ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ... - angrau

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)1-12, 2009

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES IN OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis) P CHERUKU, K MANORAMA and S. SIVARAMAKRISHNAN Department of Agricultural Biotechnology College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030 ABSTRACT Microsatellites were isolated from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) by selective hybridization which involved capturing DNA fragments containing repeat motifs. Two biotinylated oligonucleotides containing Di and Trinucleotide repeats were used as probes in individual hybridization reactions, for capturing microsatellites. Genomic DNA isolated from flushing tender leaves of oil palm and digested with RsaI was ligated to Super SNX ds linkers, hybridized with biotinylated repeat oligonucleotides, and the eluted microsatellite enriched DNA fragments were amplified by PCR using Super SNX primer. Enriched DNA fragments were cloned in a TA cloning vector and transformed into E. coli DH-5á competent cells. White colonies were screened and the clones having insert size above 300 bp were selected and sequenced. Of the 30 clones sequenced, 9 were positive for microsatellites, of which, 5 were dinucleotide repeats, 4 were trinucleotide and imperfect repeats. SSR primers were designed from the flanking regions of microsatellites and PCR conditions were standardized.

Oil palm, is reported to be the highest yielder with the potential of 4-6 tonnes of vegetable oil per ha (Mielke, 1996). It produces two distinct oils, palm oil and palm kernel oil, used for culinary and industrial purposes respectively. Oil palm is a monocotyledonous plant belonging to the palm family (Arecaceae). It is a single stemmed plant i.e., it possesses a single shoot apical meristem and grows to 20 metres height. Established trees over 10 years produce about 20 leaves a year. The flowers are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with 3 sepals and 3 petals. Fruit takes 5 to 6 months to mature from pollination to maturity; it comprises an oily, fleshy outer layer (the pericarp), with a single seed (kernel), also rich in oil. Unlike its relative, the coconut palm, the oil palm does not produce off shoots. It has 16 pairs of chromosomes (2n=32). The genome size is reported to be 3.42 X 109 bp, a medium sized genome when compared with that of rice (Rival et al., 1997). As Oil Palm is a tree crop, breeding selection is slow, with a typical round of selection taking around 10 years. By developing genetic markers for this species, the management of germplasm can be improved and it helps to investigate new sources of variation for introduction into breeding programmes, eventually allowing selection of traits using markers before the

E-Mail: [email protected]

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CHERUKU et al. trait itself is expressed. This could significantly decrease the breeding cycle time. RFLP markers were used to assess genetic diversity within palms of a specific oil palm breeding programme by Jack and Mayes (1993). Rival et al.(1998) employed RAPD analysis for the detection of somaclonal variants in oil palm . Isoenzymes and AFLP markers were used for genetic diversity of oil palm by Purba et al., (2000). Barcelos et al., (2002) used RFLP and AFLP to evaluate the genetic diversity, its organisation and the genetic relationships within oil palm (Elaeis oleifera kunth) from America and E. guineensis (Jacq.), from Africa. Morentzon et al., (2000) identified two RAPD markers linked to shell thickness. Work on genetic diversity and palm identification has been initiated using RAPD markers, STMS markers at NRCOP (National research center for Oil Palm) by Mandal and Pillai, (2005). One of the most recent advances in molecular genetics is the introduction of microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic diversity of natural and hybrid, as well as transformed populations of crops (Balloux and Moulin, 2002). Microsatellites are a tandem array of short stretches of 2-6 base pairs length, normally repeated about 15 to 30 times and scattered randomly throughout the genome, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Bennett, 2000). Their presence in genomes of all living organisms, high level of allelic variation, co-dominant inheritance pattern and potential for automated analysis make them excellent molecular markers for a number of applications. They have been used for a variety of applications like genetic mapping, level of inbreeding, positional cloning of genes, etc (Schulter et al., 1996). Their flanking regions are usually genetically conserved (Bennet, 2000). Microsatellite primers developed for one species frequently amplify loci in related species. The major challenge with microsatellites is that they need to be isolated de novo from most species being examined for the first time. Selective hybridization method is the most successful method used until now (Karagyozov et al., 1993). The present study has therefore been undertaken to isolate microsatellites from oil palm and characterize the isolated microsatellites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Flushing tender leaves of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq ) were collected from green house farm of College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, ANGRAU, Hyderabad.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES Oligonucleotides and primers Two primer sets were used for isolation of microsatellites, one for the preparation of double strand linker (ds) named as ‘superSNX24’ and ‘superSNX24 + 4P’, and the other for confirming the presence of inserts, M13 universal forward and reverse primers (sigma). Two Biotinylated repeat primers (CT, TCG) were also synthesized based on their frequency in plant genome. Primer sequences adopted in the study are listed in Table 1. Genomic DNA was extracted by modified CTAB method (Sambrook and Russel, 2001). Flushing tender oil palm leaves were extracted with DNA extraction buffer (2% CTAB, 100 mM Tris, 20 mM EDTA, 1.4 M NaCl) preheated at 60ÚC and 200 mg of PVP (Polyvinylpyrolidone). The quality and quantity of extracted DNA was judged by comparing it with uncut ë DNA in agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA quantification and purity was checked by measuring the O.D at 260 nm and 280 nm using a UV visible spectrophotometer. Microsatellite capture was performed according to the method described by Glenn and Schable (2005), involving different steps, namely, restriction digestion using Rsa I, preparation and ligation of double stranded Super SNX linkers to size selected Rsa1 digest. After PCR confirmation of ligated ds linkers repeat-enrichment was done using Biotinylated Oligonucleotides described in Table 1, individually with the two oligonucleotides at their respective hybridization temperatures . Repeat enrichment was carried out in 5 steps, namely, preparation of streptavidin magnetic beads, hybridization of linker-ligated genomic DNA with biotinylated repeat oligo, conjugation of biotin - streptavidin beads, washing and elution, as described in detail by Glenn and Schable, 2005. Then, amplification of repeat enriched DNA was done using PCR for each of the eluted samples. Each 25 µl reaction volume contained about 2.0 µl of eluted DNA, 1 x PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 1.5 mM MgCl2 (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM dNTPs (Amersham), 0.5 p moles of super SNX24 primer, 0.3 units Taq polymerase (Invitrogen) and programmed for an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 95ÚC followed by 30 cycles of 20 sec denaturation at 95ÚC, 20 sec annealing at 60ÚC, 1.5 min extension at 72ÚC and final extension at 72ÚC for 30 min and a hold temperature of 15ÚC at the end. All the 5 PCR reaction products were pooled and stored at 40C until further use. The repeat enriched DNA fragments obtained by using two biotinylated repeat oligonucleotides were cloned into TA cloning vector (Promega) and transformed into E. coli DH 5a competent cells as per standard methods (Sambrook and Russel, 2001). White colonies were screened for the presence of the insert by colony PCR and plasmid DNA from positive clones was isolated for sequencing using standard dideoxy 3

CHERUKU et al. sequencing protocol (Sanger et al., 1977). The colonies that had inserts with more than 300 bp were selected. Plasmid PCR was conducted to further confirm the presence of the 300 bp band and the positive samples were sent for sequencing using an automated sequencer. The sequences were screened for the presence of microsatellites manually. The sequences containing microsatellites with sufficient flanking regions on either side were submitted in primer 3 software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/ primer3_www.cgi), for designing primers of length 18-22 base length and product sizes of 150-250 bp. Standardization of primers Primers were diluted to a concentration of 10 picomoles/ml. Fifteen PCR reactions were set up for each primer in a total reaction volume of 10 ml containing a final concentration of 1 X PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 1.5 mM MgCl2 (Invitrogen), 0.1mM dNTPs (Invitrogen), 20 ng template DNA, 10 picomoles of each forward and reverse primers. As per the primer melting temperature [Tm] different annealing temperatures were programmed in eppendorf mastercycler gradient thermal cycler. Amplified products were detected on 2.5 % agarose gel. The intensity of bands was increased by using different concentrations of MgCl2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rsa1 being a 4 base cutter, on an average cuts DNA every 256 bases. Digestion of genomic DNA was found to be successful, as indicated by a uniform smear visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel (Figure 1). Ligation of ds linkers to size selected Rsa1 digest (between 500 to 1000 bp) was confirmed by PCR amplification with linker specific primer SuperSNX24 (Fig. 2). The linkers will provide the primer binding site for subsequent PCR steps. They also provide sites to ease cloning of fragments into the vectors that will subsequently be used. The linkers are compatible with the restriction sites in the vector’s multiple cloning site. The Super SNX primer also incorporates a GTTT “pigtail” to facilitate non template ‘A’ addition by Taq DNA polymerase during PCR, which can be used for cloning (Glenn and Schable, 2005). Efficient attachment of ds linkers to Rsa I digest was attained at a molar ratio of 1:10. Ligation of ds linker gave a thick smear between 300-1000 bp after confirmation using PCR with 2 ìl of linker ligated DNA, which indicated the successful ligation of ds linkers to all size selected Rsa1 digested DNA fragments (Fig. 2). Hybridization of DNA fragments with biotinylated repeat oligonucleotides was achieved by incubating the mixture at respective hybridization temperatures, followed by confirmation by PCR using linker specific Super SNX24 primer. A smear was formed 4

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES between 300-500 bp region indicated the successful hybridization of repeat containing DNA fragments. (Figure 3). To capture the repeat motifs in oil palm genome (CT) 10 and (TCG) 10 biotinylated oligo repeats were used as probes, because of their high frequency in plant genome, to isolate microsatellite repeats. Hybridization of biotinylated oligo against Super SNX linker ligated genomic digest was carried out separately as it increases the efficiency of isolation at a specific hybridization temperature (Table 2) for each probe. This was done to ensure a higher efficiency of isolation at a specific hybridization temperature for each probe, which also allows control over hybridization and gives more products for repeats with different melting temperatures or repeats that are rare. The enriched fragments were cloned into pGEM-T easy cloning vector (Promega). The ligated products were used to transform DH5á competent cells. The presence of both blue and white colonies after transformation indicated the presence of inserts in the vector. Totally, 100 white colonies were screened for the presence of inserts by conducting colony PCR. Among these 60 colonies were found to be positive for inserts, as visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel. The amplification profiles of colony PCR results are shown in Figure 4. Sequencing 30 positive colonies were randomly selected from the 60 which were found positive for the inserts, as sequencing is an expensive process. They were grown in LB culture medium and plasmid DNA was isolated for sequencing of the microsatellite repeat containing regions. Of the 10 microsatellites captured five were GA/CT type, and imperfect repeats like (CTT)2GTT(CTT)2 (CCT)3 (CTT) 3, (AAT)5, (GAA)2CAA(GAA)4 are obtained with (CT) 10 biotinylated repeat oligo. With (TCG)10 biotinylated repeat oligo, (GTC) 6ATC(ATT) 9 microsatellite was captured. The types of microsatellite repeats captured are listed in Table 2. Overall efficiency of the protocol was found to be 30%, as 9 microsatellites were isolated from 30 positive clones sequenced which is similar when compared to previous reports on selective hybridization. In Coconut (Cocos nucifera) 1341 microsatellites were captured from 1880 clones (Rivera et al.,1999), and in another study 8 microsatellites were captured in Oenocarpus bacaba (Billotte et al., 2005). In Bactris gasipaes 27 clones were showing microsatellite sequences from 62 positive colones sequenced (Martinez et al.,2002). Honsho et al., (2005) reported 6 mango microsatellite loci and Viruel et al., (2005) reported 16 mango microsatellite loci. Two different repeat containing probes were used in hybridization reactions separately. This indicates that the protocol used is best suited for capturing the di-nucleotide repeat motifs rather than tri nucleotide repeat motifs. Imperfect repeats were also obtained in coconut (Rivera et al.,1999), Geum urbanum (Rosaceae) (Arens et al., 2004).

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CHERUKU et al. The microsatellite repeats captured were submitted to the Vector Screen software in NCBI web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/VecScreen/VecScreen.html) to remove the vector sequences. Seven microsatellite sequences having sufficient flanking regions were used for primer designing, using Primer 3 software. Primer designation and product sizes are given in the Table 3. Primers were standardized with different annealing temperatures and MgCl2 concentrations (Figure 5), PCR conditions for the respective primers are given in the Table 3. Nine captured microsatellite containing sequences with flanking regions were submitted in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) web site for BLASTN (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) Most of the microsatellites showed high homology with Prochilodus argenteus microsatellite sequence, Acacia mellifera subspp. mellifera microsatellite sequence, Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar- group) genomic DNA, chromosome 12, complete sequence. The microsatellite (GA)12 was showing high homology with Elaeis guineensis microsatellite DNA, clone mEgCIRO219 and Cocos nucifera microsatellite DNA, clone CncirB6. (AAT)5 microsatellite was showing high homology with Ostertagia ostertagi mRNA for heat shock protein 20 (hsp 20). This work represents the first Indian effort in the isolation of microsatellites from Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Marker based characterization of genomes is generally done for phylogenetic studies and gene discovery. Elaeis guineensis microsatellites can serve as a powerful tool for genetic studies of the genus Elaeis, including variety identification and intra or inter-specific genetic mapping. Phylogenetic information based on SSR flanking region sequences makes Elaeis guineensis SSR markers a potentially useful molecular resource for any researcher studying the phylogeny of palm taxa. Table 1. List of primer sequences S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Primer Name Super Snx24 Super Snx24 +4p M13 F M13 R (CT) 10 (TCG) 10

Primer Sequence (5’

3’)

5’GTTTAAGGCCTAGCTAGCAGAATC 5’pGATTCTGCTAGCTAGGCCTTAAACAAAA CCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACG AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGG CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT TCGTCGTCGTCGTCGTCGTCGTCGTCGTCG

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES Table 2. List of microsatellite repeat motifs captured S.No

Clone

Insert size( bp )

Repeat motif

Biotinylated oligo

1.

E4

376

(GA)16

(CT) 10

2.

B4

489

(CT)9(CG)3(CA)6

(CT) 10

3.

C2

489

(CT)9(CG)3(CA)6

(CT) 10

4.

E9

209

(CT)6

(CT) 10

5.

H4

511

(AAT)5

(CT) 10

6.

C4

374

(CTT) 2GTT(CTT) 2

(CT) 10

(CCT) 3 (CTT) 3 7.

E5

362

(GA)12

(CT) 10

8.

B10

546

(GAA)2CAA(GAA)4

(CT) 10

9

A6

-

(GTC) 6ATC(ATT) 9

(TCG) 10

Table 3. List of standardized conditions for captured microsatellites. S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Repeat motif

Primer sequences

(GA)16

5’CTTGATTGGATGGCGGATAG3’5 ’GGAATGAACATAGAGCTTTTTCC3’ (CT)9(CG)3(CA)6 5’GGACTGCTAGGGTGCCACT3’ CCCCTATAGATGGGGCTGAT (CT)9(CG)3(CA)6 5’GGACTGCTAGGGTGCCACT3’5’ CCCCTATAGATGGGGCTGAT3’ (CT)6 5’AATCACATGGGCTTGGGTTA3’ 5’GCAAGAGGGAGAAGAGAGAGAG3’ (AAT)5 5’TGGATCCTGGAGATTGCTTT3’ 5’CTCAAGCTATGCATCCAACG3’ (CTT) 2 GTT(CTT) 2 5’ATGGCAAAGCTGGAGAAGTG3’ (CCT) 3 (CTT) 3 5’AGCAGAATCACAGTCACAGCA3’ (GA)12 5’CGCGAATTCACTAGTGATT3’ 5’GGTGCTAACAGGTTGAGTTGG3’

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Annealing MgCl2 Temperature (mM) (oC) 58.5

1.5

58.5

1.5

58.5

1.5

58.5

2

46.1

2

46.1

2

47.5

2

CHERUKU et al.

1000 bp 500 bp

RD

M

M: 100 bp marker RD: Restriction digest of genomic FIGURE 1. Rsa I digested genomic DNA of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

1000 bp 500 bp

M

A

N

FIGURE 2. Amplification of linker ligated Rsa I digest M: 100 bp marker A: 2ml of linker ligated DNA template N: Negative control without linker ligated DNA 8

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES

M

A

B

M:100bp marker A: DNA fragments enriched with (CT) 10 repeat oligo B: DNA fragments enriched with (TCG) 10 repeat oligo

FIGURE 3. Amplification of DNA fragments enriched with repeat oligos

M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 M:100 bp marker 1: Blue colony 2:16: White colonies FIGURE 4. Colony PCR of transformed colonies

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CHERUKU et al.

M

______________A______________ ______________B____________

M: 100 bp ladder A: 3 mM MgCl2 B: 2 mM MgCl2 FIGURE 5. Standardization of SSR primers for optimization of MgCl2 concentration REFERENCES Arens, P., Durka, W., Wernke, J. H and Smulders, J. M. 2004. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Geum urbanun (Rosaceae) and their transferability within the genus Geum. Moleculor Ecology Notes, 4: 209-212 Balloux, F and Lugon-Moulin, N. 2002. The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology, 11(2): 155-165. Barcelos, E., Amblard, P., Berthaud, J and Seguin, M. 2002. Genetic diversity and relationship in American and African oil palm as revealed by RFLP and AFLP molecular markers. Pesq. agropec. bras.37: 1105-1114. Bennett, P. 2000. Microsatellites. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 53: 177-183. Billotte, N., Marseillac, N., Risterucci, A. M., Adon, B., Brottier, P., Baurens, F. C and Charrier, A. 2005. Microsatellite based high density linkage map in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Theory & Applied Genetics110: 754-765. Glenn, T.C and Schable, N.A. 2005. Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods in Enzymology, 395: 202-222. Honsho, C., Nishiyama, K., Eiadthong, W and Yonemori, K. 2005. Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Molecular Ecology Notes, 5: 152-154.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSATELLITES Jack, P. L and Mayes, S. 1993. Use of molecular markers for oil palm breeding. II. Use of DNA markers (RFLPs). Oleagineux, 48: 1-8. Karagyozov, L., Kalcheva, I. D and Chapman, V. M. 1993. Construction of random smallinsert genomic libraries highly enriched for simple sequence repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 21: 3911-3912. Mandal, P. K and Pillai, R. S. N. 2005. Screening of PCR primers for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) shell thickness marker. In: Proceedings of the ICAR National Symposium on Biotechnological Interventions for Improvement of Horticultural Crops: Issues and Strategies. College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India. pp. 280-281. Martinez, A. K., Gaitan-Solis, E., Duque, M. C., Bernal, R. S and Tohme J, 2002. Microsatellite loci in Bactris gasipaes ( Arecaceae) their isolation and characterization. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2: 408-410. Mielke, T. 1996. Outlook for oils and fats from 1996 onwards with special emphasis on oil palm and kernel oil. PAC seminars of the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM), Kuala Lumpur. 28 March 1996. Moretzsohn, M. C., Nunes, C. D. M., Ferreira, M. E and Grattapagliad 2000. RAPD linkage mapping of the shell thickness of the shell thickness locus in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Theory & Applied Genetics, 100: 63-70. Purba, A. R., Noyer, J. L., Baudouin, L., Perrier, X. Hamon, S and Lagoda, P. J. L. 2000. A new aspect of genetic diversity of Indonesian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) revealed by isoenzyme and AFLP markers and its consequences for breeding. Theory & Applied Genetics, 101: 956-961. Rival, A. Beule, T. Barre, P. Hamon, S. Duval, Y and Noirot, M. 1997. Comparative flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissue cultures and seed derived plants. Plant Cell Report, 16: 884-887. Rival, A., Bertrand, C., Beule, T., Combes M. C., Trouslot, P and Lashermes, P. 1998. Suitability of RAPD analysis for the detection of somaclonal variants in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Plant Breeding,117 (1): 73-76 Rivera, R., Edwards, K. J., Barker, J. H.A., Arnold, G. M., Ayad, G., Hodgkin, T and Karp, A. 1999. Isoaltion and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Cocos nucifera L. Genome, 42: 668-675. 11

CHERUKU et al. Sambrook, J and Russel, D.W. 2001. “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manula.” Cold Spring harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, Newyark. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S and Coulson, A.R. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 74: 5463-5467. Schulter, G. D., Boguski, M. S and Stewart, E. 1996. A gene map of the human genome. Science, 274: 540-546. Viruel, M. A., Escribano, P., Barbieri, M., Ferri, M and Hormaza, J. I. 2005. Fingerprinting, embryo type and geographic differentiation in Mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) with microsatellites. Molecular breeding, 15: 383-393.

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J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)13-21, 2009

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND FIBRE QUALITY TRAITS IN INTRA-HERBACEUM AND INTERSPECIFIC (G. herbaceum L. x G. arboreum L.) CROSSES OF DIPLOID COTTON VEMANNA IRADDI and S. T. KAJJIDONI Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad -580 005 ABSTRACT The study was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif 2006-07 to estimate combining ability involving four female parents of Gossypium herbaceum L. and four male parents of each of G. herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L. These were evaluated to select donor parents and hybrids for seed cotton yield and fibre quality traits along with agronomically superior varieties which were used in line x tester analysis for yield and yield components, economic traits and fibre quality traits. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that magnitude of SCA variance was greater than GCA variance for all the traits. This indicated predominance of non-additive gene action, which is important in exploitation of heterosis through hybrid breeding. The line ´ tester analysis for combining ability of four lines and eight testers are crossed to produce 32 F1s. The parents KS-16, 9747 and DLSA-17 for seed cotton yield and boll weight, RAHS-14, RAHS-131, MB-3200 and RDC-53 for 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength were observed to be good general combiners. The crosses KS-16 ´ BLACH-1, RDC-53 ´ MB-3200, RDC-88 ´ DLSA-17, RAHS14 ´ MDL-2601, KS-16 ´ MDL-2582, RDC-53 ´ MDL-2582 and RDC-88 ´ DLSA-17 exhibited significant sca effects for seed cotton yield per plant. In general, RAHS-14, KS-16 and RDC-88 exhibited good general combining ability for most of the yield and fibre quality traits.

Cotton, “The king of apparel fibre” is the most important commercial crop of India, cultivated mainly for its fibre and other byproducts such as nutritionally desirable oil quality. Yield being a complex character and components which contribute towards high yielding potential in cotton needs careful study. Several studies revealed the utility of combining ability analysis in cotton in predicting the pre-potency on the basis of genetic information. In any breeding programme, the proper choice of parents depending upon their combining ability is a pre-requisite. The present investigation line x tester design was used to obtain information on combining ability for yield and yield components, economic traits, and fibre quality traits of genotypes obtained from leading centres working on diploid cotton. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the 45 entries consisting of four females RAHS-14, KS-16, RDC-53 and RDC-88; eight males RAHS-131, 9747, MB-3200, BLACH-1, AK-235, DLSA-17, MDL-2601, MDL2582 and 32 F1s along with agronomically superior variety Jayadhar as check were grown in email.id: [email protected]

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IRADDI and KAJJIDONI randomized block design with two replications during kharif 2006-07 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The crop was planted at 90 and 30 cm distance apart between row and plant to plant, respectively. Data were recorded for number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield per plant, ginning out turn, lint index, seed index, 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, fibre strength and micronaire value. The data were averaged and analysed according to the method outlined by Kempthorne (1957). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among intra-herbaceum crosses, mean square due to tester were higher in magnitude for boll weight, 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength. The lines exhibited significant differences for boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant, whereas line x tester interactions were significant for most of the traits. In interspecific crosses, the mean squares due to testers were significant for number of bolls per plant and uniformity ratio. The lines exhibited significant differences for 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity and fibre strength and line x tester interactions were significant for most of the traits. The estimates of gca and sca variance component revealed that non-additive components were predominant for all the characters (Table 1 to 4). The predominance of sca variance in diploid cotton for yield and its component characters were also reported by Neelima (2002) and Laxman and Ganesh (2003). Yield and yield components Seed cotton yield is a complex trait, dependent on many other component traits. Boll number and boll weight in intraspecific hybrids and boll number in interspecific hybrids were reported as major components of yield heterosis in diploid cotton (Bhatade, 1983 and Singh et al., 1995). Hence, in the present study, the results of these traits are discussed as component characters of seed cotton yield. Among intraspecific crosses, parents, KS-16 and 9747 exhibited significant gca effects for seed cotton yield per plant and boll weight. Hence they are the best general combiners. Three crosses viz., KS-16xBLACH-1, RDC-53 x MB-3200 and RDC-88 x RAHS-131 exhibited significant sca effects in desirable direction for seed cotton yield per plant. Out of these crosses, KS-16 x BLACH-1 exhibited significant sca effects for seed cotton yield per plant and number of bolls per plant. All the crosses exhibited negative sca effects for boll weight. Among interspecific crosses, parent KS-16 had significant gca effects for seed cotton yield and boll weight indicating it is best general combiner for these two traits. AK-235 was the good general combiner for seed cotton yield per plant, boll weight and number of bolls per plant. The parent DLSA-17 was the good general combiner for seed cotton yield per plant and boll weight. Five crosses exhibited significant sca effects in desirable direction for seed cotton yield per plant. Out of these four crosses viz., RAHS-14xMDL-2601, 14

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY KS-16xMDL-2582, RDC-53xMDL-2582 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive sca effects for seed cotton yield per plant and boll weight. These findings are in accordance with Neelima (2002). Only one cross viz., RAHS-14 xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive sca effects for seed cotton yield per plant and number of bolls per plant. The results of sca effects are in agreement with the reports of Kajjidoni (1982) and Neelima (2002). In contrast to this, the cross combination RDC-53xAK-235 exhibited significant positive sca effects for only boll weight. This indicates predominance of additive gene effect for number of bolls per plant. Similar findings were also reported by Wilson (1991) and Neelima (2002). Economic traits Among three economic traits, ginning out turn primarily depends on seed and lint weight. Lint index is directly governed by ginning per cent and higher estimate of lint index is desirable. The present findings indicated that among intra-herbaceum crosses, RAHS-14 had significant gca effects for ginning out turn, lint index and seed index. Hence it is the best general combiner for these three traits. Similarly, MB-3200 was the good general combiner for ginning out turn and lint index. The parents KS-16, RDC-88 and BLACH-1 were good general combiner for seed index. The study of sca effects of economic traits revealed that two intra-herbaceum crosses viz., RAHS-14xMB-3200 and KS-16x9747 exhibited significant sca effect for ginning out turn, lint index and seed index in desirable direction. While two cross combinations viz., RDC-53xRAHS-131 and RDC-88xBLACH-1 were good specific combiners for ginning out turn and lint index in desirable direction. In contrast to this, four crosses viz., RAHS-14xBLACH-1, KS-16xRAHS-131, RDC-53x9747 and RDC-88xMB-3200 exhibited significant sca effects for seed index. These findings are in conformity with Maisuria et al. (2006). In interspecific crosses, RAHS-14 female was good general combiner for ginning out turn, lint index and seed index, while RDC-88, AK-235 and DLSA-17 were good general combiners for ginning out turn and lint index. In contrast to this, RDC-53 and MDL-2582 exhibited significant gca effect for seed index. Similar findings of sca effects were reported by Pavasia et al. (1999) and Karande et al. (2004).The study of sca effects of economic traits revealed that two interspecific crosses viz., RAHS-14xDLSA-17 and RDC-88xAK-235 exhibited significant sca effect for ginning out turn, lint index and seed index in desirable direction. Three crosses viz., KS-16xMDL-2582, KS-16xMDL-2601 and RDC-53xAK-235 exhibited significant sca effect for ginning out turn and lint index. Two crosses viz., KS-16x DLSA-17 and RDC-53xMDL-2582 exhibited significant sca effects for seed index. The findings of sca effects are in agreement with the results of Laxman and Ganesh (2003) and Maisuria et al. (2006). 15

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI Fibre quality traits Among the intra-herbaceum crosses, RAHS-14 was good general combiner for 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, and fibre strength. But, KS-16 was a good general combiner for 2.5 per cent span length and micronaire value. The parent RDC-88 was good combiner for uniformity ratio and fibre strength. The results of gca effects are in agreement with the findings of Neelima (2002) and McCarthy et al. (2004). The parent RDC-53 was a good general combiner for 2.5 per cent span length and micronaire value. Among male parents, RAHS-131 and MB-3200 were good general combiners for 2.5 per cent span length, fibre strength and micronaire value. Parent BLACH-1 was a good general combiner for fibre strength. Seven crosses exhibited significant sca effects in desirable direction for 2.5 per cent span length. Out of which, five crosses viz., RAHS-14xRAHS-131, RAHS-14x9747, KS-16xMB-3200, RDC-53x9747 and RDC-88xRAHS-131 exhibited significant sca effects for 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength. These findings are in agreement with Muthuswamy et al. (2003) and Manickam and Gururajan (2004). Five crosses exhibited significant sca effects for micronaire value. Out of which, three crosses viz., RAHS-14xRAHS-131, KS-16xMB-3200 and RDC-53x9747 exhibited sca effects in desirable direction for 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength . In interspecific crosses, RDC-53 female was good general combiner for all the fibre quality traits viz., 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, fibre strength, and micronaire value. The results of gca effects are in agreement with the findings of Neelima (2002) and McCarthy et al. (2004). The parent RDC-88 was good general combiner for some traits except micronaire value. Among male parents, DLSA-17 was a good general combiner for 2.5 per cent span length, MDL-2601 was good general combiner for 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength while, MDL-2582 was good general combiner for fibre strength. Seven interspecific crosses exhibited significant sca effects in desirable direction for fibre strength. Out of which five crosses viz., RAHS-14xAK-235, KS-16xDLSA-17, KS-16xMDL-2601, RDC-53xAK-235 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant sca effects for 2.5 per cent span length and fibre strength. A total of nine crosses exhibited significant sca effect for micronaire value. Out of which RAHS-14xAK-235 and KS-16xMDL-2601 exhibited sca effect in desirable direction for 2.5 per cent span length, fibre strength and micronaire value. In general, the parents RAHS-14, KS-16 and RDC-88 exhibited good general combining ability for most of the yield and fibre quality traits. They can be exploited for further recombination breeding programme to isolate superior segregants for both seed cotton and fibre quality traits.

16

-0.87

RDC-53

17

0.02

-2.81*

MB-3200

BLACH-1

CD at 5 %

3.08

0.08

9747

GCA testers

2.71*

3.08

RAHS-131

Male parent

CD at 5 %

GCA lines

-0.73

1.27

KS-16

RDC-88

0.33

RAHS-14

Female parent

0.15

-0.09

-0.09

0.28**

-0.09

0.15

1.12**

-2.73

4.64

-6.92**

-2.23

8.45**

0.70

4.64

1.00

-0.71*

1.75**

-1.65**

0.61

1.00

0.33

0.11

10.27** -1.56**

3.08

-0.24** -10.61**

-0.02

0.16**

0.10

0.13

0.01

0.23**

-0.23**

-0.01

0.13

0.06

-0.09

-0.19**

0.22**

0.04

0.22**

-0.03*

0.02

-0.21**

0.04

0.04*

-0.25**

0.09*

0.11**

0.04

-1.07**

2.04**

-1.33**

0.36**

0.04

-0.16**

-0.47*

0.39**

0.24**

0.10

0.25**

-0.01

-1.82**

1.58**

0.10

1.18**

-1.19**

-1.47**

1.50**

0.10

0.10*

0.64**

-2.07**

1.34**

0.10

0.46**

0.00

-1.06**

0.59**

0.11

-0.07

0.30**

0.27**

0.10*

0.11

-0.06

0.15**

0.18**

-0.27**

Table 1. gca effects of female and male parents for yield and yield components and fibre quality traits of G. herbaceum L. cotton. Seed 2.5% cotton Number Fibre Micronaire Ginning Lint Seed Boll span Uniformity yield of bolls strength value out turn index index weight Source length ratio (%) per per (g/tex) (%) (g) (g) (g) (Pg/in) (mm) plant plant (g) COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY

18

-0.05 -0.14 0.02 0.00 0.12 -0.03 0.09 0.09 -0.15 0.21 -0.10 -0.19 0.07

-1.07 -0.64 -0.52 -4.68 5.24* 0.24 -2.63 3.06 -0.67 1.61 1.73 0.17 -3.51

RAHS-14 u BLACH-1

KS-16 u RAHS-131

KS-16 u 9747

KS-16 u MB-3200

KS-16 u BLACH-1

RDC-53 u RAHS-131

RDC-53 u 9747

RDC-53 u MB-3200

RDC-53 u BLACH-1

RDC-88 u RAHS-131

RDC-88 u 9747

RDC-88 u MB-3200

RDC-88 u BLACH-1

CD at 5 %

0.30

0.10

0.86

RAHS-14 u MB-3200

6.17

-0.01

1.42

RAHS-14 u 9747

sca effects

-0.04

-1.21

RAHS-14 u RAHS131

Crosses

9.29

-5.64

-5.83

1.48

9.98**

-5.02

8.30*

-1.89

-1.39

15.48**

-5.45

-2.89

-7.14*

-4.83

2.98

3.30

-1.45

Seed Number cotton Boll of bolls weight (g) yield per per plant plant (g)

2.00

2.40**

-2.65**

0.67

-0.41

0.03

0.55

-2.27**

1.69*

-3.23**

0.14

2.56**

0.52

0.86

1.96**

-0.96

-1.81*

0.26

0.29**

-0.31**

0.06

-0.04

-0.04

-0.07

-0.11

0.21*

-0.41**

0.03

0.23*

0.15

0.15

0.35**

-0.18

-0.32**

0.09

-0.06

0.15**

-0.12**

0.03

-0.07*

-0.28**

0.37**

-0.02

-0.02

0.00

0.12**

0.14**

0.16**

0.13**

-0.14**

-0.15**

0.09

-0.34**

-0.66**

-0.34**

1.34**

0.66**

-0.81**

0.24*

-0.08**

-1.14**

3.24**

-0.30**

-1.80**

0.83**

-1.77**

0.40**

0.54**

0.20

-2.30**

3.13**

-1.96**

1.14**

-0.39**

0.72**

0.20**

-0.53*

3.56**

-4.91**

0.68**

0.68**

-0.87**

1.07**

1.08**

-1.28**

0.21

0.56**

1.66**

-3.40**

1.17**

-0.16*

-0.49**

1.45**

-0.81**

0.17*

0.25**

0.82**

-1.24

-0.57**

-1.43**

1.12**

0.88**

0.22

0.04

0.30**

-0.28**

-0.05

-0.30**

0.03

0.49**

-0.22

0.17*

0.17*

-0.36**

0.01

0.09

-0.50**

0.15

0.26**

Micronaire Ginning 2.5% span Fibre Lint index Seed Uniformity value out turn length strength (g) index (g) ratio (%) (%) (mm) (g/tex) (Pg/in)

Table 2. sca effects of hybrids for yield and yield components and fibre quality traits of Intra-herbaceum cotton

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI

19

-1.14

0.30

RDC-53

RDC-88

-2.48*

-1.24

MDL-2582

MDL-2601

CD at 5 %

2.98

0.05

DLSA-17

GCA testers

3.67**

AK-235

Male parent

CD at 5 %

2.92

1.29

KS-16

GCA lines

-0.45

RAHS-14

Female parent

Source

0.10

-0.21**

-0.05

0.17**

0.08*

0.10

-0.09*

-0.00

0.18**

-0.09*

4.32

-7.76**

-5.73**

4.40**

9.09**

4.32

-1.48

-2.07

6.84**

-3.29*

0.40

-0.04

-1.36**

0.43**

0.97**

0.40

1.09**

-1.44**

-0.05

0.40**

0.06

-0.02

-0.12**

0.06**

0.08**

0.06

0.06**

-0.14**

0.00

0.07**

Seed Number Boll cotton Ginning Lint of bolls weight yield out turn index per (%) (g) per (g) plant plant (g)

0.0586

-0.03

0.13**

0.02

-0.12**

0.05

-0.19**

0.11**

0.02

0.06**

Seed index (g)

0.18

0.25**

-0.04

0.39**

-0.60**

0.18

0.65**

1.05**

0.09

-1.79**

0.07

-2.24**

2.18**

0.05

0.01

0.07

1.30**

2.28**

-3.20**

-0.38**

0.12

0.56**

1.31**

-1.69**

-0.18**

0.12

1.44**

1.67**

0.27**

-3.38**

0.06

-0.07**

0.11**

-0.02

-0.01

0.06

-0.32**

0.16**

0.27**

-0.11**

2.5% Fibre Micronaire span Uniformity strength value length ratio (%) (g/tex) (Pg/in) (mm)

Table 3. gca effects of female and male parents for yield and yield components and fibre quality traits in inter-specific crossesG. ( herbaceum L. u G. arboreum L.) of diploid cotton

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY

20 0.06 0.20* -0.21** -0.05

1.17 -0.08 -0.67 -0.42

RDC-88 u AK-235

RDC-88 u DLSA-17

RDC-88 u MDL-2582

RDC-88 u MDL-2601

CD at 5 %

0.20

-0.12

2.15

RDC-53 u MDL-2601

5.85

0.21**

-1.36

RDC-53 u MDL-2582

sca effects

-0.26**

-2.27

KS-16 u MDL-2582

RDC-53 u DLSA-17

2.83

KS-16 u DLSA-17

0.17*

0.24**

-1.82

KS-16 u AK-235

1.48

0.12

1.68

RAHS-14uMDL-2601

RDC-53 u AK-235

-0.24**

0.96

RAHS-14uMDL-2582

-0.11

0.28**

-0.80

RAHS-14 u DLSA-17

-2.69

-0.23**

4.17*

KS-16 u MDL-2601

0.01 -0.05

-4.33*

8.64

-3.43

-8.96**

7.66*

4.73

0.29

7.13*

-11.99**

4.57

-7.37*

15.23**

-4.65

-3.21

10.51**

-13.40**

8.98**

-6.09

Seed Number Boll cotton of bolls weight (g) yield per per plant plant (g)

RAHS-14 u AK-235

Crosses

0.80

0.28

-1.08**

-1.04**

1.85**

-0.83**

-1.17**

-0.13

2.13*

1.61**

2.64**

-0.94**

-3.32**

-1.05**

-0.39

2.11**

-0.67*

0.12

0.02

-0.21**

-0.16**

0.36**

-0.10*

-0.06

-0.10*

0.26**

0.19**

0.36**

-0.06

-0.48**

-0.10*

-0.08

0.33**

-0.14**

0.11

-0.03

-0.23**

-0.07

0.33**

-0.02

0.23**

-0.22**

0.01

0.02

0.08

0.17**

-0.22**

0.07

-0.08*

0.12**

-0.11*

0.37

-0.15

0.33*

0.39**

-0.57**

0.00

0.18

-1.99**

1.80**

1.05**

-0.49**

1.03**

-1.59**

-0.91**

-0.01

0.57**

0.35*

0.14

-1.30

-2.19**

3.59**

-0.10

1.59**

1.31**

-3.46**

0.56**

0.26**

-0.76**

-0.30**

0.80**

-0.55**

1.65**

0.17**

-1.27**

0.24

-0.80**

-1.57**

2.44**

-0.13

-0.13

-0.89**

0.53**

0.49**

0.99*

-0.19*

1.10**

-1.90**

-0.06

2.59**

-4.07**

1.54**

0.12

0.21**

-0.82**

0.00

0.61**

-0.48**

0.26**

0.26**

-0.05

0.86**

0.37**

-0.51**

-0.72**

-0.59**

0.18**

0.25**

0.15**

Fibre Micronaire Ginning 2.5% span Lint index Seed Uniformity value out turn length strength (g) index (g) ratio (%) (%) (mm) (g/tex) (Pg/in)

Table 4. sca effects of hybrids for yield and yieldmponents co and fibre quality traits in inter-specific crosses (G. herbaceum L. u G. arboreum L.) of diploid cotton

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY REFERENCES Bhatade, S. S. 1983. Environmental influence on the magnitude of heterosis in G. arboreum L. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 53 (8): 627-633. Kajjidoni, S. T. 1982. Heterosis, combining ability and gene action for earliness, yield and yield components in 2x10 crosses of G. arboreum L. ´ G. herbaceum cotton. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Karande, S. S., Wandhare, M. R., Ladole, M. Y., Waode, M. M and Meshram, L. D. 2004. Heterosis and combining ability studies in interspecific diploid cotton hybrids for fibre quality parameters. International Symposiam on Strategies for Sustainable Cotton Production – A Global Vision 1. Crop Improvement, Dharwad, 23-25 November, 2004. Kempthorne, O. 1957. An Introduction to Genetic Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, 1st Edn., New York, USA. pp. 456-471. Laxman, S and Ganesh, M. 2003. Combining ability for yield components and fibre characters in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The Journal of Research ANGRAU. 31 (4): 19-23. Maisuria, A. T., Patel, J. C., Patel, K. G and Solanki, B. G. 2006. Study of best per se performance, heterosis and combining ability effects for seed cotton yield and its component characters through GMS system in Asiatic cotton. Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement. 31 (2): 88-91. Manickam, S and Gururajan, K. N. 2004. Combining ability analysis for fibre quality in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement. 29 (2): 86-91. McCarthy, J., Jenkins, J. N and Wu, J. 2004. Primitive accession derived germplasm by cultivar crosses as sources for cotton improvement: II Genetic effects and genotypic values. Crop Science. 44 (4): 1231-1235. Muthuswamy, A., Vivekanandan, P and Jayaramachandram, M. 2003. Combining ability and gene action for fibre characters in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement. 28 (3): 127-131. Neelima, S. 2002. Heterosis and combining ability analysis for yield and yield components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. Pavasia, M. J., Shukla, P. T and Patel, U. G. 1999. Combining ability analysis over environments for fibre characters in upland cotton. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 59 (1): 77-81. Singh, H., Singh, S and Omprakash, 1995. Heterotic response of ten American cotton hybrids for some quality traits. Journal of Cotton Research and Development. 9 (1): 13-16. Wilson, F. D. 1991. Combining ability for yield characteristics and earliness of pink boll worm resistant cotton. Crop Science. 31: 922-925. 21

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)22-34, 2009

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES A. S. RAO Integrated Weed Management Unit, Regional Agricultural Research Station Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University Lam Farm, GUNTUR- 522 034, A.P.

ABSTRACT Weeds continually pose a serious threat to profitable crop production, and the extent of loss depends on the degree of infestation. Due to shortage and increased costs of labour, use of herbicides became integral part of weed management in different crops and cropping systems even in developing countries. However, their intensive use poses alarming threat to the mankind in the form of environmental pollution, shift in weed flora and evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. Herbicide resistant weeds, causes and mechanisms of resistance, types of resistance, characteristics of resistance, management of herbicide resistant weeds, herbicide resistant crops, their advantages and disadvantages in effective weed management have been discussed in this review paper.

INTRODUCTION Due to the high population growth rate, every endeavour is being made to produce more grain per unit area per unit time. Of the several methods being adopted, intensive cropping, efficient water and fertilizer use, breeding photo insensitive short statured crop varieties responsive to higher levels of fertilizer, chemical control of weeds are some of the important agronomic practices intended for increasing the existing level of food production. Use of selective herbicides disturbs the micro-environment of the weed population. Such a tremendous pressure (80 to 90% weed kill with a single spray) on a weed species, induces some diversity (genetic, physiological or any other) in the weed species that show adequate resistance to the herbicides. The manifestation of this behaviour in weed species and its implications and use of herbicide resistant crops are reviewed in this article. According to Whitehead and Switzer (1963), resistance in a weed population is usually defined as adequate tolerance to a concentration of herbicide which at agriculture rates of application would normally kill susceptible plants. Such resistance usually develops by natural selection, as a result of repeated application of a herbicide over a number of years and operates at the intra species level ,resistance is then passed on to the mutant biotype’s progeny.

E mail:[email protected]

22

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES Herbicide Resistant Weeds The repeated use of herbicides with similar modes of action on the same site over a period of years (ranging from 5 to 12 years) has resulted in weed biotypes that are resistant to such herbicides.Since1970, following the discovery of resistance of a biotype of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) to the s- triazine herbicides simazine and atrazine, the phenomenon of herbicide resistance in weeds have become well known. Prior to 1970, the only confirmed instance of herbicide resistance, attributed to selection by repeated use of the same herbicide was the differential susceptibility of wild carrot (Daucus carota) to 2,4-D. (Anderson, 1996). The following weed species were reported to be resistant for different herbicides (Table1) Table 1. Weed species with resistance to different herbicides Weed species (1)

Herbicide (s) to which resistance observed (2)

Agropyron repens

Dalapon Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides

Agrotis stolonifera

2,4-D

Alopercurus myosuroides

Pendimethalin, chlorosulfurondiclfopmethyl and several triazines

Amaranthus hybridus

Triazines

Amaranthus palmeri

Glyphosate

Amaranthus powelli

Triazines

*Amaranthus retroflexus

Atrazine

Amaranthus rudi

Glyphosate

Ambrosia artemissifolia

Atrazine,glyphosate

Ambrosia trifida

Glyphosate

*Aristolochia bractesta

Pendimethalin

*Avena fatua

Proham, diallate,isoproturon, Triallate ,barban

Cardaria chalepensis

2,4-D

Chenopodium album

Atrazine

Chenopodium polyspermum

Atrazine

*Chrozhophora rotteleri

Pendimethalin 23

RAO Table1. contd.. Weed species (1)

Herbicide (s) to which resistance observed (2)

Cirisium arvense

2,4-D and amitrol

*Convolvulus arvensis

2,4-D

Conyza Canadensis

Paraquat,glyphosate

*Cressa critica

Paraquat,oxyfluorfen

*Cucumis trigonus

2,4-D

*Cynodon dactylon

Dalapon

Daucos carota

2,4 – D

Digitaria sanguinalis

Atrazine

Digitaria sps.

TCA

Echinocloa crusgalli

Dalapon, propanil, metoxuron atrazine

Erechtites hieracifolia

2,4-D

Euphorbia heterophylla

Glyphosate

*Ischaemum rugosum

Anilofos

Kochia scoparia

Chlorosulfuron

Lolium multiflorum

Glyphosate

Myosotis arvensis

MCPA

Phalaris arundinacea

Glysophate

Phalaris minor

Isoproturon,fenoxaprop,clodinafop,sulfosulfuron

*Phyllantus maderas patensis

Pendimethalin

Picea abies

Glysophate

*Poa annua

Metoxuron

Polygonum persicaria

Atrazine

Polygonum lapathifolium

Dichlorprop

Polygonum lapathifolium

Atrazine

Sencio vulgaris

Atrazine

Setaria viridis

Metoxuron

Setaria spp.

Atrazine

Setaria spp.

Dalapon 24

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES Table1. contd.. Weed species (1)

Herbicide (s) to which resistance observed (2)

*Solanum nigrum

Atrazine

*Sorghum halepense

MSMA, dalapon, glyphosate

Sonchus arvensis

Amine salt of 2,4-D

Stellaria media

Atrazine

Tripleuro spermum inodorum

MCPA

Veronica persica

Atrazine

(Source: Gill et al.,1986: Anderson1996;Das and Duary,1999; Heap,2007;Reddy,2007;Yadav and Malik,2007) *Weeds of local importance

There is no evidence that any herbicide resistant weed biotypes has occurred through mutations caused by herbicide, nor is there any evidence to show whether or not these resistant biotypes were already present prior to herbicide treatment at the sites when they were detected. Herbicide resistant weed biotypes are presumed to arise through naturally occuring mutations, form small, pre existing populations of the species. Resistance becomes apparent when herbicide selection kills off the herbicide susceptible plants, leaving the herbicide resistant biotype. Factors regulating the development of resistance Over reliance /overdependence on herbicides as the only and the principal means of controlling weeds and continuous use of a herbicide(s) having same mechanism of action in intensive agriculture indulging only crop monoculture and minimum tillage have been major causes of herbicide resistance in most weed species (Das and Duary,1999). The factors regulating the rate of development of resistance are 1. Initial frequency : Herbicide resistance is not entirely due to the mutation caused by herbicides. In the naturally-existing population of a weed species, the resistant genotypes are present in varying frequency, may be very low-one in a lakh population. This is its initial frequency. The development of resistance at the field level depends upon the increase on the proportion of the resistant genotypes within population. Repeated use of same herbicide(s) having same mechanism of action results in killing the susceptible biotypes allowing the resistant individuals to multiply and produce seeds year after year, and thus within few seasons/years of application the population becomes dominated by resistant biotypes. The more the initial frequency, the quicker is the appearance of the resistance. This is the starting point of resistance 25

RAO 2. Use of herbicide(s) : Herbicide(s) having higher efficacy, used as pre/post emergence and applied frequently over several growing seasons without rotating, alternating or combining with other types of herbicides favour selective evolution of resistant biotypes of weeds. 3. Soil seed bank : The seed bank acts as a buffer, influencing the rate of appearance of resistance. The appearance of resistance will be delayed by the recruitment of susceptible individuals from the seed bank. This depends on the germination dynamics, tillage and cultivation practices followed. For example zero or no tillage enhance the rate of development of resistance, as the herbicide applied in this practice kill all the susceptible individuals on the surface and thus allowing the resistant weed seeds which are deposited in previous season to germinate in greater proportion. Deep tillage otherwise bury these seeds. 4. Other factors : Mode of inheritance of resistance ,gene flow, mode of pollination, relative fitness etc. are other factors which are also responsible for regulating the rate of evolution of resistance. Mechanism of Resistance There are three main mechanisms of resistance viz. 1. Altered site of action : Refers to the modification in the binding site of action of a herbicide due to some genetic changes in biotypes showing resistance compared to the susceptible ones and thus remains unaffected when the same herbicide is applied to them. Eg. Resistance in many weeds species/biotypes to most of the triazines, sulfonyl ureas, dinitro anilines and in some cases of ACCase inhibitors (fenoxprop, fluazifop etc) is developed through this mechanism 2. Enhanced metabolism : Refers to the rapid degradation and /or conjugation of herbicide molecules into non –toxic or less toxic metabolites/forms is a major mechanism of resistance in several weed species Eg. Phalaris minor resistance to isoproturon 3. Sequestration and Compartmentation : Refers to the storing/accumulation of the herbicides or its metabolites in the cell vacuole or getting sequestered in cells or tissues and thus gets prevented from reaching to its site of action, is the other mechanism operating under sequestration and compartmentation. Eg.Resistance to paraquat, a photosynthesis inhibiting herbicide, in some biotypes of Lolium rigidum (Mathews,1997) Extent of Resistance Ryan (1970) observed that resistant biotypes of Senecio vulgaris were not controlled by pre emergence application of simazine or atrazine at the rate of up to 17.92 kg/ha; while this limit was found to be only 2.8 kg/ha in experiments conducted by Holliday & Putwain(1977). 26

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES A resistant biotype of Chenopodium album was not killed with a dose as high as 40 kg atrazine/ha (Souza Machado et al., 1977) and 20 kg/ha (Souza Machado and Bandeen, 1978). Kees (1978) reported a biotype of Stellaria media to be unaffected by atrazine 9 kg/ ha. Types of Resistance : Three types of resistance as it relates to herbicides and weeds, namely: 1. Herbicide resistance : Refers to a weed biotype that is resistant to one specific herbicide, as in case of amitrole or glyphosate. However, the term may also be used to denote the phenomenon of herbicide resistance in weed biotypes. 2. Cross resistance : Refers to a weed biotype that is resistant to two or more chemically similar herbicides, as those grouped in the same herbicide family, and that have the same mode of action. For example, a powell amaranth biotype is cross resistant to the uracil herbicides, bromacil and terbacil. 3. Multiple resistance : Refers to weed biotypes resistant two or more individual or series of chemically unrelated herbicides, as are those in different herbicide families, which have different modes of action. Characteristics of resistance biotypes: (i)

Plant resistant to atrazine show some degree of resistance to other herbicides tested (Barralis et al., 1979).

(ii)

Resistant biotypes emerged late and flower late than the susceptible (S-biotypes) ones (Souza Machado & Bandeen, 1978).

(iii)

Resistant Amaranthus have been suggested to be hybrids between two closely related species (Gasquez and Compoint, 1980).

(iv)

Nitrate reductase activity in resistant biotypes of Chenopodium album is not affected by atrazine (whereas there is 35% reduction in susceptible biotypes) as reported by Foster et al., (1980) and Lawrence et al., (1980). Similarly paraquat- resistant biotypes of Conyza possessed significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than the susceptible types (Youngman and Dodge, 1980). Also a high frequency of esterase has been reported from the triazine resistant Chenopodium album (Gasquez and Compoint, 1981).

(v)

Triazine-tolerant parent plants of Amaranthus retroflexus were found to have small cotyledons. 27

RAO (vi)

Resistant and susceptible biotypes of Senecio vulgaris have also been reported (Jodie and Radosevich, 1983) to differ on the basis of growth depending on the light intensities they are exposed to eg. dry matter production, height, number of leaves and leaf area of the resistant biotypes were lower under both the low and high light regimes. Roots/shoot ratios were lower in the resistant biotype only under high light regimes. Lower values of these parameters in resistant plants were due to lowered photo synthetic capacity. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was true for mean leaf area ratio over a harvest interval. Shading lowered dry weight production, height, number of leaves, Leaf area (LA), Net assimilation rate (NAR), Relative growth rate (RGR), Plastachron index (PI) and root/shoot ratio of both biotypes. Values for these growth parameters for resistant plants were either similar to or lower than for susceptible plants when grown under low light.

Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds: The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) has developed the following list of strategies for avoiding and managing problems with herbicide resistant weed biotypes (Abraham et al.,1993; Timothy et al,2000 and David vitolo,2001). Keep in mind that reliance upon any one strategy is not likely to be effective. The crop grower must use the following strategies in carefully selected combinations, if herbicide resistant weed problems are to be avoided or properly managed. z

Use Herbicides only when necessary. Where available, herbicide applications should be based on economic thresholds. Continued development of effective economic threshold models should be helpful.

z

Use of rapidly degradable herbicides

z

Rotate herbicides (sites of action). Do not make more than two consecutive applications of herbicides with the same site of action to the same field unless other effective control practices are also included in the management system. Two consecutive applications could be single annual applications for two years, or two split applications in one year.

z

Apply herbicides in tank-mixed, prepackaged, or sequential mixtures that include multiple sites of action. Both herbicides, however, must have substantial activity against potentially resistant weeds for this strategy to be effective.

z

Rotate crops, particularly those with different life cycles (e.g. rice-pulse). At the same time, remember not use herbicides with the same site of action in these different crops against the same weed unless other effective control practices are also include in the management system. 28

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES z

IWM approach/Combine, where feasible, mechanical weed control practices such as rotary hoeing and cultivation with herbicide treatment.

z

Include, where soil erosion potential is minimal, primary tillage as a component of the weed management programme.

z

Scout/survey fields regularly and identify weeds present. Respond quickly to changes in weed populations to restrict spread of weeds that may have been selected for resistance.

z

Clean tillage and harvest equipment before moving from fields infested with resistant weed to those that are not.

z

Germination stimulators

z

Encourage rail roads, public utilities, highways departments and similar organizations that use total vegetation control programmes should be encouraged to use vegetation management systems that do not lead to selection of herbicide resistant weeds.

z

Introduction of Herbicide Resistant Crops (HRCs) and Planting new herbicide resistant crop varieties should not result in more than two consecutive applications of herbicides with the same site of action against the same weed unless other effective control practices are also included in the management system.

Herbicide Resistant Crops (GM Crops /Transgenic Crops) Modern agriculture is dependent upon crop selective herbicides for effective control. However, it is becoming extremely difficult and costly to find out and develop new herbicide with favourable weed control properties and friendly environmental characteristics. An alternate approach is to develop crop resistance to the existing herbicides with desirable properties (Sankaran, 2001; Yaduraj et al., 2005 and Rao, 2006).To generate herbicide resistance crop plants, the major approaches used are 1.

Conventional breeding-with herbicide resistant biotypes

2.

Invitro-mutation selection- by culturing cells or tissues in normally toxic concentrations of herbicides

3.

Mutant selection by somatic hybridization-fusion of prootoplasts in culture from different plants to combine genetic information to create a new hybrid

4.

Genetic transformation-transfer of clone genes into susceptible crop plants.

29

RAO Table 2. Some of the herbicide resistant crops grouped according to the techniques of development (Duke, 1998) Technique

Resistance

Crops

Traditional selection

triazine-resistance

Canola

Seed Mutagenesis

terbutyn-resistance

Wheat

sulfonyl urea- resistance

Soybean

imidazolinone- resistance

Wheat

sulfonyl urea- resistance

Canola

atrazine- resistance

Soybean

sulfonyl urea- resistance

Cotton

Cell selection Genetic Engineering

glufosinate (basta) resistance Rice, Canola Glyfosate resistance

Cotton, Soybean, Maize, Wheat

bromoxynil- resistance

Cotton, Sub clover

2,4-D resistance

Cotton

In this regard, it has been reported that several laboratories around the world have engineered crop plants that harbour genes for resistance to known potent herbicides (Hatzios, 1987 and Manju Sharma et al.,2003). In crops such as rice, wheat, corn, sugarcane and soybeans herbicide resistant genotypes may be useful where it is difficult to control weeds or environmental conditions dictate the use of specific herbicides to which the crop is normally susceptible. Some of the commercialized transgenic crops with herbicide resistance are given below. Table 3. Commercialized transgenic crops with herbicide resistance S.No

Transgenic crop

Herbicide resistant

Trademark Designation

1

Rice

Glufosinate ammonium

2

Corn

Agrochemical seed company

Liberty link rice

AgrEvo

Glufosinate ammonium

Liberty link corn

AgrEvo

Glyphosate

Roundup ready corn

Monsanto Dekalb Genetics

Imidazolinones

IMICorn

American cynamid Pioneeretc

Sethoxydim

SRCorn

BASF/DeKalb Genetics

30

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES Table 2. contd... S.No

3

4

Transgenic crop Cotton

Herbicide resistant

Trademark Designation

Agrochemical seed company

Bromoxynil

BXN Cotton

Rhone–poulene

Glufosinate ammonium

Liberty link cotton

Agro Evo

Glyphosate

Roundup ready cotton

Monsanto

Sulfonylureas

19-51a cotton

Dupont AgrEvo

Soybean

Glufosinate ammonium

Liberty link soybeans

Glyphosate

Roundup readysoybeans

MonsantoAsgowseeds

Sulfonylureas

STS soybeans

DuPont

Canola(Bras sica napus)

Glyphosate Glufosinate ammonium

Roundup readyrape Liberty link canola

Bromoxynil

BXN Canola

Rhone poulene

6

Tobacco

Bromoxynil

BXN Tobacco

Rhone poulene

7

Sugar Beet

Glyphosate

Roundup ready beet

Monsanto

5

Monsanto AgrEvo

(WSSA,1998)

Advantages 1. Transgenic herbicide resistant crops decrease the risk of crop injury 2. Decreasing herbicide carry over problem 3. Broadening the spectrum of weeds controlled 4. Using the herbicides that present less risk to the environment 5. The available herbicide can be used in large number of crops 6. Limitations in the choice of rotation crops can be reduced

7. Farmer will have to know about limited number of herbicides to fulfill weed management needs (simplicity of weed control programme) 8. Use of environmentally safe herbicides that can be used in a cost effective manner 9. Flexibility in application rate and timing Limitations 1. Herbicide resistant crops(HRCs) promotes increased use of herbicides 2. Exclusive and repetitive use of a specific herbicide may well allow to develop resistant weeds in course of time

31

RAO 3. Herbicide resistant crops may transfer resistance to related weeds and possibility of creating ‘super weeds’ 4. HRCs may lead to abandonment of alternative weed control practices 5. Loss of farm biodiversity 6. Over reliance on HRCs may increase potential for shift in weed species 7. Increased herbicide residues in food, feed and water 8. Fear of consumers against adverse effects of HRCs 9. Every year farmer has to purchase seeds from seed developer 10. Abandonment of IWM approach Conclusion From the literature reviewed, it could be concluded that continuous use of same herbicide for longer periods leads to development of resistant weeds. For management of herbicide resistant weed population, no single weed control method is likely to provide effective control when used exclusively. Therefore, weed control in crop lands should be long term strategy involving a range of management techniques (i.e. IWM approach).In India, the use of herbicide resistant crops is still in testing stage, and it may take time for their commercial use. REFERENCES Abraham, C.T., Neer, B. Sarin and Mahesh Jain.1993.Application of biotechnology for weed management. Proc. of International Symposium, Indian Society of Weed Science, Hisar, November,18-20, Vol.1:209-219 Anderson,W.P.1996. Weed Science Principles and Practices. West Publishing Co. New York, pp.125-128 Barralis,G. J., Gasquez, J., Jan and Soffietti, S. 1979.Physiological and ecological behaviour of broad leaved weeds resistant to atrazine in France. Proc.EWRS symposiumon the influence of different factors on development and control of weeds,Mainz.pp.217224.(c.f. Weed Abstr.29:1177) Das,T. K and Duary, B.1999.Herbicide resistance in weeds. Annals of Agricultural Research.20(4):393-398 Duke, S.O. 1998.Herbicide resistant crops-their influence on weed science. Journal of Weed Science and Technology (Zasso-Kenkuyu, Japan) 43:94-100. 32

WEED AND CROP RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES David Vitolo. 2001.Guide lines to the management of herbicide resistant weeds The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC). http://www.gcpf.org/ Foster, R. J., Lawerence, J. M and Herrick, H. E.1980.Nitrate reductase inroots of lamb’s quarters biotypes resistant and susceptible to atrazine Plant Physiology.65(6 supplement):112 Gill, H.S., Krishna Kumar and Kolar, J.S.1986. Resistance in weed biotypes to herbicides a review.Indian Journal of Weed Science.18(2):90-105 Gasquez, J and Compoint, J. P.1980.The new atrazine-resistant weeds in France: Amaranthus retroflexusS.I.ChenopodiumpolyspermumL.Polygonupersicaria L. Chemosphere 9:3943 (c.f. Weed Abstr.29:4207) Gasquez, Jand Compoint, J.P.1981. Isoenzymatic variations in populations of Chenopodium album L. resistant to and susceptible to triazines. Agro-Ecosystems 7:1-10.(c.f. Weed Abstr.31:611) Hatzios, K. K. 1987.Biotechnology applications in weed management:Now and in the future. Advances in Agronomy.41:325-375 Heap, I. M. 2007.International survey of herbicide resistant weeds on line s.Weed science Society of America.www.Weed science.org./in.asp. Holliday, R. Jand Putwain, P.D. 1977.Evolution of resistance to simazine in Senecio vulgarisL.Weed Research.17:291-296 Jodie, S. H and Radosevich,S. R.1983. Differential growth of two common groundsel(Senecio vulgaris)biotypes Weed Science.31: 112-120 Kees, H.1978.Observations on the resistance of Chickweed (Stellaria media) to atrazine in maize.Gesunde Pflanzen.30:137-139(c.f Weed Abstr.28:55) Lawerence, J. M., Foster, R. J and Herrick, H. E. 1980.Reduction of nitrate and nitrite in lamb’s quarters biotypes resistant and susceptible to atrazine toxicity. Plant Physiology.65:984-989 Manju Sharma, Charak, K.S and Ramaiah, T.V. 2003.Agricultural biotechnology research in India:Status and policies. Current Science. 84(3):297-302

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RAO Mathews, J.M.1997. Herbicide resistance.Ed.Stephen B.Powles and Joseph A.M.Hotur. Lewis Publisher.London pp.317-315 Rao, A.S. 2006. Biotechnology applications in weed management. Proc.National symposium on ‘Conservation of Biodiversity and Applications of biotechnology’Andhra Loyola College,Vijayawada,11-12thAug,2006,pp.63 Reddy, K.N. 2007.Herbicide–resistant crop and glyphosate–resistant weeds Abstracts of papers.’New and emerging issues in Weed Science’,Biennial conference.ISWS/ HAU,HisarNov.2-3,2007.pp.67 Ryan,G.F. 1970. Resistanc of common groundsel to simazine and atrazine. Weed Science.18:614-616 Sankaran, S. 2001.Eco-friendly weed management options for sustainable agriculture. Keynote address. First Biennial Conferencein the new millenium, Indian Society of Weed Science Bangalore, May,23-24.2001 pp.18-19 Souza Machado, V. and Bandeen, J., Stephenson, G.R and Jensen, K.I.N.1977. Differetial atrazine interfereance with Hill reaction of isolated chloroplasts from Chenopodium albumL biotypes. Weed Research. 17:407-413 Souza Machado, V and Bandeen, J.D.1978.Atrazine-resistant lamb’s quarters. Weeds Today 9(2):11 Timothy, S. Prather., Joseph, M and Ditomaso, 2000. Herbicide Resistance: Definition and Management Strategies, Publication 8012, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.pp.21 WSSA (Weed Science Society of America ).1998.Herbicide Hand book .Supplement to seventh edition, WSSA, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. pp.79-80 Whitehead,C.W and Switzer. C.M 1963.The differential response of strains of wild carrot to 2,4-Dand related herbicides. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences.43:255-262 Yadav, A and Malik,R. K. 2007.Herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and management options.Abstracts of papers’New and emerging issues in Weed Science’,Biennial conference.ISWS/HAU,HisarNov.2-3,2007.pp. b73 Yaduraju, N.T., Chandrabhanu and Sushilkumar, 2005.Biological control of weeds:potential and prospects.Abstract book.First International Weed Science Seminar. West Bengal Weed Science Society,Kolkata,Jan.21-24.pp.ItoXII Youngman, R. J and Dodge, A.D.1980. Paraquat resistance in Conyza.Plant Physiology.65(6 supplement):12 34

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)35-43, 2009

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HETEROSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND FIBRE QUALITY TRAITS IN INTRA-HERBACEUM AND INTERSPECIFIC(G. herbaceum L. × G. arboreum L.) CROSSES OF DIPLOID COTTON VEMANNA IRADDI and S. T. KAJJIDONI Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad -580 005

ABSTRACT A comparative study of heterosis was made involving four female parents of Gossypium herbaceum L. and four male parents of each of G. herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L. These were evaluated to select donor parents for the exploitation of heterosis for different seed cotton yield, fibre quality traits and seed oil content. In the present study, superiority of the hybrids was observed over better parent and standard check Jayadhar for all the characters. The hybrids identified for high yield viz., RDC-53xMB-3200, KS-16xMB-3200, KS-16xMDL-2582, RAHS-14xMDL-2601, RAHS-14xDLSA-17 and RDC-88 DLSA-17 exhibited significant positive heterosis for seed cotton yield and fibre quality traits. However, hybrids failed to account heterosis over check Jayadhar for lint index and ginning out turn except few crosses viz., RAHS-14xMB-3200, RAHS-14xBLACH-1, RDC-88xBLACH-1, RAHS-14xDLSA-17, RDC-88xAK-235. Although superiority of intraspecific crosses for seed cotton yield was due to cumulative action of component traits like boll weight and number of bolls per plant, whereas boll number in interspecific crosses for better expression of heterosis of seed cotton yield in diploid cotton. However, in the present investigation for seed cotton yield in both sets of hybrids contribution of boll weight is relatively more than number of bolls per plant.

Cotton the ‘white gold’ enjoys a pre-eminent status among all cash crops in the country, being the principal raw material for a flourishing textile industry. In India, inspite of severe competition from synthetic fibres in recent years, it is occupying the premier position with as much as 70 per cent share in the textile industry. Presently, cultivation of varieties and hybrids of tetraploid cotton is more risky and non-remunerative. The increased cost of cultivation of these cotton hybrids is due to high seed cost, more plant protection as they are susceptible types and needs higher fertilizer dose. On the contrary, diploid cottons virtually involve low seed cost, low or no cost for plant protection and require comparatively less crop nutrition. Looking to this, one will really be optimistic for cultivation of diploid cotton provided they yield at least on par with varieties and hybrids of tetraploid cotton and must possess equivalent fibre quality. For development of superior and heterotic hybrids in cotton, it is essential to have information about the extent of heterosis present in the hybrid combination. Besides this, the quality of fibre plays major role in pricing and marketing the produce. There email.id: [email protected]

35

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI is need to have more quality consciousness in addition to yield. While evolving new hybrids/ varieties, it is more so particular in diploid cotton which are severely suffering from short staple length and coarse nature. Apart from this, one of the most important current scientific paradox with respect to cotton breeding which has evoked the attention of plant breeder is the diversification of cotton crop as an oil seed crop besides its fibre because of its nutritionally desirable oil quality and it can become one of the avenues for shortening the quantum of edible oil import. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental material for the present study was selected from leading centres working on diploid cotton and were evaluated to select donor parents and hybrids for different seed cotton yield, fibre quality traits and seed oil content along with agronomically superior varieties. Out of the promising collections, 12 parents of two diploid species viz., Gossypium herbaceum L. and Gossypium arboreum L. were selected. Four females (Gossypium herbaceum L.) viz., RAHS-14, KS-16, RDC-53, RDC-88 and eight males (Gossypium herbaceum L. and Gossypium arboreum L.) viz., RAHS-131, 9747, MB-3200, BLACH-1, AK-235, DLSA-17, MDL-2601 and MDL-2582 were crossed to produce 32 F1s. The 32 F1s along with their parents were grown in a randomized block design at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif 2006-07 at 90x30 cm spacing. Observations were recorded on 12 characters including seed cotton yield, yield contributing characters and fibre quality traits from five randomly selected plants in each replication for each treatment. The data was analysed as per the procedure given by Kempthrone (1957) and heterosis was calculated in percentage. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yield and yield components The magnitude of heterosis was high for seed cotton yield compared to remaining traits. Among two sets of hybrids, the intra-herbaceum crosses exhibited better heterosis than interspecific crosses for seed cotton yield and its component characters (Table 1 and 2). Although, superiority of intraspecific crosses for seed cotton yield was due to the cumulative action of components traits like boll weight and number of bolls per plant, whereas boll number in interspecific crosses for better expression of heterosis of seed cotton yield (Bhatade, 1983 and Singh et al., 1995). However in the present investigation in both sets of crosses for seed cotton yield, contribution of boll weight was relatively more than number of bolls per plant. Ten intra herbaceum crosses exhibited heterobeltiosis and three crosses standard heterosis for seed cotton yield. They also exhibited significant heterosis for seed cotton 36

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HETEROSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY yield and boll weight. Out of 16 intra herbaceum crosses, the cross combination KS-16 ´ BLACH-1 exhibited high mean seed cotton yield of 82.5 g per plant, with high standard heterosis of 38.66 per cent over Jayadhar and moderately high boll weight of 1.98 g. The findings of heterosis are in agreement with the studies of Reddy (2001) and Neelima (2002). Out of 16 crosses, four crosses KS-16 xMB-3200, KS-16xBLACH-1, RDC-53xMB-3200 and RDC-88x9747 were identified based on seed cotton yield per plant, seed cotton yield per plot and fibre quality traits. Among these crosses, two of them viz., KS-16xMB-3200 and RDC-53xMB-3200 also exhibited significant positive heterosis for fibre quality trait 2.5 per cent span length. Seven interspecific crosses exhibited significant standard heterosis for seed cotton yield. Out of 16 interspecific crosses, the cross combination KS-16xMDL-2582 exhibited high mean seed cotton yield of 78.25 g per plant, with high standard heterosis of 31.57 per cent over Jayadhar, it has medium to high boll number and high boll weight of 2.02 g. Four crosses viz., KS-16xDLSA-17, KS-16xMDL-2582, RDC-53xAK-235 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive heterosis for seed cotton yield per plant and boll weight. The cross KS-16xAK-235 exhibited heterosis for seed cotton yield and number of bolls per plant. These findings of heterosis are in agreement with the studies of Reddy (2001) and Neelima (2002). Five crosses RAHS-14xDLSA-17, KS-16xAK-235, KS-16xMDL-2582, RDC-53x MDL-2582 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 were identified based on seed cotton yield and yield components and fibre quality traits. The crosses identified for high seed cotton yield viz., KS-16xMDL-2582, KS-16xAK-235 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive heterosis for majority of quality traits like 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, fibre strength and seed cotton yield. Economic traits Among the economic traits included in the study ginning out turn per cent, primarily depends on seed weight and lint weight. Lint index represents the absolute weight of the lint produced per seed. This character can be considered as more important in breeding work rather ginning percentage as it is highly correlated with the lint yield. Lint index is a complementation of high seed index and high ginning out turn per cent. In both sets of hybrids, most of the crosses failed to record significant positive heterosis for ginning out turn and lint index, but exhibited significant standard heterosis for seed index. Similar findings were also reported by Kajjidoni (1997), Laxman and Ganesh (2003) and Manickam and Gururajan (2004). Among intra-herbaceum crosses, RAHS-14x MB-3200 exhibited heterosis for ginning out turn per cent, seed index and lint index. Among interspecific crosses, RAHS-14xDLSA-17 and RDC-88xAK-235 exhibited significant positive heterosis for lint index, seed cotton yield and seed index. 37

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI Fibre quality traits In recent years, more emphasis is laid on quality traits apart from seed cotton yield. For 2.5 per cent span length, six crosses exhibited heterobeltiosis and eight crosses accounted significant standard heterosis. Among intra herbaceum crosses, RDC-53xMB-3200 identified for high heterosis for seed cotton yield also exhibited significant standard heterosis for 2.5 per cent span length. The results of heterosis are in conformity with the reports of Reddy (2001), Neelima (2002) and Tuteja et al. (2005). Four crosses manifested heterobeltiosis and three crosses viz., RAHS-14xRAHS-131, RDC-88xRAHS-131 and RDC-88xMB-3200 recorded significant standard heterosis for fibre strength. They also recorded significant positive heterosis over check Jayadhar for 2.5 per cent span length. The present findings corroborate with Tuteja et al. (2005). For 2.5 per cent span length, nine crosses recorded high heterobeltiosis while all the 16 crosses were superior over check Jayadhar. The interspecific crosses viz., KS-16x MDL-2582, KS-16xAK-235, RDC-88xDLSA-17 and RDC-53xAK-235 recorded high heterosis for seed cotton yield and the quality traits 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio and fibre strength. The results of heterosis are in conformity with the reports of Reddy (2001), Neelima (2002) and Tuteja et al. (2005). Ten crosses recorded significant positive heterosis over better parent and 15 crosses over the check Jayadhar for fibre strength. Oil content None of the intra-herbaceum crosses exhibited significant heterosis over standard check Jayadhar. However seven crosses recorded significant heterobeltiosis for oil content. Out of these, two crosses viz., KS-16xBLACH-1 and RDC-53xMB-3200 recorded significant positive heterosis for seed cotton yield and oil content. None of the interspecific crosses, exhibited significant heterosis over standard check Jayadhar. But, seven crosses exhibited significant heterobeltiosis. Out of these crosses, KS-16xMDL-2601 exhibited significant positive heterosis for seed index, 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, and fibre strength. The best cross combination for seed cotton yield was KS-16xBLACH-1 among intraherbaceum crosses. Among these crosses, RDC-53xMB-3200 exhibited significant positive heterosis for 2.5 per cent span length and seed cotton yield. The best combination for fibre quality traits was KS-16xMB-3200. The best cross combination for seed cotton yield among interspecific crosses was KS-16xMDL-2582. Among these, four crosses KS-16xMDL-2582, RAHS-14xMDL-2601 and RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive heterosis for seed cotton yield, 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio, and fibre strength. The best combination for fibre quality traits was RDC-88xDLSA-17. Among these crosses, RDC-88xDLSA-17 exhibited significant positive heterosis for 2.5 per cent span length, uniformity ratio and fibre strength. 38

Standard Heterosis

-2.01 -2.01

Heterobeltiosis

1.74 1.74

RAHS-14 u RAHS-131

RAHS-14 u 9747

39 2.68 -4.01 -8.36

-0.57 8.10 1.06 -3.52 -21.83* -25.75**

RDC-53 u BLACH-1

RDC-88 u RAHS-131

RDC-88 u 9747

RDC-88 u MB-3200

RDC-88 u BLACH-1

st

CD at 5 %

Contd….1 page

5.95

-1.00 -18.53*

20.82*

RDC-53 u MB-3200

8.34

-16.05*

2.45

RDC-53 u 9747

2.81

-1.34

20.41*

RDC-53 u RAHS-131

4.02

3.01

KS-16 u BLACH-1

SE+

-14.38

1.19 21.74*

KS-16 u MB-3200

-4.68

KS-16 u RAHS-131 12.65

2.01

20.55*

RAHS-14 u BLACH-1

KS-16 u 9747

-3.68 -16.39*

0.00 -13.19

RAHS-14 u MB-3200

Crosses

Heterobeltiosis

0.36

0.17

7.89

33.89**

66.67**

33.84**

60.61**

36.36**

-15.71*

3.45

20.31**

1.15

Heterobeltiosis

4.51

0.75

-7.52

6.77

0.29

0.13

-7.52

-24.37**

5.88

7.14

-17.65*

12.61

13.45

1.26

38.66**

11.34

33.61**

13.45

-7.56

13.45

31.93**

10.92

Standard Heterosis

10.94

5.28

9.02

4.24

-17.35* -31.93**

-8.16

28.57**

30.10*

8.89

39.58**

29.32** 43.62**

-0.75

19.40*

13.03

35.34**

3.31

5.26

14.29

30.08**

6.02

Standard Heterosis

-26.09** -23.31*

-4.14

22.94*

1.15

2.90

18.62*

8.55

27.86**

7.97

24.14**

10.63

-4.11

4.11

18.49*

-3.42

Heterobeltiosis

184.52

89.08

-23.91

-17.39

45.65*

33.70*

58.54**

82.93**

30.61

-4.88

75.76**

14.39

-7.88

19.70

0.00

-3.77

18.87

32.08*

Standard Heterosis

-1.84

-5.03

-4.31

0.44

21.33**

1.63

3.21

-5.60

--8.66*

-7.97*

2.80

8.65*

-11.32**

-6.86*

Lint index (g)

5.39

-4.41

1.09

19.03*

36.24**

1.98

15.75

150.17

70.73

-36.07*

-30.59*

22.37

12.3

18.72

36.99*

-2.19

-28.77*

1.01

4.04

1.95

3.07

-4.27

-4.50

-0.60

-5.39

5.62

2.02

0.95

-0.25

-8.44*

-8.66*

-4.93

-8.44*

0.98

-14.93** -18.67**

5.66

0.54

0.25

14.84*

1.10

-2.43

1.99

0.08

8.30

-7.42

20.05*

111.87** -21.50** -24.03** -19.00*

37.90**

11.42

44.29**

-3.20

-6.85

15.07

27.85*

Heterobeltiosis

Ginning outturn (%)

Standard Heterosis

Seed cotton yield Seed cotton yield per plant (g) per plot (g) Heterobeltiosis

Boll weight (g)

0.27

0.13

18.11**

3.97

0.34

4.89

-0.13

7.00

-11.90*

8.53

-17.77*

7.00

-2.96

2.64

18.78**

34.58**

-2.96

0.43

Standard Heterosis

Number of bolls per plant

Table 1. Per cent heterosis for yield, yield components and fibre quality traits of Intraherbaceum Cotton.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HETEROSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY

15.3** 19.04** 23.88** 15.76**

2.92 18.20** 7.48**

RAHS-14 u MB-3200

RAHS-14 u BLACH-1

KS-16 u RAHS-131

40 0.09

0.04

0.29

RDC-88 u 9747

CD at 5 %

14.39**

-9.88**

RDC-88 u RAHS-131

0.14

12.98**

3.40*

RDC-53 u BLACH-1

SE+

13.56**

8.29**

RDC-53 u MB-3200

RDC-88 u BLACH-1

5.56**

-8.74**

RDC-53 u 9747

18.13**

17.80**

-7.19**

RDC-53 u RAHS-131

18.82**

7.02**

6.43**

2.13

20.44**

11.82**

KS-16 u BLACH-1

8.74**

16.44**

0.67

KS-16 u MB-3200

RDC-88 u MB-3200

15.33**

-9.14**

KS-16 u 9747

RAHS-14 u 9747

11.14**

Heterobeltiosis

-9.14**

Standard Heterosis

RAHS-14 u RAHS-131 10.53**

Crosses

Heterobeltiosis

0.40

0.18

-14.36**

-3.36**

-15.34**

-2.08**

-2.55**

-0.47

-3.15**

2.91**

-6.96**

19.77**

1.82**

2.65**

0.95

-1.51*

3.71**

12.05**

Standard Heterosis

Heterobeltiosis

0.82**

10.90**

2.21**

2.66**

7.88**

11.20**

-10.89**

-0.88**

-0.54

4.40**

-0.90**

2.15**

Standard Heterosis

0.13

0.06

-4.35**

7.93**

-5.45**

9.36**

-1.30**

5.93**

-4.26**

1.74**

-5.47**

3.68**

8.33**

-7.07**

-4.55**

-11.41**

-3.56**

0.32

0.16

-11.32**

2.99**

0.21

0.10

-5.71**

9.51**

-16.13** -10.82**

1.88**

-5.18**

-6.64**

-9.61**

-1.61**

6.55**

27.48** -23.32** -22.02**

-2.86**

-2.06**

2.57**

4.83**

-0.42

7.60**

Heterobeltiosis

-4.44**

-6.14**

-7.00**

0.27

0.13

-12.03**

-4.32**

-40.79*

-3.35**

-6.74**

-5.57**

-9.69*

-3.56**

-5.79**

-6.90**

2.51**

0.21

0.10

1.00

9.86**

-32.02**

10.96**

-5.39**

-4.20**

-8.38**

-2.15**

-9.32**

-5.95**

-17.51**

-5.64**

-6.98**

0.24

0.11

-4.19*

-2.48

-7.91**

-2.15

-7.42**

-5.28**

11.04**

-2.24

0.50

-3.97*

-4.79**

0.70

Oil content (%)

11.43**

-0.97

4.24

0.99

5.30*

3.25

7.28**

6.21*

3.59

2.60

-3.59

8.50**

2.04

3.57

8.16**

0.21

0.10

1.10

0.52

-10.42** 10.00**

-9.66**

-9.85**

-8.80**

-12.91**

-10.90**

8.70**

-8.03**

-3.25

-7.55**

-6.79**

-3.06

-19.20** -13.48**

-33.57** -28.87**

-11.87**

10.07** -13.12**

11.55** -10.93**

-0.73

-7.09**

3.32**

22.29**

Standard Heterosis

Micronaire value (Pg/in)

Heterobeltiosis

Fibre strength (g/tex)

Standard Heterosis

2.5% span length Uniformity ratio (%) (mm)

Heterobeltiosis

Seed index (g)

0.79

0.37

1.92

-0.32

-2.56

-5.75*

-2.56

1.60

1.60

3.51

3.83

1.28

0.96

-5.75*

1.92

-4.15

1.92

1.60

Standard Heterosis

Table1. contd…..

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI

41 13.38 0.33 -8.03 -4.01

19.37* 5.63 -3.17 1.06 4.32 8.95

RDC-88 u AK-235

RDC-88 u DLSA-17

RDC-88 u MDL-2582

RDC-88 u MDL-2601

SE+

CD at 5 %

5.89

2.78

-1.00

-2.87

RDC-53 u DLSA-17 -13.75

-9.36

24.53*

RDC-53 u AK-235 5.31

10.37

9.41

KS-16 u MDL-2601

20.82*

4.01 -7.42

22.92*

KS-16 u MDL-2582

RDC-53 u MDL-2601

-1.67

RDC-53 u MDL-2582

17.39*

5.38

-2.34

1.39

RAHS-14 u MDL-2601 32.45**

-10.37

-6.94

RAHS-14 u MDL-2582

KS-16 u DLSA-17

9.70

KS-16 u AK-235

-3.34

0.35 13.89

Heterobeltiosis

RAHS-14 u DLSA-17

Standard Heterosis

RAHS-14 u AK-235

Crosses

-8.90

Heterobeltiosis

0.26

0.11

-11.02

-5.56

Heterobeltiosis

10.34

3.57

Standard Heterosis

21.01**

Heterobeltiosis

1.89

24.53 -1.37

20.55

Standard Heterosis

16.54**

3.01

-20.30**

9.02

-6.02

15.04*

-9.02

21.80**

27.82**

0.75

-1.50

0.19

0.08

-21.05**

11.24

5.42

0.51

-7.58

45.00**

51.53**

16.39

23.74**

4.50

61.54**

8.33

58.08**

37.00**

50.76**

-5.94

8.62

4.07

-17.23*

-23.11**

21.85**

24.79**

-11.97

2.94

-17.18

23.53**

-9.87

31.57**

15.13*

25.42**

3.15

266.20

128.52

50.00

13.04

32.61

-23.90

43.90

-12.20

17.07

36.59

-34.85*

15.15

-27.27

7.58

-15.09

223.75

105.38

26.03

-5.02

11.42

-36.07

7.76

-34.25

-12.33

2.28

-21.46

38.81

-12.33

29.68

-17.81

-22.56** -39.46** -33.61** -60.38** -61.64**

1.50

0.00

Standard Heterosis

-23.50** -21.20**

28.10**

34.31**

-12.83*

5.84

2.80

25.82**

-2.58

18.25**

36.88**

7.89

-10.27

-29.45

-7.53

-17.90**

-4.33**

Lint index (g)

-2.62

5.30

5.73

-11.05

-9.77**

-12.80**

9.49**

-7.30**

-8.36**

-8.82**

-9.71**

-4.21

-2.87

-0.32

-10.91

0.17

-1.38

1.20

-7.74**

-1.26

-11.72

-12.43*

6.84

-11.25

-20.20**

-9.32**

11.35**

-17.77**

3.33

1.61

-12.36**

0.90

0.42

-9.45**

0.45

0.21

-8.24

0.14

0.07

-5.63*

-14.15** -17.90** -20.41** -18.14**

-16.97** -12.13**

-8.66*

-23.49** -20.95**

-22.80** -26.20**

-21.80** -17.23** -17.45** -14.51**

-15.23**

-11.75**

-6.12

-20.03** -15.37**

-27.09** -21.19** -25.92** -22.79**

-18.55** -15.84**

-5.91

-9.61**

-18.03** -11.40**

Heterobeltiosis

Seed cotton yield Ginning outturn (%) per plot (g)

Standard Heterosis

Seed cotton yield per plant (g)

Heterobeltiosis

Boll weight (g)

Standard Heterosis

Number of bolls per plant

Table 2. Per cent heterosis for yield, yield components and fibre quality traits in inter-specific crosses (G. herbaceum L. u G. arboreum L.) of diploid cotton. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HETEROSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY

42 14.21** 13.55** 8.98** 8.11** 8.92**

12.82** 18.19** 3.92** -0.26** -1.06** -0.32**

RDC-53 u MDL-2582

RDC-53 u MDL-2601

RDC-88 u AK-235

RDC-88 u DLSA-17

RDC-88 u MDL-2582

RDC-88 u MDL-2601

0.12

0.06

21.36**

15.48**

RDC-53 u DLSA-17

0.25

13.23** 11.60**

17.17**

RDC-53 u AK-235

0.11

12.66**

4.60**

KS-16 u MDL-2601

CD at 5 %

17.26**

8.87**

KS-16 u MDL-2582

SE+

7.67** 16.83**

-0.03

RAHS-14 u MDL-2601

8.47**

15.08**

17.74**

RAHS-14 u MDL-2582

KS-16 u DLSA-17

15.08**

6.99**

RAHS-14 u DLSA-17

KS-16 u AK-235

10.29** 16.83**

12.84*

Heterobeltiosis

19.53**

Standard Heterosis

RAHS-14 u AK-235

Crosses

-5.38**

Heterobeltiosis

0.49

0.24

9.47**

9.64**

4.33**

0.34

11.64**

10.67**

-2.874**

10.75**

11.99**

4.30**

4.64**

-5.57**

-3.03**

-1.17

-3.89**

10.78**

Standard Heterosis

-6.21**

-7.95**

19.05**

-4.86**

-4.31**

Heterobeltiosis

4.52**

0.36

0.17

23.08**

23.90**

26.03**

17.48**

25.52**

25.06**

17.37**

29.67**

0.26

0.13

-5.56

12.89**

7.53**

2.91**

4.25**

25.46**

-7.16**

7.05**

25.92** -13.05**

17.86**

26.40** -12.78**

10.56**

9.03**

11.68**

16.10**

Standard Heterosis

-9.65**

Heterobeltiosis

6.19**

-30.45** -25.53**

0.14

0.07

9.67**

20.03**

30.78**

19.83**

21.06**

33.22**

12.91**

24.65**

0.97**

10.98**

6.68**

9.21**

6.90**

26.41**

0.28

0.13

7.62**

7.83**

6.73**

4.81**

17.88**

14.37**

-0.80

8.68**

16.55**

11.02**

-4.50**

-8.64**

-6.73**

6.79**

-32.27** -34.80**

-44.73** -40.82**

-2.28*

-8.14**

-5.93**

-11.57**

Oil content (%)

-2.32

4.90*

1.63

1.90

3.27

6.10*

8.50**

2.86

9.46**

-5.75*

2.56

-0.64

2.56

0.96

0.00

1.92

3.51

3.51

-4.28**

-45.60**

0.24

0.11

0.15

0.07

0.12

0.06

23.57** -23.94** -29.54**

23.81**

28.93** -27.14** -32.50**

23.19** -14.34** -20.65**

28.36** -29.27** -33.46**

28.36** -10.47** -15.77**

1.03

0.49

6.78**

6.92**

1.27

2.70

6.20*

-5.30*

0.81

0.38

0.64

-1.28

1.92

-2.88

2.56

-8.63**

19.82** -13.31** -18.45** -12.06** -11.50**

27.74** -19.31** -24.09**

26.91**

24.59**

15.35** -28.50** -31.17**

7.38**

1.56**

19.85** -27.68** -22.56**

15.78** -43.84** -32.16** -28.84** -23.80**

11.42**

Standard Heterosis

Micronaire value (Pg/in)

Heterobeltiosis

Fibre strength (g/tex)

Standard Heterosis

2.5% span length Uniformity ratio (%) (mm)

Heterobeltiosis

Seed index (g)

Standard Heterosis

Table 2. contd….

IRADDI and KAJJIDONI

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HETEROSIS FOR PRODUCTIVITY REFERENCES Bhatade, S. S. 1983. Environmental influence on the magnitude of heterosis in G. arboreum L. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 53 (8): 627-633. Kajjidoni, S. T. 1997. Histological basis of genetic male sterility and its utilization in hybrid development in diploid cottons. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Kempthrone, O. 1957. An Introduction to Genetic Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, 1st Edn., New York, USA. pp. 456-471. Laxman, S and Ganesh, M. 2003. Combining ability for yield components and fibre characters in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The Journal of Research ANGRAU. 31 (4): 19-23. Manickam, S and Gururajan, K. N. 2004. Combining ability analysis for fibre quality in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement. 29 (2): 86-91. Neelima, S. 2002. Heterosis and combining ability analysis for yield and yield components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. Reddy, A. N. 2001. Heterosis, combining ability and stability analysis of hybrids for yield and yield components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. Singh, H., Singh, S and Omprakash, 1995. Heterotic response of ten American cotton hybrids for some quality traits. Journal of Cotton Research and Development. 9 (1): 13-16. Tuteja, O. P., Kumar, S., Hasan, H and Singh, M. 2005, Heterosis and interrelationship between seed cotton yield and qualitative characters in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 75 (3): 167-171.

43

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)44-51, 2009

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS IN THE SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) FIELDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH P. KIRAN BABU, M. ELANGOVAN and J. S. MISHRA Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, AP ABSTRACT The study was conducted during 2007-2009 to identify major weeds of sorghum in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. Results revealed that the fields were infested with 105 weed species. They belonged to 82 genera and 32 families of which 90 were dicotyledons and 15 monocotyledons. The dominant weed of the regions belonged to the families amaranthaceae, poaceae, fabaceae, asteraceae, euphorbiaceae and solanaceae of the regions, Celosia argentea, Digera muricata, Trichodesma indicum, Euphorbia hirta, Tribulus terrestris, Parthenium hysterophorus, Chloris inflata, Portulaca oleracea, Boerhavia diffusa and Cleome viscosa were dominant weeds. The most dominant weed species in Rayalaseema region were Digera muricata (37.87), Celosia argentea (32.85), and Cleome viscosa (21.20). In the Telangana region dominant species were Digera muricata (42.49), Celosia argentea (38.01) and Parthenium hysterophorus (22.61). In Coastal Andhra, the dominant species were Digera muricata (41.38), Cleome viscosa (33.06) and Portulaca oleracea (30.48).

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important cereal crop grown in rainy and post rainy seasons in semi-arid regions of the country on the marginal lands. In India, the crop is mostly grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. In Andhra Pradesh, sorghum is cultivated mainly in Rayalaseema and Telangana zones during the rainy season and in coastal plains during post – rainy season as rice fallows. The sorghum fields of these zones are infested heavily with large number of weeds, causing heavy losses to the crop yields. Uncontrolled weeds in sorghum reduces crop yield by 15-65% depending on the nature and intensity of weed flora, agro-ecological situations and management practices (Okafor and Zitta, 1991 and Mishra, 1997). The losses due to weeds are more during rainy than post-rainy season. The nature and intensity of weed flora varies depending on agro – ecological conditions and management practices. To develop effective and economical weed management practices in sorghum, it is necessary to identify the weed flora, their nature and intensity. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the diversity of weeds in sorghum in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried during 2007-2009 to identify major weeds of sorghum in different regions of Andhra Pradesh The state of Andhra Pradesh has 23 districts which are grouped into three zones: 1). Circar or Coastal Andhra comprising the districts of Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam E-mail: [email protected]

44

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS IN THE SORGHUM and Nellore. 2). Rayalaseema region consists of Kurnool, kadapa, Anantapur and Chittoor districts and 3). Telangana region includes Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy and Warangal districts. The diversity of weeds in the sorghum fields in all the three regions was studied. All the weeds encountered in the sorghum fields of each district. In each district having 3-5 field site villages. In Rayalaseema, Kurnool (Nandikotkur, Nandyal, Atmakur, Kodumur, Yemmiganur), Kadapa (Badvel, B.Matam, Pulivendula, Jyothi, Rayachoti), Chittoor (Kanipakam, Puttur, Kambakkam, Satyavedu, Mangalam), Anantapur (Uravakonda, Peddamushtur, Tadipatri, Gorantla, Vajrakarur). In Telangana region Mahbubnagar (Appapur, vanaparthi, Kollapur, Ija, Mannanur), Hyderabad (Rajendranagar, Shamsabad), Warangal (Hanmakonda, Khazipet, Pakal, Warangal). In Coastal Andhra, Prakasam (Giddalur, Kambam, Markapuram, Dornala, Podili), Nellore (Atmakur, B.Palem, Somasila), Guntur (Macherla, Karempudi, Vinugonda, Sattenapalli), East Godavari (Draksharamam, Yanam, Ramachandrapuram, Mummidivaram), Srikakulam (Amudalavalasa, Vemulada, Tekkali, Ichapuram). All the weeds encountered in the sorghum fields were carefully collected and identified. Random quadrat method was adopted for studying phyto-sociological attributes of weeds. In each field site quadrat of 1m x 1m was laid down in each village and a sum of 20 quadrats for each region. These studies were carried in the flowering stage of the crop. Vegetation composition was evaluated by analyzing the frequency, density and Importance Value Index (IVI) according to Mishra (1968) and Curtis and McIntosh (1950). IVI (Importance Value Index) = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance. All the weeds from each quadrat were collected separately in polythene bags. Every specimen was carefully studied regarding vegetative and reproductive features. Provisional identification was made following ‘Flora of Presidency of Madras’ (Gamble and Fischer, 1915-1935) and other state, regional and local floras. All the plant families were arranged in sequence following Bentham and Hooker’s classification (1862-83) with certain exceptions to accommodate recent modifications adopted after Cronquist (1968). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total number of 105 weeds species belonging to 82 genera and 32 families were recorded, of which 90 were dicotyledonous and 15 monocotyledonous species. Six families amaranthaceae, poaceae, fabaceae, asteraceae, euphorbiaceae and solanaceae were represented by more than 5 weed species. In Andhra Pradesh, the major weeds were Digera muricata, Trichodesma indicum, Celosia argentea, Euphorbia hirta, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tribulus terrestris, Commelina benghalensis, and Cyperus rotundus. A critical study on the flora of Andhra Pradesh (Pullaiah,1997; Pullaiah and Alimoulali, 1997; Pullaiah and Chennaiah, 1997) revealed the presence of 715 taxa as weeds in crop fields of the state. The weeds of sorghum comprised of 14.68% of the total weeds encountered in the state crop fields.

45

BABU et al. Results depicted in table.1 show the acquired density of weeds in these regions. Euphorbia hirta (1.95 plants/m2) followed by Digera muricata (1.9 plants/m2) Portulaca oleracea (1.8 plants/m2) and were dominant in the Rayalaseema region. Where as Euphorbia hirta (2.15 plants/m2), Digera muricata (2.05 plants/m2), and Portulaca oleracea (1.95 plants/m2) in the Telangana region and Portulaca oleracea (2.10 plants/m2), Euphorbia hirta (2.0 plants/ m2) and Digera muricata (1.80 plants/m2) in the Coastal Andhra region maximum density were recorded. The Important Value Index was 37.87 for Digera muricata, 32.87 for Celosia argentea, and 21.20 for Cleome viscosa in Rayalaseema region. Whereas in Telangana region dominance of Digera muricata (42.49), Celosia argentea (38.01) and Parthenium hysterophorus (22.61) was observed. In Coastal Andhra, the dominant species were Digera muricata (41.38), Cleome viscosa (33.06) and Portulaca oleracea (30.48). These results shows that Digera muricata in three regions, Celosia argentea in Rayalaseema amd Telangana region, Cleome viscosa in Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra were dominant in the sorghum fields. Based on the presence of weeds in sorghum fields of Rayalaseema having 102 species, Telangana 103 species and coastal Andhra 94 species, these results show that Telangana region weed infestation was very high it may be due to the availability of abundant nutrient content less competition with sorghum plants. Telangana region is heavily infected and Coastal Andhra is low and Rayalaseema is medium. REFERENCES Bentham, G and Hooker, J. D. 1862-1883. Genera Plantarum. 3 vols. London. Cronquist, A. J. 1968. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering plants. London. Curtis, J. T and Mclntosh, R. P. 1950. The interrelationships of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology 31 : 434-455. Gamble, J. S and Fischer, C. E. C. 1915-35. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. London (repr. ed. 1957, Calcutta). Mishra, J.S. 1997. Critical period of crop – weed competition and losses due to weeds in major field crops. Farmers and Parliament. XXXIII (6) : 19-20. Misra, R. 1968. Ecology Workbook. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. Okafor, L.I and Zitta, C. 1991. The influence on nitrogen on sorghum weed competition in the tropics. Tropical Pest Management. 37 (2) : 138-143. Pullaiah, T. 1997. Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vol.III. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur. Pullaiah, T and Alimoulali, D.A. 1997. Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Volume. II. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. Pullaiah, T and Chennaiah, E. 1997. Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Volume. I. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. 46

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Sl. No.

Cleome aspera Koenig ex DC. C. viscosa L. Hybanthus enneaspermus(L.) F.Muell. Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. Portulaca oleracea (L.) P. quadrifida L. Sida acuta Burm. f., S. cordata (Brum.f.) Borssum Walkes Melochia corchorifolia (L.) Waltheria indica (L.) Corchorus aestuans (L.) C. trilocularis (L.) Tribulus terrestris (L.) Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. I. linnaei Ali Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. T. purpurea (L.) Pers. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal

Name of the taxon

Cleomaceae Cleomaceae Violaceae Polygalaceae Portulacaceae Portulacaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Zygophyllaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae

Family

0.6 1.4 0.95 1.05 1.8 0.95 1.05 0.75 0.6 0.45 0.55 0.65 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.45 0.65 0.5

D 2.16 21.20 7.99 5.26 18.95 6.05 15.61 6.68 6.74 3.31 6.86 9.38 20.79 4.09 2.16 4.09 0.96 2.80 3.98 9.38 2.62

IVI

Rayala seema

0.4 1.25 0.6 0.95 1.95 0.85 1.15 0.85 1.15 0.45 0.55 0.75 1.45 1.05 0.65 0.8 0.25 0.65 0.5 0.55 0.45

1.17 16.63 3.48 4.36 21.34 4.88 17.99 8.16 22.24 3.22 6.67 11.93 16.81 5.14 2.39 3.31 0.72 3.11 4.69 6.67 2.15

IVI

Telangana D

Table1. Weed density and Importance value Index

0.75 1.6 0.4 0.6 2.1 0.55 0.85 0.4 0.95 0.35 0.35 0.55 0.45 0.65 0.4 0.95 0.5 0.35 0.45 0.1

D 3.67 33.06 2.18 2.59 30.48 2.92 12.72 2.68 19.30 2.57 3.62 8.30 2.65 2.93 1.42 5.37 2.50 3.07 5.73 0.29

IVI

Coastal Andhra

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS IN THE SORGHUM

47

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Sl. No.

Name of the taxon

Cassia pumila Lam. Mimosa pudica (L.) Ammania baccifera (L.) var. baccifera Citrullus colycinthus (L.) Schrad. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voight. Cucumis melo (L.) C. sativus (L.) Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. M. pentaphylla (L.) Centella asiatica (L.,) Urban Borreria articularis (L.f.) F. Will. B. pusilla (Wall.) DC. Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. H. puberula (G.Don) Arn. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) Blumea mollis D.Don) Merr. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (= E. alba) Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) Tridax procumbens (L.) Vernonia cineria (L.,) Less. Xanthium strumarium (L.) Catheranthus pusillus (Murr.) G.

Table 1. contd...

Caesalpiniaceae Mimosaceae Lythraceae Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Molluginaceae Molluginaceae Apiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Apocyanaceae

Family

0.15 0.1 0.6 0.45 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.65 0.5 0.95 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.45 0.25 1.35 1.15 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.41 0.36 11.17 3.98 1.47 3.49 1.67 1.87 4.82 15.93 1.87 2.16 5.54 0.73 3.98 1.21 15.16 11.30 11.69 0.61 2.69

Rayala seema D IVI 0.1 0.05 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.45 0.75 0.4 0.55 0.75 0.6 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.45 0.1 1.7 1.4 0.75 0.05 0.55

D 0.24 0.13 6.29 3.14 3.94 7.25 2.25 0.96 5.58 9.91 1.64 1.38 10.21 1.01 3.87 0.29 22.61 15.76 8.10 0.19 4.61

IVI

Telangana

0.15 0.65 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.45 0.25 0.4 0.25 0.7 0.5 0.65 0.55 0.4 0.35 0.6 1.3 1.25 0.8 0.49 11.36 1.77 0.54 0.54 1.21 1.35 0.64 1.42 1.71 10.85 1.55 2.93 5.72 2.86 3.07 6.69 17.10 15.91 11.36 -

Coastal Andhra D IVI

BABU et al.

48

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

Sl. No.

Name of the taxon Family

Calotropis gigantia (L.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae C. procera (W.T. Aiton) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Coldenia procumbens (L.) Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum (L.) Boraginaceae H. ovalifolium Forssk. Boraginaceae Trichodesma indicum (L.) R.Br. Boraginaceae Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridis (L.) Convolvulaceae Merremia gangetica (L.) Cufod. Convolvulaceae M. tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Datura metel (L.) Solanaceae D. stramonium (L.) Solanaceae Physalis minima (L.) Solanaceae Solanum nigrum (L.) Solanaceae S. surattense Burm. Solanaceae Scoparia dulcis (L.) Scrophulariaceae Striga asiatica (L.) O. Kuntze Scrophulariaceae S. gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke Scrophulariaceae Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau Scrophulariaceae Sesamum alatum Thonn. Pedaliaceae Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Acanthaceae Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Sreemadh. Acanthaceae Lepidagathis cristata Willd. Acanthaceae

Table 1. contd...

Rayala seema D IVI 0.1 1.03 0.15 2.01 0.2 0.62 0.25 1.42 0.35 2.13 1.6 15.28 0.95 2.35 0.2 0.62 0.95 4.47 0.7 2.07 0.25 2.49 0.1 0.45 0.15 0.79 0.25 1.42 0.8 9.39 0.1 0.22 0.65 2.44 0.25 0.73 0.25 1.21 0.2 0.84 0.35 2.54 0.15 0.37 D 0.1 0.25 0.15 0.2 0.35 1.85 0.9 0.35 1.05 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.1 0.25 0.65 0.05 0.6 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.45 0.15 IVI 1.00 5.16 0.41 0.95 2.08 19.37 2.16 1.43 5.14 1.64 3.39 0.87 0.40 1.38 6.23 0.09 2.12 0.36 1.18 0.53 0.10 3.87 0.36

Telangana Coastal Andhra D IVI 0.05 0.36 0.1 1.15 0.15 0.49 0.3 2.34 0.1 0.35 1.45 15.45 1 2.99 0.65 2.93 0.75 2.73 0.05 0.20 0.1 0.49 0.55 6.94 0.25 0.88 0.4 1.42 0.05 0.14 0.35 1.76 0.45 4.81 -

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS IN THE SORGHUM

49

68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

Sl. No.

Name of the taxon

Rungia repens Nees Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Leucas aspera (willd.) Link L. cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Ocimum americanum (L.) Boerhavia diffusa L. B. erecta (L.) Achyranthus aspera (L.) Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. A. lanata (L.,) A.L. Juss. Allmania nodiflora (L.,) R.Br. Alternanthera pungens Kunth, A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. Amaranthus viridis (L.) Celosia argentea (L.) Digera muricata (L.) C. Martius, Gomphrena serrata (L.) Acalypha indica (L.) Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbia hirta (L.) Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. P. maderaspatensis (L.) Tragia involucrata (L.)

Table 1. contd...

Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Nyctaginaceae Nyctaginaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae

Family

0.35 0.2 0.55 0.65 0.7 1.45 0.6 0.7 0.15 0.4 0.65 0.85 1.05 1.3 1.05 1.9 0.45 0.25 0.75 1.95 0.6 0.3 0.45

0.99 1.47 3.08 4.10 3.60 17.31 2.80 8.97 0.47 1.81 3.19 5.00 9.58 14.14 32.85 37.87 2.20 1.03 5.25 15.27 1.67 0.80 2.20

Rayala seema D IVI 0.45 0.35 0.65 0.75 0.6 1.35 0.45 0.45 0.1 0.35 0.6 0.95 0.85 1.15 1.15 2.05 0.35 0.4 0.95 2.15 0.5 0.15 0.35

D 1.38 3.94 3.99 5.12 2.73 14.74 1.73 3.87 0.26 1.43 2.73 5.90 6.38 10.98 38.01 42.49 1.43 2.17 7.78 17.69 1.28 0.32 1.43

IVI

Telangana

0.55 0.1 0.4 0.45 0.3 1.2 0.25 0.3 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.95 1 0.55 1.8 0.35 0.3 0.65 2 0.45 0.25 0.5

2.27 0.54 2.18 2.65 1.14 14.76 0.88 2.34 3.71 2.12 2.92 9.66 10.59 11.47 41.38 1.76 1.66 4.94 19.29 1.35 0.74 3.16

Coastal Andhra D IVI

BABU et al.

50

95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105.

93. 94.

91. 92.

Sl. No.

Name of the taxon

51

Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae

Commelinaceae Cyperaceae

Commelinaceae Commelinaceae

Family

0.35 0.45 0.95 0.65 0.7 1.45 0.65 0.65 1.15 0.55 0.25

0.75 0.2

0.95 0.6

1.46 2.20 6.05 2.44 4.66 12.79 3.19 3.19 4.32 2.43 0.73

6.68 0.84

10.29 4.48

Rayala seema D IVI

D = Density, IVI = Importance Value Index

Commelina benghalensis (L.) Cyanotis fasciculata (Roth.) Schultes& Schultes Tonningia axillaris (L.,) O. Kuntze, Cyperus compressus (L.) ssp. compressus C. difformis (L.) C. rotundus (L.) Apluda mutica (L.) Aristida hystrix (L.) Arundinella setosa Trin.Gram. Chloris inflata Link. Chrysopogon fulvus (Sprengel) Chiov. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Perotis indica (L.) O. Kuntze. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv.

Table 1. contd...

0.35 0.55 1.05 0.6 0.55 1.35 0.9 0.75 0.95 0.4 0.35

0.7 0.25

0.9 0.85

D

1.43 3.00 7.02 2.12 3.00 10.94 5.38 3.95 3.17 1.44 1.18

5.74 1.18

9.06 8.16

IVI

Telangana

0.55 0.7 0.75 0.5 0.45 1.6 0.6 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.3

0.95 0.9

1.15 1.1

3.71 5.62 4.87 1.97 2.65 18.47 3.36 1.44 1.16 2.12 1.14

12.44 14.15

17.74 16.33

Coastal Andhra D IVI

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS IN THE SORGHUM

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)52-58, 2009

EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL DOSE OF PHOSPHORUS IN RICE ON THE YIELD OF BLACKGRAM IN RICE (Oryza sativa) – BLACKGRAM (Phaseolus mungo) CROPPING SEQUENCE I. USHA RANI and V. SANKAR RAO Department of Soil Science, Agricultural College Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Bapatla – 522101

ABSTRACT A field experiment on rice-black gram relay cropping was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during 2004-05 to study the need of additional dose of phosphorus for the system over the recommended dose of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 to rice. The soil was sandy loam in texture. It was low in available nitrogen (218 kg ha1 ), medium in available P2O5 (23.2 kg ha-1) and rich in available K2O (407 kg ha-1). The results indicated that the additional dose of 10, 20 or 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering and 10, 20 or 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage significantly increased the soil available phosphorus at maturity stage of rice but there was no effect on soil available N, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. There was no direct effect on additional dose of phosphorus on grain or straw yield of rice but its residual effect significantly increased the seed and haulm yield of black gram. The most beneficial effect was to apply additional 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage of rice for maximum productivity with the added advantage of substantial improvement in soil available nitrogen and phosphorus from the initial 218 to 287 kg N ha-1 and 23.2 kg P2O5 to 38.6 kg P2O5 ha-1 but the soil available potassium reduced from the initial 407 kg to 369 kg K2O ha-1. The Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn content also recorded slight reduction.

Relay cropping of black gram in rice on residual moisture and fertility is a common practice in Krishna- Godavari agro climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh. Fertilizer recommendations are based on the nutrient requirement of individual crops. The dynamics of nutrient availability is ignored. Among the major nutrients phosphorus is highly expensive and its utilization by the crops is often low as it gets immobilized. However, substantial quantity of this nutrient in the puddled rice fields is available in the soluble form after the harvest of the crop (Gill and Meelu 1983 and Kundu et al. 1986). Residual nutrient is best exploited by the leguminous crops for their better root development, nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Information is not available on the quantity of phosphorus application to rice which exhibit maximum residual influence on the performance of relay cropped black gram. Hence, this experiment was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Field experiment was conducted during 2004-05 at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla. The soil was sandy loam in texture and the pH was 7.92. It was low in fertility with 0.38 percent organic carbon, 218 kg ha-1 available nitrogen, and medium (23.2 kg P2O5 ha-1) E-mail: [email protected]

52

EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL DOSE OF PHOSPHORUS IN RICE in available phosphorus but high in potassium with 407 kg K2O ha-1 and the layout was RBD. There were seven treatments which included the basal application of phosphorus to rice at 60 kg P2-O5 ha-1 with the additional quantity of 10, 20 and 30 kg P2-O5 ha-1 applied at tillering and primordial initiation stage. A uniform dose of 120 kg nitrogen, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O ha-1 was applied to the crop. Entire dose of P and K with 1/3 rd dose of nitrogen was applied as basal. Rest of the nitrogen was top dressed in two equal splits at maximum tillering and panicle initiation stage. Rice nursery of variety BPT 5204 was transplanted on 28th August 2004 and harvested on 4th December 2004. The seed of black gram variety LBG-645 was broadcast four days before the harvest of rice and allowed to grow on the residual moisture and fertility. Initial soil sample and those from different treatments in the rice field at the time of sowing black gram and after the harvest of this relay crop were analyzed by following standard procedures (Jackson, 1973). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Performance of rice: The data on soil available nutrients after the harvest of rice due to the influence of different treatments is presented in Table 1. The results showed that the soil available N increased from the initial 218 kg ha-1 to 264 kg ha-1 at the time of harvest in response to the application of recommended dose of fertilizers. The soil available phosphorus increased almost twice. The initial test value was 23.2 kg P2O5 ha-1 while it is increased to 44.9 kg P2O5 ha-1 at the time of harvest. On the other hand the soil available potassium reduced from the initial 407 kg K2O ha-1 to 390 kg K2O ha-1. The initial test values of micronutrients of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn are in the range of 9.58 ppm, 3.68 ppm, 234 ppm and 40.2 ppm, respectively and they also tended to reduce sharp. The additional dose of 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering or 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage significantly increased the soil available phosphorus compared to the availability due to the application of recommended dose of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. The enrichment of soil available phosphorus was not fixed nor it was entirely absorbed by the crop (Singaram and Kothandaraman, 1994). Initial flooding in rice is also known to decrease the Al-P and Fe-P, which result in more availability of this nutrient (Tiwari, 2002). The additional dose of phosphorus did not bring a significant change in the availability of other nutrients compared to the recommended dose of phosphorus. The grain, straw yield of rice and 1000 grain weight were not altered by the additional dose of 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied either at tillering or at primordial initiation stage compared to the recommended dose of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Table 2). This result implied that the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 to rice is sufficient and the improvement in the soil available phosphorus content due to the application of additional dose of phosphorus may benefit the relay crop (Rao, 1975). 53

54 NS

CD at 5 %

7.5

NS

11.5

380

NS

9.05

9.06

9.14

9.20

9.23

0.70

3.5

64.4

254

382

384

386

387

388

9.29

Iron (ppm)

7.5

58.5

62.7

259

256

56.3

252

53.8

51.4

257

250

44.9

264

390

Potassium (kg K2O -1 ha )

SE±

Phosphorus (kg P2O5 -1 ha )

8.98

Nitrogen (kg ha-1)

Recommended dose of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) as basal Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

Treatment

NS

0.45

3.23

3.31

3.33

3.37

3.42

3.45

3.49

Copper (ppm)

NS

0.04

2.05

2.09

2.10

2.15

2.18

2.19

2.22

Zinc (ppm)

NS

1.69

35.8

36.7

37.1

37.4

38.5

38.7

39.4

Manganese (ppm)

Table 1. Effect of additional dose of phosphorus app lied to rice on the available N, P, K and micronutrient status after harvest of rice

RANI and RAO

EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL DOSE OF PHOSPHORUS IN RICE Table 2. Effect of additional dose of phosphorus applied to rice on the test weight, grain and straw yield of rice. Treatment

1000 grain weight (g)

Grain yield (kg ha--1)

Straw yield (kg ha--1)

Recommended dose of phosphorus(60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) as basal Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal+ 10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

14.8

4183

5019

15.0

4195

5064

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal+ 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

15.2

4220

5117

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

15.3

4242

5172

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

15.1

4257

5228

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

15.3

4276

5271

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

15.4

4299

5318

SE±

0.3

14

14

CD at 5 %

NS

NS

NS

Performance of black gram: The relay crop black gram transformed the low available nitrogen status of the soil to medium. This improvement is expected due to the atmospheric nitrogen fixation by legumes (Thakuria and Saharia, 1990). But, the soil available phosphorus reduced substantially after the harvest of blackgram compared to the available quantity after the harvest of preceding rice in all treatments. Hence it is probable that this residual nutrient might have been utilized by blackgram. Yet the soil was high in available phosphorus in all the treatments than the initial value (Table 3). The additional dose of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering or primordial initiation stage to rice was not only sufficient to meet the requirement of the two crops but also left behind substantially large quantity of 38.8 and 41.3 kg P2O5 ha-1 but the potassium, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn content were less than the initial level. The additional dose of phosphorus had no significant influence on any nutrient except phosphorus. Singaram and Kothandaraman (1992) also reported that the application of higher doses of phosphorus to rice leave behind larger residues of this nutrient. 55

Recommended dose of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) as basal Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal +30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage SE± CD at 5 %

Treatment

56

35.1

38.6

41.3 1.3 2.8

293

287

283 9.8 NS

37.9

297

38.8

34.3

305

292

28.7

Phosphorus -1 (kg P2O5 ha )

312

Nitrogen -1 (kg ha )

368 11.3 NS

369

369

370

371

372

373

Potassium -1 (kg K2O ha )

7.56 0.07 NS

7.60

7.59

7.61

7.69

7.62

7.63

Iron (ppm)

3.17 0.05 NS

3.23

3.25

3.29

3.33

3.36

3.39

Copper (ppm)

1.69 0.07 NS

1.71

1.71

1.74

1.75

1.75

1.76

Zinc (ppm)

34.6 1.69 NS

35.4

35.8

36.0

37.1

37.2

37.9

Manganese (ppm)

Table 3. Effect of additional dose of Phosphorus app lied to rice on the available N, P, K and micronutrien status after harvest of black gram

RANI and RAO

EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL DOSE OF PHOSPHORUS IN RICE Black gram produced significantly larger quantity of seed and haulm yield in response to the additional dose of 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied to the preceding crop of rice at tillering or primordial initiation stage (Table 4). Maximum residual advantage was harvested by the application of additional 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 to rice at primordial initiation stage. Black gram produced grain yield of 984 kg ha-1 and haulm yield of 1828 kg ha-1. This was on par with the response due to the additional 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied to rice at primordial initiation stage. Its residual effect enabled the black gram crop to yield 973 kg ha-1 grain and 1783 kg ha-1 haulm yield. Patel and Thakur (1997) also obtained significant yield response owing to substantial improvement in grain parameters of black gram owing to the increased availability of phosphorus in the soil and its absorption by the crop. That is else to highlight the need to apply additional 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage in puddled rice to enhance the residual effect in increasing the grain yield of relay cropped black gram in sandy loam soil medium in available phosphorus status. Table 4. Effect of additional dose of Phosphorus applied to rice on the seed and haulm yield of black gram Treatment

Seed yield (kg ha-1)

Haulm yield (kg ha-1)

Recommended dose of phosphorus(60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) as basal

845

1454

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

898

1580

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

937

1686

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at tillering stage

951

1735

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 10 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

936

1691

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

973

1783

Recommended dose of phosphorus as basal + 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 at primordial initiation stage

984

1828

SE±

20

41

CD at 5%

42

87

57

RANI and RAO REFERENCES Gill, H.S and Meelu, O.P. 1983. Studies on utilization of P and causes for its differential response to rice-wheat. Plant and Soil. 74: 211-222. Jackson, M.L.1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice- Hall of India pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp: 40. Kundu, S., Kamath, M.B and Goswami, N.N.1986. Evaluation of residual effect of phosphate in rice-wheat-blackgram-rice cropping sequence using 32P as a tracer. Journal of Nuclear and Agricultural Biology. 15(2): 115-119. Patel, S.R and Thakur, D.S. 1997. Influence of phosphorus and rhizobium on yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Journal of Oil Seeds Research. 14(2): 189-193. Rao, I.V.S. 1975. Nutritional disorder of crops in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Publication, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Singaram, P and Kothandaraman, G.V. 1992. Residual effect of different phosphatic fertilizers on available phosphorus of soil in a cropping sequence. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 213-215. Singaram, P and Kothandaraman, G.V. 1994 Studies on residual, direct and cumulative effect of phosphorus sources on the availability, content, and uptake of phosphorus and yield of maize. Madras Agricultural Journal. 81 (8): 425-429. Thakuria, K and Saharia, P. 1990. Response of green gram genotypes to plant density and phosphorus levels in summer. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 35(4): 431-432. Tiwari, K.N. 2002 Phosphorus In: Fundamentals of soil science (Ed. Sekhon G. S.). Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi. pp.353-368.

58

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)59-64, 2009

PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF WET AND DRY SPELLS BY MARKOV CHAIN MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) CULTIVATION IN RANGA REDDY DISTRICT M.A.BASITH and SHAIK MOHAMMAD Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030 ABSTRACT Initial and conditional probabilities for expected threshold limits of rainfall are provided for different weeks to plan cultural operations during the growing period of castor in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh. Threshold rainfall of ≥ 20 mm was estimated to be optimum for land preparation as the soils are partially moist and rainfall of ≥ 15 mm per week between 25th to 26th standard weeks ensures good germination of castor. The initial probability of rainfall occurrence during 22nd and 23rd weeks was 6 and 9% whereas it was 50 and 62% for the 25th and 26th weeks. The probability of rainfall ≥ 10 mm during seedling establishment was 56, 26, 21 and 68% for the 30th, 31st, 32nd and 33rd weeks. The initial probabilities for occurrence of rainfall during reproductive phase were 29, 35, 32, 24 and 35% during the 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd and 43rd weeks respectively. The conditional probabilities for the following weeks to be wet were 100, 92, 73, 100 and 100% respectively. The initial probability of rainfall for a low threshold limit of 10 mm for the 48th standard week during starting of maturity phase was 56% and conditional probability for the subsequent week to be wet was 100%.

Castor (Ricnus communis L.) is an important and the most dependable non-edible oilseed crop of poor farmers with poor resource base. It has great industrial and commercial value. It brings considerable amount of foreign exchange to the country. In India, it is cultivated over an area of 8.70 lakh hectares producing 11.15 lakh tonnes beans. In Andhra Pradesh, it is cultivated on 1.57 lakh hectares with a production of 0.8 lakh tonnes. The national productivity of castor is 1282 kg ha-1 while the average yield in A.P. is 510 kg ha-1(CMIE, 2009). Andhra Pradesh ranks second in area and production of this crop next only to Gujarat. In Andhra Pradesh, it is mainly cultivated rainfed in the districts of Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar and Rangareddy. Andhra Pradesh has a tropical climate with moderate overlapping of subtropical weather conditions. The normal annual rainfall of the state is 925 mm with major portion of 68.5% being contributed by South – West monsoon. The state has a history of droughts of varying degrees in 3 out of 5 years and rainfed farming is prone for risk (Babu and Padmaja, 2003). First order Markov chain model gives the information on initial and conditional probabilities for various threshold limits of rainfall. Under initial probabilities, the probability E mail: [email protected]

59

BASITH and MOHAMMAD of a given period to be wet or dry is estimated while in the case of conditional probabilities, if given period is wet or dry, then the chances of following week to be wet or dry and given as wet/wet or wet/dry are estimated. A period is said to be wet when the weather parameter of that period exceeds a threshold limit. Markov chain probability model has been extensively used to find out the wet and dry spells (Victor and Sastry,1979) and for computation of probability of occurrence of daily precipitation (Stern,1982). Earlier Agarwal et al. (1984), Pandarinath (1991) and Dalabehara and Sahoo (1993) used Markov chain probability model for dry and wet spell analysis in terms of shortest period like week and demonstrated its practical utility in agricultural planning. Such studies are lacking for Ranga Reddy district to plan and execute the agricultural operations for the cultivation of castor. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental site selected is a rainfed belt of Ranga Reddy district. It is located at an altitude of 542.6 m above mean sea level on 17o19' North latitude and 78o23' East longitude. In the National Agricultural Research Project Zonation, it comes under the Southern Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The water holding capacity of the soil is 92 mm per meter depth. Weekly rainfall data for the past 34 years from 1975 to 2008 was collected from meteorological observatory of Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Ranga Reddy district. The method of computing initial and conditional probabilities of occurrence of rainfall using the first order Markov chain model described by Gabriel and Neumann (1962); Gates and Tong (1976) and Hann et al. (1976) was followed. Step - 1: Compute for each week the number of occasions the weekly rainfall of week i (Ri) ≥ the threshold limit x. If this condition is satisfied in ‘n’ years out of the total N years then the probability of a given week i is wet (Wi) is given as þWi = (n/N) x 100, % and thus a given week is dry (Di) is given as þDi = 100 - Wi, % These estimates present the initial probabilities of a given week i is wet or dry. Step - 2: Compute for each week, the number of occasions Ri ≥ x and Ri+k ≥ x 60

PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF WET AND DRY SPELLS It is seen in step - 1 that of the N years in n years Ri ≥ x in week i and thus if in n’ years out of n years, R i+k ≥ x, then the probability of getting a wet on week i and week i + k, namely a wet week followed by a wet week (if k = 1 [cw/w]) is given as þ(W/W)i = (n’/n) x 100, % and thus a dry week followed by a wet week, (D/W) is given as þ(D/W)i = 100 - (W/W)i, % These two estimates present the conditional probabilities of a wet or dry week (i + 1) followed by a wet week (i). Step - 3: Compute for each week, the number of occasions, Ri < x but Ri+k ≥ x. It is seen in step - 1 that of the N years in N-n years Ri < x in week i and thus in n” years out of N - n years Ri+k≥ x, then the probability of getting dry spell on week i and wet on week i+k, namely a wet week followed by a dry week (if k = 1) [(W/D)i ] is given as þ(W/D)i = [n”/(N-n)] x 100, % and thus a dry week followed by a dry week. (D/D) is given as þ(D/D)i = 100 - (W/D)i, % These two estimates present the conditional probabilities of a wet or dry week (i + 1) followed by a dry week (i). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first order Markov chain analysis for the estimates of initial and conditional probabilities of rainfall occurrence during the crop growing period was worked out to assess the likely wet and dry weeks for any two consecutive weeks for effective field operations. The probabilities of rainfall occurrence for minimum threshold rainfall per week following the Markov chain model during the rainy season for Ranga Reddy district is presented in table 1. This will help in planning agricultural operations for probable risk alertness. The initial probability for ≥ 20 mm rainfall due to summer showers in the 22nd meteorological standard week is 6%. In the next week, the probability of this limit improved to 9%. The conditional probability for this week to be followed by wet week is 100%. The sowing season spans from 2nd week of June to 2nd week of July. Rainfall of ≥ 15 mm is considered as the minimum threshold per week during this period for good germination of seed. The initial probability for this limit was 50% for the 25th and 62% for 26th standard week. The conditional 61

BASITH and MOHAMMAD probabilities for the present and next week to be wet were 100%. The initial probability for ≥ 15 mm was 38% in the 27th standard week but a high probability of 74% was in the 28th standard week with a conditional probability of wet-wet being 100%. Rainfall requirement of ≥ 10 mm per week was considered as the threshold limit for the emergence and establishment of seedlings. The initial probability for this limit was 56, 26, 21 and 68% for the 30, 31, 32 and 33rd standard weeks. The probability of rainfall occurrence for the threshold limit of ≥ 15 mm for seedling growth and development was 12, 3 and 68% for 34,35 and 36th standard weeks. The conditional probabilities for the two weeks to be wet were 100 and 96% in the 36 and 37th standard week. Water requirement of crop increase during the reproductive development and growth. Threshold limit was, therefore, increased in the subsequent weeks. The initial probabilities for occurrence of rainfall during the 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd and 43rd weeks were 29, 35, 32, 24 and 35 % respectively. The conditional probabilities for the following weeks to be wet were 100, 92, 73, 100 and 100 % respectively. The crop water requirement is relatively low during its maturity and senile phase. Hence, the threshold limit was scheduled ≥ 10 mm from 48th standard week. The initial probability of this week to be wet was 56% and conditional probability for the subsequent week to be wet was 100%. The first order Markov chain analysis for the estimates of initial and conditional probabilities of minimum threshold rainfall required for castor crop will help in taking up effective field operations and risk avoidance. Table 1. First order Markov chain model for initial and conditional probability of rainfall occurrence for castor in Ranga Reddy district Initial probability % Date-Month

MSW

MTRF (mm)

wet

1

2

3

4

28 May -3 June 4-10 June 11-17 June 18-24 June 25 June- 1 July 2-8 July 9-15 July

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

20 20 15 15 15 15 15

6 9 9 50 62 38 74 62

dry

5 94 91 91 50 38 62 26

Conditional probability % WetWet

DryWet

WetDry

DryDry

6

7

8

9

100 100 100 100 100 62 100

0 0 0 0 0 38 0

15 97 10 55 100 100 100

85 3 90 45 0 0 0

PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF WET AND DRY SPELLS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

16-22 July

29

15

3

97

4

96

11

89

23-29 July

30

10

56

44

100

0

58

42

30 July- 5 Aug

31

10

26

74

47

53

60

40

6-12 Aug

32

10

21

79

78

22

28

72

13-19 Aug

33

10

68

32

100

0

85

15

20-26 Aug

34

15

12

88

30

70

36

64

27 Aug- 2 Sep

35

15

3

97

25

75

3

97

3-9 Sep

36

15

68

32

100

0

70

30

10-16 Sep

37

25

56

44

96

4

100

0

17-23 Sep

38

25

12

88

100

0

27

73

24-30 Sep

39

30

29

71

100

0

43

57

1-7 Oct

40

30

35

65

100

0

50

50

8-14 Oct

41

30

32

68

92

8

50

50

15-21 Oct

42

30

24

76

73

27

35

65

22-28 Oct

43

30

35

65

100

0

46

54

29 Oct-4 Nov

44

20

62

38

100

0

77

23

5-11

45

20

32

68

52

48

85

15

12-18

46

20

53

47

100

0

78

22

19-25

47

20

18

82

33

67

38

62

26-2 Dec

48

10

56

44

100

0

46

54

3-9

49

10

76

24

100

0

100

0

10-16

50

10

29

71

38

62

100

0

17-23

51

10

74

26

100

0

100

0

24-31 Dec

52

10

65

35

88

12

100

0

1-7Jan

1

10

3

97

5

95

8

92

MSW : Meteorological standard week;

MTRF : Minimum threshold rainfall

63

BASITH and MOHAMMAD REFERENCES Agarwal, A., Singh, R.V and Chauhan, H.S. 1984. Probability of sequences of wet and dry days in Nainital Tarai Region. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 21 (4): 61-70 Babu, S.N and Padmaja, K. V. 2003. Evaluation of intercropping systems in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh with reference to castor. Indian journal of Dryland Agriculture and Development. 18 (1): 75-83 CMIE. 2009. Economic intelligence service, agriculture. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Private Limited. www.cmie.com Dalabehara, M and Sahoo, J. 1993. On the chances of occurrence of wet and dry days at regional research station, Bhawanipatna of Kalahandi district of Orissa. Indian Journal of Power and River valley Development.44 (Feb-March): 37-40 Gabriel, K. R and Neumann, J. 1962. A Markov chain model for daily rainfall occurrence at Tel Aviv. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 88: 90-95. Gates, P. R and Tong, H. 1976. On Markov chain modeling to some weather data. Journal of Applied Meteorology 15: 1145-1151. Hann, T., Allen, P. M and Street, J. D.1976. A Markov chain model for daily rainfall. Water Resources Research 12: 433. Pandarinath,N.1991. Markov chain model probability of dry and wet weeks during monsoon periods over Andhra Pradesh. Mausam. 42(4): 393-400 Stern, R.D.1982. Computing a probability distribution for the start of rains from a Markov chain model for precipitation. Journal of applied Meteorology. 21(3): 420-423 Victor, V.S and Sastry, P.S.N. 1979. Dry spell probability by Markov chain model and its application to crop development stage. Mausam. 30: 479-484

64

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)65-70, 2009

IDENTIFICATION OF PARENTS AND HYBRIDS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS USING LINE X TESTER ANALYSIS IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) C.V.SAMEER KUMAR, CH.SREELAKSHMI, D.SHIVANI AND M.SURESH Agricultural Research Station Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Tandur, Ranga Reddy - 501 141

ABSTRACT Six well adapted lines and four testers of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) were crossed in line x tester design to elicit information regarding the desirable parents and crosses for their use in crop improvement programmes. The material was raised in a randomized block design with three replications. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the parents, lines and crosses for all quantitative traits. Non – additive gene action predominated for all the traits studied. The estimates of gca effects revealed that the genotypes PRG158 and LRG-30 among the lines and among the testers ICP 8863 and ICPL 87119 were the best general combiners for seed yield and its components and could be utilized in future breeding programme. Significant sca effect was exhibited by LRG 30 x ICP 8863, PRG 100 x ICP 8863, LRG 30 x ICPL 87119, ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119 and PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 for seed yield and could be used for exploitation of heterosis to achieve high yields.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) is an important pulse crop grown in India with 76% of global acreage. Possibilities of commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour increased since the reports of genetic male sterility in pigeonpea and presence of considerable degree of natural out crossing. Combining ability analysis is frequently employed to identify the desirable parents and crosses. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to estimate combining ability for some yield contributing components in pigeonpea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental material consisting of twenty four crosses in line x tester design involving six diverse lines and four well adapted testers were grown along with parents in the randomized block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur during kharif 2006-07. Each treatment in a replication had a single row of 5 m length, with 90 x 20 cm spacing. All the recommended crop management practices were followed. Data were recorded on five random competitive plants from each genotype / replication for days to

[email protected]

65

KUMAR et al. 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. The statistical analysis was done as per procedure given by Kempthorne (1957). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences of the line x tester component for all the characters, indicating that the material chosen was variable with respect to traits under investigation. The lines showed significant differences for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight, while the testers exhibited significant differences for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant (Table 1). Partitioning of combining ability variances into fixable additive genetic variance and non-fixable dominance variance indicated that non-additive gene action play a significant role in inheritance of all the traits. Therefore, it would be beneficial to build up a population by inter mating these parents inter se before initiating random mating in F2 to allow higher recombination (Rawat, 1982). Preponderance of non-additive gene action for majority of traits observed was found in agreement with Kumar et al., (2003) and Reddy et al., (2004). The estimates of gca effect revealed that, the genotypes PRG 100 and LRG 30 among the lines and ICP 8863 and ICPL 87119 among the testers proved as good general combiners for seed yield per plant (Table 2). The parent PRG 100 was a good general combiner for all the characters except days to 50% flowering and plant height while LRG 30 was good general combiner for number of primary branches per plant, number of pods cluster per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. The lines ICPL 85063 and LRG 38 were the best general combiners for earliness. Among the testers ICP 8863 was good general combiner for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant and ICP 84063 and ICP 89044 were good general combiners for earliness. The tester ICPL 87119 was good general combiner for number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant but not for earliness. Crosses involving these parents might produce heterotic hybrids with high mean performance for respective traits. High sca effects mostly from the additive and dominant effects existed between the hybridizing parents. In the present study, significant sca effects were exhibited by five crosses viz, PRG 100 x ICP 8863, PRG 100 x ICPL 87119, LRG 30 x ICP 8863, LRG 30 x ICPL 87119 and ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119 for seed yield per plant (Table 3). These crosses could be used for isolating superior genotypes from segregating generation. It was observed that, 66

IDENTIFICATION OF PARENTS AND HYBRIDS these crosses also exhibited significant sca effects for number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. The cross combinations for high gca lines x high gca testers manifested in to higher sca combinations except in the cross ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119. These results are in agreement with the earlier reports of Kumar et al., (2003). It is evident from the present study that non-additive gene effects were important in the inheritance of most of the traits. The good general combiner parents viz, PRG 158, LRG 30 and ICP 8863 and ICPL 87119 could be utilized in future breeding programmes. REFERENCES Kempthorne, O. 1957. An introduction of Genetic statistics. John Wiley and sons, New York, pp: 458-471. Rawat, D. S. 1982. Analysis of reciprocal differences in Indian mustard. Acta Agronomica Hungarice. 41: 227-233. Reddy, S. M. Singh, S. P. Mehra, R. B and Govil, J. N. 2004. Combining ability and heterosis in early maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) hybrids. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 64 (3): 212-216. Kumar, S. Lohit Aswa, H and Dharamaraj, P. 2003. Combining ability analysis for grain yield, protein content and other quantitative traits in Pigeonpea. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 28: 141-144. Kumar, K. Ramdhari and Tomar, Y. S. 2003. Combining ability analysis for seed yield and its attributes in Pigeonpea. National journal of Plant Improvement 5: 124-126.

67

68

Error

3 15

Testers

Lines x Testers 66

5

23

1

Lines

Crosses

Parents vs. Crosses

9

33

Treatments

Parents

2

df

Replications

Source of variation

3.42

92.16**

1010.28**

551.06**

311.68**

634.09**

499.55**

372.69**

6.39

Days to 50% flowering

2.71

95.23**

514.98*

837.14**

311.26**

453.96**

522.09**

373.08**

2.61

Days to maturity

194.44

144.38

541.38*

367.28

244.61

1815.07**

652.73**

403.50**

46.39

Plant height (cm)

1.31

6.67**

38.83**

11.70

11.96**

56.74**

12.64**

13.50**

0.66

28.10

360.47**

644.99

447.21

416.44**

15.66

412.48**

403.21**

18.02

No. of No. of primary clusters / branches plant

1586.31

4295.74**

9420.85

9226.47

6036.12**

11835.38**

5837.42**

6157.64**

610.53

No. of pods / plant

0.22

1.19**

7.67**

11.95**

4.38**

3.32**

9.47**

5.73**

0.35

100 seed weight (g)

Table 1. Analysis of variance for combin ing ability of the characters in pigeonpea

25.61

56.82*

385.40**

63.79

101.19**

226.97**

79.98**

99.22**

14.29

Seed yield Plant (g)

KUMAR et al.

69 0.53

SE (gi)

10.75**

-6.36**

ICPL-87119

ICPL-89044 0.44

-1.03*

ICPL-84036

SE (gj)

-3.36**

ICP-8863

Testers

2.94**

-1.89**

LRG-38

-10.81**

10.03**

LRG-30

ICPL-85063

-0.06

PRG-88

ICPL-85034

-0.22

PRG-100

Lines

Days to 50% flowering

0.39

-3.43**

7.85**

-3.38**

-1.04**

0.47

1.15*

-7.01**

-1.68**

15.99**

-5.68**

-2.76**

Days to maturity

3.29

-4.74

7.36*

-3.56

0.94

4.02

6.77

-7.12

-5.28

5.15

-0.78

1.24

Plant height (cm)

0.27

-1.19**

1.93**

-1.09**

0.36

0.33

-0.12

-0.80*

-0.87*

0.76*

-0.57

1.60**

1.25

-4.54**

8.57**

-3.65**

-0.38

1.53

3.83*

-5.27**

-3.20*

6.23**

-7.64**

6.05**

No. of primary No. of branches/plant clusters/plant

9.39

-18.93*

19.19*

-20.67*

20.41*

11.49

-0.85

-22.48

-41.20**

32.62**

-1.88

33.79**

No. of pods/plant

0.11

-0.51**

0.59**

-0.62**

0.54**

0.14

0.10

-1.40**

-0.90**

0.20

0.74**

1.27**

100 seed weight (g)

1.19

-2.40*

3.44**

-5.32**

4.28**

1.46

-0.02

-2.87

-2.13

3.68*

-2.15

3.48*

Seed yield/plant (g)

Table 2. Estimates of general combining abilit y effects for lines and testers in pigeonpea IDENTIFICATION OF PARENTS AND HYBRIDS

PRG-88 x ICP-8863

PRG-88 x ICP-84036

PRG-88 x ICP-87119

5

6

7

3.28** 1.07

LRG-30 x ICP-89044

LRG-38 x ICP-8863

LRG-38 x ICP-84036

LRG-38 x ICP-87119

LRG-38 x ICP-89044

ICPL-85034 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85034 x ICP-84036

ICPL-85034 x ICP-87119

ICPL-85034 x ICP-89044

ICPL-85063 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85063 x ICP-84036

ICPL-85063 x ICP-87119

ICPL-85063 x ICP-89044

SE (sij)

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

2.19*

70 -3.83**

7.94**

-7.39**

4.03**

1.25

3.03**

-8.31**

0.11

2.33*

-7.56**

5.11**

-4.47**

-2.25*

LRG-30 x ICP-84036

LRG-30 x ICP-87119

11

4.53**

-3.39**

-1.17

0.28

4.28**

0.44

3.67**

-5.89**

1.78

Days to 50% flowering

10

PRG-88 x ICP-89044

PRG-100 x ICP-89044

4

LRG-30 x ICP-8863

PRG-100 x ICP-87119

3

9

PRG-100 x ICP-84036

2

8

PRG-100 x ICP-8863

1

Cross

0.95

3.18**

6.90**

-0.21

-9.88**

0.35

1.07

4.96**

-6.38**

-0.99

-2.26*

-3.38**

6.62**

-4.99**

1.07

4.29**

-0.38

2.01*

-7.60**

0.29

5.29**

0.43

0.82

-5.96**

4.71**

Days to maturity

8.05

2.14

1.07

-1.41

-1.80

9.97

-7.37

7.55

-10.14

-1.67

-9.91

4.71

6.88

-7.70

6.26

-2.78

4.22

0.93

3.95

-3.92

-0.95

-3.66

6.00

-4.14

1.80

Plant height (cm)

0.66

1.69*

-1.56*

1.46*

-1.59*

0.64

-0.61

0.34

-0.38

0.52

-0.14

0.35

-0.74

-2.05**

0.90

-1.01

2.16**

-0.92

0.62

1.11

-0.81

0.11

0.79

-2.26**

1.36*

No. of primary branches

3.06

10.36**

-2.95

6.63*

-14.04**

3.89

-7.78*

3.70

0.19

8.65**

2.57

4.12

-15.35**

-10.81**

4.48

-8.47**

14.79**

-4.64

-4.12

7.90*

0.86

-7.46*

7.80*

-13.88**

13.54**

No. of clusters/ plant

22.99

6.98

47.19*

4.02

-41.19

17.17

-54.15*

18.28

-11.29

47.19*

-56.83*

-11.69

-36.67

-25.45

52.52*

-35.61

49.54*

-0.02

20.92

-10.41

-15.49

-45.86

48.35*

-14.59

47.10*

No. of pods / plant

0.27

0.72*

0.64*

0.06

-1.73**

-0.22

-0.17

-0.02

-0.29

-0.17

-0.07

-0.80**

-0.51

-0.95**

0.64*

0.78**

0.63*

0.02

-0.08

0.12

-0.50

0.60*

0.65*

-0.15

0.65*

100 seed weight(g)

Table 3. Estimates of specific co mbining ability effects in pigeonpea

2.92

3.42

6.72*

-0.39

-4.76

-4.36

-1.16

-4.94

0.46

2.10

-5.14

-1.01

-2.95

-4.18

6.96*

0.45

6.77*

-0.81

0.86

2.79

-2.26

-1.18

6.76*

-6.32*

6.74*

Seed yield/plant (g)

KUMAR et al.

J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)71-76, 2009

GENE EFFECTS FOR YIELD CONTRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L.Millsp) BY GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS C.V. Sameer Kumar, Ch. Sreelakshmi, D. Shivani and M.Suresh Agricultural Research Station Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Tandur, Rajendranagar - 501 141

ABSTRACT Estimates of gene effects based on analysis of generation mean obtained for eight characters in four crosses of pigeonpea indicated the presence of additive, dominance and epistatic gene effects. Among nonallelic interactions dominance x dominance (l) was of greater magnitude than main gene effects for most of the characters indicating the importance of heterosis breeding to utilize non- additive gene effects. The additive gene effects (d) also contributed significantly for different traits like plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield in the cross LRG 30 x ICP 8863. Dominant gene effects (h) contributed significantly for most of the characters in the crosses PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 and LRG 30 x ICP 8863. Selection in segregating generations of these crosses will be effective for the development of these traits. However, to exploit additive as well as non- additive gene effects reciprocal recurrent selection procedure may be adopted.

Pigeonpea is an important edible pulse crop in India grown in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Multiple path ways involving different yield contributing characters influence seed yield and hence seed yield can also be improved through improvement of yield contributing characters (Solanki and Joshi, 2000). The estimation of gene effects involved in the inheritance of yield contributing or quantitative characters are helpful in planning breeding programmes. Though gene effects for seed yield and other traits have been estimated in pigeonpea, information on epistatic gene effects is limited. Thus, in the present investigation, genetic parameters namely, additive, dominance and epistatic gene effects were estimated through generation mean study for eight quantitative traits in 4 crosses of pigeonpea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental material comprised of 6 generations i.e., P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1(F1xP1) and BC2(F1xP2) of 4 crosses namely PRG 100 x ICPL 87119, LRG 30 x ICP 8863, PRG 100 x ICP 8863 and LRG 30 x ICPL 87119. The six generations of each cross were grown separately in randomized block design with two replications. In each replication parents and crosses were randomized separately, P1, P2 and F1 were grown in two rows of 5m length. The inter and intra row spacing was 1.0 x 0.2 m, respectively. Plant population in segregating [email protected] 71

Kumar et al. generations varied from 62 to 225 plants. The crop was raised as per standard practices for rainfed crop. Observations on individual plants were recorded for eight quantitative traits (Table 1). The data recorded were subjected to weighted analysis of Cavalli (1952) to know the adequacy of additive dominance model. In the presence of epistasis, the data where any of the 4, 5, 6 parameters are found adequate in the model of Jinks and Jones (1958) was subjected accordingly to sequential model in order to obtain more precise estimate for these parameters. The adequacy of these sequential models was tested by x2 test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Significant scaling test for different traits were observed in almost all crosses indicating the presence of digenic or higher order interactions. The non-significant scaling test (Table1) indicated the absence of non-allelic interactions for number of branches per plant in all the crosses except PRG100 x ICP 8863 and number of pods per plant in the cross LRG 30 x ICPL 87119. Thus inheritance in these characters in the above referred crosses could be explained on the basis of simple additive-dominance model. The estimates of genetic parameters m, d and h in these crosses indicated that both additive (d) and dominance (h) gene effects were responsible for inheritance of traits. Absence of non- allelic interactions for some characters was also reported by Patel (1996). The estimates of genetic parameters for different yield contributing traits in the cross PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 revealed that dominance gene effects (h) govern the inheritance of all the characters. Epistatic gene effects additive x additive (i) was more important in the inheritance of plant height and number of clusters per plant. In the same cross dominance x dominance (l) were more pronounced than additive gene effects for number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Similar results were observed by earlier workers (Kandalkar, 2005 and Singh, 2002). Dominance gene effects (h) governed the inheritance of all the traits except number of branches per plant in the cross LRG 30 x ICP 8863. Non allelic interactions viz., additive x additive (i) and additive x dominance (j) were involved in the inheritance of plant height, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Epistatic interaction like dominance x dominance gene effect (l) was also observed for the expression of seed yield. These results are in agreement with the earlier reports of Hooda et al., (2000) and Oommen et al., (1994). Dominance gene effects (h) governed the inheritance of mostly yield contributing traits in the cross PRG 100 x ICP 8863 like days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of clusters per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield. In this cross additive x additive gene effects (i) were also responsible for the inheritance of days to 50% flowering,

72

GENE EFFECTS FOR YIELD CONTRIBUTING CHARACTERS days to maturity, plant height and number of clusters per plant. However, non- allelic gene effects additive x dominance (j) also controlled the inheritance of number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant in this cross. Cross LRG 30 x ICPL 87119 exhibited the importance of dominance gene effects (h) for the inheritance of most of the yield contributing traits. In epistatic interactions like additive x additive (i) govern the inheritance of number of clusters per plant. Non allelic interactions viz., dominance x dominance gene effects (l) controlled the inheritance of number of clusters per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield. The role of non allelic interactions as indicated by scaling test was not confirmed by estimates of genetic parameters in crosses PRG 100 x ICPL87119, LRG 30 x ICP 8863 and LRG 30 x ICPL87119 for number of branches per plant and in the cross LRG 30 x ICPL 87119 for number of pods per plant. It might be due to presence of higher order interactions for inheritance of these traits. The magnitude of epistatic interaction mainly dominance x dominance (l) gene effects (l) for most of the traits was higher in almost all traits under study. Such non additive gene effects may be exploited by heterosis breeding. Additive gene effects observed in the inheritance of important yield contributing characters like plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield in the above crosses can be utilized in breeding programme by selection method. The complementary type of gene action observed in cross PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 for most of the yield contributing traits and for number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant for PRG 100 x ICP 8863 can be utilized in breeding programme. Duplicate type of gene action observed for other traits is not easy to use in breeding programme. It is there fore concluded that heterosis breeding may be used where large magnitude of non fixable gene effects is observed. A sizable amount of additive gene effects observed indicated that segregating generations of cross LRG 30 x ICP 8863 may be handled to develop inbred/ varieties possessing more number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Such type of inbred /varieties are likely to provide higher seed yield also. Considering the importance of dominance as well as non-additive gene effects observed in the present study recurrent selection and diallel selective mating system may be used to exploit both types of gene effects.

73

m

d

h

74

165.63** 179.30** 14.93** 83.00** 417.32** 12.27** 55.24**

Days to maturity

Plant height

Number of branches per plant

Number of clusters per plant

Number of pods per plant

100-seed weight

Seed yield

-4.15**

0.84**

-31.63**

-5.56**

-0.76

-20.34**

-9.23**

-10.03**

1.19

4.76**

56.47*

35.27**

2.90

40.64**

28.60**

25.67**

16.55** 82.37** 417.57** 10.33** 53.35**

Number of pods per plant

100-seed weight

Seed yield

Plant height

Number of clusters per plant

179.12**

Days to maturity

Number of branches per plant

109.95** 169.95**

Days to 50% flowering

3.16*

-2.20**

30.03**

-12.20**

0.77

18.87**

3.00*

3.00*

23.52**

5.66**

147.00**

17.70**

0.57

43.69**

22.93**

24.40**

Cross: LRG 30 x ICP 8863

107.07**

Cross: PRG 100 x ICPL 87119

Days to 50% flowering

Character

14.73**

3.51**

72.60*

8.00

-

22.73**

17.27**

7.26**

-9.04**

1.27

-26.93

23.40**

-

18.75*

14.60

10.46

i

3.88**

-0.36

-17.30

-6.43**

-

12.35**

-2.26

-1.40

-3.51**

0.28

11.90

0.30

-

-4.71*

3.50

2.10

j

l

-11.46**

-1.06

-52.53

4.20

-

-3.61

-11.00

-13.93

31.49**

6.93**

160.47**

-10.53

-

3.46

6.13

6.27

Table 1. Estimation of genetic parameters in selected pigeonpea crosses evaluated at ARS, Tandur, kharif, 2007

Kumar et al.

75 -6.59

**

-1.03

0.69

-1.98

**

** Significant at 1% level

53.68

**

**

**

54.56

-3.30 -1.88

**

-7.70

433.62**

84.73

h

**

**

**

**

13.91

*

**

2.38

12.00

23.50

1.03

31.31

18.43

20.70

*

13.91

** **

15.39

0.91

43.20

33.33

**

6.10*

13.56

13.16

**

Cross: LRG 30 x ICPL 87119 ** ** -3.43 11.57

0.69

0.31

**

Seed yield

* Significant at 5% level

**

-4.60

-2.97

-1.57**

11.21

Seed yield

**

**

**

-0.67

-8.29

-7.57

-7.57

**

**

d Cross: PRG 100 x ICP 8863

15.52**

191.68

100-seed weight

Number of pods per plant

Number of branches per plant Number of clusters per plant

Plant height

178.95

**

Days to maturity

**

119.30

53.68

Seed yield

**

**

Days to 50% flowering

12.98

100-seed weight

419.52

**

**

Number of pods per plant

**

**

87.47

14.75

Number of branches per plant Number of clusters per plant

168.63

158.20

Plant height

**

Days to maturity

**

97.95

m

Days to 50% flowering

Character

Table1. contd….

**

5.11

4.37

-1.01

-

20.73

-

3.41

5.33

4.20

5.11

1.23

**

*

-68.60

11.27

-1.80

*

**

15.07

12.33

**

13.73

i

*

1.36

-1.28

-0.17

-

-0.10

-

-2.29

-0.07

-2.20

1.36

-0.13

-0.47

1.07

-0.17

-3.5*

-1.07

-1.07

j

**

*

6.72

8.76

*

3.48*

-

-17.60

-

6.41

6.13

-2.20

6.72

0.01

167.00

-10.73

**

6.40

-1.06

-0.33

-2.80

l

GENE EFFECTS FOR YIELD CONTRIBUTING CHARACTERS

Kumar et al. REFERENCES Cavalli, L. L. 1952. An analysis of linkage in quantitative inheritance. Ed Reive E CR and Waddington, C. H. pp: 135-144, HMSO, London. Comstock, R. E. Robinson, H. F and Harvey, P. H. 1949. A breeding procedure designed to make maximum use of both general and specific combining ability. Agronomy Journal 41: 360-367. Hooda, J. S. Tomar, Y. S. Vashistha, R. D and Phogat, D. S. 2000. Generation mean analysis in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp). Annals of Biology 16: 105-109. Jinks, J. L. and Jones, M. 1958. Estimation of components of heterosis. Genetics 43: 223234. Kandalkar, V. S. 2005. Genetic analysis of early and medium duration pigeonpea hybrids (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) crosses involving wilt resistant donor in F1 and F2 generations. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 65: 184-187. Oommen, A. Namboodri, K. M. N and Unnithan, V. K. G. 1994. Genetic analysis of some quantitative characters in pigeonpea. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 32: 109-111. Patel, A. A .1996. Genetic analysis in castor (Ricinus communis L.) M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis submitted to Gujarat Agricultural University, S K Nagar. Perera, A. M. Pooni, H. S and Saxena, K. B. 2001. Components of genetic variation in short duration pigeonpea crosses under water logged conditions. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 55: 31-38. Singh, I. P and Srivastava, D. P. 2002. Combining ability analysis in inter specific hybrids of pigeonpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 14: 27-30.

76

Research Note J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)77-81, 2009

EVALUATION OF F1 HYBRIDS OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) P.S.SUDHAKAR and K. PURUSHOTHAM Department of Horticulture, S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati - 517 502.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) covers an area of about 5.35 lakh hectares in India with a production of 9.36 million tones ranking second after Potato (NHB, 2006). Recently, its cultivation is commercialized due to its rapid development of high yielding potential F1 hybrids during the last decade. But, it is observed that arrival of huge quantity of the produce at a time, leads to glut and price fall in the market every season due to lack of specific hybrid suitable for staggered harvesting in southern zone of Andhra Pradesh. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate different F1 hybrids of tomato for higher yield and staggered harvesting. The present study was carried out during spring-summer season of 2005-2006 between the months of December and June at Horticultural garden, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati with 8 hybrids viz., T1 – JK Asha, T2 – Lakshmi, T3 – Lehar, T4 – Ruchi, T5 – Abinav, T6 – Manisha, T7 – NS 2535 and T8 – US 618. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. All hybrids received a common basal dose of FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 50% of full dose of 150 kg N, full dose of 60 kg P2O5 and 80 kg K2O ha-1 at the time of field preparation. Remaining 50% N was top dressed in two equal splits, one at 30 and the other at 60 days after planting. Recommended package of practices were followed to raise the crop under irrigated conditions. Plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded at 120 days after transplanting. Fruit set (%) was calculated as per formula suggested by Baruah et al. 1994). The fruit size (cm2) was obtained by multiplying the maximum length and breadth of the fruit. The fruit size and pericarp thickness were recorded with the help of vernier calipers. A hand refractometer was used to measure total soluble solids (TSS). Ascorbic acid content was determined following 2, 6 - dichlorophenol - indophenol visual titration method. Shelf life was estimated as the time taken by fruits to reach 50% shrivelling. Data were collected on five randomly selected plants of each plot to record growth, yield and quality parameters and were subjected to statistical analysis.

E-mail Id: [email protected]

77

SUDHAKAR and PURUSHOTHAM The results presented in table 1 revealed that growth characters varied significantly among different tomato hybrids. Ruchi showed the tallest plants growing to a height of 143.7 cm with maximum number of 26.0 branches per plant compared to other hybrids. On the other hand, Lakshmi recorded shortest plants growing to a height of only 103.7 cm producing 15.67 branches per plant. These growth parameters were on par with Lehar and NS 2535. Plant height of JK Asha was also on par with Lakshmi. This variation in plant growth arose on account of growth habit of genotypes. Similar kind of variation in growth characters among different tomato hybrids was also observed by Mohanty et al. (2001). The hybrids showed significant differences in flowering and maturity. Lakshmi was the earliest to attain 50% flowering in 24.33 days after transplanting and was on par with JK Asha (25.00 days) which was in turn on par with Ruchi (27.33 days). On the contrary, Abinav, NS 2535, Lehar and Manisha were late to flower. They attained 50% flowering in 41.00 to 42.00 days. Raymon (1985) reported that early flowering resulted in early maturity which indicates earliness of the genotype. In the present investigation, it is evident that early flowering hybrids Lakshmi, JK Asha and Ruchi matured early in 71.00, 71.33 and 75.33 days after transplanting compared to late flowering hybrids. The data presented in the table 2 revealed that highest fruit set of 78.6% was observed in Abinav compared to rest of the hybrids, while the lowest fruit set of 28.1% was recorded in Lakshmi which was on par with Ruchi (34.55%). Thus, the hybrids which attained early and profuse flowering had lower fruit set. These differences in flowering characters might be attributed to changes in their genotypic habits as reported by Mangal (1981). The early maturing hybrid Lakshmi produced the highest number of fruits per plant (20.13), yield per plant (1532 g) and per hectare (567.7q) and was significantly superior over rest of the hybrids. Moreover, profuse flowering and fruit bearing enabled it to produce more fruits and yield in 3 - 4 pickings as observed in early maturing hybrids when compared to late maturing hybrids with 5 – 6 pickings. On the contrary, late maturing hybrids Manisha, Abhinav and Lehar recorded significantly low yields of 395 g, 567 g and 627 g per plant (Table 2). Jasmine and Ramdas (1993) also reported that early maturing hybrids produced higher yield than late maturing hybrids. But, synchronization of fruiting in Lakshmi could not enable it to produce staggered harvests. Similar observations in different tomato genotypes were observed by Gould (1983) who reported that synchronization of fruiting after a period of profuse flowering in early maturing cultivars leads to once-over harvesting. The hybrid US618 was the second best. It yielded 341.0 q ha-1 which was significantly more than rest of the hybrids. The fruit set of the hybrid was 60.65%. Its unique characteristic is that it provides continuous supply of fruits through staggered harvests. The habit of indeterminate growth, staggered flowering and fruiting in hybrid US 618 enabled it to become suitable hybrid for staggered harvesting. 78

EVALUATION OF F1 HYBRIDS OF TOMATO In the present investigation, all the hybrids showed significant differences in their quality characters (Table 3). The largest fruit size of 23.11 cm2 and weight of 80.42 g were recorded in the hybrid Ruchi. These parameters were on par in US 618 and Lakshmi. The fruits of Jk Asha and Manisha had maximum TSS content of 4.8%. The hybrid Ruchi was on par with these two hybrids. Lakshmi recorded the lowest TSS content of 3.67%. Manisha was very rich in ascorbic acid content of 19.71 mg 100g-1 and this was on par with ascorbic acid content of 19.27 mg 100g-1 in US 618, 18.63 mg 100g-1 in NS 2535, 18.09 mg 100g-1 in Abinav and 16.47 mg 100g-1 in Ruchi. The late maturing hybrids were thus rich in ascorbic acid content. Elliptical shape fruited hybrid NS 2535 had the thickest pericarp thickness measuring 0.73 cm and longest shelf life of 17.33 days. The pear shape fruited hybrid Abhinav also had thick pericarp of 0.70 cm and long shelf life of 15 days. The round shape fruited hybrid Ruchi showed the thin pericarp of 0.5 cm and short shelf life of 9.00 days. Thus, the elliptical or oblong or pear shaped fruits had thick pericarp thickness and long shelf life than those with rounded flat and spherical shaped fruits. These findings are in agreement with those of Vanajalatha (1987). Thus, Lakshmi and US618 can be recommended as suitable hybrids for higher yield and staggered harvesting. Table 1. Growth performance of different tomato hybrids Hybrids

Plant height at final harvest(cm)

Number of branches per plant at final harvest

Days to 50% flowering

Days to maturity

JK Asha

112.33

19.67

25.00

71.33

Lakshmi

103.33

15.67

24.33

71.00

Lehar

108.33

17.67

41.00

93.00

Ruchi

143.67

26.00

27.33

75.33

Abinav

110.33

18.67

42.00

95.00

Manisha

118.33

20.67

41.33

94.00

NS2535

109.33

18.33

41.67

94.67

US618

125.00

21.67

39.33

90.67

SE+

3.10

0.89

0.86

1.60

CD at 5%

9.41

2.71

2.61

3.42

79

SUDHAKAR and PURUSHOTHAM Table 2. Fruit yield components of different tomato hybrids Hybrids

Fruit set (%)

Number of fruits per plant

Yield per plant (g)

Yield q ha-1

JK Asha

41.18

11.75

637.0

236.3

Lakshmi

28.10

20.13

1532.0

567.7

Lehar

53.38

8.51

627.0

232.5

Ruchi

34.55

9.77

785.0

290.9

Abinav

78.60

8.12

567.0

210.1

Manisha

54.37

5.80

395.0

146.3

NS2535

60.14

12.07

865.0

320.5

US618

60.65

12.13

920.0

341.0

SE+

2.99

1.31

8.0

3.0

CD at 5%

9.08

3.98

24.0

9.1

Table 3. Fruit quality components of different tomato hybrids. Hybrids

Fruit weight (g)

Fruit size (cm2)

Pericarp thickness (cm)

TSS (%)

Ascorbic acid content (mg 100 g-1)

Shelf life (days)

JK Asha

54.29

7.68

0.53

4.80

14.04

11.00

Lakshmi

76.15

18.21

0.63

3.67

15.06

13.00

Lehar

73.77

16.48

0.57

3.93

12.11

11.00

Ruchi

80.42

23.11

0.50

4.60

16.47

9.00

Abinav

69.87

15.32

0.70

4.07

18.09

15.00

Manisha

68.12

11.37

0.67

4.80

19.71

14.00

NS2535

71.69

16.31

0.73

4.20

18.63

17.33

US618

75.91

18.19

0.60

4.00

19.27

12.00

SE+

2.30

2.00

0.03

0.18

1.26

0.68

CD at 5%

6.98

6.29

0.10

0.56

3.81

2.07

80

EVALUATION OF F1 HYBRIDS OF TOMATO REFERENCES Baruah, G. K. S., Arora, S. K and Pandita, M. L. 1994. Effect of Paclobutrazole and nitrogen levels on fruit yield of Pusa ruby tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 64: 567-569. Gould, W. A. 1983. Tomato production, processing and quality evaluation. 2nd edition, AVI publishing company, Westport, Connecticut. Jasmine, A. P. J and Ramadas, S. 1993. Evaluation of certain F1 hybrids and cultivars of tomato for yield components. South Indian Horticulture 41 (5): 248-250. Mangal, J. L., Sidhu, A. S and Pandey,V. C. 1981. Effect of staking and pruning on growth, earliness and yield of tomato varieties. Indian Journal Agricultural Research 15 (2): 103-106. Mohanty, B. K. 2001. Varietal performance of tomato in black soils of orissa. Journal of Research, ANGRAU 29 (4): 22-26 NHB, 2006. Crop wise area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops for the year 2005-2006 in India. www.indiastat.com. (online statistical database). Raymon, 1985. Vegetable seed production University of Bath printed in Great Britain at the pitman press Bath. Vanajalatha, K. 1987. Studies on the performance of certain tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) hybrids and varieties under Hyderabad conditions, M.Sc.(Ag.) thesis submitted to Acharya N.G. Ranga Agril. University, Hyderabad.

81

Research Note J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)82-85, 2009

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONAL TREATMENTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SIMAROUBA (Simarouba glauca L.) L. PRASANTHI, P. MAHESWARA REDDY, P. S. SUDHAKAR, B. BALAKRISHNA BABU and K. RAJA REDDY Biofuel Scheme, Regional Agricultural Research Station Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupathi - 517 502

Simarouba glauca commonly known as paradise tree belongs to family simaroubaceae. It is an ever green multipurpose tree, native of EL Salvador, Central America. It was introduced in India in 1966, exclusively for soil conservation purpose, especially earmarked for waste lands, bald hills and degraded lands. In recent years, it has attained greater importance in terms of its potential for edible oil, industrial vegetable oil and biofuel production. It is a versatile oil tree with productivity potential as high as 2000 kg edible oil per hectare per year with ability to establish well even in marginal/ wastelands (Syamasundar and Hiremath, 2001). It can play an important role not only in reducing the shortage of edible oil/ fat in the country but also limiting country’s dependence on oil imports to meet domestic oil requirement. Simarouba is mainly propagated through seeds and like other oil seeds, seeds can be stored only for a limited period with slight reduction in germination percentage. Even the fresh seeds have germination problems as only 60 percent of seeds are able to produce normal seedlings. In many of the forestry species, seed germination and seedling growth is enhanced by externally applied growth promoters. Due to lack of sufficient literature, an attempt was made to increase the seed germination percentage and seedling growth in Simarouba glauca with externally applied growth regulators and chemicals. Freshly harvested Simarouba glauca seeds were collected from Forest Research Station, BIOTRIM, Tirupati during May 2009 for the present study. The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 30 minutes and thoroughly washed with distilled water. There were eight treatments replicated four times. The seeds were treated by soaking in distilled water and growth regulators viz., IAA and GA at concentrations of 150, 200 and 250 ppm for 24 h before sowing and the seeds without any treatment served as control. The seeds were sown in polybags. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design. The study was conducted under shade net conditions during June, 2009 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati. Irrigation was provided by pot watering twice a day. Seed e mail: [email protected]

82

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONAL TREATMENTS germination was counted upto 30 days after sowing. The seedlings started germinating from 12th day and continued upto 25th day after sowing. Data on germination time (days), germination percentage, root and shoot length (cm), total seedling length (cm), fresh and dry weight of root and shoot (g) and vigour index were recorded. Seedling vigour was measured in terms of vigour index. It was calculated as vigour index = germination percentage X Total seedling length (cm) given by Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973). The data recorded were subjected to analysis of variance. The results showed that Simarouba glauca seed germinated in mean 13.45 to 16.45 days. This was not significantly influenced by different treatments. The untreated seed had a low germination of 64.4%. The high concentration of IAA @ 250 ppm was deleterious and had also low seed germination of 66.6%. The seeds soaked in distilled water or treated with IAA or GA @ 150 and 200 ppm for 24 h recorded 100% germination. This could be due to plant growth regulators which induced metabolization of stored reserves during germination as reported by Verma and Tandon (1988). Seed treatment with IAA @ 150 ppm significantly increased not only the length of shoot (14.44 cm), root (30.70 cm) and seedling (45.14 cm) but also the fresh weight (2.60 g; 1.19 g) and dry weight (0.58 g; 0.26 g) of shoot and root followed by IAA 200 ppm and GA 200 ppm when compared to control. However, soaking of seed in distilled water did not influence these variables. The positive response attributed for enhanced growth of seedlings in terms of shoot and root length as well as for increased biomass of seedlings with IAA and GA treatments might be due to diffusion of endogenous auxin and gibberellins like substances (Mathur et al., 1971). Enhancement of germination and seedling growth with IAA treatment has been reported earlier in Neem by Kumaran et al., (1994). The maximum vigour index of 4514 was recorded by treating the seed with IAA @ 150 ppm followed by IAA 200 ppm (4280) and was significantly higher than that of control (2268). Higher germination per cent and seedling length indicated better growth potential of the seedlings, which in turn positively increased the vigour index in IAA 150 ppm. These findings are similar to those earlier reported by Radha krishnan and Renganayaki (2008). Therefore, seed treatment with IAA @ 150 ppm is the best technique to improve the germination percentage of the seeds, root and shoot length, total seedling length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and eventually to maximize the seedling vigour. Farmers who cannot afford to purchase IAA or in the event of its non availability can opt seed soaking with distilled water which is the next best option to improve the germination of seeds.

83

Germination time (days)

16.11 13.45 15.11 14.78 16.22 15.11 15.22 16.45 0.91 NS

Treatment

T1 - Control

T2 - Distilled water

T3 - IAA 150ppm

T4 - IAA 200ppm

84

T5 - IAA 250ppm

T6 - GA 150ppm

T7 - GA 200ppm

T8 - GA 250ppm

SE+

CD at 5%

21.3

10.5

88.5

100.0

100.0

66.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

64.5

Germination percentage (%)

2.04

0.87

12.70

13.91

14.18

11.93

14.19

14.44

13.11

11.92

Shoot length (cm)

3.53

1.64

24.33

26.13

25.78

29.75

28.61

30.70

25.69

23.28

Root length (cm)

4.56

2.13

37.03

40.04

39.96

41.68

42.80

45.14

38.80

35.20

Total seedling length (cm)

0.22

0.11

2.42

2.53

2.09

2.00

2.57

2.60

2.50

2.18

0.12

0.06

0.89

1.00

0.73

0.80

1.09

1.19

0.90

0.83

0.06

0.03

0.48

0.54

0.35

0.43

0.55

0.58

0.53

0.45

0.013

0.005

0.19

0.20

0.09

0.11

0.22

0.26

0.18

0.14

Root (g)

Shoot (g)

Shoot (g)

Root (g)

Dry weight of

Fresh weight of

1009

470

3274

4004

3996

2776

4280

4514

3880

2268

Vigour Index

Table 1. Effect of growth regulators on seed germ ination and seedling growth of Simarouba glauca

PRASANTHI et al.

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONAL TREATMENTS REFERENCES Abdul baki, A.A and Anderson, J.J. 1973. Vigour determination in Soyabean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science 13: 630-633 Kumaran, K., Palani, M., Jerlin, R and Surendran, C.1994. Effects of growth regulators on seed germination and seedling growth of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Journal of Tropical forest science 6:529-532. Mathur, D.D., Cuurillon, G.A., Vines, H.M and Hendershoot, C.H. 1971. Stratification effects on endogenous gibberelic acid in peach seed. Horticulture science 6: 538-539 Radhakrishnan, P and Renganayaki, P.R.2008. Effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling growth of stored Simarouba (Simarouba glauca Linn) seeds. Indian forester 134 (7): 947-949 Syamasundar, J and Hiremath, S.2001. Simarouba oil tree. Booklet published by UAS, Bangalore in association with National Oilseeds and Vegetable oils Development Board (ICAR), Gurgoan. Verma, A.N and Tandon, P.1988. Effect of growth regulators on germination and seedling growth of Pinus kasiya and Schima khasiana. Indian Journal of forestry 11: 32-36.

85

Research Note J.Res. ANGRAU 37(3&4)86-91, 2009

STUDY OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS IN PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan. L. Millsp) C.V.SAMEER KUMAR, CH.SREELAKSHMI, D.SHIVANI AND M.SURESH Agricultural Research Station Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Tandur, Ranga Reddy – 501 141 Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) is an important pulse crop in India. Its protein content is approximately 21% which compares well with other important grain legumes. Exploitation of heterosis is one of the important breeding options for breaking yield barrier. It offers great possibilities in crop improvement programme and is the only effective conventional means of combining desirable characters of two or more varieties. Breeding programmes in pigeonpea are oriented to develop new varieties which have high yield potential and resistance to pests and diseases. Thus the main objective of the present investigation was to estimate the extent of heterosis for seed yield and its component characters and to select better crosses for further breeding. The present study comprised of six lines, PRG 100, PRG 88, LRG 30, LRG 38, ICPL 85034 and ICPL 85063 and four testers, ICP 8863, ICPL 87119, ICPL 84063 and ICPL 89044 of pigeonpea. The hybridization was carried out in a line x tester scheme at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur during kharif 2007. Ten parents along with their 24 hybrids were sown in a randomized block design with three replications during kharif 2008 adopting 100 x 20 cm spacing. Entire material comprising parents and F1s was sown in 2 rows of each in 5 m length plot. All the recommended package of practices were followed for raising normal crop. The observations were recorded on five randomlycompetitive plants for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, 100- seed weight and seed yield per plant. Days to 50% flowering and days to maturity was recorded on plot basis. Sample of 100 seeds was taken for recording their weight. The data were subjected to analysis of variance for various characters, mean performance of parents and their hybrids and heterosis. The analysis of variance revealed that variation among the genotypes was highly significant for all the characters. The parents showed significant variation for all the characters studied. The crosses also showed significant variation for all the characters except plant height. The overall heterosis as tested by using parents vs crosses was significant for all the characters except for number of clusters per plant. The range of mean performance of hybrids was higher indicating significant heterosis for all the characters. [email protected] 86

STUDY OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT The range and mean of heterosis, number of significant heterotic crosses over better parent and standard hybrid for eight traits are presented in Table 1. Earliness in flowering and maturity is a highly desirable trait for the crop like pigeonpea. Hence, the crosses exhibiting heterosis in negative direction are of immense value. The cross ICPL 85034 x ICP 8863 showed highest negative heterosis for days to flowering (-17.63%) and days to maturity (11.02%) over standard check ICPL 87119. The magnitude of heterosis was highest for plant height in cross ICPL 85034 x ICPL 84036 over better parent (24.42%), while maximum heterosis for primary branches per plant (46.28%) was observed in cross PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 over standard check, ICPL 87119. Significant and highest positive heterosis over mid parent, better parent and standard hybrid was observed in cross LRG 30 x ICP 8863 for number of pods per plant. Two crosses viz. LRG 30 x ICP 8863 and LRG 38 x ICP 8863 showed significant positive heterosis over mid parent for 100 seed weight. The cross LRG 30 x ICP 8863 exhibited significant and highest positive heterosis for number of pods per plant (58.31%) followed by seed yield per plant (54.14%). These results are in agreement with the earlier findings of Rajesh et al., (2005) and Reddy et al., (2004). Heterosis for seed yield per plant ranged from -1.25 to 54.14% over better parent and -3.66 to 53.14% over standard check, respectively. Four crosses viz. PRG 100 x ICP 87119, LRG 30 x ICPL 87119, PRG 100 x ICP 8863 and ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119 exhibited significant positive heterosis over mid parent, better parent and standard hybrid check for seed yield per plant(Table 2). These four hybrids also registered higher seed yield per plant. Such crosses are likely to give better transgressive segregants and could be used for further improvement. The magnitude of heterosis over better parent and standard check varied from cross to cross for seed yield and its components indicating that all the characters distinctly differed for mean heterosis and its range in desirable direction. Considerable high heterosis in certain crosses and low in others revealed that, nature of gene action varied with the genetic make up of the parents involved in the crosses. Such nature of heterosis helps in identifying superior cross combinations and exploitation to select better transgressive segregants (Joshi et al., 2001) It will be of considerable interest to know the cause of heterosis for seed yield in pigeonpea. A comparison of heterosis for seed yield per plant in four most heterotic crosses over better parent and standard check (PRG 100 x ICPL 87119, LRG 30 x ICPL 87119, PRG 100 x ICP 8863 and ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119 ) along with heterosis for other related characters indicated that significant and positive heterosis over better parent and standard check for seed yield per plant was also accompanied by significant and high positive heterosis for 87

KUMAR et al.

number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pod clusters per plant and 100 seed weight. The cross PRG 88 x ICP 87119 showed significant positive heterosis for number of primary branches per plant and 100 seed weight over mid parent and standard check. The cross involving ICPL 85063 x ICP 87119 recorded significant positive heterosis for number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant over better parent and standard hybrid check. Similar findings were also reported by Wankhade et al, (2005) and Joshi (2001). Many top heterotic hybrids for different attributes involved parental combinations of high x high, high x low and low x low yielder. The present study further suggested that heterosis for yield should be through component trait heterosis. Hybrid vigour of even small magnitude for individual yield components may have additive or synergistic effect on the end product. Graffius (1959) reported that the yield is the end product of multivariable interaction between yield components. Similar findings were also reported by Mehta et al., (1991). Thus, on the basis of per se performance and heterotic response the crosses viz., LRG 30 x ICP 8863, PRG 100 x ICP 8863, LRG 30 x ICPL 87119, ICPL 85063 x ICPL 87119 and PRG 100 x ICPL 87119 appeared to be more suitable for practical plant breeding programme to exploit heterosis. REFERENCES Graffius, J. E. 1959. Heterosis in barley. Agronomy Journal 51: 551-551. Joshi, H. V., Mehta, D. R and Jadon, B. S. 2001. Heterosis of yield and yield components in castor hybrids. Journal of Oilseeds Research 18: 164-169. Kempthorne, O. 1957. An introduction of genetic statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp: 458-471 Mehta, D. R., Vashi, P. S and Kukadia, M. O. 1991. Hybrid vigour in castor, Gujarat Agricultural University Journal 17: 16-22. Rajesh, R., Wankhade, K. B., Wanjari, G. M., Kadam and Jadhav, B.P. 2005. Heterosis for yield and yield components in pigeonpea involving male sterile lines. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 18: 141-143. Reddy, S. M., Singh, S. P., Mehra, R. B and Govil, J. N. 2004. Combining ability and heterosis in early maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) hybrids. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 64: 212-216.

88

499.55**

33

9

Treatments

89

551.06** 1010.28** 92.16**

5

3

15 3.42

311.68**

23

66

634.09**

1

2.71

95.23**

514.98*

837.14**

311.26**

453.96**

522.09**

373.08**

2.61

194.44

144.38

541.38*

367.28

244.61

1815.07**

652.73**

403.50**

46.39

Plant height (cm)

** Significant at 1% level, * Significant at 5% level

Error

Testers Lines x Testers

Lines

Crosses

Parents Parents vs. Crosses

372.69**

2

Replications

6.39

df

Source of variation

Days Days to to 50% flowering maturity

1.31

6.67**

38.83**

11.70

11.96**

56.74**

12.64**

13.50**

0.66

28.10

360.47**

644.99

447.21

416.44**

15.66

412.48**

403.21**

18.02

No. of No. of primary clusters/ branches plant

1586.31

4295.74**

9420.85

9226.47

6036.12**

11835.38**

5837.42**

6157.64**

610.53

No. of pods / plant

0.22

1.19**

7.67**

11.95**

4.38**

3.32**

9.47**

5.73**

0.35

25.61

56.82*

385.40**

63.79

101.19**

226.97**

79.98**

99.22**

14.29

100 seed Seed yield weight Plant (g) (g)

Table 1. Analysis of variance for co mbining ability of the characters stud ied in line x tester analysis in pigeonpea STUDY OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT

90

LRG-38 x ICP-8863

LRG-38 x ICPL-84036

LRG-38 x ICPL-87119

LRG-38 x ICPL-89044

ICPL-85034 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-84036

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-87119

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-89044

ICPL-85063 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-84036

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-87119

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-89044

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

LRG-30 x ICPL-89044

12

14

LRG-30 x ICPL-87119

11

13

LRG-30 x ICPL-84036

10

LRG-30 x ICP-8863

PRG-88 x ICPL-84036

6

9

PRG-88 x ICP-8863

5

PRG-88 x ICPL-87119

PRG-100 x ICPL-89044

4

PRG-88 x ICPL-89044

PRG-100 x ICPL-87119

3

8

PRG-100 x ICPL-84036

7

PRG-100 x ICP-8863

2

Cross

1

S.No

H2

5.94**

-2.88

2.24

H3

6.99**

6.62**

7.21**

-1.92

3.21*

4.81**

-1.99

-5.45**

6.98**

3.17

3.85* -6.09**

5.63**

-3.85*

-3.53*

2.21

2.46 7.64**

3.85*

6.31** 13.46**

11.50** 17.22** 13.46**

-7.53** -5.35**

7.34** 23.91** -8.65**

11.56** 42.61** 5.13**

12.03** 29.57** -4.49**

-6.20** 11.74** -17.63**

2.56

11.53** 26.06** 14.74**

0.00

3.21*

6.15** 21.79**

7.64** 14.08**

-3.01*

5.41**

7.67** 18.54** 14.74**

5.14** 12.58** 14.74**

-2.64

6.49** 15.74** 13.14**

6.10**

4.98**

4.26**

13.98** 28.32** 17.63**

3.06

5.63** 11.54**

H1

Days to 50%flowering

3.97**

4.93**

1.77*

-5.76**

6.90**

5.81**

9.99**

0.33

3.36**

1.40

1.73

6.29**

3.29**

5.56**

8.76**

4.26**

0.00

-6.54**

-1.16

0.31

2.91**

1.99*

-1.29

3.75**

H1

7.56**

9.70**

5.17**

-5.67**

14.25**

23.10**

17.69**

11.06**

3.70**

10.22**

2.17*

10.22**

11.88**

5.56**

17.67**

9.11**

2.38**

-1.24

1.08

1.24

3.24**

10.09**

-1.08

6.87**

H2

H3

-1.97*

6.89**

-3.94**

-8.27**

-8.46**

-1.38

-5.71**

-11.02**

-6.10**

-0.20

-7.48**

-0.20

1.97*

12.20**

7.48**

6.10**

-6.69**

-5.71**

-7.68**

-3.35**

-5.91**

0.98

-9.65**

-1.97*

Days to maturity

6.84

4.72

2.63

5.21

14.92*

2.29

10.72

2.75

1.65

-4.14

3.25

7.44

-1.77

4.69

-0.99

5.64

6.22

6.35

1.09

5.76

5.05

8.98

2.51

8.96

H1

9.75

10.32

2.75

5.36

25.29**

21.61**

24.42**

15.14

3.04

5.40

7.67

11.75

2.92

8.12

0.83

7.85

7.98

17.29*

5.72

10.32

7.19

20.68**

7.62

14.09*

H2

H3

12.45

19.18**

11.00

13.51

8.75

5.55

7.99

-0.06

2.77

5.13

7.38

11.45

5.45

21.36**

9.17

16.19*

7.10

16.33*

4.86

9.42

5.53

18.82**

5.96

12.33

Plant height (cm)

15.05*

1.66

12.34

-4.28

16.74

17.52*

12.99

14.12

6.70

13.13

4.49

2.96

-12.52

19.73**

-5.24

24.46**

4.29

29.21**

21.87*

12.23

12.81

27.31**

-6.12

27.45**

H1

14.89*

-8.15

10.88

-9.09

1.33

-6.44

-3.11

-5.26

-0.27

-3.86

-3.63

-8.37

-16.83*

13.30*

-8.65

24.16**

-9.33

3.00

4.66

-6.70

9.55

18.03**

-7.54

24.40**

H2

H3

14.89*

13.83

13.83

1.06

1.06

15.96*

-0.53

5.32

-0.53

19.15*

-1.06

1.86

-7.98

40.43**

1.06

38.03**

-9.57

27.66**

7.45

3.72

15.96*

46.28**

-2.13

38.30**

branches/plant

No. of primary

Table 2. Heterosis over mid parent (H1), better parent (H2) and standard check (H3) in Pigeonpea

KUMAR et al.

-16.56** -23.37** -31.03** 15.08**

PRG-100 x ICPL-89044

PRG-88 x ICP-8863

PRG-88 x ICPL-84036

PRG-88 x ICPL-87119

PRG-88 x ICPL-89044

LRG-30 x ICP-8863

LRG-30 x ICPL-84036

LRG-30 x ICPL-87119

LRG-30 x ICPL-89044

LRG-38 x ICP-8863

LRG-38 x ICPL-84036

LRG-38 x ICPL-87119

LRG-38 x ICPL-89044

ICPL-85034 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-84036

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-87119

ICPL-85034 x ICPL-89044

ICPL-85063 x ICP-8863

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-84036

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-87119

ICPL-85063 x ICPL-89044

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

15.67**

-14.64** -18.10**

2.82

-5.60

-15.04**

91

6.47

13.57* 12.27**

11.94* -6.34

6.19

-18.02** 11.31**

-13.87* -21.87**

-0.49

-9.62

-1.99

7.42*

0.36

-1.14

1.50

-1.94

-3.09

3.15

13.62

-9.92

-1.55

-14.25**

-17.22**

8.80

24.98**

1.26

20.90**

13.60*

17.55**

-10.90*

-7.08

6.87

-4.54

-2.67

-2.37

8.55*

0.48

0.24

-2.90

6.64

6.62

2.28

-0.84

-18.06** -8.07*

-25.64** -16.35**

10.14

-22.66** -17.50**

19.35**

-12.49**

-20.49** -28.39** -23.61**

10.90

-9.55

12.15

-7.89

19.47**

4.75

13.86*

-1.09

-3.29

-3.01

-10.88**

-21.48**

-10.53**

-16.82**

-19.19**

-16.88**

-9.41**

-19.30**

-6.86*

-14.21**

-4.85

4.21

-0.31

-2.30

5.17

-2.27

-4.18

-3.98

-5.02

-10.31**

0.92

-10.53**

-16.82**

-19.19**

-16.88**

-9.41**

-19.30**

-6.86*

-14.21**

-4.85

4.21

-0.31

-2.30

5.17

-2.27

-4.18

-3.98

-5.02

-10.31**

0.92

0.92

-14.21**

-4.85

4.21

-0.31

-2.30

5.17

-2.27

-4.18

-3.98

-5.02

-10.31**

6.87

-4.54

-2.67

-2.37

8.55*

-7.08

-10.53**

-16.82**

-19.19**

-16.88**

-9.41**

-19.30**

12.54** -6.86*

-6.34

6.19

11.31**

12.27**

-1.99

7.42*

0.36

-1.14

1.50

-1.94

-3.09

3.15

100 seed weight

6.64

6.62

2.28

-0.84

-1.09

-3.29

-3.01

-10.88**

6.64

6.62

2.28

-0.84

-1.09

-3.29

-3.01

-10.88**

-8.07* -21.48** -8.07* -21.48**

6.87

-4.54

-2.67

-2.37

8.55*

-7.08

12.54**

-6.34

6.19

11.31**

12.27**

-1.99

7.42*

0.36

-1.14

1.50

-1.94

-3.09

3.15

No. of pods/plant

-27.02** -37.69** -33.53** 12.54**

-5.88

10.17*

-1.15

-15.85** -24.27** -14.80**

2.88

-18.16** -24.55** -19.52**

-4.36

10.98*

11.87*

PRG-100 x ICPL-87119

4.87 -21.51** -24.68**

3

-11.97

PRG-100 x ICPL-84036

10.42*

PRG-100 x ICP-8863

No. of clusters/plant

2

Cross

1

Table 2. contd….

-1.20

39.88**

0.77

1.01

7.55

-7.50

11.30

14.23

15.57

-9.75

16.69

0.07

-4.75

30.43**

-4.79

58.31**

7.80

18.62*

8.14

9.74

-5.81

31.31**

5.41

51.70**

-6.92

31.78**

-8.05

-1.12

2.16

-16.39*

9.32

4.54

5.23

-21.61**

9.70

-12.05

-13.22

24.94**

-15.88*

49.67**

6.34

11.11

5.92

4.14

-8.52

28.18**

-0.95

50.13**

Seed yield/plant 22.80**

-20.53**

12.52

-21.50**

-15.57*

-22.88**

-29.69**

-23.01**

-14.49*

-20.56**

-34.09**

-22.74**

-28.06**

-20.32**

14.72*

-22.76**

37.43**

-19.72**

-6.57

-22.21**

-14.82*

-26.73**

7.79

-20.60**

STUDY OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT

ABSTRACTS

Abstracts of Theses Accepted for the Award of Post-Graduate and Doctorate Degrees in the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

Effect of carriers on the performance of herbicides in rainfed castor and sorghum Student: P. Anantha Kumari

Major Advisor: Dr. V. B. Bhanu Murthy Department of Agronomy

The present study was conducted during Kharif 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Hayathnagar Research Farm of Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. In the experiment – I on castor, alachlor was incorporated into the soil before sowing (PPI) and applied on the same day after sowing as pre-emergence to weeds and crop as well along with different carriers. Granular form was also tested for comparison. In the experiment – II on sorghum, atrazine was incorporated into the soil (PPI) and applied after sowing as pre-emergence spray and also with different carries such as soil, sand and urea. In case of castor, PPI of alachlor resulted in better weed control under varying soil moisture and rainfall conditions. Application of alachlor granules was also effective during both the years. Days to 50% flowering was delayed by 22 days during 2003 and by 20.6 days during 2004. Hand weeding coupled with intercultivation at 20, 40 and 70 DAS resulted in weed free conditions for most of the crop-growing period that led to taller plants, more leaves per plant with higher LAI and higher dry matter production and ultimately higher bean yield of 820 kg/ha during 2003 and 961 kg/ha during 2004. The weed control in rainfed sorghum indicated that the early post-emergence application of atrazine with soil as carrier was most effective during 2003, a good rainfall year and the effect was slowly improved with passage of time during 2004 till maturity. The crop growth was good with hand weeding and also in the plots of early post-emergence atrazine. The days to 50% flowering was delayed by 12.6 days to 20 days due to unweeded conditions during 2003 and 2004, respectively. The returns per rupee invested on early post-emergence atrazine with soil as carriers were Rs. 14.4 and Rs. 11.1 as against Rs. 2.3 and Rs. 3.7 due to hand weeding. The residues of atrazine could not be traced but, 2,4-D was found to persist after 45 days of application, based on bioassay studies. The study clearly showed that PPI of alachlor was highly effective in caster while early post-emergence application of atrazine with soil was best weed control method in sorghum. Carriers have shown some effect on weeds and the WCEs were nearly 40-50% in case of pre-emergence herbicides. But carries did not help in improving the efficiency of post-emergence herbicides. The returns per rupee invested were more with herbicidal use compared to hand weeding. Ph.D (2007).

92

ABSTRACTS

A Study on impact of ANGRAU production technologies for selected crops Student: G. Venkata Murali

Major Advisor: Dr. P. Ramesh Kumar Reddy

Department of Extension Education In Andhra Pradesh, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University formerly known as Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) plays a major role in agricultural research activities. These research activities are need based and location specific, which are carried out at RARS as well as at other Research Stations. A few studies on adoption and performance of agricultural technologies have been conducted in different parts of the country. The impact of ANGRAU production technologies for selected crops was studied using explorative research design. Three districts viz., Krishna, Anantapur and Warangal districts, representing Coastal, Telangana and Rayalasema were selected as sample area. Two mandals were selected from each of the district. Three villages were selected from each of the mandals. A total of 12 farmers from each selected village were selected i.e., for each crop four farmers were selected. Thus, a total sample is 216 farmers and research scientists from concerned crops and all the extension scientists of DAATTCs and KVKs working in sample districts were selected. The data were collected by personal interview method through pre-tested interview schedule. Adoption, attitude, productivity, profitability and livelihood improvement of the selected respondents were included in the study. Statistical procedures like frequency, percentage, standard deviation and paired‘t’ test were adopted to analyse and interpret the data. Salient findings of the study were a majority (50%) of rice farmers of Krishna district possessed favorable attitude and medium (41.67%) level of adoption of recommended ANGRAU technologies. Majority of the respondents (41.67%) had favorable attitude towards recommended technologies, whereas, majority of the respondents occupied medium category (37.50%) of adoption and same number of the respondents (37.50%) were fall under low level of adoption of recommended technologies. Majority of the respondents (45.83%) recorded favorable attitude and low level of adoption (62.50%) of recommended technologies. Calculated values of the t-test concluded that the‘t’ values were found to be non-significant for all the impact indicators except physical and natural capital, after adoption of recommended technologies by groundnut farmers of Warangal district. Major problems expressed by the research scientists in technology generation of rice, groundnut and chilli crops were biotype variation in gall midge, lack of effective intercropping system in groundnut and low participation of extension scientists and farmers at the time of research project proposal suggestions were given by the research scientists to overcome these problems were more research is needed on different biotypes, research on specific intercropping system should be needed and encourage the participation of researchers, extension scientists and farmers during the project proposal. Major problems expressed by the extension scientists in technology dissemination of rice, groundnut and chilli crop were lack of high yielding and early maturing varieties, ferti-cum seed drillers are unsuitable to rainfed conditions and no hybrids from the university. Suggestions given by the extension scientists to overcome these problems were research scientists should work on plant genetic characters, suitable ferti-cum seed drillers should be designed and university should concentrate on developing the hybrids. Ph.D (2007).

93

ABSTRACTS

Genetic analysis for yield, its components and fusarium wilt resistance in castor (Ricinus communis L.) Student: V. Sridhar

Major Advisor: Dr. Kuldeep Singh Dangi Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem and College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from Kharif, 2005 to rabi 2006-07. Fifty five germplasm lines/varieties were screened in a wilt sick plot of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ricini at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, during Kharif, 2005. Of the 55 genotypes screened, nine genotypes showed resistance to wilt (50% infection). Five lines were crossed with fifteen testers and the resultant seventy five hybrids along with parents and two standard checks viz., DCH-177 and DCH-32 were evaluated for combining ability (Line x Tester design) and heterosis. Data were recorded on ten quantitative traits. The results of combining ability analysis revealed the importance of additive gene action for the characters viz., number of nodes upto primary spike, number of capsules per primary spike and 100 seed weight while nonadditive gene action for plant height, primary spike length, seed yield per plant and oil content. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were important for the characters like days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Among the parents VP-1. LRES-17, DPC-9, DCS-5, RG-2374, RG-1713, RG-1719, 48-1, Haritha, RG-246 and RG-224 were adjudged as the best general combiners for seed yield per plant, whereas Kranthi, DPC-9, RG-1417, DCS-9, RG-2724 and RG-224 possessed favourable genes for oil content. Hence, these female and male parents can be utilized in future breeding programmes to evolve potential hybrids. However, the parents LRES-17 and DCS-9 and RG-2724 were found to be good combiners for earliness and dwarfness, apart from seed yield and oil content, respectively. Since L x T design does not provide comprehensive picture on gene action governing the traits, generation mean analysis through joint scaling test was studied in four crosses for ten characters. The results deciphered that, simple additive dominance model exhibited lack of good fit for most of the characters in all the four crosses studied. Dominance and epistic interations were played a major role in the inheritance of yield and its components in castor. It can be categorically stated that, reciprocal recurrent selection or diallel selective mating are the need of the hour to modify the genetic architecture of castor for attaining higher yields. In the present study, on the basis of per se performance, combining ability, heterosis and wilt resistance for two hybrids Kranthi x RG-224 and LRES-17 x RG-224 were found most promising for seed yield and other components. These hybrids may be further evaluated for their stability over locations and years in contrast environments for exploitation of heterosis on commercial scale. Ph.D (2007).

94

ABSTRACTS

Comparative Studies on Production Potential of Model Agroforestry Systems under Integrated Nutrient Management Practices in Drylands Student: E. Rajanikanth

Major Advisor: Dr. M.V.R. Subrahmanyam Department of Agronomy

The present study was conducted in Alfisols at Students’ Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Kharif seasons of 2005 and 2006. The present investigation comprised of two agroforestry models i.e. guava based agrihorticultural system and hardwickia based agrisilvicultural system. The field experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with three replications separately in 8 year old guava plantation as well as in 11 years old hardwickia plantation. Among the different cropping situations studied in guava based agrihorticultural system, growth parameters like number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, leaf area index per plant, dry matter production per plant and crop growth rate, physiological parameters like photosynthetically active radiation, leaf temperature and different resistance, yield attributing characters like number of filled pods per plant, 100 pod weight and shelling percentages, pod and haulm yields, NPK uptake and gross and net monetary returns from the crop significantly increased under solecropping of groundnut when compared to intercropping of groundnut in nutritioned and unnutritioned guava plantations. Among different integrated nutrient management practices studied, growth parameters, physiological parameters, yield attributing characters, pod and haulm yields, harvest index, oil content and NPK uptake were significantly increased to the maximum extent with the application of recommended dose of NPK in combination with vermicompost as well as enriched FYM. The next best treatments were application of recommended dose of NPK either alone or with FYM. Among the interaction effects between cropping situations and integrated nutrient management practices, solecropping of groundnut with application of recommended dose of NPK along with vermicompost as well as enriched FYM showed the best performance in yield attributes characters and pod and haulm yields in both the agroforestry models studied. However, intercropping of groundnut in pollarded hardwickia trees proved effective in improvement of yields of groundnut with the same integrated nutrient management practices when compared to other intercropping situation in pollarded hardwickia plantation which gave higher monetary returns than solecropping situation. Overall groundnut intercropping either with guava irrespective of nutrition or with hardwickia trees with pollarding showed better performance of crop growth, yield attributes and yields next to solecropped groundnut under rainfed situations. Total monetary returns from the system (tree+crop) were higher under intercropping situations either in guava trees or pollarded hardwickia trees when compared to solecropping situations with the combination of organic manures especially with enriched FYM or FYM with the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. Ph.D(2007).

95

ABSTRACTS

Studies on genetic divergence, heterosis and combining ability in paprika (Capsicum annuam L.) Student: S. Surya Kumari

Major Advisor: Dr. C. Ravi Shankar Department of Horticulture

The present investigation was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam Farm, Guntur, during Kharif 2005 to 2007 with 94 paprika accessions to study the genetic variability heritability, genetic advances as per cent of mean, genetic divergence, character association and path analysis, heterosis and combining ability for several economic characters in paprika genotypes. The results of multivariate analysis indicated that, random distribution of 94 paprika genotypes into ten clusters in case of D2 analysis and into twelve clusters in case of principal component analysis, which indicated that there is no association of genetic diversity with geographic diversity. By Mahalanobis’ D2 statistic, it could be inferred that the fresh fruit weight per plant followed by oleoresin content and capsanthin content, contributed maximum towards genetic divergence Based on the inter and intra cluster distance among the groups, fourteen parents were selected 3 from cluster X, 3 from cluster IX and one each from clusters, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII respectively keeping in view the characters contributed for divergence to obtain better and desirable seggregants. Principal component analysis identified three principal components (PCs), which contributed 78.47 per cent of cumulative variance. The population with high PCI values was characterize by fresh fruit yield per plant fresh to dry fruit recovery percentage, number of fruits per plant, capsanthin content and oleoresin content. Where as population with high PC2 value was characterizes by high oleoresin content, capsanthin content, fresh to dry pod recovery percentage, plant spread and days to 50 per cent flowering. Correlation studies indicated significant positive association of plant height, plant spread, and number of fruits per plant. Fruit girth and seeds per fruit and capsanthin content with dry fruit per plant. Path analysis studies revealed high positive direct effect of number of fruits per plant on dry fruit yield per plant. In addition, weight of dry stalkless chillies per plant, number of seeds per fruit and capsanthin content, which exerted positive direct effect. The superiority of the hybrids in crosses was estimated over mid parent, better parent and standard check for all the 17 characters studied. The cultivars Byadigi Kaddi was selected as a standard check. For high productivity the crosses LCA-436 x CA-960, LCA-428 x KTPL-19, LCA-428 x LCA-424, LCA-436 x KTPL-19, LCA-432 x KTPL-19 were identified as the best heterotic combinations. The hybrid LCA-437 x CA-960 is considered to be the best heterotic combination, which has recorded high oleoresin content (16.7 per cent), maximum capsanthin content (7249 EOA units) and minimum capsaicin content (0.09%). For all the 17 characters studied except for fruit length, number of seeds per fruit, and 100 seed weight, about 50 per cent of the crosses recorded significant heterosis over the mid parent. For characters like plant height, fresh fruit per plant, dry fruit yield per plant, days to maturity and number of fruits yield per plant, majority of the hybrids showed significant heterosis, whereas for character like seeds mid per fruit, seed weight, capsaicin, less than 50 per cent of crosses showed significant mid parent heterosis.. But the combining ability analysis revealed more of SCA variance than GCA variance except for capsanthin content indicating that non-additive type of gene action was predominant for all the characters studied and additive gene effect for capsanthin content. Among 14 parents, 7 parents have significant positive gca effect for dry fruit yield per plant with the maximum observed in LCA-428 (134.49) followed by LCA-436 (111.51) and LCA432 (53.45). In the present study the top five hybrids with high per se performance for fresh fruit yield per plant were LCA-436 x CA-960 (279.7), LCA-436 x B. Dabbi (207.39), LCA-422 x CA-960 (217.19), LCA-431 x B.Dabbi (220.3) and LCA-414 x B.Dabbi (175.06). These hybrids also exhibited high sca effects for total yield

96

ABSTRACTS per plant and yield components. Similarly the crosses LCA-437 x KTPL-19 and LCA-437 x CA-960 had significant sca effects in desirable direction for capsaicin content. The parents of the crosses were positive x negative general combiners. However, it can be observed that the cross LCA-414 x KTPL-19 can be considered the best as it has desirable sca effects for quality parameters both capsaicin and capsanthin. Considering the total yield and quality parameters of paprika in the present study the crosses LCA-436 x CA-960, LCA-436 x B. Dabbi, LCA-422 x CA-960, LCA-414 x B. Dabbi standout for potential yield and quality characters. However, the present study has resulted in FI hybrids with higher yield potential but the same did not have maximum quality parameters. Ph.D(2007).

Integrated Management of Red Rot Disease in Sugarcane Incited by Colletotrichum falcatum Went Student: K. Krishnamma

Major Advisor: Dr. T. Vithal Reddy Department of Plant pathology

Investigations were carried out on microflora associate with phylloplane, rhizosphere and internal stalk tissue of healthy canes of red rot susceptible sugarcane varieties. Eight species of fungal and eight bacterial isolates were obtained. Out of them, fungal isolate Trichoderma viride and bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found superior to inhibit the red rot pathogen under in vitro conditions. Field experiments were conducted to find out the most effective method of application of T. viride and P. aeroginose in reducing the red rot diseases intensity. Soil application alone or soil application together with other treatments were found to be most effective in reduction of intensity of the disease and also improvement in quantitative and qualitative parameters. The fungicide hexaconazole 5% EC at 0.002 per cent concentration inhibited the mycelia growth of the fungus. Under field conditions, the fungicide at 0.2 per cent foliar spary was proved to be the best in reduction of per cent disease intensity. It also improved the quantitative and qualitative parameters due to the reduction in the pathogen in the treated canes. Among the 41 sugarcane genotypes screened, 32 genotypes were found to be resistance and four moderately resistant. In the integrated management of red rot disease, maximum reduction in per cent intensity was observed when biocontrol agent was applied thrice followed by the treatments received soil application one time in combination with other treatments. Improvement in quantitative parameters might be due to reduction in per cent disease intensity. Exploitation of native potential biocontrol agents and need based foliar spray of the fungicide in combination of other cultural, agronomical strategies has high potential to manage the disease under field conditions in the absence of resistance genotypes red rot pathogen. Ph.D(2007).

97

ABSTRACTS

Effect of Calcium, Plant growth Regulators, Fungicides and package material on quality and Shelf Life of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Student: Meduri Madhavi

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Hari Babu Department of Horticulture

A set of four experiments was conducted to find the effect of different pre and post harvest application of calcium compounds, growth regulators and fungicides, packages materials and their combinations on shelf life and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) cv. Balaji at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Physiological loss in weight of acid lime fruits increased gradually during storage. Pre and post harvest application of BA reduced the PLW when compared to other treatment and control. Calcium and increase in concentration of calcium and growth regulators (BA and GA) in pre and post harvest treatments. However, calcium and magnesium decreased during storage whereas potassium increased gradually with a decrease at the end of storage Fruit treated with gungicides and untreated fruits exhibits no influence on mineral composition of Ca, Mg and K. But fruits treated with BA retained better quality and increased shelf life over the other treatments and control. With regard to different packages materials, vented polythene lined CFB boxes were found to reduce PLW, TSS total sugars, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant enzyme actively. Further, ripening changes like development of carotenoids were effectively delayed with better retention on firmness and increase in the shelf life. Mineral like Ca, Mg and K were higher in fruits stored in vented polythene lined CFB boxes. The treatmental combination with preharvest spray of BA at 30 ppm + postharvest dip with BA 75 ppm and stored in vented polythene lined CFB boxes was found to be effective in delaying postharvest changes, improving quality and extending shelf life of acid lime fruits. Ph.D(2007).

Studies on development of transgenic male sterile and restorer lines in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using unedited mitochondrial gene(s) Student: K. N. Yamini

Major Advisor: Dr. S. Sokka Reddy Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was carried out with aim of developing constructs and using then for the development of transgenic male sterile and restores lines in safflower. In the first phase, studies were taken up with the aim of identifying suitable candidate genes for this approach. Three safflower mitochondrial genes viz., atp6, atp9 and nad3, were studied. In the next phase, constructs for induction of transgenic male sterility and restoration of fertility were developed using the u-nad 3/u-atp9 genes. Vectors for restoration of fertility based on post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) approach were developed so that they could down regulate the expression of u-nad/3u-atp9 genes thereby restoring fertility. The full-length antisense constructs of these u-nads3 and u-atp9 genes were developed under both 35S promoter (SANP and SSAP) and TA29

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ABSTRACTS promoter (TANP and TAAP). Also the ihp-RNA vectors against both these genes under 35S promoter (p-ihp nad 3 and p-ihp atp-9) and under TA29 promoter (p-T-ihp nad3 and p-T atp9) were developed. As reproducible regeneration and transformation protocols were not available in safflower, attempts were made under the present investigation towards regeneration of safflower shoots using immature embryos as explants. The two constructs for induction of male sterility i.e., LBA4404: pBin-TCNN-Bar and LBA4404: pBinTCAN-Bar as well as two constructs for restoration of fertility i.e., LBA4404: p-Bin-T-ihp nad3 and LBA4404: pBin-T-ihp atp9 were used to develop transgenic safflower and tobacco plants. All these transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR analysis for presence of the transgene and by leaf assays for sensitivity to phosphinithricin or hygromycin (depending on the vector used). The plants and their flowers were observed for any morphological differences as well as for pollen fertility. Tissue culture derived shoots of safflower were lanky and they did not produce many flowers indicating the inherent problem of de novo regenerated shoots. Among the few transgenic safflower plants that reached flowering, three out of the six obtained with TCNN-Bar construct and one out of five obtained with TCAN-Bar construct, showed partial sterility (34.2%-69% and 32% pollens fertility respectively). Of the tobacco transgenic plants that reached flowering, one plant out of thirty obtained with TCNN-Bar construct was sterile with less that 5% pollen taking up actetocarmine stain and these pollen germination medium. This study has provided the preliminary ground work and proof-of-concept that the genes atp9 and nad3 could be used as candidate genes for induction of male sterility in safflower and tobacco. The future line of work involves further molecular characterization of these transgenic plants along with development and characterization of more number of transgenic plants with these constructs to provide a strong footing to this approach. This could lead to development of a complete pollination control system, not only in safflower, but also in other crops. Ph.D(2007).

Pollution potential of sewage sludge and Urban Compost and Their Evaluation as Manures in Tomato – Cabbage Cropping Sequence Student: P. Kavitha

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Jeevan Rao

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry The present investigation entitled “Pollution potential of sewage sludge and urban compost and their evaluation in tomato – cabbage cropping sequences” was carried out at both in the field (2003 – 04) and greenhouse conditions simultaneously at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. In order to know the mineralization pattern and to understand the changes in the status of heavy metals of organic manures and for organic matter fractions, an incubation study was also carried out. The experimental soil was low in available N (196.3 kg ha -1) and P2 O5 (21.16 kg ha-1 and medium in K2O (305.3 kg ha -1 A laboratory incubation study incubation study was also conducted to know the transformation of heavy metals during decomposition of organic manures applied. The treatment for tomato crop in the Kharif 2003 with four main treatments viz., 0, 50, 75 and 100 per cent RDF and seven sub treatments viz., two levels of each sewage sludge, urban compost, FYM (20 and 40 T ha-1) and control (without manure) and combinations of fertilizer levels along with organic manorial levels, thus, total of 28 treatments, each replicated thrice was laid out in a split plot design. The highest fresh fruit yield (43.12 t ha -1) and fruit dry matter (3105 kg ha-1) of tomato were resulted in treatment with sewage slugde applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 100 per cent RDF. Greenhouse

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ABSTRACTS also showed higher fresh fruit yield (1142 g pot-1), plant dry matter (84.84 g pot-1) and head dry matter (82.22 g pot-1) with sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 100 percent RDF. The mean highest concentration and uptake of all heavy metals in tomato crop resulted with the application of sewage sludge @ 40 t ha-1 followed by 20 t ha-1. . Application of manures either alone or in combination with fertilizers did not have significantly influence on quality parameters of tomato fruit at harvest but highest protein content (18.31 per cent), ascorbic acid (25.50 mg 100 g -1) and total soluble solids (4.71 per cent) were observed in sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 100 per cent RDF. The highest concentration of major, micronutrients and heavy metals and their uptake of cabbage was noticed in the sewage sludge applied@ 40 t ha-1 along with 100 per cent RDF closely followed by sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 75 per cent RDF both under field and greenhouse experiments. Whereas the highest Mn concentration and uptake in plant and head were recorded in sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 50 per cent RDF. The results from organic manures incubation study showed that production of humic fractions (humic acid and fulvic acid) were maximum with sewage sludge (14.23 and 3.42 per cent) followed by urban compost (9.90 and 2.52 per cent) and FYM (9.12 and 2.31 per cent). The HA production increased with increase in period of incubation from initial to 120 days in all the treatments, while FA production initially increased upto 80 days and decreased thereafter. The highest benefit : cost ratio obtained in treatment with sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 50 per cent RDF for tomato (2.77) and residual sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha-1 along with 100 per cent RDF for cabbage crop (5.51). However, applied data of economic analysis (from both the crops i.e., tomato and cabbage) indicated that the highest B:C ratio (3.88) was obtained with sewage sludge applied @ 40 t ha 1 along with 75 per cent RDF. To obtain higher income and to maintain better soil conditions, application of sewage sludge @ 40 t ha -1 along with 75 per cent RDF for tomato – cabbage cropping sequence is recommended. Ph.D(2007).

Studies on the effect of Pre and Post Harvest handling technologies on Extension of vase life of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)cv. Domingo Student: N.Sunanda Rani

Major Advisor: Dr. R. Chandra Sekhar Department of Horticulture

The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effect of pre and post harvest handling techniques on extension of vase life of carnation cut flowers, College of Agriculture, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during October 2005 to March 2007. A total of nine experiments were conducted, from which the first experiment was conducted to evaluate the appropriate stage of harvest and age of mother plant. The flower harvested at paint brush from 6 months old mother plant recorded maximum vase life (13.62 days) with maximum flower diameter (5.98 cm) and quality, though the flowers harvested at tight bud stage recorded highest vase life (15.67 days) they did not open completely as that of flowers harvested at paint brush stage. Among the different biocides studies, 8-HQS 300 ppm was very effective in increasing the vase life of carnation cut flowers. Among the different organic extracts, neem extract at 2 per cent has recorded maximum vase life over other organic extracts studied. From a set of six experiments, the

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ABSTRACTS best treatments were selected based on their physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters to prolong maximum vase life, 8-HQS 300 ppm (biocide), neem extract 2% (organic extract), STS 5.5 mM (ethylene inhibitor) and AgNO 3 50 ppm (mineral salt) were tried in different combinations along with sucrose 5 per cent commonly for all the treatments to study their combined effect. Among the different treatment combinations tried, 8-HQS 300 pmm + AgNO3 50 ppm + sucrose 5 per cent significantly increased the vase life by 209 per cent over control. Cut carnations were pulsed with best treatment combinations i.e., 8-HQS 300 pmm + AgNO3 50 ppm + sucrose 5 per cent for 24 hours and packed with three different packaging material (polythene sheet, tissue paper, craft paper) at four levels of ventilation (0%, 20%, 40% and 60%) in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB). Later, they were stored in room temperature for 4 days (as prevailing in domestic market). Based on physiological loss in weight, per cent spoiled flowers / wilted or faded flowers was subsequently evaluated for vase life. The treatment of tissue paper with 20 per cent ventilation CFB recorded maximum vase life (9.01 days) followed by polythene sheet with 20 per cent ventilation _ CFB (8. 51 days). These flowers also maintained moderate levels of anthocyanin content in flower petals (4.82 mg Congo Red/g f wt) compared to other treatments. Ph.D(2007).

“Studies on propogation, production and post harvest storage in Kakrol( Momordica dioicA Roxb.)” Student: T. S. K. K. Kiran Patro

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Malla Reddy

Department of Horticulture A set of seven experiments were conducted to standardize the propagation, production and post harvest storage methods in kakrol fruits at Agriculture Research Institute and Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh during the period from June 2005 to November 2006. The experiment on the effect of different chemical temperatures and their combinations on breaking seed dormancy in kakrol was studied. The studies on effect of different growth substances and type of cutting on root formation in kakrol vine cutting revealed that male cuttings treated with IBA at 1500 ppm recorded early and higher percentage of rooting (92.60), number of roots per cutting, length of the shoot, number of leaves per cutting and percentage of establishment compared with other treatment combinations. The studies on the effect of different chemicals on shelf of kakrol fruits revealed that in GA3 (10 ppm) physiological loss in weight and percentage of spoilage was lowest, higher total soluble solids, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid content, reducing sugars and organoleptic score compared with all other chemical treatments. The studies on the effect of different gauges of polythene bags with different ventilation levels on the shelf life of kakrol fruits recorded significantly lower physiological loss in weight at 0 per cent ventilation irrespective of gauges. The spoilage percentage was lower at 0.5 per cent ventilation irrespective of gauges. The studies on effect of gamma irradiation on the shelf life of kakrol fruits revealed that 0.25 kGy at room temperature and in cold storage recorded lower physiological loss in weight and percentage of spoilage.

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ABSTRACTS Further it also recorded the higher total soluble solids, titrable acidity ascorbic acid content, reducing sugars and organoleptic score expects total soluble solids than their rest of the irradiation treatments and control. The number of days of storage in cold storage was 12 days compared to nine days at room temperature storage. The studies on effect of different chemicals for improving quality of dehydrated kakrol fruit revealed that among all the treatments, blanching for 30 seconds + 2000 ppm potassium metabisulphite recorded the higher rehydration ratio and the lower final moisture content of dried pieces, per cent loss of total soluble solids, per cent loss of titrable acidity, per cent loss of ascorbic acid content and per cent loss reducing sugars. The study on storage life and quality parameters of rehydrated products revealed a gradual decrease in cooking quality, texture, colour and appearance, taste, flavor and overall acceptability with increase in storage period from zero to sixth month except final moisture content of dried pieces which increased with increase in storage period. Ph.D(2007).

Exploitation of Diverse cytoplasmic male sterile sources for the development of heterotic hybrids with resistance to Alternaria leaf blight disease in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Student: M. Sujatha

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Hussian Sahib Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

The present investigation entitled “Exploitation of diverse cytoplasmic male sterile sources for the development of heterotic hybrids with resistance to Alternaria leaf blight disease in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)”. was conducted using six different cytoplasmic male sterile lines belonging to diverse cytoplasmic sources viz., CMS 234A (PET 1), CMS 7-1A(PET 1),DCMS 36 (ARG), DCMA 1 (GIG I), DCMS 15 (GIG 1) and 20 diverse inbred lines,. The study was aimed to identily the effective restorers for the six diverse CMS lines, genetics of fertility restoration, extent ot heterosis, combining ability and to identify a potential donor with resistance to Alternaria leaf blight disease. The experiment was laid out at Directorate of Oil seeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2004-05, Kharif 2005, rabi 2005-06 and kharif 2006. Six elite CMS lines possessing four different cytoplasmic sources were crossed with 20 diverse inbred lines. The resultant 120 hybrids were evaluated for fertility restoration / maintainer pattern of inbred lines. Out of 20 inbreds, 16 inbreds restored fertility for CMS 234A (PET 1) and CMS 7-1A (PET 1), 12 inbreds for DCMS 6 (PET 2), 14 inbreds for DCMS 36 (ARG), 3 inbreds for DCMS 1 (GIG 1) and DCMA 15 (GIG 1). Out of 120 hybrids, fertility was restored in 64 hybrids. These 64 fertile hybrids were evaluated for yield and yield contributing traits, diseases reaction against Alternaria leaf blight along with parents ad two standard checks. Data generated on a set of 40 F1s (4lines x 10 testers) were utilized for estimation of combining ability and heterosis. The combining ability analysis was studie using four CMS lines, 10 restorers and 40 hybrids. The estimates of variance components revealed that SCA variance was higher in magnitude compared to GCA variance except head diameter indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action while additive gene action for head diameter. Among the lines, DCMA 36 for seeds yield, DCMA 6 for oil content were found to be good general combiners and possessed favourble alleles for these traits. Among the testers , DRS 9. DRS

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ABSTRACTS 102, RHA 340 and DRS 34 were adjudged as good general combiners for seed yield, oil content and other contributing characters. Among the forty cross combinations DCMS 6 x DRS 22, DCM 36 x DRS 16, DCMS 6 x DRS 45, CMS 7-1A x RHA 340, CMS 234 A x DRS 16 were found to be good specific combiners and other yield contributing characters. Among the forty hybrids studied for heterosis CMS 7-1A x DRS 45, DCMS 36 x DRS 9 recorded positive significant heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over two checks (KBSH 1 and PAC 1091) for seed yield and oil content also. These hybrids along with seed yield also recorded significant positive heterosis for other yield contributing characters. The 26 parents and 64 hybrids were screened both under field and laboratory conditions for their resistance / susceptibility against Alternaria leaf blight disease. Four parents CMS 7-1A, DRS 9, DRS 63, DRS 34 and four hybrids CMS 7-1A x DRS 22, CMS 7-1A, DRS 9, DCMS 15 x DRS 9, DCMS 15 x DRS 63 showed resistance reaction both under fields and laboratory conditions. It was observed that selected lines, testers and their hybrids showed varied levels of resistance and none exhibited either immune or highly resistant reaction to the disease. Ph.D(2007).

Evaluation of strains of Beauveria bassiana vuillemin to certain production parameters and virulence against Spodoptera litura fabricius Student: P. Rajanikanth

Major Advisor: Dr. G. V. Subbaratnam Department of Entomology

Investigation were conducted to evaluate four strains (Bb-13, Bb-11, Bb-5A and Bb-N) and two local isolates (Bb-L-1 and Bb-L-2) of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin for their pathogenicity against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius, stability of their biological properties at various subculturing frequencies, mass production ability on economically viable substrates and their compatibility with commonly used insecticides. The effective strain was further evaluated for its bioefficiency in Green house conditions and its genetic variability was compared with other strains following PCR-based RAPD analysis in the Department of Entomology and AICRP on Biological control of crop pests and weeds, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2004-06. In respect of biological properties, the strain Bb-5A was superior with significant higher radial growth, higher conidial concentration, less time taken germination of spores and high spore viability. The strain Bb-5A was highly virulent to S.litura followed by strains Bb-N, Bb-13 and Bb-13 and Bb11 in decreasing order of virulence. The local isolates Bb-L-1 and Bb-L-2 were least virulent to the insect. The median lethal time (LT50) of the strain Bb-5A was low closely followed by Bb-13, Bb-11 and Bb-N while the local isolates recorded higher LT 50 values at all the concentrations. The median lethal time values decreased with increase in concentration for all the strains. The conidia obtained from 14 days old cultures of B. bassiana were highly virulent to third instar S. litura larvae compared to the conidia obtained from 7, 21 and 28 days oil cultures.

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ABSTRACTS The effect of frequent subculturing of B.bassiana on synthetic medium showed that the reduction in radial growth, spore concentration, spore viability and pathogenicity were non significant upto seventh and tenth subculturing but there after the strains recorded low reduction in its biological properties compared to other strains and was stable. Sorghum grain was the best substrate and Bb-5A as the effective strain for mass production of B.bassiana. B.bassiana strains and isolates were compatible with insecticides spinosad, imidacloprid, indoxiacrab but not with chloropyriphos. The analysis of genetic variability of the six strains showed that the strains Bb-13, Bb-11 and Bb-N formed a single cluster with 100 per cent similarity and local isolates Bb-L-1 and Bb-L-2 formed into a separate group with no variability. The strain Bb-5A exhibited maximum variability, which further confirmed its phenotypic superiority over others. Ph.D(2007).

Evaluation of transgenic chickpea for resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) Student: Rama Krishna Babu Ayyaluri

Major Advisor: Dr. G. V. Subbaratnam

Department of Entomology Evaluation of transgenic chickpea for resistance to pod borer H. armigera was carried out in Genetic Transformation and Insect Rearing Laboratory at ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad. The transgenic chickpea plants were developed through Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation method using a binary plasmid vector pBS 2310 carrying Bt cry1Ac gene for insect resistance and npt II genes a selectable marker constituted with dual enhancer CaMV 35S promoter harboring in Agrobacterium strain C 58. Axillary meristem explants of C 235 were infected and co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. Molecular analysis of these plants through PCR, RT-PCR, and Southern blot indicated the irrigation of transgene cry1Ac into the genomic DNA of T 0, T1 and T2 putative transgenic chickpea plants. Variation in the segregation pattern of transgene was observed in the population of T1 and T2 generations. RT-PCR of cDNA from randomly selected T0 and T1 plants showed expression at Mrna levels. The ELISA studies of T1, T2 and T3 generation putative transgenic chickpea plants revealed that accumulation of Bt cry1Ac protein which varied from 0.035 to 1.86 ng/ 100mg of leaf tissue as against 5-10 ng/ 100mg leaf in Bt cotton. Bioassay of putative transgenic cry1Ac and cry1Ac chickpea plants against the 1st instar larvae of pod borer H. armigera showed considerable variation in terms of larval survival, leaf damage, and larval weight gain. The progeny of nine events each of cry1Ac (T2) and of cry1 Ab(T3) plants grown in contained field trial were evaluated and the entire plants showed variable results interms of larval survival, leaf damage and larval weights at the vegetative and flowering stages. The cry1Ac plants performed better compared with cry1AbT3 plants. Pod bioassays of cry1Ac transgenic chickpea with 3rd instar larvae of H. armigera, the plants

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ABSTRACTS CPAC 5-7 and 7-7 of T1 generation and plants CPAC 20-7-7 of T2 generation showed significant reduction in larval weight gain compared with non-transformed plants. Some of the plants of T1 and T2 generation of cry1Ac showed resistance and moderately resistance. In the present study, some of the plants of the progeny of T0 CPAC 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19 and 20 affected the larval weight gain, but consistency was not observed in the antibiosis performance against H. armigera larvae in subsequent generations. It is presumed that, the physiology of the plant, interaction of toxic protein with acid metabolic cycle with in the plant and internal gut environment of the larva due to consumption of the acid exudates of the plant may influence the potency of the Bt toxin in the chickpea. Hence, to produce transgenics with higher level of expression of Bt toxins in chickpea plants, the research need to be oriented with due consideration to all the above factors. Ph.D(2007).

Studies on insects pests of important medicinal plants Student: K. Vijaya Lakshmi

Major Advisor: Dr. J. Satyanarayana Department of Entomology

Studies on insect pests of important medicinal plants viz., coleus (Coleus forskohli) (Wiild) Briq, Wintercherry (Withanai Somnifera) (L) Dunal, Senna (Cassia angustifolia) Vehl, Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) (Burm.F) Nees and Muskmallow (Abelmoschus moschatus) Medic were carried out at Herbal garden, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar during July 2005-06. Two peaks of spike borer (Helicoverpa armigera) population were seen on Coleus (C.forskohli) and recorded as major pest due to highest spike damage caused by it during the crop growth period. Nearly five insect pests viz., hadda beetle (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata), Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), red cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus), stink bug (Nezara viridula) and cow bug (Otinotus oneratus) were recorded on Winter cherry. Among them hadda beetle and fruit borer occupied major pest status as they caused severe leaf and fruit damage, respectively. Mottled emigrant (Catopsilia pyraanthe) incidence was seen on Senna during active vegetative stage and designated as major pest due to highest damage potential caused by it, and reached its peak damage 9.52% during 38th std week. Nearly eleven insect pests recorded on Muskmallow viz., Shoot and fruit borer (Earias vitella), fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), leaf roller (sylepta derogate), semilooper (Anomis flava) red cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus), stink bug (Nezara viridula), leaf hoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), aphids (Aphisgossypii), dusky cotton bug (Oxycarentus hyalinipenis), grass hopper (Cyrtacanthacris ranaceae) and blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata). Among them shoot and fruit borer and fruit borer were recorded as major pests due to highest damage caused by the pest. Biology experiments on shoot and fruit borer under laboratory conditions revealed the average fecundity of moth was 391.5±0.54 eggs with oviposition period of 7.25±0.53 days. The mean duration of larval and pupal periods was 11.6±0.85 days and 6.5±0.74 days. Total developmental period was 21.4±0.46 days. The female moth lived for 16.6±0.65 days and males for 14.53±0.87 days respectively.

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ABSTRACTS The efficacy of NSKE, neem oil. Neem aza, Delfin, leaf extracts of Acorus calamus and Jatropha gossyfolia and DDVP were tested against Spinghip caterpillar (Deiliphia neiirii) on Serpentine root and leaf rolling caterpillar (Garcillaria acidula) on Aonla. Per cent of leaf damage due to leaf rolling caterpillar (G.acidula) on Aonla was low (47.49 %) in DDVP treated plot compared to other treatments after one day of spraying. The best treatment recorded three days after spraying was DDVP (45.86%). From five days after spraying up to tenth day of spraying DDVP (42.91%) was found to be the best treatment and Fortune aza (44.73%) recorded as next best treatment in reducing the per cent leaf damage. M.Sc (Ag). (2007).

Heavy Metal Status of Peri-Urban Agricultural Soils and Crops – An Ecological Risk Assessment Student: Mr. V. Chanakya

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Jeevan Rao

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry A survey entitled “Heavy metal status of peri-urban agricultural soils and crops – An ecological risk assessment” was conducted to assess the long-term effect of sewage and industrial effluents affected water for irrigation on heavy metal content in soils, plants and ground water, and an ecological risk assessment process was also carried out as a part of this survey. Results indicated that the, concentrations of all parameters were higher in water samples of Musi river bed area than that of Kattedan industrial area and they were found more in water samples collected during the month of Feb-06 than those collected during Oct-05. Results from the soils of Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial areas indicated that the values of all soil parameters except sand were found higher than the control soil. Except clay, pH, CEC and BSP, the values of all other parameters decreased with increasing depth in both Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial area soils. Results obtained by analyzing the plant samples indicated that the concentrations of N, P and K were found within the optimum range in plants of both Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial areas. While, the concentrations of micronutrients and heavy metals were found within the permissible limits in edible parts of the plants of both Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial areas except Pb, which was found to be exceeding the permissible limits in plants of Musi river bed area in their edible parts. The concentration of major nutrients, micronutrients and heavy metals were found to be accumulated least in edible parts of most of the plants of both Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial areas while highest accumulation was found in their roots. Risk assessment in respect of heavy metal contents in crops grown on these waste waters irrigated peri-urban agricultural soils of Musi river bed and Kattedan industrial areas indicated that, the consumption of the produce of these crops by human beings and animals can be safe to present but if consumed continuously for longer periods may cause health hazards. M.Sc (Ag). (2007).

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ABSTRACTS

Integrated Nutrient Management Options for Rainfed Castor Student: A. Shirisha

Major Advisor: Dr. A. Pratap Kumar Reddy Department of Agriculture

The present study entitled “Integrated nutrient management options for rainfed castor” was conducted during kharif 2005 on sandy clay loam soil of College Farm, College of Agricultural University. Primary and secondary spike length was highest with application of 75% RDN + 25% N through poultry manure (T5). Whereas tertiary spike length did not vary due to INM practices. Seed yield obtained from primary, secondary and tertiary spikes was highest with 75% RDN + 25% N through poultry manure (T5) and this was on par with all other treatments except with control (T1). Stalk yield obtained with 100% RDN (T2) was the highest and this was comparable with 75% RDN + 25% N through poultry manure (T5), 50% RDN + N through poultry manure (T6) and 75% RDN + 25% N through castor (T7). Harvest index was not significant due to INM practices. Oil content did not vary significant due to INM practices. Oil yield was highest with application of 75% RDN + 25% N through poultry manure (T 5). Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in whole plant at maturity was highest with application of 75% RDN _ 25% N through poultry manure (T5). Total potassium content was not significant with the different INM practices. Among INM practices, gross returns, net returns and benefits: cost ration were highest with 75% RDN + 25% N through poultry manure (T5). M.Sc (Ag). (2007).

Nitrogen and potassium requirement and their effect on flower yield and quality of marigold (Tagetes Erecta L.) Student: A. Krishna Mohan

Major Advisor: Dr. G.09 Padmaja

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry With a view to study the “Nitrogen and potassium requirement and their effect on flower yield and quality of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)”. A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol at Students’ Farm, College of agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Kharif 2005-06. Nitrogen and potassium were applied as per treatment combinations, each treatment along with recommenced dose of phosphorus (80 kg P2O5 ha-1) . Entire quantity of phosphorus and half of nitrogen and potassium were applied as basal in the form of single super phosphate, urea and murate of potash, respectively. Rest of nitrogen and potassium was applied in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAT. The results indicated that with increasing levels of nitrogen and potassium application, there was increase in dry matter production, concentrations of N, P and K and their uptake at both 60 DAT and at harvest. Higher quantity of dry matter production (9438.6 kg ha-1) Concentration of N(2.16%), P(0.90%), K(1.51 %) and their uptake (200.4, 85.32 and 143.6 kg ha-1) were recorded at harvest where N was applied at 120 kg ha-1(N3). Similarly, higher dry matter production (5105.5 kg ha-1), concentration of P and K (0.88 and

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ABSTRACTS 1.81 %) and their uptake (46.78 and 92.83 kg ha-1) was recorded at K3 level, while the concentration and uptake of N were not found effected by K levels at harvest stage of marigold crop. The changes in forms of potassium in soil at different stages of crop growth period clearly indicated that easily available forms of K viz., water soluble NH4OAc extractable and exchangeable K were utilized by the crop, which reflected in increase in K concentration and uptake from initial to 60 DAT. The slowly available forms were found depleted at later stages (60-100 DAT), indicating the existence of dynamic equilibrium among these forms of K. With regard to nitrogen, NO3N was more utilized by the crop than NH4 + N to result in highest DMP, N-Concentration, uptake and in turn the flower yield. Based on the results of investigation, it was concluded that application of 120 kg N and 80 kg K2O haalong with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 is optimum for obtaining highest flower yield with quality improvement in marigold when grown on light textured Alfisols. M.Sc (Ag). (2007). 1

Evaluation and standardization of shelf life determining parameters for Bio pesticide formulation of Metarhizium anisopliac (Metchnikoff) Sorokin Student: G. J. Jayakumari

Major Advisor: Dr. S. J. Rahman Department of Entomology

Investigations were carried out to evaluate certain shelf life determining and other related parameters of the formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin. The influence of different carrier materials viz., Bentonite, Attapulgite, Talc and Kaolonite was tested for the shelf life of Metarhizium anisopliae formulation. Similarly, to find out an optimum temperature for an effective storage, four different temperatures viz., refrigerated (50C), room temperature (22 0C) and high temperature (400C) were evaluated. The output come of the studies indicated that among the carrier material, talc based formulations were found to be more suitable with promising conidial concentration/gm and prolonged viability and pathogenicity. As the Days After Formulation (DAF) were increasing there was a general trend of decline in all the above shelf life determining parameters. As far as storage temperature is concentrated, refrigerated temperature (50C) found to be more suitable than the other temperature ranges tested with high conidial concentration/gm, maximum conidial viability and highest pathogenicity towards target pest. Overall results suggested that M .anisopliae formulation made up of talc based powder and packed in milky white polythene material is proved to have better shelf life with quality of the product maintained especially when stored in refrigerator temperature (50C) or cool temperature (150C). M.sc (Ag).

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ABSTRACTS

Nitrogen management in Bt Cotton hybrids under rainfed conditions Student: Dandu Mohan Das

Major Advisor: Dr. M. Govind Reddy Department of Agronomy

Afield experiment entitled “Nitrogen management in Bt Cotton hybrids under rainfed condition” was conducted in the Kharif season during 2006 on clay loam soil at the Agricultural Research Station Adilabad. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design. The main plots were of 2 Bt cotton hybrids viz., Bunny and RCH 2 factorially combined with 3 levels of N @ 90, 120 and 150 kg N/ha. The sub plot treatments were the schedule of application of N in 4 splits at three different time schedules viz., 15-45-75-105, 20-50-80-110 and 25-55-85-115 days after sowing. The results showed that Bunny grew significantly taller than RCH 2 from 45 days after sowing until maturity. It produced significantly more number of sympodial branches (23.97) than 2068 branches per plant by RCH 2. The two hybrids reached the time of square formation and full bloom at the same time. The plant height increased significantly from 45 days after sowing until maturity with increase in the level of N from 90 to 150 kg/ha. The number of sympodial branches per plant, bolls per plant and boll weight also increased significantly. The days to square formation and full bloom extended significantly by increasing the level of N from 90 to 150 kg/ha at all the growth stages. The uptake of P and K was also significantly more. Maximum yield of 2818 kg kapas and 10097 kg stalk was realized by the application of 150 kgN/ha. The uptake of N increased significantly by increasing the level of N from 90 to 150 kg/ha at all the growth stages. The uptake of P and K was also significantly more. Maximum yield of 2818 kg kapas and 10097 kg stalk was realized by the application of 150 kg N/ha. The quality of fibre in terms of ginning percentage and halo length also improved significantly at this level of fertilization. The crop fertilized with 150 kg N/ha fetched maximum net returns of Rs. 48714/ha. But maximum net profit per Re. investment was realized at 120 kg N/ha. Spilt application of N in four splits at 25-55-115 DAS increased the plant height from 45 DAS until maturity. Also its increased the number of sympodial branches per plant, bolls per plant and boll weight. This schedule also increased the uptake of NPK with additional 118 kg yield of kapas than that obtained by the spilt application of N at 15-45-75-105 DAS. The ginning percent and halo length also improved by this spilt application. The result in a ut shell indicated that the two Bt cotton hybrids Bunny and RCH-2 require 150 kg N/ha to be applied in four splits at 25-55-85-115 DAS to increase the kapas yield per hectare and improved the quality of fibre. But it is more profitable with the application of 120 kg N/ha. M.sc (Ag) 2007.

Heterosis and combining ability for yield, yield components and post – flowering stalk Rot resistance in maize (zea mays L.) Student: Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy. S

Major Advisor: Dr. (Mrs.) Farzana Jabeen

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding The present investigation on “Heterosis and combining ability for yield, yield components and Post – Flowering Stalk Rot resistance in maize (Zea mays L.)” was under taken with nine lines (BPPTI-28, BPPTI36, BPPTI-38, BPPTI-44, CM-211, CM-210, CM-207, BPPTI-33 and ACM-120) and four testers (BPPTI-29,

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ABSTRACTS BPPTI-34, BPPTI-35, and BPPTI-43). The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. Further, non-additive gene action was found to be preponderant for grain yield, yield components and PFSR disease resistance in the present investigation, favoring a hybrid breeding programme. The combining ability analysis revealed importance of non-additive gene action in governing the characters studied. Among the parental lines, BPPTI-44 and BPPTI-33 were good general combiners for earliness viz., days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking and days to maturity. The parents BPPTI-33 and BPPTI-38 for PFSR disease resistance, CM-211 and BPPTI-33 for grain yield contributed maximum favorable genes. The parents BPPTI-33, CM-211 and BPPTI-38 were good general combiners for both yield and PFSR disease resistance. Estimates of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were variable among crosses in desirable direction and some of them turned out to be best specific crosses. The cross combinations BPPTI44 x BPPTI-35 and BPPTI-44 x BPPTI-29 for earliness, BPPTI-33 x BPPTI-34 and BPPTI-28 x BPPTI-43 for PFSR disease resistance, CM-211 x BPPTI-29 and CM-211 x BPPTI-43 for yield. Further, the best selected crosses viz., CM-211 x BPPTI-29, CM-211 x BPPTI-43, CM-120 x BPPTI-29 and BPPTI-33 x BPPTI-43 for grain yield and PFSR disease resistance may be further exploited in multilocation evaluation before releasing them for commercial cultivation to the farmer. Studies on heritability, correlation and path analysis emphasized the need for selection, based on plant type with greater 100 kernal weight, number of kernals per row, plant height, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear, ear girth and less disease score since these were found to be the important direct contribution for grain yield. M.sc (Ag) 2007.

Heterosis and combining ability studies using Pet-1 and ARG Cytoplasmic sources in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Student: A. Sateesh

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Hussain Sahib Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding

The present investigation was conducted to develop and evaluate hybrids with one of the alternate cyptoplasm i.e., ARG-6 by conducting appropriate studies in the extent of heterosis and combining ability of the parental lines and the resultant F1 combinations and also to study the character association and direct and indirect effects of yield attributes on seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) at the Directorate of Oil seeds Research, Rajndranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi, 2006-07. The estimates of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were found to be significant among the hybrids for different traits. The general combining ability studies indicated that the CMS line, CMS 234A recorded highest positive gca effects for seed yield/ plant, head diameter, oil content, number of filled seeds/head, total number of seeds/head and oil yield/ plant. The hybrids, CMS 234A x DRS-45 among PET-1 and DCMS-41 x registered highest positive sca effects for oil content and CMS 234A c 6D-1 among PET-1 and DCMS-41 x RHA 348 among ARG-6 cytoplasmic source hybrids registered highest positive sca effects for oil yield/plant. The result indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action for the seed yield and yield contributing trait. The magnitude of average degree of dominance revealed over dominance is the cause of heterosis for all the traits studied.

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ABSTRACTS The present investigation revealed significant correlation among seed yield and yield components and direct and indirect effects of yield attributes on seed yield. The traits, number of filled seeds/head, total number of seeds/head, head diameter, 100-seed weight, oil content, oil yield/plant and plant height registered positive correlation with seed yield. The highest direct effects on seed yield were observed for the traits, number of filled seeds/head, total number of seeds/head, 100-seed weight and head head diameter. M.sc (Ag) 2007.

Impact of contract farming poultry enterprises in RangaReddy and Mahaboobnagar District of A.P Student: Praveen Vulkundkar

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Suhasini

Department of Agricultural Economics Ranga Reddy and Mahaboobnagar districts were purposively selected for the study. An ultimate sample of 30 contract broiler farms, 30 non-contract broiler layer farms were selected randomly. Returns per rupee investment were more on contract farms i.e., 1: 0.48 as against non-contract farms 1: 0.009. The gross income per 1000 birds was found to be less on contract farms, as these farms were paid a given a sum of Rs.2.07 on an average per kg of bird as major items of expenditure like chicks, feed and medicines were borne by hatcheries. The inputs-puts ration indicates that the returns are more in contract farms against non-contract farms. The feed conversion ration indicates that feed efficiency increased in contract farms than non-contract farms. The total costs for 1000 birds were phenomenally higher on non-contract farms over contract farms. The feed efficiency and performance of the flock was appreciable in broiler contract farms compared to noncontract farms. Gross income per 100 birds was distinctly higher on non-contract farms over contract farm. But the returns per rupee of investment on contract broiler farms were substantially more over non-contract farms. There is a need that the small and medium farmers should be encouraged to produce more cycles per year, so that they can make efficient utilization of available resources to earn a reasonably good income. Integration of broiler industry with greater government intervention by providing legal status to the farmers will help farmers to adopt contracts and produce quality output. Further, in case of sudden out break of diseases in large scale farmer as well as integrators are probe to risk, therefore insurance can be introduced for poultry farmers.M.Sc (Ag) 2007.

Crop yield-Weather Relationship for Certain Rainfed Districts of Telangana Region Student: Rup Narayan Rano

Major Advisor: Dr. K. Subramanyam Reddy

Department of Statistics and Mathematics In fitting of crop yield-weather relationship, estimation of time effect or the technology effect is the basic step. The technology effect is taken as the trend value. The assumption of a continuous time trend yields was in the form of quantum jumps over time. There may not be continuous increase in the crop yields over the years; instead, the yields fluctuate around the jumps. In such situations, the trend value was fixed and it was

111

ABSTRACTS same for the yields belonging to the sub-periods. These sub-periods were formed with the year of quantum jump as the cut-off point. The trend value was then taken as the sub-period average for elimination of technology effect. The time effect which assumed fixed values instead of a continuous increase, was analogous to the behavior of a discrete variable and hence it was termed as the discrete time effect. Qunatum jumps were observed in the crop yields, where there was sufficient evidence of technological improvement. These jumps occurred for all the selected crops in all the three districts and coincided with the subjective/collateral evidence about the introduction of new technology. Hence for these crops, relationships were obtained with the assumption of a discrete time trend. I t was observed that an overall relationship has not appropriate to explain the yield variations as it consisted of certain irrelevant repressors. Considering this behavior, separate relationship were fitted to the different sub-periods existing in the crop yield data and the analysis revealed the existence of a differential response of the yields to weather. The variables identified in these relations suitably explain the weather response with respect to the crop growth stages. Hence, it was concluded that yields under a given technology only could be forecasted (based on weather variables) on the basis of the corresponding sub-periods relationship (equation).M.Sc (Ag) 2007.

CONTENTS PART I : PLANT SCIENCES Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) 1 P CHERUKU, K MANORAMA and S. SIVARAMAKRISHNAN Combining ability analysis for productivity and fibre quality traits in 13 intra-herbaceum and interspecific (G. herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L.) crosses of diploid cotton VEMANNA IRADDI and S. T. KAJJIDONI Weed and crop resistance to herbicides 22 A. S. RAO A comparative study on heterosis for productivity and fibre quality traits 35 in intra-herbaceum and interspecific(G. herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L.) crosses of diploid cotton VEMANNA IRADDI and S. T. KAJJIDONI Diversity of weeds in the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) fields of 44 Andhra Pradesh P. KIRAN BABU, M. ELANGOVAN and J. S. MISHRA Effect of incremental dose of phosphorus in rice on the yield of blackgram 52 in rice (Oryza sativa) – blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) cropping sequence I. USHA RANI and V. SANKAR RAO Probability of occurrence of wet and dry spells by Markov Chain Model 59 and its application to castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivation in Ranga Reddy District M.A.BASITH and SHAIK MOHAMMAD Identification of parents and hybrids for yield and its components using 65 line x tester analysis in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) C.V.SAMEER KUMAR, CH.SREELAKSHMI, D.SHIVANI and M.SURESH Gene effects for yield contributing characters in pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan L.) 71 by generation mean analysis C.V.SAMEER KUMAR, CH.SREELAKSHMI, D.SHIVANI and M.SURESH PART II : RESEARCH NOTES Evaluation of F1 hybrids of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) P.S.SUDHAKAR and K. PURUSHOTHAM Influence of growth hormonal treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of simarouba (Simarouba glauca L.) L. PRASANTHI, P. MAHESWARA REDDY, P. S. SUDHAKAR, B. BALAKRISHNA BABU and K.RAJA REDDY Study of heterosis for yield and its component traits in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan. L. Millsp) C.V.SAMEER KUMAR, CH.SREELAKSHMI, D.SHIVANI and M.SURESH Abstracts

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