IoT Multiplatform Networking to Monitor and Control ... - IEEE Xplore

Future Network & MobileSummit 2013 Conference Proceedings Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds) IIMC International Information Management Corporation, 2013 ISBN: 978-1-905824-37-3

IoT Multiplatform Networking to Monitor and Control Wineries and Vineyards Arturo MEDELA1, Bruno CENDÓN1, Lucía GONZÁLEZ2, Raúl CRESPO3, Ignacio NEVARES3 1 TST Sistemas, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, Albert Einstein 12 –1st Floor, Santander, 39011, Spain Tel: +34 942 760540, Fax: + 34 942 760541, {amedela, bcendon}@tst-sistemas.es 2 Edenway, 144 Rue Lecourbe, Paris, 75015, France Tel: +33(0)6 85 25 45 28, [email protected] 3 UVaMOX-University of Valladolid, Av. Madrid 44, Palencia, 34004, Spain Tel: +34 979 108354, {rcrespo, inevares}@iaf.uva.es Abstract: Winemaking was born more than two thousand years ago and from that moment on a wine culture has flourished and reached almost all corners around the world. Over the years, winemaking techniques have evolved, paving the way to discover varietal characteristics unknown to the most traditional wines, and enabling the coexistence of traditional techniques and the more innovative ones. However, in recent times changes produced in climatic conditions have led to significant variations in the grape ripening process, which implies severe trouble for the wineries which are not able to properly track the evolution of the fruit. In order to give a solution to these issues, this paper provides an innovative architecture based on the concept of Internet of Things, combining wireless and distributed specific sensor devices. Integrating different wireless sensor technologies with advanced analysis, remarkable information from the environment such as soil condition, vines growth or fermentation status can be retrieved and further allowing interaction, personalization and management of different devices deployed over the scenario. This system, replicated in the real world on land, covering crops and a winery in Zamora, Spain, produces a better understanding of all operating parameters and provides a predictive system to carry out precision farming, while easing the management of the vineyard and the winery, as well as improving traceability of the entire winemaking process, complying with all relevant sustainability requirements nowadays Keywords: Wineries, Vineyard, IoT, Wireless, Sensor, Management

1. Introduction Agriculture is risky by nature. Wine grape growers often confront significant challenges from unpredictable natural physical conditions and market factors. Moreover, unprecedented changes in local and global climate during the last years, as well as increased regulatory and economic pressures, have exacerbated risks. These and other concerns often create stress for growers and winemakers. Effectively managing the complexity of risks enables producers to ensure long-term business success by simultaneously achieving financial goals while benefiting human and natural resources. In this context, top risks include weather extremes, water shortages and impairments, damaging pests (especially exotics), labor concerns, increasing energy costs and shortages, and unexpected market variability [1]. Focusing the topic in the viticulture and wine making sectors different consequences could derive from these changes. First of all, notable changes could happen in the suitability of the diverse growing zones, setting the table to the Copyright © 2013 The authors

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appearance of unexpected crops in certain areas where never have appeared before. Also it can have influence in the anticipation of the stages from seedling to maturity or in the appearance of early harvests, taking place in August rather than in mid-September [2]. All in all, the conclusion is that the monitoring tasks must be anticipated and intensified, and thus this initiative is triggered since the good news is that growers can adopt methods to reduce liability and risk. “Sustainable winegrowing” is an integrated systems approach to producing grapes and wine that balances the three E’s or principles of sustainability: Environmentally Sound, Socially Equitable, and Economically Feasible. Sustainable practices are defined generally as winegrowing methods that are environmentally sound, economically viable and socially responsible. The main reasons for adoption vary depending on the particular practice, but they include both environmental and economic motivations. Although wine production still counts on a large and rooted traditional component, the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in this area can improve productivity, increase competitiveness and facilitate batch processes. The advanced systems incorporated to wine making in order to get an on-line supervision and control must be understood as a mean of conduction of wine elaboration considering an exhaustive knowledge of the whole process variables in real time. Different control parameters can be integrated in a system of optimized managing [3][4], and there are numerous companies that build sensor networks like GALTEL [5] and integrate these sensors to make measurements of agricultural interest, or firms which focus their efforts on tracking the processes in the cellar as the Food & Beverage initiative developed by Siemens [6], finishing with the commercial enterprises centered in identification systems via radio frequency for the food industry [7]. Nevertheless, none of these solutions offer total process integration. In addition, one of the most ambitious and innovative projects that have been carried out in Europe, supported by ESA (European Space Agency) and aimed to equate Europe with the U.S. in terms of technology applied to the wine sector, involved the Living Lab located in the Frascati region in Italy. GEOVINE project, developed by ESA ESRIN (European Space Research Institute) in conjunction with GEO-K, a spin-off of the University of Rome Tor Vergata and the company Planetek, created a complex study based on multispectral images of vineyards through satellites, gathered in a GIS environment. [8] The main scope of this initiative is to fill the existing gap thus optimizing the overall management of the entire wine-producing chain, from grape growing to wine production. The objective is to study and implement sensors and data management for on-line measurement of critical parameters for the whole process, and the design of modular applications for the monitoring and control in industrial wineries and vineyards. Thus, an innovative system based on the integration of different wireless sensor technologies with advanced analysis is used. These sensors, which have the advantage of being low cost, collect information from their environment and send it to a central server, which will be in charge of processing and handling it to the user. Through this experimentation, the proposed system will produce a better understanding of all operating parameters, providing a predictive system to carry out precision farming that allows setting the necessary work, and in the end optimizing the management of the vineyard and winemaking practices from the vine to the wine. The paper is structured as follows: in section 2 an overview of the system architecture is offered, while section 3 focuses on the technological base of the proposed solution and section 4 deepens in the system functioning, finishing with the derived conclusions listed in section 5.

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2. System architecture The definition of the system architecture is based on scenario characteristics and the requirements and limitations impaired by it. This section present the main ideas and concepts that have lead to the definition of the final system architecture. 2.1 Scenario description Wine production is directly linked with controlling and monitoring certain critical viticulture, fermentation and aging parameters, which are related with grapes growth and maturation, laboratory or on-site measurements as fermentation evolution. There are other parameters which although are important to wine quality, they are not measured daily. An integrated method to manage information from sensors, web servers, laboratory databases, and batch measures can be helpful in many ways. All this kind of data is logged in a central control server database and a thoroughly developed analysis program can manage this information in an accurate way. A detailed study of each one of the sub-processes that comprise the entire wine production life cycle has been made, distinguishing three interrelated scenarios: x Vineyard, which are all aspects related to the crop until the grape arrives at the winery. x Winery, including all elaboration processes, from the time the grape enters the winery until the wine is ready for commercialization. x Distribution, related to logistics, marketing, etc., until the wine is consumed. In this case, vineyards monitoring is realized in Venialbo, Zamora (Spain) in a crop with two different parcels, one of them composed of pre-phylloxera ungrafted hundredyear-old grapevines, and the other one filled with new grapevines. This terrain is covered with one gateway and two motes. The gateway has the capability to acquire meteorological data and set this information beside motes data, which captures diverse parameters of interest (temperature, humidity, soil conditions) through the sensors embedded. Moreover, the winery associated to this crop is located nearby in Valdefinjas, less than 5 kilometers away the vineyard. A big tank is placed in the winery to process and store the wine. Two different cooling chambers exist, one of them to enclose and process the recently arrived grapes, while the cellar is devoted for the barrels and bottles. Within this scenario it is mandatory to control the temperature and humidity during every production stage. Finally, the distribution scenario has yet to be addressed, since the current experimentation has not reached that stage on the production process, so far controlling only the product stock on the winery. 2.2 System requirements The direct impact of the introduction of this technology platform is mainly economic and saves up money to growers through precise control of their farms, creating a higher-quality product at a lower cost. Therefore, the goal of this initiative is twofold: x Improve the integration of wine production using new technologies. It aims to provide traceability of the production of wine, accurately controlling the entire flow of information from the producer to consumer, through the entire winemaking process. x Develop the concept of "Contingency Anticipation". The platform has to acquire knowledge and improve over time, which serves to anticipate possible problems. Tracking different target variables by installing sensors allow gain control of the winemaking process, raising the possibility of performing a predictive task in further harvests. Among the tasks to be controlled in the field are those related to pest and diseases, pesticide treatments, fertilizers, irrigation… These cultural practices greatly influence the quality of wine produced, as the basis of a good wine is always in the vineyard, and this Copyright © 2013 The authors


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type of data can be included in the system manually. At the same time, the sensors installed in the vineyard have to give information related to the soil aspects, the conditions of humidity, temperature, barometric pressure, rainfalls and solar radiation, or topics related with the plant such as leaf wetness or vine shoot diameter, since all of them affect the final product. Going into the winery, and along temperature and humidity sensors, it is useful as well to place remote control systems over some actuators, such as the cooling mechanism in both the deposit and the cooling chamber or the pumping over process, activated through a pump connected to this tank. In addition, the system will have to be ready to send alarms and messages anytime an unexpected value is sensed, in order to warn the oenologist or the wine grower their immediate intervention is needed. 2.3 Proposed solution architecture The proposed solution is divided into four main areas (depicted in Figure 1): x The first of them corresponding to the deployment in the vineyard of a number of wireless devices with sensing features. They are responsible for data collection, as well as interacting with other nodes, creating a network and sending data wirelessly via various interfaces. x Tightly related with the previous one, the second area of action implies assembling this sensors information. In most locations, the sensors are assisted by an aggregation point in charge of gathering data and sending it via a single interface, acting as a gateway. x A central server is available to perform the most relevant control tasks and collect the data supplied by the deployed devices. It is also responsible for developing the automatic reporting of interesting information and the real-time activation of alarm messages conveniently defined in advance by the system users. x In last place appear the user interfaces that enable monitoring and control the wine production from anyplace by simply making use of different mobile touch devices, such as smartphones or tablets, while at the same time facilitates the interaction through applications and web pages specially designed for this purpose. User devices

IP based communication Central Control Server Database

GPRS Gateways Low Power Radio

Wireless sensor networks

Figure 1: System architecture

A wireless sensor network has been deployed in the land where the vines are studied, along a gateway which gathers the information and communicates with the central control system. Users and crop workers can interact with all of them through their handheld devices allowing in situ performances and facilitating the work of obtaining relevant information and execute some decision making.



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Placing sensors in vehicles intended for storage subsequent transportation of the harvested fruits is also considered of interest, so the oenologist can track the entire production chain. Given the nature of the particular crop where the system is deployed it may not be a decisive factor, thanks largely to the proximity between the plot and the cellar. Going into the cellar, the goal is to collect all the parameters from the time the fruits arrive until the end of the manufacturing process, when the wine is already bottled and ready for sale. In this case, another array of sensors responsible of registering various parameters of interest in this process is deployed, starting with some indicators taken at the entrance of the wine grape such as density, sugar, color or pH. Furthermore, it is considered appropriate to include temperature control mechanisms within the different sections where the product is elaborated (wine deposit, refrigeration chamber, barrel), since this is a decisive parameter to control the proper evolution of the product. Lastly, related to logistics, management and distribution, thereby enabling total traceability of the system, the basic objectives at this stage should go through obtaining and maintenance of a record of the product in the store warehouse, besides trying to have a system to collect data from marketing and retail customers.

3. Technological base of the solution There are three main groups lying behind the technological structure of the proposed system: the TSmarT platform which brings to life motes and gateways, the communication technologies which connects the different devices and the sensors in charge of registering data related to the features considered more interesting. 3.1 TSmarT IoT platform The engine of the system is the TSmarT IoT platform. The family platform, shown in Figure 2, comprises two different devices, TSmoTe and TSgaTe, designed to fulfill the requirements imposed by M2M (Machine to Machine) communications [9]. The TSmoTe device is typically used in the sensor side thanks to its low power consumption and reliable RF communication interface. Due to its flexibility, the TSgaTe device is usually set as the Smart Object; in case that Ethernet connection is not available the TSmoTe could also be implemented as a Smart Object using the GPRS communication expansion module.

Figure 2: TSmarT IoT platform

These two devices offers communication capabilities using the most common technologies, while its design also guarantees optimizing energy consumption, enhancing the life of devices’ batteries and minimizing the overall costs of the system deployment. TSmoTe is a very simple device in terms of communication. It implements only a low power radio module, such as ZigBee, forming a capillary network among sensors and smart object. Despite the fact that it is a low cost device, it is a powerful platform in terms of Copyright © 2013 The authors


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computing and optimized power consumption. Furthermore, through expansion board more capabilities, especially GPRS connectivity, can be added enhancing its capabilities. On the other hand, TSgaTe is much more powerful in terms of communication capabilities. Computational hardware is the same in both devices, but this advanced board include not only more I/O ports which could be useful for further updates of the system, but also three built in communication interfaces (ZigBee/Wi-Fi, GSM/UMTS and Ethernet). In order to reduce the cost of the system, and taking advantage of the characteristic of typical smart monitoring scenarios, these advanced devices implement some and not all the communication interfaces; the ones deployed implement only the best communication interface for each location. 3.2 Communication technologies ZigBee is a low cost, low power wireless technology that has been designed for the robust transmission of small amounts of data, usually information related to sensor measurements and/or control commands for actuators, through multihop wireless mesh network, which allows a great coverage area with redundant links. This feature makes ZigBee a robust network suitable for critical environments like the one represented by these winemaking vineyards and wineries, preferable to the Wi-Fi alternative which could present some flaws within this context. TSmarT platform counts with a fully integrated ZigBee radio module which makes possible create sensor networks on the desired scenario. Otherwise, GPRS is a cellular standard designed to transmit voice and data and ease M2M communications like the ones faced in this experimentation setup. The presence of cellular networks base stations on the vicinity of the crop makes GPRS the most appropriate communication option in this scenario, since it allows convenient data transmission and in a simpler and cheaper way than UMTS. The TSmarT platform incorporates a GPRS modem for M2M applications which is used for the communications between vineyard gateway and central control server. Taking advantage of the easily integrated expansion boards in the platform, and thus optimizing the cost of the overall system, and NFC Reader is embedded. This NFC reader includes a RFID/NFC (Radio Frequency Identification) interface (NXP’s PN532) for reading the NFC cards that triggers the different actions performed by the system. 3.3 Implemented sensors Looking for covering the mandatory requirements in the addressed scenario, the following sensors have been picked, attending their special characteristics and looking for a trade-off between their prize and quality. x MICROCHIP MCP9700 family of linear active thermistor Integrated Circuit, which is an analogue temperature sensor that converts temperature to analogue voltage. x Honeywell HIH-5030 low voltage humidity sensors, offering instrumentation-quality relative humidity sensing performance, ideal in battery powered systems. x Vegetronix THERM200 soil temperature sensor probe, with an accuracy of ±0.5ºC and a resolution of 0.125ºC. x DECAGON DEVICES EC-5 sensor for measuring soil water content, which enables monitoring soil moisture accurately and affordably. x DECAGON DEVICES Em50 leaf wetness dielectric sensor, which approximates the thermal properties of leaves to closely mimic the wetness state of a real leaf. x Ecomatik diameter dendrometer DD-S, for measuring changes in diameter of plants. x DAVIS Vantage Pro2 Plus weather station, measuring barometric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction or solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Copyright © 2013 The authors


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3.4 Implemented devices In order to obtain relevant information on terrain and vines, the gateway in charge of retrieving and gathering the information generated by the vineyard sensors and transmit it to the central server includes the aforementioned meteorological station along with the XBee and GPRS modules required to facilitate the wireless interaction with the rest of devices. In addition, a solar panel is adhered to the outside of the cabinet which contains this gateway, shown in Figure 3 (a), in order to acquire energy from sunlight and thus save battery consumption. It all is anchored to the ground by means of a mast. On the other hand, the motes used in the vineyard have been encapsulated in a watertight compartment IP65, waterproof and dust resistant, capable of holding up to four different sensors on the inside. Among them features the ones correspondent to the soil moisture and temperature, along with the ones dedicated to measure the leaf wetness and the stem growth. The final appearance of this mote is shown below in Figure 3 (b). It is important to note that the deployment counts with two different motes: one of them is located in the new grapevines section of the plot, while the other one is situated into the old vines parcel. Both motes, though, present the same characteristics, both physical appearance and type of sensors embedded. Turning to the winery, a mote focuses on collecting data concerning the deposit where the wine is initially dropped and subjected to various key processes in its production. Thus, this production mote is responsible for action on the activation of the solenoid valve which allows the deposit cooling and the pump that starts the pumping over process on the fluid. Therefore, in addition to the usual modules enabling the wireless communication with the gateway and the server, the mote features connections devoted to the management of both aforementioned elements, in addition to being connected to a PT100 probe which is inserted into the tank and is in charge of making temperature measurements on the inside, depending on which other processes are launched. In Figure 3 (c) one can see the final appearance of this production mote, with its connection to the PT100 probe. A gateway is specifically designed for the winery, which besides the elements needed to bring together the communications arriving from the different motes and send them to the central server, and counting with ambient temperature and humidity sensors, incorporates an additional board that enables the user on site interaction employing NFC (Near Field Communication) technology. It can be seen in Figure 3 (d).

(d) (a) (c) (b) Figure 3: Vineyard gateway (a) and mote (b), production mote (c) and winery gateway (d)

All these equipments presented and designed for their use inside the winery need a connection to a power supply for operation. Looking to have some measures in remote parts of these outlets, a portable mote has been also prepared, somehow autonomous thanks to its dependence on batteries. This device includes temperature and humidity sensors, and is employed in the cooling chamber where grapes are tempered and the bottled product stored. Moreover, with the ambitious goal to maintain some control of the conditions in all environments where the wine can be found at different stages of their development process in the winery, it is considered appropriate to include a bonus checkpoint, being the own Copyright © 2013 The authors


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barrels. So, after a thorough evaluation, an additional PT100 probe is attached to the bung of one of these barrels, located at a strategic point in the room to obtain reliable records.

4. System functioning Once the requirements and scenario have been determined, and the technological base of the proposed solution fixed, it is time to realize the path followed by the information generated by the system and learn how a user can interact with it. 4.1 Information flow The system has a control and communications central server in charge of receiving the data and information of interest coming from the different points of the deployment. This central control system includes a database that stores systematically the information received from the deployments, while enabling the creation and maintenance of a historical record for subsequent effective use of these data, following the strategies and policies laid down by the winemaker and caretakers of the vineyard and the winery. Another feature of the central control system consists in making an interpretation of the collected data and thus generate the correspondent alarms and warning messages through the evaluation and analysis of the information employing specific algorithms. These notifications will be sent via SMS or e-mail to the people in charge of the vineyard and the winery, in order to prevent the apparition of serious problems. 4.2 User interface To perform the consultations of the data collected by the sensors, a web application is created, accessible from any conventional browser. This application communicates on demand with the database to present information on the screen and create simple charts from it. In order to ensure compatibility with the user choice of browsers and ease the application maintenance over the possible future changes, the system is based on standards and open platforms. This way a certain independence from proprietary technologies and tools is maintained. In the application the two main deployment scenarios are distinguished: the vineyard and the winery. Thus a user can view the data collected by the sensors present in both places through the use of simple drop-down menus to be offered in both numerical and graphical information built from it, the type to that shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Web application screenshot

To ensure that diverse users with different personal characteristics may consult and use the system, the user interface is designed according to accessibility standards. The entrance to the control center will be controlled by the authentication step, performed by entering the username and password in the access interface to it. The system must manage different profiles to differentiate administrative tasks of the platform from the ones devoted to system monitoring. Copyright © 2013 The authors


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4.3 Usage examples So far, a prototype version of the system has been deployed in Valdefinjas vineyard, covering old and new grapevines parcels, and in Pago de Cubas winery, coinciding with the harvest time of 2012, around the months of September and October. This way, a lot of valuable data has been retrieved concerning the climatic conditions experienced during this period and the grapes characteristics at the time they were pruned. Knowing the values of factors such as temperature, humidity, leaf wetness, atmospheric pressure, rainfalls, solar radiation or direction and speed of wind, and crossing them properly will facilitate the labour of taking preventive actions in future harvests when similar conditions appear. Thus, oenologists and wine growers are going to be able to avoid important issues with their plantings. Afterwards, the grapes have been conducted to the winery and have spent a certain time in the cooling chamber, in order to stabilize their temperature to a particular value. This task has been supervised by the portable mote, which is in charge of sending alarms to the oenologist if the temperature surpasses a certain threshold. Once this part of the process is completed, the grapes are converted to fluid and deposited into a tank where they are conserved between fixed temperatures, controlled by the PT100 probe, and experience the pumping up process, which can be triggered remotely using the web application. This functionality is a clear advantage for the oenologist, since this process may take place at very diverse hours, and its remote activation make possible to not be on site on a permanent basis. The next step would be passing the wine to the barrels where it will mature, and where the temperature will be constantly evaluated by the probe attached to the barrel, warning people in charge anytime this temperature increases or decreases a couple of properly defined thresholds. The same process applies to the bottled wine, which also needs to comply with certain temperature and humidity constraints as long as it is in the winery chamber dedicated to its conservation. Through this preliminary experimentation, some initial results have been derived of the early stages of the production process, and thus they have been integrated on the developed database in order to analyze and use them all on next harvests, generating reports and applying specially designed algorithms to improve the winemaking process, as well as sending alarms and notifications anytime the system detects an unexpected or unusual behavior or measurement.

5. Conclusions Grape growers and vineyard managers, like other farmers, pride themselves on knowing their land and their crops on an almost intuitive level, and may be reluctant to adopt the new high-tech vineyard monitoring devices and software options that are now available. Here are seven reasons why vineyards should make use of the newer tech tools and software systems and how could they benefit of deploying a system similar to the one here depicted, as supported by the California Sustainable Winegrowing Alliance [10]. 1. Enhance ability to manage the vines: Monitor multiple factors in the vineyard throughout the year to gather the data that, when interpreted, helps the manager know when and how much to water, how to deal with pests and diseases, when to harvest... 2. Save money and time: The right vineyard technology helps the manager schedule tasks, labor and equipment usage more quickly and accurately, which can save on wages and other expenditures as well as reduce time and moderate the often erratic flow of harvest. 3. Improve communication: Using computer technologies help the vineyard manager communicate down, up and over time. Copyright © 2013 The authors


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4. Wake up data at rest: most vineyards have a lot of data already, and the new monitoring equipment is providing more all the time, including real-time vine sensing that yields vine water statistics, sugar transport, physiological activity, growth measurements and crop load data. 5. Preserve vineyard history 6. Deliver a positive marketing message: The high-tech vineyard approach is also a marketing tool to use on wineries that buy your grapes, on the property owner if you're a contract manager and on the wine trade and consumer. 7. Get an edge in quality: It doesn't mean making high-tech wines; it means taking extra pains to deliver the best-cared-for, most perfectly ripened grapes possible. All in all, the main advantage of this particular solution over other ones existing in the market right now is the fact that this one encompasses all processes involved in wine production, starting with the treatment of vines and harvest time, following by processes belonging to the winery and culminating with monitoring tasks conducted during aging, bottling and distribution of the final product. Sustainable winegrowing and winemaking is a term already accepted by a large number of winegrowers and winemakers and will continue to become even more widely accepted in the professional community. In the long term, the potential and the ambition of this tool consists in providing support to build credible measurement systems able to document and communicate statewide adoption of sustainable practices. It could provide long-term viability of land and business, improving wine quality and enhancing value of real estate, or even provide environmental and social equity benefits, contributing to the conservation of natural resources and enhancing relations with consumers, regulators, communities and public policy institutions. In essence, this IoT solution can be envisioned as the next step in the constant process of modernization and adaptation to the demands of the times, consumption habits and market trends: using technology for optimizing the overall management of the entire wine production chain.

Acknowledgements This work has been carried out within the SITELVIÑA (Sistema Integrado e InTELigente de control de bodegas y VIÑedos) project, which is partly funded by Spanish MINECO through the Plan Avanza Competividad I+D+i Program under project TSI-020302-2011-28. The authors would like to thank Winery Pago de Cubas, A.O. Toro (Zamora, Spain), for hosting this research and providing valuable comments which have guided notable steps in the investigation process.

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