis
sp.
sp.
Staphylococcus
sp.
Streptococcus
sp.
Male
Adult
Sus
Neg
Neg
Proteus
sp
Tijelazia
calfirnien.sis
Male
Adult
Sus
Neg
Neg
Proteus
sp.
T/zelazia
calfin-nien.si.u
Thelazia
calfirnien.sis
Escherichia Female
Juvenile
Neg
ND
Neg
Moraxella
Male
Juvenile
Neg
ND
Pos
No
Male
Juvenile
Neg
Neg
Neg
Proteus
Fluorescent
b Neg,
antibody
negative;
Pos,
test
for infections
positive;
Stis.
Microscopically, sentially
with
cuffed
were
by
was
phocyte
cells
and
epithehium.
ed
by
phils, and
iris,
normal.
juvenile
stroma
and in two
of to
female
the
ocular
Moraxelba
both
eyes
rescent
sp.
of
one
of
deer,
were
However,
negative
adult
of
two
female.
fluorescent
Two
antibody however
from
any
of
IBR the
nega-
agents.
2).
isolated
a juvenile deer
male
were
we
viruses seven
IBR were
deer.
No
negative.
male
on anti-
the
mule Forest,
1944).
Affected eyes,
to
signs.
mule
deer
Platte
River
cular
keratitis
isolat-
however
virus-
ported.
no
drainage, annually diagnostic
the
agent
and in
Ummfor-
nearby
young
not
idlelitiwere as
re-
severe
Wimmter
(1956)
antlered
male
upper
Nortim
the Wyoming from
pu-
condition was
but
Honess ranging
to
and
blindness.
similar, that
time Beathm,
reddish
with
located
show
reported
had
etiological
imm Bow
during
complete
cattle
epizo-
Medicine
ulceration,
exudate
Many
time
and
deer
to no
the
was
a chimmi-
reported!
(Rosenfeld conical
ocular
also
after
Wyoming,
1943
progressing
sp. of
was in
of
etiolog-
surface
1 yr
litwere
recovery
identify
Moraxella eye
deer
opaque
clinical
and
addition, deer
of
sp.
to
time we
clinical
Blindness
spring
fled.
that
able
smaller
in
exception the
In
withm
reported
were
unaffected
ported
from
time
occurred.
all
suspect for
all
consistent
document
tunately,
sec-
from
Chbamydia was
Fluo-
frozen
were
from
rulent frommm
conjunctiva
testing
no of
ical
10
Escherichia
(Table
sp. deer,
and
or eye
recovered
for
Chiamydia
eyes
and
was
and
to
deer
otic
gross
(coagulase
Se-
aimtibodies pro-
were
studies
able
time
Pseudomonas
staining
cornea
results with
cally
mule
Only
sp. juvenile
antibody
tions
male
sp.
for
DISCUSSION
recovered
con-
from
sp.,
electromm
tested.
arthritis-encephalitis/ovine
National
Proteus
Streptococcus
coli.
and
obtained
Staphylococcus
tive),
body
significant
deer
tests
pneumonia
erature
lesions.
isolates
included:
caprine
Our
essentially
adult
no
to
by
four
immunodiffusion
observational
invad-
cihiary
resolving.
observed time
lym-
melanocytes.
were
were from
gressive
neutro-
corneas
be
had
Bacterial swabs
lens
particles
by
by
a few
the
the
of
like
beneath
nerve,
calfirnien.sis
Thelazia
microscopy
conical
was
infiltrated and
retina,
histologic
ed
neutrophmils
optic
appeared
gens;
infiltrated
the
of
deer
an
areas
and
Lesions
junctivas
the
with
cells,
of
The
a few
Neg
sp.
rum
of
intact
and
plasma
Sections
sp.,
thickening limbus.
capillaries
es-
Corneas
Limbal
sp.
growthm
done.
vessels
the
aggregation,
plasma the
by
along
epithelium
blood
lymphocytes.
characterized
epithelium
not
were
some
coli
rhinotrachites.
ND,
conjunctivas
normal
lightly
bovine
suspect;
infec-
of
Clila-
mydia
Female
a
329
imad 1943
informiiatiomm
to
vas1955;
was
re-
JOURNAL
330
OF WILDLIFE
Thebazia (!eer
calzf()rnien.sis
inimabiting
tiommal
Parks,
immals
severe
hmad
they as
time
Park
mmmule deer
frommm
Ziomm
dhspersed!
Canyon,
5pretdl immto time imormm shmeep (0. had
beemm
of curred
to
canadcn.s’i.s’
1982,
Mouimtain
imm Yellowstone
National
dlirect
was
of
mortality
time
ever,
hmerd as
h)igimorn been
July in
observed
imas
Park
in
mmmonly occur izootic
clinical
signs
have
in domestic
1K nor
the
thirough
Time
cooler
Marcim,
No
livestock Utah’s or
epizootics
imm the
Ziomm
Departnment
Departmiment
of
of of
area
I K
fly a de-
reported Resources
We tlmammk time resource mamiagers amid rangers at Ziomi National Park for extemmsive docummmientatiomm of field observations. We also thank C. Ilearime, C. Lynn, C. Stitim, ammd V. Welcim frommi time Wyomimmg State Veterinary Laboratory for teclmmmical expertise.
P
J.
jmmnctivitis-a 135:
225-242.
1979. review.
Infectious British
ix)vimme Veterimmary
1990.
Press,
Di-
bacteriology
Samm Diego,
Cal-
pp.
36-39. ANI)
A
in
N. C. VEALE. mmemnatode eye
man, witim a review of the Thelanimals. University of California 47:
Zoology
J.
W.
Park.
QUINN,
225-233. L.
AND
STACKHOUSE.
infectious
bigimorn sheep Journal of Wildlife
of
keratocon-
Yellowstone
Diseases
Na28:
171-
176. M.
C.
II., AND
collection
and
Ummiversity
of Nebraska
p.
0.
W.
preservation
KRUSE.
1982.
of animal Press,
Time
parasites.
Lincolmm,
Nebraska,
125.
ROSENFELD,
I.,
ANI)
panoplmthalmitis Managemnemmt E.
T.
1)iseases
0.
A. BEATH.
in deer.
The
1944.
Contagiouis
Jouirmmal of Wildlife
8: 247-250. 1982. of
Immfectious wildlife
in
keratocommjumctivitis. Wyomimmg,
E.
T. Timor-
ime, N. Kimigstoim, W. R. Jolley, and R. C. Bergstrom (eds.). Wyoming Came and Fish Department, Cheyenmme, Wyoming, pp. 81-84. VIEIRA, V., R. MORE, J. BURNS, S. FEDORCHAK, D. SIDLES, AND L. P. NAYL0R. 1994. Condition of Zion’s natuiral resoumrces. Zion National Park Resource Mammagement Plan. Zion National Park, Springdale. Utah, pp. 94. WIEA:ox,
keratocon-
in Research
(editors).
Chmlamydial-catmsed
C.
juinctivmtis:
l3iuprmsTA,
COLE
cal/riiiensis,
in
M.,
PRITCHARD,
In:
CITED
of Veterimmary
WILLIAMS,
of dog and
TII0RNE,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
L.
of domestic
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