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technical activities lead by the NATO M&S Group. (NMSG) and ... PATHFINDER idea, and several contributing technical activities .... I/ITSEC 2006, Orlando, FL.
Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007

Lessons Learned on NATO Experiments on C2/M&S Interoperability Dr. Andreas Tolk Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529 [email protected]

James L. Boulet PLEXSYS Interface Products, Inc. Camas, WA 98607 [email protected]

Keywords: Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML), C2-Sim-Interoperability, Link16, Web Services ABSTRACT: The NATO PATHFINDER Integration Environment task groupMSG-027 conducted several experiments in support of collecting knowledge for a web portal, which is described in earlier papers. Among these supporting experiments, two focused on C2/M&S Interoperability utilizing SISO activities. The first one set up a transatlantic federation of the German M&S system PABST, the Spanish M&S system SIMBAD, the Swedish Google Earth Adaptor for Visualization, the WebCOP C2 Visualizer, and the US/Danish C2 system SITAWARE based on Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) web services. The second connected DIS based LINK16 elements produced by the US system ASCOT and the HLA based LINK16 elements produced by the UK system AIME Fog-of-war and displayed the results via the US Joint Live Virtual Constructive Data Translator (JLVCDT) on the Global Command and Control System – Joint (GCCS-J). This paper describes the systems, summarizes the chosen approaches, and shows the benefit of open standards for distributed operations in NATO from the perspective of the experiment lead.

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applications. This paper describes what has been accomplished in these C2/M&S experiments and the lessons learned. The experiments are of particular interest to the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) because the use of endorsed solutions and standards developed in SISO and published in Simulation Interoperability Workshops proceedings enabled the successful experiment in support of MSG-027.

Introduction

The NATO PATHFINDER vision targets the implementation of the future NATO training system as described in the NATO Modelling and Simulation Master Plan (NATO MSMP) [1]. The PATHFINDER vision is being implemented through a series of technical activities lead by the NATO M&S Group (NMSG) and coordinated by the M&S Coordination Office (MSCO). Both organizations are part of the NATO Research & Technology Organization (RTO). An official PATHFINDER whitepaper has been approved by the NMSG and NATO’s Allied Command Transformation (ACT) Concept Development and Experimentation program in 2006 [2]. The MSMP, the PATHFINDER idea, and several contributing technical activities have been the subject of published papers in Simulation Interoperability Workshop proceedings. Some NATO reports are also publicly available (among them [3, 4, 5]).

The C2/M&S experiments fall into two categories. The first one uses the ideas developed under the Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) activities and directly implements the framework as awarded during the European SIW 2005 [6]. The second one uses the SISO Standard for Link 16 to set up an international federation [7]. Both experiments were used in the final presentations of the MSG-027 task group to decision makers of NATO ACT (General Abols) and US Joint Forces Command (General Kamiya) in November 2006 in Norfolk, VA. The experiments were shown life using operational command and control equipment as well as experimental prototypes from several nations.

The main part of the work described in this paper was conducted under the responsibility of the technical activity MSG-027 on evaluating a PATHFINDER Integration Environment (PIE). The tasks of MSG-027 can be divided into implementing a PIE knowledge web portal as well as to conduct experiments to populate the web portal. Among those experiments was the use of C-BML like web services to couple several national simulation systems and C2 systems and open 07S-SIW-023

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C-BML Based Interoperation

The first experiment in support of evaluating use cases for standard solutions within NATO in support of C2/M&S coupling targeted the systems belonging to -1-

Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007 the Multilateral Interoperability Program (MIP) group. In principle, these are systems on the operational level that communicate based on text message exchange, such as the US Message Text Format (USMTF) or NATO’s Allied Data Publication No. 3 (ADatP-3) and derivates. This is the group of systems also targeted by the C-BML activities. It was a logical step to apply the ideas of SISO activities. We used the ideas described in [6] and also evaluated the experiments of the Exploratory Team ET-016 as described in [8]. Finally, recent research results of Old Dominion University as published in the journal paper on composable M&S web services [9] were taken into account. Finally, based on the limited funding for travel, this experiment was prepared nearly exclusively via teleconferences and distance testing and integration using the facilities of the Battlelab of the Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC). 2.1

During the first phase of experimentation conducted at PLEXSYS in Camas, WA, one selected systems was equipped with an interface to identify challenges system experts are confronted with when they have to support the two requirements listed above. Within one day, the German simulation system PABST was able to read web services as described in [6], so that PABST was able to pull the required information into the system. The experiences were captured in form of a use case and stored in the knowledge web portal.

Federated Systems and Experiment

C-BML is defined as an unambiguous language to express reports and tasks for command and control. The first phase of the SISO PDG activities targets the definitions of web services which structure the information based on the Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model (C2IEDM), which is also the data model used by the NATO MIP group to exchange information between command and control systems of interest to NATO.

Figure 1: Information Structures for C-BML enabling Web Services

Within this C-BML supporting experiment, we followed the recommendations given in [6], which required that •

the candidate system unambiguously define its input- and output-data structures and how they are mapped to existing input- and output-procedures, which can be invoked from the outside; and



the candidate systems support the input- and output XML structure requested by the supported C-BML enabling web services.

During the second phase of the experiment, the remaining other systems were equipped with the interface by system experts at home, utilizing the web portal as well as the opportunity for one-on-one discussions with VMASC research scientists via teleconferences. Within a two week period, all systems were able to call and receive the specified services and could exchange information via the Internet. The following C2 systems participated in the first experiment:

For the experiment, we chose the WHO and WHERE composites based on the C2IEDM mappings recommended for the ET-016 experiments. The following figure shows the C2IEDM tables and how they are mapped to represent the WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN and WHY information required for C-BML information exchange. VMASC supported a set of C-BML enabling web services as the main integrator for the first experiment. These web services allowed to exchange information regarding the WHO (organization type, hierarchy, etc.), and WHERE (location using the point referring to the location of the unit and/or weapon systems). 07S-SIW-023

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In support of the Experimentation Directorate (J9) of JFCOM, General Dynamics and VMASC evaluated the feasibility of a web-based Common Operational Picture (WebCOP) C2 Visualizer (first results were presented to SISO in [9]). The prototype was adapted to read and display C2IEDM based information. This system was stationed in Norfolk, VA.



SitaWare is a framework for creating command and control solutions which consists of an applications programming interface (API), a Geographic Information System (GIS) front-end, a

Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007 Multilateral Interoperability Protocol (MIP) gateway and a web service based interface to the operational data. The framework utilizes a native Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model (C2IEDM) operational database. SitaWare framework’s current customers include the Slovenian Armed Forces, the Danish Army Signal Troops over radio and satellite communications links, the Romanian Army and the European Union Nordic Battle Group. In the U.S., SitaWare is utilized by the Coalition Secure Management and Operations Systems (COSMOS) DISA ACTD. The system was installed in Norfolk, VA, but earlier experiments were successfully conducted with SitaWare in Northern VA as well. •



The French C2 System SICF participated from across the Atlantic. SICF supports the command and control at divisional, corps and army levels, as well as projection forces. The system was developed with support of projection and coalition operations, to support such missions SICF provides an integrated common situational picture to optimize forces management at an area of crisis, reduce the cycle of planning, decision while supporting multi-lingual operation. We used the SICF installation of THALES within the French DGA to connect it for the experiment in Norfolk.

The Spanish system SIMBAD belongs to the CASIOPEA family and is designed to train Battalion or Battalion task force command posts. The employed unit level is the company level, but the resolution allows to model platoons. The object model used within SIMBAD is based on C2IEDM structures. SIMBAD provides the technical means to simulate, in a bilateral exercise, the combat of a Battalion-level unit, in order to train its staff in Course of Action and Logistics.



The German system PABST is a simulation system representing army components in joint and combined employments in tactical scenarios. Focus is on combat- and combat support functionalities. Resolution is down to individual weapon systems and components. PABST is applied in support of conceptual developments and experimental investigation of capabilities in context with the requirements of network centric warfare, investigation and analysis of capabilities of defense systems in tactically relevant scenarios in frame of procurement programs, and training and exercises up to Battalion level. Besides conventional conflicts PABST also simulates scenarios of asymmetric attacks (e.g. terrorist attacks).

One of the challenges to overcome was that PABST uses weapon systems for representation and requires individual locations for each of them. SIMBAD works on the unit level and delivers unit coordinates that had to be disaggregated following a common agreed solution for this multi-resolution problem.

The Swedish C2 Visualization based on the Google Earth™ application was also integrated. We used the server in Linkoping, Sweden, for the experiment. Developed as a proof of feasibility by Pitch, the GE-Adapter™ is now a tool used to make simulation data available for display using Google Earth™. It connects to a simulation using the international open High-Level Architecture (HLA) standard IEEE 1516. Entities in any RPR-FOM based simulation are received and re-published in a KML (Keyhole Markup Language) used by Google Earth™ Client applications. The GE-Adapter can also be customized to connect to other standards and protocols. As an example it has been connected to the VMASC CBML enabling web services to display the contents of their C2IEDM based database. Entity types can easily be mapped to symbols representing units or platforms at their current location. Movements are shown and tracks display recent locations. Orientation and Velocity vectors are also displayed.

The following experiment was conducted in November 2006 during the final presentation for ACT and JFCOM (see figure 2):

In addition, the following M&S systems participated in the first experiment: 07S-SIW-023



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The systems were distributed as follows: - SIMBAD, Madrid, Spain - PABST, Meppen, Germany - SitaWare, Norfolk, VA - GE Adaptor, Linkopping, Sweden - WebCOP, Norfolk, VA - SICF, Paris, France



SIMBAD started the experimentation flow by using its current information to distribute the information based on C-BML enabling web services to the C2 system for display and modification.



The situation was displayed side-by-side on SitaWare, GE Adaptor, WebCOP, and SICF.



The situation was delivered via C-BML enabling web services to PABST, where it was displayed and modified for Course-of-Action analyses.

Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007

GE Adapter Adapter GE

C2 Data Engineering for Homeland Security C2

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Linkopping Linkopping

SitaWare SitaWare C2 C2 Norfolk Norfolk

PABST PABST M&S M&S Meppen Meppen

WebCOP WebCOP C2 C2 Norfolk Norfolk

SICF SICF C2 C2 Paris Paris

C-BML enabling Web Services

NATO MSG-027 PATHFINDER Integration Environment Experiment C2-M&S Coupling © ODU/VMASC November 9, 2006 2006

SIMBAD SIMBAD M&S M&S Madrid Madrid I/ITSEC 2006, Orlando, FL

Figure 2: Experimentation using C-BML enabling Web Services

The screenshots collected in Figure 3 show the information as displayed during the demonstrations by the participating systems: 2.2

were identified and became the basis for the “composite web services.” •

The bottom-up system-driven engineering approach allowed that all systems understood in detail which web services to call with which parameters.



The Internet was sufficient for the demonstration purpose, but some latency would have been prohibitive for operational use. However, if the reason or these latencies were routed in the systems’ implementations, the web services interfaces, the web services, or the Internet connection was not evaluated and requires additional research.



The processes and necessary software were captured in the NATO MSG PIE Knowledge Web Portal and were submitted to the C-BML PDG.

Special Results and Lessons learned

The integration could be conducted based on the rigorous application of model based data engineering and composable web services as defined in [9]: •

All data needed to describe a minimal piece of information such as summarized in the tables of the C2IEDM became an “atomic web service.”



Based on common model based data management, the information elements of the participating systems identified which of their data reflect this information. Common groupings reflecting the WHO and WHERE of the C-BML proposal [6]

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Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007

PABST

SICF

Data Engineering for Homeland Security

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SIMBAD

SITAWARE I/ITSEC 2006, Orlando, FL

© ODU/VMASC 2006

Figure 3: Screenshots of the C-BML Experiments: PABST (top left), SICF (top right), SIMBAD (bottom left)and SitaWare (bottom right)

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Link-16 Based Interoperation

The second experiment focused on command and control systems using tactical data links (TDL) of the link family (Link1, Link11, Link16) to exchange information. Besides text-based messages, the family of link systems is the second group of command and control systems of interest, as most Air Forces systems and Ballistic Missile Defense systems use these standards.

AWACS MTC

GCCS

Connectors

LVCDT

ASCOT/ DIS

AIME Google

AIME DIS to HLA

DIS IEEE 1278.1a

The following section comprises the components used in the PATHFINDER TDL to C2 Use Case developed in experimentation and demonstrated to ACT and JFCOM in November 2006. Figure 4 shows the participating components and their interplay for the demonstration.

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ASCOT/ MAPS

Link-16 Viewers:

RTI RTI DMSO DMSO1.3NG 1.3NG RPR RPRFOM FOM2.0 2.0

Link-16 Environment Generation AIME FOG of WAR

Figure 4: C2/M&S Interoperability Experiment using TDL/Link16

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During this Experimentation period, both, ASCOT and the MTC / AMS, were used to create an operational scenario, generate and receive the Link-16 interactions and display as C2 information to an operator. Both, ASCOT and the MTC / AMS, can implement the complete range of Link-16 messages used by the AWACS aircraft. Figure 5 shows the principle.

Federated Systems and Experiment

The primary components were the Airspace Control and Operations Trainer (ASCOT) and the Architecture Independent Modeling Environment (AIME) Fog-ofWar Generator. Additional demonstration capability was provided by the Joint Live, Virtual, and Constructive Data Translator (JLVCDT) and Google Earth. The command and control system used was the Global Command and Control Systems – Joint Version (GCCS-J) that was connected to the federation via the JLVCDT).

Target Entity Generato r

Truth positions

Data Link Plug-in

AWACS MTC / AMS Applications

Entity

The ASCOT (Airspace Control and Operations Trainer) is a complete synthetic Environment Generation (EG) system developed by PLEXSYS Interface Products, Inc. (PLEXSYS), modular and tailored in current form to support the explicit needs of Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) Air Control training from both an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) as well as land or surface air control perspective supporting USAF, USN, USMC, USA Services, US Joint and Coalition, and NATO synthetic environment training at both tactical and operational levels of distributed Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX). Some of its’ modular features include: automated Air Tasking Order / Airspace Control Order and rapid scenario file generation; rapid scenario editing capabilities; a complete implementation of Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) capabilities across the J and M series messaging protocols; synthetic voice transmission, reception, monitoring and debugging for communications applications; direct radar data output to tactical air control systems; database driven synthetic entity generation across all environmental domains; DIS and HLA compliant across multiple international standards and Run Time Infrastructures (RTI). In this PATHFINDER Integration Environment (PIE), ASCOT used the DIS version 1278.1a as well as the HLA 1.3 Mak RTI.

Sensor Link16

AWACS Messages and Interactions

Messages and DIS Control Application

Internal

Data

DIS with SISO

Transport

HLA Control Application

RPR-FOM HLA

Figure 5: ASCOT and MTC / AMS Components The fog-of-war generator is part of a suite of middleware tools known as the ArchitectureIndependent Modelling Environment (AIME), developed by QinetiQ. This has as its basis a modeler’s level API to HLA, which supports the 1.3 and 1516 HLA standards, and a RPR-FOM interface (covering both version 1 and version 2). AIME includes a modular DIS/HLA converter, which for this experiment was extended to cover the extra interaction classes needed to convert the Link16BOM data to the DIS SISO standard for Link16. AIME also includes tools for federation bridging, used in an earlier phase of the Pathfinder NMSG27 workshops, and various browsing, monitoring and logging facilities. The fog-of-war generator is intended to simulate a set of generic battlefield sensors providing enemy target detections. The sensors are assumed to produce random errors, including missed detections, errors in reported positions, mis-identification of targets and data staleness. The overall effect is to produce a plausible set of detections, without needing to model any specific battlefield sensors in detail. It is intended for use in training or demonstration applications where more detailed models would be inappropriate on grounds of complexity, cost, or sensitivity of information content.

The AWACS Mission Training Center (MTC) / AWACS Mission Simulation (AMS), also developed by PLEXSYS, is a complete system emulation of the mission crew functionality aboard a 30/35 E3C AWACS aircraft, supporting training at Tinker AFB, Elmendorf AFB, Kadena AFB and Kirtland AFB. These MTC / AMS are normally configured of 14 operator mission positions and 6 Instructor Operator Stations (IOS). These systems are used in both a crew training simulation and a real world C4ISR role, supporting live aircraft control. The ASCOT is the functional EG and framework used for both MTC and AMS application stimulus.

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Radar model

The AIME Link16 formatter used for these experiments is capable of generating periodic PPLI own-position reports for the simulated sensors (J2.2 and 2.5 messages), and air-track, ground-track and -6-

Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007 surface-track reports for the enemy detections (J3.2, 3.5 and 3.3 respectively). Figure 6 shows the components. Target Filter

Target Positions

Fog-of-War Generator

Fogged Positions

Herein, the JLVCDT connected via DIS and received the ASCOT generated link picture and displayed it on GCCS. There was little challenge to this last integration effort. Figure 7 shows the screenshots of ASCOT and AIME driving the Goggle Earth Adaptor side by side.

Link16 Formatter Link16 Messages

Entity Positions

Sensor Positions

JU Scheduler

Link16 Interactions

RPR-FOM HLA federation with Link16 Base Object Model

3.2 Dis/Hla converter with Link16 extensions

Special Results and Lessons Learned

We can attribute the rapid success to the implementation of the SISO TADIL-Tales Standard 002-2006. Some of the lessons Learned from this effort are recommended for future standardization in Federation Agreements and VV&A process.

DIS with SISO Link16 signals

Figure 6: AIME Fog-of-War Generator Component



During the interactions, the AIME Google display shows the received Link16 reports from both worlds and displays them side-by-side.

Federation Agreements: Time-Slot Type: The initial configuration of systems needed to define the type of messages exchanged; however this minor inconsistency was quickly overcome upon initialization.

In the first experimentation phase, ASCOT and AIME were connected, using AIME’s DisAdapter w/ Link-16 BOM plug-in. The HLA side used Pitch 1516. This integration worked with minor technical issues, and we were able to achieve two-way message passing of J2.2, J2.5, J3.2, and J3.5.

There are actually seven different Time-Slot Types. Federations need to make sure all federates implement and can receive the used Time-Slot Types. When we first started, AIME was sending out a Time-Slot Type of 0 which denotes FreeTextFormat message. The Timeslot type was quickly changed to a 3 denoting FixedFormat.

In the second experimentation phase, another configuration similar to the first was used except that AWACS MTC replaced ASCOT as the Link-16 DIS component. Again AIME’s DisAdapter was used to bridge the DIS to the HLA world. This time we used DMSO HLA1.3 so that ASCOT could provide the truth entities in HLA. In this evolution the AWACS MTC was able to communicate with AIME’s Link-16 generator with the same four J-messages. The final addition to the architecture during the demonstration to ACT was the use of the JLVCDT and Global Command and Control System (GCCS).



Reporting Responsibility: Not all Link-16 generators implement Reporting Responsibility (AIME). We dealt with this by setting separate track production areas for each simulator that doesn’t do R^2.



Entity Enumerations have to be agreed upon. Additionally, all scenario related parameters such as playbox, terrain, Track blocks, etc.

JSTARS JSTARS

AWAC

AWACS

Figure 7: Screenshots of the Link 16 Experiment (left: ASCOT, right: Google Earth Adaptor driven by AIME) 07S-SIW-023

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well. We do not think that the integration without any personal contact had been as successful as it was with these contacts. However, the costs were cut down significantly by this approach.

Simulator providers have to agree and be aware of which JTIDS emulation level of fidelity to run with. We mutually chose to implement level 1. At present, implementing level 2/3 across distributed WANs and multiple network connections may potentially exceed Link 16 time slot allocation latency limits.

In particular in international experiment environments like described here, the availability of “open” integration facilities like the Battlelab of VMASC is essential. The environment allowed focusing on technical problems and coming to a solution within two to three weeks of close collaboration.

Implementation of the Link 16 BOM was an untested implementation of a not-yet balloted SISO standard measured against a DMO certified and compliant simulation in DIS.

Regarding the applicability of SISO standards in support in NATO experiments, we perceive these experiments as a success story: The SISO standards could be applied without changes, they were understood by international experts based on documentation and examples and supported a successful execution. It also allowed bringing different industry partners in that adapted their solution to these standards and could contribute to an experiment without having to share intellectual property.

It should also be mentioned that the use of diagnostic tools was very useful, such as PLEXSYS JtidsHound, DIS message viewers like ASCOT DIS Packet Analyzer (DPA), and visualizers such as AscotMaps and GoogleEarth via “AIME” vice “Pitch.” These tools helped to quickly identify, and pinpoint issues (such as the timeslot issue). They also acted as a passive 3rd party to validate and view what was going on.

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In summary, the C2/M&S Interoperability experiments were a success for the MSG-027 group as well as for NATO and SISO.

Lessons Learned

Many lessons were learned during these experiments, and some of them were even recorded and as such subject to evaluation after the experiments. Both experiments described in this paper were captured to become part of the knowledge accessible via the knowledge web portal of NATO’s Pathfinder Integration Environment activities, which is currently transferred from VMASC to NATO’s ACT HQ for experimental use.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all contributors to MSG-027 in general and the C2/M&S Interoperability experiments in particular. Among these friends and colleagues, the following individuals have to be named explicitly for their contributions to this paper: JeanPaul Bouche (FR), Leon Clark (USA), Malcolm Corbin (UK), Saikou Diallo (US), Sabas González Godoy (SP), Patricio Jiménez López (SP), Staffan Löf (SWE), Björn Löfstrand (SWE), Dr. Martin Lügering (GE), James Muguira (US), Dr. Eckehard Neugebauer (GE), Kevin Seavy (US), Dieter Steinkamp (GE), Dr. Gokay Sursal (ACT), Clayton Thomsen (USA), Dr.Herbert Tietje (GE), Charles Turnitsa (US), and Mike Watson (UK).

The consequent use of well documented standardized solutions enabled the efficient federation process even via long distances and in a distributed environment separated by nine time zones, reaching from Camas, Washington to Meppen, Germany. The availability of integration experts and technical experts for the solutions to be integrated for teleconferences and the commitment to attend on a regular basis for the integration timeframe was essentials and enabled the success.

The authors also would like to thank the Chairman of NMSG Jean-Louis Igarza (FR) for his guidance and support in writing this paper.

The standards were well documented, but only the use of common examples – with focus on reusable code components – enabled the rapid integration for the experiment. Having standards and examples available via the web portal and having the experts reachable via email and telephone allowed the integration without traveling across the country and the oceans. However, the fact that most experts knew each other from earlier meetings and events and were aware of strengths and weaknesses of the other side definitely plaid a role as

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References

[1] NATO Study Group on Modelling and Simulation (SGMS): “NATO Modelling and Simulation Master Plan, Version 1.0”, AC/323(SGMS)D/2, Brussels, August 1998

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Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop Norfolk, VA, March 2007 [2] NMSG: “PATHFINDER Whitepaper,” NATO ACT Concept Development and Experimentation Norfolk, September 2006 [3] Andreas Tolk: "Integrating NATO M&S Efforts and the NATO C3 Technical Architecture", European Simulation Interoperability Workshop 2001, London, June 2001 [4] Andreas Tolk, Michael Hieb, Kevin Galvin, Lionel Khimeche: “Merging National Battle Management Language Initiatives for NATO Projects,” Paper 12, Proceedings RTA/MSG Conference on “M&S to address NATO’s new and existing Military Requirements”, Koblenz, Germany, October 2004 [5] Andreas Tolk (for NATO MSG-027): “Pathfinder Integration Environment – Knowledge and Resources Documentation Enabling Efficient Reuse,” European Simulation Interoperability Workshop 2006, Paper 06E-SIW-007, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2006 [6] Andreas Tolk, Saikou Diallo, Kevin Dupigny, Bo Sun, Chuck Turnitsa: “A Layered Web Services Architecture to Adapt Legacy Systems to the Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model (C2IEDM),” European Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Toulouse, France, June 2005 [7] Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO): “Standard for LINK 16 SIMULATIONS,” SISO-STD-002-2006, 08 May 2006, Orlando, FL [8] Galvin K, Sudnikovich WP, deChamps P, Hieb MR, Pullen JM, Khimeche L: “Delivering C2 to M&S Interoperability for NATO - Demonstrating Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) and the Way Ahead.” Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, Florida, September 2006 [9] Andreas Tolk, Saikou Y. Diallo, Charles D. Turnitsa, Leslie S. Winters: “Composable M&S Web Services for Net-centric Applications,” Journal for Defense Modeling & Simulation (JDMS), Volume 3 Number 1, pp. 27-44, January 2006

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Authors' Biographies ANDREAS TOLK is Associate Professor in the Faculty for Modeling, Simulation, and Visualization at the Engineering Management Department of the College of Engineering and Technology at Old Dominion University (ODU) of Norfolk, Virginia. He has over 16 years of international experience in the field of Applied Military Operations Research and Modeling and Simulation of and for Command and Control Systems. He is affiliated with the Virginia Modeling Analysis & Simulation Center (VMASC). His domain of expertise is the integration of M&S functionality into real world applications based on open standards. He received a Ph.D. and an M.S. in Computer Science from the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich, Germany. JAMIE BOULET is the Simulation Integration Engineering Manager of PLEXSYS Interface Products, Inc., Camas, Washington, USA. He has over 20 years of international experience in the field of Modeling and Simulation of and for Command and Control Systems. His domain of expertise is the integration of real time simulation systems, in support of Joint Interoperability Data Link, Joint Theatre Air and Missile Defense and Command and Control Exercises. He received a M.S. in Systems Management from the University of Southern California, USA and is retired from the US Marine Corps. He has served in a USA industrial advocate capacity for the NATO MSG-027 PATHFINDER program and in a similar capacity in MSG-052 Knowledge Networks.

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