Lectotypification of Linnaean names in the genus ...

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Iamonico & Peruzzi • Lectotypification of Linnaean names in Quercus

Lectotypification of Linnaean names in the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) Duilio Iamonico1 & Lorenzo Peruzzi2 1 Laboratory of Phytogeography and Applied Geobotany, Department DPTA, Section Environment and Landscape, University of Rome Sapienza, 00196 Rome, Italy 2 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy Author for correspondence: Duilio Iamonico, [email protected] Abstract The Linnean names Quercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. smilax and Q. suber are discussed and lectotypified. Keywords Fagaceae; lectotypification; synonymy

Received: 31 July 2012; revision received: 18 July 2013; accepted: 24 July 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/625.5

INTRODUCTION Quercus L. (Fagales Engl.: Fagaceae Dumort.; APG III, 2009) is a genus of about 400 species distributed in the Americas (in South America only in Colombia), Eurasia and North Africa (Schwarz, 1993; Nixon 1997; Shu, 1999). Linnaeus (1753: 994–997, 1199) recognized fifteen species in Quercus. Names for five of these species in the European flora, Quercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. smilax and Q. suber, lack types and they are therefore investigated here.

TYPIFICATION OF THE NAMES Quercus cerris

Linnaeus (1753: 997) cited two synonyms from Bauhin (1623: 420) and Bauhin & Cherler (1650, [2]: 74), the latter having an illustration. The image matches with the diagnosis, showing pinnatifide leaves with acute lobes (Linnaeus, 1753: “foliis oblongis lyrato-pinnatifidis: laciniis transversis acutis; …”], while the feature “foliis … subtus subtomentosis” is not represented. However, this iconography can be considered as original material for the name Q. cerris. In the Linnaean Herbarium at LINN there are two sheets (Nos. 1128.29 and 1128.33; images: http://linnean-online.org /11719/, http://linnean-online.org/11723/), both lacking the original annotation of the Species Plantarum number and therefore suggesting that these are post-1753 additions to the collection and not original material for the name. Sheet No. 1128.33 came to Linnaeus from A. Scopoli after 1753, probably after 1762. There is only one sheet at UPS (Herb. Burser, XXII: 96) that bears exactly the polynomial (“Quercus calice hispido, glande minore”) cited by Linnaeus (1753). The exsiccatum is identifiable as Q. cerris according to the Linnaean diagnosis. Also this herbarium specimen can be considered as original material (see also Jarvis, 2007: 107). We have been unable to trace any further original material in any other Linnaean and Linnaean-linked herbaria (see also Jarvis, 2007). We prefer here to designate the specimen

at UPS as the lectotype (Fig. 1), since it is more complete and informative than the illustration in Bauhin & Cherler (1650). Quercus cerris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 997. 1753 – Lectotype (designated here): Herb. Burser, XXII: 96 (UPS [photo!]). — Figure 1 Quercus coccifera

Linnaeus (1753: 995) cited four synonyms from Van Royen (1740: 8), Sauvages (1751: 96), Bauhin (1623: 425) and Mattioli & al. (1586: 774), the last having an illustration named “COCCIFERA ILEX.” This image partially matches with the diagnosis, showing ovate leaves with dentate margins (Linnaeus, 1753: “foliis ovatis … -dentatis …”), while the feature “foliis … spinoso- …” is not evident (the lobes appear with the apex acuminate, not spiny). Also the hairiness of the leaves (“foliis … glabris”) is not detectable observing the illustration published by Mattioli & al. (1586). However, it clearly is original material for the name. Five sheets of original material, were found: two in the Linnaean Herbarium at LINN (Nos. 1128.13 and 1128.14; images: http://linnean-online.org/11703/, http://linnean-online .org/11704/), two at L (Nos. 901.310-86 and 912.356-37) and one at UPS (Herb. Burser, XXII: 113). Jafri & El-Gadi (1977: 2) indicated both 1128.13 and 1128.14 as types, but they are not part of a single gathering and thus Art. 9.17 of the Code (McNeill & al., 2012) does not apply. In fact, the sheet No. 1128.14 lacks the original annotation of the Species Plantarum number (it is only reported as “coccifera”), strongly suggesting that this material is a post-1753 addition to the collection and not original material for the name (see Jarvis, 2007: 46–47). The sheet No. 1128.13 bears instead the annotation “6 coccifera” and “M ”, where “6 ” explicitly refers to the protologue and “M ” means “Magnol ”, indicating that the plant came to Linnaeus from Pierre Magnol before 1753 (see Jarvis, 2007: 783). We can hypothesize that the Magnol specimen is linked to the synonym cited by Linnaeus (1753) under “Sauv. monsp. 96 ”, being the Sauvages Herbarium included within the Herbarium of Pierre Magnol (see Jarvis, 2007: 226). 1041


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The sheets at L are linked to the synonym cited under “Roy. lugdb. 8” by Linnaeus (1753), referring to Adriaan van Royen (Jarvis, 2007: 226). Finally, the sheet kept at UPS (the only that bears exactly the polynomial cited by Linnaeus, 1753) is linked to the synonym cited under “Bauh. pin. 425 ”, having Joachim Burser been a correspondent of Caspar Bauhin (see also Jarvis, 2007: 107). We have been unable to trace any further original material in any other Linnaean and Linnaean-linked herbaria (see also Jarvis, 2007). All elements above presented clearly show the leaves (ovate, glabrous and with thorny-dentate margins) that correspond well

to Linnaean diagnosis (“foliis ovatis indivisis spinoso-dentatis glabris”). However, the specimen from Herbarium Burser is the most complete, bearing three parts of a same plant: a first one sterile with leaves, a second one including the inflorescence, a third one with a mature fruit. The specimen at LINN is lacking fruits, while those at L represent just sterile branch portions (No. 912.356-37) and a branch with an immature fruit (No. 901.31086). Therefore, we designate the specimen from the Burser Herbarium (Fig. 2) as the lectotype of the name Quercus coccifera.

Fig. 1. Lectotype of Quercus cerris L. (Herb. Burser, XXII: 96, UPS).

Fig. 2. Lectotype of Quercus coccifera L. (Herb. Burser, XXII: 113, UPS).

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Quercus coccifera L., Sp. Pl. 2: 995. 1753 – Lectotype (designated here): Herb. Burser, XXII: 113 (UPS [photo!]). — Figure 2

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Quercus ilex

Linnaeus (1753: 995) cited four synonyms from Linnaeus (1737: 448) himself, Van Royen (1740: 81), Bauhin (1623: 424) and Bauhin & Cherler (1650, [2]: 95), the last was marked with an asterisk (*), which indicated that Linnaeus considered this a good description of the species (Jarvis, 2007: 29). Bauhin & Cherler (1650) provided an illustration named “ILEX ARBOREA.” that matches Linnaeus’s diagnosis showing ovate leaves with dentate margins (Linnaeus, 1753: “foliis ovatooblongis … serratisque”). The bark features (“cortice integro”) are not detectable. However, this illustration is original material and can be considered for the typification of the name Q. ilex. Jafri & El-Gadi (1977: 4) proposed the sheet No. 1128.4 (Herb. Linn. at LINN) as type (image at http://linnean-online .org/11694/), but it lacks the relevant Species Plantarum number (“3” in the case of Q. ilex) and is to be considered a post1753 addition to the collection and not original material for the name. Menitsky (2005: 111) indicated instead 1128.6 (LINN) as type (image at http://linnean-online.org/11696/), but this was received in 1758 from Browne. Moreover, the label includes “Algir” (meaning “Algirica” = Algeria), an African country, a locality different from that of the protologue (“Habitat in Europa australi ”). Accordingly, this sheet cannot be considered as original material. In the Clifford Herbarium at BM there is a sheet (No. 448, Quercus 2 – BM000647421; image: http://www.nhm.ac.uk /resources/research-curation/projects/clifford-herbarium/lgim ages/BM000647421.JPG) that bears a leafy branch whose features match with the protologue, showing ovate leaves with dentate-serrate margins. Also the bark features (“cortice integro”) are evident. We have been unable to trace any further original material in any other Linnaean and Linnaean-linked herbaria (see also Jarvis, 2007). It is interesting that Linnaeus (1753) pointed out the phenotypic variability of the leaves in Q. ilex reporting after the habitat statement: “Variat foliis integerrimis & serratis, saepius etiam in eadem arbore; …” Moreover, he pointed out the similarity with Q. suber indicating “… difficile sine cortice distinguitur a Subere.” Actually, the distinction between the two taxa lies not in the morphology of the leaves, but in the bark (as observed by Linnaeus) and in the cupule. Also according to the current concept of the species (e.g., Walters, 1964), Q. ilex has bark that is not corky and cupule with short adpressed scales, while Q. suber has corky bark and cupule with patent scales. Sheet No. 448, Quercus 2 at BM is below designated as lectotype of the name, since it is the best representative original material available and also corresponds with the current application of the name Quercus ilex. Quercus ilex L., Sp. Pl. 2: 995. 1753 – Lectotype (designated here): Herb. Clifford, No. 448, Quercus 2 (BM No. BM000647421 [digital image!]). — image: http://www .nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/clifford -herbarium/lgimages/BM000647421.JPG


Quercus smilax

Linnaeus (1753: 994) cited four synonyms from Van Royen (1740: 81), Sauvages (1751: 96), Bauhin (1623: 424) and Bauhin & Cherler (1650, [2]: 101), the last having an illustration named “SMILAX DALECH.” [“DALECH.” = “DALECHAMPII”]. This illustration matches with the diagnosis showing the ovate leaves with entire margins (“foliis oblongo-ovatis … integer rimis”). The character of leaf pubescence (“foliis … subtus tomentosis …”) is not evident, but in the figure description is reported “… folia … subtùs cana …” Accordingly, this illustration can be considered as original material. In the Linnaean Herbarium at LINN there are no sheets referred to Q. smilax. Jarvis (2007: 784) indicated the sheet No. 1128.4 (image at http://linnean-online.org/11694/) as doubtful original material (“… Herb. No. 1128.4 ? (LINN) …”). However, in this sheet there is an annotation by Linnaeus “ilex” and the plant corresponds fully to the diagnosis of Q. ilex (Linnaeus, 1753: 995—see the discussion under Q. ilex). In the Van Royen Herbarium at L there is a sheet (No. 901.310-351) that bears two branches of a same plant and three labels. The first label reports “Suber latifolium perpetuo virens CBP 424. Suber latifolia IB.I.103. Suber latifolia Lob.Ic.159.” (respectively referring to Bauhin, 1623: 424; Bauhin & Cherler, 1650, [2]: 103; and L’Obel, 1591: 159, the last two providing illustrations clearly referable to Q. suber, according to the bark feature). The second label reports “ilex folio rotundiore molli modiceque sinuato sive smilax Theophrasti C.B.P.” The third label states an identification as “Quercus Ilex L.” The leaves are ovate and pubescent in the abaxial surface (as Linnaeus stated “foliis oblongo-ovatis subtus tomentosis …”), but the leaf-blade margins are serrate, not entire as reported by Linnaeus (“foliis … integerrimis”). Since there is an evident conflict with the protologue, this specimen should not be selected as lectotype of Q. smilax. Accordingly, the illustration by Bauhin & Cherler (1650, [2]: 101) is the only suitable original material, and it is designated below as the lectotype of Q. smilax (Fig. 3). Quercus smilax is usually treated as a synonym of Q. ilex (e.g., Franco, 1990; Schwarz, 1993; Govaerts & al., 2013), only rarely being recognized as a separate taxon (e.g., Halácsy, 1904: 132, sub Q. smilax s.l.; Ascherson & Graebner, 1908–1913: 472, as Q. ilex var. smilax (L.) Asch. & Graebn). On the basis of the protologue, Q. smilax should differ from Q. ilex in having leaves with entire margins (“foliis … integerrimis” vs. “foliis … serratisque”). Also the synonyms taken from Bauhin (1623) clearly state this difference (“Ilex folio … non serrato” vs. “Ilex … serrato folio”). The comparison between the selected lectotypes still highlights this distinction. However, Linnaeus (1753: 995) already pointed out, under Q. ilex, “Variat foliis integerrimis …” (as in the Linnaean specimen No. 1128.4 at LINN). The current concept of Q. ilex includes plants with entire leaves (e.g., Walters, 1964; Pignatti, 1982; Franco, 1990; Schwarz, 1993; Nixon, 1997). The illustration by Bauhin & Cherler (1650) is not detailed, but the fruits seem to have appressed scales and the bark is smooth, as is currently accepted as original material for Q. smilax that can serve as lectotype. 1043


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ceolate blades, pubescent in the abaxial surface as indicated by Linnaeus (“foliis … -oblongis indivisis … subtus tomentosis”), but the margins are entire, not serrate as indicated by Linnaeus (“foliis … serratis …”). There is only one sheet at UPS (Herb. Burser, XXII: 104) that bears exactly the polynomial (“Suber latifolium sempervirens”) cited by Linnaeus (1753). A first branch (at the top) corresponds well to the protologue, showing the leaves serrate, while the other one (at the bottom) shows the leaves with spaced teeth on the margins, not serrate. In both cases, it is not possible to verify the bark features (“cortice rimoso fungoso”). Finally, there is one sheet at SBT (No. L78) bearing a plant collected by P. Löfling in Spain and identified by R.E. Fries as Q. suber. This plant matches well with the protologue. Among the original material, the specimen at LINN is below designated as lectotype, since it is the most complete specimen and conforms well with the protologue. Quercus suber L., Sp. Pl. 2: 995. 1753 – Lectotype (designated here): Herb. Linnaeus, No. 1128.11 (LINN [digital image!]). — [image: http://www.linnean-online.org/11701] Fig. 3. “SMILAX DALECH.” (Bauhin & Cherler, 1650, [2]: 101), lectotype of Quercus smilax L. (full size).

Quercus smilax L., Sp. Pl. 2: 994. 1753 – Lectotype (designated here): illustration “SMILAX DALECH.” in Bauhin & Cherler, Hist. Pl. 1[2]: 101. 1650. — Figure 3 Quercus suber

Linnaeus (1753: 995) cited five synonyms from Linnaeus (1737: 448; 1749: 151) himself, Van Royen (1740: 81), Sauvages (1751: 96) and Bauhin (1623: 424). In the Linnaean Herbarium at LINN there are two sheets (Nos. 1128.11 and 1128.12; images at http://linnean-online.org /11701/, and http://linnean-online.org/11702/). The latter lacks the original annotation of the Species Plantarum number and therefore is a post-1753 addition to the collection and not original material for the name. The sheet No. 1128.11 includes instead the Linnaean script “4 suber”, explicitly referring to the number of the species account in Linnaeus’s protologue. Linnaeus also annotated “Hispania 675 Loefl ” [on verso] clearly referring to P. Löfling, a Swedish botanist, student of Linnaeus from 1743 to 1749. He travelled to the Iberian peninsula in 1751, from where he sent material and descriptions back to Linnaeus (see Jarvis 2007: 140). So, No. 1128.11 can be considered as original material suitable as a lectotype, since the plant in this sheet matches well with the diagnosis by Linnaeus (1753). In the Clifford Herbarium at BM there is one sheet (No. 448, Quercus 1 – BM000647420; http://www.nhm.ac.uk/re sources/research-curation/projects/clifford-herbarium/lgim ages/BM000647420.JPG) that bears a plant not completely matching with the protologue. The leaves have simple, lan1044

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Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea, 2nd ed., vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shu, L. 1999. Quercus L. Pp. 370–380 in: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.), Flora of China, vol. 4. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Van Royen, A. 1740. Florae leydensis prodromus. Lugduni Batavorum: Samuel Luchtmans. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.693 Walters, S.M. 1964. Quercus L. Pp. 72–76 in: Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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