JMCP November/December 2009

JMCP ■ Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy ■ November/December 2009 ■ Vol. 15, No. 9 ■ Pages 701-794

volume fifteen • number nine November/December 2009 Peer-Reviewed Journal of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy

Page 728 Comparing Adherence and Persistence

Across 6 Chronic Medication Classes

741 Empirical Methods to Calculate an

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose Conversion Ratio in Nondialyzed Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

751 An Exploratory Comparison of Medication

Lists at Hospital Admission with Administrative Database Records

759 No TREATment with Darbepoetin Dosed to Hemoglobin

13 Grams per Deciliter in Type 2 Diabetes with PreDialysis Chronic Kidney Disease – Safety Warnings for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

766 Managed Care and Health Care Reform:

Everything Old is New Again

776 Article Index by Subject Category – With Hyperlinks

AMCP Headquarters

100 North Pitt St., Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22314 Tel: 703.683.8416 • Fax: 703.683.8417

Volume 15, No. 9

Board of Directors

C ONTENTS ■ RESEARCH 728 Comparing Adherence and Persistence Across 6 Chronic Medication Classes Jason Yeaw, MPH; Joshua S. Benner, PharmD, ScD; John G. Walt, MBA; Sergey Sian, PhD; and Daniel B. Smith, MA

741 Empirical Methods to Calculate an Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose Conversion Ratio in Nondialyzed Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Jeffrey Horowitz, MD; Anil Agarwal, MD; Fannie Huang, MS; Matthew Gitlin, PharmD; Shravanthi R. Gandra, PhD, MBA; and Charles B. Cangialose, PhD

■ Brief Communication 751 An Exploratory Comparison of Medication Lists at Hospital Admission with Administrative Database Records

Advertising

Terri L. Warholak, PhD, RPh; Matthew McCulloch, PharmD; Alysson Baumgart, PharmD; Mindy Smith, BSPharm; William Fink, BSPharm; and William Fritz, MS

Advertising for Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy is accepted in accordance with the advertising policy of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy.

■ Departments 712 Cover Impressions

For advertising information, contact: Bob Heiman RH Media LLC 1814 East Route 70, Suite 350 Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 Tel.: 856.673.4000 Fax: 856.673.4001 E-mail: [email protected]

Kandy Kane Rainbow (1994) Charles Bell Sheila Macho, Cover Editor

759 Editorial

No TREATment with Darbepoetin Dosed to Hemoglobin 13 Grams per Deciliter in Type 2 Diabetes with Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease – Safety Warnings for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents

editorial

Frederic R. Curtiss, PhD, RPh, CEBS, and Kathleen A. Fairman, MA

Questions related to editorial content should be directed to JMCP Editor-in-Chief Frederic R. Curtiss: [email protected]. Manuscripts should be submitted electronically at jmcp.msubmit.net. For questions about submission, contact Peer Review Administrator Jennifer A. Booker: [email protected]; 703.317.0725.

766 Editorial

President: Shawn Burke, RPh, FAMCP, Coventry Health Care, Inc., Kansas City, MO President-Elect: Brian Sweet, RPh, MBA, WellPoint, Grand Island, NY Past President: Cathryn A. Carroll, PhD, MBA, BSPharm, Comprehensive Pharmacy Services, Smithville, MO Treasurer: John D. Jones, RPh, JD, FAMCP, Prescription Solutions, Irvine, CA Secretary: Judith A. Cahill, CEBS, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, Alexandria, VA (Executive Director, AMCP) Director: Jean Brown, RPh, PharmD, Coventry Health Care, Flagstaff, AZ Director: William K. Fleming, PharmD, RPh, Humana, Inc., Prospect, KY Director: Robert S. Gregory, RPh, MS, MBA, Aetna, Inc., Hartford, CT Director: Diana I. Brixner, RPh, PhD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Director: Douglas S. Burgoyne, PharmD, RPh Scrip World, Salt Lake City, UT

Managed Care and Health Care Reform: Everything Old is New Again Kathleen A. Fairman, MA, and Frederic R. Curtiss, PhD, RPh, CEBS

776 JMCP Article Index by Subject Category — With Hyperlinks

subscriptions

Annual subscription rates: USA, individuals, institutions–$90; other countries–$110. Single copies cost $15. Missing issues are replaced free of charge up to 6 months after date of issue. Send requests to AMCP headquarters. reprints

For article reprints and Eprints, contact Tamara Smith at Sheridan Reprints, 800.352.2210, ext. 8230; [email protected]. Information for ordering reprints or Eprints and instructions for permission for use of JMCP content are available at www.amcp.org. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or views of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy or the authors’ institutions unless so specified. Copyright © 2009, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy.

702 Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy

JMCP

November/December 2009

Vol. 15, No. 9

www.amcp.org

Editorial Mission

JMCP publishes peer-reviewed original research manuscripts, subject reviews, and other content intended to advance the use of the scientific method, including the interpretation of research findings in managed care pharmacy. JMCP is dedicated to improving the quality of care delivered to patients served by managed care pharmacy by providing its readers with the results of scientific investigation and evaluation of clinical, health, service, and economic outcomes of pharmacy services and pharmaceutical interventions, including formulary management. JMCP strives to engage and serve professionals in pharmacy, medicine, nursing, and related fields to optimize the value of pharmaceutical products and pharmacy services delivered to patients. JMCP employs extensive bias-management procedures intended to ensure the integrity and reliability of published work. Editorial staff Editor-in-Chief

Frederic R. Curtiss, PhD, RPh, CEBS 830.935.4319, [email protected] Associate Editor, Kathleen A. Fairman, MA

Peer Review Administrator, Jennifer A. Booker

602.867.1343, [email protected] Cover Editor, Sheila Macho, 952.431.5993, [email protected]

Graphic Designer, Margie Hunter, 703.297.9319, [email protected]

703.317.0725, [email protected]

Publisher

Judith A. Cahill, CEBS, Executive Director, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Editorial advisory board

The JMCP Editorial Advisory Board is chaired by Marvin D. Shepherd, PhD, Center for Pharmacoeconomic Studies, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin; Thomas Delate, PhD, Kaiser Permanente of Colorado, Aurora, serves as vice chair. They and the other advisers review manuscripts and assist in the determination of the value and accuracy of information provided to readers of JMCP. J. Daniel Allen, PharmD, RegenceRx, Portland, OR Carl Victor Asche, PhD, MBA, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT John P. Barbuto, MD, HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital, Sandy, UT Christopher F. Bell, MS, Global Health Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC Joshua Benner, PharmD, ScD, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC Eliot Brinton, MD, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Leslee J. Budge, MBA, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA Scott A. Bull, PharmD, ALZA Corporation, Mt. View, CA Norman V. Carroll, PhD, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA Jingdong Chao, PhD, Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, IL Mark Conklin, PharmD, MS, Highmark BCBS, Pittsburgh, PA Eric J. Culley, PharmD, MBA, Highmark Blue Shield, Pittsburgh, PA Gregory W. Daniel, RPh, MPH, PhD, HealthCore, Inc., Wilmington, DE Thomas Delate, MS, PhD, Kaiser Permanente of Colorado, Aurora, CO Quan V. Doan, PharmD, MSHS, Outcomes Insights, Inc., Orange, CA Feride Frech-Tamas, MPH, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, NJ Patrick P. Gleason, PharmD, BCPS, Prime Therapeutics, LLC, Eagan, MN Charnelda Gray, PharmD, BCPS, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA Ann S. M. Harada, PhD, MPH, Prescription Solutions, Irvine, CA Noelle Hasson, PharmD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA Lillian Hsieh, MHS, PharmD, CVS Pharmacy, San Mateo, CA Mark Jackson, BScPhm, BComm, RPh, Green Shield Canada, Windsor, Ontario Kristin Khalaf, PharmD, Fellow, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Richard A. Kipp, MAAA, Milliman USA, Wayne, PA Stephen J. Kogut, PhD, MBA, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI

Daniel C. Malone, PhD, RPh, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Bradley C. Martin, PharmD, PhD, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AK Robert L. Ohsfeldt, PhD, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX Dan Ollendorf, MPH, Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, Boston, MA Steven Pepin, PharmD, BCPS, PharmWorks, LLC, Arden Hills, MN Mary Jo V. Pugh, RN, PhD, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX Brian J. Quilliam, PhD, RPh, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI Elan Rubinstein, PharmD, MPH, EB Rubinstein Associates, Oak Park, CA Marvin D. Shepherd, PhD, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX Joshua J. Spooner, PharmD, MS, Western New England College, Springfield, MA Marilyn Stebbins, PharmD, CHW Medical Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA Karen Stockl, PharmD, Prescription Solutions, Irvine, CA Kent H. Summers, RPh, PhD, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Chadds Ford, PA Burgunda V. Sweet, PharmD, FASHP, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI Brian Sweet, BS Pharm, MBA, WellPoint, Inc., Grand Island, NY Connie A. Valdez, PharmD, MSEd, School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO Peter Whittaker, PhD, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI Vincent Willey, PharmD, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA Karen Worley, PhD, Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals, Mason, OH Andrew Yu, PhD, Analysis Group, Boston, MA

Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy (ISSN 1083–4087) is published 9 times per year and is the official publication of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP), 100 North Pitt St., Suite 400, Alexandria, VA 22314; 703.683.8416; 800.TAP.AMCP; 703.683.8417 (fax). The paper used by the Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) effective with Volume 7, Issue 5, 2001; prior to that issue, all paper was acid-free. Annual membership dues for AMCP include $60 allocated for the Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. Postmaster: Send address changes to JMCP, 100 North Pitt St., Suite 400, Alexandria, VA 22314.


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c o v e r i mp r e s s i o n s About our cover artist

Kandy Kane Rainbow (1994) ■ Charles Bell

C

harles Bell (1935-1995) was a prea full-time commitment to art. In 1969, eminent American Photorealist Bell moved to New York, and within a who specialized in still lifes. matter of days he was showing his work at Photorealism evolved from Pop art in the Greenwich Gallery in Greenwich Village. late 1960s and early 1970s in America—it Not long thereafter, he was invited to is defined as a style of painting that exhibit his paintings at the Louis K. Meisel resembles photography in its meticulous Gallery, where he stayed for the rest of his attention to detail. The word “photorealcareer. Many of his paintings and prints ism” was coined in 1969 by New York art are still available at the Louis K. Meisel dealer and author Louis K. Meisel. Besides Gallery (www.meiselgallery.com), which “Abstract but real at the same time.” Bell, the most highly regarded American features Contemporary Realist art. Photorealists are Richard Estes, Chuck Bell’s subject matter consisted primarClose, Audrey Flack, and Ralph Goings. ily of vintage toys, dolls, action figures, In Charles Bell: The Complete Works 1970-1990, a book written in gumball machines, and pinball machines. He said that he chose 1991 by Henry Geldzahler (with an essay by Meisel), Bell dis- those things because he still found wonder in them, “just like a cussed art in general and his own art in particular. “When Pop little boy.” Bell took his own reference photographs of the still came along, suddenly art was a very different thing,” he said. lifes so he could control the arrangement as well as the lighting. “Suddenly, art was media and media was art. For me personally, His work was distinguished by the enormous size of the subthe importance of Pop is that it legitimized the media look, the jects, which were depicted in a scale between 6 and 12 times life lens-eye view of the world, in high art.” size. Meisel feels that Bell’s practice of enlarging the objects’ size Born and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Bell drew and painted enabled him to delve into their intrinsic reality. The 6-foot-high throughout his childhood. He took art classes during grade Raggedy Ann No. 1, completed in 1969, is considered to be the school and participated in Tulsa’s Philbrook Art Center summer artist’s first painting as a true Photorealist. In the spring of 1970, art programs for children. Bell also enjoyed family outings to 2 more versions of the Raggedy Ann painting hung in Meisel’s the Gilcrease Museum, where he was captivated by the works of gallery—people passing by often stopped and stared in the winAlbert Bierstadt, Thomas Moran, and George Catlin. Although he dow at the astonishing images. Geldzahler wrote, “I think the remained interested in art as a teen and young adult, making a interest in Bell’s work is the interest in self-discovery, in showing living as an artist did not occur to him until later in life. In 1957, us a corner of the world, a corner of the room, that we never Bell received a bachelor of business administration degree from really looked into before.” the University of Oklahoma, Norman. He then served for a few Kandy Kane Rainbow is a superb example of Bell’s Marbles years in the U.S. Navy as a reserve lieutenant, junior grade. series that began in the 1970s and continued for the next 2 By the early 1960s, Bell was working as an accounting supervi- decades. He placed a multicolored shooter marble in the center sor at C&H Sugar in San Francisco. He painted in his spare time of the celestial-like composition; the large orb representing the and took art lessons from Donti Flores in his North Beach studio/ sun is surrounded by smaller marbles symbolizing the planets. gallery. Bell believed that his initial drawing lessons from Flores Distinct highlights atop the marbles and sharply defined shadwere exercises in seeing as much as drawing, which led to his ows beneath them demonstrate his unsurpassed ability to capconviction that “once you learn to draw with precision, you never ture reflected and transparent light. see in the same way again.” One of his first painting subjects was In 1975, Salvador Dali encountered one of Bell’s early gumballwater. The budding artist liked to go to Fisherman’s Wharf in machine paintings and exclaimed, “Magnifique!” By painting San Francisco and photograph the reflections of the boats’ masts ordinary items in an extraordinary manner, this Photorealist’s and bows on the water’s surface. Afterward, he would paint the body of work proved to be magnificent indeed. abstract patterns of the reflections found in these photos. Sheila Macho While in college, Bell had befriended artist Harold Stevenson, Cover Editor who later became influential in his own vocation as an artist. “In the ‘60s, Harold was doing very large works . . . if he did your por- COVER CREDIT trait, it might be a 12-foot panel of your elbow. Abstract but real Charles Bell, Kandy Kane Rainbow, oil on canvas, 40" x 60". Copyright© 1994. at the same time,” Bell explained. “I was fascinated by that [para- Image courtesy of the Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, New York. dox]. When I finally visited his New York studio, I looked around SOURCE and decided, ‘This is where I want to be and what I want to be.’” Geldzahler, Henry. Charles Bell: The Complete Works 1970-1990. New York: He calculated his savings and decided to quit his job and make Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1991.


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Jmcp Editorial Policy ■■ Editorial Content and Peer Review All articles, editorials, and commentary in JMCP undergo peer review; articles undergo blinded peer review. Letters may be peer reviewed to ensure accuracy. The fundamental departments for manuscript submission are: • Research • Subject Reviews • Formulary Management • Contemporary Subjects • Brief Communications • Commentary/Editorials • Letters All submissions other than Editorials, Commentary, and Letters should include an abstract and inform the reader at the end of the manuscript of what is already known about the subject and what the article adds to our knowledge of the subject. For manuscript preparation requirements, see “JMCP Author Guidelines” in this Journal or at www.amcp.org. ■■ Research These are well-referenced articles based on original research that has not been published elsewhere and reflect use of the scientific method. The research is guided by explicit hypotheses that are stated clearly by the authors. ■■ Subject Reviews These are well-referenced, comprehensive reviews of subjects relevant to managed care pharmacy. The Methods section in the abstract and in the body of the manuscript should make clear to the reader the source of the material used in the review, including the criteria used for inclusion and exclusion of information.

ed i to r i a l M i s si o n a n d p o l i ci e s JMCP publishes peer-reviewed original research manuscripts, subject reviews, and other content intended to advance the use of the scientific method, including the interpretation of research findings in managed care pharmacy. JMCP is dedicated to improving the quality of care delivered to patients served by managed care pharmacy by providing its readers with the results of scientific investigation and evaluation of clinical, health, service, and economic outcomes of pharmacy services and pharmaceutical interventions, including formulary management. JMCP strives to engage and serve professionals in pharmacy, medicine, nursing, and related fields to optimize the value of pharmaceutical products and pharmacy services delivered to patients. JMCP employs extensive bias-management procedures that include (a) full disclosure of all sources of potential bias and conflicts of interest, nonfinancial as well as financial; (b) full disclosure of potential conflicts of interest by reviewers as well as authors; and (c) accurate attribution of each author’s contribution to the article. Aggressive bias-management methods are necessary to ensure the integrity and reliability of published work. Editorial content is determined by the Editor-in-Chief with suggestions from the Editorial Advisory Board. The views and opinions expressed in JMCP do not necessarily reflect or represent official policy of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy or the authors’ institutions unless specifically stated.

■■ Brief Communications The results of a small study or a descriptive analysis that does not fit in other JMCP departments may be submitted as a Brief Communication. ■■ Editorials/Commentary These submissions should be relevant to managed care pharmacy and address a topic of contemporary interest: they do not require an abstract but should include references to support statements. ■■ Letters If the letter addresses a previously published article, an author response may be appro priate. (See “Letter to the Editor” instruc tions at www.amcp.org.)

■■ Formulary Management These are well-referenced, comprehensive reviews of subjects relevant to formulary management methods or procedures in the ■■ Advertising/Disclosure Policy conduct of pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) A copy of the full advertising policy for JMCP committees and may include description is available from AMCP headquarters and the and interpretation of clinical evidence. Advertising Account Manager. All aspects of the advertising sales and solicitation process ■■ Contemporary Subjects These are well-referenced submissions that are completely independent of the editorial are particularly timely or describe research process. Advertising is positioned either at conducted in pilot projects. Contemporary the front or back of the Journal; it is not accepted for placement opposite or near Subjects, like all articles in JMCP, must describe the hypothesis or hypotheses that subject-related editorial copy. guided the research, the principal methods, Employees of advertisers may submit articles for publication in the editorial and results. 718 Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy

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sections of JMCP, subject to the usual peer-review process. Financial disclosure, conflict-of-interest statements, and author attestations are required when manuscripts are submitted, and these disclosures accompany the article in abstracted form if the article is published. See JMCP advertising opportunities at: www.amcp.org. Contact the Advertising Representative to receive a Media Kit.

Editorial Office Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 100 North Pitt St., Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22314 Tel.: 703.683.8416 Fax: 703.683.8417 E-mail: [email protected] Advertising Sales Office RH Media LLC 1814 East Route 70, Suite 350 Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 Tel.: 856.673.4000 Fax: 856.673.4001 E-mail: [email protected]

JMCP Author Guidelines JMCP accepts for consideration manuscripts prepared according to the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.1

■■ Manuscript Preparation Manuscripts should include, in this order: title page, abstract, text, references, tables, and figures (see Manuscript Submission Checklist for details). JMCP abstracts should be carefully written narratives that contain all of the principal quantitative and qualitative findings, with the outcomes of statistical tests of comparisons where appropriate. Abstracts are required for all articles in Research, Subject Reviews, Formulary Management, Contemporary Subjects, and Brief Communications. The format for the abstract is Background, Objective, Methods, Results, Conclusion. Editorials and Commentaries do not require an abstract but should include references. Letters do not require an abstract. For descriptions of editorial content, see “JMCP Editorial Policy” in this Journal or at www.amcp.org. Please note: • The JMCP Peer Review Checklist is the best guide for authors to improve the likelihood of success in the JMCP peer-review process. It is available at: www.amcp.org (“JMCP Peer Review Checklist and Guidelines” tab). • A subsection in the Discussion labeled “Limitations” is generally appropriate for all articles except Editorials, Commentaries, and Letters. • Most articles, particularly Subject Reviews, should incorporate or at least acknowledge the relevant work of others published previously in JMCP (see “Article Index by Subject Category” at www.amcp.org). • Product trade names may be used only once for the purpose of providing clarity for readers, generally at the first citation of the generic name in the article but not in the abstract. • Many articles involve research that may pose a threat to either patient safety or privacy. It is the responsibility of the principal author to ensure that the manuscript is submitted with either the result of review by the appropriate institutional review board (IRB) or a statement of why the research is exempt from IRB review (see Policy for Protecting Patient Safety and Privacy at www.amcp.org).

■■ Reference Style References should be prepared following modified AMA style. All reference numbers in the manuscript should be superscript (e.g., 1 ). Each unique reference should have only one reference number. If that reference is cited more than once in the manuscript, the same number should be used. Do not use ibid or op cit for JMCP references. Please provide Web addresses for references whenever possible. An access date should be included for every URL except links to JMCP articles. See examples 2 and 3 in the second column. See the following examples of common types of references: 1. Journal articles — (list up to 6 authors; if more, list only the first 3 and add et al.)—Kastelein JJP, Akdim F, Stroes ESG, et al., for the ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1431-43.


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The Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, including supplements, is indexed by MEDLINE/ PubMed, the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Current Contents/Clinical Medicine (CC/CM), and Scopus.

2. No author given — Anonymous. New study finds publication bias among trials submitted to FDA. Medical News Today, November 25, 2008. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ articles/130606.php. Accessed February 9, 2009. 3. Journal paginated by issue — Gregory DW, Malone DC. Characteristics of older adults who meet the annual prescription drug expenditure threshold for Medicare medication therapy management programs. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(2):142-54. Available at: www.amcp.org/ data/jmcp/p142-54.pdf. 4. Book or monograph by authors — Tootelian DH, Gaedeke RM. Essentials of Pharmacy Management. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby; 1993. 5. Book or monograph with editor, compiler, or chairperson as author — Chernow B, ed. Critical Care Pharmacotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. 6. Chapter in a book — Kreter B, Michael KA, DiPiro JT. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Hayes PE, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1992:1811-12. 7. Government agency publication not available online — Akutsu T. Total heart replacement device. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute; April 1974. Report no.: NIHNHLI-69-2185 4. 8. Dissertation or thesis — Youssef NM. School adjustment of children with congenital heart disease [dissertation]. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh; 1988. 9. Drug label — prescribing information. Xolair (omalizumab) for subcutaneous use. Genentech. July 2008. Available at: http://www.gene.com/ gene/products/information/pdf/xolair-prescribing. pdf. Accessed October 3, 2009. 10. Letter — Markson LE, Bukstein DA, Luskin AT. Health care utilization determined from administrative claims analysis for patients who received inhaled corticosteroids with either montelukast or salmeterol [letter]. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12(6):486-87. Available at: www.amcp.org/ data/jmcp/letter_486-487.pdf. 11. Paper (or Poster) presented at a meeting — Reagan ME. Workers’ compensation, managed care, and reform. Poster presented at: 1995 AMCRA Midyear Managed Care Summit; March 13, 1995; San Diego, CA. 12. Newspaper article — Winslow R. Pfizer sets $2.3 billion settlement – agreement with U.S. tied to alleged off-label marketing of painkiller Bextra. Wall Street J. January 27, 2009. Available at: http:// online.wsj.com/article/SB123301757444517869. html?mod=rss_Health. Accessed February 9, 2009. 13. Web site — National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Full report 2007 (EPR-3: full report 2007). Available at:


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www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln. pdf. Accessed August 29, 2007. 14. Supplement — Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. AMCP guide to pharmaceutical payment methods, 2009 update (version 2.0). J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15(6 Suppl A):S1-S61. Available at: http://www.amcp.org/data/ jmcp/1002.pdf.

■■ Manuscript Submission A complete list of documents needed for submission to JMCP appears on the Manuscript/ Supplement Submission page at www.amcp.org. All manuscripts are reviewed prior to peer review. See Author Guidelines for description of the “prereview process.” Peer review generally requires 4-6 weeks but may extend as long as 12 weeks in unusual cases. Solicited manuscripts are subject to the same peer-review standards and editorial policy as unsolicited manuscripts. Disclosures and conflicts of interest: Manuscript submissions should include a statement that identifies the nature and extent of any financial interest or affiliation that any author has with any company, product, or service discussed in the manuscript and clearly indicates the source(s) of funding and financial support and be accompanied by completed and signed author attestation forms for the principal author and each coauthor.

■■ Submission Checklist Here are the key components for your manuscript submission to the Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy: 1. COVER LETTER: briefly describing the importance and scope of the manuscript, certifying that the paper has not been published previously and is not under consideration by any other publication, and identifying financial support and conflicts of interest. 2. MANUSCRIPT: with these specifications: • All text should be submitted in Microsoft Word, prepared in 12-point type, 1.5 line spacing. • Tables must be prepared in Microsoft Word, and may use a smaller font (e.g., 10-point). • Figures should be embedded in the Word document and submitted separately in their original native format, preferably in Adobe Illustrator, Microsoft Word, Excel, or PowerPoint (e.g., with the data points included in PowerPoint) to permit editing by the JMCP graphic designer. The JMCP graphic designer has permission to re-create any figures. Please identify each file submitted with the following information: software application and file name. • P values that are > 0.001 should be expressed as P = 0.xxx, to 3 decimal places; P values less than 0.001 should be shown as P