Integrated Management of Underground Space ... - Science Direct

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ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 364 – 368

15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”

Integrated management of underground space center of Moscow based on the development of metropolitan objects Valery Belyaev a,*, Evgeny Pashkin b a

a

Moscow State University of civil engineering, Russia Russian state geological prospecting University, Russia

Abstract

Examines distortions of spatial development of the city of Moscow and the resulting urban planning, transport, social problems of the Centre of the metropolis. It is concluded that the efforts made by the Government of Moscow measures may be insufficient without strategic direction orientation of integrated urban underground space utilizing the potential of the city and especially its central zone. Reviewed the background and direction through the development of urbanization of underground objects. Provides suggestions for the justification and the preparation of a new master plan for the city, improve other instruments of urban management. Also provides specific recommendations for the optimization of the underground transport network in the central part of the city by embedding new stations on existing radial lines and justify slopes of underground, taking into account the geological conditions (with the creation of 3D models for this purpose). The basis of urban planning should become a principle of consideration of underground space as an integrated resource land. Proceeding from it, on an example of underground objects (like infrastructural skeleton of the city) are creating a spatial direction underground-ground systems, as well as improving their energy efficiency and utilization of recoverable materials. It is concluded that, despite the complexity of the tasks, their solution (with proper organization in the system of State Administration) is possible. It significantly will contribute to the achievement of the declared goal of sustainable development of the Russian capital. ©2016 2016Published The Authors. Published by Elsevier © by Elsevier Ltd. This is an openLtd. access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Peer-review under theSustainable scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisiteoffor Development. Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: potential geo-city resources, integrated and systematic development of underground space, optimizing the network of subway, sustainable development.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-495-984-21-33 E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.711

Valery Belyaev and Evgeny Pashkin / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 364 – 368

1. Introduction In Russia the centripetal trends significantly contributed to growth in the resettlement of residents of Moscow-the most populated cities in Europe. In the capital of Russia has more than 12 million people, and, taking into account the immediate suburbs, more than fifteen. While labor and, particularly, the administrative and business activities, as well as the cultural, commercial and entertainment activities and tourism are concentrated in the historical core of the city, which occupies only 3% of the area of the city (attached). So in the central administrative district of Moscow are major political, cultural, financial, and trade and business functions, more than 80% of all workers in the city, and the day population can exceed a quarter of a million people. At the same time, the majority of Muscovites live in high-density peripheral areas of the city of Moscow. Many people come to work in the Centre of the capital from the suburban areas. Pendulum labor migration in the monocentričeskoj radial-ring structure and insufficient transport infrastructure density of Moscow led to critical transport situation and environmental problems. Development Centre of Moscow is also serious difficulties owing to the shortage of public spaces, recreational, as well as some social and engineering services, lack of storage facilities and private car parking lots, green spaces. The problem is complicated by the concentration of the majority of objects of cultural heritage here, requiring protection by prohibiting or restricting development. Development Centre of Moscow is also serious difficulties owing to the shortage of public spaces, recreational, as well as some social and engineering services, lack of storage facilities and private car parking lots, green spaces. The problem is complicated by the concentration of the majority of objects of cultural heritage here, requiring protection by prohibiting or restricting development. Awareness of the disparities of territorial development have led to the adoption in 2012, at the federal level, the decision to join the Moscow large in area adjoining little built-up Southern and South-Western Territories in area of almost 1.5 times the size of the "old town". However, this decision was purely administrative in nature and is not substantiated by a document of strategic development and spatial planning. It did not take into account available resources, spatial development, in particular the development opportunities of the underground part of the territory of the city. At the same time in the city program "Urban policy" stated about changing the paradigm of spatial development in the transition to the model of the polycentric city of Moscow with the unloading of its Center. However, hastily management measures (limiting the development, the introduction of payment for parking in the city centre) were insufficient and cannot give the radical and rapid solution to the problem. Furthermore, in the view of some modern urban planners and economists, under market conditions, elimination of spatial disparities of Moscow not only involves the creation of new employment centres on the periphery of the city, but also an increase in "healthy" population density in the city centre, providing a comfortable urban environment-oriented pedestrian accessibility of services of daily life. Motivation to researchers is that the higher the population density provided the necessary functional diversity of urban space, the less time is spent in traffic jams, the less the load on the public transport network. It is obvious that the possibility of extensive building construction in the center of Moscow. With regard to transport issues in recent years, the situation in the center of Moscow ground public transport structure for years completely changed. In the historic part of the city in many urban Interstates tram and trolleybus routes were eliminated, some bus lines. This has led to a decline in walking, step load size on the movement of people on foot. To meet this challenge by developing the land transport modes technically and organizationally is extremely difficult due to overload of the motor road network. 2. Underground direction of development as a strategic way to solve the problems of the city center How do you resolve the problem? By applying the methods of analysis of the evolving problem situation and best practices, we can conclude that the strategically correct to focus on fuller utilization of the potential of underground space. World practice, for example, shows that the implementation of a high capacity urban Central territories of cities in such circumstances, can provide it is integrated and balanced development of the underground part of the territory. generally, it is based on the development of Metropolitan objects (Tokyo, Montreal, Helsinki, Paris, London, etc.). Unfortunately, the underground construction in Moscow is done outside of the special plan, dot and in small amounts. Independently and with a large backlog develops until the subway network. For example, the density

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of the network in 10 times lower than in Paris, and overflights by running tunnels between stations in Moscow on 45 times longer than in many European capitals. Thus, the Centre of Moscow is experiencing an acute shortage in securing underground transportation communications. This is particularly acute in the historical part of the city that hosts not only offices and shopping malls, but also contains a large number of major cultural institutions, to which location is complicated. Meanwhile, Moscow has economic, technological and other prerequisites for enhancing underground vector of development that can contribute to the solution of the claimed priority social and urban transport tasks. For example, in the year 2010 adopted general plan of the city contains the correct rule on the necessity of the development of underground space (especially in the central zone) in order to preserve the historical characteristics of planning and development, as well as the availability of public spaces, facilities, places of employment, motor vehicle storage, reliability engineering and transport infrastructure. Unfortunately, in recent years the trend leveling the rule under the pretext of budgetary savings. So the underground objects are trying to project themselves as close as possible to the surface of the Earth, not always bearing in mind the specificity of engineering-geological conditions and without links to other underground and surface buildings and structures. Many freight interchange sites and parking-parking are designed as planar structures. Not done the necessary focus on underground development in most of the recent planning contest for "New Moscow". Everyone is talking about the serious gaps in strategic look at the spatial development of the metropolis. Pseudo-save today can be costly tomorrow. Weak capacity utilization of underground space to face urban space, raking in serious planning mistakes, loss of complexity and sustainability development of the city. Moment to rethink the most suitable approaches. In connection with the accession of the new territories, the Government of Moscow has begun to mainstream, master plan for the city, and indeed, to develop a new plan. For this are developed, urban planning regulations establishing minimum security and access to basic services, including underground transport infrastructure. At the same time refined land use and building regulations-urban City Charter adopted a large-scale urban development program Metro. Up to 2020 year length of its network must adhere by about half, and the number of stations-by a quarter. However, a reversal in the direction of an integrated spatial development requires a common strategic approach and improve the whole management system in this area, above all-ensure an integrated spatial planning of Moscow should try rising in the world urban model of the "compact city", "new urbanism", "green building", "smart development" to meet the principle of sustainable development. This implies the maximum use of the potential of underground space as an integrated resource of bowels of the Earth, and the resource is not only spatial but also a resource, energy and mining of underground water and minerals [1]. Many will require improving planning and other management tools. materials on substantiation of a master plan for the city it is advisable to complement the three-dimensional simulation estimates the underground space development on this basis, the permanent geotechnical models. This, together with the establishment and maintenance of a State Fund for engineering materials and data, you can optimize the adoption of many managerial and technical solutions for the development of the territory. It is essential to create and economic models, for example, on the basis of the calculation of the unit cost rises in the land associated with the quality of the underground resource [2].. In the new master plan for the appropriate focus on underground development of the city centre with the development of the special section of the plan (modeled on the Helsinki master plan). Skeleton of such a development should serve as the network optimization. It shall be effected by the construction of new lines with a well-founded selection of their slopes, offsetting disadvantages of radial-ring structure of streets. Unfortunately, the Moscow subway development programme focuses on the median and the peripheral zone of the city. However, as stated above, the Centre of the metropolis should not remain without attention. The task of formation of Moscow as the world's largest historical, cultural and tourist center requires transformation parameters prevailing transport structure of the historical part of the city a pedestrian path for residents and tourists to objects of historical-cultural heritage and cultural centres should be shorter, convenient and comfortable. This is one of the most important directions of modernization of the Moscow metro in the midst of consolidating historic-cultural functions beyond the city centre. This task can be solved, for example, by embedding


new stations on existing radial lines inside the Circle line, near centers of attraction (museums, theatres, freight interchange sites, Conservatory, etc.) with bringing the length of intervals between stations up to European standards (500-600 m). To do this, it is advisable to initiate the amendment at the federal level, changes in the set of rules for designing undergrounds (practice of adjustment of such rules by the efforts of the city of Moscow). Preserving historic Wednesday, so you can build up to ten Metro stations. It should seek to maximize the validity of building development plan optimization choice of slopes in the historic heart of the capital. While sometimes due to manual mode "management mistakes. So very unsuccessful option dead-end sidings from the station «Tretyakovskaya» Metro station «Exhibition». It was adopted on the principle of the shortest connection stations, which is not always the best solution. A trace, despite the lengthening line could cover many insufficiently secured transport accessibility of the territory and avoid intersections of ancient sandstones erosive of the Moskva-River, which guarantee additional difficulties in the drilling of tunnels. It is important to focus on designing an integrated underground building: the establishment within walking distance of public spaces, garages, garages, socio-cultural, commercial and other purposes (including hosted in goaf of pits), merging their network of subways, streets and galleries. Consistency is also important with major terrestrial objects. As already noted, the principle of comprehensiveness and integration of other aspects of resource use of underground space. For example, the Moscow metro annually throws into the surrounding Wednesday about 2.2 billion kilowatts per hour of thermal energy. Applying heat pumps (a device of such systems in buried underground facilities more efficiently), you can utilize this secondary heat and use it to supply not only objects, but also for third-party related consumers. Or another question. Typically, a ground which is checked out in construction of subways, exported for recycling at suburban polygons as waste. While the Moscow metro as the customer pays for their transportation, and the disposal. Whereas, by a more sophisticated system of logistics, planning and balance mass haul traffic, this primer can be used for urban use: filling lowlands , an artificial topography (e.g., ski and toboggan slopes) or artificial land on the Moscow river and other bodies of water. It is also necessary to consider the reuse of these materials in construction, production, improvement. 3. Results and discussion Of course, all of this will require a serious effort and teamwork as the Moscow and federal authorities, the adoption of the programme of joint action in different areas of public administration in the field of underground urbanization (urban design, technical regulation and Standardization). It will also require adequate improvement of the legal system, information and scientific support, the development of mechanisms of public private partnerships, the application of experimental design. Increase in the use of the underground space of the city may complicate interaction terms of existing and newly constructed underground and above-ground structures with geological Wednesday, especially in the city centre. This in turn will require the Organization and monitoring of the status of such interaction. Therefore, and in view of the urgency and complexity of the problem, consider it necessary to deploy a broad discussion in the professional urban planners on Wednesday discussed the topic. 4. Conclusions Moscow virtually exhausted in its historical part of opportunities for further development of horizontally, retaining only the vertical component down. This will be the main trend of development in the new century, a megacity Centre. the implementation of our proposals in the face of fairly harsh climate of Moscow city will not only preserve the historical uniqueness of the Center, make it attractive for tourism, but also to improve the sustainability of their development, achieve world quality standards in the capital Wednesday.

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References [1] H. Li, A. Parriaux, et al., The way to plan a viable Deep City: from economic and institutional aspects, The Joint HKIE-HKIP Conference on Planning and Development of Underground Space, The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers & The Hong Kong Institution of Planners, Hong Kong, 2011, pp. 53-60. [2] A. Parriaux, P.Blunier, P. Maire, L. Tacher, The DEEP CITY Project: A Global Concept for a Sustainable Urban Underground Management, 11th ACUUS International Conference, Underground Space: Expanding the Frontiers, 10-13 September, Athens, 2007, pp. 255-260.