influences of water stress on seed germination and

BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 10, Issue: 4, Page: 351-357, January - February, 2015 Review Paper

INFLUENCES OF WATER STRESS ON SEED GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH STAGE OF FIVE WHEAT GENOTYPES M.Z.K. Roni1, A. Mahjuba1, H. Oue2, M.M.U.A. Liton3, S. Sadia4 and A.F.M. Jamal Uddin4* M.Z.K. Roni, A. Mahjuba, H. Oue, M.M.U.A. Liton, S. Sadia and A.F.M. Jamal Uddin (2015). Influences of water stress on seed germination and early growth stage of five wheat genotypes. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 10(4): 351357. Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/1410048/1410048.pdf

Abstract An experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Horticulture, Sher-eBangla Agricultural University under the 2a biotech lab, from November 2014 to February 2015, to assess the optimum field capacity for germination of different wheat genotypes. Five wheat genotypes viz. V1, BARI Gom-26; V2, BARI Gom-27; V3, BARI Gom-28; V4, BARI Gom-29 and V5, BARI Gom-30 were evaluated under three water stress levels (Control, 100 % of field capacity, FC100; 75% of field capacity, FC75 and 50% of field capacity, FC50). Study was laid out with completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Results indicated the significant difference with all characteristics among wheat genotypes and water stress levels. 50% of field capacity was showed best for seed germination of all wheat genotypes. Maximum number of root with maximum length (above 30 cm) was found with V5 variety and V5 was found best as water stress tolerant among the wheat germplasms.

Key words: Wheat, water stress and seed germination. Introduction Drought stress is the major drawback for plant development in worldwide, especially developing countries. Deficit water condition is facing the drought stress in field level. Global climate change is making drought stress as a critical factor for plant growth and productivity (Xu et al., 2010 and Hasanuzzaman et al., 2012). After that drought stress is now considered to be one of the major abiotic stresses for restricting crop production. Hence, this problem also restrains the physiological activities like enzymatic activity (Seckin et al., 2009), DNA, RNA, protein synthesis (Anuradha and Rao, 2001) and mitosis (Tabur and Demir, 2010). Furthermore, dry matter portioning and biomass production are reduced by the drought stress (Farooq et al., 2009 and Kage et al., 2004). Nevertheless, it also adversely affects plant growth and development, seed germination (Dash and Panda, 2001 and Alamghrabi, 2012) and seedling growth (Ashraf et al., 2002). However, seed germination is an important factor for plant growth and development. Ultimately, the effects of drought stress reduce the total yield of crops. Wheat is the major grain crops for 35% people in the whole world. It feeds as their staple food. In Bangladesh, wheat is second major cereal crops after rice. It is cultivated in all parts of Bangladesh, but major cultivable land of wheat is northern part in Bangladesh. Consequently, low temperature is good for wheat cultivation and it is cultivated in winter season, called Rabi season. On the other hand, short duration of winter makes drought problem in Bangladesh and deficit water is also major limited factor for wheat productions. In winter, soil moisture percentage comes into below in field capacity which reduces seed germinaiton. Limitation of irrigation water also affects the seed germination (Delouche et al., 1982; Smith and Hoveland, 1986; Jain and Patel, 1988). Germination is inhibited by moisture stress through a reduction in imbibition process and by delaying metabolic processes (Hank and Thorp, 1956). Finally, it reduces the yield and shows the drought stress. If the optimum soil water condition for wheat it will be effective to do the *Corresponding Author Email: E-mail: [email protected] 1Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, 2Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan, 3Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation, Bangladesh and 4Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka

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economic irrigation and to minimize the input cost of wheat production. This experiment was conducted to find out the optimum requirement of water for wheat seed germination. Method and materials A pot experiment was carried out in Net House, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 2014 to February 2015, to assess the performance of wheat varieties under different water stress levels. Five wheat genotypes namely, V1, BARI Gom-26; V2, BARI Gom-27; V3, BARI Gom-28; V4, BARI Gom-29 and V5, BARI Gom-30 were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). Furthermore, three different water stress levels (100% of Field capacity, FC100; 75% of field capacity, FC75 and 50% of field capacity, FC50) were tested in this experiment. The experiment was laid out with completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Pot dry soil weight was maintained at 3.2 kg and single seed was sown in each pot respectively. Each soil water condition was maintained by adding water every two days so that the total soil weight would correspond to each setting. Soil water content was observed every two days. During germination, watering and observation were followed regularly. Pot soil was prepared with equal amount of decomposed cowdung and small amount of inorganic fertilizer as recommended dose (BARI Hatboi). Days to emergence, germination percentage, chlorophyll percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh shoot and root weight and percentage root with length of 15, 30 and > 30 (cm) respectively were measured. Chlorophyll percentage was measured by SPAD at 2 pair leaf stage. Digital slide caliper was used for recording diameter. Data were recorded on different days after sowing at 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAS respectively and calculated data were statistically analyzed with MSTAT-C software program. Mean comparisons were conducted and analysis of variance for each of variety was represented by F-test. Differences between varieties were evaluated by Least Significance Difference Test (LSD) at 5% level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results Days to emergence: Maximum days to emergence (6.8 days) was obtained in V3 which followed by V1 and V4, whereas minimum (5.8 days) was in V2 (Table 1). On the other hand, different water stress levels also provoked the days to emergence of different wheat genotypes. Maximum days to emergence (6.5 days) was found in FC50 which was statistically identical with FC75 and the minimum (6.1 days) was required with FC100 (Table 2). Maximum days to emergence (8.0 days) was found in V5FC75 which was statistically similar with V5FC50 and minimum (4.1 days) was required with V5FC100 (Table 3). Germination percentage: Maximum germination percentage (74.8 %) was observed in V3 and minimum (60.7 %) was found in V4 (Table 1). Maximum germination percentage (76.4 %) was observed in FC2, where as minimum (59.6) was found in FC0 (Table 2). According to Table 3, maximum germination (81.5) was obtained from V3FC2 which was statistically identical with V5FC2, while minimum (59.8) was from V2FC0. Chlorophyll percentage: Highest chlorophyll percentage (48.0) was found from V2 at seedling stage, where as lowest (41.3) was observed in V5 (Figure 1). On the other hand, higher percentage of chlorophyll (49.0) was documented in FC50 and lower (39.4) was in FC100 (Figure 1). Consequently, maximum chlorophyll percentage (56.5) was recorded in V2FC2 while minimum (38.1) was from V4FC0 (Table 3). Shoot length: Longest shoot (35.3cm) was recorded from V2 variety at 30 days seedling stage and shortest (30.8 cm) was from V5 (Figure 1). Accordance to Figure 1, longest shoot length (34.5 cm) was observed from FC2 treatment and lowest (31.9 cm) was in FC0. On the other hand, longest shoot length (36.5 cm) was obtained from V2FC2, where as shortest (27.9 cm) was found in V3FC0 (Table 3). Root length: Maximum root length (53.3 cm) was found in V4 variety, while minimum (38.8 cm) was in V2 variety which was statistically identical with V1 (Figure 1). On the other hand, higher root length (53.7 cm) was found in FC2 treatment and lower (33.7 cm) in FC0 (Figure http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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Influences of water stress on seed germination

1). In terms of combination, highest length (65.8 cm) was found in V4FC2 treatments, where as lowest (28.4 cm) was in V1FC0 (Table 2).

BARI GOM-26 BARI GOM-27 BARI GOM-28 BARI GOM-29 BARI GOM-30 Plate 1. Root length of five wheat varieties under different water stress levels (From left to right in each photo: 100% of Field capacity, FC100; 75% of field capacity, FC75 and 50% of field capacity, FC50) Fresh shoot weight: Higher fresh shoot weight (1.8 g) was found from V4 and lower (1.2 g) was in both V1 and V3 respectively which were statistically similar (Table 1). Maximum fresh shoot weight (1.8 g) was observed in FC50 treatment. On the other hand, minimum (1.1 g) was from FC100 (Table 2). In order to fresh shoot weight, maximum (2.0 g) was observed in both V4FC50 and V5FC50 treatments, where as minimum (0.6 g) was in V3FC100 (Table 3). Fresh root weight: Maximum shoot weight (1.1 g) was obtained from V2 and minimum (0.7 g) was in V3 (Table 1). Higher fresh root weight (1.2 g) was measured in FC50, where as lower (0.6 g) was from FC100 (Table 2). According to Table 3, highest root length (1.4 g) was observed in V5FC2 which was statistically identical with V2FC50 and lowest (0.5 g) was from V5FC100 (Table 3). Root deeper than 15 cm depth: Highest percentage of root (29.4 cm) was observed in V2 and lowest (17.2 cm) was in V1 (Table 1). In contrast of field capacity, maximum root (25.0 cm) was found in FC50, while minimum (17.8 cm) was revealed from FC100 (Table 2). In terms of interaction, higher root percentage (33.6 cm) was obtained from V2FC50 and lower (8.6 cm) was in V3FC100 (Table 3). Root deeper than 15-30 cm depth: Higher number of root (25.7 cm) was documented in V2 variety, on the other hand, lower (16.6 cm) was recorded from V4 (Table 1). Highest percentage of root (22.8 cm) was found from FC50 treatment, where as lowest (15.9 cm) was in FC100 (Table 2). According to table 3, maximum percentage of root (28.6 cm) was found in V2FC50 and minimum (6.1 cm) was in V3FC100. Table 1. Growth related characteristics of different wheat varieties

Varieties V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 LSD CV (0.5)

Days to emergence 6.6 5.8 6.8 6.7 6.3 0.4 7.1

Germination percentage

ab c a ab b

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69.4 63.6 74.8 60.7 70.9 1.7 3.1

b c a d b

Fresh weight (g) Shoot 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.7 0.1 6.6

d c d a b

Root 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.1 7.7

b A D C B

Root percentage at different length (cm) 15 17.2 29.4 12.1 21.6 27.0 0.3 1.7

30 d a e c b

23.2 25.7 8.8 16.6 20.9 0.3 2.2

> 30 b a e d c

2.1 4.5 2.2 3.8 6.0 0.3 10.9

d b d c a

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35

(b)

55 45

FC5 0

35

25

25

15

15

5

5

35

35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

65

65

55

55

45

45

35

35

25

25

15

15

Chlorophyll percentage

45

FC 10 0 FC7 5

Shoot length (cm)

(a)

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Root length (cm)

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)


55

5

5

5 10 15 20 Days aft er sowing (DAS)

5 10 15 20 Days aft er sowing (DAS)

Figure 1. Effects of (a) different varieties and (b) water stress levels on relationships between days after sowing (DAS) and chlorophyll percentage, shoot length and root length. Varieties – V1, BARI Gom-26; V2, BARI Gom-27; V3, BARI Gom-28; V4, BARI Gom-29 and V5, BARI Gom-30 and Control, 100% field capacity, FC100; 75% of field capacity, FC75 and 50% of field capacity, FC50. Table 2. Growth related attributes influenced by water stress levels

Varieties FC 100 FC75 FC50 LSD CV (0.5)

Days to emergence 6.1 6.7 6.5 0.3 7.1

b a a

Germination percentage 59.6 67.7 76.4 1.4 3.1

c b a

Fresh weight (g) Shoot 1.1 1.5 1.8 0.1 6.6

c b a

Root 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 7.7

C B A

Root percentage at different length (cm) 15 17.8 21.5 25.0 0.2 1.7

30 c b a

15.9 18.4 22.8 0.3 2.2

> 30 c b a

0.9 5.2 5.1 0.3 10.9

b a a

Root deeper than 30 cm depth: Maximum number of root (6.0 cm) was obtained from V5 and minimum (2.1 cm) was in V1 (Table 1). Higher number of root (5.1) was showed in FC50 treatment which was statistically identical with FC75, while lower (0.9 cm) was counted in http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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FC100. In terms of combination, highest percentage of root (10.8 cm) was found in V5FC100 and lowest (0.5 cm) was in V1FC100 (Table 3).

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)


Germination percentage

Days to emergence

Varieties

Treatments

Table 3. Combined effect of varieties and different level of water stress condition on growth related traits of wheat Fresh weight (g) Shoot Root

FC 100 5.5 ef 61.5 e 39.3 ghi 31.7 e 28.4 l 1.0 h 0.8 e V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

FC75 6.7 c 70.5 c 41.8 f 33.9 c 43.7 f 1.2 g 1.0 cd FC50 7.5 ab 76.3 b 48.3 bc 36.2 ab 46.0 e 1.5 de 1.1 b

Root percentage at different length (cm) 15

30

> 30

13.1 i 22.1 d 0.5

h

16.4 h 19.8 g 4.6 d 22.1 f 27.6 b 1.1 g

FC 100 6.7 cd 56.8 g 40.7 fgh 33.6 c 35.2 ij 0.9 h 0.7 f FC75 5.7 e 61.3 e 47.1 c 35.8 ab 39.2 g 1.6 cd 1.1 b FC50 5.0 f 72.8 c 56.4 a 36.5 a 42.1 f 1.8 b 1.5 a

24.5 e 21.4 e 0.8 g

FC 100 7.9 a 66.3 d 40.6 fgh 27.9 h 32.3 k 0.6 i 0.3 h FC75 6.1 de 76.5 b 47.1 c 35.5 b 51.1 d 1.3 fg 0.9 de FC50 6.5 cd 81.5 a 49.5 b 31.9 e 57.1 bc 1.6 c 1.1 bc

8.6 k 6.1 m 0.6 gh

30.0 b 27.1 b 6.9 b 33.6 a 28.6 a 5.9

l

2.0

f

16.3 h 12.9 j

4.0

e

FC 100 6.6 cd 53.0 h 38.1 i 33.2 cd 38.5 gh 1.6 cd 0.6 f FC75 6.8 c 57.3 fg 42.9 ef 33.9 c 55.6 c 1.8 b 0.8 e FC50 6.6 cd 71.8 c 46.3 cd 35.6 b 65.8 a 2.0 a 1.1 b

18.1 g 12.0 k 2.0

f

22.3 f 17.3 i

5.9

c

24.3 e 20.6 f

3.6

e

FC 100 4.1 g 60.3 ef 38.3 hi 29.2 g 34.3 jk 1.4 ef 0.5 g FC75 8.0 a 72.8 c 41.4 fg 30.8 f 36.8 hi 1.7 bc 0.9 de FC50 6.9 bc 79.8 a 44.3 de 32.5 de 57.9 b 2.0 a 1.4 a

24.8 e 18.0 h 0.6 gh

LSD CV (0.5)

11.4 j

7.3

c

27.5 d 20.5 f

6.6 b

0.7

3.0

2.4

0.9

2.2

0.1

0.1

28.8 c 24.2 c 10.8 a 0.5 0.6 0.6

7.1

3.1

3.8

1.9

3.6

6.6

7.7

1.7

2.2

10.9

Discussion Present investigation revealed that significant variation found among all varieties and treatments. Days to emergence showed significant variation among different wheat varieties. Khayatneshad et al., (2010) revealed that water stress influenced on wheat genotypes and seed germination percentage. Days to emergence and germination percentage depends upon their high genetic potentials. However, high soil moisture content is limiting factor for seed germination. Chandler and Singh, (2008) revealed that biological yield of wheat showed maximum sensitivity to water stress. Nevertheless, water stress stunted the growth of plant in contrast with well watered plants (Ekanayake et al., 1993). Furthermore, over water decreases the dormancy of seed and it changes the food constituent and sugar into seed at germination stage (Humbert, 1968). So, optimum water level is very effective for seed germination. De souza et al., (1997) documented that chlorophyll content of soybean leaf change in between irrigations of field capacity and 60% of field capacity. However, water stress declines the ratio Fv/Fm which depends on PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) (Broetto et al., 2007; Huber et al., 1984; Boussadia et al., 2008 and Ranjbarfordoei et al., 2006). Water stress effects on carbon assimilation than translocation which restricts the CO2 for photosynthesis (Hanson and Hitz, 1982; Boussadia et al., 2008 and Ranjbarfordoei et al., 2006). Moreover, it inhibits sugar and starch synthesis which help to expand wheat leaves. It is reported that drought conditions influence the root length and root elongation process by affecting cell division and turgidity of the cells (Golbashy et al., 2012). Reducing water supply in soil achieved a situation for plant to pursue root growth through soil depth. This shows that in order to resist drought stress, the plant employed this strategy throughout individual survival straggle by drought conditions. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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These findings are in agreement with the observations of Ajayi and Olufayo (2004) in sorghum. Jalilian et al., (2014) reported that barley seedling growth promoted under water deficit stress in a greenhouse condition. He stated that optimum water level influence to seedling soon after their emergence under drought stress, which enhanced the early growth and thus resulted in improved fresh and dry weight of barley. Haase and Rose, (1993) revealed that the planting of seedlings with large root volumes may reduce moisture stress and subsequent transplant shock. The effect of field capacity on root percentage was significant variation among different wheat varieties and field capacities. According to Table 3, it clearly indicates that percentage of root at different level was significant. Jalilian et al., (2014) evolved that the average root length is greater than shoot length under drought stress. When water supply is limiting, allocation of assimilates tends to be modified in root growth and leads to increase root dry weight and consequently the root-shoot ratio increases (Kaydan and Yagmur, 2008). Conclusion At present study revealed that the significant variation was found among wheat varieties with different water stress conditions. Maximum seed germination and root percentage at the depth deeper than 30 cm were found in V5 variety which can easily get water and other nutrient under drought stress condition. All wheat genotypes performed best under FC50 water stress condition. Reference Ajayi, A.E. and A. A. Olufayo. (2004). Evaluation of two temperature stress indices to estimate grain sorghum yield and evapotranspiration. Agron. J., 96(5): 1282-1287. Almaghrabi Omar A. (2012). Impact of Drought Stress on Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters of Some Wheat Cultivars. Life Sci. J., 9: 590-598. Anuradha S. and S. S. R. Rao. (2001). Effect of brassinosteroids on salinity stress induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Growth Regul., 33: 151-153. Ashraf, M. and M. R. Foolad. (2005). Pre-sowing seed treatment-a shotgun approaches to improve germination, plant growth, and crop yield under saline and non-saline conditions. Adv. Agron., 88: 223-271. Boussadia, O., F. Ben Mariem, , B.Mechri, W.Boussetta, M. Braham, and S. Ben El Hadj. (2008). Response to drought of two olive tree cultivars (cv. Koroneki and Meski). Sci. Hort., 116(4): 388-393. Broetto, F., H.M. Duarte and U. Lüttge. (2007). Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the facultative halophyte and C3-CAM intermediate species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum to salinity and high irradiance stress. J. Plant Physiol., 164(7): 904-912. Chandler, S.S. and Singh, T.K. (2008). Selection criteria for drought tolerance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Series: Coping with wheat in a changing environment abiotic stresses. Proceedings of the 11th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. R. Appels, R. Eastwood, E. Lagudah, P. Langridge and M. Mackay Lynne, editors. Sydney University Press, Australia, pp. 1-3. Dash M. and S. K. Panda. (2001). Salt stress induced changes in growth and enzyme activities in germinating Phaseolus muingo seeds. Biol Plantarum., 44:587-589. De Souza, P. I., Egli, D. B. and W. P. Bruening. (1997). Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J., 89(5): 807- 812. Delouche, J. C., C.Andrews, H. Potts, H.C. Revsche and E. Cabrera. (1982). “Seed factors influencing germination and seed establishment” Annual Report Intsormil Project X11 /MZU1. Ekanayake, I., De Datta, S. and Steponkus, P. (1993). Effect of water deficit stress on diffusive resistance, transpiration, and spikelet desiccation of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Ann. Bot 72(1): 73-80. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/


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