Levels of Climate Change Awareness in the United Arab Emirates ...

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Levels of Climate Change Awareness in the United Arab Emirates Abdelgadir Abuelgasim United Arab Emirates University [email protected] and Salma Daiban United Arab Emirates University [email protected] ABSTRACT Any country’s ability to mitigate or adapt to climate change and global warming depends, to a large extent, on the availability of freely public information, knowledge, wide public awareness and information dissemination sources. Policies and actions initiated by environmental agencies to mitigate or adapt to climate change require the support of the general public and major stakeholders to be successful and effective. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the level of public awareness with climate change and its spatial distribution among the population of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A questionnaire was used to collect data, and a total of 4000 surveys were distributed throughout the seven emirates of the UAE using a systematic random sampling procedure. The study develops a climate change awareness index for the UAE based on the sample size overall awareness and the awareness of the anthropogenic causes of climate change. The results show an overall awareness level of approximately 57% indicating that more than 40% of the population lack knowledge and awareness with climate change and its impacts on the UAE society, economy and urban development. Furthermore, the ChiSquare results revealed that awareness about CCGW is lower among females in comparison to males. However, The Chi-Square results indicate that the level of awareness is almost uniform among the different emirates of the UAE, indicating that geography, economic activities and income has no significant impact on awareness levels. The study suggests that educational climate change programs and public awareness campaigns are highly needed to address the low awareness levels. Keywords: Climate change, Global warming, Public awareness, Education, Survey Introduction Global climate change is an issue that has significantly surfaced in the past few decades due to dawn of awareness on the topic amongst the general segments of society. The implications of climate change are being understood by common people as it is being discussed globally at various media forums. With the advancement in scientific research and technology, the ambiguities about the subject have also cleared to a great degree and this has contributed in creating awareness about the 42 © 2017, Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal HSS-CHSS-UAEU, ISSN 2413-6301

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gravity of fast-paced climate change. The effects of climate change are interpreted to be dire and although the climate of planet earth is known to have changed in the past, the instigating role played by anthropogenic activities in alteration of global climatic patterns cannot be neglected. In order to take serious steps in the right direction towards minimizing the human impacts on climate, it is essential to educate population about the ramifications and involve them in an effective action plan (United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP). The United Arab Emirates is an official party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol. It accepts the scientific consensus on climate change and is committed to adopt measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions as well as by increasing the resilience of its ecosystems, economy and public health system to the impacts of climate change (EAD, 2017). For example, the government of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (the largest among the UAE emirates) is developing an ambitious climate strategy to provide the basis for fulfilling these commitments that will help the country to better mitigate and adapt to various of climate change scenarios (EAD, 2017). The strategy is meant to provide an assessment of the forces that are driving anthropogenic green-house gases (GHG) emissions in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi; identify the sectors that are responsible for those emission, the changes on the environment and their potential impacts on ecosystems, the economy and human health; and presents the current responses by local government, business to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The strategy also lays out key outcomes, establishes priorities and identifies sector-specific objectives to mitigate and adapt to climate change. A fundamental component of this strategy is the development of knowledgebased climate change policies initiative. This is primarily geared to inform policy makers, the public and key stakeholders of the causes, effects, magnitude, and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This is envisioned to be addressed through scientific, technological and socioeconomic research and statistics and through education, training and public awareness to act on climate change. Particularly so, as Article 6 of the Climate Change Convention on Education, Training and Public Awareness urges governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programs on climate change and its effects, to ensure public access to information and to promote public participation in addressing the issue. It has been recognized that any country’s ability to mitigate or adapt to climate change depends on the availability of information, knowledge, and public awareness (UNEP, 2006). Policies and actions initiated by environmental agencies to mitigate or adapt to climate change require the support and involvement of the general public and major stakeholders. A strategic planning is required to counter the repercussions of climate change which has to involve individuals as well as combined community efforts. Failure to take public views and opinions into consideration when developing climate policies could lead to disastrous outcomes or even a complete policy failure. One of the primary things while addressing public opinions is to assess the level of awareness about climatic vicissitudes amongst the general public (Brechin, et. al. 2011; Bord, et. al., 1998; Bord, et. al., 2000; Derick, et. al. 2012; Pelham, 2009; Pandve et al., 2011). The interest towards extenuation of climate change impacts, in a population, comes with the perception of the threats posed by the severity of situation, followed by adaptation in accordance with all the available information,



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for a productive and sustainable future (Semenza, et. al, 2011). While discussing people’s awareness of climate change and global warming (Lineman et al., 2015) inferred that social networks and searches on google, play a vital role in portraying a public awareness level and their concern about an issue. In their study (Lineman et al., 2015) proposed that although the terms ‘climate change’ and ‘global warming’ are used interchangeably more often than not, ‘climate change’ still has a more positive take compared to ‘global warming’ in a common man’s perspective. (Semenza et al., 2011) have explained that to strategically tackle the issue of climatic alterations amongst individuals, there are two options; mitigation and adaptation, with the former having a considerably slow and prolonged impact, while the latter, a more preemptive response. To accomplish both or either it is necessary to establish awareness among those involved. A way of doing this is by approaching the climate change issue from health perspective (Nisbet, 2009). In their study (Semenza et al., 2011) have related the degree of awareness on global warming/climate change such as temperature rise, heat wave and scarcity of rainfall and ground water, in their sample population, to health impacts of climate change which include heat stroke, dehydration, heat exhaustion etc. About 52% of individuals involved in the study, were prepared to face any emergency situation which may arise due to any side-effect of global warming, as an adaptive strategy. In addition, almost 80% of the people who had some knowhow about the subject, also were exercising mitigation by limiting their energy usage at individual levels. This reaction was generated due to mutual sense of vulnerability and grave climate change repercussions. Nisbet and Myers (2007) studied climate change awareness amongst general population by gathering 20 years data of polls and surveys on global warming and climate change. This study included evaluating level of awareness on topic, understanding causes of climate change, scientific agreement amongst experts and public apprehension on consequences of global warming. The authors showed that the Gallup surveys done between year 2001-2005 displayed 15%-18% public awareness on complete understanding of global warming. Although the issue of global warming and climate change has increasingly become popular, yet it fails to make space as one of the primary concerns in people’s lives (Lorenzoni and Pidgeon, 2006). The primary objectives of this research study are to provide baseline information about climate change awareness in the UAE, and its spatial and geographic distribution. Such information is expected to make the basis for developing an efficient and effective education, training and awareness program for the UAE public. Furthermore, the major findings from the study will play key role in conducting public training campaigns, raising awareness and encourage social behavioral change that facilitates mitigation and adaptation vis-à-vis climate change impacts in the UAE (Milfont, 2012). The main purpose of this study is to determine the climate change awareness levels among the different emirates of the UAE. This study address the following research questions: 1. What is the percentile distribution of CCGW awareness within the different emirates of the UAE? 2. Does geographical location impact the level of awareness? © 2017, Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal HSS-CHSS-UAEU, ISSN 2413-6301



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3. Is there any significant difference or bias between gender awareness in the UAE? 4. What is the impact of education and age groups on CCGW awareness? To measure the level of awareness, the study develops a climate change awareness index on the basis of the general awareness, and awareness of the anthropogenic causes of climate change and global warming. In this study, the Climate change (CC) was defined as climatic changes, global or regional, that has been predominantly observed within the last century mostly due to the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. On the other hand, global warming (GW), a term more popular in the UAE, is defined as the long-term increase of the Earth average temperature. These two terms are used interchangeably in the UAE and are assumed to mean the same thing within the society. Throughout this study, the acronym CCGW is used and it refers to climate change and global warming. Furthermore, human activities contributing to climate change introduced to the respondents as fossil fuel burning, automobile and industrial emissions, deforestations and any activity that leads to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. Study Area and Data Collection To achieve the study goals, a questionnaire was developed for assessing the public level of awareness about climate change, global warming, adaptation and mitigation measures. The questionnaire was focused on assessing three key themes: awareness, opinions, and policies in addition to introductory questions. However, this study mainly addresses the awareness component of the survey. For the survey purpose, simple statements were used to appeal to the wider level of literacy and educational levels in the society. The target area and population were defined as being the total territorial land of the UAE and its total population. In total, 4000 questionnaires were distributed throughout the seven emirates of the UAE (Figure 1). The survey was distributed using a systematic random sampling procedure. The primary goal from using such sampling method was to derive an accurate sample that is truly representative of the population awareness and opinions. A representative sample will accurately reflect the actual characteristics of the population without any bias. Moreover, systematic random sampling procedure was chosen due to its simplicity and the assurance that the population will be evenly sampled. Survey collection locations were the same throughout the different emirates and consisted of places with large diverse population presence such as major malls, shopping plazas, and cafes As Table 1 shows, the percentage population distribution within each emirate is very diverse based on the 2011 government census (FCSA, 2017). The distribution of the survey followed the census percentiles with the Emirates of Abu Dhabi receiving the majority of the survey.





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Figure 1: UAE Map Table 1: Population Percentages and Respondents by Emirate Emirate Abu Dhabi

Population percent 38.8

Dubai Al Sharjah Ajman

29.1 19.2 5.6 1.0 3.3 3.1

1551 1164 767 223 40 131 124

100.0

4000

Umm Al-Quwain Ras Alkhaima Alfujairah Total

Respondents Number

This was done to ensure that the number of respondents per emirate follows the percentage distribution from the overall country’s population. The respondents were 54.2% male and 45.8% female. A probabilistic sampling procedure was followed throughout the collection process. The survey was distributed using a systematic random sampling procedure. It was chosen due to its simplicity and the assurance that the population will be evenly sampled. Survey collection locations were the same throughout the different emirates and consisted of places with large diverse population presence such as major malls, shopping plazas, and cafes. The characteristic distributions of the respondents are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Respondents General Information Percentage of Respondents Gender Male

54.2

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Female

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45.8

Age Group in Years 18-30

30.1 24.9 27.3 17.8

31-40 41-50 51+ Social Status Single Married

19.7 25.4

Divorced Widowed

33.5 21.5

Employment 36.6 31.4 32.0

Public Private Unemployed Education Level Attained High

20.5

Bachelor Master

12.7 15.0

Doctorate No formal education

19.9 31.8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. General Awareness/Unawareness Patterns Table 3a: Awareness by Gender Gender

Aware of CCGW 56%

Unaware of CCGW 44%

Female

45%

55%

Total

51%

49%

Male

Chi-Square Tests Gender and CCGW Awareness

Pearson Chi-Square

Value 51.597

df 1

Significance 0.000

Table 3b: Overall CCGW Awareness by Emirate



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Aware of CCGW Unaware of CCGW

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Umm Alquwain

Ras Alkhaima

Alfujairah

50.8%

50.7%

50.8%

50.2%

52.5%

51.9%

50.8%

49.2%

49.3%

49.2%

49.8%

47.5%

48.1%

49.2%

Chi-Square Tests Awareness and Residence Value .147

Pearson Chi-Square

df 6

Significance 1.000

Table 3c: Percentage of Male CCGW Awareness by Emirate

Male aware of CCGW Male unaware of CCGW

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Umm Alquwain

Ras Alkhaima

Alfujairah

56.1%

56.0%

55.5%

55.8%

59.1%

56.9%

56.1%

43.9%

44.0%

44.5%

44.2%

40.9%

43.1%

43.9%

Table 3d: Percentage of Female CCGW Awareness by Emirate Female aware of CCGW Female unaware of CCGW

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Umm Alquwain

Ras Alkhaima

Alfujairah

44.5%

44.4%

45.3%

43.7%

44.4%

45.8%

44.8%

55.5%

55.6%

54.7%

56.3%

55.6%

54.2%

55.2%

Table 3e: CCGW Awareness by Age Group Age Group 18-30 31-40 41-50 50+

Aware of CCGW 26.3% 27.3% 22.4% 24.0%

Unaware of CCGW 34.1% 22.4% 32.2% 11.3%

Tables 3a through 3e show the general awareness pattern within the collected sample. To measure CCGW awareness, survey respondents were asked if they are aware/heard, through different media sources, about CCGW. The answers were set to be a binary response of “yes’ or “no.” The respondents who answered with ‘yes’ were then asked to rate their knowledge about CCGW and if they agree or disagree it is anthropogenically induced. The rating system used a scale from 1 – 5, where 1 referred to complete lack of knowledge or awareness with CCGW and 5 ranked expert knowledge with CCGW and its anthropogenic causes. © 2017, Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal HSS-CHSS-UAEU, ISSN 2413-6301



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Approximately 56% of the males surveyed reported a general awareness with CCGW in comparison to females who reported a lower percentage of 45%. Across all the UAE females portrayed lower levels of CCGW awareness. The Chi-Square analysis in Table 3a shows significant bias in the level of awareness between male and female (χ2 = 51.597, df = 1, P < 0.0001). This was not initially expected, and might likely be due to that males in the conservative society of the UAE tend to have more freedoms in mobility, accessing news and social media information in comparison to females, likely resulting in lower levels of awareness among females. The spatial distribution of awareness, or lack of, about CCGW within the UAE is surprisingly approximately similar. The percentile awareness level in most of the emirates is about 50% with slight increase in the emirates of Umm Alquwain and Ras Alkhaima. The respondents number in these two emirates were small in comparison to the other emirates. Changes within a small sample would mathematically lead to higher percentile values in comparison to larger samples. The ChiSquare analysis also indicates no significance in the levels of awareness in comparison to emirates of residence (χ2 = .147, df = 6, P = 1.000). The initial expectations were that the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai would portray much higher levels of awareness in comparison to the rest of the country. These two emirates have the largest population, with large cosmopolitan cities, large foreign expatriate population and excellent media facilities for information dissemination. As such, it was expected that information dissemination about CCGW would be much more prevalent and pronounced, however. The results reveal that there are no significant differences by region with regards to awareness with CCGW and the initial study assumption was invalid. Information dissemination, while quite mature and advanced in the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, the other emirates are not lacking behind much. This is likely the primary reason contributing to the lack of variability in awareness levels. Another surprising feature in the data analysis is that the awareness of CCGW among the different age groups is not significantly different. Across all age groups the difference between the minimum and maximum percentile is about 5%, with the younger generations (18-40 years) portraying the higher levels. B. Impact of Education on Awareness/Unawareness Education, general or specialized is believed to play a significant role in the awareness about climatic changes. This is particularly important specially for the UAE with a total literacy rate of 93.8% (UIS, 2015). Tables 4a compares the different educational levels of the respondents against awareness, of lack of, with CCGW. Table 4a: Educational Level and CCGW Awareness Education Level



Aware of CCGW

Unaware of CCGW

High School

40.4%

23.0%

Bachelor Degree

6.4%

33.8%

Master Degree

29.6%

0.00%

Doctorate Degree

8.4%

17.2%

No formal education

15.2%

26.0%



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Younger generations in high schools scored the highest in their awareness levels with issues related to CCGW in comparison to all other levels of education. Surprisingly, a sizable number of respondents with bachelor and doctorate degrees reported unawareness with issues related to CCGW. This was not expected and might be attributed to these respondents’ perception of the question of awareness being interpreted as having in-depth knowledge with CCGW. Table 5a: Overall Percentage for the Causes of CCGW CCGW Causes

Percentage

Agree of Anthropogenic Causes of CCGW

60%

Disagree of Anthropogenic Causes of CCGW

40%

Table 5b: Causes of CCGW per Emirate CCGW Causes Agree of Anthropogenic Causes of CCGW Disagree of Anthropogenic Causes of CCGW

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Umm Alquwain

Ras Alkhaima

Alfujairah

63.8%

63.7%

64.0%

63.2%

67.5%

64.1%

63.7%

36.2%

36.3%

36.0%

36.8%

32.5%

35.9%

36.3%

C. CCGW Awareness Index Generally, respondents’ answers to survey questions provide a good measure of the respondents’ opinions or awareness of the survey subject, however. A single index measure that summarizes the level of CCGW awareness within the vast populace is much more useful. Such index would provide a valid measure of awareness in a simple and an easy to understand manner to the wide public. The indicator may also be used to evaluate the societal evolution and temporal changes in the level of awareness of climate change, by tracking it in different time intervals. Furthermore, it can be used to assess the effectiveness and impacts of CCGW information dissemination programs and how such programs can be enhanced further. This research proposes a CCGW awareness index for the UAE, and can also be applied in other places as well. The major components of this index are two primarily key factors that are believed to assess the level of awareness. First the overall general awareness percentage within the study sample. The second component would be the degree of knowledge about the anthropogenic causes of CCGW. For the second component this research identifies 2 categories of knowledge, namely, those who agree that CCGW are mostly human activities induced, and those who disagree that CCGW is not human induced. The proposed index performs an additive mathematical operation of the overall general awareness percentage and the percentage of agreement to the anthropogenic causes of CCGW. The average of the additive sum is the developed awareness index as shown in equation (1). The values of such index will vary from 0 to © 2017, Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal HSS-CHSS-UAEU, ISSN 2413-6301



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unity, with higher of index values confirming higher level of CCGW awareness and knowledge. Awareness Index = ((General Awareness + Awareness with Anthropogenic Causes of CCGW)/2) …(1) From tables 3a and 5a, it follows that the overall UAE awareness index would 55.5% or 0.55. Table 6 shows the awareness index values per emirate. Table 6: Awareness Index Per Emirate

Awareness Index

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Umm Alquwain

Ras Alkhaima

Alfujairah

0.57

0.57

0.57

0.57

0.60

0.58

0.57

The index in Table 6 shows almost a uniform distribution across the UAE for the level of awareness with no noticeable disparities. The slight increased index values in the emirates of Umm Alquwain and Ras Alkhaima are mostly due to the smaller respondents’ sample size, as previously highlighted. It follows the geographic factors do not play a significant role in the level of awareness between people who live within desert or mountainous environments, urban or rural regions. While the index values are mostly uniform across the different emirates, all values portray a lower level of awareness with CCGW. There are many factors that shape the public opinions and responses of which basic education, climate literacy and public understanding of climate change are the key ones (Lee, et. al., 2015). D. Setting up educational program on climate change in UAE Education has a vital effect in minimizing the human impacts on climate, as it helps in promoting the public awareness of CCGW and its consequences. To have a successful CCGW educational programs, it is crucial that decision makers of UAE develop and implement policies, procedures, and strategies related to CCGW and integrate them in the UAE education plans and budgets. It is also crucial to have a sustainable schools and campuses that efficiently use water and energy, and nontoxic. Additionally, the CCGW subject should be integrated in the curriculum from primary to higher education. This curriculum should include a set of classroom activities relevant to CCGW and should focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). Such curriculum expected to provide the students with knowledge and critical thinking skills needed to understand the different aspects of CCGW. Teachers should be capable to deliver knowledge about CCGW and sustainability issues and they should have the material and tools necessary to do so. Furthermore, introducing sustainability in the students’ daily practices would prove to be effective and important. It helps in the students applying and translating their CCGW knowledge into their daily behavior, lifestyle and daily practice. Furthermore, the educational program should allow students to have hands-on experiences with impact and consequences of CCGW. Hence, having such CCGW education program in UAE, will significantly change the students’ attitudes and behav-





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ior about CCGW and will inspire them to think of solutions and ways to overcome the effects of CCGW. Finally, it is essential to point out that the government bodies of UAE, such as the ministry of infrastructure development and housing program should help in educating population about the CCGW. As these bodies can motive the UAE population to adopt renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency and adopt green economy that enhance a green, low carbon and sustainable future. Likewise, the universities and institutions in UAE can play a vital role on reducing the effects of CCGW through their research and projects. Conclusion Climate change and global warning are a serious threat to human societies and natural ecosystems, however. Public awareness and knowledge about their disastrous impacts is significantly lacking. This study has demonstrated that public awareness about climate change in the UAE is seriously lacking and there is a large room for improvement. The overall awareness index averages to about 57% suggesting that more than 40% of the population lacks the knowledge about climate change, global warming and their anthropogenic nature. The study results demonstrate that awareness about CCGW is lower among females in comparison to males and higher in younger generations in comparison to late middle age and older individuals. The study results demonstrate that across the UAE the levels of awareness are approximately similar suggesting that awareness is not impacted by the geographic location of the respondents. Climate change policy actions in the UAE, and other countries, will benefit significantly from maintaining and gaining public support as well as public involvement. However, with lower levels of CCGW awareness public support for such policies will render them ineffective and with limited impacts. The research study suggests that through the incorporation of climate change awareness and educational programs at school levels and the employment of country-wide public awareness campaigns the level of awareness is expected to rise or improve leading to successful climate change policies and public involvement. It is believed that awareness is also dependent on the availability and diversity of information dissemination sources. The present research does not address the impact of such sources, in terms of diversity and availability, on awareness levels. Future studies in this regard should further focus on the impacts of information dissemination sources on climate change awareness. Acknowledgement This work was supported by grant number 31H093 from the college of humanities and social sciences of the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU).

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