INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ...

Int. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. Vol. 6, No.1, 2014

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF PREDATORY MITES EUSEIUS SCUTALIS IN FEW COTTON CULTIVARS Muhammad Saad Waqas, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel* Muhammad Afzal, Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Kamran*, Irfan Mustafa**, Muhammad Abu Bakar University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan *King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia **Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT The study was conducted to check the effect of temperature on the population dynamics of phytoseiid mites on few cotton cultivars. Four Tehsils of district Sargodha (Sahiwal, KotMomin, Sargodha and Bhalwal) were selected for the experiment. Four cotton varieties were used in this experiment, of which three were Bt (Bt555, Bt-Tarzan-1 and Bt-3701) and one was non Bt (Anmol). Fifteen plants were selected randomly from each experimental plot of selected area. The data about Phytoseiidmites population were calculated on weekly basis from each Tehsils. Data regarding temperature were obtained from Meteorological Department in Sargodha. Data was analyzed by simple correlation and regression methods. Results indicated that temperaturehad significant positive effect on the Phytoseiidmites population. Keywords: Temperature, Predatory mites, Population dynamics Each pest has its own survival requirement so it is necessary to determine the particular parameters of each species. These abiotic factors play a significant role on the biology in mites. Pest population changes constantly with the change in season and environment. If environmental factors exceeds or decrease from the optimum level, then it may prove detrimental for the survival of pests and their natural enemies. Body temperature of insects and mites is not regular; they have its own level of temperature for its survival and efficient activities. Kolokytha et al., 2011 reported that temperature and food quality have great effect on the growth and developmental time of insects and mites. The longest developmental period of immature stages of predatory mites was recorded at 15°C and shortest was at 30°C. Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997reported that temperature affects the living organism. Body temperature always correspond the ambient temperature. Rate of biological processes are changed with the increase or decrease of temperature. Borah, (1987) reported that high temperature with low humidity and low rainfall provide the favorable environment for mite population. Lingeri et al.,1998 revealed that mite population was increased by high temperature. Results from simple correlation shows that there was significant positive correlation between mite population and increasing temperature. Kumar and Sharma,

INTRODUCTION Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL) is the leading fiber producing specie of the world (Duttet al., 2004; Fryxell, 1992).Sucking insect pestsjassid, thrips (Thripstabaci Lind.), and whitefly (Bemisiatabaci Genn) are destructive during the vegetative phase and seedling stage of cotton crop. They suck the cell sap of the leaves and weakened them (Abro et al., 2004).Phytoseiid mite is an important predator of eggs and crawler of whitefly Bemisiatabaci (Nomikou et al., 2003).Phytoseiid mites Phytoseiuluspersimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) are free living and terrestrial. They are important predators of small soft bodied insects like whitefly, scales, thrips, aphids and their eggs and a number of phytophagous mites (Chant, 1985) Phytoseiid mites are the important predators of whitefly which are wanted to be encouraged (Nomikou et al., 2001, 2005; Naher and Haque, 2007).Phytoseiid mites control the plant feeding mites and scale insects excellently in many regions of the world like North America, Africa, Europe and Asia (Childers et al., 2001).Biotic and abiotic factors that influence the ecology of mites has received considerable attention (Beattie et al., 1991).Dhaliwal and Arora, (2001) reported that abiotic factors like wind direction, temperature, photoperiod, relative humidity and rainfall have great influence on the pest population density.

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Phytos eiid mite popula tion (y)

(1993) reported that population of planned to check the effects of temperature on Tetranychusludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) is the seasonal abundance of phytoseiid mites on significantly correlated with the temperature. As some cotton cultivars in district Sargodha, so that temperature start increasing from the April, mite their presence and predatory potential can be population show increasing trend. According to evaluated in different parts of the year. him, the correlation between the mite population and temperature is positive but non-significant. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ram et al.,1998 recorded negative correlation of Site Selection and Cultivars: mite population with the maximum (-0.744) and Four Tehsils (Sahiwal, KotMomin, Sargodha and mean temperature (-0.409).Patil (2003) recorded Bhalwal) of district Sargodha Pakistan were positive correlation of temperature with the mite selected for field trials. The study was conducted population. Rai et al.,(1999) reported that high during the cotton season of 2012. Four cotton temperature showed positive correlation with the varieties, of which three were Bt (Bt-555, Btpredator Amblyseiusalstoniae(Phytoseiidae) Tarzan-1 and Bt-3701) and one was non Bt population which favors them to build up its (Anmol). The varieties were used to check the population while rain fall showed adverse effects. effect of temperature on the seasonal abundance Similar to this study Mishra et al.,(1990) also of phytoseiid mites. All the varieties were concluded that there was a positive correlation cultivated in each of selected Tehsil with between the mean temperature and mite replication of two plots. Selected plots were not population. Boyne and Hain, (1983) reported that treated with any pesticides to naturally maintain 26 0C temperature is more favorable for the thePhytoseiidmites population. growth and multiplication of mites population and they completes generation in fifteen days in these Data Collection& Statistical Analysis: conditions. Rita et al.,2000 reported that The data regarding population of Phytoseiid mites predatory mites population have positive were calculated on weekly basis (July to correlation with the maximum and minimum November, 2012). Fifteen plants were selected temperature.Dharet al., 2004 observed the randomly from each experimental plot of selected positive correlation of mites population with the area. Selected plants were tagged with the hard temperature.Few scientists have opinion that the paper. Mites population were counted with the temperature has no influence on mite population help of hand lens. Data regarding temperature like Ho and Chen, (1992) reported that were obtained from Government of Pakistan, temperature had not any type of effect on the Meteorological Department, Sargodha. The data tetranychid mites population. Rao et al.,1989 was analyzed by simple correlation and regression carried out studies on cotton whitefly and their analysis to discern the means. The statistical natural enemies in Andhra Pradesh. They reported package R (R 2.14.0) software was used for that cotton white fly fed by statistical analyses. phytoseiidAmblyseiussp, crysoperlacarnea, coccinellids, veraniavincta and RESULTS Menochilussexmaculata. Population of cotton Relationship between phytoseiidmitepopulation whitefly and its natural enemies remained low and temperature in different Tehsils of district until October. Significant correlation of Sargodha: temperature was observed with the predator Data about Mite population and temperature of population.Rai et al.,1995 and Veeravelet al.,1995 each Tehsils are compiled properly. After reported that phytophagous mites positively compiling the mite population data and correlated with humidity, temperature and wind temperature e.g., maximum and minimum velocity. There is no effect of sunshine hours while temperature of each Tehsils are correlated by rainfall shows adverse effect. The study was simple correlation and regression analysis. Figure-1.1: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Maximum Temperature in Tehsil Bhalwal. 5 0 10

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20 25 Minimum Temperature (x)

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Correlation between Temperature and Phytoseiidmites population in Tehsil Bhalwal: Data between Phytoseiid mites and temperature in Tehsil Bhalwal showed that maximum and minimum temperature had positive effect on the mite population. Both maximum and minimum temperature show significant correlation. Table-1: Correlation between temperatureandPhytoseiid mite population in Tehsil Bhalwal: Temperature Correlation coeffient P.value Maximum Temperature

0.7471

9.96e-05 ***

Minimum Temperature

0.4990

0.0452 *

Phytoseiid mite population (y)

*** = Highly significant at P < 0.01Signif. Codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 REGRESSION EQUATION Y = -3.53791 +0.18447 X1-0.04626X2Y = Phytoseiid population per leaf.X 1 = Maximum Temperature X2 = Minimum Temperature R2 VALUE R2 Value = 60.72R2 (adj) = 56.36 Graphical representation of relationship of temperaturewith phytoseiid mite population in Tehsil Bhalwal: Effect of temperature on the phytoseiidmites population in Tehsil Bhalwal: 4 2 0 20

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Maximum Temperature (x)

Figure-1.2: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Minimum Temperature in Tehsil Bhalwal. Both graph of maximum and minimum temperature in tehsil Bhalwal showed that population of phytoseiid mites has direct relation with the maximum and minimum temperature. Population of phytoseiid mites increased with the temperature. At lowest temperature 22 0C the mean population was 0.4 and at highest temperature 400C the mean population was 2.7. p value for both maximum and minimum

temperature showed that the effect of temperature is significant on the mites population. Relationship between phytoseiidmite population and Temperature in Tehsil Kot Momin:

Results indicated that maximum and minimum temperature had positive and significant correlation with Phytoseiidmites population in Tehsil KotMomin. Table-2: Correlation between temperature and Phytoseiid mite population in Tehsil KotMomin: Temperature

Correlation coeffient

P-value

Maximum Temperature

0.687521

0.000573 ***

Minimum Temperature

0.4447

0.0434 *

*** = Highly significant at P < 0.01 Signif. Codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 REGRESSION EQUATION Y = -2.98175+ 0.15864X1 - 0.03202X2Y = Phytoseiid population per leaf.X1 = Maximum Temperature X2 = Minimum Temperature R2 VALUER2 Value = 49.6R2(adj) = 44

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Phytoseiid Mite Population (y)

Effect of temperature on the phytoseiid mite population in Tehsil KotMomin: 3 2 1 0 20

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Phytoseiid Mites Population (y)

Figure-1.3: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Maximum temperature in Tehsil KotMomin. 4 2 0 10

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Minimum Temperature (x)

Figure-1.4: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Minimum temperature in Tehsil KotMomin. Both graph of temperature of tehsil Kot momin showed that population of phytoseiid mites has direct proportion maximum and minimum temperature. As temperature increased population of phytoseiid mites also increased. Maximum population 2.8 was seen at highest temperature at 41 oC and minimum population 0.15 was seen at temperature 30 oC.Pvalue for both maximum and minimum temperature

showed that the effect of temperature is significant on the mites population.

Relationship between phytoseiidmite population and Temperature in Tehsil Sahiwal: Correlation between Temperature and Phytoseiid mite population: Population of Phytoseiid mites and Temperature in Tehsil Sahiwal showed that maximum and minimum temperature had positive and significant relation to each other. Table-3: Correlation between Temperature and Phytoseiid mite population in Tehsil Sahiwal: Temperature Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature

Correlation coeffient 0.7153 0.46283

P-value 0.000267 *** 0.0346 *

*** = Highly significant at P < 0.01Signif. Codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 REGRESSION EQUATION Y = -4.15314 + 0.20434 X1 -0.04123X2Y = Phytoseiid population per leaf. X1 = Maximum Temperature X2 = Minimum Temperature, R2 VALUER2 Value = 53.7, R2 (adj) = 48.56

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Phtiseiid mite Population (y)

Effect of temperature on the phytoseiidmites population in Tehsil Sahiwal: 5 0 20

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Phytoseiid Mite Population (y)

Figure-1.5: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Maximum Temperature in Tehsil Sahiwal. 5 0 10

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Minimum Temperature (x)

Figure-1.6: Relationship between phytoseiid mites with Minimum Temperature in Tehsil Sahiwal. Graph showed that population of phytoseiid mites increased with the temperature. At lowest temperature 27 oC mean population was 0.5 and at highest temperature 39 oC mean population was 4.2. P value showed that both maximum and minimum temperature had significant effect on the phytoseiid mite population.

Correlation between Temperature and Phytoseiidmites population in Tehsil Sargodha: Data between Phytoseiid mites and Temperature in Tehsil Sargodha showed that maximum and minimum temperature had positive effect on the mite population. Maximum and minimum temperature show significant correlation.

Table-4: Correlation between temperature and Phytoseiid mite population in Tehsil Sargodha: Temperature Correlation coeffient P-value Maximum Temperature 0.7070 0.000339 *** Minimum Temperature 0.4819 0.027 * *** = Highly significant at P