Learning Mandarin Chinese

Learning Mandarin Chinese xúe

xí

學習学

习

learn practice to learn

zhōng

wén

中

⽂

中

⽂

center composition Chinese Language

Daniel J. Greenhoe

Middle Kingdom Rosetta Stone series 1

Note: The elephant and “super hero” images appearing on the front cover have been adapted from 💻 (1996–*)Animation Factory (http://www.animationfactory.com/).

title: document type: series: volume: author: version: time stamp: copyright: license: document url: TECkit maps:

Learning Mandarin Chinese book Middle Kingdom Rosetta Stone 1 Daniel J. Greenhoe Version 1.20 2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe. All rights reserved. Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://www.researchgate.net/project/Language-Toolbox https://github.com/dgreenhoe/teckitmaps https://github.com/dgreenhoe/unihan

Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe All rights reserved

❝Here, on the level sand,

Between the sea and land, What shall I build or write Against the fall of night? ❞

❝Tell me of runes to grave

That hold the bursting wave, Or bastions to design For longer date than mine. ❞

Alfred Edward Housman, English poet (1859–1936)

1

❝The uninitiated imagine that one must await inspiration in order to

create. That is a mistake. I am far from saying that there is no such thing as inspiration; quite the opposite. It is found as a driving force in every kind of human activity, and is in no wise peculiar to artists. But that force is brought into action by an effort, and that effort is work. Just as appetite comes by eating so work brings inspiration, if inspiration is not discernible at the beginning. ❞ Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (1882–1971), Russian-born composer

2

❝As

I think about acts of integrity and grace, I realise that there is nothing in my knowledge to compare with Frege's dedication to truth. His entire life's work was on the verge of completion, much of his work had been ignored to the benefit of men infinitely less capable, his second volume was about to be published, and upon finding that his fundamental assumption was in error, he responded with intellectual pleasure clearly submerging any feelings of personal disappointment. It was almost superhuman and a telling indication of that of which men are capable if their dedication is to creative work and knowledge instead of cruder efforts to dominate and be known.❞ Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), British mathematician, in a 1962 November 23 letter to Dr. van Heijenoort.

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📘 Housman (1936): More Poems, page 64 ⟨“Smooth Between Sea and Land”⟩, 📘 Hardy (1940): A Mathematician's Apology ⟨section 7⟩ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Housman.jpg 📘 Ewen (1961): The New Book of Modern Composers, page 408, 📘 Ewen (1950): The Book of Modern Composers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Igor_Stravinsky.jpg 📘 Heijenoort (1967): From Frege to Gödel : A Source Book, page 127 http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Russell.html Learning Mandarin Chinese

version 1.20

2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe

CONTENTS

Front matter Front cover . . . . . . . . Title page . . . . . . . . . Copyright and typesetting Quotes . . . . . . . . . . Contents . . . . . . . . .

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Main matter

i i v vi vii ix

1

1 Graphemes of Mandarin Chinese 1.1 Language scripts . . . . . . . . 1.2 Chinese glyphs . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Onomatopoeia characters . . . 1.4 Radicals . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 1 3 5 8

2 Phonemes of Mandarin Chinese 2.1 Languages . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Consonants and Vowels . . . 2.3 Phonetic Systems . . . . . . 2.3.1 PinYin . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 ZhuYin . . . . . . . . 2.4 Caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Some vocabulary . . . . . . .

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13 13 13 15 18 18 19 20

3 Phones of Mandarin Chinese 3.1 How many phones do you have? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Spoken Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 21 21

4 Grammar 4.1 Personal pronouns . . 4.2 Quantifiers . . . . . . 4.3 Adjectives . . . . . . . 4.4 Questions . . . . . . . 4.5 Conditionals . . . . . . 4.6 Conjunctions . . . . . 4.7 Interjections . . . . . . 4.8 Prepositional phrases 4.9 More . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Similes . . . . . . . .

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29 29 31 35 36 38 38 42 42 43 44

5 Verbs 5.1 Sentence structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Number and tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45 45 46 48

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page x

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CONTENTS

5.4 (Verb) around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 (Verb) it down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Negation 6.1 Simple negation . . . . . . . 6.2 Success and failure in verbs. 6.3 Double negation . . . . . . . 6.4 Emphasizing negation . . . .

51 51

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53 53 54 56 57

7 Adverbs 7.1 Degree of Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Adverbial phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59 59 60

8 Time 8.1 Absolute time . . . 8.2 Relative time . . . 8.3 Rates of time . . . 8.4 Occurance . . . . 8.5 Progressive events 8.6 Multiple events . . 8.7 Quantifiers for time

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65 65 69 70 72 72 73 75

9 Simple conversation 9.1 Greetings . . . . 9.2 Introductions . . 9.3 Civilities . . . . . 9.4 Communications

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77 77 78 79 82

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10 On the Move

87

11 The Heart of Man 11.1 Emotions . . . . . 11.2 Character . . . . . 11.3 Thought processes 11.4 The will . . . . . .

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91 91 95 98 99

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12 Work and Rest 101 12.1 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 12.2 Rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Appendices

109

A Grammar Terminology

109

B Numbers

113

C Songs C.1 Old McDonald . . . . . . . . . . C.2 1 2 3 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.3 Head Shoulders Knees and Toes C.4 Bright Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . C.5 Amazing Grace . . . . . . . . . . C.6 You are my flower . . . . . . . .

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117 118 120 122 123 126 128

D Names D.1 Family Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.2 Characters for male names . . . . . . . . . D.3 Characters for female names . . . . . . . . D.4 Characters for either male or female names D.5 Famous names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.6 Non-Chinese names . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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131 131 134 136 137 138 140

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Learning Mandarin Chinese

version 1.20


CONTENTS E Mathematics E.1 Branches E.2 Arithmetic E.3 Sets . . . E.4 Spaces . E.5 Relations

page xi

Daniel J. Greenhoe

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143 143 145 146 146 147

F Font Information F.1 Typesetting engine . . . . . . . . . . . . F.2 Latin fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.3 IPA typesetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.4 PinYin typesetting . . . . . . . . . . . . F.5 Traditional Chinese typesetting . . . . . F.6 Ruby characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.7 Simplified Chinese typesetting . . . . . F.8 Generating the zht2zhs TECkit map file F.9 Default bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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149 149 150 150 150 151 151 152 153 153

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Back Matter References . . . . . . . . Reference Index . . . . . Chinese Character Index PinYin Index . . . . . . . English Word Index . . . General Index . . . . . . . License . . . . . . . . . . End of document . . . . .

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CONTENTS

version 1.20


CHAPTER 1 GRAPHEMES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

1.1 Language scripts Many spoken languages also have written forms, which express information in terms of symbols, called graphemes. Linguists roughly classify written languages into two categories based on the graphemes that they use: ➀ phonograms (or phonographs) symbols represent sounds ➁ logogram (or logographs) graphemes represent words The advantage of a phonogram is that it is somewhat easier to know how a grapheme “sounds”, but relatively more difficult to know what it means. The advantage of a logogram is that it is somewhat easier to know what a grapheme means, but relatively more difficult to know how it “sounds”. Examples of Phonographic languages include all the written languages based on the Latin alphabet such as English, German, Spanish, French, etc., as well as Greek and other languages. One of the most famous examples, howbeit not currently in common use, of a logograph is Egyptian hieroglyphics, a language that the entire world forgot how to read until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Napolean's troops and subsequent decipherment by Thomas Young and Jean-Francois Champollion. Example 1.1 (U.S. National Park Service). And the U.S. National Park Service uses a kind of logographic language, as illustrated in Figure 1.1 (page 2).1 In any written language (a script), each basic written picture is called a grapheme. In English, a grapheme is usually called a “letter”. In Chinese, a grapheme is usually called a “character”. In general there are many ways to render (or draw) any given grapheme. Each such rendering is called a glyph. Example 1.2 (The “a” grapheme). e In English, all these glyphs (font typefaces) represent the same grapheme (character): x

a, a, a, a, a, a

Example 1.3 (The ⼭ grapheme). 1 2

2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_sample_pictographs.svg FireFly font: 山; UKai font: 山; Han Wang CC02 font: 山; HanWangKanDaYan font: 山;

page 2

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 1. GRAPHEMES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

Figure 1.1: Pictographs used by the U.S. National Park Service

In Chinese, all of these glyphs (font typefaces) represent the same grapheme (character):

e x

山, 山, 山, 山,

, ,

,

Example 1.4 (Egyptian Hieroglyphs). 3 The English script is mostly phonetic. The Chinese script is mostly ideographic. Egyptian Hieroglphics combines phonetic graphemes (e.g. 𓈖=“h” sound, 𓉔=“n” sound, 𓅘=“w” sound) and ideographic graphemes (e.g. 𓏊=liquid, 𓀊=jubilation, 𓀕=man, 𓀭=woman, |||=plural) Here are some examples:

𓈖𓉔𓅘𓏊 𓈖𓉔𓅘𓀊 𓈖 𓉔 𓅘 𓀕𓀭 | | |

1.

e x

2.

3.

=

h+n+w+liquid

= beer pot

=

h+n+w+jubilation

= rejoicing

=

h+n+w+(man and woman over a plural symbol)

= neighbors

Example 1.5 (Assorted scripts). Here are some examples of scripts and graphemes belonging to those scripts: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙ⋯ΤΥΦΧΨΩ αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυφχψω ABCDEFGHI⋯UVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ‫נסעףפץצקרשתװ אבגדהוזחטיךכלםמן‬ ‫ذرزسشصضطظعغ ابةتثجحخد‬ ᜀᜁᜂᜃᜄᜅᜆᜇᜈᜉᜊᜋᜌᜎᜏ ᜐᜑ

1. 2. 3.

e x

4. 5.

𓀀𓀼𓀂𓀃𓃤𓅊𓍝𓎹𓏞

6.

Greek Latin Hebrew Arabic Tagalog Egyptian Hieroglyphs

📘 Sears (2017): Chinese Etymology ⟨http://hanziyuan.net/#%E5%B1%B1: J21374, S06639, L06208, B14280⟩ 3 📘 Atiya (2006): Ancient Egypt page 52 CC

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1.2. CHINESE GLYPHS

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

1.2 Chinese glyphs By far the most commonly used logographic language in the world today is Chinese. This logograph, as far as current common use is concerned, comes in two forms, traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese. In much of this text, typesetting is performed as illustrated to the right with PinYin (see Section 2.3.1 page 18) on top, the traditional character below that, the simplified character below that, and English meanings below that. Because Chinese is a logographic language, sometimes one can make an educated guess as to the meaning of a grapheme (called a character for the Chinese written language) by the way it “looks”. For example, the character ⼭ means “mountain”, and it kind of looks like a three peak mountain. In some older forms, the resemblence is even closer (see Example 1.3 page 1).

jiàn

⾒⻅

to see

shān

⼭⼭ mountain

But this only really works for some characters. Over the centuries since the publication in 121 A.D. of 說⽂解字 (Shūo Wén Jiě Zì) by 許慎 (Xǔ Shèn), characters are often organized into these six categories:4 ➀ pictographs ➁ ideographs ➂ associative compounds xiàng

xíng

zhǐ

shì

hùi

yì

象象

形形

指指

事事

會会

意意

finger affair

appearance shape

➃ phonetic compounds

➄

to meet meaning

➅ semantic derivations

false barrowings

xíng

shēng

jiě

jià

zhǔan

zhù

形形

聲声

假假

借借

轉转

注注

false to barrow

shape sound

to turn to pour

Example 1.6 (pictographs). Here are some examples of pictographs: shǔi

⽔⽔

streams flowing together

⼊⼊

⼈⼈

roots descending into the ground

lì

to enter dīng

丁丁 nail

4

a person standing two legs

a nail

a tendon

dāo

⼒⼒

⼑⼑

force

knife

jī

⼏⼏

the two legs of a person

rén

⼉⼉ person

person

water rù

rén

a small table or stool

small table

dà

⼤⼤

a knife

resembles a standing person with open arms

big

📘 Ross and heng Sheng Ma (2006): Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide pages 14–15 📘 Harbaugh (2009): 中⽂字譜 Chinese Characters: A Genealolgy and Dictionary 📘 許慎 (121): 說⽂解字注 (Shūo Wén Jiě Zì Zhù, Explanatory Notes of Chinese Characters)



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resembles a person lying down

shī

⼫⼫ corpse

earlier form was an encompassing square

fán

凡凡 all

a hollowed out piece of wood

fāng

⼕⼕

yì


a stake

⼷⼷

丌丌

stake

stool

gān

a shield

⼯⼯

shield

work

⼱⼱

a hanging handkerchief

cloth

an infant with legs bundled together

ži

⼦⼦ son

yě

也也

resembles an open mouth

⼝⼝ mouth

resembles a walking person

qù

去去

mù

an ancient funnel or wash basin

the diagonal and small strokes are below the long horizontal stroke

xià

下下 below

⾒⻅

resembles a tree

wood/tree

to cry

resembles a three peak mountain

xiào

笑笑

resembles a person with two tear drops in the eyes

kū

哭哭

⼭⼭

resembles an eye

jiàn

to see

the vertical and small strokes are above the long horizontal stroke

shàng

上上 above

mountain

to go

⼥⼥

⽊⽊ shān

a kneeling woman

nǚ

woman

also

kǒu

a carpenter's square

gōng

⼲⼲ jīn

a stool or workbench

jī

resembles a smiling person with a moustache

resembles the claw of an animal (e.g. lion)

zhǎo

爪爪 claw/talon

to smile

Moreover, complex characters are sometimes constructed from more primitive ones. If you know the meaning of the primitive characters, it can help suggest the meaning of some complex ones. Example 1.7 (Complex from primitive). lín

林林

resembles two trees (⽊) as in 林=⽊+⽊.

forest xiān

仙仙

保保

resembles a man (⺅, rén) of the mountains (⼭, shán).

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hǎo

好好

life is good for a man who has a wife (⼥=woman, nǚ) and son (⼦, zi)

good

a man (⺅, rén) with a baby (呆, dāi)

to protect CC

森森

resembles three trees as in 森=⽊+⽊+⽊

trees

celestial being bǎo

sēn


= zhou + bā + kǒu

chuán

chuán

船船

船船

⾈⾈

⼋⼋

⼝⼝

boat

boat

boat

8

mouth

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1.3. ONOMATOPOEIA CHARACTERS

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

1.3 Onomatopoeia characters Despite Chinese being a logographic language and therefore characters represent meanings rather than sounds, there are some characters that, although they have meanings, are not primarily used for those meanings, but rather are primarily used just for the sound that they make. That is, these characters represent onomatopoeias. Most of these characters contain the ⼝ (kǒu, mouth) character, indicating that the character represents a sound (made with the mouth). If you wish to write, say, stories for children, then such characters may come in very handy. Table 1.3 provides some examples of such characters, while Example 1.8 (page 7) illustrates their use with sentences.6 Table 1.3: Onomatopoeias characters ā

啊啊 aó

the “ah” sound made such as when scared

嗷=⼝+敖 (aò, proud)

āi

哎哎 bā

嗷嗷

叭叭

cry of hunger

trumpet

bā

bì

吧吧

嗶哔

the expression “hey” or “ah”; can be used together with 唷 as an exclamation as in 哎唷﹗ (āi yó!) the honking sound of a car; 叭=⼝+⼋ (bā, 8)

the “beep” sound of a whistle

(a particle) chī

sound of ripping paper

dāng

metallic crashing sound

噹当

嗤嗤 to sneer dīng

叮叮

used with 咚 (dōng) for the “ding-dong” sound of a doorbell

dōng

咚咚

sound of a drum, sound of falling object impacting the ground

to sting

嘟嘟

the “toot” sound of vehicles such as trains; 嘟=⼝+都 (dū, big city)

嘎嘎

gé

a click

gū

dū

5 6

gā

咯咯

咕咕

a click

to murmur

the “quack quack” sound of ducks as in “嘎嘎” the hooting sound of an owl, the crowing shound of a rooster

船 = ⾈+⼋+⼝: Interestingly enough, this has similarity to the Biblical account of the flood in Genesis 6–9. 📘 (2007a)動物說話 (dòng wù shūo hùa—animals are speaking 1) 📘 (2007b)動物說話 (dòng wù shūo hùa—animals are speaking 2) 📘 (2007d)⽣活說話 (shēng húo shūo hùa—life is speaking 1) 📘 (2007e)⽣活說話 (shēng húo shūo hùa—life is speaking 2) 📘 (2007c)有聲世界 (yǒu shēng shì jiè—sounds of the world) 📘 (2007f)⾞⾞說話 (chē chē de shūo hùa—cars are speaking)



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the “ribbet ribbet” croaking sound of frogs as in “呱呱”

gūa

呱呱


hā

哈哈 to breathe on

7

hāi

the greeting ”Hi”

hǒu

嗨嗨

吼吼

“hi””

to roar

呼=⼝+乎 (hū, at)

hū

呼呼

hūa

嘩哗

the “ha ha” laughing sound as in “哈哈!”, the “achoo” sneezing sound as in 哈啾 (hā jiū) the roaring sound of a lion

sound of a wave; 嘩=⼝+華 (húa, China)

to exhale hùo

the “oink” sound of pigs

jī

唧唧

嚄嚄

the chirping sound of crickets as in “唧唧”

pump jī

嘰叽

the chirping sound of birds as in “嘰嘰”

to talk indistinctly kòu

叩叩

jiū

啾啾

the chirping sounds of birds or insects

chirping sound

the sound of knocking on a door

la

啦啦

to knock miāo

喵喵

the sound of cats as in “喵…喵”

miē

咩咩

the bleating sound (⼝) of goats (⼭⽺);

“meow” móu

哞哞

the lowing sound (⼝) of cows (⽜)

lū

嚕噜

used with 咕 (gū, to murmur) to describe a hungry stomach …as in “咕嚕咕嚕!”

verbose lūo

囉啰

used at end of sentences as in “…oh!”

ō

喔喔

an exclamation or crowing sound of roosters;

to chatter pā

pēng

啪啪

砰砰

pīng

sound of a piano

乒乒

噗噗 the neighing sound of a horse

sī

pū

嘶嘶

sound of a bouncing ball

the “putt putt putt” sound of a slow vehicle

tà

嗒嗒 dejected

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1.3. ONOMATOPOEIA CHARACTERS

sound of crying

wā

the buzzing sound of insects as in “嗡嗡”.

wēng

嗡嗡

哇哇 “toot” or “hoot” sound of vehicles

wū

嗚呜

page 7

Daniel J. Greenhoe

the sound of airplanes as in “咻咻”

xiū

咻咻 din

can be used together with 唷 as an exclamation as in 哎唷﹗ (āi yó!)

yō

唷唷

a squeak; the sound that monkeys make as in “吱吱”

zī

吱吱 a squeak

Example 1.8 (Onomatopoeias).

1. gū gū gū

gōng

咕咕咕 ! 公咕咕咕 ! 公

jī

jiào

zhe

雞鸡

叫叫

著着

tiān liàng

，天亮，天亮

male chicken to call (adverbial)

8

le

。。

了了

sky bright (change of state)

rooster

“Cock-a-doodle-doo!”, the rooster crowed, and the sky became bright again. 2. huáng niú de

dù

zi

è

de

gū

lū

gū

lū

⿈⽜的黄⽜的

肚肚

⼦⼦

餓饿

得得

咕咕

嚕噜

咕咕

嚕噜

9

jiào

叫。叫。

yellow cow 's stomach son hungry to the extent of (a sound) (a sound) (a sound) (a sound) to call stomach

“gurgle”

“gurgle”

Yellow Cow's stomach was so hungry that with a “gurgle gurgle” it called out. 3.

hā

jiū

hā

jiū

bīn

bīn

hǎo

xiàng

gǎn

mào

哈哈

啾 ! 啾 !

哈哈

啾 ! 啾 !

彬彬

彬彬

好好

像像

感感

冒冒

to breathe chirps

to breathe chirps

achoo

achoo

intelligent intelligent good to resemble to feel to seem

Bin-Bin

10

le

了。了。

to emit

to catch a cold

“Achoo! Achoo!” It seems Bin-Bin has caught a cold. 4.

kòu

叩叩 to knock

kòu

kòu

zhè

śhi

mén

wài

xiǎng

q̌i

qiāo

mén

de shēng

yi/-n

!叩 !叩 !這時⾨ !叩 !叩 !这时⻔

外外

響响

起起

敲敲

⾨⻔

的聲的声

⾳⾳

door

('s) sound sound

this time door outside sound to start to knock

to knock at the door 7 8 9 10

sound

📘 ⿈慧敏 (2006): 阿尼要搬家 (ā ní yào bān jiā—Annie wants to move), page 7 📘 張晉霖 (2005b): ⼀塊錢•買⼀個夢 (yí kùai qián ⋅ mǎi yī ge mèng), page 27 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 22 📘 張晉霖 (2005c): 哈啾不⾒了 (hā jiū bú jiàn le—“Achoo” No More), page 1



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11

“Knock knock knock!” There arose the sound of knocking at the door.

。。 5. tā

bǎ

tóu

kào

zài

他把頭他把头

靠靠

在枕在枕

head to lean

he

at

zhěn

tóu

shàng

頭头

上上

ýi

，⼀，⼀

xià

zi

下下

⼦⼦

one

next

son

pillow head on top of

jiù

hū

lū

hū

lū

，就呼嚕呼嚕，就呼噜呼噜 just

a short while ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

pillow

a moment shùi

zháo

睡睡

著着

le

12

了。了。

to sleep a move

He leaned his head against the pillow, and in a brief moment, with a “ZZZZZ” just fell asleep.

to fall asleep

1.4 Radicals Many Chinese characters contain a sub-component called a radical. Identifying this radical can be helpful in recalling the meaning of the character or to locate the character within a Chinese dictionary. Probably the most well known set of radicals is referred to as the Kangxi radicals, and are presented in the following table.13

kāng

xī

bù shǒu

康康

熙熙

部⾸部⾸

health sunny

part head

Kangxi

radical

1 stroke 1. 3. 5.

7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29.

11 12 13

CC

⼀ ȳi ⼂ zhǔ ⼄ y̌i

one dot second

⼆⼈⼊⼌⼎⼐⼒⼔⼖⼘⼚⼜

2 strokes two 8. man 10. enter 12. down box 14. ice 16. open box 18. power 20. spoon 22. hiding enclosure 24. divination 26. cliff 28. again 3 strokes

èr rén rù jiǒng bīng kǎn lì bǐ xì bǔ hǎn yòu

2. 4. 6.

⼁⼃⼅

shù piě júe

line slash hook

⼇⼉⼋⼍⼏⼑⼓⼕⼗⼙⼛

tóu ér bā mì jī dāo bāo fāng shí jié sī

lid legs eight cover table knife wrap right open box ten seal private

📘 張晉霖 (2005e): ⽩雲枕頭 (bái yún zhěn tóu—White Cloud Pillow), page 23 📘 張晉霖 (2005e): ⽩雲枕頭 (bái yún zhěn tóu—White Cloud Pillow), page 27 📘 Allen (2008): The Unicode Standard 5.1.0 ⟨http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2F00.pdf⟩ 📘 McNaughton and Ying (1999): Reading & Writing Chinese… =

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1.4. RADICALS 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 50. 52. 54. 56. 58. 60.

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

⼝⼟⼡⼣⼥⼧⼩⼫⼭⼯⼱⺓⼵⼷⼹⼻

kǒu tǔ zhǐ xī nǚ mián xiǎo shī shān gōng ji/-n yāo yǐn yì jì chì

mouth earth go evening woman roof small corpse mountain work turban short thread long stride shoot snout step

⼼⼾⽀⽂⽄⽆⽈⽊⽌⽎⽐⽒⽔⽖⽘⽚⽜

xīn hù zhī wén jīn wú yūe mù zhǐ shū bǐ shì shǔi zhǎo yáo piàn niú

heart door branch script axe not say tree stop weapon compare clan water claw double x slice cow

⽞⽠⽢⽤⽦⽨⽖⽬⽮⽰⽲⽴

xúan gūa gān yòng pǐ bò zhǎo mù shǐ shì hé lì

profound melon sweet use bolt of cloth dotted tent claw eye arrow spirit grain stand

31. 33. 35. 37. 39. 41. 43. 45. 47. 49. 51. 53. 55. 57. 59.

⼞⼠⼢⼤⼦⼨⺐⼬⼮⼰⼲⼴⼶⼸⼺

wéi shì sūi dà zǐ cùn wāng chè chūan jǐ gān yǎn gǒng gōng shān

enclosure scholar go slowly big child inch lame sprout river oneself dry dotted cliff two hands bow bristle

⼽⼿⽁⽃⽅⽇⽉⽋⽍⽏⽑⽓⽕⽗⽙⽛⽝

gē shǒu pǔ dǒu fāng rì yùe qiàn dǎi wú máo qì hǔo fù qiāng yá qǔan

halberd hand wrap dipper square sun moon lack death do not fur steam fire father half tree trunk fang dog

⽟⽡⽣⽥⽧⽩⽫⽭⽯⽱⽳

yù wǎ shēng tián nì bái mǐn máo shí rǒu xúe

jade tile life field sickness white dish spear stone track cave

4 strokes 61. 63. 65. 67. 69. 71. 73. 75. 77. 79. 81. 83. 85. 87. 89. 91. 93.

62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. 84. 86. 88. 90. 92. 94.

5 strokes 95. 97. 99. 101. 103. 105. 107. 109. 111. 113. 115. 117.

96. 98. 100. 102. 104. 106. 108. 110. 112. 114. 116.

6 strokes 118. 120. 122.

⽵ zhú ⽷ sī ⽹ wǎng

bamboo silk net


119. 121. 123.

⽶ mǐ ⽸ fǒu ⽺ yáng


rice jar sheep version 1.20

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Daniel J. Greenhoe 124. 126. 128. 130. 132. 134. 136. 138. 140. 142. 144. 146.

⽻⽽⽿⾁⾃⾅⾇⾉⾋⾍⾏⾑

yǔ ér ěr ròu zì jiù chǔan gèn cǎo chóng xíng xià


feather and ear meat self mortar oppose stopping grass insect walk enclosure west

125. 127. 129. 131. 133. 135. 137. 139. 141. 143. 145.

⽼⽾⾀⾂⾄⾆⾈⾊⾌⾎⾐

lǎo lěi yù chén zhì shé zhōu sè hū xùe yī

old plow brush minister arrive tongue boat color tiger blood clothes

⾓⾕⾗⾙⾛⾝⾟⾡⾣⾥

jiǎo gǔ shǐ bèi zǒu shēn xīn chùo yǒu lǐ

horn valley pig shell run body bitter walk wine village

⻑⾩⾫⾭

cháng fù zhūi qīng

long mound short tailed bird blue

⾰⾲⾴⾶⾸

gé jiǔ yè fēi shǒu

leather leek leaf fly head

⾻⾽⾿⿁

gǔ biāo chàng gǔi

bone hair sacrificial wine ghost

⿃⿅⿇

niǎo lù má

bird deer hemp

⿉⿋

shǔ zhǐ

millet embroidery

⿍⿏

dǐng shǔ

tripod rat

7 strokes 147. 149. 151. 153. 155. 157. 159. 161. 163. 165.

⾒⾔⾖⾘⾚⾜⾞⾠⾢⾤

jiàn yán dòu zhì chì zú chē chén yì biàn

see speech bean badger red foot cart morning city distinguish

⾦⾨⾪⾬⾮

jīn mén dài yǔ fēi

gold gate slave rain wrong

⾯⾱⾳⾵⾷⾹

miàn wéi yīn fēng shí xiāng

face tanned leather sound wind eat fragrant

⾺⾼⾾⿀

mǎ gāo dòu lì

horse tall fight cauldron

148. 150. 152. 154. 156. 158. 160. 162. 164. 166.

8 strokes 167. 169. 171. 173. 175.

168. 170. 172. 174.

9 strokes 176. 178. 180. 182. 184. 186.

177. 179. 181. 183. 185.

10 strokes 187. 189. 191. 193.

188. 190. 192. 194.

11 strokes 195. 197. 199.

⿂ yú ⿄ lǔ ⿆ mài

fish salt wheat

196. 198. 200.

12 strokes 201. 203.

⿈ huáng ⿊ hēi

yellow black

202. 204.

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frog drum


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Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 11

14 strokes 209.

⿐ bí

nose

210.

⿑ qí

even

⿔ gūi

tortoise

15 strokes 211.

⿒ chǐ

tooth 16 strokes

212.

⿓ lóng

dragon

213.

17 strokes 214.

⿕ yùe

flute



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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

2.1 Languages As of 2009, there were a total of about 6909 “living languages” in the world. Given that the world currently has very sophisticated travel and communication systems, one might suppose that every spoken language in the world is known and has been documented by linguists. However, it is possible that there are still some living languages in the world unknown to the world community at large. In fact, in 2008, a new language called Koro was found in India.1 One use for studying languages is to help discover the origins of remote social groups. For example, people on the islands in the Pacific ocean speak about 1200 different languages. Scientists at Ackland University have used computer analysis on 400 of these languages and say many of these people originally came from Taiwan thousands of years ago (see Figure 2.1 (page 14)).2

2.2 Consonants and Vowels A phoneme is a basic sound in a language. Phonemes are combined together to form phones, or syllable sounds ( Chapter 3 page 21). English has about 39 phonemes; Of these, 24 are consonants and 15 are vowels. 3 Of the vowel sounds, there are about 11 monophthongs and about 4 dipthongs. The phonemes of English are listed in Table 2.1 (page 16). There, the phonemes are transcribed 1

📘 Lewis (2009): Ethnologue: Languages of the World 📘 Wilford (2010): The New York Times 2 http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/research.php 3 📘 Association (1999): Handbook of the International Phonetic Association… pages 41–43 ⟨American English⟩ 📘 Prasad (2008): A Course in Linguistics page 35

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 2. PHONEMES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

Figure 2.1: Pacific language migration

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2.3. PHONETIC SYSTEMS

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 15

using IPA, KK,4 PinYin, and ZhuYin. For help pronouncing the IPA transcription, see http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/ http://www.ipachart.com/ Chinese has about 29 phonemes (Table 2.2 page 17) Of these, about 23 are consonants and about 11 are vowels. Of the vowel phonemes, there are about 9 monophthongs (單元⾳) and about 2 dipthongs (雙元⾳).

2.3 Phonetic Systems The challenge with all language scripts, is with what sound a grapheme (a “letter” or “character”) represents. This is a particular problem with logograms, such as the set of Chinese characters. And this is not just a problem faced by non-Chinese persons trying to learn Chinese, but for native Chinese speaking children who are learning to read and write their own language. For this purpose there are several transcriptions that provide phonetic support for Chinese characters—that is, phonetic systems that let a reader know how he or she should pronounce a given character. Of these systems, the two most common standard systems are5 ➀ (based on the Latin alphabet abc…) Section 2.3.1 page 18 ➁ (based on other symbols ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋ, etc) Section 2.3.2 page 18 Of these two systems, PinYin tends to be more convenient for Westerners who tend in turn to be more familiar with the Latin alphabet. These two transcriptions support the sounds of Mandarin Chinese, but not all the sounds of all the known languages in the world. In fact, they do not even support all the phonemes of English. A much more general transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).6 Much of this transcription is similar to the Latin alphabet, but uses some non-Latin graphemes as well. IPA transcription can be used to represent the phonemes of Chinese, English, and every other known language that can be made audible by the human vocal system (tongue, teeth, lungs, nasal passages, etc.). If concern is restricted to English only, then supporting transcriptions include7 ➂ CMU (based on the Carnegie Mellon University Pronouncing Dictionary) ➃ BEEP (“British English prounciations”) ➄ KK (based on Kenyon and Knott's A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English). The transcription KK, it seems, is currently mostly limited in use to Taiwan. The CMU and BEEP transcriptions use only the basic Latin alphabet (A,B,C,…) and therefore are convenient for processing using computers.

4 5 6 7

📘 Kenyon and Knott (1949): A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English 📘 Kenyon and Knott (1953): A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English 📘 (1991)ISO 7098:1991 📘 Association (1999): Handbook of the International Phonetic Association… 📘 Group: Carnegie Mellon University Pronouncing Dictionary 📘 BEEP dictionary 📘 Kenyon and Knott (1949): A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English 📘 Kenyon and Knott (1953): A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English



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Table 2.1: Phonemes of English Latin 1. p 2. b 3. t 4. d 5. k 6. g 7. ch 8. j 9. m 10. n 11. ng 12. f 13. v 14. th 15. th 16. s 17. z 18. sh 19. z 20. h 21. r 22. y 23. w 24. l 25. ee 26. e 27. a 28. i 29. ir 30. oo 31. ue 32. u 33. a 34. a 35. e 36. i 37. oa 38. ow 39. oy

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IPA p b t d k ɡ ʧ ʤ m n ŋ f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h ɹ j w l iː ɛ æ ɪ ɚ ʊ u ʌ a ə e aɪ o aʊ ɔɪ

KK p b t d k ɡ ʧ ʤ m n ŋ f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h r j w l i ɛ æ ɪ r U

u ʌ a ə e aɪ o aʊ ɔɪ

CMU p b t d k g ch jh m n ng f v th dh s z sh zh hh r y w l iy eh ae ih er uh uw ah aa ao ey ai ow aw oy


PinYin p b t d k ɡ q j m n nɡ f

ZhuYin ㄆㄅㄊㄉㄎㄍㄑㄐㄇㄋㄙㄈ

s

ㄙ

sh

ㄒ

h

ㄏ

y w l i

ㄧㄨㄌㄧ

er

ㄦ

u

ㄨ

ɑ

ㄚ

ei ay ou ao

ㄟㄞㄡㄠ

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example as in pear as in bear as in top as in door as in kite as in girl as in cheese as in jump as in mouse as in net as in sing as in fish as in vet as in math as in th as in socks as in zero as in shoe as in azure as in hat as in rug as in you as in wait as in late as in he as in red as in cat as in lid as in bird as in good as in glue as in bud as in father as in above as in bay as in kite as in goat as in now as in boy

voiced? ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓


2.3. PHONETIC SYSTEMS

PinYin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33. 34. 35.

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 17

Table 2.2: Phonemes of Mandarin Chinese IPA-TW CMU description

ZhuYin

IPA

b c d f g h j k l m n ng p q s t w x y z ch sh zh r a e er i o u ü

ㄅㄘㄉㄈㄍㄏㄐㄎㄌㄇㄋㄆㄑㄙㄊㄨㄒㄝㄗㄔㄕㄓㄖㄚㄜㄦㄧㄛㄨㄩ

b ʦ d f ɡ x ʤ k l m n ŋ p ʧ s t w ɕ j ʤ ʈʂ ʂ ʐ ɻ a ə ɚ iː o u y

b ʦ d f ɡ x ʤ k l m n ŋ p ʧ s t w ʃ j ʤ ʧ ʃ ʤ ɹ a ə ɚ i o u y

ai ao ei o

ㄞㄠㄟㄡ

aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ

aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ


b ts d f g hh jh k l m n ng p ch s t w y z ch sh jh r aa eh er iy uh uw

ay aw ey ow

as the b in boy as the ts in cats and hats as the d in day as the f in fade, fin, and fun the hard g sound in gather, get, give, and gun the h sound in ha ha or happy the j sound in jay or the g sound in gym the k sound in kangaroo or the c sound in cap the l sound in label, lime, and low the m sound in mayor, meet, mow, and mute the n sound in name, new, nine, and no the ng sound in ring the p sound in past, pen, pine, and prune the ch sound in chew the s sound in sand, send, since, and sun the t sound in talk, tent, tick, and tent the w sound in walk, went, and win a semi-shrill form of sh the y sound in yellow the z sound in zebra retroflex sounds (no English equivalent) retroflex sounds (no English equivalent) retroflex sounds (no English equivalent) retroflex sounds (no English equivalent) as the a in father the uh sound as the ai in said the ir sound as in bird the ee sound as the ee in see the short oh sound as the o in nope as the o sound in do the ew sound, with lips rounded, similar to the ew sound in ewe (female sheep). as the i in kite the ow sound as in cow and now. as the ay in say the long oh sound as the o in mow


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2.3.1

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PinYin

hàn yǔ pīn yīn The phonemes of PinYin are listed under “PinYin” in 漢語拼⾳ Table 2.2 (page 17). Chinese/English dictionaries and 汉语 phrase books for English speaking people most often 拼⾳ Han dynasty language piece together sound use Hanyu PinYin to specify the phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters. Chinese pinyin Hanyu PinYin has been adopted by mainland China as the standard phonetic system for Mandarin Chinese. It has been standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as specified in the 1991 standard ISO 7098:1991.8

2.3.2

ZhuYin

An alternative phonetic system to pinyin is 注⾳符號 (zhù yīn fú hào), or here referred to simply as ZhuYin. The phonemes of ZhuYin are described in Table 2.2 (page 17). Alternative names for ZhuYin include the following: ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

BoPoMoFo Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I MPS I Mandarin Phonetic Symbols

zhù

yīn

fú

hào

注注

⾳⾳

符符

號号

to annotate sound

symbol mark

ZhuYin

symbol

based on the first four characters of ZhuYin (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) (國語注音符號第一式) (注音一式) — an abbreviation of ➁ (國語注音符號) — another abbreviation of ➁

If you are interested in learning traditional Chinese characters, then you may find learning ZhuYin very much worth your time. There is a huge number of children's books available written using traditional Chinese characters with ZhuYin beside each character. So even if you do not know many Chinese characters, you will still be able to pronounce accurately each character, will be able to look up the meaning of each character in a dictionary, and can have access to a wealth of language learning material. Many such children's books also come with an audio CD, allowing you to also improve your listening comprehension. Here is a table showing the relationship between ZhuYin and PinYin. Once you know these relationships, you can easily convert the ZhuYin you see in a book to pinyin that is often used in Chinese/English dictionaries. ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊ

ㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐ

b p m f d t

n l g k h j

ㄑㄒㄓㄔㄕㄖ

q xi zhi chi shi re

ㄗㄘㄙㄚㄛㄜ

z c s a o e

ㄝㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢ

ye ai ei ao ou an

ㄣㄤㄥㄦㄧㄨ

en ang eng er yi u

ㄩ ü

Similar to English speaking children's custom of singing the “ABC” song to learn the English alphabet, Chinese speaking children learning ZhuYin often chant the ZhuYin alphabet starting in the upper left corner, going down, and proceeding column by column like this: 8

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2.4. CAVEATS

(start) → → → → → → →

be ne qi zi yi en ü

Daniel J. Greenhoe

→ → → → → →

pe le xi ci ai ang

→ → → → → →

me ge zhi si ei eng

→ → → → → →

fe ke chi a ao er

→ de → he → shi → o → ou → yi

→ → → → → →

te ji re e an u

page 19

↷ ↷ ↷ ↷ ↷ ↷

Here is an example of a very old and very famous Chinese poem (and more recently, a very famous song as well, Section C.4 page 123) using traditional Chinese characters with ZhuYin phonetic symbols:

明月幾時有，把酒問青天。不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年。我欲乘風歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人間。轉朱閣，低綺戶，照無眠。不應有恨，何事長向別時圓。人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。但願人長久，千里共嬋娟。

2.4 Caveats Note that both PinYin and ZhuYin does have some curiosities and accompanying caveats: 1. One might suppose that the ZhuYin “ㄥ” and PinYin “eng” are always pronounced as the IPA “ʌŋ” (English “ung” as in “rung”) sound. Indeed, it does have this sound in almost every instance when it immediately follows a consonant as in the following examples: ㄘㄥ as in 三層 sān céng (3 floors) ㄔㄥ as in 成⼈ chéng rén (an adult) ㄉㄥ as in 等⼀下 děng yi xià (wait a moment) ㄍㄥ as in 更多 gèng dūo (even more) ㄏㄥ as in 橫的 héng de (horizontal) ㄎㄥ as in 坑道 kēng dào (a tunnel) ㄌㄥ as in 冷凍 lěng dòng (freezing) ㄆㄥ as in 碰⾒ pèng jiàn (to meet unexpectedly) ㄓㄥ as in 正⽅ zhèng fāng (a square) However, curiously, when it immediately follows the ZhuYin ㄈ or PinYin fēng zhēng “f”, ㄥ takes on the IPA “uŋ” (ZhuYin ㄨㄥ) sound as in 風箏 (see illustration to the left). The character pair 風箏 is especially curious because ⻛筝 in the first character ⾵ the ㄥ is pronounced with the IPA uŋ (similar to wind zither the English “ong” as in “song”); but in the second character 箏, the ㄥ is kite pronounced with the IPA ʌŋ (English “eng”).

⾵箏

2. One might suppose that the ZhuYin “ㄡ” and PinYin “o” are always pronounced as the IPA “o” (English “o” as in “go”) sound. Indeed, it does have this sound in almost every instance when it immediately follows a consonant as in the following examples: ㄔㄡ as in 小丑 xiǎo chǒu (a clown) ㄉㄡ as in 綠豆 lǜ dòu (green bean) ㄍㄡ as in 小狗 xiǎo gǒu (a puppy) 2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe


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pó

外

婆

外

婆

outside

old woman


However, curiously, when it immediately follows the ZhuYin ㄆ or PinYin “p”, ㄆ takes on the IPA “uo” (ZhuYin ㄨㄛ) sound as in 外婆 or 巫婆.

wū

pó

巫

婆

巫

婆

sorcery

old woman witch

maternal grandmother

2.5 Some vocabulary english 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

language phone sound consonant vowel voiced voiceless syllable english

phonetics phoneme ideograph pictograph

17. 18. 19. 20.

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(grammar)

kk

中⽂

(n)

ˈlæŋɡwɪʣ

(n)

fon

(n)

saʊnd

(n)

ˈkɑnsənənt

(n)

ˈvaʊəl

語⾔聲⾳聲⾳⼦⾳⺟⾳濁⾳的清⾳的⾳節

(adj)

vɔɪst

(adj)

ˈvɔɪslɪs

(n)

ˈsɪləbl

(grammar)

kk

(n)

foˈnɛtɪcs

(n)

ˈfonim

(n)

ɪˈdɪəˌɡræf

(n)

ˈpɪktəˌɡræf

english 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

tone tonal nontonal alphabet script grapheme character glyph

kk

(grammar)

(n)

ton

(adj)

ˈtonl

(adj)

ˈnɑnˌtonl

(n)

ˈælfəˌbɛt

(n)

skrɪpt

(n)

ˈɡræfim

(n)

ˈkærɪktɚ

(n)

ɡlɪf

中⽂

聲有聲的無聲的字⺟字⺟字位字位字形

中⽂

語⾳系⾳素/⾳位形意⽂字象形⽂字


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CHAPTER 3 PHONES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

3.1 How many phones do you have? Chinese has about 401 phones (syllable sounds). English has about 15,831 phones. This result for English is from Chris Barker at New York University's Department of Linguistics. He used the BEEP Pronouncing Dictionary which apparently at the time contained “just over” 16,000 words, but now contains over 250,000 words. It can be freely downloaded from http://svr-www.eng.cam.ac.uk/ comp.speech/Section1/Lexical/beep.html Chris Barker wrote a computer program to find all the syllables in the dictionary.

3.2 Spoken Chinese Spoken Mandarin Chinese has about 401 syllable sounds (phones). In addition to these sounds, there are four tones plus a neutral tone; in general, meanings of sounds change (greatly) based on the tone that the sounds are voiced with. The four tones are referred to as follows: pitch pitch pitch pitch

time first tone (high tone)

time second tone (rising tone)

A

time third tone (low tone)

A A A A

A A

time fourth tone (falling tone)

As previously mentioned, using the correct tone is important, as the meaning of a character can change drastically with a change of tone, as illustrated by Example 3.1 (next) and Example 3.2 (page 22). Example 3.1.

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

tone ➀

CHAPTER 3. PHONES OF MANDARIN CHINESE

marking

-

first tone (high tone)

➁

gē

媽妈

⼋⼋

歌歌

mother

eight

song

má

bá

gé

⿇⿇

拔拔

格格

numbness

to uproot

checks

mǎ

bǎ

gě

⾺⻢

把把

舸舸

horse

handle

barge

mà

bà

gè

罵骂

爸爸

各各

to scold ma

dad ba

each ge

麼么

吧吧

個个

̀

fourth tone (falling tone)

➄

bā

̌

third tone (low tone)

➃

mā

́

second tone (rising tone)

➂

examples

no tone (neutral tone)

(for questions) (for suggestions) (quantifier)

Example 3.2. wǒ

wǒ de

mǔ

我愛我的我爱我的

⺟⺟

I

ài

love

I

's

qīn

親。亲。

mù

qín

我愛我的⽊我爱我的⽊

琴琴

I

mother parent

ài

wǒ de

love

I

's

。。

wood instrument

mother my ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

xylophone my ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

I love my mother (mǔ qīn). tiān tā yǒu bǐ

I love my xylophone (mù qín). tiān tā yǒu bí sāi

jīn

今天她有今天她有 today sky

she

has

⽐⽐

sài

賽。赛。

compared race

jīn

今天她有今天她有 today sky

she

has

⿐⿐

塞塞

nose

plug

。。

today competition ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

stuffy nose today ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

Today she has a competition (bǐ sài). wǒ kàn dào yí ge xǐao tōu

Today she has a stuffy nose (bí sāi). wǒ kàn dào yí ge xǐao tōu

我看到⼀個⼩偷。我看到⼀个⼩偷。 I

CC

wǒ

see arrive one one small steal

我看到⼀個⼩我看到⼀个⼩ I

see arrive one one small

頭头

。。

head

see a thief ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

small head see a ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

I see a thief (xǐao tōu).

I see a small head (xǐao tóu).

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3.2. SPOKEN CHINESE wǒ

tīng

bù

dǒng

我聽不我听不 I

hear

not

懂懂

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Daniel J. Greenhoe nǐ

de

yǔ

yán

你的你的

語语

⾔⾔

understand you

's

。。

speech statement

language your ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ I don't understand your language (yǔ yán). wǒ

tīng

bù

dǒng

我聽不我听不 I

hear

not

懂懂

nǐ

de

yù

yán

你的你的

預预

⾔⾔

understand you

's

。。

advance statement

prediction your ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ I don't understand your prediction (yù yán).

Following is a fairly complete list of the phones (syllable sounds) of Mandarin Chinese.1 The columns “1, 2, 3, 4, n” represent first tone, second tone, third tone, forth tone, and neutral, respectively. A check (✓) in a column signifies that a character with the given sound (“phone”) and tone exists in Mandarin Chinese. “IPA-n” represents International Phoenetic Alphabet narrow transcription. “IPA-b” represents International Phoenetic Alphabet broad transcription. For an audio pronounciation guides of IPA glyphs, see http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/ http://www.ipachart.com/

1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29. 31. 33. 35. 37. 39. 41. 43.

1

PinYin a an ao bai bang bei beng bian bie bing bu cai cang ce ceng chai chang che cheng chong chu chuai

ZhuYin ㄚㄢㄠㄅㄞㄅㄤㄅㄟㄅㄥㄅㄧㄢㄅㄧㄝㄅㄧㄥㄅㄨㄘㄞㄘㄤㄘㄜㄘㄥㄔㄞㄔㄤㄔㄜㄔㄥㄔㄨㄥㄔㄨㄔㄨㄞ

IPA a an ao baɪ baŋ be bʌŋ biɛn biɛ biŋ bu ʦaɪ ʦaŋ ʦɛ ʦʌŋ ʈʂaɪ ʈʂaŋ ʈʂɤ ʈʂʌŋ ʈʂuŋ ʈʂu ʈʂuaɪ

1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

2 3 4 n ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44.

PinYin ai ang ba ban bao ben bi biao bin bo ca can cao cen cha chan chao chen chi chou chua chuan

ZhuYin ㄞㄤㄅㄚㄅㄢㄅㄠㄅㄣㄅㄧㄅㄧㄠㄅㄧㄣㄅㄛㄘㄚㄘㄢㄘㄠㄘㄣㄔㄚㄔㄢㄔㄠㄔㄣㄔㄔㄡㄔㄨㄚㄔㄨㄢ

IPA aɪ aŋ ba ban bao bən bi biao bin bo ʦa ʦan ʦao ʦən ʈʂa ʈʂan ʈʂao ʈʂən ʈʂɹ ʈʂɔu ʈʂua ʈʂuan

1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

2 3 4 n ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓

📘 葉德明 (2000): Far East Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary: 遠東拼⾳漢英辭典 📘 Shibles (1994): Sino-Platonic Papers



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chuang chun ci cou cuan cun da dan dao dei di diao ding dong du dui duo en fa fang fen fo fu gai gang ge gen gong gu guai guang gun ha han hao hei heng hou hua huan hui huo jia jiang jie jing jiu juan jun kai kang

45. 47. 49. 51. 53. 55. 57. 59. 61. 63. 65. 67. 69. 71. 73. 75. 77. 79. 81. 83. 85. 87. 89. 91. 93. 95. 97. 99. 101. 103. 105. 107. 109. 111. 113. 115. 117. 119. 121. 123. 125. 127. 129. 131. 133. 135. 137. 139. 141. 143. 145. CC

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

ㄔㄨㄤㄔㄨㄣㄘㄘㄡㄘㄨㄢㄘㄨㄣㄉㄚㄉㄢㄉㄠㄉㄟㄉㄧㄉㄧㄠㄉㄧㄥㄉㄨㄥㄉㄨㄉㄨㄟㄉㄨㄛㄣㄈㄚㄈㄤㄈㄣㄈㄛㄈㄨㄍㄞㄍㄤㄍㄜㄍㄣㄍㄨㄥㄍㄨㄍㄨㄞㄍㄨㄤㄍㄨㄣㄏㄚㄏㄢㄏㄠㄏㄟㄏㄥㄏㄡㄏㄨㄚㄏㄨㄢㄏㄨㄟㄏㄨㄛㄐㄧㄚㄐㄧㄤㄐㄧㄝㄐㄧㄥㄐㄧㄡㄐㄩㄢㄐㄩㄣㄎㄞㄎㄤ

ʈʂuaŋ ʈʂun ʦ ʦo ʦuan ʦun da dan dao de di diao diŋ duŋ du due duo ən fa faŋ fən fɔ fu ɡaɪ ɡaŋ ɡʌ ɡən ɡuŋ ɡu ɡuaɪ ɡuaŋ ɡun xa xan xao xe xʌŋ xo xua xuan xue xuɔ ʤia ʤiaŋ ŋ ʤiɛ ʤɪŋ ʤiu ʤyan n ʤyn kaɪ kaŋ


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46. 48. 50. 52. 54. 56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. 84. 86. 88. 90. 92. 94. 96. 98. 100. 102. 104. 106. 108. 110. 112. 114. 116. 118. 120. 122. 124. 126. 128. 130. 132. 134. 136. 138. 140. 142. 144. 146. version 1.20

chui chuo cong cu cui cuo dai dang de deng dian die diu dou duan dun e er fan fei feng fou ga gan gao gei geng gou gua guan gui guo hai hang he hen hong hu huai huang hun ji jian jiao jin jiong ju jue ka kan kao

ㄔㄨㄟㄔㄨㄛㄘㄨㄥㄘㄨㄘㄨㄟㄘㄨㄛㄉㄞㄉㄤㄉㄜㄉㄥㄉㄧㄢㄉㄧㄝㄉㄧㄡㄉㄡㄉㄨㄢㄉㄨㄣㄜㄦㄈㄢㄈㄟㄈㄥㄈㄡㄍㄚㄍㄢㄍㄠㄍㄟㄍㄥㄍㄡㄍㄨㄚㄍㄨㄢㄍㄨㄟㄍㄨㄛㄏㄞㄏㄤㄏㄜㄏㄣㄏㄨㄥㄏㄨㄏㄨㄞㄏㄨㄤㄏㄨㄣㄐㄧㄐㄧㄢㄐㄧㄠㄐㄧㄣㄐㄩㄥㄐㄩㄐㄩㄝㄎㄚㄎㄢㄎㄠ

ʈʂui ʈʂuɔ ʦuŋ ʦu ʦue ʦuo daɪ daŋ dɛ dʌŋ diɛn diɛ diu do duan dun ɤ ʌɹ fan fe fuŋ fɔu ɡa ɡan ɡao ɡe ɡʌŋ ɡɔu ɡua ɡuan ɡue ɡuo xaɪ xaŋ xʌ xən xuŋ xu xuaɪ xuaŋ xun ʤi ʤiɛn n ʤiao o ʤɪn ʤiuŋ ŋ ʤy ʤyɛ ka kan kao

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3.2. SPOKEN CHINESE 147. 149. 151. 153. 155. 157. 159. 161. 163. 165. 167. 169. 171. 173. 175. 177. 179. 181. 183. 185. 187. 189. 191. 193. 195. 197. 199. 201. 203. 205. 207. 209. 211. 213. 215. 217. 219. 221. 223. 225. 227. 229. 231. 233. 235. 237. 239. 241. 243. 245. 247.

ke keng kou kua kuan kui kuo lai lang le leng lia liang lie ling long lu lüe lun ma man mao mei meng mian mie ming mo mu nai nang ne nen ni niang nie ning nong nu nuan nuo ou pai pang pei peng pian pin po pu qia

ㄎㄜㄎㄥㄎㄡㄎㄨㄚㄎㄨㄢㄎㄨㄟㄎㄨㄛㄌㄞㄌㄤㄌㄜㄌㄥㄌㄧㄚㄌㄧㄤㄌㄧㄝㄌㄧㄥㄌㄨㄥㄌㄨㄌㄩㄝㄌㄨㄣㄇㄚㄇㄢㄇㄠㄇㄟㄇㄥㄇㄧㄢㄇㄧㄝㄇㄧㄥㄇㄛㄇㄨㄋㄞㄋㄤㄋㄜㄋㄣㄋㄧㄋㄧㄤㄋㄧㄝㄋㄧㄥㄋㄨㄥㄋㄨㄋㄨㄢㄋㄨㄛㄡㄆㄞㄆㄤㄆㄟㄆㄥㄆㄧㄢㄆㄧㄣㄆㄛㄆㄨㄑㄧㄚ

page 25

Daniel J. Greenhoe

kʌ kʌŋ ko kua kuan kue kuɔ laɪ laŋ lɤ lʌŋ lia liɑŋ liɛ lɪŋ luŋ lu lyɛ lun ma man mao me mʌŋ miɛn miɛ miŋ mo mu naɪ naŋ nə nən ni niɑŋ niɛ niŋ nuŋ nu nuan nuɔ o paɪ paŋ pe pʌŋ piɛn pin pɔ pu ʧia


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148. 150.

✓ ✓

152. 154. 156.

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158. 160. 162. 164. 166. 168. 170. 172. 174. 176. 178. 180. 182. 184. 186. 188. 190. 192. 194. 196. 198. 200. 202. 204. 206. 208. 210. 212. 214. 216. 218. 220. 222. 224. 226. 228. 230. 232. 234. 236. 238. 240. 242. 244. 246. 248.

ken kong ku kuai kuang kun la lan lao lei li lian liao lin liu lou lü luan luo mai mang me men mi miao min miu mou na nan nao nei neng nian niao nin niu nou nü nüe o pa pan pao pen pi piao ping pou qi qian

ㄎㄣㄎㄨㄥㄎㄨㄎㄨㄞㄎㄨㄤㄎㄨㄣㄌㄚㄌㄢㄌㄠㄌㄟㄌㄧㄌㄧㄢㄌㄧㄠㄌㄧㄣㄌㄧㄡㄌㄡㄌㄩㄌㄨㄢㄌㄨㄛㄇㄞㄇㄤㄇㄜㄇㄣㄇㄧㄇㄧㄠㄇㄧㄣㄇㄧㄡㄇㄡㄋㄚㄋㄢㄋㄠㄋㄟㄋㄥㄋㄧㄢㄋㄧㄠㄋㄧㄣㄋㄧㄡㄋㄡㄋㄩㄋㄩㄝㄛㄆㄚㄆㄢㄆㄠㄆㄣㄆㄧㄆㄧㄠㄆㄧㄥㄆㄡㄑㄧㄑㄧㄢ


kən kuŋ ku kuaɪ kuaŋ kun la lan lao le li liɛn liao lɪn liu lo ly luan luɔ maɪ maŋ mə men mi miao min miu mɔu na nan nao ne nʌŋ niɛn niao nin niu nɔu ny nyɛ ɔ pa pan pao pən pi piao piŋ po ʧi ʧiɛn

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qiang qie qing qiu quan qun rang re reng rong ru rui ruo sai sang se seng shai shang she shen shi shu shuai shuang shun si sou suan sun ta tan tao teng tian tie tong tu tui tuo wai wang wen wo xi xian xiao xin xiong xu xue

249. 251. 253. 255. 257. 259. 261. 263. 265. 267. 269. 271. 273. 275. 277. 279. 281. 283. 285. 287. 289. 291. 293. 295. 297. 299. 301. 303. 305. 307. 309. 311. 313. 315. 317. 319. 321. 323. 325. 327. 329. 331. 333. 335. 337. 339. 341. 343. 345. 347. 349. CC

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

ㄑㄧㄤㄑㄧㄝㄑㄧㄥㄑㄧㄡㄑㄩㄢㄑㄩㄣㄖㄤㄖㄜㄖㄥㄖㄨㄥㄖㄨㄖㄨㄟㄖㄨㄛㄙㄞㄙㄤㄙㄜㄙㄥㄕㄞㄕㄤㄕㄜㄕㄣㄕㄕㄨㄕㄨㄞㄕㄨㄤㄕㄨㄣㄙㄙㄡㄙㄨㄢㄙㄨㄣㄊㄚㄊㄢㄊㄠㄊㄥㄊㄧㄢㄊㄧㄝㄊㄨㄥㄊㄨㄊㄨㄟㄊㄨㄛㄨㄞㄨㄤㄨㄣㄨㄛㄒㄧㄒㄧㄢㄒㄧㄠㄒㄧㄣㄒㄩㄥㄒㄩㄒㄩㄝ

ʧiaŋ ʧiɛ ʧiŋ ʧiɔ ʧyan ʧyn ɻaŋ ɻɤ ɻʌŋ ɻuŋ ɻu ɻue ɻuɔ saɪ saŋ sɤ sʌŋ ʂaɪ ʂaŋ ʂʌ ʂən ʂɹ ʂu ʂuaɪ ʂuaŋ ʂun sɯ so suan sun ta tan tao tʌŋ tiɛn tiɛ tuŋ tu tueɪ tuo waɪ waŋ wɛn wo ɕi ɕiɛn ɕiao ɕin ɕiɔŋ ɕy ɕyɛ


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250. 252. 254. 256.

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266. 268. 270. 272. 274. 276. 278. 280. 282. 284. 286. 288. 290. 292. 294. 296. 298. 300. 302. 304. 306. 308. 310. 312. 314. 316. 318. 320. 322. 324. 326. 328. 330. 332. 334. 336. 338. 340. 342. 344. 346. 348. 350.

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qiao qin qiong qü que ran rao ren ri rou ruan run sa san sao sen sha shan shao shei sheng shou shua shuan shui shuo song su sui suo tai tang te ti tiao ting tou tuan tun wa wan wei weng wu xia xiang xie xing xiu xuan xun

ㄑㄧㄠㄑㄧㄣㄑㄩㄥㄑㄩㄑㄩㄝㄖㄢㄖㄠㄖㄣㄖㄖㄡㄖㄨㄢㄖㄨㄣㄙㄚㄙㄢㄙㄠㄙㄣㄕㄚㄕㄢㄕㄠㄕㄟㄕㄥㄕㄡㄕㄨㄚㄕㄨㄢㄕㄨㄟㄕㄨㄛㄙㄨㄥㄙㄨㄙㄨㄟㄙㄨㄛㄊㄞㄊㄤㄊㄜㄊㄧㄊㄧㄠㄊㄧㄥㄊㄡㄊㄨㄢㄊㄨㄣㄨㄚㄨㄢㄨㄟㄨㄥㄨㄒㄧㄚㄒㄧㄤㄒㄧㄝㄒㄧㄥㄒㄧㄡㄒㄩㄢㄒㄩㄣ

ʧiao ʧin ʧiuŋ ʧy ʧyɛ ɻan ɻao ɻən ɻ ɻo ɻuan ɻʌn sa san sao sən ʂa ʂan ʂao ʂe ʂʌŋ ʂɔ ʂua ʂuan ʂue ʂuo suŋ su sue suɔ taɪ taŋ tɛ ti tiao tiŋ to tuan tʌn wa wan we wʌŋ wu ɕia ɕiɛŋ ɕiɛ ɕiŋ ɕio ɕuan ɕyn

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3.2. SPOKEN CHINESE 351. 353. 355. 357. 359. 361. 363. 365. 367. 369. 371. 373. 375. 377. 379. 381. 383. 385. 387. 389. 391. 393. 395. 397. 399. 401.

ya yan yao yi ying you yuan yun zai zang ze zen zha zhan zhao zhen zhi zhou zhua zhuan zhui zhuo zong zu zui zuo

ㄧㄚㄧㄢㄧㄠㄧㄧㄥㄧㄡㄩㄢㄩㄣㄗㄞㄗㄤㄗㄜㄗㄣㄓㄚㄓㄢㄓㄠㄓㄣㄓㄓㄡㄓㄨㄚㄓㄨㄢㄓㄨㄟㄓㄨㄛㄗㄨㄥㄗㄨㄗㄨㄟㄗㄨㄛ

page 27

Daniel J. Greenhoe

ja jɛn jao ji jiŋ ju jyan jyn ʣaɪ ʣaŋ ʣɤ ʣən ʐa ʐan ʐao ʐən ʐɹ ʐɔu ʐua ʐuan ʐui ʐuo ʣuŋ ʣu ʣui ʣuo


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352. 354. 356. 358. 360. 362. 364. 366. 368. 370. 372. 374. 376. 378. 380. 382. 384. 386. 388. 390. 392. 394.

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396. 398. 400.

yai yang ye yin yong yu yue za zan zao zei zeng zhai zhang zhe zheng zhong zhu zhuai zhuang zhun zi zou zuan zun

ㄧㄞㄧㄤㄧㄝㄧㄣㄩㄥㄩㄩㄝㄗㄚㄗㄢㄗㄠㄗㄟㄗㄥㄓㄞㄓㄤㄓㄜㄓㄥㄓㄨㄥㄓㄨㄓㄨㄞㄓㄨㄤㄓㄨㄣㄗㄗㄡㄗㄨㄢㄗㄨㄣ


jaɪ jɑŋ jɛ jin jɔŋ jy jyɛ ʣa ʣan ʣao ʣe ʣʌŋ ʐaɪ ʐaŋ ʐɤ ʐʌŋ ʐuŋ ʐzu ʐuaɪ ʐuaŋ ʐun ʣɯ ʣo ʣuɛn ʣun

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page 28

CC

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Daniel J. Greenhoe



version 1.20


CHAPTER 4 GRAMMAR

4.1 Personal pronouns dài

míng

代

cí

名詞

代

名

词

substitute

name

word

noun ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

In English, personal prounouns often change substantially depending on gender (e.g. he, she, it) grammatical number (e.g. he, them) grammatical case (e.g. he, his)

pronoun

In Mandarin Chinese, such modifications are simplier. The spoken form of Mandarin does not distinguish between different genders of pronouns. “He”, “she”, and “it” are all pronounced “tā”. However the written form of Mandarin does distinguish gender. “He” is written 他, “she” is written 她, “it” is written 牠. A singular pronoun becomes plural by adding the 們 (mén) character to the end. A pronoun becomes possessive by adding the 的 (de) character to the end. Specific examples of pronouns are listed in Vocabulary Table 4.1 (page 29). Table 4.1: Personal pronouns English I

you (singular)

Chinese (中⽂) wǒ

English we


mén

我我

我我

們们

I

I

(plural)

nǐ

mén

你你

你你

們们

you

you (plural)

nǐ

you (plural)

continued on the next page …

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 4. GRAMMAR …continued from the previous page

English he

Chinese (中⽂) tā

mén

他他

他他

們们

he

he (plural)

them (femenine)

tā

tā

mén

她她

她她

們们

she

she (plural)

them (neuter)

tā

my

tā

mén

它它

它它

們们

it

it

(plural)

wǒ de

our

wǒ de

我的我的 your (singular)

his

I

('s)

nǐ

de

de

我的的我的的 your (plural)

I

('s)

nǐ

mén

('s) de

你的你的

你們的你们的

you ('s)

you

tā

de

their (masculine)

('s)

tā mén

de

他的他的

他們的他们的

he

he

her

tā

it's


she

it

English them (masculine)

de

their (femenine)

tā

('s) mén

de

她的她的

她們的她们的

she ('s)

she

tā

de

their (neuter)

de

它們的它们的

它的它的 it

tā mén

('s)

('s)

it

('s)

In English, when we want to emphasize a noun or pronoun, we might do so by adding some word after the noun/pronoun such as in “I myself”, “he himself”, “they themselves”, “Mary herself”, “The President himself”, etc. In Chinese, a similar effect can be achieved by the Chinese character 才 (cái) or 則 (zé). Examples appear in Example 4.1 (next).

Example 4.1 (I myself). CC

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4.2. QUANTIFIERS

1. wǒ

1

cái

tǎo

yàn

nǐ

ne

我才我才

討讨

厭厌

你你

呢呢

I

only

page 31

Daniel J. Greenhoe

I myself loathe you!

! !

to demand to detest you (a sound) to loathe

I myself

2. bà ba

zé

fù

zé

tūi

shǒu

tūi

chē

爸爸爸爸

則则

負负

責责

推推

⼿⼿

推推

⾞⻋

duty

to push

dad dad as for him to bear dad

2

。。

hand to push wheeled devices ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

to be in charge of

shopping cart

Dad, as for him, was in charge of pushing the shopping cart.

4.2 Quantifiers For every noun in Chinese, there is a quantifier character, or measure words (MW). So when you talk about a number of something, the quantifier goes between the number and the noun. The most common quantifier is 個 (ge). And when in doubt, just use the the 個 quantifier and you will be understood, howbeit possibly using substandard Chinese. Vocabulary Table 4.2 (next) provides some quantifiers used in Chinese. Table 4.2: quantifiers for countable nouns quantifier useage bǎ things with long 把 handles 把 handle běn

books

examples chǎn

comb son

shovel

comb

shū

stem

book

部部

zi

shovel son

書书 vehicles

shū

鏟⼦，梳⼦铲⼦，梳⼦

本本 bù

zi

chē

zi

⾞⻋

⼦⼦

vehicle son

part

vehicle dòng

棟栋 main beam

buildings

mù

wū

⽊⽊

屋屋

wood house cottage continued on the next page …

1 2

📘 張晉霖 (2005e): ⽩雲枕頭 (bái yún zhěn tóu—White Cloud Pillow), page 1 📘 Young and Kim (2003c): ⽑蟲家族去購物 The caterpillar family goes shopping, page 8



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quantifier dùan

段段

useage a length of things

examples śhi

jiān

時时

間间

liǔ

，柳，柳

time between

paragraph

tiáo

條条

willow

time

stip

willow twig

meals

dùn

頓顿 pause

flowers

dǔo

hūa

朵朵

花花 flower

letters (of correspondence)

fēng

封封

xiǹ

信信 letter

to seal

copies of documents, gifts

fèn

份份 portion

pictures, paintings

fu

幅幅

bào

zhǐ

紙，纸，

報报

lǐ

wù

禮礼

物物

to report paper

ceremony matter

newspaper

gift

hùa

畫画 picture

width of cloth

general purpose quantifier

ge

個个 (quantifier)

root like things

gēn

根根 roots

shù

zhī

樹树

⽀⽀

，，

hú

lúo

bo

胡胡

蘿萝

蔔蔔

creeping plant edible roots reckless ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

tree branch branch

things with doors

hù

⼾户 door

carrot

rén

jiā

⼈⼈

家家

biān

zi

，鞭⼦，鞭⼦ whip son whip

people household household continued on the next page …

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4.2. QUANTIFIERS

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…continued from the previous page

quantifier jiān

間间

useage houses and rooms

room

examples fáng

zi

房⼦房⼦ house son house

jiā

companies

家家

gōng

sī

公公

司司

public in charge of

household

company jiàn

matters

件件 document

shì

qińg

事事

情情

affairs situation a matter

kē

棵棵

trees, and small objects

⼝⼝

objects with openings

mouth kuài

塊块

bèi

ké

球，⾙球，⻉ ball

(quantifier) kǒu

qiú

cǎo

殼，草壳，草

méi

莓莓

fān

，番，番

qié

茄茄

shellfish shell

straw berries

a sort of eggplant

shell

strawberry

tomato

shù

，樹，树

tree

jǐng

井井 well

chunks of things

chunk

jī

mù

積积

⽊⽊

to accumulate wood building blocks

lì

small items

粒粒 granule

niǔ

kòu

鈕钮

扣扣

button to button clothing button

liàng

vehicles

輛辆

qì

chē

汽汽

⾞⻋

steam vehicle car miàn

⾯⾯ face to face

things with a face

jiǹg

zi

鏡⼦镜⼦ mirror son mirror continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe


quantifier pī

匹匹

useage pack animals

examples mǎ

bān

mǎ

⾺，斑⻢，斑

equal to

horse

⾺⻢

spots horse zebra

wide and flat objects

piàn

⽚⽚ slice

hūa

yúan

花花

園园

flower

garden

flower garden tái

台台 platform

heavy machines and appliances class session

táng

堂堂

diàn

shì

電电

視视

diàn

nǎo

，電，电

腦脑

electric to look at

electric brain

television

computer

kè

課课 lesson

hall

long ribbon-like objects

tiáo

條条 long strip

lù

yú

road

fish

路，⿂路，⻥

(see also 尾 wěi)

máo

jīn

，⽑⼱，⽑⼱ hair cloth towel

large animals

tóu

頭头

niú

dà

⽜，⼤⽜，⼤

head

cow

fish

wěi

⿂⻥

tail

fish

wèi

位位 location

polite quantifier for people; can also use 個 (ge) lamps

zhǎn

象象

shī

zi

，獅⼦，狮⼦

big elephant

lion son

elephant

lion

(more commonly 條 tiáo)

yú

尾尾

xiàng

nǚ

hái

⼥⼥

孩孩

(see also Example 4.2 page 35)

female child girl yóu dēng

油燈油灯

盞盏 small cup

oil

lamp

oil lamp continued on the next page …

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4.3. ADJECTIVES

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Daniel J. Greenhoe


quantifier

useage flat objects

zhāng

examples zhǐ

tiáo

張张

紙纸

條条

to spread

paper

strip

shū zhūo

chúang

book table

bed

，書桌，床，书桌，床 desk

slip of paper

animals (both big and small), hand-held stick-like utensils

zhī

隻只 single

dà

xiàng

⼤⼤

象象

hú

dié

，蝴，蝴

kùai

，，

蝶蝶

筷筷

zi

yá

shūa

⼦，⽛⼦，⽛

刷刷

big elephant

butterfly butterfly

chopsticks son

tooth brush

elephant

butterfly

chopsticks

toothbrush

An interesting way to make a noun plural is to double the quantifier in front of it, as illustrated in Example 4.2 (next). Example 4.2 (plural form using double 位). zhè

xiē

tiān

é

這些天鵝这些天鹅

e x

tú

rán

biàn

chéng

突突

然然

變变

成成

yí

wèi

⼀位⼀位

wèi

nǚ

hái

位位

⼥⼥

3

孩。孩。

this some sky goose suddenly just so become accomplish one (mw) (mw) female child swan

these

become

suddenly

girl

These swans suddenly became girls.

4.3 Adjectives xíng

róng

cí

形形

容容

詞词

appearance contain

word

to describe ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

As in English, an adjective in Chinese often comes before the noun it describes.

adjective

Example 4.3 (Common adjectives describing size). dà

xǐao

cháng

dǔan

gāo

aǐ

kūan

zhǎi

pàng

shòu

zhòng

qīng

⼤⼤

⼩⼩

⻑⻓

短短

⾼⾼

矮矮

寬宽

窄窄

胖胖

瘦瘦

重重

輕轻

big

small

long

short

tall

short

wide

narrow

fat

thin

heavy

light

3

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999c): 天鵝湖 (tiān é hú—Swan Lake), page 6



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CHAPTER 4. GRAMMAR

4.4 Questions wèn

tí

問題问

题

to ask

a subject

question

Questions in English are often expressed with the assistance of changing the tone of the sentence—often using a rising tone. Sometimes boolean questions(where the response is expected to be either true or false) are expressed using the “or not” clause as in “Are you coming or not?” In Chinese, tone is used to express the meaning of individual words and so tone alone is not such a good option for expressing questions in Chinese.

There are three basic forms of asking questions in Chinese: 1. Placing the 嗎 character at the end of an interrogative sentence as illustrated in the left half of Sentence Table 4.4 (page 36). 2. Using a question word such as 什麼, 誰, 怎麼, 哪裡, or 哪個 as described in Vocabulary Table 4.3 (page 36).

ma

嗎吗 (?)

3. Using a boolean construction such as verb not verb as illustrated in the right half of Sentence Table 4.4 (page 36). Table 4.3: Question words English

Chinese (中⽂)

how

English

Chinese (中⽂)

what

zěn me

shé me

怎麼怎么

什麼什么 what

who

where

which

nǎ

lǐ

哪哪

裡⾥

něi

哪個哪个

where inside

who

ge

which

why

shéi

wèi

shé me

為什麼为什么

誰谁

for

what

Table 4.4: Boolean question sentences English Do you want to eat?

Chinese (中⽂) nǐ

yào

chī

fàn

ma

你要吃飯嗎 ? 你要吃饭吗 ? you

want

eat

rice

English Do you want to eat?

(?)


yào

bú

yào

chī

fàn

你要不要吃飯你要不要吃饭 you

want

not

want

eat

rice

ma

嗎 ? 吗 ? (?) continued on the next page …

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4.4. QUESTIONS

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Daniel J. Greenhoe


English Do you have old newspapers?


yǒu

jiù

English Do you have old newspapers?

de

你有舊的你有旧的 you have

old (adj)


yǒu

méi

報报

you have

old (adj)

not

ma

bào

zhǐ

ma

紙纸

嗎 ? 吗 ?

報报

紙纸

嗎 ? 吗 ?

newspaper

shì

lǜ

sè

de

是是

綠绿

⾊⾊

的嗎 ? 的吗 ?

is

old

(?)

inform paper

newspaper

Is it the green one?

have

not have

(?)

de

舊的旧的

zhǐ

inform paper

jiù

你有沒有你有没有

old bào

yǒu

green color

(adj)

Is it the green one?

ma

shì

bú

shì

lǜ

是不是綠是不是绿

(?)

is

not

is

sè

de

⾊⾊

的 ? 的 ?

green color (adj)

green

green

Table 4.5: Miscellaneous Question words English Excuse me, can I ask …

Chinese (中⽂) qǐng wèn …

請请

English to consult

Chinese (中⽂)

問问

to request to ask

is it possible that …

nán

dào

難难

道道

qǐng

jiào

請请

教教

4

to request to teach

difficult road

Table 4.6: Question sentences English Is it possible that someone is playing a practical joke?

Chinese (中⽂) nán

dào

yǒu

rén

難难

道道

有有

⼈⼈

difficult

road

is it possible that

have person

è

zùo

惡作恶作

jù

劇剧

5

? ?

evil to do a play ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ practical joke continued on the next page …

4 5

📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 59 📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008c): 流浪貓 (liú làng māo) The vagrant cat, page 18



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English Is it possible that all of us wolves have always been this bad?

Chinese (中⽂) wǒ men yě

láng

nán

dào

yǒng

我們野我们野

狼狼

難难

道道

永永

road

always

I

(s)

wild wolves difficult

we

me

huài ma

6

遠都這麼壞嗎 ? 远都这么坏吗 ? far

bad (?)

all this

always

is it possible that

wolves

yǔan dōu zhè

like this

4.5 Conditionals tiáo

jiàn

zǐ

條

件

条

件

⼦

orderliness

document

seed

jù

rú

gǔo

如

果

句

如

sentence

according to

⼦句

zhǐ

yào

果

只

要

fruit

only

want

provided that

if

clause conditions ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

只要

conditional

4.6 Conjunctions sūi

rán

hàn

雖虽

然然

although just like that

qí

shí

hái shì

和和

其實其实

還是还是

and

that true

still is

in fact

or

although hái

réng

rán

yú shì

biàn

還还

仍仍

然然

於是于是

便便

still

still just like that

at that

thereupon

still

thus

jū

rán

cái néng

hái bú shì

居居

然然

才能才能

還不是还不是

to live at just like that

only can

still not

unexpectedly

so as to

is

Example 4.4 (Conjunctions).

6

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4.6. CONJUNCTIONS

1.

èn

… zě

嗯嗯

怎怎

Hmmm

page 39

Daniel J. Greenhoe

yàng

cái néng

/-xi

yǐn

chá

樣样

才能才能

吸引吸引

查查

lǐ

7

chī

wǎn

cān

ne

裡吃⾥吃

晚晚

餐呢 ? 餐呢 ?

who shape only can inhale pull to check inside eat evening meal attact

so as to

how

Charlie

dinner

Hmmm …What can be done to entice Charlie to eat dinner? 2. wǒ

zúo

tiān

hái bú shì

bèi

我昨我昨

天天

還不是还不是

被他被他

sky

not is still ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

by

I

past

yesterday

tā

he

8

xià

de

bàn

sǐ

嚇吓

的的

半半

死死

half

death

to scare to the extent of

! !

half to death

as well

Yesterday I as well was scared half to death by him! Table 4.7: Contrasting conjuctions English

Chinese (中⽂)

but

qùe

English furthermore

Chinese (中⽂)

卻却

ér

qiě

⽽⽽

且且

and/but just

nevertheless

hái shì

9

not only

bú dàn

還是还是

不但不但

still that

on the contrary

not but

xiāng

fǎn

相相

反反

10

instead

fǎn

ér

反反

⽽⽽

contrary and/but

mutually opposite

Example 4.5 (Contrasting conjuctions). kǒu

bù

kě

le

dù

zi

⼝不渴了，肚⼦⼝不渴了，肚⼦

e x

mouth not thirsty

belly son

qùe

è

卻却

餓饿

however hungry

le

了 ! 了 !

11

The mouth is no longer thirsty, but the stomach however becomes hungry!

stomach

Chinese is remarkably relaxed when it comes to the use of the conjuction and. In particular, this conjunction is very often left out altogether when expressing two events that happen in succession, as illustrated in Example 4.6 (next). 7 8 9 10 11

📘 Stephens (1999): 我真的很忙 (I'm Too Busy), page 6 📘 張晉霖 (2006a): 給貓咪挂鈴鐺 (Hang a Bell on the Cat), page 4 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 4 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 10 📘 李美華 (2008a): 讓⼈思念的⼩章⿂—The Little Octopus …, page 14



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CHAPTER 4. GRAMMAR

Example 4.6 (Conjunction and). dǎ

kāi

dà

mén

打打

開开

⼤⼤

⾨⻔

to beat to open big

door

to open

e x

xiǎo

，⼩，⼩

qiàn

fā

xiàn

mā

ma

qù

茜茜

發发

現现

媽妈

媽妈

去去

little madder to send out current mother mother to go

front door

to discover

shàng

bān

hái méi

húi

上上

班班

還沒还没

回回

up

shift

still no to back to home

to be at work

yòu

mother

12

jiā

Opening the front door, Little Qian discovered that Mother had gone to work and had not yet returned home.

家。家。

to return home

yòu

⼜

⼜

again

again

⼜

The English sentence pattern “both and ” can be expressed in Chinese using the pattern illustrated to the left. Examples follow in Example 4.7 (page 40).

⼜

Example 4.7 (Both

1. xiǎo

⼩⼩ little

wū

and

).

yā

yòu

è

yòu

烏鴉乌鸦

⼜⼜

餓饿

⼜⼜

kě

13

渴。渴。

The little crow was both hungry and thirsty.

black crow again hungry again thirsty crow 14

2. xiǎo māo yòu shī yòu lěng

⼩貓⼜濕⼜冷。⼩猫⼜湿⼜冷。

The kitten was both wet and cold.

little cat again wet again cold kitten

bú

shì

jiù

不是不

是

not

is

shì

就是就

The

是 is

(either)

(or) ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ either

Example 4.8 (either 12 13 14

CC

English sentence pattern “either or ” can be expressed in Chinese using the pattern illustrated to the left. Examples follow in Example 4.8 (page 41).

or

or

).

📘 李美華 (2008b): 避⾬ (bì yǔ) Taking shelter from the rain, page 15 📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 57 📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008c): 流浪貓 (liú làng māo) The vagrant cat, page 10 =

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4.6. CONJUNCTIONS bà

ba

pińg cháng

爸爸平爸爸平

page 41

Daniel J. Greenhoe

常常

dad dad

level usually

dad

usual

dùi

tāng

mǔ

bú

shì

mà

, jiù

shì

對对

湯汤

姆姆

不是不是

罵骂

就就

是是

as regards soup governess

not

is

to scold

打。打。 beat

is

(either)

Tom

15

dǎ

no other than

Dad's usual approach to Tom was when not scolding him, he was beating him.

bù

jǐn

only

and

just

The English sentence pattern “not only , but also ” can be expressed in Chinese using either of the patterns shown to the left. Examples follow in Example 4.9 (next).

but also

not only bù dàn

hái yào

，，

不但不但 not

qǐe

，⽽且，⽽且

不僅不仅 not

ér

還要还要 still want

but

not only

Example 4.9 (not only

1. wǒ bú dàn

but also

xiǎng

我不但我不但

jiàn

).

nǐ

hǎo

hǎo

⾒你，還要好好⻅你，还要好好

想想

not but would like to to see you

I

hái yào

gǎn

xiè

感感

謝谢

nǐ

16

ne

你呢 ! 你呢 !

still want good good to feel to thank you all out

to thank

I not only want to see you, I also want to all out thank you!

2.

gúo

wáng bù

國国

jǐn

dāng

miàn

kūa

jiǎng

當当

⾯⾯

誇夸

獎奖

王不僅王不仅

country king not only equal face king not only in someone's presence le

xǔ

了許了许

dūo

jīn

多今多今

bì

幣币

gěi

tā mén

much

15 16 17

gold

s

ér

qǐe

hái shǎng

cì

他們，⽽且還賞賜他们，⽽且还赏赐

praise reward he to commend

s

them

and

just still reward gift

but also

award

17

給他們。给他们。

allow much gold currency to give he

tā mén

The king not only face to face commended them, but also awarded them with much gold.

them

📘 蘇錦梅 (1999): 乞丐王⼦ (qǐ gài wáng zǐ—The Prince and the Pauper), page 2 📘 李美華 (2008a): 讓⼈思念的⼩章⿂—The Little Octopus …, page 22 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999b): 三劍客 (sān jiàn kè—The Three Musketeers), page 18



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 4. GRAMMAR

4.7 Interjections gěn

tàn

yǔ

感歎

嘿

語

嘿

语

歎

感

hēi

hey

language sigh to feel ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

wā

èn

哇

嗯

哇

嗯

wow

Hmmm

interjection

Example 4.10 (Interjections). For example using “Hmmmm”, see Example 4.4 (page 38).

4.8 Prepositional phrases lái

來

Expressing the purpose of some action can be accomplished using the 來 character, which means “to come”. In this context, it can be translated as “to”, “so that”, or “for the purpose of”. This is illustrated in Example 4.11 (next).

来 to come

Example 4.11 (for the purpose of).

1. xiǎo láng

júe

diǹg

dūo

zùo

hǎo

shì

lái

jiàn

lì

yě

láng

⼩狼⼩狼

決决

定定

多多

做好做好

事事

來来

建建

⽴⽴

野野

狼的好狼的好

little wolf to decide to fix many to do good xiàng

形形

象象

hǎo

to come to establish to stand wild wolves ('s) good

good deeds

to resolve xińg

affairs

de

to build up

18

。。

Little Wolf resolved to do many good deeds to build up the good image of wild wolves.

appearance appearance image

2. wǒ zhēn bù

yīng

gāi

chū

hùai

zhǔ

yì

lái

zhūo

nòng

我真不應我真不应

該该

出出

壞坏

主主

意意

來来

捉捉

弄弄

really not should should to exit bad owner meaning to come to catch

I

should

idea

tā

19

她。她。 her

to play a joke on

I really shouldn't come up with bad ideas to play tricks on her. 18 19

CC

📘 腸⼦ (2006): ⼩狼的禮物 (xiǎo láng de lǐ wù—Little Wolf's gift), page 5 📘 狐狸與鸛⿃ (hú lí yǔ gùan niǎo) The Fox and the Stork, page 15 =

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4.9. MORE

3. tā men dōu cóng

他們都從他们都从 he

page 43

Daniel J. Greenhoe lǐ

shēn

chū

tóu

lái

tàn

wàng

家家

裡⾥

伸伸

出出

頭头

來来

探探

望望

20

。。

from home inside to stretch to exit head to come to investigate to look over

all

(s)

jiā

they

to stick out

to look about

They all stuck their heads out of their houses to look around.

4.9 More In English, there is a sentence pattern “the more I , the more I ”. This same pattern in Chinese can be accomplished using either the 越 (yùe, to get over) character or the 愈 (yù, more and more) character, as illustrated to the right. The 越 (yùe) pattern is the one most often used in conversation, whereas the 愈 (yù) pattern is more often confined to appearances in literature.

yùe

yùe

越越

越越

(verb)

more yù

愈愈

(verb)

more yù

愈愈

(verb)

more

(verb)

more

Example 4.12 (More more).

1. tā men /`yi

qǐ

dàng

qiū

盪荡

鞦鞦

他們⼀起他们⼀起 he

tù

dàng

yùe

gāo

21

越⾼。越⾼。

盪荡

more to swing more high

swing

together zi

yùe

韆，越韆，越

one to rise to swing swing swing

(s)

they

2.

qiān

yù

kàn

yù

bù

xǐ

hūan

兔⼦愈兔⼦愈

看看

愈不喜愈不喜

/`zi

歡⾃欢⾃

jǐ

shēn

shàng

⼰⼰

⾝⾝

上上

They swang together; the more they swang, the higher they reached.

de yán

sè

22

的顏⾊。的颜⾊。

rabbit son more to look at more not happy joyous self oneself body on top of ('s) face color to like

rabbit

one's own

color

The more the rabbit looked, the more she disliked her own coloration. 3. gōng

公公

jī

雞鸡

yī

tiān

⼀天⼀天

bǐ

⽐⽐

yī

tiān lǎo

yù

⼀天⽼，愈⼀天⽼，愈

male chicken one day to compare one day old

jiào

yù

chī

lì

叫叫

愈愈

吃吃

⼒⼒

more to call

23

。。

more to eat strength exhausting

rooster

Growing ever older day by day, the more Rooster crowed the more exhausting it became. 20 21 22 23

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005h): 獅⼦王的原則 (s̄hi zi wáng de yúan zé) The King of Lion's Principle, page 4 📘 張晉霖 (2005b): ⼀塊錢•買⼀個夢 (yí kùai qián ⋅ mǎi yī ge mèng), page 25 📘 余治瑩 (2006): 彩⾊⼩兔 (cǎi sè xiǎo tù—The colored rabbit), page 7 📘 胡韶真 (2007): 公雞國王 (gōng jī gúo wáng—The rooster named King), page 8



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CHAPTER 4. GRAMMAR

Similes

rú

如

Similes in English are formed using “as” or “like”. Examples include “as thin as a rail”, “as flat as tin”, or “as light as air”. Similes also appear in Chinese using the character 如.

如 as

Example 4.13 (Simile). yì

tóu

gǔ

⼀⼀

頭头

⾻⾻

one

head

bone

one (mw)

shòu

rú

chái

de

mǔ

niú

zhàn

瘦如瘦如

柴柴

的的

⺟⺟

⽜⽜

站站

zài

lù

在路在路

zhōng

中中

yāng

24

央。央。

mother cow to stand at road middle center thin as firewood ('s) ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ cow

middle

bag of bones/thin as a rail

A skin and bones cow, thin as a rail, stood in the center of the road.

24

CC

📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008b): 沙漠中的⼀桶⽔ A bucket of water in the dessert, page 16 =

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CHAPTER 5 VERBS

5.1 Sentence structure zhǔ

cí

dòng

主詞主

词

master

word

As in English, verbs generally come after the subject. However, just as in English (e.g. when waxing poetic), the verb may come before. Example 5.1 (next) illustrates such structure.

cí

動詞动

词

to move

word

verb

subject

Example 5.1 (verb-subject structure). yǒu

tiān

fēi

⼀天⼀天

，⾶，⻜

have one day one day

fly

有有

e x

yī

lái

le

yī

zhī

dà

hú

dié

來了⼀隻来了⼀只

⼤⼤

蝴蝴

蝶蝶

a

come came

(MW)

big

a

1

。 One day, 。 flying along came a butterfly.

butterfly butterfly butterfly

In English, a subject is normally followed by a verb, and consecutive adjectives are often delineated with an “and” or a “but” …as in, “He was very happy and very pleased with himself.” In Chinese however, neither of these is always necessary, as illustrated in Example 5.2 (next). Further examples of no explicit conjunction are provided in Example 4.6 (page 40). Example 5.2 (no explicit verb or conjunction).

e x

xiǎo

bǎi

tù

hǎo

gāo

xìng

⼩⼩

⽩⽩

兔兔

好好

⾼⾼

興兴

little

white rabbit very

high happy happy

1

hǎo

dé

，好得，好得 very

get

yì

意意 meaning

pleased with oneself

📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 1

2

。 Little White Rabbit 。 was very happy, and very pleased with himeself.

page 46

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 5. VERBS

5.2 Number and tense In English, verb forms change substantially depending on number (e.g. he walks, they walk) tense (e.g. they walked, they walk) In particular, English verbs can be either singular or plural, and moreover can be either past tense or present tense. Note that in English, while of course it is possible to express grammatical future tense, English verbs have no future tense.3 Rather, grammatical future tense is expressed by appending a modifier word such as “will” before a present tense verb as in, “I will brush my teeth before going to bed.” In Chinese grammar, life is even simpler. Verb forms do not change with either number or tense. That is, Chinese verbs have no tense4 and Chinese verbs have no number. Just as in English, Chinese has 3 tenses, but Chinese verbs themselves do not.5 English verbs together with modifier words such as “will” have 3 tenses and 4 aspects, giving 3×4=12 states altogether. However, some of these states are not available in Chinese without the addition of some word or words describing situation. For example in English one can say, “I walked.” But in Chinese, there is no way to express this accurately without specifying situation as in “Yesterday I walked” or “Last week I walked.” Example 5.3 (verb tenses). past tense (過去式) I walked. (no Chinese equivalent) I had a dog. (no Chinese equivalent) You gave me a ball. (no Chinese equivalent)

present tense (現在式) I walk. 我走路。 I have a dog. 我有一隻狗。 You give me a ball. 你給我一個球。

qíng

kuàng

情

況

情

况

sentiment

condition

situation

future tense (未來式) I will walk. 我將走路。 I will have a dog. 你將有一隻狗。 You will give me a ball. 你將給我一個球。

Table 5.1: Common verbs English to do

Chinese (中⽂) zùo

English to operate

作作

Chinese (中⽂) cāo

zùo

操操

作作

to handle to do continued on the next page …

3

📘 Greenbaum (1996): The Oxford English Grammar, page 81 English verbs have no future tense. Verbs in Italian (義⼤利語) have future tense. 📘 Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006): An introduction to language and linguistics page 87. Example: past present future English: left leave will leave Italian: lasciato partire partirȧ Chinese: × 離開將離開 4 Other languages in which verbs have no tense include the Australian language Dyirbal (📘 Comrie (1985): Tense page 40) and and Burmese (緬甸語) (📘 Comrie (1985): Tense page 50). At the other extreme, the African laguange Bamileke-Dschang has 11 tenses. (📘 Trask (1999): Key concepts in language and linguistics page 207) 5 📘 Li and Thompson (1989): Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar, page 13 3

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5.2. NUMBER AND TENSE

page 47

Daniel J. Greenhoe


English to see

Chinese (中⽂)

English to look at

kàn

看看

Chinese (中⽂) kàn

zhe

看看

著着

see (adverbial particle)

to look about

tàn

wàng

探探

望望

to look around

to investigate to look afar

to stare at

zhe

kàn

盯盯

著着

看看

to glare at

張张

望望

dèng

zhe

瞪瞪

著着

glare (adv. part.)

to smell

tīng

wàng

to spread to look afar

dīng

fix eyes on (adv. part.) see

to listen

zhāng

wén

聞闻

聽听 listen

to say

to talk

shūo

說说 say

to want

jiǎng

hùa

講讲

話话

to speak talks

to need

yào

要要

xū

yào

需要需要 need want

to like

xǐ

hūan

喜喜

歡欢

to love

愛爱 love

happy cheerful

to eat

to drink

chī

yùan

願愿

hē

喝喝

吃吃 to wish

aì

yì

6

意意

hope idea

6

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 30



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 5. VERBS

Table 5.2: Examples of common verbs English I see you.

Chinese (中⽂) wǒ kàn

dào

nǐ

我看到你。我看到你。 I

see reach you see

I look at you.

wǒ kàn

zhe

我看我看

著着

I

nǐ

你。你。

see (particle) you look at

From inside their homes they stuck out their heads and looked about.

tā

mén

cóng

jiā

lǐ

shēn

chū

tóu

lái

他他

們们

從从

家家

裡⾥

伸伸

出出

頭头

來来

he (plural) from home inside to stretch to exit head to come they

to stick out

tàn

wàng

探探

望望

7

。。

to investigate to look afar to look about

The crow hurriedly exited the hole and peeped around.

wū

yā

烏鴉乌鸦

jí

máng

chū

dòng

zhāng

wàng

急急

忙忙

出出

洞洞

張张

望望

8

。。

black crow urgent busy to exit hole to spread to look afar crow

to look around

hurriedly

5.3 Aspect Verbs in English have two aspects—progressive and perfect.9 A verb can be used with no aspect, one aspect, or both aspects (a total of 4 possibilities): 1. 2. 3. 4.

simple (no aspect) progressive perfect perfect progressive

Aspect is used together with tense to give verbs 12 different possible verb forms. 7 8 9

CC

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005h): 獅⼦王的原則 (s̄hi zi wáng de yúan zé) The King of Lion's Principle, page 4 📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 57 📘 Greenbaum (1996): The Oxford English Grammar, page 81 =

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5.3. ASPECT

page 49

Daniel J. Greenhoe

aspect simple progressive perfect perfect progressive

past

tense present

future

past simple past progressive past perfect past perfect progressive

present simple present progressive present perfect present perfect progressive

future simple future progressive future perfect future perfect progressive le

In English, to change from from simple aspect to perfect aspect, add a form of “have” in front of the verb: had (past tense), have (present tense). Also, the verb changes form, often ending with an “-n” (but not always). In Chinese, add 了 somewhere after the verb.10

了了 (a change of state)

Example 5.4 (Perfect aspect).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

10

English bite blow buy come do draw drive eat feel fight fly forget give go hear ride run see seek sell sing sleep swim take tear teach think write

present Traditional Simplified 咬咬吹吹買买來来做做畫画開开吃吃感覺感觉打架打架⾶⻜忘記忘记給给去去聽听騎骑跑跑看看尋找寻找賣卖唱唱睡睡游泳游泳拿拿撕撕教書教书想想寫写

PinYin yǎo chūi mǎi lái zùo hùa kāi chī gǎn júe dǎ jià fēi wàng jì gěi qù tīng qí pǎo kàn xún zhǎo mài chàng shùi yóu yǒng ná sī jiāo shū xiǎng xiě

past

perfect

bit blew bought came did drew drove ate felt fought flew forgot gave went heard rode ran saw sought sold sang slept swam took tore taught thought wrote

have biten have blown have bought have come have done have drawn have driven have eaten have felt have fought have flown have forgotten have given have gone have heard have ridden have run have seen have sought have sold have sung have slept have swum have taken have torn have taught have thought have written

📘 Li and Thompson (1989): Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar, page 185



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CHAPTER 5. VERBS

In English, to change from simple aspect to progressive aspect, do two things: Add a form of be before the verb and Add -ing after the verb In Chinese, add 正在 in front of the verb.

zhèng

zài

正正

在在

exactly

present

in the process of

Example 5.5. past

Example (例子) present

future

I run home. 我跑回家。 I am running home. 我正在跑回家。

simple

I ran home. (no equivalent Chinese)

progressive

I was running home. (no equivalent Chinese)

perfect

I had run home. no equivalent Chinese

I have run home. 我跑回家了。

perfect progressive

I had been running home. (no equivalent Chinese)

I have been running home. (no equivalent Chinese)

I will run home. 我將跑回家。 I will be running home. 我將正在跑回家。 I will have run home. 我將跑回家了。 I will have been running home. (no equivalent Chinese)

Example 5.6. past


simple

She ate an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

pro-gressive

She was eating an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

perfect

She had eaten an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

perfect progressive

She had been eating an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

future

She eats an apple. 她吃一個蘋果。 She is eating an apple. 她正在吃一個蘋果。 She has eaten an apple. 她吃了一個蘋果。 She has been eating an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

She will eat an apple. 她將吃一個蘋果。 She will be eating an apple. 她將正在吃一個蘋果。 She will have eaten an apple. 她將吃了一個蘋果。 She will have been eating an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

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5.4. (VERB) AROUND

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Daniel J. Greenhoe


past

future

simple

She saw an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

She sees an apple. 她看見一個蘋果。

pro-gressive

She was seeing an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

She is seeing an apple. 她正在看一個蘋果。

perfect

She had seen an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

perfect progressive

She had been seeing an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

She has seen an apple. 她看了一個蘋果。 She has been seeing an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

She will see an apple. 她將看見一個蘋果。 She will be seeing an apple. 她將正在看一個蘋果。 She will have seen an apple. 她將看了一個蘋果。 She will have been seeing an apple. (no Chinese equiv.)

5.4 (Verb) around lái

qù

In English, one may say “walk around” or “run around”, etc. A com來去”, as illustrated in Exammon Chinese equivalent is “ ple 5.8 (next).

來来 come

去去 go

Example 5.8 ((verb) around). hú

dié

zài

hūa

dǔo

shàng

fēi

lái

fēi

蝴蝴

蝶蝶

在在

花花

朵朵

上上

⾶⻜

來来

⾶去⻜去

butterfly butterfly

at

butterfly

flower flower MW

fly

above

qù

11

The butterfly was flying around above a flower

fly

come go ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

a flower

flying around

5.5 (Verb) it down

In English, one may “write something down”. Similarly in Chinese, a common sentence pattern is “(verb) 下來”, as illustrated in Example 5.9 (next).

xià

lái

下下

來来

down

come

to come down

Example 5.9 ((verb) it down). wǒ

yào

bǎ

我我

要要

把她把她

I

to want 11 12

of

tā

her

hùa

xià

畫画

下下

to draw

lái

12

來。来。

I want to draw a picture of her.

down come

📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 3 📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 3



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CHAPTER 5. VERBS

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CHAPTER 6 NEGATION

6.1 Simple negation Negation in English is performed using the word not and sometimes using prefixes such bù méi as non- and un-. In Chinese, negation is performed using the characters 不 (bù) or 沒否定不没 (méi). The character 沒 is always either used to negate to set not not (have) with 有 (yóu) giving 沒有 (not have) or used to negate alone as a shortened form of 沒有. When you want to negate a verb, the trick is to determine when to use the “have” form (and thus use 沒) and when not to use the “have” form (and thus use 不)—good luck. fǒu

dìng

否定

不

Example 6.1 (simple negation).

1. wǒ bù

xǐ

hūan

chī

xiāng

jiāo

歡欢

吃吃

香香

蕉蕉

我不喜我不喜 I

not happy cheerful eat fragrant banana banana

like

2. wǒ

méi

chī

gùo

xiāng

jiāo

我我

沒没

吃吃

過过

香香

蕉蕉

I

。 I have never eaten bananas. 。

not (have) eat to pass fragrant banana banana

eaten

3. nǐ

。 I do not like to eat bananas. 。

yào

bú

yào

shùi

你要不要你要不要

睡睡

jiào

覺 ? Do you want to sleep or not? 觉 ?

you want not want to sleep sleep sleep

沒

page 54

4. nǐ

你你

Daniel J. Greenhoe shùi

bǎo le

méi

睡睡

飽了饱了

沒没

you to sleep full

5. nǐ

CHAPTER 6. NEGATION

? Have you had enough sleep? ?

not (have)

yào

bù

yào

chī

you want

not

want

eat

你要不要吃 ? Do you want to eat? 你要不要吃 ?

6. nǐ

chī

bǎo

le

méi

你吃飽了你吃饱了 you

7. nǐ

eat

? Have you eaten? ?

沒没 not (have)

full

tin̄g

dào

le

méi

你聽你听

到到

了了

沒没

! ? Do you hear me or not!? !?

not (have)

you hear to reach hear

8. nǐ

yào

bú

yào

kàn

you want

not

want

see

你要不要看 ? Do you want to take a look? 你要不要看 ?

9. nǐ

kàn

dào

le

méi

你看你看

到到

了了

沒没

you see to reach

? Do you see it or not? ?

not (have)

hear

10. tā

bú

qù

oū

zhōu

他不要去他不要去

歐欧

洲洲

not

he

yào

want

go

。 He does not want to go to Europe. 。

Europe continent Europe

11. tā

méi

qù

gùo

oū

zhōu

他他

沒没

去去

過过

歐欧

洲洲

he

not (have)

。 He has not been to Europe. 。

go to pass

Europe continent

went

Europe

6.2 Success and failure in verbs. Nouns and verbs in Chinese are very often composed of pairs of characters such as “打到” in “打到求” (dǎ dào qiú)—“hit the ball”. A verb is by nature an “action” word—and of course one intent on perCC

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6.2. SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN VERBS.

page 55

Daniel J. Greenhoe

forming an action may either succeed or fail at his or her attempt. Success or failure in performing the bù action of a two character verb can 不 be conveniently expressed by in不 serting a 不 indicating failure or a not ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ 得 indicating success. Example 6.2 fail to perform the action (next) illustrates these structures.

dé

得得 to get ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ successfully perform the action

Example 6.2 (verb pairs with 不 or 得).

1. tā

dǎ

dé

dào

qiú

她她

打打

得得

到到

she

ball hit to get to reach ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

求。 She (successfully) hit the ball. 求。

successfully hit

2. tā

dǎ

bú

dào

qiú

她她

打不打不

到到

she

ball hit not to reach ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

求。 She failed tried but failed to hit the ball. 求。

failed to hit

3. māo

zhūa

dé

dào

lǎo

抓抓

得得

到到

⽼⿏⽼⿏

貓猫 cat

mouse

zhūa

bú

dào

lǎo

抓抓

不不

到到

⽼⿏⽼⿏

貓猫 cat

shǔ

。 The cat tried but failed to catch the mouse. 。

not to reach old mouse grabbed ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ mouse

failed to grab

5. wáng zǐ

王⼦王⼦

gēn

běn

bǎ

chéng

bǎo

jìn

bú

根根

本本

把把

城城

堡堡

進进

不去不去

king son roots stem prince ultimately

1

。 The cat successfully caught the mouse. 。

to get to reach old mouse grabbed ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ successfully grabbed

4. māo

shǔ

a city wall fortress castle

qù

1

。。

to enter not to go ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

The Prince ultimately could not enter the castle.

failed to enter

📘 蘇錦梅 (1999): 乞丐王⼦ (qǐ gài wáng zǐ—The Prince and the Pauper), page 18



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

6. mā

mā

zhēn shì

媽媽妈妈

ná

bàn

fǎ

真是拿他沒真是拿他没

辦办

法法

is

qí

qí

奇奇

zǒng

奇奇

xǐ

huān

喜喜

總总

hàn

dà

和⼤和⼤

歡欢

jiā

chàng

fǎn

家家

唱唱

反反

sing

unusual unusual always happy cheerful with big family Kiki

to like

tā dōu

piān

他都他都

偏偏

he

bú

diào

shūo

調，說调，说

opposite tune

shé

me

什什

麼么

to say what (particle) what

everyone

3

yào

不要。不要。

slightly not want

all

Mama really couldn't control him.

。。

take him no to deal with method way

Mama

7.

2

méi

mom mom really

tā

CHAPTER 6. NEGATION

Kiki always liked to sing a different tune; no matter what anyone said, he would not in the slightest degree agree.

6.3 Double negation

…

fēi

⾮

bù

Sentences in Chinese are sometimes stated as a double negative, with the first negation toward the beginning of the sentence and the second toward the end. This same construct exists in English as well, such as in “If I don't make it to the top of the mountain,…well that is simply unthinkable!” That is, you state that something absolutely must occur and for it not to occur is unfathomable. Examples follow in Example 6.3 (page 56).

kě

不可

⾮

不

可

not

not

to permit

not permitted

Example 6.3. Double negation

1. zhè

yí

cì

這⼀次这⼀次 this

one order

wǒ

fēi

yào

kàn

dào

tā

我⾮要看到我⾮要看到 I

not

will

zhēn

see arrive

he

's

, bù

kě

⾯⽬不⾯⽬不

可可

miàn mù

他的真他的真

see

once

de

face eye

real

face

his

not

4

! !

to permit

not permissible

This time I don't see him truly face-to-face eye-to-eye,…it just can't be! 2. wǒ

fēi

yào

我⾮要我⾮要 I

not

zhǎo

dào

找找

到到

tā

bù

kě

他不他不

可可

want to look for to reach him

not

to permit

5

。。

There is no way that I don't want to find him.

to find 2 3 4 5

CC

📘 陳書韻 (2008): 奇奇愛耍酷: (qí qí ài shǔa kù), page 3 📘 陳書韻 (2008): 奇奇愛耍酷: (qí qí ài shǔa kù), page 3 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 7 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999b): 三劍客 (sān jiàn kè—The Three Musketeers), page 6 =

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

bù

才不才

不

just

not

An additional negation is constructed with 才不

just don't

Example 6.4.

gùai

wù

cái

bù

chī yú dàn

怪怪

物才物才

不不

吃⿂蛋糕呢 ! 吃⻥蛋糕呢 !

strange matter just

not

eat fish egg pastry

monster

gāo

ne

6

Monsters just don't eat fish cake!

cake

just don't

6.4 Emphasizing negation The character 卻 is used to support the contrast of ideas. Adding the character 並 in front of a negating verb adds emphasis to the verb. The use of 並 is completely optional. Example 6.5 page 57 (next) gives an example.

biǹg

並并

Example 6.5 (Emphasizing negation using 並).

1. tāng

mǔ

bìng

méi

湯汤

姆姆

並并

沒有没有

yǒu

xiàng

像像

wáng

zǐ

nà me

xìng

王⼦那麼王⼦那么

幸幸

have to resemble king son that prince so not have

soup governess entirely not Tom

yùn

7

運。运。

good fortune luck fortunate

Tom's life was entirely without resemblance to the Prince's so fortunate life.

6 7

📘 Stephens (1999): 我真的很忙 (I'm Too Busy), page 11 📘 蘇錦梅 (1999): 乞丐王⼦ (qǐ gài wáng zǐ—The Prince and the Pauper), page 2



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CHAPTER 6. NEGATION

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CHAPTER 7 ADVERBS

7.1 Degree of Precision Table 7.1: Adverbs English almost

Chinese (中⽂) jī

English almost

hū

Chinese (中⽂) kuài

幾乎⼏乎

快快

some at

almost

almost

Example 7.1 (Sentences using almost).

1.

wū

zi

lǐ

miàn hǎo

屋⼦裡屋⼦⾥

aǹ

xiǎo zhāng yú

好暗，⼩好暗，⼩

⾯⾯

house son inside face good dark house inside

hū

kàn

bú

章⿂幾乎章⻥⼏乎

看看

不⾒不⻅

little stamp fish

jī

almost

jiàn

dōng

to look at not to see east west things

octopus

chà

差差 difference

yì

diǎn

2

méi mìng

⼀點就沒命⼀点就没命 one drop a little

1

jiù

just

no

life

2

le

了了

! !

[I] almost lost my life!

(a change of state)

lose life

📘 李美華 (2008a): 讓⼈思念的⼩章⿂—The Little Octopus …, page 10 📘 張晉霖 (2006a): 給貓咪挂鈴鐺 (Hang a Bell on the Cat), page 4

1

東西。东西。

The house was very dark inside, and Little Octopus almost couldn't see anything. 2.

x̄i

page 60

Daniel J. Greenhoe

3. wa

hǎo pàng a

pàng

哇 !好胖呀! 胖哇 !好胖呀! 胖 wow

very

fat

CHAPTER 7. ADVERBS

dào

dōu

kuài

到到

都快都快

jǐ

bù

jìn

lái

擠不進挤不进

來来

3

Wow! So Fat! So fat that you almost can't squeeze through the door!

! !

to reach all almost almost not to enter to come

fat

to come in

7.2 Adverbial phrases de

的的 's (possesses)

The character � (de) often indicates possession, as in “我的書” (wǒ de shū) — “my book”. In this case it is used as a mechanism to introduce an adjective (which book? …the book that is mine).

The character 的 can also be used to introduce an adverbial phrase—that is a phrase that helps modify or describe some other verb or adjective in the sentence. In this case the verb is the one “possessed” by the adverb—and thus the adverb describes the verb. An adverbial phrase introduced by 的 comes before the verb it is modifying. Examples follow in Example 7.2 (page 60). Example 7.2 (Adverbial phrases using 的).

1. …

jī

mā

mā

jiāo

jí

de

雞鸡

媽妈

媽妈

焦焦

急急

的的

chicken

2. wū

yā

mother mother

scorched urgent

mother

anxious

-ly

to ask

shǔi

tān

lán

de

烏鴉把乌鸦把

⽔⽔

貪贪

婪婪

的喝了的喝了

water greedy greedy

3. huáng niú zài chí

táng

⽜在池塘⽜在池塘

le

drink

pond

lái

起起

來来

5

。。

The crow greedily drank up the water.

to rise to come to to rise

lǐ

yōu

xián

de

yóu

lái

yóu

裡⾥

悠悠

閑的闲的

游游

來来

游游

yellow cow at pond pond inside leisurely leisure cow

qǐ

drank

greedy

crow

⿈黄

-ly

…Mother Hen anxiously asked.

問。问。

bǎ

black crow

hē

4

wèn

qù

6

去。去。

to swim to come to swim to go

leisurely

The cow leisurely swam back and forth across the pond. 3 4 5 6

CC

📘 張晉霖 (2005d): 奇怪的客⼈ (qí gùai de kè rén—The Strange Visitor), page 9 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 5 📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 60 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 17 =

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7.2. ADVERBIAL PHRASES de

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 61

One meaning of the character 得 (dé) is “to the extent that”, and is often used to begin an adverbial phrase. An adverbial phrase introduced by 得 comes after the verb it is modifying.

得得 (to the extent that)

Note however that “to the extent that” is not the only meaning of 得; it also means to get. When 得 means “to the extent that”, it is pronounced with neutral tone (de); when 得 means “to get”, it is pronounced with rising tone (dé). The 得 character can be neatly used to express the following English sentence structures: He was to the extent that . He was so that he . He was , in fact, he was very . Example 7.3 (Adverbial phrases).

1.

wáng gāo

xìng

de

dé

liǎo

國国

王⾼王⾼

興兴

得不得得不得

了了

not

to understand

country king high cheerful king glad

2. dōng tiān hái zǎo de hěn

bù

7

gúo

The king was so happy that he was beside himself with joy.

。。

to get ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ beyond understanding 8

冬天還早得很。 It is still early for 冬天还早得很。 winter—very early.

winter sky still early

early

winter

3. xiǎo

yā

dòng

⼩鴨⼩鸭

de

hún

得渾得浑

凍冻

little duck to freeze

entire

duckling

shēn

fā

dǒu

⾝⾝

發发

抖抖

xià

de qúan shēn

狼狼

嚇吓

得全得全

wolf to scare

⾝⾝

。 The duckling was so freezing 。 cold that his whole body shook.

to send out to tremble

body

to shiver

entire body

4. láng

9

fā

dǒu

發发

抖抖

10

。。

The wolf was so scared that his whole body shook.

entire body to send out to tremble to shake

5.

xiàng

xià

de

lì

kè

bá

象象

嚇吓

得得

⽴⽴

刻刻

拔拔

elephant to scare

tǔi

jiù pǎo

腿就跑。腿就跑。

to stand to carve to pull out leg just run

11

The elephant was so scared that he immediately picked up his feet and ran.

immediately 7 8 9 10 11

📘 郭桂玲: 神氣的披⾵ (shén qì de pī fēng)—The Majestic Cape, page 17 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 14 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 20 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 11 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005g): ⼩象妹找⾃信 (xiǎo xiàng mèi zhǎo zì xìn—Little Elephant …confidence), page 23



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6. wǒ shí

zài

kě

我實我实

在在

渴得渴得

de

shòu

bù

liǎo

受受

不不

了了

12

I am really so thirsty that I can't stand it.

。。

to receive not understand ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

real to exist thirsty

I

CHAPTER 7. ADVERBS

really

can't stand it

7. niú de

dù

zi

è

de

gū

lū

gū

lū

⽜的⽜的

肚肚

⼦⼦

餓饿

得得

咕咕

嚕噜

咕咕

嚕噜

cow

stomach son hungry

's

jiào

13

叫。叫。

(a sound) (a sound) (a sound) (a sound) to call

stomach

“gurgle”

“gurgle”

The cow's stomach was so hungry that with a “gurgle gurgle” it called out. 8.

Lái

tè

xiōng

dì

萊莱

特特

兄兄

弟弟

céng jīng shūai de

qīng liǎn

zhǒng

曾經摔得⿐青臉曾经摔得⿐青脸

brothers

腫肿

14

。。

nose blue face swollen

wild weeds special elder brother younger brother once after to fall Wright

bí

once

Once the Wright brothers took such a tumble that their faces were bruised and swollen.

Another way to introduce an adverbial phrase is with the use of the character 個 (ge). 個 is more commonly used as a general purpose measure word (e.g. 兩個蘋果—two (ge) apples). In the case of introducing an adverbial phrase, it roughly means “one that”. An adverbial phrase introduced by 個 comes after the verb it is modifying. Often 個 introduces the adverb 不停.

ge

個个 one that

bù

tíng

不停不停 not

stop

nonstop

Example 7.4 (Adverb introduced using 個).

1. zhè

這这

jǐ

tiān

幾⼏

dà

yǔ

xià

ge

天⼤天⼤

⾬⾬

下下

個个

these several sky several days

2. láng shú

狼叔狼叔

shu

big

13 14 15 16

CC

tíng

not

stop

15

不停。不停。

down one that

heavy rain

For several days now, heavy rain has been falling nonstop.

nonstop

hái shì

dǒu

ge

叔還是叔还是

抖抖

個个

wolf uncle uncle still is still uncle 12

rain

bù

bù

tíng

to tremble one that not

stop

16

不停。不停。

Uncle Wolf was still trembling nonstop.

nonstop

📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 59 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 22 📘 (2004)萊特兄弟 Wright Brothers, page 5 📘 余亮 (2010): 不準親吻噴⽕⿓, page 8 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 11 =

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7.2. ADVERBIAL PHRASES

3. xiǎo

shān

⼩⼩

yáng

⼭⼭

bù

jīn

hē hē hē de

xiào

ge

⽺不⽺不

禁禁

呵呵呵的呵呵呵的

笑笑

個个

little mountain sheep not

to endure

Ha Ha Ha

's

bù

tíng

to laugh one that not

stop

17

不停。不停。

cannot refrain

goat

page 63

Daniel J. Greenhoe

nonstop

The little goat just couldn't keep himself from laughing “Ha-Ha-Ha” nonstop.

lián

…dōu méi yǒu

連连

都沒有都没有 all

even

not

The pattern 連…都沒有 (lián …dōu méi yǒu) “even …all not have” is often used in Chinese. Example 7.5 (next) illustrates this pattern.

have

not have

Example 7.5 (Adverbial phrase using 連…都沒有). láng

e x

shú

shu

lián

hēi

xīng

xīng

de

yǐng

狼叔狼叔

叔叔

連连

⿊⿊

猩猩

猩猩

的的

影影

wolf uncle uncle even black orangutan orangutan gorilla uncle

's

zi

dōu méi kàn

dào

⼦都沒看⼦都没看

到到

shadow son

all

18

。。

not see to reach

shadow

see

Uncle Wolf didn't even see so much as the Black Gorilla's shadow. pīn

mìng

拼拼

命命

go all out

life

In English, when wanting to emphasize the desperation of a situation, one may add “…for your life!” after the verb. In Chinese, the “for your life” is 拼命 and may be used with most any verb to express the use of extreme exertion. Example 7.6 (next) illustrates this structure.

desperately

Example 7.6 (

1.

pīn

for your life!).

mìng pǎo

命跑 ! Run for your life! 命跑 !

拼拼 go all out

life

run

desperately

2. wū

yā

pīn

烏鴉乌鸦

拼拼

black crow go all out crow 17 18 19

mìng de

hē

命的喝。命的喝。 life

's

19

The crow drank for his life.

drank

desperately

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005g): ⼩象妹找⾃信 (xiǎo xiàng mèi zhǎo zì xìn—Little Elephant …confidence), page 19 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 9 📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 61



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

3. xiǎo

bái

tù

pīn

mìng

⼩⼩

⽩⽩

兔兔

拼拼

命命

little

white rabbit go all out

life

CHAPTER 7. ADVERBS 20

xǐ

Little White Rabbit washed for his life.

洗。洗。 wash

desperately

In English there is a sentence pattern “No matter how he (verb), he still cannot (verb) enough.” A similar mechanism in Chinese is illustrated to the right and in Example 7.7 (next).

kě

shì

zě

me

可可

是怎麼是怎么

yě (verb)

to approve that who (?) but how

也也

(failed action)

。。

also

Example 7.7 (No matter how).

1.

kě

可可

shì

zě

me

yě

xǐ

bù gān

jìng

wash also wash not dry clean

shì gōng

jī

zài

zě

可可

是公是公

雞鸡

再再

怎麼賣怎么卖

me

mài

lì

久久 duration

，叫，叫

to crow

de

hóng

liàng

得得

宏宏

亮亮

21 22

CC

yǒu

also no

nào

zhōng

鬧闹

鐘钟

have noisy

not have

clock

jiào

de

叫得叫得 to crow

alarm clock

22

。。

magnificent loud and clear magnificent and clear

20

yě méi

⼒，也沒有⼒，也没有

to approve that male chicken further who (?) to sell force but to exert rooster how jiào

But no matter how much he washed, he couldn't wash himself clean.

clean

kě

jiǔ

21

是怎麼洗也洗不乾淨。是怎么洗也洗不⼲淨。

to approve that who but how

2.

xǐ

But no matter how much the rooster further exerted himself, he didn't have the alarm clock's crowing duration or brilliant and magnificent sound.

📘 張晉霖 (2005e): ⽩雲枕頭 (bái yún zhěn tóu—White Cloud Pillow), page 5 📘 張晉霖 (2005e): ⽩雲枕頭 (bái yún zhěn tóu—White Cloud Pillow), page 5 📘 胡韶真 (2007): 公雞國王 (gōng jī gúo wáng—The rooster named King), page 10 =

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CHAPTER 8 TIME

shí

jiān

時間时

间

time

between time

8.1 Absolute time Table 8.1: Time English right now

this week

Chinese (中⽂) xiàn

zài

現现 present zhè

Chinese (中⽂) jīn

tiān

在在

今今

天天

to exist

the present

the sky

ge

xīng

這個星这个星 a

this

English today

qí

期期

star period

this month

zhè

ge

yùe

這個这个

⽉⽉

this

a

the moon

week

this year

jīn

nián

今今

年年

the present

a year continued on the next page …

page 66

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 8. TIME …continued from the previous page

English a moment ago

Chinese (中⽂) gāng cái

English in a moment

Chinese (中⽂) dài

剛才刚才

待待

hard just

to wait for yī

hǔi

⼀⼀

會兒会⼉

one to meet together in a little while

yesterday

day before yesterday

zúo

tiān

昨昨

天天

yesterday

the sky

tomorrow

day after tomorrow

qián tiān

前天前天

mińg

tiān

明明

天天

bright

the sky

hòu

tiān

後后

天天

behind sky

front sky

two days after tomorrow

dà

hòu

tiān

⼤⼤

後后

天天

big

last week

shàng

上上

ge

xīng

qí

個星个星

up

next week

期期

xià

ge

下下

個星个星

down

star period

a

behind sky xīng

last year

shàng

期期

star period

a

week

last month

qí

week

next month

ge

yùe

xià

ge

yùe

上上

個个

⽉⽉

下下

個个

⽉⽉

up

a

the moon

down

a

the moon

qù

nián

mińg

nián

去去

年年

明明

年年

next year

to go a year

bright a year

Table 8.2: Days of the week English Sunday

Chinese (中⽂) lǐ

bài

tiān

裡⾥

拜拜

天天

inside to worship

English Sunday

sky

Chinese (中⽂) xīng

qí

tiān

星星

期期

天天

star period

sky


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8.1. ABSOLUTE TIME

page 67

Daniel J. Greenhoe


English Monday

Chinese (中⽂) lǐ

bài

裡⾥

拜拜

inside to worship

Tuesday

lǐ

bài

裡⾥

拜拜

inside to worship

Wednesday

èr

⼆⼆

裡⾥

拜拜

三三

Tuesday

bài

sì

裡⾥

拜拜

四四

Wednesday

bài

wǔ

裡⾥

拜拜

五五

qí

星星

期期

xīng

qí

星星

期期

Thursday

Friday

five

Saturday

⼀⼀ one èr

⼆⼆ two

qí

sān

星星

期期

三三 three

xīng

qí

sì

星星

期期

四四

star period

four

xīng

qí

wǔ

星星

期期

五五

star period

five

xīng

qí

lìu

期期

六六

lǐ

bài

lìu

裡⾥

拜拜

六六

星星

six

star period

inside to worship

yī

xīng

star period

four

lǐ

xīng

star period

three

lǐ

Chinese (中⽂)

star period

two sān

inside to worship

Saturday

one

bài

inside to worship

Friday

⼀⼀

lǐ

inside to worship

Thursday

yī

English Monday

six

Table 8.3: Months of the year English January

Chinese (中⽂) yī

yùe

English July

⼀⽉⼀⽉ one moon

February

er̀

yùe

August

two moon sān

yùe

三三

⽉⽉

sì

yùe

yùe

七七

⽉⽉

bā

yùe

⼋⼋

⽉⽉

eight moon

September

jǐu

yùe

九⽉九⽉

three moon

April

qī

seven moon

⼆⽉⼆⽉ March

Chinese (中⽂)

nine moon

October

shí

yùe

四⽉四⽉

⼗⽉⼗⽉

four moon

ten moon continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 8. TIME …continued from the previous page

English

Chinese (中⽂)

May

wǔ

yùe

English November

Chinese (中⽂) shí yī

yùe

五⽉五⽉

⼗⼀⽉⼗⼀⽉

five moon

eleven moon

June

lìu

December

yùe

shí èr

yùe

六⽉六⽉

⼗⼆⽉⼗⼆⽉

six moon

twelve moon

Table 8.4: Parts of a day English early morning; dawn

Chinese (中⽂) qīng

chén

清清

晨晨

English

Chinese (中⽂)

clear morning

Example 8.1 (What time is it?).

1.

xiàn

zài

jǐ

現现

在在

幾⼏

present to exist

diǎn

點 ? What time is it? 点 ?

how many a dot

now

2.

xiàn

zài

shì

現现

在在

是六點是六点

present to exist

is

liù

diǎn zhōng

six

鐘钟

。 It's six o'clock. 。

a dot a bell

now

3.

jīn

tiān shì xīng

qí

jǐ

今今

天是星天是星

期期

幾⼏

the present sky

is

star period how many week

today

4.

? What day is it today? ?

jīn

tiān shì

jǐ

hào

今今

天是天是

幾⼏

號号

the present sky

is

? What is the date today? ?

how many number

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8.2. RELATIVE TIME

5.

jīn

tiān shì er̀

shí

sān

hào

天是⼆⼗三天是⼆⼗三

今今

the present sky

page 69

Daniel J. Greenhoe

is

2

3

10

。 Today is the 23rd. 。

號号 number

today

Example 8.2. English 6 o'clock 7 o'clock 6 a.m. 6 p.m. 12 p.m. 12 am Noon Midnight 6:17

e x

Traditional 六點鐘七點鐘早上六點鐘晚上六點鐘下午⼗⼆點鐘早上⼗⼆點鐘中午半夜六點⼗七分

Simplified 六点钟七点钟早上六点钟晚上六点钟下午⼗⼆点钟早上⼗⼆点钟中午半夜六点⼗七分

Pin-Yin lìu dǐan zhōng qī dǐan zhōng zǎo shàng lìu dǐan wǎn shàng lìu dǐan xìa wǔ shí èr dǐan zhōng zǎo shàng shí èr dǐan zhōng zhōng wǔ bàn yē lìu dǐan shí qī fén

8.2 Relative time zì

cóng

⾃從⾃

从

self

from

ever since

Example 8.3. zì

cóng

gé

⾃⾃

從从

隔隔

self

from

yī

失去⼀失去⼀

lǐ

de

裡⾥

péng

yǒu

位位

好好

朋朋

友友

lose

a

dùi

xiàng

對对

象象

facing shape

xióng

qù

shì

的⽼灰的⽼灰

世世

old grey

's

hūi

good

hòu

tā

bú

dàn

熊熊

去去

bear

go life span after

he

not

but

friend friend friend

yě

shī

qù

，也失去，也失去 also

lose go

後，他不但后，他不但 not only

pass away

grizzly bear

hǎo

one person

lǎo

cage

wèi

lose go

1

zi

壁籠⼦壁笼⼦

next door

qù

subject

lóng

partition wall cage seed inside

ever since shī

bì

le

wéi

了了 (change of state)

yī

de

liáo

tiān

唯⼀的唯⼀的

聊聊

天天

only one only

lose

's

merely sky to chat

1

。。

Ever since the old grizzly bear in the cage next door passed away, he had not only lost a good friend, but had also lost the only one he could chat with.

📘 林真卿 (2010): 想家的巧克⼒：不灰⼼的奮⾾ (Homesick Chocolate:…), page 2



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 8. TIME

8.3 Rates of time Table 8.5: Miscellaneous English as soon as possible

Chinese (中⽂) jiň

zǎo

儘尽

早早

2

English from now on / from then on

Chinese (中⽂)

to the utmost early

cóng

cǐ

從从

此此

⼀⼀

yí

hòu

from

this

one behind

後后

from now on

on time

zhǔn

shí

準准

時时

to arrive late

chí

遲到迟到 late arrive

standard time

hurriedly

jí

máng

急急

忙忙

hurriedly

jí

hū

hū

急急

呼呼

呼呼

3

in a flurry

urgent to exhale

in the twinkling of an eye

gǎn

jiň

趕赶

緊紧

to pursue tight

urgent busy

urgently

dào

huāng

luàn

慌慌

亂乱

4

in a flurry in disorder

zhǔan

yǎn

轉转

眼眼

turn

eye

still very early (for some event to occur)

hái zǎo

de

hěn 6

還早得很还早得很 still early

early

in the twinkling of an eye 5

jiān

間间 period of time

not too long

méi

dūo

沒没

多多

not yet

much

jǐu

forever

yǒng

yǔan

永永

遠远

always

far

7

久久 duration of time

2 3 4 5 6 7

CC

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 6 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005d): ⼩⽩兔的友誼 The Rabbit's Friendship, page 19 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 26 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 19 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005a): ⼤⿈⽜學勤勞 (dà huáng níu xúe qín láo—Big Yellow Cow Learns Diligence), page 14 📘 郭桂玲: ⼀起想辦法 (yī qǐ xiǎng bàn fǎ)—Together Think of a Way, page 33 =

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8.3. RATES OF TIME tú

rán

突突

然然

page 71

Daniel J. Greenhoe

“Suddenly” can be expressed in Chinese with 突然 or 忽然, as illustrated in Example 8.4 (next).

suddenly just like that

hū

rán

忽忽

然然


suddenly

suddenly

Example 8.4 (suddenly). Suddenly, there arose a screeching gust of strong wind. hū

rán

忽忽

然然

gūa

qǐ

，刮，刮

yí

了⼀了⼀

起起

to scrape


le

zhèn

kuáng

fēng

陣阵

狂狂

⾵⻛

crazy

wind

one a period of time

to rise

kāi

shǐ

開开

始始

。。

a very strong wind

a burst

suddenly

8

One way to indicate that something has been happening since some specific point in time is with the character pair 開始. Example 8.5 (page 71) gives an example.

to open the start to start

Example 8.5 (since). tāng

mǔ

bā

sùi

kāi

shǐ

, jiù

gùo

zhe

湯汤

姆姆

⼋⼋

歲岁

開开

始始

就就

過过

著乞着乞

soup governess eight years of age to open the start Tom le

just to pass

since

qǐ

gài

de

shēng

húo

丐丐

的的

⽣⽣

活活

to beg a beggar

's

to give birth to to live life

beggar

to pass

9

了。了。

de

Tom, starting from the age eight, just spent his days living a vagrant's life.

shí

hòu

,

One way to indicate that something happened while something else was in process of happening is with the sentence structure shown to the left. Example 8.6 (next) gives an example.

的時候的时候 's

time time time

wǒ

zhèng

pá

As I was climbing the tree, a squirrel stole my hat. shù de shí hòu , yì zhī sōng shǔ tōu zǒu wǒ de mào zi

我我

正正

爬爬

樹的時候树的时候

Example 8.6 (in the process of).

in the process of to climb tree

I

's

time time time

⼀隻松⼀只松 one a

a

⿏⿏

偷偷

⾛⾛

pine mouse to steal to walk squirrel

to steal

我的帽⼦我的帽⼦ I

hat

's

hat

my

。。 8 9

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005f): ⼩諸送的花兒 The Pig Was Given Me Flowers, page 7 📘 蘇錦梅 (1999): 乞丐王⼦ (qǐ gài wáng zǐ—The Prince and the Pauper), page 2



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CHAPTER 8. TIME

bù

shí

不不

時时

Intermittent events, as in “

not

time

in Chinese with “

from time to time

” can be expressed

subject

不時

verb

”, as illustrated in Example 8.7 (next).

from time to time

From time to time the butterfly stopped to suck nectar.

Example 8.7 (from time to time). hú

dié

bù

shí

tíng

xià

lái

xī

shí

hūa

mì

蝴蝴

蝶蝶

不不

時时

停停

下下

來来

吸吸

⾷⾷

花花

蜜蜜

not

time

stop

down

come

butterfly butterfly

from time to time

butterfly

10

。。

to inhale food flower honey

come down

nectar

to suck

8.4 Occurance Methods of expressing that an event will never occur are illustrated in Example 8.8 (next). Example 8.8.

1. tā

他他 he

júe

diǹg

lí

jiā

chū

zǒu

決决

定定

離离

家家

出出

⾛⾛

eŕ

，⽽且，⽽且

chū

xiàn

出出

現现

źhi

dào

tiān

hēi

dōu méi

直直

到到

天天

⿊⿊

都沒都没

and just straight reach sky black and until

to decide to set to leave home to exit to walk to leave

to decide

qiě

all

no

11

。。

He decided to leave home, and until the end of time to never show up there again.

to exit to appear to appear

2. tā cóng

她從她从

lái

méi

me

kùai

lè

gùo

來沒有這麼来没有这么

快快

樂乐

過过

she from come no always

yǒu

zhè

have this

not have

12

。。

She had never been this happy.

quick joyous to pass

like this

happy

8.5 Progressive events There are multiple ways of expressing progressively changing events in Chinese. One of these is illustrated next: 10 11 12

CC

📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 3 📘 胡韶真 (2007): 公雞國王 (gōng jī gúo wáng—The rooster named King), page 12 📘 腸⼦ (2006): ⼩狼的禮物 (xiǎo láng de lǐ wù—Little Wolf's gift), page 18 =

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8.6. MULTIPLE EVENTS

page 73

Daniel J. Greenhoe

Example 8.9 (day by day). gōng

jī

公公

雞鸡

yī

tiān

bǐ

⼀天⼀天

yī

tiān lǎo

yù

⼀天⽼，愈⼀天⽼，愈

⽐⽐

male chicken one day to compare one day old

13

jiào

yù

c̄hi

lì

叫叫

愈愈

吃吃

⼒⼒

more to call

。。

more to eat strength exhausting

rooster

Growing older day by day, the more the rooster crowed, the more exhausted he became.

8.6 Multiple events dāng

shí

當当

時时

while

time

One way to indicate what has been happening while something else has been happening is with the sentence structure shown to the left. Example 8.10 (page 73) gives an example.

Example 8.10. dāng wǒ

zhèng

pá

shù

當我当我

正正

爬爬

樹時树时

while

I

shí

in the process of to climb tree time

, shù bèi

yì

zhī

hǎi

lí

樹被⼀隻海狸树被⼀只海狸 tree

by

one

a

a

zhèng

kǎn

diào

正正

砍砍

掉掉

in the process of to hack to fall

sea fox beaver

to cut down

le

了。 While I was climbing the tree, 了。 the tree was being cut down by a beaver.

biān

biān

邊边

邊边

side

side

For things happening simultaneously, you can use the structure illustrated to the left with an example appearing in Example 8.11 (page 73).

Example 8.11 (Simultaneous action).

1. tā jiù

ná

chū

lái

他就拿他就拿

出出

來来

táo

zi

biān zǒu biān

c̄hi

桃⼦邊⾛邊吃。桃⼦边⾛边吃。

he just to take to exit to come to peach son side walk side to eat to come out peach 13 14

14

He just took out a peach, and went along eating as he walked.

📘 胡韶真 (2007): 公雞國王 (gōng jī gúo wáng—The rooster named King), page 8 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005c): ⼩猴⼦⻑⼤了 A Little Monkey Grows Up, page 10



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tù

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兔⼦兔⼦

CHAPTER 8. TIME

xià

de

biān

táo

biān

dǔo

嚇吓

得得

邊边

逃逃

邊边

躲躲

15

The rabbit was so scared that on the one hand he fled and on the other he hid.

。。

rabbit son scared (to the extent that) side to flee side to hide rabbit

cái

才才

When something happens only after some period of time, you can use the 才 (cái) character. It can be roughly translated as “only then”.

only then

Example 8.12 (Only then).

1.

tūo

dào

zùi

hòu

拖拖

到到

最最

後后

yí

⼀⼀

kè

cái

刻刻

才才

zùo

zhè yàng s̀hi bú

dùi

16

de

做，這樣是不對的。做，这样是不对的。

to drag to reach most behind one quarter hour only then to do

not correct ('s)

this shape is

last

like this

Waiting until the last minute and only then getting started, this just isn't right. 2. zhè

shí

tā

這時，他这时，他 time

this

cái

fā

xiàn

gē

ge

shòu

shāng

le

才才

發发

現现

哥哥

哥哥

受受

傷伤

了了

only then to send out to appear elder brother elder brother to receive an injury elder brother to discover injured

he

17

Only at this time did he realize that his big brother was injured.

。。

3. žhi

yǒu

只有只有

nǔ

lì

gōng

zùo

⼯⼯

努⼒努⼒

成成

gōng

shòu

受受

shāng hàn

téng

和和

疼疼

傷伤

not to fear receive injury

work

exert

pà

作，不怕作，不怕

only have exert force worker do chéng

bú

to get injured

tòng

cái

痛，才痛，才

and to ache pain

only then

néng

能能 can

a pain

18

功。功。

With hard work and no fear of injury and pain, only then can you succeed.

to accomplish merit success 15 16 17 18

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8.7. QUANTIFIERS FOR TIME děng

等等 to wait/not until

page 75

Daniel J. Greenhoe

The “not until X did Y occur” sentence structure can be expressed using the 等 character, as illustrated to the left. An example is given in Example 8.13 (next).

Example 8.13 (Only then). děng

tā

等她等她

dào

jiā

húi

tóu

家，回家，回

到到

to wait she to arrive home

頭头

to return

head

yī

kàn

⼀⼀

看看

19

Not until she arrived home did she turn her head and take a look.

。。

one to look at

to turn one's head

8.7 Quantifiers for time Vocabulary Table 4.2 (page 31) already introduced a number of quantifiers for countable nouns. Time, on the other hand, is uncountable. It is either measured in standard units such as seconds, hours, days, etc.; or it is described in more relaxed terms such as “a moment”. Such quantifiers for time are listed in Vocabulary Table 8.6 (next) with examples provided in Example 8.14 (page 75). Table 8.6: quantifiers for time quantifier useage fān exertion

examples fèn

zhàn

番番

奮奋

戰战

a time

to exert

battle

nǔ

，努，努

lì

⼒⼒

to exert force

to put up a good fight

to strive

Example 8.14 (quantifiers for time). jīng

gùo

經经

過过

ỳi

fān

⼀番⼀番

fèn

zhàn

奮奋

戰战

to pass through to go across one a time to exert to pass through biān

battle

xióng

，熊，熊

zhōng

yú

pá

shàng

aǹ

終终

於于

爬爬

上上

岸岸

up

shore

bear conclusion in to climb

to put up a good fight

finally

20

邊。边。

After a time of intense struggle, the bear finally climbed up onto shore.

side

19 20

📘 李美華 (2008b): 避⾬ (bì yǔ) Taking shelter from the rain, page 13 📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008d): 真的﹗ (zhēn de)—Really!, page 16



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CHAPTER 8. TIME

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CHAPTER 9 SIMPLE CONVERSATION

9.1 Greetings dǎ

zhāo

hū

打招呼打

招

呼

beat

beckon

exhale

call ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ greeting

Table 9.1: Hello and goodbye English hello


hǎo

你你

好好

English good bye

zài

jiàn

再⾒再⻅ again see

you good

good night

Chinese (中⽂)

wǎn

an̄

晚晚

安安

see you tomorrow

mińg

tiān

jiàn

明明

天天

⾒⻅

bright the sky to see

late peaceful

tomorrow

see you later

yī

hǔi

jiàn

⼀⼀

會兒会⼉

⾒⻅

one to meet together to see

see you in a little while

dài

hǔi

jiàn

待待

會兒会⼉

⾒⻅

to wait for to meet together to see

in a little while continued on the next page …

page 78

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 9. SIMPLE CONVERSATION …continued from the previous page

English I'm out of here


zǒu

le

我我

⾛⾛

了了

I

to walk

English

Chinese (中⽂)

Table 9.2: How are you? English How are you?

I am fine.


你你

ma

bú

cùo

好嗎好吗

錯错

(?)

not

faults

good

wǒ

hěn

hǎo

我很我很 very

so-so

mǎ

mǎ

hū

hū

好好

⾺⻢

⾺⻢

虎虎

虎虎

good

horse

horse

tiger

tiger

xiè

xiè

謝谢

謝谢

not too well

to thank to thank

And you?

nǐ

Chinese (中⽂)

不不

you

I

thank you

hǎo

English not bad

bú

tài

hǎo

不不

太太

好好

not

extremely

good

ne

你呢你呢 you

9.2 Introductions jiè

shào

介

紹

介

绍

situated between

bring together

introduce

Table 9.3: Introductions English What is your name?


jiào

你叫你叫

shé me mińg

zì

什麼名什么名

字字

you called what

? ?

name a word

what

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9.3. CIVILITIES

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 79


English My name is

Chinese (中⽂) .

wǒ

jiào

。。

我叫我叫 What is his name?

I

called

tā

jiào

shé me mińg

zì

什麼名什么名

字字

他叫他叫

he called what

name a word

what

His name is

.

tā

jiào

? ?

a name

。。

他叫他叫 he called

How old are you?

nǐ

jǐ

sùi

你你

幾⼏

歲岁

? ?

you how many a year of age

I am old.

years

Can you speak English?

wǒ

sùi

我我

歲岁

I

a year of age

nǐ

hùi

你會你会

。。

shūo

yin̄g

yǔ

ma

說说

英英

語语

嗎 ? 吗 ?

you able speak outstanding language English

It's nice to meet you.

hěn gāo

xiǹg

rèn

很⾼很⾼

興兴

認认

shì

nǐ

識你。识你。

very high cheerful recognize know you glad

know

9.3 Civilities lǐ

mào

禮貌礼

貌

courtesy

manner

politeness



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CHAPTER 9. SIMPLE CONVERSATION

Table 9.4: Civilities English thanks

Chinese (中⽂) xìe

xìe

謝谢

謝谢

English cordial

Chinese (中⽂) qiè

親亲

切切

intimate close

thank thank

manners

qin̄

lǐ

mào

禮礼

貌貌

ceremony features

Table 9.5: Apologies English sorry

sorry

Chinese (中⽂) dùi

bù

q̌i

對对

不不

起起

facing

not

to rise

bào

qiàn

抱抱

歉歉

hug apology

no problem

méi

yǒu

wèn

tí

沒有没有

問问

題题

none have to ask a subject problem not have

It doesn't matter.

méi

gūan

沒没

關关

xì

係。系。

not to close to tie relation

Please don't be angry!

qiňg

bú

yào

shēng

請不要请不要

⽣⽣

qì

1

氣 ! ⽓ !

please not want to give birth to air don't angry

Don't take offense!

bié

jiè

yì

別别

介介

意意

! !

don't introduce meaning to take offense continued on the next page …

1

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English I don't know what I should say to make things right.

Chinese (中⽂) wǒ bù

zhī

gāi

shūo shé me cái

我不知我不知

該该

說什麼才说什么才

not know should say what

I

2

hǎo

好。好。

just good

what

Together they were able to undo the misunderstanding.

tā mén

či

jǐe

kāi

他們彼他们彼

此此

解解

開开

he

this

s

bǐ

that

they

You must show good manners.

ňi

le

wù

hùi

了誤了误

會会

to untie to open

each other

error

to undo

3

。。

to assemble

misunderstanding

yào

biǎo

xiàn

yǒu

lǐ

mào

你要你要

表表

現现

有有

禮礼

貌貌

4

。。

you want surface to appear to have ceremony features to show

Table 9.6: Civilities English thank you

Chinese (中⽂) xìe

謝谢

xìe

nǐ

謝你谢你

English you're welcome

qiňg

wèn

請请

問问

hūan

yíng

歡欢

迎迎

…

qì

客客

氣⽓

excuse me (to pass)

jiè

gùo

借借

過过

to borrow to pass

Please come in.

! !

qiňg

jìn

請请

進进

。。

to request to enter

cheerful to receive

Do you mind?

kè

polite

to request to request

Welcome!

bú

不不

not a guest air

thank thank you

excuse me, can I ask …

Chinese (中⽂)

nǐ

jiè

yì

你你

介介

意意

you introduce meaning

ma

嗎 ? 吗 ? (?)

to take offense

2 3 4

📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 15 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999b): 三劍客 (sān jiàn kè—The Three Musketeers), page 16 📘 張晉霖 (2005d): 奇怪的客⼈ (qí gùai de kè rén—The Strange Visitor), page 1



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Table 9.7: Anti-civilities English Get out of here!

Chinese (中⽂) 5

gǔn

chū

qù

滾滚

出出

去 ! 去 !

to roll to exit to go to get out

You had better kick him out as soon as possible.

nǐ

hái

shì

jiň

zǎo

bǎ

你還你还

是是

儘尽

早早

把他把他

you still

that

to the utmost

early

had better

as sooon as possible

tā

gǎn

zǒu

趕赶

⾛⾛

ba

6

吧。吧。

he to expel to walk kick out

9.4 Communications Table 9.8: Common verbs English to say

Chinese (中⽂) shūo

English to talk

說说 to say

to talk about

to quarrel

tán

lùn

談谈

論论

to discuss

hùa

講讲

話话

tǎo

lùn

討讨

論论

to demand to discuss

to chat

liáo

tiān

聊聊

天天

談天谈天

merely sky

to talk sky

chǎo

jià

吵吵

架架

to shout

to quarrel a rack

indiscriminate talk

jiǎng

to speak talks

to talk to discuss

to chat

Chinese (中⽂)

lùan

hùa

亂乱

話话

tán

tiān

hǎn

jiào

喊喊

叫叫

to shout to call

garbage talk

disorder talk

fèi

hùa

廢废

話话

abolish talk continued on the next page …

5 6

CC

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 22 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 6 =

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9.4. COMMUNICATIONS

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Daniel J. Greenhoe


English listen

Chinese (中⽂)

English listen to

tin̄g

Chinese (中⽂)

聽听 listen

listening comprehension

zhe

聽听

著着

listen (adverbial particle)

tin̄g

lì

聽听

⼒⼒

sing

listen strength

response

tin̄g

chàng

gē

唱唱

歌歌

to sing song

fǎn

yiǹg

反反

應应

contrary to answer response

Table 9.9: Expressions English to chat

Chinese (中⽂) tán

tiān

shūo

xiào

說说

笑笑

談天谈天

to say to laugh

to talk sky

to chat about everthing

tán

tiān

shūo

dì

說说

地地

談天谈天

to say earth

to talk sky

everyone talking at once

8

qī

zǔi

bā

shé

七七

嘴嘴

⼋⼋

⾆⾆

eight

tongue

seven mouth

to repeatedly urge

7

din̄g

nińg

叮叮

嚀咛

9

to sting to instruct

to say to oneself

z̀i

yán

z̀i

yǔ

⾃⾃

⾔⾔

⾃⾃

語语

10

self speech self language continued on the next page …

7 8 9 10

📘 李美華 (2008b): 避⾬ (bì yǔ) Taking shelter from the rain, page 25 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 4 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 4 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005i): 酷酷熊有決⼼ The Bear Got The Determination, page 21



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CHAPTER 9. SIMPLE CONVERSATION …continued from the previous page

English to self-ask self-answer

Chinese (中⽂) z̀i

wèn

z̀i

dá

⾃⾃

問问

⾃⾃

答答

self

ask

self to answer

to ask oneself

to cover the mouth with the hand

wǔ

zhù

zǔi

bā

摀摀

住住

嘴嘴

巴巴

11

to cover to cease mouth to expect mouth

Table 9.10: Can you speak? English Can you speak English?


hùi

你會你会

jiǎng

yin̄g

yǔ

ma

講讲

英英

語语

嗎 ? 吗 ?

you able speak outstanding language (?) English

Can you speak Chinese?

nǐ

hùi

你會你会

jiǎng

gúo

yǔ

ma

講讲

國国

語语

嗎 ? 吗 ?

you able speak national language (?) Chinese

I can.

hùi

會。会。 able

I cannot.

bù

hùi

不會。不会。 not able

A little.

ȳi

diǎn diǎn

⼀點點。⼀点点。 one drop drop

Just a little.

yī

diǎn diǎn

eŕ

⼀點點⽽⼀点点⽽

yǐ

。。

已已

one drop drop and already that is all continued on the next page …

11

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

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English I can speak Chinese.


hùi

我會我会 I

jiǎng

gúo

yǔ

講讲

國国

語语

。。

able speak national language Chinese

I can speak Chinese a little.

wǒ

hùi

我會我会 I

jiǎng

gúo

yǔ

講讲

國国

語语

yī

diǎn

⼀點⼀点

able speak national language one

diǎn

點。点。

drop drop

Chinese

I cannot speak Chinese.

wǒ bù

hùi

我不會我不会 I

jiǎng

gúo

yǔ

講讲

國国

語语

。。

not able speak national language Chinese



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CHAPTER 10 ON THE MOVE

Table 10.1: On the move words English

Chinese (中⽂)

walk

English

Chinese (中⽂)

run

zǒu

pǎo

⾛⾛

跑跑

walk

jump

run

kick

tiào

fly

跳跳

踢踢

jump

kick

ride

fēi

stop

tī

q́i

⾶⻜

騎骑

fly

ride

tińg

停停 stop

Table 10.2: On the move sentences English stand up

Chinese (中⽂) zhàn

q̌i

lài

站站

起起

來来

to stand to start to come to stand

English turn around

Chinese (中⽂) zhǔan

shēn

轉转

⾝⾝

to turn

body

to turn about continued on the next page …

page 88

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 10. ON THE MOVE …continued from the previous page

English sit down

Chinese (中⽂) zùo

xià

坐坐

下下

to sit

down

English raise your hand

to sit down

raise your foot

jǔ

jiǎo

舉举

腳脚

Chinese (中⽂) jǔ

shǒu

舉举

⼿⼿

to raise

hand

to raise hand

move left

wǎng zǔo biān

往往

to raise foot

左邊左边

wǎng

yòu

biān

往往

右右

邊边

toward right

side

move forward

wǎng

qián

biān

往往

前前

邊边

toward front

side

right side

move backwards

dòng

ýi

dòng

移移

動动

移移

動动

to move to move

to move to move

to move

to move

hòu

biān

往往

後后

邊边

移移

動动

to move

front side

ýi

wǎng

dòng

side to move to move

toward left

left side

move right

ýi

toward behind side back side ýi

dòng

移移

動动

to move to move to move continued on the next page …

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Daniel J. Greenhoe


English

Chinese (中⽂) Table 10.3: On the move examples

English Gross! Gross! Don't come near me. Turn your face away.

Chinese (中⽂) tǎo

yàn

討讨

厭厌

tǎo

yàn

，討，讨

bú

to incur to detest

to loathe

to loathe

臉脸

gùo

轉转

qù

gùo

。不要。不要

厭厌

to incur to detest liǎn zhǔan

yào

lái

ňi

bǎ

來，你把来，你把

過过

not want to go across come don't to come over

you

1

ma

去嘛。去嘛。

過过

face to turn to go across to go to go over

Where does it lead to?

tā

tōng

dào

nǎ

lǐ

它它

通通

到到

哪哪

裡⾥

qù

2

ne

去呢 ? 去呢 ?

to lead to to arrive at where inside to go where to lead to

it

Table 10.4: Taking things away English The crow carried one away in his mouth.

Chinese (中⽂) wū

yā

diāo

zǒu

烏鴉乌鸦

叼叼

⾛⾛

le

one (mw)

xiǎo lǎo

shǔ

bān

zǒu

⼩⽼⿏⼩⽼⿏

搬搬

⾛⾛

le

mouse xiǎo mǎ

y̌i

zǒu

⼩螞蟻抬⼩蚂蚁抬

⾛⾛

little ant ant to lift

to walk

1 2 3 4 5

to carry away

4

ge

one (mw) one

to move away tái

ant

ỳi

了⼀個。了⼀个。

little old mouse to move to walk

The ants carried away the last apple.

one

to take away in the mouth

crow

3

ge

了⼀個。了⼀个。

black crow to hold by the teeth to walk

The little mice moved one away.

ỳi

le

zùi

hòu

了最了最

後后

ỳi

ge

⼀個⼀个

most behind one (mw) last

5

hóng pińg gǔo

紅红 red

one

蘋果。苹果。

apple fruit apple

📘 征⽮清 (1999): 葉⼦⼩屋 (Small House of Leaves), page 10 📘 ⽅素珍 (1999): 那是⼀個洞嗎？ (Nà shì yī ge dòng ma?—Is that a hole?), page 9 📘 垂⽯真⼦ (2009): Everyone Comes to Big Red Apples 好⼤的紅蘋果, page 7 📘 垂⽯真⼦ (2009): Everyone Comes to Big Red Apples 好⼤的紅蘋果, page 9 📘 垂⽯真⼦ (2009): Everyone Comes to Big Red Apples 好⼤的紅蘋果, page 17



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CHAPTER 10. ON THE MOVE

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CHAPTER 11 THE HEART OF MAN

11.1 Emotions Table 11.1: Emotions English personality

Chinese (中⽂) gè

xìng

個个

性性

English moral character, nature

piece nature

happy

kuài

lè

快快

樂乐

lèi

glad

累了累了 tired

sad

1

⼼地⼼地 gāo

xìng

⾼⾼

興兴

kǔ

nǎo

苦苦

惱恼

bitter annoyed

nán

gùo

難难

過过

depressed

hài

pà

害害

怕怕

jǔ

sàng

沮喪沮丧

difficult to pass

afraid

dì

high cheerful

vexed

le

xīn

heart soil

quick joyous

tired

Chinese (中⽂)

stop lose

discouraged

damage fear

hūi

xīn

灰⼼灰⼼ ash heart continued on the next page …

1

📘 李美華 (2008a): 讓⼈思念的⼩章⿂—The Little Octopus …, page 22

page 92

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 11. THE HEART OF MAN …continued from the previous page

English angry

Chinese (中⽂) shēng

qì

⽣⽣

氣⽓

English angry

qì

excited

jí

氣極⽓极

hū

hū

氣⽓

呼呼

呼呼

xīng

fèn

興兴

奮奋

to launch to exert

air utmost

worried

qì

air to exhale

to give birth to air

extremely angry

Chinese (中⽂)

dān

xīn

擔担

⼼⼼

interested

yǒu

xìng

qù

有有

興兴

趣趣

have cheerful interest

to carry the heart

interest

bored

wú

liáo

無⽆

聊聊

jealous

zhèn

dìng

鎮镇

定定

surprised

jǐn

zhāng

緊紧

張张

shāng

xīn

傷伤

⼼⼼

妒妒

jīng

yà

驚惊

訝讶

embarrassed

tight spread

heartbroken

嫉嫉

to startle to be surprised

to press down stable

nervous

dù

to be jealous envy

without a little

calm

jí

gān

gà

尷尴

尬尬

embarrassed embarrassed

to detest

xián

嫌嫌

injury heart

to loathe

tǎo

yàn

討讨

厭厌

sorrow

to incur to detest

glum, gloomy, morose

2

CC

shāng

悲悲

傷伤

sorrow injury

mèn

mèn bú

悶闷

悶不樂闷不乐

melancholy

bēi

2

lè

not joyous

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999c): 天鵝湖 (tiān é hú—Swan Lake), page 2 =

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11.1. EMOTIONS

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 93

Table 11.2: Emotions English Are you happy?


kuài

lè

ma

樂嗎 ? 乐吗 ?

你快你快

you quick joyous happy

I am happy.

wǒ

kuài

lè

樂。乐。

我快我快 I

quick joyous happy

You look sad.

nǐ

lái

nán

gùo

你看起來你看起来

難难

過过

you

kàn

see

qǐ

。。

difficult to pass

rise come

sad

rise up ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ appear

Are you in a good mood?

nǐ

xīn

qíng

hǎo

你的⼼你的⼼

情情

好嗎 ? 好吗 ?

you

de

heart sentiment good

's

mood

your

What mood are you in?

nǐ

xīn

qíng

zě

你的⼼你的⼼

情情

怎麼樣 ? 怎么样 ?

you

de

nǐ

me yàng

heart sentiment why

's

mood

your

How do you feel?

ma

júe

dé

zě

shape

how me yàng

你覺得怎麼樣 ? 你觉得怎么样 ? you sense get why feel

She breathed a sigh of relief.

tā

sōng

shape

how le

yì

她鬆了⼀她松了⼀ she loose

kǒu

qì

⼝氣⼝⽓

.

3

one mouth air ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ one breath continued on the next page …

3

📘 郭桂玲: ⼀起想辦法 (yī qǐ xiǎng bàn fǎ)—Together Think of a Way, page 38



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English to heave a deep sigh

Chinese (中⽂) āi

shēng

唉唉

聲声

tàn

qì

4

嘆氣叹⽓

alas sound to sigh air to sigh

wáng

zi

hàn

sǔo

yǒu

de

rén

dōu

王⼦和王⼦和

所所

有的有的

⼈⼈

都都

king son and prince

place have

dà

yì

5

jīng

⼤吃⼀⼤吃⼀

The Prince and everyone there was thunderstruck with surprise.

驚惊

one

person all

's

chī

big eat to be startled ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

everyone all ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

thunderstruck

everyone there

Table 11.3: Like/dislike English to like

Chinese (中⽂) xǐ

hūan

喜喜

歡欢

English facial expression

Chinese (中⽂)

happy cheerful

to dislike

tǎo

yàn

討讨

厭厌

biǎo

qíng

表表

情情

6

surface sentiment

to abhor

yàn

wù

厭厌

惡恶

7

to detest to loathe

to demand to detest

Table 11.4: Expressions of emotion English facial expression

Chinese (中⽂) biǎo

qíng

表表

情情

8

surface sentiment

so glad that it was beyond understanding

xìng

de

dé

liǎo

⾼⾼

興兴

得不得得不得

了了

not

to understand

high cheerful glad

4 5 6 7 8 9

CC

bù

9

gāo

to get ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ beyond understanding

📘 ⾵⾞編輯部/編 (2002): 10隻討厭的烏鴉 (shí zhī tǎo yàn de wū yā—Ten Disagreeable Crows), page 57 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999c): 天鵝湖 (tiān é hú—Swan Lake), page 18 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 10 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 10 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999e): 醜⼩鴨 (chǒu xiǎo yā—The Ugly Duckling), page 10 📘 郭桂玲: 神氣的披⾵ (shén qì de pī fēng)—The Majestic Cape, page 17 =

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

Table 11.5: Fear English The wolf was so scared that his whole body shook.

Chinese (中⽂) láng

xià

de

狼狼

嚇吓

得得

qúan shēn

全全

⾝⾝

fā

dǒu

發发

抖抖

10

。。

wolf to scare (to the extent that) entire body to send out to tremble to shake

The rabbit was so scared that his entire body had no strength.

tù

zi

兔⼦兔⼦

xià

de

qúan shēn méi

嚇吓

得得

全全

⾝沒⾝没

11

lì

。。

⼒⼒

rabbit son scared (to the extent that) entire body no strength rabbit

He was so scared that he immediately pulled out his legs and just ran. Even the traffic cop saw it and was also completely scared, his whole body breaking out in a cold sweat.

tā

xià

de

lì

kè

bá

他他

嚇吓

得得

⽴⽴

刻刻

拔拔

he to scare

tǔi

12

jiù pǎo

腿就跑。腿就跑。

to stand to carve to pull out legs just ran immediately

lián

jiāo

tōng

jiňg

chá

kàn

連连

交交

通通

警警

察察

看看

le

yě

dōu

了也了也

都都

even to deliver through to caution to closely examine to look at xià

chū

ỳi

嚇吓

出⼀出⼀

scared to exit one

saw

police

traffic shēn

lěng

hàn

⾝⾝

冷冷

汗汗

body

cold

sweat

whole body

also completely

13

。。

cold sweat

11.2 Character Table 11.6: Character English bravery

Chinese (中⽂) yǒng

gǎn

勇勇

敢敢

English curious

brave dare to

Chinese (中⽂) hào

qí

好好

奇奇

fond of unusual continued on the next page …

10 11 12 13

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005j): ⿊猩猩來了 (hēi xīng xīng lái le—The Black Gorilla is coming), page 11 📘 余治瑩 (2006): 彩⾊⼩兔 (cǎi sè xiǎo tù—The colored rabbit), page 16 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005g): ⼩象妹找⾃信 (xiǎo xiàng mèi zhǎo zì xìn—Little Elephant …confidence), page 23 📘 張晉霖 (2005c): 哈啾不⾒了 (hā jiū bú jiàn le—“Achoo” No More), page 17



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English determination

Chinese (中⽂) júe

xīn

決决

⼼⼼

English diligence

Chinese (中⽂)

decided heart

endurance

nài

lì

耐耐

⼒⼒

honest

lǎo shí

humble

faithfulness

誠诚

loyal sincere

honest and kind

zhōng hòu

⽼實⽼实

忠忠

old true

loyal kind

qiān

xū

謙谦

虛虚

hūan

lè

歡欢

樂乐

patience

kindness

nài

xīn

耐耐

⼼⼼

hé

píng

和和

平平

love

xīn

熱⼼热⼼

厚厚 rén

cí

仁仁

慈慈

rè

aì

熱愛热爱 hot love

patience

nài

xìng

耐耐

性性

enduring nature

sincere / true-hearted

peace level rè

15

benevolence kind

enduring heart

warmhearted

勞劳

忠忠

cheerful joyous

peace

勤勤

zhōng chéng

modest empty

joy

láo

diligent work

enduring strength 14

qín

chéng

kěn

誠诚

懇恳

16

sincere earnest

deeply and lovingly devoted to each other

xiāng

qīn

xiāng

相相

親亲

相相

mutually close mutually

hot heart

ài

17

愛爱 love

14 15 16 17

CC

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 2 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 2 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 2 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005d): ⼩⽩兔的友誼 The Rabbit's Friendship, page 3 =

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11.2. CHARACTER

page 97

Daniel J. Greenhoe

Table 11.7: Negative character traits English false/fake display of affection

Chinese (中⽂) xū

qíng

虛虚

情情

English full of oneself

Chinese (中⽂)

empty sentiment

dé

yì

得得

意意

get meaning

18

jǐa

yì

假假

意意

fake meaning insincerity

narrow minded

yǎn 19

xiǎo

xīn

⼩⼩

⼼眼⼼眼

proud

small heart eye

take advantage of

aò

驕骄

傲傲

arrogant proud 20

zhàn

pián

yí

佔佔

便便

宜宜

to seize

jiāo

suitable petty gain

Table 11.8: Character English In every situation he was always planning, always thinking how to totally take advantage of other people.


fán

shì

dōu

yào

jì

jiào

他凡他凡

事事

都都

要要

計计

較较

all

want

all matters

he

總总

to count to compare

jìn

bié

rén

de

盡尽

別别

⼈⼈

的便的便

exhausted

other

person

's

pián

shì

xiǎng

zhàn

是是

想想

佔佔

always that to think

to seize

always

to plan

other people

The crowd little by little lost patience.

, zǒng

21

yí

。。

宜宜 suitable

petty gain

rén

qún

jiàn

jiàn

s̄hi

qù

nài

⼈⼈

群群

漸渐

漸渐

失失

去去

耐耐

xìng

22

性。性。

people crowd gradually gradually to lose to go enduring nature crowd

18 19 20 21 22

gradually

to lose

patience

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 4 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 2 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 6 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page ? 📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008e): ⾙絲的⼼願 (bèi s̄i de xin̄ yuàn) Beth's cherished desire, page 18



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11.3

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 11. THE HEART OF MAN

Thought processes Table 11.9: Thought processes

English to have a sudden inspiration

Chinese (中⽂) líng

jī

yí

機⼀机⼀

靈灵

動动

one to move

clever alert

to show understanding for

23

dòng

tǐ

liàng

體体

諒谅

24

body forgive

to me (in my opinion)

dùi

wǒ

lái

shūo

對我來对我来

說说

facing me come speak

to think so

cāi

xiǎng

猜猜

想想

to guess to think

to think reckless thoughts full of confusion

hú

s̄i

lùan

胡胡

思思

亂乱

xiǎng 25

想想

reckless think disorder think

can't figure out

xiǎng

bù

tōng

想想

不不

通通

to think not through

Table 11.10: What do you think? English Would you say that I am pretty?


shūo wǒ

piào

你說我漂你说我漂 you to say

I

liàng ma

26

亮嗎 ? 亮吗 ?

pretty bright pretty continued on the next page …

23 24 25 26

CC

📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 6 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999d): 賣香屁 (mài xiāng pì—Selling Fragrant Gas), page 8 📘 張晉霖 (2006b): 給貓咪掛鈴鐺 (gěi māo m̄i gùa lińg dāng) hang a bell on the cat, page 12 📘 幼福編輯部 (2005g): ⼩象妹找⾃信 (xiǎo xiàng mèi zhǎo zì xìn—Little Elephant …confidence), page 5 =

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11.4. THE WILL

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 99


English Do you see me as pretty?


kàn

wǒ

piào

你看我漂你看我漂 you to see

I

27

liàng ma

亮嗎 ? 亮吗 ?

pretty bright pretty

To me, here is just perfect.

zhè

lǐ

這裡这⾥

dùi

wǒ

lái

shūo

gāng

gāng

說说

剛刚

剛刚

對我來对我来

hǎo

28

好。好。

this inside facing me come speak exactly exactly good perfect

here

11.4 The will Table 11.11: English o make up one's mind

Chinese (中⽂) xià

dìng

júe

xīn

下下

定定

決决

⼼⼼

to form an opinion to fix to decide heart determination

to be willing

yùan

願愿

ỳi

意意

willing idea

willing or not

yùan

bù

yùan

願不願愿不愿

ỳi

意意

willing not willing idea

reluctantly

xīn

bú

gān

qíng

bù

yuàn

⼼不⽢⼼不⽢

情情

不願不愿

heart not sweet sentiment not willing

Example 11.1 (Intent). Following are some example sentences expressing intent: 1. ràng wǒ

x̌i

讓我洗让我洗 let

I

lv̀

dòu

綠绿

⾖⾖

。 Let me wash the mung beans. 。

wash green legumes mung beans

27 28

📘 幼福編輯部 (2005g): ⼩象妹找⾃信 (xiǎo xiàng mèi zhǎo zì xìn—Little Elephant …confidence), page 5 📘 Walsh (1999): 躲貓貓和睡覺—Hide and Sleep, page 8



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

2. wǒ

lái

我來我来 I

x̌i

lv̀

dòu

洗洗

綠绿

⾖⾖

CHAPTER 11. THE HEART OF MAN 29

。。

Allow me to wash the mung beans.

come wash green legumes mung beans

3. wǒ xiǎng

我想我想 I

like

x̌i

lv̀

dòu

洗洗

綠绿

⾖⾖

。 I wish to wash the mung beans. 。

wash green legumes mung beans

4. wǒ xiǎng

我想我想 I

like

yào

x̌i

lv̀

dòu

要要

洗洗

綠绿

⾖⾖

want

wash green legumes

would like to

5. wǒ yào

。 I would like to wash the mung beans. 。

mung beans

x̌i

我要洗我要洗

lv̀

dòu

綠绿

⾖⾖

。 I want to wash the mung beans. 。

want wash green legumes

I

mung beans

6.

mā

mā

bù

tíng

de

cūi

媽妈

媽妈

不停不停

的的

催催

mother mother not Mama xīn

stop

's

zhe

to urge (part) urging

non-stop

yuàn

wéi

ní

zhǐ

hǎo

著，惟妮只着，惟妮只

bù

gān

qíng

bú

de

⼼不⼼不

⽢⽢

情情

不願的不愿的

好好

only maid only

good

Winnie

could only

chū mén le

30

出⾨了。出⻔了。

not sweet sentiment not willing -ly exit door ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ heart

go out

With Mama's non-stop urging, Winnie could only with an unhappy heart and an unwilling mind go out.

unhappily and unwillingly

29 30

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📘 曾陽晴 (2009): 媽媽買綠⾖ (Let's Get Mung Beans, Momma!), page 6 📘 王姿云 (2008): 維尼上學囉, page 4 =

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version 1.20


CHAPTER 12 WORK AND REST

12.1 Work Table 12.1: Work English work

Chinese (中⽂) gōng zùo

English to slack

⼯作⼯作 work to do

diligent

qín

fèn

勤勤

奮奋

lǎn

dùo

懶懒

惰惰

tōu

lǎn

偷偷

懶懒

secretely lazy

diligent

diligent to exert

lazy

Chinese (中⽂)

qín

láo

勤勤

勞劳

diligent to work

lazy laziness

relaxed; free and easy

leisurely and carefree

qīng sōng

輕鬆轻松 light loose

to strive

lì

努努

⼒⼒

yī

jì

z̄hi

⼀技之⼀技之 one skill

xián

悠悠

閒閒

leisurely idle

nǔ

conscientious

'

rèn

zhēn

認认

真真

to recognize true

to exert strength

speciality

yōu

cháng

⻑⻓ strength

master worker

shī

fù

師师

傅傅

teacher to teach

page 102

Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 12. WORK AND REST

Table 12.2: work expressions English so busy that his head was dripping with sweat

Chinese (中⽂) máng de

mǎn

1

hàn

head big sweat

full

2

tóng

xīn

xié

lì

同同

⼼⼼

協协

⼒⼒

together

heart

to assist power

with one heart

work so difficult leaving one with grey hair and mud covered face

dà

忙得滿頭⼤汗忙得满头⼤汗 busy that

work together with one heart

tóu

hūi

tóu

tǔ

to unite efforts liǎn

灰頭⼟臉灰头⼟脸 grey head soil face

Table 12.3: Work example sentence English I'm so busy that I don't have time to eat.

Chinese (中⽂) wǒ máng dé

shí

jiān

chī

wǎn

我忙得沒有時我忙得没有时

間间

吃吃

晚晚

I

méi

yǒu

zhǐ

餐。餐。

busy that none have time between eat evening meal time

not have

With hard work and no fear of injury and pain, only then can you succeed.

3

cān

yǒu

nǔ

lì

只有努⼒只有努⼒

gōng

zùo

⼯⼯

bú

cái

，才，才

pà

作，不怕作，不怕

only have exert force worker do exert

dinner

chéng

能能

成成

受受

shāng hàn

téng

tòng

和和

疼疼

痛痛

傷伤

not to fear receive injury

work

néng

shòu

to get injured gōng

and to ache pain a pain

4

功。功。

only then can to accomplish merit success

1 2 3 4

CC

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version 1.20


12.1. WORK

page 103

Daniel J. Greenhoe

Table 12.4: Work English What work do you do?

nǐ

zùo

Chinese (中⽂) gōng zùo ?

shé me

你做什麼你做什么 you

do

⼯⼯

worker do

what

work

what

I am a

.

wǒ

作作

.

shì

我是我是 is

I

Table 12.5: Jobs English boss

Chinese (中⽂) lǎo

bǎn

English businessman

⽼板⽼板 old board

doctor

student

teacher

shēng

醫医

⽣⽣

doctor

birth

professor

learn

birth

lǎo

shī

⽼⽼

師师

manager

商商

⼈⼈

jiào

shòu

教教

授授

jīng

lǐ

經经

理理

manage reason

worker

gōng

rén

⼯⼯

⼈⼈

worker person

old teacher

engineer

rén

teach give

xúe shēng

⽣⽣

shāng

discuss person

yī

學学

Chinese (中⽂)

gōng

chéng

shī

⼯⼯

程程

師师

worker rules

instructor

engineering

Table 12.6: Occupations English artist

Chinese (中⽂) yì

shù

jiā

藝術艺术

家家

English singer

skill skill specialist art

Chinese (中⽂) gē

chàng

jiā

歌歌

唱唱

家家

song

sing

specialist

to sing continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

CHAPTER 12. WORK AND REST …continued from the previous page

English cook

doctor

Chinese (中⽂) chú

shī

廚厨

師师

English driver

Chinese (中⽂) jī

司司

機机

kitchen teacher

in charge of machine

cook

driver

yī

shēng

醫医

⽣⽣

doctor

life

dentist

yá

yī

⽛⽛

醫医

tooth doctor dentist

doctor

12.2

sī

Rest Table 12.7: Sleep and rest

English to sleep

Chinese (中⽂) shùi

jiào

睡睡

覺觉

English noon-time nap

dǎ

hū

打打

呼呼

shùi

ge

wǔ

jiào

睡睡

個午个午

覺觉

to sleep

to sleep sleep

to snore

Chinese (中⽂)

a

noon sleep

to hit exhale

to wake up

xǐng

lái

醒醒

來来

to wake up

yí

jiào

⼀覺⼀觉

one sleep

to awake to come to

xǐng

lái

醒醒

來来

5

to awake to come to to wake up

yawn

dǎ

hā

qiàn

打打

哈哈

⽋⽋

yawn

to hit to breath out to yawn

dǎ

hē

qiàn

打打

呵呵

⽋⽋

to hit to scold to yawn

to yawn

oversleep

shùi

gùo

tóu

睡睡

過过

頭头

to sleep

to yawn

plenty of sleep

to pass head

shùi

hěn bǎo

睡睡

很飽很饱

to sleep very full continued on the next page …

5

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12.2. REST

page 105

Daniel J. Greenhoe


English not enough sleep

Chinese (中⽂) shùi

bù bǎo

睡睡

不飽不饱

English can not sleep

to sleep not full

to rest

xiū

x́i

休休

息息

lèi

kǔa

累累

垮垮

shùi

bù zháo

jiào

睡睡

不著不着

覺觉

to sleep not

exhausted

ṕi

bèi

疲疲

憊惫

sleep

tired exhausted

to rest breath

tired to the point of collapse

Chinese (中⽂)

6

to relax

tired to collapse

sàn

sàn

xīn

散散

散散

⼼⼼

to come loose

loose heart relax

7

exhausted

jiǹ

quán

lì

盡尽

全全

⼒⼒

exhaust fully

power

to use all one's strength

completely exhausted

jīn

ṕi

lì

jiǹ

筋筋

疲疲

⼒⼒

盡尽

8

muscle tired power exhausted

lackadaisical

wú

jīng

dǎ

cǎi

無⽆

精精

打打

采采

9

without energy to beat to pick

Example 12.1.

1. nǐ

你你

shùi

睡睡

bǎo le méi

飽了沒 ? Have you had enough sleep? 饱了没 ?

you to sleep full

6 7 8 9

no

📘 ⿈慧敏 (2006): 阿尼要搬家 (ā ní yào bān jiā—Annie wants to move), page 5 📘 劉嘉裕 (1999c): 天鵝湖 (tiān é hú—Swan Lake), page 4 📘 張晉霖 and 李美華 (2008d): 真的﹗ (zhēn de)—Really!, page 16 📘 張晉霖 (2005f): 蝴蝶⾵箏 (hú dié fēng zhēng—The Butterfly Kite), page 19



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

2. tā mén zǒu

dào

他們⾛到他们⾛到 he

(s)

they

CHAPTER 12. WORK AND REST

huáng

gōng

fù

皇皇

宮宫

附附

jìn

biān

sàn

sàn

xīn

近的湖邊近的湖边

散散

散散

⼼⼼

walk arrive emperor palace attach near walked

de

's

hú

lake

side

to come loose

。。

loose heart

lake side

nearby

palace

10

relax

They walked to a lake near the palace to relax. 3. zhè ge

xià

這個下这个下

wǔ

bà

ba hàn

mā

ma

zhōng

yú

kě

yǐ

xiǎng

shòu

午爸爸和媽午爸爸和妈

媽妈

終终

於于

可可

以以

享享

受受

this one below noon dad dad and mother mother the end at to approve to use as to have the use of to receive can Mom dad after noon finally this to enjoy piàn

kè

de

ān

níng

⽚⽚

刻刻

的的

安安

寧宁

slice quarter hour of peaceful tranquility brief moment

tranquility

hǎo

，好，好

hǎo

de

shùi

ge

好的好的

睡睡

個午个午

good good

of to sleep

a

wǔ

jiào

11

覺。觉。

noon sleep

very good

This afternoon, Dad and Mom finally can enjoy a brief moment of peace and quiet, and have a very good afternoon nap.

10 11

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version 1.20


Appendices

APPENDIX A GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY

wén

fǎ

⽂

法

⽂

法

a composition

the law

grammar

Table A.1: Parts of speech English adjective

Chinese (中⽂) xíng

róng

cí

形形

容容

詞词

appearance contain word describe

adverb

fù

cí

副副

詞词

secondary word

definite article (“the”)

dìng

gùan

cí

定定

冠冠

詞词

to fix to wear a cap word article

indefinite article (“a”, “an”)

bú dìng

gùan

cí

不定不定

冠冠

詞词

not to fix to wear a cap word article continued on the next page …

page 110

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX A. GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY …continued from the previous page

English conjunction

Chinese (中⽂) lián

jiē

cí

連连

接接

詞词

to link to accept word to join

gerund

dòng

míng

cí

動动

名名

詞词

to move name word noun

noun

míng

cí

名名

詞词

name word noun

preposition

qián

zhì

cí

前前

置置

詞词

front to place at word

pronoun

dài

míng

cí

代代

名名

詞词

substitute name word noun

possessive pronoun

sǔo

yǒu

gé

dài

míng

cí

所所

有有

格格

代代

名名

詞词

style

substitute

that which have

name word

to possess

relative pronoun

noun

gūan

xī

dài

míng

cí

關关

係系

代代

名名

詞词

to close to tie

substitute name word noun

relation

verb

dòng

cí

動动

詞词

to move word

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

Table A.2: Grammar terminology English stress / accent

Chinese (中⽂) zhòng

yīn

重重

⾳⾳

English alphabet

wén

fǎ

⽂⽂

法法

language

字字

⺟⺟

yǔ

yán

語语

⾔⾔

pronunciation

piàn

yǔ

⽚⽚

語语

a slice language

punctuation

mǔ

language speech or word

a composition the law

phrase

zì

word a mother

weight sound

grammar

Chinese (中⽂)

fā

yīn

發发

⾳⾳

to send out sound

biāo

dǐan

fǎ

標标

點点

法法

vocabulary

a mark a spot the law

zì

hùi

字字

彙汇

a word to collect

punctuation

sentence

jù

zi

句句

⼦⼦

a sentence a son

Table A.3: Punctuation English exclamation mark (!)

Chinese (中⽂) jīng

tàn

hào

驚惊

嘆叹

號号

English hyphen (-)

to be startled to sigh a mark jù

hào

句句

號号

yiň

hào

引引

號号

question mark (?)

hào

連连

字字

號号

wèn

hào

問问

號号

to ask a mark

semicolon (;)

fēn

hào

分分

號号

to divide into parts a mark

to pull a mark


zì

a ligature

a sentence a mark

quotation marks (“ ”)

lián

to link a word a mark

to marvel

period (.)

Chinese (中⽂)


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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX A. GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY

Table A.4: Tense English tense

Chinese (中⽂) shí

tài

時时

態态

time

form

English past tense

xiàn

zài

shì

現现

在在

式式

future tense

=

shì

過过

去式去式


wèi

lái

shì

未未

來来

式式

not yet to come to form coming

at present

$ BY-NC-ND

qù

in the past

present to exist form

CC

gùo

to go across to go form

tense (grammar)

present tense

Chinese (中⽂)

version 1.20


APPENDIX B NUMBERS

Table B.1: Numbers English 0

Chinese (中⽂)

English 1

líng

零零 2

4

6

er̀

⼆⼆ sì

四四

sān

5

wŭ

9

bā

⼋⼋ 10

11

sh́i

14

sh́i

er̀

⼗⼆⼗⼆ 10

2

sh́i

sì

⼗五⼗五 10

五五 qī

jĭu

九九

⼗⼗ 12

三三

七七

六六 8

yī

⼀⼀

3

7

lìu

Chinese (中⽂)

4

13

15

sh́i

yī

10

1

sh́i

sān

⼗⼀⼗⼀⼗三⼗三 10

3

sh́i

wŭ

⼗四⼗四 10

5 continued on the next page …

page 114

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX B. NUMBERS …continued from the previous page

English 16

Chinese (中⽂) sh́i

17

lìu

⼗五⼗五

18

10

6

sh́i

bā

English

19

10

8

er̀

shí

2

10

er̀

shí

er̀

2

10

2

er̀

shí

sì

2

10

4

sān

shí

21

⼆⼗⼆⼆⼗⼆

24

⼆⼗四⼆⼗四

30

32

10

sān

shí

er̀

三⼗⼆三⼗⼆

50

3

10

wŭ

shí

70

10

qī

shí

25

40

2

五⼗五⼗ 5

23

31

三⼗三⼗ 3

60

90

10

jĭu

shí

80

100

10

yī

bǎi

1

100

7

sh́i

jĭu

⼀百⼀百

10

9

er̀

shí

yī

2

10

1

er̀

shí

sān

2

10

3

er̀

shí

wŭ

2

10

5

sān

shí

yī

3

10

1

sì

shí

⼆⼗⼀⼆⼗⼀⼆⼗三⼆⼗三⼆⼗五⼆⼗五三⼗⼀三⼗⼀

四⼗四⼗ 4

10

lìu

shí

6

10

bā

shí

⼋⼗⼋⼗ 93

九⼗九⼗ 9

10

六⼗六⼗

七⼗七⼗ 7

qī

⼗九⼗九

⼆⼗⼆⼗

22

sh́i

⼗六⼗六

⼗⼋⼗⼋ 20

Chinese (中⽂)

200

8

10

jĭu

shí

sān

九⼗三九⼗三 9

10

er̀

bǎi

2

100

3

⼆百⼆百 continued on the next page …

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page 115

Daniel J. Greenhoe


English 300

500

700

Chinese (中⽂) sān

400

bǎi

三百三百 3

100

wŭ

bǎi

600

五百五百 5

100

qī

bǎi

English

900

100

jĭu

bǎi

sì

bǎi

四百四百 4

100

lìu

bǎi

六百六百 800

6

100

bā

bǎi

⼋百⼋百

七百七百 7

Chinese (中⽂)

8

100

九百九百 1,000

3,000

10,000

30,000

100,000

9

100

yī

qiān

2,000

⼀千⼀千 1

1000

sān

qiān

三三

千千

3

1000

yī

wàn

104

sān

wàn

4,000

104

shí

wàn

20,000

300,000

1,000,000

104

sān

shí

40,000

200,000

wàn

3

10

104

yī

bǎi

wàn

⼀百萬⼀百万 100

⼆⼆

sì

400,000

qiān

1000 wàn

萬万 104 wàn

104 shí

wàn

2

10

104

⼆⼗萬⼆⼗万

sì

shí

wàn

四⼗萬四⼗万 liăng

⼆⼆ 2

104

1000

liăng

4

2,000,000

千千

四萬四万 4

三⼗萬三⼗万

1

liăng

2

⼗萬⼗万 10

sì

qiān

四千四千 4

三萬三万 3

⼆⼆ 2

⼀萬⼀万 1

liăng

10 bǎi

104 wàn

百萬百万 100

104




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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX B. NUMBERS …continued from the previous page

English 3,000,000

10,000,000

Chinese (中⽂) sān

wàn

三百萬三百万 3

100

104

yī

qiān

wàn

⼀千⼀千 1

one billion (109 )

bǎi

shí

1000

English 4,000,000

Chinese (中⽂) sì

100,000,000

ten billion (1010 )

⼗億⼗亿 one hundred billion (1011 )

ten trillion (1013 )

108

yī

qiān

yì

1

1000

108

shí

wàn

yì

⼀千億⼀千亿⼗萬億⼗万亿 10

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104

one trillion (1012 )

one hundred trillion (1013 )

108


version 1.20

4

100

yī

yì

1

108

yī

bǎi

yì

1

100

108

yī

wàn

yì

1

104

108

yī

bǎi

wàn

yì

1

100

104

108

104

⼀億⼀亿

104

10

wàn

四百萬四百万

萬万

yì

bǎi

⼀百億⼀百亿⼀萬億⼀万亿⼀百萬億⼀百万亿


APPENDIX C SONGS

page 118

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS

C.1 Old McDonald

wàng

lǎo

xiān

shēng

yǒu

kuài

dì

王王

⽼⽼

先先

⽣⽣

有有

塊块

地地

king

old

ahead

birth

have chunk

earth

mister

Table C.1: Old McDonald English Old McDonald had a farm.

Chinese (中⽂) wàng

lǎo

xiān

shēng

yǒu

kuài

dì

王王

⽼⽼

先先

⽣⽣

有有

塊块

地地

king

old

ahead

birth

have

chunk

earth

mister

Yi ai yi ai oh

And on that farm he had a duck.

yī

yā

yī

yā

yōu

咿咿

呀呀

咿咿

呀呀

呦呦

(sound)

(sound)

(sound)

(sound)

tā

zài

he

at

(sound)

yúan

lǐ

yǎng

園园

裡⾥

養养

⼩鴨⼩鸭

garden

inside

raise

small duck

他在他在

! !

xiǎo

yā

duckling

Yi ai yi ai oh

yī

yā

yī

yā

yōu

咿呀咿呀呦 ! 咿呀咿呀呦 ! Duckling here gua gua

xiǎo

yā

zhè

lǐ

⼩鴨這裡⼩鸭这⾥ Duckling there gua gua

everywhere gua gua

small duck

this inside

duckling

here

xiǎo

gū

gū

呱呱

呱呱

baby's cry

yā

nà

lǐ

gū

gū

⼩鴨⼩鸭

那那

裡⾥

呱呱

呱呱

small duck

there inside

duckling

there

dào

chù

dōu

gū

gū

到到

處处

都在呱都在呱

呱呱

reach

place

all

zài

baby's cry

at

baby's cry

everywhere continued on the next page …

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C.1. OLD MCDONALD

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 119


English Old McDonald had a farm.

Chinese (中⽂) wàng

lǎo

xiān

shēng

yǒu

kuài

dì

王王

⽼⽼

先先

⽣⽣

有有

塊块

地地

king

old

ahead

birth

have

chunk

earth

mister

Yi ai yi ai oh

yī

yā

yī

yā

yōu

咿呀咿呀呦 ! 咿呀咿呀呦 !



version 1.20

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS

C.2 1 2 3 Fish Table C.2: One two three fish English One, two, three, four, five;

once I caught a fish alive.

Chinese (中⽂) yī

er̀

⼀⼆⼀⼆

sān

two

three

four

five

yí

cì

wǒ

zhūo

le

yí

tiào

húo

yú

fish

⼀次⼀次

我我

捉了捉了

⼀條⼀条

活⿂。活⻥。

one order

I

catch (-ed)

one (mw)

live

caught

a

liù

qī

bā

六六

七七

⼋⼋

six

then I let him go again.

wǔ

one

once

Six, seven, eight, nine, ten;

sì

四五，四五，

三三

jiǔ

shí

nine

ten

live fish

九⼗，九⼗，

seven eight

wǒ

yòu

bǎ

我我

⼜⼜

tā

fàng

把他把他

I

again

zǒu

放放

he

le

⾛了。⾛了。

set free walk release

Why did you let him go?

wèi

shé me

fàng

zǒu

為什麼为什么

放放

⾛了他 ? ⾛了他 ?

for

what

set free walk

what ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

release

le

tā

he

why

Because he bit my finger so.

yin̄

wèi

tā

yǎo le

wǒ de

shǒu

zhǐ

tóu

⼿⼿

指指

頭头

因為他咬了我的因为他咬了我的 cause for

he

I

bite

because

hand finger

's

head

finger ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟

my

bit

。。

finger tip

Which finger did he bite?

tā

yǎo

de

shì

nǎ

ge

他咬的是哪個他咬的是哪个 he

bite

is

what (mw) which

shǒu

zhǐ

tóu

⼿⼿

指指

頭头

hand finger

? ?

head

finger ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ finger tip continued on the next page …

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C.2. 1 2 3 FISH

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 121


English This little finger on the right.

Chinese (中⽂) shì

de

xiǎo

zhǐ

是我右⼿的是我右⼿的

⼩⼩

指指

is

wǒ

I

yòu hand

right hand right


's

small finger

tóu

頭。头。 head

little finger


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page 122

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS

C.3 Head Shoulders Knees and Toes Table C.3: Head and Shoulders English Head and shoulders, knees and toes;

Chinese (中⽂) tóu

jīan

bǎng

xī

jiǎo zhǐ

頭头

肩肩

膀膀

膝膝

腳趾脚趾

knee

foot toe

head

shoulder wings

toe

shoulder

knees and toes, knees and toes.

xī

膝膝 knee

jiǎo zhǐ

xī

jiǎo zhǐ

腳趾膝脚趾膝 foot toe

腳趾脚趾

knee

toe

Head and shoulders, knees and toes;

foot toe toe

tóu

jīan

bǎng

xī

jiǎo zhǐ

頭头

肩肩

膀膀

膝膝

腳趾脚趾

knee

foot toe

head

shoulder wings

toe

shoulder

Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.

yǎn

eř

眼⽿⿐眼⽿⿐ eyes ear

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bí

nose


hé

kǒu

和和

⼝⼝

and

mouth

version 1.20

.


C.4. BRIGHT MOON

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 123

C.4 Bright Moon Table C.4: Bright Moon English “When did we first have the bright moon?”,

Chinese (中⽂) mińg

yùe

jǐ

shí

yǒu

明明

⽉⽉

幾⼏

時时

有 ? 有 ?

bright

moon

how many time

have

when

holding a wine glass, I asked the blue sky.

bǎ

jiǔ

把把

酒酒

grip

alcohol

wèn

qin̄g tiān

ask

blue

問青天。问青天。

hold a wine glass

I wonder, in Heaven's imperial palace,

blue sky

bù

zhī

tiān shàng

gōng

qūe

不不

知知

天上天上

宮宫

闕阙

not

know

sky above

palace

palace

heaven

wonder if

what year it is today.

jin̄

xì

今今

shì

⼣⼣

hé

is

，，

imperial palace nián

年。年。

是何是何

present sunset

what

year

what year

today

I desire to ride the wind to go back,

sky

wǒ

yù

chéng

fēng

gūi

我我

欲欲

乘乘

⾵⻛

歸归

I

desire

ride

wind

qù

去，去，

to go back to go go back to

but dread the magnificent jade palace,

yòu

kǒng

qióng

lóu

yù

yǔ

⼜⼜

恐恐

瓊琼

樓楼

⽟⽟

宇宇

but

dread

jade

building

jade

roof

，，

splendid hall ⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟⏟ magnificent jade palace

that such a high place is too cold.

gāo

chù

bù

shēng

⾼⾼

處处

不不

勝胜

high

place

hán

寒。寒。

not competent cold too continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS …continued from the previous page

English Rise and dance until making a pure shadow,

Chinese (中⽂) qǐ

wǔ

nòng

qin̄g

yiňg

起起

舞舞

弄弄

清清

影影

rise

dance

make

pure

shadow

rise and dance

in what seems like the world of man!

hé

sì

何何

似似

pure shadow

zài

what similar

rén

jiān

在⼈在⼈

間间

world of man

zhǔan

zhū

gé

轉转

朱朱

閣阁

dī

qǐ

低低

綺绮

hù

⼾，户， door

hang down beautiful

shining on the sleepless.

zhào

wú

照照

無⽆

，，

pavillion

revolve bright red

the moonlight hangs down on the beautiful door,

! !

man between

at

similiar to

Arching over the bright red pavillion,

，，

mián

眠。眠。

illuminate without sleep

The moon should not have hate,

bù

yin̄g

yǒu

不不

應应

有有

not

hèn

恨，恨，

should have hate deserved

so why when it is time to leave, is the moon so full and round?

hé

shì

cháng

xiàng

bíe

shí

何何

事事

⻑⻓

向向

別别

時时

long

hitherto

leave

time

what affairs why

People have sorrow, joy, separation, togetherness; the moon has times of being overcast, clear, full and round, diminished,

圓 ? 圆 ? round

time to leave

always

rén

yǒu

bēi

hūan

lí

hé

⼈⼈

有有

悲悲

歡欢

離离

合合

people

have

sadness

cheerful

apart

together

yùe

⽉⽉ moon

since ancient times, these things have been difficult to reconcile.

yúan

yǒu

yīn

有有

陰阴

qińg

yúan

qūe

晴晴

圓圆

缺缺

have overcast clear

，，

round deficient

cǐ

shì

gǔ

nán

qúan

此此

事事

古古

難难

全全

ancient

difficult

completely

these affairs

，，

。。 continued on the next page …

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C.4. BRIGHT MOON

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 125


English If only people can remain together for a long time,

Chinese (中⽂) dàn yùan

rén

cháng

但願但愿

⼈⼈

⻑⻓

久，久，

people

long

time

but

hope

long time

if only

or travel a thousand miles to share life with a lovely lady.

jiǔ

qiān

lǐ

gòng

chán

jūan

千千

⾥⾥

共共

嬋婵

娟娟

thousand

li

long distance

。。

share graceful beautiful lovely

midi file available at: http://www.hamienet.com/midi15005.html



version 1.20

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page 126

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS

C.5 Amazing Grace Table C.5: Amazing Grace English Amazing grace, how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me!

Chinese (中⽂) qí

yì

en̄

奇奇

異异

diǎn

hé

恩典何恩典何

děng

gān

tián

等等

⽢⽢

甜甜

unusual different

favor law

how same as

sweet sweet

unusual

grace

how

sweet

wǒ

zùi

yǐ

dé

shè

miǎn

已已

得得

赦赦

免免

already

obtain

我罪我罪 guilt

I

pardon to exempt to pardon

I once was lost, but now am found,

qián

wǒ

shī

sàng

jin̄

bèi

xún

húi

前前

我我

失失

喪丧

今今

被被

尋寻

回回

before

I

now

have been

to lose to lose

to search to go back to found

lost

Was blind, but now I see.

yǎn

, jin̄

dé

kàn

jiàn

瞎眼瞎眼

今今

得得

看看

⾒⻅

eye

now

to obtain

xiā

blind

.

to look at to see to see

'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, And grace my fears relieved;

rú

cǐ

en̄

diǎn

shǐ

wǒ

jiǹg

wèi

如此恩典如此恩典

使使

我我

敬敬

畏畏

to make

I

as this

favor law

'twas

grace

to reverence to fear to hold in awe

shǐ

wǒ

xin̄

dé

an̄

wèi

使使

我⼼我⼼

得得

安安

慰慰

to make

my

heart

to obtain

peace to console comfort

How precious did that grace appear, The hour I first believed!

chū

xiǹ

zhī

初初

信信

之時既之时既

first

to believe

of

shí

time

jì

as

méng

en̄

húi

zhēn

蒙蒙

恩恩

惠惠

真真

是何是何

favor

true

that

to receive grace

mercy;grace bǎo

gùi

寶宝

貴贵

shì

hé

děng

等等

how same as how

treasure expensive precious

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C.5. AMAZING GRACE

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 127

English lyrics available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_grace



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page 128

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS

C.6 You are my flower

hūa

dǔo

by wǔ

bǎi

你是我的花你是我的花

朵朵

伍伍

佰佰

nǐ

s̀hi wǒ de

you are

I

's

army hundred

flower (quantifier)

my

flower

Table C.6: You are my Flower English Take heed to your footsteps and see everything clearly.

Chinese (中⽂) liú

xin̄

jiǎo

bù

kàn

dé

qin̄g chǔ

留留

⼼腳步⼼脚步

看看

得得

清楚清楚

to remain heart foot step to see to take heed

There are many dubious voices

yǒu

hěn

to the extent that pure clear

footstep

dūo

kě

有很多有很多

可可

clear ýi

de

ȳin

sù

疑的因疑的因

素素

have very many to approve doubt

cause plain

's

suspicious

calling out to you, making you confused.

hū

hǎn

ňi

ràng

呼呼

喊喊

你你

讓让

a cause ňi

hú

你糊你糊

tú

塗涂

to exhale to shout you to cause you glue to smear to call out

Test the extent of my love.

confused

kǎo

yàn

wǒ

考考

驗验

我愛的我爱的 I

to give an exam to examine

de

love

's

chéng

dù

程程

度度

journey degree

my love

to test

The elevator of a tall building in a dark neon-lit place

ài

extent

gāo

lóu

diàn

tī

ńi

hóng

shēn

chù

⾼⾼

樓楼

電电

梯梯

霓霓

虹虹

深深

處处

tall building electric ladder secondary rainbow rainbow profound a place neon light

elevator

dances in a crowd of people awkwardly,

wǔ

dòng

zài

rén

qún

hěn

jū

shù

舞舞

動动

在在

⼈⼈

群群

很很

拘拘

束束

to dance to move at person crowd very to detain to bind to dance

crowd

awkward continued on the next page …

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C.6. YOU ARE MY FLOWER

page 129

Daniel J. Greenhoe


English pulling me so that I don't float away.

Chinese (中⽂) lā

zhe wǒ bú

yào

piāo

zǒu

拉著我不要拉着我不要

飄飘

⾛⾛

not want to float to walk

I

to pull

to float away

I am standing behind you, shielding you from the wind.

wǒ zài

ňi

bèi

hòu

dǎng

fēng

我在你背我在你背

後后

擋挡

⾵⻛

at you back behind to block wind

I

behind

Oh you are my flower!

o

nǐ

喔喔

s̀hi wǒ de

hūa

dǔo

你是我的花你是我的花

朵朵

(a sound) you are

I

flower (quantifier)

's

flower

my

I want to have you rooted in my heart of hearts.

wǒ yào

yǒng

yǒu

ňi

chā

zài wǒ

xin̄

wō

我要我要

擁拥

有有

你你

插插

在我⼼在我⼼

窩窝

I

want to embrace to have you to stick into at

my heart

to have

I want to protect you, giving you a smooth road free of obstacles.

heart of hearts

wǒ yào

bǎo

hù

我要我要

保保

護护

I

ňi

ýi

lù

dōu

chàng

tōng

你⼀你⼀

路路

都都

暢畅

通通

want to keep to defend you one

path

all

jiù

sùan

就就

算算

unobstructed through freely flowing

all the way

to protect

Even if the path by your side is littered with stones,

nest

ňi

shēn biān hěn

dūo

xiǎo

śhi

tóu

你⾝邊很多你⾝边很多

⼩⼩

⽯⽯

頭头

(aux. verb) to calculate you body side very many small stone head stones side even if

I want to sleeplessly and endlessly love you. No matter if your heart is full of so much confusion,

wǒ yào

ài

zhe

ňi

bù

mián

我要愛著你不我要爱着你不 I

want love

眠眠

you not sleep sleepless

bù

xiū

也不也不

休休

also not

rest

endlessly

bù

guǎn

ňi

xin̄

不不

管管

你你

⼼⼼

充充

滿多满多

not

tube

you

heart

full

full

no matter

your heart

chōng mǎn

yě

full

dūo

shǎo

kùn

hùo

少少

困困

惑惑

many few distressed bewildered so many

bewildered continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX C. SONGS …continued from the previous page

English I am totally unable to release myself from loving you.


júe

dùi

bú

我我

絕绝

對对

不會對愛不会对爱

I ňi

=

$ BY-NC-ND

fàng

sōng

放放

鬆松

to release

s̀hi wǒ

sǔo

yǒu

kùai

lè

yúan

tóu

你是我你是我

所所

有有

快快

樂乐

源源

頭头

you are wǒ hàn

I

that which to have quick joyous fountainhead head

ňi

fountainhead

happiness

jiāng hùi

dào

dá

nà

kāi

xin̄

lè

yúan

我和你將會我和你将会

到到

達达

那那

開开

⼼⼼

樂乐

園园

I

CC

aì

unable

possess

You and I together can reach the paradise of joy.

dùi

extremely correct not able for love to set free to loosen absolutely

You are the source of all the happiness that I possess.

hùi

and you

will

able to reach to reach that to open heart joyous garden joyful paradise to arrive at


version 1.20


APPENDIX D NAMES

Chinese names typically consist of three characters. The first character is the family name. The next two characters are the given name. To the right is an example using actor “Jackie Chan's” Chinese name:

Chén

gǎng

shēng

陳陈

港港

⽣⽣

to lay out

a port

to give birth

D.1 Family Names A list of some Chinese surnames follows. and the one on the right is simplified.

1

For pairs of characters, the one on the left is traditional,

Common family names

⽩曹陳催鄧董段⽅傅龔郭郝賀侯⿈姜 1

⽩曹陈催邓董段⽅傅龚郭郝贺侯黄姜

Bái

white

Cáo

(a plural particle)

Chén

to arrange

Cūi

high and steep

Dèng Dǒng

to oversee

Dùan

a section

Fāng

square

Fù

a teacher

Gōng

reverential

Gūo

town

Hǎo

(an ancient place)

Hè

to congratulate

Hóu

marquis

Húang

yellow

Jiāng

ginger

蔡常埕戴丁杜范馮⾼顧韓何洪胡賈江

蔡常埕戴丁杜范冯⾼顾韩何洪胡贾江

Cài

a large turtle

Cháng

common; normal

Chéng Dài

to wear

Din̄g Dù

to plug

Fàn

bee

Féng Gāo

high; tall

Gù

to turn around and look

Hán

fence

Hé Hóng

a flood

Hú

to blunder

Jiǎ

(“gǔ”=merchant)

Jiāng

river

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_Chinese_surnames

page 132

蔣蒋康康賴赖李李廖廖劉刘盧卢陸陆⾺⻢孟孟潘潘錢钱邱邱邵邵史史⽯⽯蘇苏譚谭⽥⽥汪汪⾱⻙吳吴夏夏蕭萧徐徐薛薛嚴严姚姚尹尹袁袁張张周周鍾钟锺朱朱

Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX D. NAMES

Jiǎng Kāng

health

Lài

to rely on

Lǐ

plums

Liào Liú

to kill

Lú

black

Lù

land

Mǎ

horse

Mèng

eldest child

Pān

water

Qián

money

Qiū

hill

Shào Shǐ

history

Shí

rocks

Sū Tán

to talk

Tián

agricultural land

Wāng

pool of water

Wéi

tanned leather

Wú Xià

summer

Xiāo

oxtail southern wood; respectful

Xú

slowly; gently; calmly

Xūe

(a kind of marsh grass)

Yán

stern; strict

Yáo

handsome

Yiň

to govern

Yúan

the graceful look of a flowing robe

Zhāng

to spread

Zhōu

Zhou Dynasty

Zhōng

bell

Zhū

bright red

⾦孔雷梁林⿓羅呂⽑⽜彭秦任沈施宋孫唐萬王魏武謝熊許姚揚葉余曾趙鄭鄒

⾦孔雷梁林⻰罗吕⽑⽜彭秦任沈施宋孙唐万王魏武谢熊许姚扬叶余曾赵郑邹

Jīn

gold

Kǒng

hole

Léi

thunder

Liáng

bridge

Liń

forest

Lóng

dragon

Lúo

thin light silk

Lv̌ Máo

hair

Niú

ox

Péng Qiń

Qin Dynasty

Rén Shěn Shī

to carry out

Sòng Sūn

grandchild; descendent

Táng

the Tang Dynasty

Wàn

ten thousand

Wáng

king

Wèi

lofty; stately

Wǔ

military

Xiè

to thank

Xióng

bear

Xǔ Yáo

handsome

Yáng

to raise

Yè

leaf

Yú

I

Zēng

(a 4th generation relationship)

Zhào

(an ancient feudal state)

Zhèng

solemn

Zōu

Not so common family names

班鮑畢成仇狄鐸房費⽢ CC

班鲍毕成仇狄铎房费⽢ =

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Bān

a grade

Bào

abalone

Bì

to complete

Chéng

completed; accomplished

Chóu

enemy

Dí Dúo

a large bell

Fáng

house

Fèi

expediture

Gān

delicious Learning Mandarin Chinese

包⾙⼘遲楚督樊斐馮⼽ version 1.20

包⻉⼘迟楚督樊斐冯⼽

Bāo

to wrap

Bèi

shells

Bǔ

to divine

Chí

late

Chǔ Dū

to oversee

Fán

bird cage

Fěi

elegant; beautiful

Féng Gē

spear; lance


D.1. FAMILY NAMES

葛古管花簡景寇黎連魯路眉⾨莫納年裴溥泉單肅太陶宛魏聞巫向宣晏伊易尤⽟喻樂曾湛章智莊祖

葛古管花简景寇黎连鲁路眉⻔莫纳年裴溥泉单肃太陶宛魏闻巫向宣晏伊易尤⽟喻乐曾湛章智庄祖

Daniel J. Greenhoe

辜官桂季焦柯匡栗柳陸⿆梅苗穆南聶⽪⿑阮⽔臺湯童尾溫翁烏須⽞楊宜英猶郁越宰詹戰芝摯宗

Gě Gǔ

ancient

Gǔan

tube; pipe

Hūa

flower

Jiǎn

brief

Jiňg

scenery

Kòu

bandits

Lí

numerous

Lián

to connect

Lǔ

dull

Lù

road

Méi

eyebrows

Mén

door

Mò

not

Nà

to receive

Nián

year

Péi

the look of a flowing gown

Pǔ

great; wide; vast

Qúan

spring; fountain

Shàn Sù

respectful; majestic

Tài

very big

Táo

pottery

Wǎn

crooked

Wèi

lofty; stately; mafnificent

Wén

to hear

Wū

witch; wizard

Xiàng

to face

Xūan

to announce

Yàn

clear

Yī

he; she

Yì

to exchange

Yóu

to feel bitter

Yù

precious stone

Yù

parable; to explain

Yùe

music

Zēng

3 generation difference

Zhàn

deep; profound

Zhāng

a piece of writing

Zhì

capable; wisdom

Zhūang

solemn

Zǔ

grandfather; grandmother

辜官桂季焦柯匡栗柳陆⻨梅苗穆南聂⽪⻬阮⽔台汤童尾温翁乌须⽞杨宜英犹郁越宰詹战芝挚宗

Gū

sin; crime

Gūan

government official

page 133

Gùi Jì

season

Jiāo

scorched

Kē

tall evergreen tree

Kuāng

to correct

Lì

chestnut tree

Liǔ

willow tree

Lù

land

Mài

wheat; barley; oats

Méi

prunes

Miáo

a sprout

Mù

peaceful; serene

Nán

south

Niè Pí

skin; fur

Qí

equal

Rǔan

(ancient musical instrument)

Shǔi

water

Tái

a lookout; an observatory

Tāng

hot water; soup

Tóng

child

Wěi

tail

Wēn

warm

Wēng

father

Wū

crow; raven

Xū

must

Xúan

far and obscure

Yáng

poplar

Yí

right; fitting

Yin̄g

a flower

Yóu

similar to

Yù

colorfully ornamented

Yùe

to go beyond

Zǎi

to preside

Zhān

verbosity

Zhàn

war

Zhī Zhì

sincere

Zōng

ancestor

Túi

to crumble

Rare family names

邸洗

邸洗

Dǐ

residence of a high official

Xiǎn


頹颓荀荀

Xún


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page 134

義禹湖可茅

Daniel J. Greenhoe

义禹湖可茅

Yì

APPENDIX D. NAMES

於查據臨猛

justice

Yǔ Hú

lake

Kě

to be able to

Máo

couch grass

于查据临猛

Yú

in

Zhā Jù

proof

Liń

to look down from above

Měng

bold; fierce

D.2 Characters for male names Common characters for male names

澳保炳博燦昌超誠川道登迪⾾敦豐福富⾕圭貴捍籇宏鴻虎⽕堅結捷介進井炯康 CC

澳保炳博灿昌超诚川道登迪⽃敦丰福富⾕圭贵捍籇宏鸿虎⽕坚结捷介进井炯康 =

$ BY-NC-ND

aò

deep waters

bǎo

to guard

biňg

bright; luminous

bó

extensive; abundant

càn

bright and brilliant

chāng

proper; good

chāo

to exceed

chéng

sincere; honest

chūan

river

dào

road; path

dēng

to ascend; to climb

dí

to progress

dòu

to struggle

dūn

honest; to deepen

fēng

abundant

fú

good fortune; a blessing

fù

wealthy

gǔ

valley

gūi

(a jade tablet)

gùi

high-placed

hàn

to defend

háo

outstandingly intelligent

hóng

magnificent

hóng

swan

hǔ

brave

hǔo

fire

jiān

strong and durable

jiē

tough

jié

swift

jiè

upright

jìn

to advance

jiňg

a well

jiǒng

brightness

kāng

healthy Learning Mandarin Chinese

奧備伯財闡暢晨矗達德燈頂渡奮奉扶功固傀過皓和泓煥暉繼佼杰傑勁晉靖凱慷

奥备伯财阐畅晨矗达德灯顶渡奋奉扶功固傀过皓和泓焕晖继佼杰杰劲晋靖凯慷

version 1.20

aò

mysterious; profound

bèi

completeness

bó

a count (nobility)

cái

wealth

chǎn

to make clear

chàng

smoothly; fluently

chén

morning; daybreak

chù

steep; lofty

dá

intelligent; understanding

dé

virtue

dēng

lamp; lantern

diňg

the top

dù

to cross

fèn

to rise in force

fèng

to receive with respect

fú

to support

gōng

merit; achievement

gù

stable; sturdy

gūi

great; wonderful

gùo

to pass

hào

white and bright

hé

harmony

hóng

deep

hùan

shining

hūi

radiant

jì

to carry on

jiǎo

charming

jié

outstanding

jié

remarkable

jiǹ

vigor

jìn

to advance

jiǹg

peaceful

kǎi

peace

kāng

unselfish 2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe

D.2. CHARACTERS FOR MALE NAMES

克昆瑯理良嶙諒磷流⺠睦滿茂渺明耐怦杞勤遒仁融塞⼭贍慎守碩添潭威維梧晤皙俠黠賢祥新興勳巖儼杳

克昆瑯理良嶙谅磷流⺠睦满茂渺明耐怦杞勤遒仁融塞⼭赡慎守硕添潭威维梧晤皙侠黠贤祥新兴勳巖俨杳

Daniel J. Greenhoe

kè

to overcome

kūn

elder brother

láng

pure and white

lǐ

reason; logic

liáng

fine; desirable

liń

rugged

liàng

honest

liń

water flowing between stones

liú

to flow; mobile

miń

the people

mù

friendly; to befriend

mǎn

full; plentiful

mào

exuberant

miǎo

endlessly vast

miíng

bright; brilliant

nài

to endure

pēng

eager

qǐ

a species of willow

qiń

diligent; industrious

qiú

strong; vigorous

rén

benevolence; kindness

róng

glowing

sài

to compete

shān

mountain

shàn

to provide

shèn

cautious; prudent

shǒu

to protect

shùo

great;large

tiān

to increase

tán

deep water; profound

wēi

dignity; authority; awe

wéi

to hold fast

wú

a support

wù

to meet; enlightened; wise

xī

fair, white

xiá

chivalry

xiá

smart; clever

xián

capable; versatile

xiáng

auspicious

xin̄

new; fresh

xiǹg

cheerful; happy

xūn

merits; honors

yán

a rock

yǎn

majestic; respectable

yǎo

deep and expansive


客琅禮⼒烈亮霖令隆牧邁茫萌淼慕沛祈謙清饒榮睿森善盛⼠舒嵩遂旺惟穩悟悉溪峽閒現協興旭涯嚴泱屹

客琅礼⼒烈亮霖令隆牧迈茫萌淼慕沛祈谦清饶荣睿森善盛⼠舒嵩遂旺惟稳悟悉溪峡閒现协兴旭涯严泱屹

page 135

kè

guest

láng

clean and white

lǐ

courtesy

lì

strength

liè

fiery

liàng

bright

liń

continuous heavy rain

liǹg

excellent

lóng

prosperous; abundant

mù

to shephard

mài

to surpass

máng

vast; boundless

méng

to bud; to shoot forth

miǎo

extensive;vast

mù

to long for; to adore

pèi

abundance

qí

to pray

qiān

humble

qin̄g

pure; virtuous

ráo

abundant

róng

glory; honor

rùi

wise and clever

sēn

luxuriant vegetation

shàn

good; virtuous

shèng

abundant; rich

shì

scholar

Shū

to unfold

sōng

mountain song

sùi

to satisfy; to fulfill

wàng

prosperous

wéi

to think; to meditate

wěn

stable; steady

wù

to become aware of; to realize

xī

to know

xī

mountain stream

xiá

a gorge

xián

quiet; calm

xiàn

to emerge

xié

to agree; to help

xin̄g

to rise; to thrive

xù

radiance of daybreak

yá

water's edge

yán

beautiful

yāng

great; profound

yì

to rise high


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page 136

奕軼毅翼蔭熒雍優裕豫嶽增璋哲拯陟助

Daniel J. Greenhoe

奕轶毅翼荫荧雍优裕豫嶽增璋哲拯陟助

yì

great; grand; abundant

yì

to excel

yì

firm; endurance; fortitude

yì

wings;to help

yìn

shade

yińg

candle light

yōng

harmony; peaceful

yōu

excellent; abundant

yù

abundance; generous

yù

comfort; to travel

yùe

a high mountain

zēng

to increase

zhāng

an ancient jade ornament

zhé

a thinker; wise

zhěng

to save; to deliver

zhì

to ascend

zhù

to help

APPENDIX D. NAMES

益肄藝殷廕贏勇域譽援贊嶄朝崢正忠

益肄艺殷廕赢勇域誉援赞崭朝峥正忠

yì

to increase

yì

to study; to toil

yì

art; skill

yin̄

flourishing

yìn

to shelter

yińg

to win

yǒng

courageous; fearless

yù

frontier

yù

fame;honor

yúan

to lead; to rescue

zàn

to assist; to support

zhǎn

towering

zhāo

morning

zhēng

lofty; outstanding

zhèng

proper

zhōng

faithful; devoted

Not commonly used characters for male names

瀑敢好肩匠勁懇闊倆

瀑敢好肩匠劲恳阔俩

bào

sudden pouring rain

gǎn

to dare; bold

hǎo

good

jiān

to sustain

jiàng

craftsman

jiǹg

powerful

kěn

sincere

kùo

wealthy

liǎng

craft; ability

懂趕駕澗禁剋款擴瀏

懂赶驾涧禁克款扩浏

dǒng

to understand

gǎn

to pursue

jià

to excel

jiàn

mountain stream

jin̄

to endure

kè

to overcome

kǔan

sincerity

kùo

to expand

liú

the appearance of a clear stream

D.3 Characters for female names Common characters for female names

愛蓓春慈旦婀芳芬馥蕙慧佳潔 CC

爱蓓春慈旦婀芳芬馥蕙慧佳洁 =

$ BY-NC-ND

aì

to love

bèi

flower bud

chūn

spring

cí

kind; loving

dàn

daybreak

ē

graceful; elegant

fāng

fragrant; virtuous

fēn

fragrance; perfume

fù

fragrant fragrance

hùi

fragrant orchid

hùi

wise

jiā

beautiful

jié

pure Learning Mandarin Chinese

芭嬋淳黛朵娥菲鳳瑰薈姬嬌菁

芭婵淳黛朵娥菲凤瑰荟姬娇菁

version 1.20

bā

a fragrant plant

chán

graceful; ladylike

chún

pure; clean; simple

dài

a beauty

dúo

flower

é

good; beautiful

fēi

fragrant

fèng

male phoenix

gūi

fabulous; a kind of jasper

hùi

luxuriant growth

jī

beautiful lady

jiāo

delicate

jin̄g

the flower of the leek 2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe

D.4. CHARACTERS FOR EITHER MALE OR FEMALE NAMES

靜娟蘭麗戀綾玫蜜念寧情瓊珊絲曇恬婉絃香欣曉絢雅雁樂旖瑛詠愉韻珍

静娟兰丽恋绫玫蜜念宁情琼珊丝昙恬婉絃香欣晓绚雅雁乐旖瑛咏愉韵珍

jiǹg

tranquility

jūan

graceful

lán

orchid

lì

beautiful

liàn

to be in love

lińg

very fine silk cloth

méi

rose

mì

honey

niàn

to miss; to long for

nińg

peace; serenity

qińg

feelings; love

qióng

fine jade

shān

tinkling of jade

sī

silk

tán

clouds

tián

quiet; undisturbed

wǎn

amiable; pleasant

xián

the string of a musical instrument

xiāng

sweet-smelling

xin̄

glad

xiǎo

daybreak; dawn

xùan

bright and brilliant

yǎ

refined;polished

yàn

wild goose

yào

to love

yǐ

romantic; tender

yin̄g

glitter of jade

yǒng

to sing; to hum

yú

happy; joyful

yùn

rhymes

zhēn

precious; rare

淨嵐莉蓮玲曼美妙嬝綺晴柔韶素甜窕舞嫻⼼欣秀雪嫣瑤怡⾳櫻瑜⽉貞珠

Daniel J. Greenhoe

淨岚莉莲玲曼美妙嬝绮晴柔韶素甜窕舞娴⼼欣秀雪嫣瑶怡⾳樱瑜⽉贞珠

page 137

jiǹg

pure

lán

mountain vapor

lì

white jasmine

lián

lotus

lińg

tinklings of jade

màn

delicately beautiful;graceful

měi

beautiful

miào

wonderful; intriguing; ingenious

niǎo

delicate; graceful

qǐ

beautiful; resplendent

qińg

fine; fair

róu

soft and tender

sháo

a form of music; beautiful, harmonious

sù

pure white silk

tián

sweet; agreeable

tiǎo

slender; charming

wǔ

to dance

xián

refined; gracious

xin̄

heart

xin̄

glad;joyful

xiù

brilliant; beautiful; graceful

xǔe

snow

yān

captivating; fascinating

yáo

precious jade

yí

harmony; jubilation

yin̄

sound; musical note

yin̄g

cherry;cherry blossoms

yú

perfect gem

yùe

the moon

zhēn

chasity; pure

zhū

pearl

Not often used characters for female names

緋绯籥籥

fēi

scarlet;crimson

yùe

a kind of flute

卲卲

shào

to encourage; graceful

D.4 Characters for either male or female names Characters for either male or female names

藹本恩⾶翡⾵

蔼本恩⻜翡⻛

aǐ

exuberant; amiable

běn

root; source

en̄

grace; kindness

fēi

to fly

fěi

kingfisher; emerald

fēng

wind; breeze


安才梵霏丰佳

安才梵霏丰佳

an̄

peaceful

cái

gifted person

fàn

clean and pure

fēi

falling of snow and rain

fēng

good-looking

jiā

excellent


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$ BY-NC-ND

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

錦夢詩琬⽂喜夏⾏續穎⾬甄妍盈知

锦梦诗琬⽂喜夏⾏续颖⾬甄妍盈知

APPENDIX D. NAMES

jǐn

glorious

mèng

dream

shī

poetry

wǎn

(a kind of jade tablet)

wén

a composition; culture

xǐ

a joyful thing

xià

summer

xińg

to walk

xù

to continue; to renew

yiňg

outstanding; remarkable

yǔ

rain

zhēn

potter's wheel

yán

beautiful

yińg

to fill

zhī

knowledge

樂瑞思望蓊禧相幸誼愉照佐耀⽻

乐瑞思望蓊禧相幸谊愉照佐耀⽻

lè

happy

rùi

lucky

sī

to think

wàng

to watch; to hope

wěng

flourishing; lush

xǐ

happiness; blessings

xiàng

to examine; to help

xiǹg

well-being

yì

friendship

yú

happy; contented

zhào

to shine upon

zǔo

to assist

yào

to shine; to dazzle

yǔ

feather; wing

D.5 Famous names It might be useful to see some examples of names of real people (past and present).

2

Table D.5: Famous people name Féng

Gúo

zhāng

馮冯

國国

璋璋

country

jade tablet

Lí

description male, 1858–1919, army general and politician

male, 1864–1928, general and former president of Taiwan

Yúan hóng

黎黎

元元

洪洪

many

first

flood

Dùan

qí

rùi

段段

祺祺

瑞瑞

lucky

auspicious

male, 1864–1936, army commander and provisional chief executive

Wèi

dào

mińg

魏魏

道道

明明

magnificent

road

bright

male, 1900–1978, governor of Taiwan province from 1947–1949

Yúan

shì

kǎi

袁袁

世世

凱凯

generation

triumphant strains

male, 1859–1916, military official and politician

continued on the next page … 2

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_people

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D.5. FAMOUS NAMES

Daniel J. Greenhoe

page 139


name Yáng

gùi

fēi

楊杨

貴贵

妃妃

description female, 719–756, highest ranking imperial concubine

poplar

valued concubine

Wáng

zhāo

jūn

王王

昭昭

君君

king

clear

monarch

female, ∼40B.C., One of the “Four Beauties” of ancient China

Jiǎng

tińg

xí

蔣蒋

廷廷

錫锡

monarch's court

tin

liáng

lǎng

qiū

梁梁

朗朗

秋秋

roof beam

bright

autumn

Qí

bái

shí

⿑⻬

⽩⽩

⽯⽯

male, 1669–1732 painter and encyclopedia editor

male, ∼ 1900; poet and calligrapher

male, 1864–1957; painter

white stone

orderly

male, 303–361; the “Sage of Calligraphy”

Wáng

xī

zhī

王王

羲羲

之之

king

(a legendary ruler)

to arrive at

Zhào

mèng

fǔ

趙赵

孟孟

頫頫

first month of a season

to bow the head

Zhèng

xiào

xū

鄭郑

孝孝

胥胥

solemn

dutiful

together

Chéng

màn

qin̄g

鄭郑

曼曼

青青

male, 1254–1322; prince, scholar, painter, and calligrapher

male, 1860–1938; statesman, diplomat, and calligrapher

male, 1902–1975; the “Master of Five Excellences”: Chinese medicine, Tai Chi Chuan, calligraphy, painting, and poetry

graceful blue Xiè

tińg

fēng

謝谢

霆霆

鋒锋

to thank

sudden thunder

cutting edge of a sword

Fàn

bin̄g

bin̄g

范冰范冰

冰冰

ice

ice

male, 1980– ; singer and actor

female, 1981– ; actress

continued on the next page … 2018 January 10 (Wednesday) 10:44pm UTC Copyright © 2018 Daniel J. Greenhoe


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APPENDIX D. NAMES …continued from the previous page

name Bó

an̄

ní

柏柏

安安

妮妮

description female; actress, English name “Ann Bridgewater”

maid

cypress peaceful

male, 1940–1973, martial arts actor, English name, “Bruce Lee”

Lǐ

Xiǎo

lóng

李李

⼩⼩

⿓⻰

plum tree

little

dragon

Chén

gǎng

shēng

陳陈

港港

⽣⽣

to lay out

a port

to give birth

male, 1962; actor, director, English name “Stephen Chow”

Zhōu

xin̄g

chí

周周

星星

馳驰

star

to gallop

Wú

yǔ

sēn

吳宇吴宇

森森

roof

male, 1954– ; martial arts actor, English name “Jackie Chan”

male, 1946– ; director, producer, English name “John Woo”

luxuriant vegetation

Chén

hùi

shān

陳陈

慧慧

珊珊

to lay out

wisdom

tinkling of jade

Chén

hùi

liń

陳陈

慧慧

琳琳

to layout wisdom

female, 1970– ; actress, English name “Flora Chan”

female, 1972– ; singer and actress, English name, “Kelly Chen”

beautiful jade

female, 1953–1995; singer, English name “Teresa Teng”

Dèng

lì

jūn

鄧邓

麗丽

君君

beautiful

monarch

Chén

jiňg

rùn

陳陈

景景

潤润

a view

moist

male, 1933–1996; mathematician

D.6 Non-Chinese names Chinese names are often carefully chosen for their meanings. However when translating non-Chinese names into Chinese, characters are chosen that “sound like” the name of the person in that person's mother tongue. Here are some examples of famous non-Chinese people:

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D.6. NON-CHINESE NAMES

Daniel J. Greenhoe

name

description Wilbur Wright, one of the inventors of the modern airplane

3

Wéi

dé

Lái

tè

⾱⻙

得得

萊莱

特特

page 141

soft leather to get wild weeds special Wilbur

Wright

Aò

wēi

ěr

Lái

tè

奧奥

威爾威尔

萊莱

特特

4

Orville Wright, one of the inventors of the modern airplane

abstruse might you wild weeds special Wright

References: 葉德明, editor: Far East Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary: 遠東拼⾳漢英辭典. Taipei: 遠東圖書公司 (yǔan dōng tú shū gōng s̄i) The Far East Book Company, Limited, 2000 ⟨URL: http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/957612462X⟩, ISBN 978–9576124624 Dr. Eye for Windows 95/98/NT/2000/ME/XP. Inventec Group ⟨URL: http://www.dreye. com⟩

3 4

📘 (2004)萊特兄弟 Wright Brothers, page 1 📘 (2004)萊特兄弟 Wright Brothers, page 1



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APPENDIX D. NAMES

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APPENDIX E MATHEMATICS

E.1 Branches Table E.1: Branches of mathematics English algebra

Chinese (中⽂) dài

shù

xúe

代代

數数

學学

substitute number learn mathematics

analysis

fēn

xī

分分

析析

divide divide analyze

arithmetic

jì

sùan

計计

算算

count calculate

calculus

wéi

jī

fēn

微微

積积

分分

tiny accumulate divide integral

combinatorics

zǔ

hé

shù

xúe

組组

合合

數数

學学

organize close

number learn

combination

mathematics continued on the next page …

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX E. MATHEMATICS …continued from the previous page

English complex analysis

Chinese (中⽂) fù

biàn

shù

jī

fēn

複复

變变

數数

積积

分分

repeat become different number

accumulate divide integral

variable

ordinary differential equations

cháng

wéi

fēn

fāng

chéng

常常

微微

分分

⽅⽅

程程

ordinary

tiny

divide

square rules

differential

discrete mathematics

functional analysis

equation

lí

sàn

shù

xúe

離离

散散

數数

學学

leave lose

number learn

dispersed

mathematics

fàn

hán

fēn

xī

泛函泛函

分分

析析

float letter divide divide function

geometry

analyze

jǐ

hé

xúe

幾⼏

何何

學学

how many

study

geometry

graph theory

tú

lùn

圖图

論论

drawing theory

linear algebra

xìan

xìng

dài

shù

xúe

線线

性性

代代

數数

學学

thread nature substitute number learn linear

logic

mathematics

tūi

lǐ

推推

理理

push reason logic

numerical analysis

shú

zhí

fēn

xī

數数

值值

分分

析析

number

value divide divide analyze continued on the next page …

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E.2. ARITHMETIC

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Daniel J. Greenhoe …continued from the previous page

English number theory

Chinese (中⽂) shù

lùn

數数

論论

number theory

partial differential equations

piān

wéi

fēn

fāng

chéng

偏偏

微微

分分

⽅⽅

程程

slanting

tiny

divide

square rules

differential

probability

jī

lv̀

機机

率率

equation

machine rate

real analysis

shí

biàn

hán

shù

lùn

實实

變变

函函

數数

論论

letter number

real become

theory

function

statistics

tǒng

jì

xúe

統统

計计

學学

system

count

study

compile statistics

topology

trigonometry

tùo

pū

xúe

拓拓

撲扑

學学

open

beat

study

sān

jiǎo

hán

shù

三三

⾓⾓

函函

數数

three angle

letter number

triangle

function

E.2 Arithmetic Table E.2: Arithmetic English add

Chinese (中⽂) jīa

English addition

Chinese (中⽂) jīa

fǎ

加加

加法加法

add

add law continued on the next page …



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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX E. MATHEMATICS …continued from the previous page

English

Chinese (中⽂)

subtract

jǐan

English subtraction

Chinese (中⽂)

減减 subtract

multiply

multiplication

multiply

法法 fǎ

乘乘

法法

multiply law

division

chú

chú

fǎ

除除

除法除法

divide

divide law

altogether

děng yú

gòng

共共

等於等于 rank

E.3

減减 chéng

乘乘

equal

fǎ

subtract law

chéng

divide

jǐan

at

Sets The most fundamental structures are ➀ sets: collections of objects ➁ relations: relationships between sets Fundamental relations: ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ relations ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

functions: logic operators: equivalence relations: order relations: set inclusion relations: set operations:

𝖿 ∶𝑋→𝑌 ∨, ∧, ¬ ∶ {1, 0}2 → {1, 0} ≡ 𝑅 ⊆, ⊇, =, ⊊, ⊋ ∪, ∩,⧵, △

Table E.3: Sets English set

E.4

CC

Chinese (中⽂) jí

hé

集集

合合

English relation

Chinese (中⽂) guān

xì

關关

係系

gather combine

close to bind

set

relation

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

topological space ⇑ metric space ⇑ normed linear space

vector space ⇖

⇗

page 147

⇖ measure space ⇑ probability space ⇖

inner-product space

Banach space ⇖

⇗ Hilbert space

⇗

⇖

𝟤 𝓵ℝ

𝙇𝟤ℝ ⇖

⇗ 0

Figure E.1: Common abstract spaces Table E.4: Topological spaces English inner-product space

Chinese (中⽂) nèi

jī

kōng

jiān

內内

積积

空空

間间

inside accumulate empty between inner-product

topological space

space

tùo

pù

kōng

jiān

拓拓

撲扑

空空

間间

open up to beat

empty between

topology

space

E.5 Relations 1

A relation ≤ is an partial ordering relation on 𝑋 if 1. 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 ∀𝑥∈𝑋 (𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑣𝑒) 2. 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 and 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑧 ∀𝑥,𝑦,𝑧∈𝑋 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 3. 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 and 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∀𝑥,𝑦∈𝑋 (𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐)

d e f

and

preorder

and

An partially ordered set is the pair (𝑋, ≤). If 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 or 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥, then we say that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are comparable; otherwise, they are incomparable which is denoted as 𝑥||𝑦. 1

📘 MacLane and Birkhoff (1999): Algebra, page 470 📘 Halmos (1960): Naive Set Theory, page 54 📘 Kuratowski (1921): Fundamenta Mathematicae 2 [1921] page 164



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APPENDIX E. MATHEMATICS

Table E.5: Types of relations English partial order relation

Chinese (中⽂) piān

xù

guān

xì

偏偏

序序

關关

係系

slanting order

to close to tie

partial order

relation

Table E.6: Relation properties English irreflexive

Chinese (中⽂) zì

fǎn

xiìng

⾃⾃

反反

性性

self opposite

English reflexive

property

zì

fǎn

xiìng

⾃⾃

反反

性性

self opposite

reflexive

transitive

Chinese (中⽂)

property

reflexive

chúan

dì

xiìng

傳传

遞递

性性

pass pass over property transitive

symmetric

dùi

chèn

對对

稱称

antisymmetric

fǎn

反反 contrary

facing a weighing machine symmetric xiìng

性性

dùi

chèn

對对

稱称

facing a weighing machine symmetric

property xiìng

性性 property

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APPENDIX F FONT INFORMATION

F.1 Typesetting engine

This text was typeset using XƎLATEX, which is part of the TEXfamily of typesetting engines, which is arguably the greatest development since the Gutenberg Press. Graphics were rendered using the pstricks and related packages, and LATEX graphics support. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

\ usepackage { e t e x } \ usepackage { x i f t h e n } \ usepackage { c a l c } \ usepackage { a r r a y } \ usepackage { l o n g t a b l e } \ usepackage { x c o l o r } \ usepackage { g r a p h i c x } \ usepackage { f a n c y h d r } \ usepackage [ Glenn ] { fncychap } \ usepackage { u r l } \ usepackage { i n d e x } \ usepackage { fancybox } \ usepackage [ m u l t i p l e ] { f o o t m i s c } \ usepackage { f a n c y v r b } \ usepackage { nextpage } \ usepackage { m u l t i c o l } \ usepackage { c o l o r t b l } %\ usepackage { xetex − p s t r i c k s } \ usepackage { pst −node } \ usepackage [ t i l i n g ] { pst − f i l l } \ usepackage { pst − p l o t } \ usepackage { m u l t i d o } \ usepackage { n c c r u l e s } \ usepackage { p s t r i c k s } \ usepackage { p s t r i c k s −add } \ usepackage { pst −grad } \ usepackage { geometry } \ usepackage { h y p e r r e f } \ usepackage { p r e t t y r e f } \ usepackage { l i s t i n g s }

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

d e a l w i t h c o u n t e r problem i f then e l s e support , i n c l u d e s \ c n t t e s t calculation new t a b u l a r and a r r a y support , \ newcolumntype t a b u l a r w i t h page breaks color support headers f a n c y c h a p t e r headings : Sonny , Lenny , Glenn , Conny , Rejne , B j a r n e u r l support : \ u r l { } \ path { } m u l t i p l e index support shadow , oval , and double boxes footnote support f a n c y v e r b a t i m −− s u p p o r t s v e r b a t i m i n f o o t n o t e s p l u s more \ cleartooddpage , \ c le a r t o e v e n p a g e m u l t i p l e column s u p p o r t color in tables p s t r i c k s h e l p f o r XeLaTeX and XeTeX psmatrix p s t f i l l package ps p l o t s l o o p s u p p o r t f o r ps diagrams dashed p a t t e r n s graphics support f i x e and addons f o r p s t r i c k s gradients hyperlinks in text references with prefixes source code l i s t i n g s u p p o r t

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

APPENDIX F. FONT INFORMATION

F.2 Latin fonts The main font for this document is Heros—a sans-serif font similar to Helvetica. Heros is from the TEX-Gyre Project and included in the TEXLive distribution.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

\ setmainfont [ Ex t e n s i o n = UprightFont = BoldFont = ItalicFont = BoldItalicFont = Ligatures = ] { texgyreheros }

{. otf } , {* − r e g u l a r } , {* − b o l d } , {* − i t a l i c } , {* − b o l d i t a l i c } , {NoCommon} , % sans− s e r i f f o n t

The font used in quotation boxes on page vii is adapted from Zapf Chancery Medium Italic, originally from URW++ Design and Development Incorporated. The font used for the text in the title is Adventor (similar to Avant-Garde) from the TEX-Gyre Project. The font used for the version identifier in the footer of individual pages is Liquid Crystal (Liquid Crystal) from FontLab Studio.

F.3 IPA typesetting The IPA information is typeset using the GnuFree Sans-Serif font family: http://www.gnu.org/s/freefont/ The glyphs were entered using a TECkit mapping in an XƎLATEX environment with font feature specification as follows: \newcommand{\fntipa}{\fntFreeSans\addfontfeatures{Mapping=/dan/r/common/TECkit/ascii−uipa}}

…where ascii-uipa is a TECkit mapping compiled from a TECkit ascii-uipa.map file which is about 350 lines long and looks in part something like this: 1 2 3 4

l a t i n _ c a p i t a l _ l e t t e r _S l a t i n _ c a p i t a l _ l e t t e r _Z BSL COL l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _s FSL COL l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _s

>

l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _esh l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _ezh l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _s_ w i t h _hook l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _s_ w i t h _hook

; tipa ; tipa ; tipa ;

| | | |

U+0053 U+005A \:s /:s

U+0283 U+0292 U+0282 U+0282

As a result, “{\fntipa San}” typesets to “ʃan”.

F.4 PinYin typesetting The PinYin information is typeset using the documents main Latin font (see Section F.2) but with assistance from a TECkit mapping in an XƎLATEX environment with font feature specification as follows: 1 2 3 4 5

\ d e f a u l t f o n t f e a t u r e s {% Ligatures = {NoCommon} ,% e . g . ” f i ” be r e p r e s e n t e d as a s i n g l e c h a r a c t e r ? Mapping = / dan / r / common / TECkit / p u n c t u a t i o n , SmallCapsFeatures = { L e t t e r s =SmallCaps } , }

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Daniel J. Greenhoe

…where punctuation is a TECkit mapping compiled from a TECkit punctuation.map file which is about 230 lines long and contains statements like these: 1 2 3 4 5

FSL FSL FSL FSL FSL

grave _ accent apostrophe colon l e s s _ than _ s i g n HYP

l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a

l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a_ w i t h _ grave l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a_ w i t h _ acute l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a_ w i t h _ d i a e r e s i s l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a_ w i t h _ c i r c u m f l e x l a t i n _ s m a l l _ l e t t e r _a_ w i t h _macron

;/ `a ;/ 'a ;/:a ;/