LNAI 8109 - Advances in Artificial Intelligence ... - Springer Link

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAI Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

LNAI Founding Series Editor Joerg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

8109

Concha Bielza Antonio Salmerón Amparo Alonso-Betanzos J. Ignacio Hidalgo Luis Martínez Alicia Troncoso Emilio Corchado Juan M. Corchado (Eds.)

Advances in Artificial Intelligence 15th Conference of the Spanish Association for Artificial Intelligence, CAEPIA 2013 Madrid, Spain, September 17-20, 2013 Proceedings

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Volume Editors Concha Bielza Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 28660 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Antonio Salmerón Universidad de Almería 04120 Almería, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Amparo Alonso-Betanzos Universidad de A Coruña 15071 A Coruña, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

J. Ignacio Hidalgo Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Luis Martínez Universidad de Jaén 23071 Jaén, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Alicia Troncoso Universidad Pablo de Olavide 41013 Sevilla, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

Emilio Corchado Universidad de Salamanca 37008 Salamanca, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]

Juan M. Corchado Universidad de Salamanca 37008 Salamanca, Spain E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 978-3-642-40642-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-40643-0

e-ISSN 1611-3349 e-ISBN 978-3-642-40643-0

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946545 CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, F.1, I.4, H.3-4, F.2, C.2 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 – Artificial Intelligence © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

This volume contains a selection of the papers accepted for oral presentation at the 15th Conference of the Spanish Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAEPIA 2013), held in Madrid (Spain), during September 17-20, 2013. This was the 15th biennial conference in the CAEPIA series, which was started back in 1985. Previous editions took place in Madrid, Alicante, M´ alaga, Murcia, Gijón, Donostia, Santiago de Compostela, Salamanca, Seville, and La Laguna. This edition of CAEPIA was coordinated with various independent conferences: IX Spanish Congress on Metaheuristics, Evolutive and Bioinspired Algorithms (MAEB 2013), IV Symposium of Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing (LFSC), VII Symposium of Data Mining Theory and Applications (TAMIDA 2013), Information Fusion 2013 (FINO 2013) and Agent and Multiagent Systems: From Theory to Practice (ASMas). This is why this time the conference is called MultiConference CAEPIA, as a sign of the strong tie between all Spanish artificial intelligence (AI) researchers. Moreover, this year CAEPIA was held within the IV Spanish Congress on Informatics (CEDI 2013). CAEPIA is a forum open to worldwide researchers to present and discuss their last scientific and technological advances in AI. Its main aims are to facilitate the dissemination of new ideas and experiences, to strengthen the links among the different research groups, and to help spread new developments to society. All perspectives –theory, methodology, and applications– are welcome. Apart from the presentation of technical full papers, the scientific program of CAEPIA 2013 included two invited lectures, a Doctoral Consortium and, for the first time, a special session on outstanding recent papers (Key Works) already published in journals or forums of renowned reputation. With the permanent goal of making CAEPIA a high-quality conference, and following the model of current demanding AI conferences, the CAEPIA Program Chairs organized the review process as follows. The Scientific Committee was structured in two levels. At the first level the AI knowledge was distributed in 11 areas and a Track Chair was assigned for each one. These Track Chairs are well-known members of the AI community affiliated to Spanish universities and research centers. At the second level there was a Program Committee with 116 members (37 non-Spanish institutions). All papers were carefully peer-reviewed, sometimes with the support of additional reviewers. There were 19 additional reviewers (eight non-Spanish institutions). The reviewers judged the overall quality of the submitted papers, together with their originality and novelty, technical correctness, awareness of related work, and quality of presentation. The reviewers stated their confidence in the subject area in addition to detailed written comments. Each paper was assigned to at least three Program Committee members who made the reviews (following the double-blind model), and to a Track Chair who supervised these reviews. On the basis of the reviews, the Track Chairs rec-

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Preface

ommended paper acceptance or rejection to the CAEPIA Program Chairs, who made the final decisions. The CAEPIA Program Chairs chose the Best CAEPIA Paper and the Best Reviewer, both awards acknowledged by AEPIA. CAEPIA received 66 submissions. Authors were requested to mark their paper as candidate to be published in the LNAI volume. Out of the 66 submissions, 48 had this mark. After the review process, 27 out of these marked papers were accepted for oral presentation and publication in this volume. Also, there were submissions for this volume from the other associated conferences: 17 from MAEB 2013 (six accepted), 10 from LFSC (four accepted), eight from TAMIDA 2013 (two accepted), one from FINO 2013 (0 accepted) and two from ASMas (one accepted). These papers were reviewed under the same process and Scientific Committee as the previous CAEPIA papers. The Program Chairs of these conferences and the Chairs of the most related CAEPIA track also contributed to the review process. As a result, this volume contains 40 papers, each presented in a 20-minute oral presentation during the conference. The papers were organized according to their topics. The two distinguished invited speakers were Francisco Herrera (ECCAI Fellow, University of Granada, Spain) and Tom Heskes (Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal Neurocomputing, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands). Francisco Herrera presented the most relevant aspects of big data, the characteristics of current libraries, and the challenges in the development of new scalable algorithms. Tom Heskes showed how Bayesian machine learning techniques can lead to a novel paradigm for brain–computer interfaces, the reconstruction of images based on fMRI activation, and network analysis from diffusion tensor imaging. The Doctoral Consortium was specially designed for the interaction between PhD students and senior researchers. A scientific panel of 12 Spanish professors in AI interacted orally with the students on their plans and preliminary results. The Doctoral Consortium was a joint activity with all the conferences coordinated with CAEPIA, receiving 29 submissions. The Campus de Excelencia BioTICs of the Granada University sponsored the best PhD work with the GENIL prize, whereas AEPIA granted the next two best PhD proposals. The session on Key Works, also jointly held with the other five conferences, had 14 submissions. Recent works published in journals or forums of renown reputation during the period 2011-2013 were allowed so as to spread them among a wide audience from the AI community. Three senior members shaped the Selection Committee. The editors would like to thank everyone who contributed to the MultiConference CAEPIA 2013: the authors of the papers, the members of the Scientific Committee together with the additional reviewers, the invited speakers, and the Doctoral Consortium and Key Works session organizers. Thanks are also due to Luis Guerra, who designed the website of the CAEPIA conference, managed the free EasyChair conference web system (http://www.easychair.org/), and compiled this volume. Final thanks go to the Organizing Committee (that

Preface

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of CEDI included), the Complutense and Technical Universities of Madrid, the Springer team, our sponsors, and AEPIA for their support. June 2013

Concha Bielza Antonio Salmerón Amparo Alonso-Betanzos Multi-Conference Organising J. Ignacio Hidalgo Luis Mart´ınez Alicia Troncoso Emilio Corchado Juan M. Corchado

Organization

Executive Committee Concha Bielza Antonio Salmerón Amparo Alonso-Betanzos

Technical University of Madrid, Spain University of Almer´ıa, Spain University of A Coru˜ na, Spain

Senior Program Committee Enrique Alba, Spain Ismael Garc´ıa Varea, Spain Francisco Herrera, Spain Pedro Larra˜ naga, Spain Seraf´ın Moral, Spain Filiberto Pl´ a, Spain

Emilio Corchado, Spain Lluis Godó, Spain Juan Huete, Spain Pedro Meseguer, Spain Sascha Ossowski, Spain

Program Committee Enrique Alegre, Spain Alessandro Antonucci, Italy Carlos Beltran, Italy Christian Blum, Spain Daniel Borrajo, Spain Vicent Botti, Spain Humberto Bustince, Spain Fidel Cacheda, Spain Borja Calvo, Spain Andrés Cano, Spain Enric Cervera, Spain Francisco Chicano, Spain Carlos Coello, Mexico Oscar Cord´ on, Spain Inés Couso, Spain Sergio Damas, Spain Arjen de Vries, The Netherlands S. Irene D´ıaz, Spain Richard Duro, Spain

Cesare Alippi, Italy Rubén Arma˜ nanzas, Spain Alexandre Bernardino, Portugal Blai Bonet, Venezuela Juan Bot´ıa, Spain Alberto Bugar´ın, Spain Pedro Cabalar, Spain José M. Cadenas, Spain José L. Calvo Rolle, Spain Pablo Castell, Spain Carlos Ches˜ nevar, Argentina Francisco Chiclana, UK Juan M. Corchado, Spain Carlos Cotta, Spain Fabio Crestani, Italy Andre C.P.L.F. de Carvalho, Brazil Mar´ıa J. del Jes´ us, Spain Bernabé Dorronsoro, France Marcelo Federico, Italy

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Organization

Juan M. Fern´ andez-Luna, Spain João Gama, Portugal Ismael Garc´ıa Varea, Spain Karina Gibert, Spain Manuel G´ omez-Olmedo, Spain Manuel Gra˜ na, Spain Luis Guerra, Spain José Hern´ andez-Orallo, Spain César Herv´ as, Spain I˜ naki Inza, Spain Vicente Julian, Spain Ryszard Kowalczyk, Australia Beatriz L´ opez, Spain David Losada, Spain Francisco Luna, Spain Andrew MacFarlane, UK Lawrence Mandow, Spain Francesco Marcelloni, Italy Carlos Mart´ınez, Spain Jes´ us Medina, Spain Pedro Meseguer, Spain José M. Molina, Spain Eduardo Morales, Mexico Thomas Nielsen, Denmark Eugenio Oliveira, Portugal Xosé Pardo, Spain José M. Pe˜ na, Spain Hector Pomares, Spain José M. Puerta, Spain Ramón Rizo, Spain Richard Rose, Canada Rafael Rumi, Spain Angel Sappa, Spain Dragan Simic, Serbia Thomas St¨ utzle, Belgium Marco Tomassini, Switzerland Javier Traver, Spain Miguel A. Vega, Spain José R. Villar, Spain

Francesc Ferri, Spain José A. G´ amez, Spain Hector Geffner, Spain Jorge G´ omez, Spain Juan M. G´ orriz, Spain Sergio Guadarrama, USA José J. Guerrero, Spain Enrique Herrera-Viedma, Spain Juan Huete, Spain Pedro Isasi, Spain Georges Katsirelos, France Daniel Le Berre, France Maite L´ opez, Spain José A. Lozano, Spain Gabriel J. Luque, Spain Nicolas Madrid, Czech Republic Felip Manya, Spain Lluis Márquez, Spain Andrés Masegosa, Spain Belén Meli´ an, Spain Majid Mirmehdi, UK Ra´ ul Montoliu, Spain Herman Ney, Germany Manuel Ojeda-Aciego, Spain Daniel Ortiz, Spain Juan Pav´ on, Spain Rafael Pe˜ naloza, Germany Mike Preuss, Germany Héctor Quinti´ an, Spain Luis Rodr´ıguez Ruiz, Spain Michael Rovatsos, Scotland Yvan Saeys, Belgium Carles Sierra, Spain Vaclav Snasel, Czech Republic Enrique Sucar, Mexico Mar´ıa I. Torres, Spain Alicia Troncoso, Spain Sebastián Ventura, Spain Michal Wozniak, Poland

Organization

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Additional Reviewers Carlos Ag¨ uero, Spain Diego Fernández, Spain Shima Gerani, Italy Giacomo Inches, Italy Henrique Lopes, Portugal Francisco Mart´ın, Spain Luis Mat´ıas, Portugal Jonathan Ortigosa-Hern´ andez, Spain Josep Puyol-Gruart, Spain Ana Paula Rocha, Portugal

Hanen Borchani, Spain Vreixo Formoso, Spain Daniel Gutiérrez, Spain Monica Landoni, Italy Parvaz Mahdabi, Italy Vicente Matell´ an, Spain Manuel Mucientes, Spain Antonio Pereira, Portugal Alejandro Rituerto, Spain

Organizing Committee Multiconference CAEPIA 2013 was held within the Spanish Congress on Informatics (CEDI 2013), which was hosted by the Complutense University of Madrid and the Technical University of Madrid.

Sponsors – Asociación Espa˜ nola para la Inteligencia Artificial (AEPIA)

Table of Contents

Constraints, Search and Planning An Evaluation of Best Compromise Search in Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enrique Machuca, Lawrence Mandow, and Lucie Galand

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Intelligent Web and Information Retrieval Compressing Semantic Metadata for Efficient Multimedia Retrieval . . . . . Mario Arias Gallego, Oscar Corcho, Javier D. Fern´ andez, Miguel A. Mart´ınez-Prieto, and Mari Carmen Su´ arez-Figueroa Time-Aware Evaluation of Methods for Identifying Active Household Members in Recommender Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedro G. Campos, Alejandro Bellog´ın, Iv´ an Cantador, and Fernando D´ıez Comments-Oriented Query Expansion for Opinion Retrieval in Blogs . . . Jose M. Chenlo, Javier Parapar, and David E. Losada A Contextual Modeling Approach for Model-Based Recommender Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ignacio Fern´ andez-Tob´ıas, Pedro G. Campos, Iv´ an Cantador, and Fernando D´ıez Identifying Overlapping Communities and Their Leading Members in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camilo Palazuelos and Marta Zorrilla

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22

32

42

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Fuzzy Systems Permutability of Fuzzy Consequence Operators and Fuzzy Interior Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neus Carmona, Jorge Elorza, Jordi Recasens, and Jean Bragard A Fuzzy Filter for High-Density Salt and Pepper Noise Removal . . . . . . . Manuel Gonz´ alez-Hidalgo, Sebasti` a Massanet, Arnau Mir, and Daniel Ruiz-Aguilera

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70

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A New Class of Functions for Integrating Weighting Means and OWA Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonifacio Llamazares

80

Attitude-Driven Web Consensus Support System for Large-Scale GDM Problems Based on Fuzzy Linguistic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv´ an Palomares and Luis Mart´ınez

91

Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Logic Decidability of a Logic for Order of Magnitude Qualitative Reasoning with Comparability and Negligibility Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfredo Burrieza

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Machine Learning Applying Resampling Methods for Imbalanced Datasets to not so Imbalanced Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olatz Arbelaitz, Ibai Gurrutxaga, Javier Muguerza, and Jes´ us Mar´ıa Pérez Scaling Up Feature Selection: A Distributed Filter Approach . . . . . . . . . . Ver´ onica Bol´ on-Canedo, Noelia S´ anchez-Maro˜ no, and Joana Cervi˜ no-Rabu˜ nal Experiments on Neuroevolution and Online Weight Adaptation in Complex Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Francisco José Gallego-Dur´ an, Rafael Molina-Carmona, and Fara´ on Llorens-Largo Learning Conditional Linear Gaussian Classifiers with Probabilistic Class Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedro L. L´ opez-Cruz, Concha Bielza, and Pedro Larra˜ naga Exact Incremental Learning for a Single Non-linear Neuron Based on Taylor Expansion and Greville Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David Mart´ınez-Rego, Oscar Fontenla-Romero, and Amparo Alonso-Betanzos Augmented Semi-naive Bayes Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bojan Mihaljevic, Pedro Larra˜ naga, and Concha Bielza Automatic Ontology User Profiling for Social Networks from URLs shared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paula Pe˜ na, Rafael Del Hoyo, Jorge Vea-Murgu´ıa, Carlos Gonz´ alez, and Sergio Mayo

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139

149

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Table of Contents

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Multiagent Systems A Common-Recipe and Conflict-Solving MAP Approach for Care Planning in Comorbid Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gonzalo Milla-Mill´ an, Juan Fdez-Olivares, and Inmaculada S´ anchez-Garz´ on An Argumentation-Based Multi-agent Temporal Planning System Built on t-DeLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pere Pardo and Llu´ıs God´ o Engineering the Decentralized Coordination of UAVs with Limited Communication Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marc Pujol-Gonzalez, Jes´ us Cerquides, Pedro Meseguer, Juan Antonio Rodr´ıguez-Aguilar, and Milind Tambe

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199

Multidisciplinary Topics and Applications Concurrent CPU-GPU Code Optimization: The Two-Point Angular Correlation Function as Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ Miguel C´ ardenas-Montes, Miguel Angel Vega-Rodr´ıguez, Ignacio Sevilla, Rafael Ponce, Juan José Rodr´ıguez-V´ azquez, and ´ Eusebio S´ anchez Alvaro .Cloud: Unified Platform for Compilation and Execution Processes in a Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fernando De la Prieta, Antonio Juan S´ anchez, Carolina Zato, Sara Rodr´ıguez, and Javier Bajo A SIR e-Epidemic Model for Computer Worms Based on Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ Angel Mart´ın del Rey A Common Framework for Fault Diagnosis of Parametric and Discrete Faults Using Possible Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noemi Moya Alonso, Anibal Bregon, Carlos J. Alonso-Gonz´ alez, and Belarmino Pulido

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219

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Metaheuristics Impact of the Production Mix Preservation on the ORV Problem . . . . . . Joaqu´ın Bautista, Alberto Cano, Roc´ıo Alfaro, and Cristina Batalla

250

Sustainable Internet Services in Contributory Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . Guillem Cabrera, Hebert Pérez-Rosés, Angel A. Juan, and Joan Manuel Marquès

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Table of Contents

A Study of the Combination of Variation Operators in the NSGA-II Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antonio J. Nebro, Juan J. Durillo, Mirialys Mach´ın, Carlos A. Coello Coello, and Bernabé Dorronsoro A New Heuristic for the Capacitated Vertex p-Center Problem . . . . . . . . . Dagoberto R. Quevedo-Orozco and Roger Z. R´ıos-Mercado Reducing Gas Emissions in Smart Cities by Using the Red Swarm Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daniel H. Stolfi and Enrique Alba Heuristic Optimization Model for Infrastructure Asset Management . . . . Cristina Torres-Mach´ı, Eugenio Pellicer, V´ıctor Yepes, and Alondra Chamorro

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289 300

Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence Learning more Accurate Bayesian Networks in the CHC Approach by Adjusting the Trade-Off between Efficiency and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacinto Arias, José A. G´ amez, and José M. Puerta

310

Approximate Lazy Evaluation of Influence Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rafael Caba˜ nas, Andrés Cano, Manuel G´ omez-Olmedo, and Anders L. Madsen

321

Learning Recursive Probability Trees from Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Andrés Cano, Manuel G´ omez-Olmedo, Seraf´ın Moral, Cora Beatriz Pérez-Ariza, and Antonio Salmer´ on

332

On Using the PC Algorithm for Learning Continuous Bayesian Networks: An Experimental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antonio Fern´ andez, Inmaculada Pérez-Bernabé, and Antonio Salmer´ on Learning from Crowds in Multi-dimensional Classification Domains . . . . Jer´ onimo Hern´ andez-Gonz´ alez, I˜ naki Inza, and José A. Lozano Learning Mixtures of Polynomials of Conditional Densities from Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pedro L. L´ opez-Cruz, Thomas D. Nielsen, Concha Bielza, and Pedro Larra˜ naga A Dynamic Bayesian Network Framework for Learning from Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Santiago Onta˜ n´ on, José Luis Monta˜ na, and Avelino J. Gonzalez

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363

373

Table of Contents

Approximate Counting of Graphical Models via MCMC Revisited . . . . . . José M. Pe˜ na

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383

Multidimensional k -Interaction Classifier: Taking Advantage of All the Information Contained in Low Order Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aritz Pérez Mart´ınes, José A. Lozano, and I˜ naki Inza

393

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

403