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Annex I Fiches

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Introduction and guide to the fiches The fiches provide a comprehensive set of data on each of the research domains identified during the foresight process. They were initially developed for the EWS, to allow participants to prioritise domains. The content of each fiche draws, as noted in chapter four, on the results of a questionnaire survey of Luxembourg stakeholders (researchers, companies and public administrators), and associated desk research. All fiches presented in this annex incorporates the results of the EWS. It should be noted, here, that several addional domains were incorporated as a result of the EWS, thus resulting in a total of 3 research domains1 - thus taking the total to 57 fiches. Each fiche is structured according to a number of key sections including: Definition of the domain Brief rationale for the domain – drawn primarily from existing published sources at the EU or global level Questionnaire results on the domain and axes (see table below for more details) Results of the EWS Luxembourg research and technology resources(public and private), including key companies with no current technological activity in Luxembourg. Note, that this section is not complete and will be further updated from results of an FNR competency survey, launched June 2006. . The table below provides more technical details on interpreting the questionnaire result tables in the fiches. Note, the fiches are also colour coded according to the thematic groups for the afternoon parallel session of the EWS as follows: Environmental Sciences – colour coded green Biomedical Sciences – colour coded red Information Communication Technologies – colour coded grey Physical Sciences and Engineering – colour coded blue Social Sciences and Humanities – colour coded orange Questionnaire priority level and response breakdown ‘key’ Priority level response and breakdown Priority level (out of 283 respondents)

Definition The number of questionnaire respondents identifying the domain as a future priority for Luxembourg in socio-economic terms

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As these domains were added during the EWS it has only been possible to produce summary fiches, rather than the comprehensive data based on questionnaire analysis available to the other fiches. 2

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Ranking within thematic field

Response breakdown

The position of the domain in relation to the other domains within its thematic field Breakdown of the organisations that prioritised the domain in the response to the questionnaire. NB. The Other category in this section is used to denote and capture responses from European Institutions, Ministries, and Luxembourg public administrive agencies

Questionnaire domain assessment ‘Key’ Questionnaire domain / axis analysis

Definition The average expertise level of the questionnaire respondents (to this domain) Note, this is based on a four point scale of 1 – unfamiliar with topic, 2 – casually acquainted, 3 – familiar, and 4 - knowledgeable

Expertise level

Sum of averages for respondent assessments of the domain’s attractiveness.

Attractiveness score

Note, this is based on 4 sub-criteria assessment (societal need, economic need, emerging trend and sustainable development need), each with an average score out of 5. Thus giving a total possible score of 20 (4x5) Overall categorisation of attractiveness score – based on five broad categories of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Attractiveness level

Note, these categories are based on the ‘attractiveness score’ as follows: category 1 = average scores of 0 to 4, 2 = average scores of 4 to 8, 3 = average scores of 8 to 12, 4 = average scores of 12 to 16, 5 = average scores of 16 to 20

Societal need

Based on the average score of respondents for societal need based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Economic need

Based on the average score of respondents for economic need based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Emerging trend

Based on the average score for emerging trend based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Sustainable development need

Based on the average score of respondents for sustainable development need based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high Sum of averages for respondent assessments of domain’s feasibility

Feasibility score (sum of averages)

Note, this is based on 3 sub-criteria assessment (scientific base, economic need, regional partners), each with an average score out of 5. Thus giving a total possible score of 15 (3x5) Categorisation of feasibility score – based on five broad categories of 1 – very low, 2 - low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Feasibility level

Note, these categories are based on the ‘feasibility score’ as follows: category 1 = average scores of 0 to 3, 2 = average scores of 3 to 6, 3 = average scores of 6 to 9, 4 = average scores of 9 to 12, 5 = average scores of 12 to 15

Scientific base

Based on the average score for societal need based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2- low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Economic need

Based on the average score for economic need based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2- low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Regional partners

Based on the average score for regional partners based on a five point scale of 1 – very low, 2- low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, and 5 – very high

Competition level

Categorisation of the competition score according to the five point categories of 1 – very low, 2 – low, 3 – medium, 4 – high, 5 – very high

Exploratory Workshop result ‘key’ EWS results

Definition

Impact on rank within thematic field

Records how the EWS impacted upon the rank within the thematic field

Impact on attractiveness and feasibility

Records how the EWS impacted upon the attractiveness and feasibility scores outlined in the domain assessment

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Impact on axes

Records how the EWS impacted on the axes that were specified in the axes table

Other impacts

Records any other impacts that the EWS had on the domain ranking and composition

Questionnaire axes assessment ‘Key’ Predefined axis (Axes that were predefined in the questionnaire (based on initial consultations, desk research etc.)

Description

Axis 1

Number of respondents to the domain who ‘agreed’ with the inclusion of the access as having short of medium term interest.

Added axis respondents)

(Axes

added

by

the

questionnaire

Description Number of respondents to the domain who added the axis as having short of medium term interest. NB. This access was only assessed by one respondent.

Axis 2

4

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Global Change and Ecosystem Water management Biodiversity and conservation Natural environment management Earth observation Climatology, natural environment and catastrophes forecasting

Energy Science and Technology Ecotechnologies Bio energies Photovoltaic solar energy Hydrogen as a fuel source

Sustainable Production and Transport Sustainable production and products Sustainable transports and logistics

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Water Management

Thematic Field: Environmental Sciences Definition: Water management is the integrating concept for a number of water sub-sectors such as hydropower, water supply and sanitation, irrigation and drainage, and environment2. Rationale: Water is essential for life. Water affects the nutrition, livelihood and health of individuals. The reduction of water wasting is crucial for the future. Water management challenges are related to reduction in the availability of water and increasing urbanisation among others. “Sustainable water use and management (including wastewater treatment) is of particular relevance in urban areas, but equally for industry. Water savings are also a major issue for agriculture, especially in arid regions3. Challenges are even fiercer for poor countries with poor water management systems and few water resources. Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Water Management

Priority level (out of 283 respondents)

1/11

Ranking within thematic field Response breakdown

2

81/283

Number

%

CRP Gabriel Lippmann

12

15

CRP Henri Tudor

13

16

CRP Sante

2

2

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

5

LNS

0

0

CHL

2

2

Other

36

45

Private

12

15

None

0

0

www.worldbank.org

3

Environmental Technologies; Background Paper for the European Commission’s High Level Group on “Key Technologies“ K. Matthias Weber. 6

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Domain Assessment

Analysis

Water Management

Expertise level (average)

2.75

Attractiveness score (sum of averages)

15.90


HIGH

Societal need

4.42

Economic need

3.88

Emerging trend

3.29


4.27


9.40

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.24

Economic need

2.97

Regional partners

3.18

Competition level

MEDIUM

Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field


Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Protection of groundwater

81

Hydrological functioning of groundwater

80

The environment and control of water (disasters such as flooding)

78

Drinking water

77

Waste and industrial water

77

Socio-economic management

aspects

of

sustainable

water

resource

15

New sensor and IT technology

14

Hydrological modelling

12

Earth observation data from satellites

12

Process technology

10

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Membrane technology

7

Construction and renovation technology

7

Added axes Chemical and microbiological risk assessment

1

Biological indicators

1

Help and support to underdeveloped countries

1

Risk assessment (flood risk mapping)

1

Climate change and impact on the water cycle in Luxembourg

1

Remediation of polluted groundwater / risk assessment of accidental pollution scenarios

1

Luxembourg Resources

Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Gabriel Lippmann -Département « Environnment et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) - water ecosystem research - physical and chemical research in geo-hydrosystems CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies (CRTE): - specialised 'water' unit University of Luxembourg-Physics Reseach Unit: - Radioactivity metrology and applications to environmental sciences; - metrology in gravimetry; - geophysics and geodynamic; - ground water contamination, - Hydrogeology; - national radioactivity; Administration de la Gestion de l'Eau

Private sector technological capabilities and other key companies in Luxembourg Ateliers mécaniques DOSTERT: - Water pollution treatment Circuit Foil Luxembourg Trading: - Expertise in water treatment related to the electro-chemical processes used 8

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H2O-Products: - Water treatment: DVGW - Legionella prevention and treatment - Taking and transport water samples - Construction and material technology: drinking water tanks and water towers - Installations security systems - Cleaning and disinfection L.E.E: - Water treatment and pollution

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Biodiversity and Conservation

Thematic Field: Environmental Sciences

Definition: Biodiversity is the variety and abundance of species, their genetic composition and the natural populations, communities, ecosystems and landscapes in which they occur. Conservation is the activity of preserving and/or protecting these natural ecosystems and the organisms within them. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms altered in its genetic makeup through artificial means in order to produce a product of higher value or with improved properties, such as larger size or greater disease resistance.

Rationale: Biodiversity is the result of the evolution of the world in millions of years. It is shaped by nature, but also by the influence of humans. The unique variety of ecosystems composing biodiversity is vital for the health of humans and for the planet. During the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, world leaders adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity, where they committed themselves to respecting biodiversity in the framework of economic development. The Convention cites the “Goods and Services" provided by ecosystems as: •

Provision of food, fuel and fibre

•

Provision of shelter and building materials

•

Purification of air and water

•

Detoxification and decomposition of wastes

•

Stabilisation and moderation of the Earth's climate

•

Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind

•

Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling

•

Pollination of plants, including many crops

•

Control of pests and diseases

•

Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines, and other products

•

Cultural and aesthetic benefits

•

Ability to adapt to change

Priority level and response breakdown Biodiversity and Conservation

Analysis Priority level (out of 283 respondents)

41/283 7/11


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Response breakdown

Number

%


9

22

CRP Henri Tudor

7

17

CRP Sante

1

2

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

2

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

19

47

Private

4

10

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Biodiversity Conservation

Analysis Expertise level (average)

2.60


14.90


HIGH

Societal need

3.75

Economic need

3.53

Emerging trend

3.94


3.67


7.97

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.72

Economic need

2.53

Regional partners

2.71

and

MEDIUM

Competition level



Moved from rank 8/11 to 7/11

Feasibility moved MEDIUM to HIGH

11

from

Impact axes None

on

Other impacts GMOs dropped from title of domain

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Axes Assessment

Predefined axis

Priority level

Evaluate and model the dissemination of genes in space and time

37

Improve transformation methods and understand the biological process behind them

36

Conceive and evaluate GMO productions

34

Understand ecological interactions between GMO and ecosystems

9

Added axes Ecology and Conservation

5

Invasive/introduced species

1

Habitats, corridors

1

Evaluation of biodiversity in Luxembourg

1

Population dynamics in flora and fauna

1

Anthropogenic impact on gene transfer and recombination in the environment

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) Musée d'histoire naturelle: - biodiversity

Administration des Eaux et Forêts: - bioindicators

CRP Gabriel Lippmann- Département «Environment et Agro-Biotechnologies» (EVA): - animal and plant biotechnology for agro-forestry

Administration des services techniques de l'Agriculture (ASTA)

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg L.E.E. - ecology

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Natural Environment Management


Definition: Natural resource management can be defined as both a management process and a philosophy that takes into account the many values associated with natural resources within a particular environment4.

Rationale: The good management natural environment it is crucial to ensure the protection of the planet and to maintain its equilibrium. A good natural environment management could be used among others: •

As a way to ensure equal water access for populations

•

As a way of maintaining a certain type of tourism

•

As a way of limiting climate change

•

As a strategy to reduce poverty and disparities

Priority level and response breakdown Natural Environment Management


58/283 2/11


Number

%


14

24

CRP Henri Tudor

7

12

CRP Sante

2

3

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

7

LNS

1

2

CHL

0

0

Other

24

42

Private

6

10

None

0

0

4

Ewert, A. W; Baker, D.C. and Bissix, C. (2004) Integrated Resource and Environment Management, CABI. 13

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Domain Assessment

Natural Environment Managment


2.80


14.66


HIGH

Societal need

3.91

Economic need

3.60

Emerging trend

3.17


3.98


9.68

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.28

Economic need

3.26

Regional partners

3.14 HIGH

Competition level



Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Soil pollution

58

Air pollution

57

Decontamination processes

57

Forestry

56

IT solutions in natural environment management

54

Horticulture

53

Viticulture

8

Added axes Biodiversity conservation

1

All "Water management" domain key research axes

1

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Conservation/Biodiversity

1

Neobiota

1

Natural resources management, Ecosystem and sustainable development

1

Radiation pollution

1

Wildlife ecology

1

Agriculture

1

Urban wildlife

1

Management / protection of rare species

1

Habitat conservation/protection/networking

1


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences)

CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environment et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA): - water ecosystem research - physical and chemical research in geo-hydrosystems CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies (CRTE): - specialised 'water' unit University of Luxembourg: Physics Reseach Unit Administration de la Gestion de l'Eau National History Museum (MNHN)

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

L.E.E. - environmental engineering

15

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Earth Observation


Definition: Refers to techniques used to obtain images of the Earth from high altitudes, which includes a variety of methods such as satellites, aeroplanes and air balloons.

Rationale: Earth observation images and data provide can be used for a range of purposes, including monitoring and protecting the environment, managing resources and ensuring the safety and security of people. Such techniques allow large-scale phenomena to be observed in a way that would be not be achievable with ground-level observers. A single satellite image, for example, has the potential to show the spread of air pollution across a continent, the precise damage done in a region from earthquake, forest fires, and hurricanes for example. Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Earth Observation


46/283 6/11


Number

%


10

22

CRP Henri Tudor

5

11

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

2

UL

3

7

LNS

1

2

CHL

1

2

Other

19

41

Private

6

13

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Earth Observation


2.60


15.04


HIGH

Societal need

3.80

Economic need

3.49

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Emerging trend

3.73


4.02


8.53

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.90

Economic need

2.66

Regional partners

2.97 LOW

Competition level Exploratory workshop result



Impact axes



None

from

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Protect and monitor water resources

45

Reduce loss of life and property from disasters

44

Understand the effect of environmental factors on human health and well-being

44

Understand and predict climate variability and change

43

Monitor and manage energy resources

41

Support sustainable degradation

agriculture

and

forestry,

combat

land

10

Develop the capacity to make ecological forecasts

10

Improve weather forecasting

5

Added axes Control agriculture and forests development

1

Monitor and manage biodiversity resources

1

Kyoto process

1

Monitor urbanization and urban sprawl

1

Prediction of disasters like earthquake, landslide, flood

1

Tracing of anthropogenic activities

1

Earth observation from space

1

Improve understanding of natural processes acceleration due to

1

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human behaviour, as soil erosion Bio-Geochemistry interactions of Bio and Geosphere

1



None

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg GIM (Geographical Information Management): - information extraction, interpretation of information on the Earth's surface from a distance and collected using remote systems, mounted on airplane or satellite; land use / land cover maps and change detection; image processing Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie (ECGS): - astronomy - earth sciences - tectonics, seismology, geology, oceanography LUXSPACE: - earth observation technology - earth sciences

18

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Climatology, natural environment and catastrophes forecasting

Thematic Field: Environmental Sciences Definition: Climatology is the scientific study of climate change. Such changes may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic changes in atmosphere or in land use. Natural environment and catastrophes (e.g. hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes) forecasting represent techniques for understanding natural disasters and their associated risks and potential impacts.

Rationale: Global warming and the greenhouse effect are increasingly thought to be responsible for the rising number of catastrophes and the lost of lives, money and destruction of the environment. The economic consequences are potentially high for countries. Analysis is therefore needed to model risk and devise strategies in response. Priority level and response breakdown Climatology, natural environment and catastrophes forecasting


40/283 4/11


Number

%


9

23

CRP Henri Tudor

6

15

CRP Sante

2

5

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

5

LNS

0

0

CHL

1

3

Other

16

39

Private

4

10

None

0

0

19

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Domain Assessment

Climatology, natural environment and catastrophes forecasting


2.80


15.53


HIGH

Societal need

4.10

Economic need

3.70

Emerging trend

3.66


4.08


9.19

Feasibility level

HIGH Scientific base

3.25

Economic need

2.79

Regional partners

3.15 VERY HIGH

Competition level Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field


Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment Predefined axes

Priority level

Impacts of climate variability and change

40

Reduce scientific uncertainties of the water cycle

40

Analyse climate feedbacks and sensitivity to natural and human-induced forcing

40

Future climate (processes and forecasting)

39

Reduce scientific uncertainty of aerosols

39

Reduce scientific uncertainties of carbon sources and sinks

39

Capture and transport of CO2 and other greenhouse gases

38

Improve communications between scientists and information users

38

Enhance climate modeling systems

35

Risk assessment, response

Risk

hedging

and

socio-economic

Improve understanding of ecosystem responses to climate 20

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change Enhance global climate observations

8

Past climate (variability, trends and extreme events)

5

Telluric catastrophes

2

Improve decision support capabilities

2

Added axes Human adaptation to climate change

1

Reduce scientific uncertainties of nitrogen sources and sinks

1


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA): - climatology - hydrosystems - chemical pollution Administration des Eaux et Forêts: - forestry diseases - forestry inventories - ecology University of Luxembourg: Physics Research Unit Administration de la Gestion de l'Eau National History Museum (MNHN) The European Centre for Geodynamics & Seismology: Prevention, protection against and organisation of relief in major natural and technological disasters

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg TTI Terrestrial Technologies International: - Environmental natural disasters, safety and risk assessment

21

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Ecotechnologies


Definition: Ecotechnology is the integration of engineering practices with a clear understanding of ecological processes and principles, thus providing sound economic and/or social benefits as well as having as little infringement on the natural ecosystems as possible. By harnessing the natural processes through technology without disrupting or damaging their dynamics, ecotechnologies can provide an efficient and entirely sustainable approach to problem solving. Rationale: “Environmental Technologies are not only of outstanding importance in Europe, but represent a major and fast growing world market that offers significant export opportunities. Due to regional differences in regulations and practices, however, there are also strong local specialisation effects to be observed in some areas of Environmental Technologies, implying a need to provide 5 locally or regionally adapted solutions.” Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Ecotechnologies


38/283 5/11


Number

%


7

19

CRP Henri Tudor

7

19

CRP Sante

2

5

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

3

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

14

38

Private

6

16

None

0

0

5

Environmental Technologies Background Paper for the European Commission’s High Level Group on “Key Technologies“

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Domain Assessment Ecotechnologie s


2.40


16.40 VERY HIGH

Attractiveness level Societal need

4.05

Economic need

4.19

Emerging trend

3.71


4.41


8.80 MEDIUM

Feasibility level Scientific base

2.91

Economic need

3.03

Regional partners

2.87 VERY HIGH

Competition level

Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field No change

Impact on attractiveness and feasibility No change

Impact axes None

on

Other impacts None


Priority level

Protection of natural resources

38

Recycling and waste management

38

Technologies for energy efficiency

37

Reduction of specific consumption of energy in basic industry processes

37

Recovery and co-generation of electricity in industry

36

Reduction of building envelope energy needs (insulation, windows, thermal storage materials)

36

Rational and integrated control of polluting gas

35

Technologies for non-CO2 greenhouse gases

35

Smart buildings

34

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Research related to increased construction of technologies combining heat and power production

33

Research into factors affecting the functioning of energy markets

30

Clean fossil fuels (efficiency improvement)

6

Added axes Technologies for human adaptation to climate change

1

Ecotechnologies for developing countries

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies (CRTE): - renewable energies CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Materials (LTI) CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) ecotoxicology University of Luxembourg-Engineering Research Unit: - bioenergy Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg The Paul Wurth Group : - recovery and recycling of Iron ProfilARBED : - Waste management - Recovery and recycling - Land & sea desposal - Rational use of energy INNOTEC : - Fuel technology - Alternative energy - Heat pumps and cooling

24

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Bio energies


Definition: Bioenergy refers to energy generated from renewable biomass, which includes trees, crops, algae and other plants, as well as agricultural and forest residues. It also includes many materials that are considered as wastes by our society including food and drink manufacturing effluents, sludges, manures, industrial (organic) by-products and the organic fraction of household waste. We tend to use the term 'bioenergy' for biomass energy systems that produce heat and/or electricity and 'biofuels' for liquid fuels for transportation. Bioenergy can also be used for cooling using 6 absorption chillers .

Rationale: Bioenergies have the potential to contribute towards power generation. Due to technological advancements in this field, the cost of producing one kWh of power is likely to fall significantly in coming years. The prospects for bioenergies are especially positive in the heat market. Likewise, biofuels are becoming more attractive in light of dwindling oil reserves. Bioenergy also offers an interesting alternative source of income for some sectors, such as the traditional farming. 7 Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Bio energy


46/283 3/11


Number

%


9

20

CRP Henri Tudor

9

20

CRP Sante

3

7

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

2

LNS

0

0

CHL

1

2

Other

17

36

Private

6

13

None

0

0

6

taken from www.aboutbioenergy.info

7

Deutsche Bank Research; Energy Special. August 15, 2005. 25

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Domain Assessment Analysis

Bio energy


2.40


16.30 VERY HIGH


4.20

Economic need

4.13

Emerging trend

3.83


4.16


8.50 MEDIUM


2.77

Economic need

3.00

Regional partners

2.76 HIGH



Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Biomass, biogas and biofuels

46

Thermochemical conversion

46

Linocellulosic resources

46

Sociological, technical and economical evaluation

45

Biological conversion

45

Added axes Wind energy

1

Storage and distribution of novel biofuels

1

Biofuels for aviation

1

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Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Renewable Energies Innovation Platform (resources from CRTE & LTI): - renewable energy systems - biomass - rational use of energy University of Luxembourg-Engineering Research Unit: - energy management - bioenergy CRP Gabriel Lippmann- Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg INNOTEC- solid biomass - liquid biomass L.E.E- solid biomass - liquid biomass

27

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Photovoltaic solar energy


Definition: Photovoltaics is the term used for research related to photovoltaic cells, which are semiconductor devices that converts photons from the sun (solar light), or non-solar sources of light, into electricity known as Photovoltaic solar energy.

Rationale: Photovoltaic technologies provides the ability to access affordable solar energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. It is a relatively ‘clean’ industry and is typically underpinned by a hightech industry sector. The global solar electricity market has grown by an average of more than 30 % in the past 5 years. This growth has been generated by national market stimulation programmes, especially in Japan and the EU. Technological breakthroughs are, however, needed to accelerate the development of PV, reduce costs and improve the performance of PV modules. Priority level and response breakdown Photovoltaic Solar Energy


29/283


10/11 Number

%


7

24

CRP Henri Tudor

5

17

CRP Sante

1

3

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

3

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

9

32

Private

6

21

None

0

0

Domain Assessment Photovoltaic Solar Energy


2.40


15.90


HIGH

Societal need

3.93 28

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Economic need

4.04

Emerging trend

3.81


4.07


7.70 MEDIUM


2.35

Economic need

2.64

Regional partners

2.74 HIGH



Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None


Priority level

Complete systems and their components

24

Materials and devices in thin layers

24

New concepts: materials and devices

24

Crystalline silicon materials and devices

7

Added axes None

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Material (LTI): - photovoltaics - solar heating CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies: - renewable energies 29

29

CM International

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg Novigo : - Photovoltaics INNOTEC : - Photovoltaics

30

30

CM International

Hydrogen as a Fuel Source


Definition: Hydrogen fuel is a potentially clean, green source of power. It can be produced from abundant domestic resources including natural gas, coal, biomass, and water. Hydrogen fuel can be easily stored. It also has the highest energy content per unit of weight of any known fuel. It produces zero harmful emissions, with water as the only waste product.

Rationale: Hydrogen used as an energy carrier is generally accepted as potential replacement of fossil fuels, addressing the issues of environmental degradation and energy supply. While a number of countries are examining the possibilities of hydrogen as a fuel source, a number of technical and costrelated issues remain. These include developing efficient and clean production technologies, reducing hydrogen production costs, building a hydrogen infrastructure and developing efficient, durable and cost-effective fuel cells. Further safety codes and standards for hydrogen production, storage, distribution and are also in need of development (Larsen et al., 2004). Priority level and response breakdown Hydrogen as a Fuel Source


33/283 8/11


Number

%


7

21

CRP Henri Tudor

2

6

CRP Sante

3

9

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

3

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

12

37

Private

8

24

None

0

0

31

31

CM International

Domain Assessment Hydrogen as a Fuel Source


2.20


16.40


HIGH

Societal need

3.97

Economic need

4.00

Emerging trend

4.06


4.35


7.40 MEDIUM


2.31

Economic need

2.48

Regional partners

2.58 VERY HIGH

Competition level



Impact on axes

Other impacts


Attractiveness moved VERY HIGH to HIGH

None

None

from

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Embarked storage and security of Hydrogen

31

Transport and distribution of Hydrogen

30

Battery system

28

Fuel cells

13

Added axes Methanol, propane, butane

1

Water vapour and its impact as a greenhouse gas

1

32

32

CM International

Luxembourg Resources Research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) None Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg INNOTEC: - unconventional and alternative energies - fuel technology

33

33

CM International

Sustainable Production and Products

Thematic Field: Environmental Sciences Definition: Sustainable products provide environmental, social & economic benefits over their life cycle from raw materials extraction to final disposition, while protecting and improving public health, environment, & future generations8. Rationale: Sustainable production has dual benefits in terms of protecting the environment, the consumer and the worker while improving industrial efficiency and competitiveness. Sustainable products, buildings, and vehicles can be more profitable than conventional ones and more beneficial for purchasers. Greater profitability for sustainable products and vehicles result from the following advantages: •

Reduced liability

•

Fewer regulatory constraints

•

Faster product to market time

•

Improved corporate good will, resulting in competitive advantage

•

Documented public demand due to global health and environmental benefits

•

Reduced costs for raw materials and manufacturing

•

Improved employee health and safety

•

Increased worker productivity through lower time for liability, compliance

•

Enhanced social equity

•

Increased sales margins

Documented public demand translates into improved conditions such as: •

Reduced climate change and acid rain

•

Improved ambient and indoor air quality

•

Water conservation and improved water quality

•

Increased pollution prevention

•

Increased waste reduction, reuse and recycling

•

Improved human health and environment

•

Preservation and restoration of ecosystems and wildlife habitats 9.

8

The Institute of Market Transformation to Sustainability. Valuing the Future of Sustainable Products, Buildings & Vehicles, Executive Summary, April 24, 2003

9

The Institute of Market Transformation to Sustainability. Valuing the Future of Sustainable Products, Buildings & Vehicles, Executive Summary, April 24, 2003

34

34

CM International

Priority level and response breakdown Sustainable Production and Products


23/283 9/11


Number

%


5

22

CRP Henri Tudor

2

9

CRP Sante

1

4

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

0

0

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

7

30

Private

8

35

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Sustainable Production and Products


2.30


13.50


HIGH

Societal need

3.27

Economic need

3.14

Emerging trend

3.41


3.73


8.10 MEDIUM


2.65

Economic need

2.89

Regional partners

2.58 LOW

Competition level

35

35

CM International



Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None


Priority level

Industrial ecology

23

Green chemistry and engineering

23

Chemical testing and the impacts of chemicals legislation on industrial production

7

Added axes Sustainable construction

1

Life cycle of renewable materials (Wood…..)

1

White biotechnology = using biological processes to substitute conventional chemical production lines

1


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies (CRTE): - process engineering and modelling - sustainable resource management Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

36

36

CM International

Sustainable Transports and Logistics

Thematic Field: Environmental Sciences Definition: Sustainable transports and logistics are those that allow for the transport of people and merchandises without affecting the health of people and respecting the environment. These transports reduce the consumption of natural resources to a minimum. Rationale: Transport and logistics are central aspects to economic development. As economies grow, and transport linked sectors such as tourism develop, pollution is increasing. Not only do transports pollute (producing noise, being responsible for the building of roads, etc), but they also consume large amounts of natural resources. In this respect it is important to change attitudes and to change policy responses. The OECD, for examples, states that “future policy responses to transportrelated environmental impacts will need to bridge the gap between technology and behaviour, between individual mobility and public transport and between the movement of vehicles and the 10 provision of new mobility and logistical services” Priority level and response breakdown Sustainable Transport and Logistics

Analysis

10


31/283


11/11 Number

%


3

10

CRP Henri Tudor

5

16

CRP Sante

1

3

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

3

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

11

36

Private

10

32

None

0

0

OECD http://www.oecd.org/

37

37

CM International

Domain Assessment

Sustainable Transport and Logistics


2.50


14.80


HIGH

Societal need

3.67

Economic need

3.90

Emerging trend

3.38


3.86


8.20 MEDIUM


2.50

Economic need

2.93

Regional partners

2.73 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

No change

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Environmental issues related to transport

31

Transport security

28

Supply chain management

28

Integrated transport management

27

Material handling information

27

Integration of information and communication systems

27

Logistics services

26

38

38

CM International

Added axes Modal split and human behaviour

1

Corridor planning (multi-modal) & energy

1

Public transport vs. individual transport (behaviour study)

1

urban sprawl and its consequences towards energy & traffic demand

1

Road pricing

1

Triple bottom line approach vs just economic perspective

1

Facilitation of community consultation & public input via submissions

1


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg CargoLUX - cargo transport - logistics services

39

39

CM International

BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCES Diseases Cardiovascular diseases Oncology Neurosciences, neurological and mental diseases Infectious diseases and immunity Rare diseases, handicaps, regenerative medicine Implants, transplants and organ regeneration 21st Century challenges and lifestyle related diseases

Health Substance use and addiction Health and environment

Biotechnologies Biochemistry and cell biology Biotechnologies Technologies for health

Agriculture and Food Sciences Food and human nutrition Agriculture Animal sciences

40

40

CM International

Cardiovascular Diseases

Thematic Field: Biomedical Sciences Definition: Cardiovascular diseases include arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches, disorders of the peripheral vascular system, and congenital heart disease. Rationale: “The rationale for an active approach to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases can be based on a number of arguments: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of premature death in most European populations; it is an important source of disability and contributes in large part to the escalating costs of health care The underlying pathology is usually atherosclerosis, which develops insidiously ever many years and is usually advanced by the time the symptoms occur Death, myocardial infarction and stroke nevertheless frequently occur suddenly and before medical care is available, and many therapeutic interventions are therefore inapplicable of palliative The mass occurrence of CVD relates strongly to lifestyles and modifiable physiological factors Risk factor modifications have been unequivocally shown to reduce mortality an morbidity, especially 11 in people with either unrecognised or recognised CVD” Priority level and response breakdown Cardiovascular Diseases


40/283 3/15


Number

%


2

5

CRP Henri Tudor

3

7

CRP Sante

11

27

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

3

UL

3

8

LNS

2

5

CHL

3

8

Other

13

32

Private

2

5

None

0

0

11

“European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice”. European Heart Journal. http://www.escardio.org

41

41

CM International

Domain Assessment

Cardiovascular Diseases


2.90


15.90


HIGH

Societal need

4.56

Economic need

4.08

Emerging trend

3.53


3.78


9.90

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.41

Economic need

3.05

Regional partners

3.44 LOW

Competition level

Exploratory workshop result

Impact on rank within thematic field Inconclusive voting No change


Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment Predefined axes

Priority level

Metabolism, inflammation and cardiovascular system

40

Angiogenesis

40

Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension et and non- atheromatic arterial pathologies

39

Innate or acquired cardiac pathologies

15

Added axes Cardiovascular Diseases as Long Term Conditions (Public Health issue)

1

Diagnostic biomarkers for risk assessment

1

Technologies for reperfusion therapy

1

Inflammation

1

42

42

CM International

Stem-cells for heart repair

1

Research priorities concern the effects of social inequalities in gaining health care, social resources (knowledge and services)

1

Population based studies to monitor cardiovascular diseases

1


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Sante, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research - Myocardial infarction (MI) University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit: - blood vessels Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

43

43

CM International

Oncology

Thematic Field: Biomedical Sciences

Definition: Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with cancer, including the study of tumour development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Rationale: Cancer is an increasing problem in Europe, despite success of the medical treatments and scientific progress. In 2004 2.9 million of new cancer cases were found in Europe. Despite clear progress and successes in cancer treatment, analysts observe that cancer care and research remain too fragmented across Europe. Fragmented oncology makes it difficult to progress fast and to put collective know-how and resources to best use for affordable, high-quality cancer care. In a comprehensive view of cancer, balancing prevention and care is mandatory. The potential of prevention has been demonstrated in the “European Code on Cancer” programme. Implementation of 12 prevention strategies is, however, highly variable across the European countries.” Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Oncology


40/283 4/15


Number

%


1

3

CRP Henri Tudor

3

8

CRP Sante

11

27

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

5

13

LNS

2

5

CHL

4

10

Other

12

29

Private

2

5

None

0

0

12

Extracted from the OECI web site. The OECI is a non-government, non-profit organization founded in Vienna in 1979. The primary objectives of its 68 associated European Cancer Centres are to improve communication and to increase collaborative activities among European cancer institutes. 44

44

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Oncology


3.00


15.20


HIGH

Societal need

4.31

Economic need

3.89

Emerging trend

3.35


3.62


10.10

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.72

Economic need

3.05

Regional partners

3.35 MEDIUM

Competition level

Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field Inconclusive voting No change


Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Cell signalling in tumour development and metastasis

40

Gene expression signatures in tumours

38

Tumour immunity and cancer immunotherapy

38

Cell models

37

Tumour angiogenesis

10

Animal models

6

Added axes Inflammation

2

Stem cell like cells in tumour genesis

1

Descriptive and analytical epidemiology of Tumours, treatment pathways

1

45

45

CM International

and outcome Clinical research with therapeutic aim

1



CRP Sante/CHL, Laboratory of Haemato-Cancerology and Cellular Therapy: - chronic lymphatic leukaemia - tumour vaccination CRP Sante, Laboratory of molecular Biology, Genetics and Modelling - cells and cell adhesion - cell signalling University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit: LBPI Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Integree Laboratoire franco-luxembourgeois de recherche - cancer - cells and cell adhesion - cell signalling Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), Fondation de recherche Cancer et Sang - cancer - leukaemia


None

46

46

CM International

Neurosciences, Neurological and Mental Diseases


Definition: Neuroscience is the branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. Rationale: 27% of the EU population (or 93 million people), experience at least one mental disorder such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, substance dependence, social phobia or panic disorder. This high numbers represent a high indirect economic cost for European countries. According to the European Brain Council and ECNP Task Force every year mental disorders cost almost 300 billion Euros (132 billion € from indirect costs). This derives from the following: “1. Mental disorders are almost invariably associated with impairment in social role functioning (school/work performance, parenting, social contacts, intimate relationships); severe disability profiles were found in about one third! 2. Mental disorders in the first 2 decades of life are associated with impaired social, cognitive and behavioural development (school and professional underachievement/failure). 3. Co-morbidity typically aggravates the degree of social impairment and disability and is associated with increased risk for suicide, hospitalisation, unemployment and isolation. 4. As a result of the high prevalence and the substantial disability burden, the overall indirect costs are immense and outnumber by far the direct health care expenditure costs. 13 5. Drug treatment costs are estimated to be only 4% of the total costs.” Priority level and response breakdown Neurosciences, Neurological and Mental Diseases


40/283


10/15 Number

%


2

5

CRP Henri Tudor

3

7

CRP Sante

11

27

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

3

UL

3

8

LNS

2

5

CHL

3

8

Other

13

32

Private

2

5

None

0

0

13

PRESS RELEASE, 24 October 2005, ECNP Task Force on, “Size and Burden of Mental Disorders in Europe", Presented by Professor Dr. Hans-Ulrich Wittchen on behalf of ECNP and the Task Force Investigators: 47

47

CM International

Domain Assessment

Neurosciences, Neurological and Mental Diseases


3.30


15.30


HIGH

Societal need

4.48

Economic need

3.61

Emerging trend

3.76


3.45


8.80 MEDIUM


3.03

Economic need

2.76

Regional partners

3.00 HIGH

Competition level



Inconclusive voting No change

No change

Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment

Predefined axis

Priority level

Epilepsy: new models and therapeutic strategies

32

Activity of neurones and neurotransmission

32

Neural Stem Cells therapeutic applications

32

Spinal Cord Repair

32

Functional recovery after stroke

32

Neural Stem Cells basic knowledge

31

Cell biology of formation of the nervous system

31

Rehabilitation technology Matrix

31

Mental representation and "mental states"

7

48

48

CM International

Infection and immunity of the Central Nervous System

7

Genesis of behaviours, motivation, intentionality

7

Perception and action

6

Cortical plasticity

3

Cell models

1

Animal models

0

Added axis Consciousness

1

Nature and nuture

1

Functional mapping, flexibility, learning

1

Medical psychology

2

Assessment of psychotherapies

1

Neuroimaging - brain computer interface - neurodegenerative diseases

1

Sleep destructuring in the elderly: normal evolution and disease influence

1

Parkinson's disease: non motor symptoms and sleep

1

Dementias and MCI: influence of multilinguism and sociocultural factors

1

Stress related diseases; immune system under stress

1



CRP Sante, NorLux Laboratory for Neuroscience Research: - brain cancer - cancer stem cells CRP Sante, Centre for Health Studies (CHS), Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Service: - epidemiology research studies The University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology: - cell biology - central nervous system Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

49

49

CM International

None

50

50

CM International

Infectious Diseases and Immunity


Definition: Infection is the term used to indicate the presence of an infectious agent in an individual or population. Infection, as opposed to passive contamination, implies colonisation of the host's cells, tissues or body cavities, to the benefit of the organism. Acquired or adaptive immunity can often result from the recovery of infection due to the response of antigens and antibodies. Vaccination is a method of stimulating the body to respond in such a way as to induce immunity to further infections. Rationale: Globalisation and travel are new aspects that threaten the efforts made by Western countries to counteract infectious diseases. Other risks are posed by bio terrorism, the ageing population, especially in Europe - who are most vulnerable to these types of diseases, and the emergence of infections resistant to antibiotics. New or re-emerging infections are also becoming apparent in parts of Europe, and the social and economic impact of this is potentially significant. Priority level and response breakdown Infectious Diseases and Immunity


42/283 2/15


Number

%


3

7

CRP Henri Tudor

1

2

CRP Sante

9

21

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

10

LNS

4

10

CHL

5

12

Other

14

33

Private

2

5

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Infectious Diseases and Immunity


3.30


15.70


HIGH 51

51

CM International

Societal need

4.34

Economic need

3.70

Emerging trend

3.87


3.82


10.30

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.72

Economic need

3.05

Regional partners

3.55 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Descriptive and analytical epidemiology

42

Interactions between infectious agents and host animal organisms

39

Antibiotic resistance

9

Vaccine development

7

Added axes Simulations through artificial models (e.g. artificial immune systems)

1

Development of new types of drugs, e.g. via molecular engineering

1

Immune responses to infectious agents

1

Modelling the social, epidemiological and economic impact of health interventions (vaccination, prophylaxis, treatment)

1

Endogenous molecules acting on the immune system

1

Sepsis

1

Chronic viral infections: surveillance and antiviral resistance

1

Interaction between cells of the immune system

1

Endocrine/immune interactions

1

Phenotypic and genetic characterisation of viruses

1

52

52

CM International

New emerging and re-emerging viruses

1

Antiviral resistance

1

Clinical research

1

Descriptive and analytical epidemiology (including clinical epidemiology)

1



CRP Sante, Centre for Health Studies (CHS) - Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Service: - epidemiology research studies CRP Sante, Stralux/LIA: Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Allergology and Plant Molecular Biology: - immunogentics - functional immunology CRP Sante, Laboratory of Retrovirology: - competency in clinical virology, viral immunology and bioinformatics, with a specialism in HIV. National health laboratories Institute of Immunology - immunology and genetic/antigenic diversity of viruses including molecular epidemiology, immunology of vaccines, Immunology and the neuroendocrine system, plus the WHO European Reference Center for Measles and Rubella (WHO-EURO-RRL) National Laboratory of health, Epidemediology lab


Advanced Biological Laboratories (ABL): - Infectious diseases (HIV, hepatitis and HPV viruses)

53

53

CM International

Rare diseases, handicaps, regenerative medicine


Definition: “Rare diseases are those that occur infrequently or rarely in the general population. For people with a rare disease, this rarity has many adverse consequences, both medical and social”… “Rare diseases affect people of all ages, races and ethnic background. Most rare diseases come from a genetic origin, although some are acquired or fall within the categories of widespread health conditions (heart disease and cancer). Handicap refers to a social disadvantage resulting from disability or impairment. Regenerative medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research and clinical applications focused on the repair, replacement or regeneration of cells, tissues, or organs.

Rationale: Individuals with latent rare diseases in their genes may show no symptoms of the disease. These people are known as carriers and are susceptible to passing on these diseases to their children who might then develop the rare disease. Thus the diseases can affectively skip generations or show a bias towards particular sexes etc. In Europe, rare diseases affect millions of people. It is crucial, therefore, that the public, the government, and the drug industry understand and develop appropriate responses. One issue that will need to be addressed is that of declining expertise in rare diseases. Regenerative Medicine is an emerging discipline with the potential to address a number of human conditions from chronic to life threatening (see below). It is particularly suited to many age-related conditions.

Priority level and response breakdown Rare diseases, handicaps, regenerative medicine


19/283


14/15 Number

%


2

11

CRP Henri Tudor

1

5

CRP Sante

4

21

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

5

LNS

3

16

CHL

1

5

Other

5

26

Private

2

11

None

0

0

54

54

CM International

Domain Assessment

Rare diseases, handicaps, regenerative medicine


2.90


12.70


HIGH

Societal need

3.32

Economic need

2.74

Emerging trend

3.37


3.28


8.00 MEDIUM


2.84

Economic need

2.32

Regional partners

2.88 HIGH

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Researches with a therapeutical aim

18

Physiopathology

17

Genetic and molecular characterisation

16

Human and social researches inc

5

Natural history and nosology of rare diseases

3

Descriptive and analytical epidemiology

0

Cell models

0

Animal models

0

55

55

CM International

Added axes Autologous stem-cells in regenerative medicine

1



CRP Sante, Centre for Health Studies (CHS) - Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Service: - epidemiology research studies

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

56

56

CM International

Implants, Transplants and Organ Regeneration


Definition: An implant is a prosthetic device placed permanently in the body of a patient to act as a replacement of a missing or dysfunctional biological structure, typically an organ. A transplant is tissue or an organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient patient. Organ regeneration is the repair or regrowth of new organs to replace damaged, removed or dysfunctional organs. Regenerative medicine refers to the development and application of innovative medical therapies that aim to heal or partially "reconstruct" diseased tissue and to support the regeneration of diseased or injured organs.14

Rationale: The market for tissue and organ transplantation, which recently topped 1 million procedures in a year worldwide, is growing fast. At the same time regeneration biology holds promising economic potential in the areas of health and renewable resources. In terms of implants, the market is also growing fast. For instance, the global market for orthopaedic has developed rapidly thanks to the positive trends in demographics, pricing, and product and procedure uptake. The same is true for the European market. Indeed, as procedures and margins are growing thanks to the use of improved products.

Priority level and response breakdown


Analysis

14


21/283


12/15 Number

%


2

10

CRP Henri Tudor

1

5

CRP Sante

3

13

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

10

LNS

2

10

CHL

0

0

Other

9

42

Private

2

10

None

0

0

http://www.answers.com 57

57

CM International

Domain Assessment



2.90


14.80


HIGH

Societal need

4.05

Economic need

3.67

Emerging trend

4.00


3.10


7.80 MEDIUM


2.55

Economic need

2.45

Regional partners

2.78 VERY LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Tolerance and rejections

20

Stem cells

20

Tissue engineering

20

Legal and ethical issues

19

Bio-artificial organs and bionics

19

Psychological issues

17

Added axes None Luxembourg Resources 58

58

CM International


University of Luxembourg-Engineering Research Unit: - Prothesis CRP Sante, CHL Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research - Therapeutic cellular cardiomyoplasty CHL, Centre de l'appareil locomoteur, de medecine du sport et de prevention


ISOS (International Supplier for Orthopaedic Surgery) - Luxembourg Bone & Tissue Bank importing and selling surgical implants from human bones and - tissue collection from alive donors (femoral bones/joints stemming from hip arthroplasties)

59

tissues

59

CM International

21st Century challenges and lifestyle-related diseases


Definition: Lifestyle-related diseases include stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cancer and so on. These diseases are caused and developed by polygenetic and environmental (regionality, eating habits, ethnic difference, etc) factors.

Rationale: Lifestyle-related diseases represent a threat to the economy of any country. Knowing how to control them and counteract adverse effects is a challenge for scientists, the governments and the public. For the pharmaceutical industry the challenge is also significant, indeed there are projections that 50 to 70% of the world’s population will die from this type of disease. In Europe, governments are increasingly recognising the problems associated with such diseases and are seeking to foster healthier lifestyles and emphasing new diseases prevention, as well as facing the conflicting interests of the society and the economy.

Priority level and response breakdown 21st Century challenges and lifestyle-related diseases


42/283 1/15


Number

%


3

7

CRP Henri Tudor

2

5

CRP Sante

8

19

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

6

14

LNS

2

5

CHL

5

12

Other

15

36

Private

1

2

None

0

0

60

60

CM International

Domain Assessment 21st Century challenges and lifestyle-related diseases


3.00


16.70 VERY HIGH


4.56

Economic need

4.29

Emerging trend

3.98


3.87


9.20

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.15

Economic need

2.88

Regional partners

3.16 MEDIUM

Competition level Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field Inconclusive voting No change


Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axis Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Connection between work and well-being

40

Allergies

36

Obesity

36

Diabetes

35

Asthma

33

Reinforcement of social capital, and life skills

15

Improvement of living and working conditions, quality of life and health

17

Added axes

61

61

CM International

Long term conditions in the elderly

1

Social inequalities and especially those linked to health (which is our research topic) constitute a privileged study subject nowadays and a

1

Social inequalities

1

Life-long moving

1

Stress coping strategies

1

Multimorbidity and age

1

Children, school, education and prevention

1

Psychobiology and illness

1

Evaluation of performance infrastructure in Luxembourg

of

existing

Stress related diseases

Health

care

1 1



CRP Sante, Stralux: Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Allergology and Plant Molecular Biology: - allergen cloning and characterisation CRP santé Centre for Health Studies (CHS) -epidemiology National Laboratory of health, Epidemediology lab


62

62

CM International

Substance use and addiction


Definition: An addiction is the situation where someone is abnormally tolerant of and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs). Potentially unpleasant symptoms appear when an addict is prevented from using the chosen substance.

Rationale: Global use of alcohol, tobacco, and other controlled substances is growing rapidly and contributing significantly to the global burden of disease. “Harm to society is not only caused by individuals with substance dependence. Significant harm also comes from non-dependent individuals, stemming from acute intoxication and overdoses, and from the form of administration (e.g. through unsafe injections). The reduction in the burden from substance use and related disorders relies on evidence-based policies and programmes that are the result of research and its application. Emerging technologies and therapies also have the potential to prevent and treat dependence and related problems. These issues, the WHO argue, should be addressed by national and international scientific 15 and policy communities as a priority.” Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

15

Substance use


21/283


13/15 Number

%


3

14

CRP Henri Tudor

2

10

CRP Sante

3

14

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

10

LNS

1

5

CHL

2

10

Other

7

32

Private

1

5

None

0

0

www.who.int 63

63

CM International


Substance use


2.60


14.80


HIGH

Societal need

4.48

Economic need

3.71

Emerging trend

3.19


3.43


8.20 MEDIUM


2.95

Economic need

2.50

Regional partners

2.79 VERY LOW



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Research into prevention, treatments and recovery processes

21

Research into addiction behaviour and addiction mechanisms

20

Substance use, harms and drug policy

19

Assessing the types of assistance for drug users

17

Assessing nuisances at local level

17

Added axes Research into diagnostic of addiction

1

64

64

CM International

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Sante, Centre for Heath Studies (CHS) - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Focal Point for Luxembourg CRP Sante, Laboratory of Toxicology (associated with the National Health Laboratory) - analytical methodologies for the detection and quantification of xenobiotics in classic and in alternative matrices Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

65

65

CM International

Health and Environment

Thematic Field: Biomedical Sciences Definition: According to the WHO “environmental health refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.”… “[it] includes both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and well-being of the broad physical, psychological, social and aesthetic environment which includes housing, urban development, land use and transport.”16 Rationale: In recent years economies of Europe have tended to be relatively prosperous. However, economic growth has not been followed by health and environment safeguarding policies. As a result, the Europe health issues associated with the environment are emerging. For example, the ambient air quality standards set may be the same in all countries, but the lack of human and economic resources in some countries prevents their implementation and monitoring and leads to different levels of exposures to air pollution. Traffic densities, older vehicles, use of leaded petrol, and climate conditions are further environment-related issues - air pollution – likely to contribute towards growing health concerns.”17 Priority level and response breakdown Health and Environment


9/15


16

38/283

Number

%


7

17

CRP Henri Tudor

4

11

CRP Sante

4

11

CEPS/INSTEAD

2

5

UL

1

3

LNS

4

11

CHL

1

3

Other

12

31

Private

3

8

None

0

0

www.euro.who.int

17

Health and the environment in the WHO. European Region: Situation and policy at the beginning of the 21st century. Background document. EUR/04/5046267/BD/5 04 June 2004 66

66

CM International

Domain Assessment Health and Environment


2.70


15.20


HIGH

Societal need

4.25

Economic need

3.58

Emerging trend

3.42


3.91


8.90 MEDIUM


3.09

Economic need

2.79

Regional partners

3.06 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Impact of environmental conditions on human health

37

Low dose pollutants

33

Endocrine disruptors

32

Analysis of the effect of specific chemicals and mixtures

13

Effects of environment, work and society on public Health

12

Environmental determining factors

11

Emissions of traffic and traffic equipment

11

Measuring instruments and new sensors

10

Preventive medicine

10

Buildings, indoor air

6 67

67

CM International

Added axes Impact of agricultural practices on human health

1

Health related quality of life

1

Public health

1

Translational medicine

1

Health services research

1

Healthy ageing

1

Industrial pollution and the food chain

1

Is healthly life style determined by educational and socioeconomic status?

1

Epidemiology

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP santé Centre for Health Studies (CHS) CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Cellule de Recherce en Département « Environnement et AgroBiotechnologies » (EVA) CRP-Santé - Laboratory of Immunogentics-Allergology (LIA) Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

68

68

CM International

Biochemistry and Cell Biology


Definition: Biochemistry is the chemistry of living things. Biochemists study such things such as the structures and physical properties of biological molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; the mechanisms of enzyme action; the chemical regulation of metabolism; the chemistry of nutrition; the molecular basis of genetics (inheritance); the chemistry of vitamins; energy utilization in the cell; and the chemistry of the immune response. “Cell Biology is the study of the molecular or chemical interactions of biological phenomena”18.

Rationale: Knowing the composition of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. Today there are many challenges not only derived from the rapid explosion of technology and information in the life sciences, but also from economic challenges posed by technological advances and the development of new, sophisticated and expensive instruments.

Priority level and response breakdown Biochemistry and cell biology


5/15


18

38/283

Number

%


4

11

CRP Henri Tudor

2

5

CRP Sante

8

21

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

6

16

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

16

42

Private

2

5

None

0

0

www.anwers.com

69

69

CM International

Domain Assessment Biochemistry and cell biology


3.16


13.98


HIGH

Societal need

3.27

Economic need

3.19

Emerging trend

3.92


3.60


9.06

Feasibility level


3.24

Economic need

2.70

Regional partners

3.12 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Multiprotein complexes

36

Priorities for Post / Functional Genomics : Bioinformatics, Access to facilities and data

36

Real-time, In-Vivo Functional Analysis

35

Structural and functional studies on RNA, LNA and DNA analogues

34

Nucleic acid hybridization as a potential tool for research within nanobiotechnology

34

Biochemistry and cell biology of nuclear transfer

6

Biochemistry and cell biology of stem cell signaling and control of differentiation

6

70

70

CM International

Nucleic acid hybridization used in search for novel classes of biologically active molecules

4

Molecular description of the physical and physico-chemical properties of biological membranes

4

Discovery of novel synthetic methods towards chemically modified and conjugated nucleic acids

3

Bio-artificial Interfaces & Aggregation Processes

3

Integrated cellular systems in vitro

2

Developing embryo at an organism level

2

Added axes Epigenetic regulations, microARN, ARN silencing

1

Protein formation analysis with free electron laser

1

Cellular Neurobiology

1

Chromatin modifications and epigenetic control of development

1

RNA interference: applications

1

fundamental

mechanisms

and

in

vivo

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Sante, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Modelling (LMBGM): - molecular cell biology, microarray and bioinformatics Stralux: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology also has competency in molecular and cell biology, plant allergen identification, on epigenetic control of plant development CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) - proteomic technological platform currently used by the CRP Santé and the University of Luxembourg Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg Advanced Biological Laboratories (ABL) : - cellular and molecular biology - gene/DNA therapy

71

71

CM International

Biotechnologies

Thematic Field: Biomedical Sciences Definition: Modern biotechnology derives from the creation of molecular biology and fundamentally the use of technological applications to manipulate organisms or use biological systems for specific uses, such as to produce products or create processes. This domain also covers all the emerging technical development that can be derived from the knowledge on genomics. Rationale: “Biotechnology is a pervasive technology of a very wide scope and whose potential can only be realised over a very long period of time. This has profound implications for scientific and industrial policies that countries could develop in order to either establish a leading position in such a technology or to catch up if another country had already established a lead. First, investment in the very early phases is surrounded by a particularly high uncertainty, giving rise to the risk of failure if one is too optimistic and invests too early, or of remaining locked out if one invests too late in 19 presence of first mover advantages linked to increasing returns to adoption” . Priority level and response breakdown Biotechnologie s


44/283 8/15


Number

%


4

9

CRP Henri Tudor

3

7

CRP Sante

11

25

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

5

LNS

1

2

CHL

1

2

Other

17

39

Private

5

11

None

0

0

19

Biotechnology: a report for the key technologies expert group appointed by The european commission; dg rtd k2 technology foresight unit ; january-september 2005; report by pier paolo saviotti, umr gael, grenoble and gredeg, sophia antipolis. July 2005.

72

72

CM International


Biotechnologies


3.00


15.39


HIGH

Societal need

3.58

Economic need

4.00

Emerging trend

4.05


3.76


7.92 MEDIUM


2.88

Economic need

2.47

Regional partners

2.58 HIGH



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Development of technological tools for the optimisation of biotechnological processes

42

New materials in drug delivery

42

Valorisation of general knowledge in genomics

41

Materials and methods in tissue engineering

41

Bioengineering

40

Bioelectronics / neuroinformatics

39

Biosafety research

12

Added axes Models and Computations for biotechnologies

1

Metabolic engineering

1

Discovery of novel gene products (metagenomics - metaproteomics)

1

73

73

CM International

Valorisation of research results , precommercialisation

1

Bioinformatics

1

pharmaceutical biotechnology

1

Bio-analytic

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Sante, Laboratory of molecular Biology, Genetics and Modelling (Centre for Economics and Technology Transfer (CETT)) - biotechnology, economics and innovation - genetics and genomic analysis University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit -Laboratoire franco-luxembourgeois de recherche - laser microdissection, quantitative genomics CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) - biotechnologies, mainly focalised in environmental issues (animal and plant biotechnology for agro-forrestry) - proteomics Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg Advanced Biological Laboratories (ABL) : - bioinformatics - biomedical engineering - gene/DNA therapy

74

74

CM International

Technologies for Health


Definition: Health technology typically refers to methods promoting the general health of patients. This includes prevention, diagnosis or treatment, the rehabilitation, medicines, devices, clinical procedures and healthcare structures. As identified by the WHO, technologies for health are present at every level of the health care system.

Rationale: Modern health systems base much of their work on the extended use of health technologies. “Together, they form a dense mesh throughout the health services into which they are interwoven. A strong mesh of health technologies is one of the most fundamental prerequisites for the sustainability and self-reliance of health systems.”… As the WHO identifies, health technologies are not an end in themselves – they are based on providing solutions to health diseases. However, “the use of each technology calls for carefully evaluated procedures and the availability of well-trained personnel. Some technologies are inherently safe, but the vast majority is not and requires systematically established quality assurance and quality control measures if undesired effects are to be avoided in their application. Indeed, for many technologies, it is desirable to ensure that any adaptation coordinate under national legislation and their application under supervision by regulatory 20 authorities.” Priority level and response breakdown Technologies for Health

Analysis

20


31/283


11/15 Number

%


3

10

CRP Henri Tudor

3

10

CRP Sante

9

29

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

3

LNS

1

3

CHL

2

6

Other

9

29

Private

3

10

None

0

0

http://www.who.int/eht/en/

75

75

CM International

Domain Assessment Technologies for Health


3.00


14.72


HIGH

Societal need

4.00

Economic need

3.77

Emerging trend

3.58


3.37


8.83 MEDIUM


3.07

Economic need

2.66

Regional partners

3.11 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Development of therapeutical and/or diagnostical applications for health

30

Information and communication technologies for health

30

Biomedical simulation

27

Bio-banking (tissue collections, etc)

26

Computer-aided clinical applications

9

Minimally invasive medicine

9

Instrumentation for minimally invasive interventions

7

Intra-operative navigation

3

Added axes

76

76

CM International

Home Telehealth, Telecare, assisted technologies

1

Development of prognostic techniques or scores for certain diseases

1

Health economic evaluations of health technologies

1

Patient empowerment by information technologies

1

IT supported Managed Care programs

1

Personal health monitoring

1

Computer aided diagnostics

1

Medical Images

1

Robotics

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Resource Centre for Health Care Technologies (CR SANTEC): - IT for health care - clinical engineering CRP Santé-Centre for Economics and Technology Transfer (CETT) Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg Advanced Biological Laboratories (ABL) : - biostatistics - medical technology SOS (International Supplier for Orthopaedic Surgery) - Luxembourg Bone & Tissue Bank

77

77

CM International

Food and Human nutrition


Definition: Food is the main source of energy and nutrition for biological organisms, and is usually of animal or plant origin. Food Science is the study of the chemistry, microbiology, and processing of foods. Nutrition is a science that studies the relationship between diet and states of health and disease. This area of study emphasises the effect of nutrients on people's health and the role of diet in prevention or treatment of chronic diseases.

Rationale: Food is vital for humans as it provides energy, but also helps the body to achieve its basic functions such as building and repairing tissues and enabling essential physiological processes. Good eating habits and a balanced diet is vital as the nutrients, vitamins and ammo acids within foods help to fight diseases, recover from illness and avoid emerging health problems. The relationship between diet and health has been seen to be particularly important to individuals in low-income groups and those in critical periods throughout life, such as infancy, childhood, pregnancy, lactation and old age. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has been active in this area focusing attention on the need for sustainable food-supply (food-security) to ensure enough good quality food, while helping to stimulate rural economies to promote the social and environmental aspects of sustainable 21 development. These strategies reflect the problems that Europe is facing related to food and human nutrition and the increasing need to establish policy frameworks with adapted responses to them. Priority level and response breakdown Food and Human nutrition


6/15


21

25/283

Number

%


4

16

CRP Henri Tudor

3

12

CRP Sante

3

12

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

8

LNS

1

4

CHL

1

4

Other

10

40

Private

1

4

None

0

0

http://www.euro.who.int/mediacentre/PR/2000/20010909_18

78

78

CM International

Domain Assessment Food and Human Nutrition


2.72


15.79


HIGH

Societal need

4.38

Economic need

3.88

Emerging trend

3.83


3.71


9.32

Feasibility level


3.05

Economic need

3.18

Regional partners

3.10 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Tracibility

24

Behaviour of consumers, lifespan and health

24

Food risks

24

Food borne pathogens and the environment

23

Quality construction in the whole food chain

22

Prevention and food: adaptation to the evolution of food and environment

22

Biodiversity utilisation and Conservation in Agroecosystems

22

Nutrition, genetic factors and metabolism

22

Food immunity, intestinal microbes and health

21

79

79

CM International

Integrative Behaviour of the Soil-Plant System

19

Clean and economical technologies for food industries

7

Food Metabolomics

4

Genotypic variation and Responsiveness to Diet

4

Genes to Food Products

2

Added axes Soil research

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) CRP-Santé - Laboratory of Immunogentics-Allergology (LIA) CRP- Santé Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology (LPMG) National Laboratory of health Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg Food Ingredients Technologies (FIT) - technologies for the food industry - food additives/ingredients/functional food Luxlait association agricole: - Diary food technology, quality and safety Hein food technology :

80

80

CM International

Agriculture


Definition: The science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth. Agriculture has the objective of producing abundantly in lands and protecting it from deterioration and misuse.

Rationale: The total of agricultural lands and forests in the European Union is of 80%. About 7 million Europeans work full time in agriculture, fishing or sylviculture. This number tends to decrease, due to the progress in the area that allows farmers to produce more with fewer resources. Despite this decreasing numbers agriculture continues to be key for the development of Europe. Agriculture is also linked to food safety. “Food safety is a top priority in Europe. The EU’s demanding rules have been further toughened since 2000 to ensure that Europeans’ food is extremely safe. The new approach is more integrated: feed and food are carefully tracked from the farm to the fork. EU authorities carefully evaluate risk and always seek the best possible scientific advice before banning or permitting any product, ingredient, additive or GMO. This applies to all feed and food, irrespective of whether it 22 comes from inside or outside the EU.”

Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Agriculture


7/15


22

20/283

Number

%


5

25

CRP Henri Tudor

2

10

CRP Sante

2

10

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

0

0

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

10

50

Private

1

5

None

0

0

http://europa.eu.int/comm/publications/booklets/move/46/index_en.htm 81

81

CM International


Agriculture


2.44


15.26


HIGH

Societal need

3.85

Economic need

4.05

Emerging trend

3.26


4.10


9.08

Feasibility level


3.20

Economic need

3.00

Regional partners

2.88 LOW



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Use and preservation of renewable natural resources

20

Green biotechnology

19

Bio-indicators

18

Agriculture and development dynamics

17

Plant genomics

3

Sustainable non food production and processes

3

Evolution and adaptation of production systems and transformation channels

2

Processes of innovation and R&D

2

Civil society, public policy and market

2

GMO productions

1

Added axes 82

82

CM International

Impact of agriculture on taxpayers, nature and environment

1

Luxembourg resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies » (EVA) - agriculture CRP santé Centre for Health Studies (CHS) CRP-Santé - Laboratory of Immunogentics-Allergology (LIA) CRP- Santé Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology (LPMG) ASTA National Laboratory of Health Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg DuPont de Nemours Luxembourg – Nonwovens: - Weed control, crop protection

L.E.E.: - precision agriculture Rotomade: - agricultural machinery

83

83

CM International

Animal Sciences


Definition: Animal Science is the study of the biology and management of domestic animals.23

Rationale: Animal agriculture is a crucial part of the European economy. Animals are a source of vital proteins for many Europeans. In order to respond to the challenges of growing population and the increasing nutritional and food security needs, it is important to conduct research and train people with the best knowledge and skills. In this context, the development of specialists and related expertise are crucial in areas such as: ranch managers, animal breeders, extension specialists, financiers, food processors, food inspectors, marketing specialists, sales representatives, teachers, technicians, scientists, and veterinarians. The accession of candidate countries in Europe highlights a growing challenge for Western Europe, especially in areas linked to food security and traceability.


23

Animal sciences


18/283


15/15 Number

%


5

27

CRP Henri Tudor

1

6

CRP Sante

1

6

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

0

0

LNS

1

6

CHL

1

6

Other

9

49

Private

0

0

None

0

0

http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/ansci.html 84

84

CM International


Animal Sciences


2.76


13.03


HIGH

Societal need

3.06

Economic need

3.12

Emerging trend

3.41


3.44


7.92 MEDIUM


2.65

Economic need

2.47

Regional partners

2.80 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None


Priority level

Animal welfare

5

Control of Infectious Diseases

5

Animal genomics

4

Animal feeding

4

Genes to Physiology

3

From the neurone to behaviour

0

Added axes Animal Population Genetics and Ecology

1

Wildlife management

1

Animal parasitic diseases

1

85

85

CM International

Animal Ecology and Population Genetics

1

Luxembourg Resources Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP-Santé - Laboratory of Immunogentics-Allergology (LIA) CRP- Santé Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology (LPMG) - animal genomics and animal derived allergens Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

86

86

CM International

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Communication and Computing Infrastructure Telecommunications Multimedia Interactive computing technologies Intensive calculation and calculation grid

Information Management and New processes Software Modelling and simulation technologies Business and information technology Computational science and engineering - simulations and solutions E-Services Security and trust

Microsystems and Cybernetics Miniaturizing electronics Adaptivity

87

87

CM International

Telecommunications

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology

Definition: Telecommunications is the transmission of signals over a physical distance for the purpose of communication, which commonly involves the transmission of electromagnetic waves along a transmission medium between an electronic transmitter and a receiver. Electronic telecommunication signals can be passed in either analogue or digital format. Multiple transmitters and receivers can be linked together in a network to enable them to communicate freely.

Rationale: Telecommunications is crucial for the information economy. Telecommunications deliver all types of information, including data, graphics, voice and video. Today, wireless communications services and cable satellite distributions, together with the wireline telephone communication services, form a growing share of the telecommunications sector. Indeed, while growth in telecommunications has decreased in Europe, the mobile services have continued potential. A new challenge for Europe is the convergence of multiple networks. For suppliers of telecommunications, the challenge would be the limited growth perspectives of the sector and the pressure to reduce prices. However, opportunities and market potential is also significant in Eastern European countries.

Priority level and response breakdown Telecommunication s


36/283 5/8


Number

%


6

17

CRP Henri Tudor

6

17

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

11

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

11

30

Private

9

25

None

0

0

88

88

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Telecommunications


2.97


15.19


HIGH

Societal need

4.00

Economic need

4.06

Emerging trend

3.82


3.30


10.27

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.22

Economic need

3.70

Regional partners

3.35 HIGH

Competition level



Impact axes


No change

See below

on table

Other impacts None


Priority level

Wireless access

34

Quality, security and management of the associated networks

33 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain)

Engineering of distributed applications

33

Network support (testing, operation, management,…)

33

Mobility and interoperability

32

Surrounding intelligence and security

32

Evolution of value networks in telecommunication business Seamless networking (security, handover, QoS,…) 89

30 (EWS: moved to Business and IT domain) 29

89

CM International

Associated networks

9

Location based services

6

Added axes Satellite imaging and radio frequency systems

1

Satellite based telecommunications

1

Next Generation Networks

1 1 (EWS: moved to Multimedia domain)

Semantic Web Early warning via modern communication systems

1

Security of information technologies

1

Identity Management and Anonymity

1

Mobility Governance

1

Voice over IP

EWS : added


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) University of Luxembourg, - communications networks

Computer

Sciences

Research

Unit:


CETREL - Centre de transferts électroniques: - internet technology & communication (WIFI, wireless & bluetooth) - network technology - network security

SES ASTRA - Technical Department: - internet technology - telecommunication & networking BPS ( Broadband Power Solutions): - internet technnology - network security

90

90

CM International

Broadcasting Center Europe: - internet technology - mobile communications - network technology - network security eBRC - e-Business & Resilience Centre: - IT and communications in the finance sector - Internet technology Equant Luxembourg: - networks and systems for multinational businesses - mobile communications - network technology - network security - broadband technology Hewlett Packard Luxembourg: - telecommunications - networks - network security P&T Luxembourg - Division des Télécommunications: - telecommunication systems for the postal and financial industries Primesphere: - internet and communication technology

Satlynx: - telecommunications and networks

Secaron Luxembourg: - telecommunication - internet technology - network security SIEMENS SA: - internet technology - mobile communications

91

91

CM International

- network technology - network security LUXSpace: - telecommunication infrastructure and technology SKYPE: - telecommunication via broadband internet

92

92

CM International

Multimedia


Definition: The combined use of media (audio, texts, graphics, video, etc). The definition also makes allusion to computer data storage devices (such as the ones linked to store multimedia communication).

Rationale: The European multimedia market is behind those of Japan and the America. Roughly speaking the US accounts for about 50% of the market, Japan 35%, while Europe represents 15%. There are numerous challenges that Europe has to face, among them the unique software model, with distribution points concentrated in computer and electronic stores and with no notion of rental; cultural and language barriers; few computers at home; etc. However, there are great opportunities for the market: multimedia has very good press coverage; title producers are making products in English and selling them abroad; channels of distribution are expanding; etc. With these growing opportunities 24 Europe has the potential to catch up soon. Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Multimedia


29/283 7/8


Number

%


4

14

CRP Henri Tudor

5

17

CRP Sante

1

3

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

14

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

8

28

Private

6

21

None

1

3

24

Ideas coming from: Joey Tamer refines the vision, strategy and success of companies -- Fortune 1000, capitalized start-ups and investment fund. http://www.joeytamer.com

93

93

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Multimedia


3.32


14.33


HIGH

Societal need

3.46

Economic need

3.88

Emerging trend

3.89


3.10


9.71

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.12

Economic need

3.44

Regional partners

3.15 LOW

Competition level

Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field Moved from rank 5/10 to 7/8


Impact axes

No change

See below

on table

Other impacts None


Priority level

New modes of broadcasting and multimedia contents distribution

29

"Semantic Web" : multimodal interaction with the Internet and content search

26

Database management

26 23 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain)

Protection of numerical contents Audio processing

21

Visual / Video processing

21

Multimodal processing and recognition

21

94

94

CM International

Multimodal context abstraction

20

Video games and virtual reality

17

Digitalisation of broadcasting channels and cinema

11

Added axes Data and Information Fusion

1

Digital Libraries and Content Management

1

Satellite based media/communications

1

Virtual reality for health applications

1

Language engineering

1

Adaptative & interactive user interface

1

Data- and Knowledge Management, Data Mining

1

Privacy Protection, Anonymity Control, Non-Traceability

1

Intellectual Property Protection

1

Open Tools and Platforms for Life Long Learning (incl. Content)

1

Knowledge environment

EWS : added

Interactivity

EWS : added

User and Contribution community

EWS : added

Information and Knowledge networks

EWS : moved from Software domain


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CVCE : - treatment of imaging, interface, pod casting, interoperability and the specific issues of multisources and multilinguisms CRP Henri Tudor : - multimedia Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

Cybercultus: - mixed reality/ Virtual reality - user immersion technology - interactive TV - interactive libraries 95

95

CM International

- semantic web Hewlett Packard Luxembourg: - multimedia Imprimerie Centrale SA - Département Informatique: - multimedia - E- publishing - E- learning MyStarter dotNet: - multimedia - E- learning Primesphere: - multimedia & virtual reality - E- publishing SIEMENS SA: - multimedia TV applications E-mergency SA: - multimedia & E-publishing RTL Group: - TV and Radio broadcasting Société Européenne des Satellites (ASTRA) - Audio visual communications

96

96

CM International

Interactive Computing Technologies


Definition: Interactive computing refers for computer programmes that operate under the instruction of human commands. The technology is a combination of hardware and software set up in such a way as to accept and appropriately response to the commands given by the user. Word processors and spreadsheets are examples of relatively simple and widely used Interactive computing technologies, however there are other programmes currently under development set to respond to far more complex interactions such as social interfaces.

Rationale: Interactive computer is changing the way people communicate, interact and share knowledge using computers. Interactive computing, in this respect, is a potential driver of innovation and of increase control of people. An example of innovation is the growing use of interactive computing in the education field. Here, the development of this educational tool has led to a redefinition of the roles of the teacher and student, has intensified teacher training in the area of computer assisted education and has also promoted the analysis of the advantages and imitations of 25 the use of new technologies as an instruction medium.” Priority level and response breakdown Interactive Computing Technologies


32/283 6/8


Number

%


4

13

CRP Henri Tudor

7

21

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

7

22

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

6

19

Private

7

22

None

1

3

Domain Assessment

25

Education and Information Technology http://www.editlib.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Reader.ViewAbstract&paper_id=10674

97

library

97

CM International

Interactive Computing Technologies


3.21


15.66


HIGH

Societal need

3.87

Economic need

4.13

Emerging trend

4.03


3.63


9.45

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.20

Economic need

3.07

Regional partners

3.18 VERY HIGH

Competition level



Impact on axes

Other impacts


No change

See table below

None


Priority level

New collaborative methods

30 30 (EWS : moved to Security and Trust domain)

Information security

Networked software systems

30

New user interface technologies

29

Mobile applications and services

29

Human-machine interaction

28

In-network information management

27

Mobile communication and processing platforms

27

Information creation, management, search and distribution

28

Interaction, context sensitivity, language technologies

25

98

98

CM International

Theory of self-organized, distributed communication and information

24

User oriented design

14

Service robotics : develop interactions between human and robots

5

Brain machine interfaces

5

Added axes Theory and applications of the Global Sensor-Actuator Network Systems

1

Situation and Location Awareness (QoS, specific open services etc.)

1

Virtual reality

EWS : added from Software domain

Cooperative systems

EWS : added from Software domain


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Gabriel Lippmann CREDI -> Département « Informatique, Systèmes et Collaboration » (ISC) - computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW University of Luxembourg, Computer Science Research Unit: - communicative systems University of Luxembourg, Laboratoire de recherche en Informatique de Gestion et la Sécurité des Systèmes d'Information : CESI-LACS: - security of information systems The CVCE CRP Henri Tudor: - Centre for IT Innovation (CITI)


GIM (Geographic Information Management) - ICT for spatial information Amazon: 99

99

CM International

- ICT for distribution and on-line retail EBAY: - ICT for on-line retail SKYPE: - ICT for on-line communication

100

100

CM International

Intensive Calculation and Calculation Grid


Definition: “The definition of intensive calculation uses the computing power necessary to run an application. The computing power is the quantity of calculation (number of elementary operations) used per unit of time. A scientific application will be considered intensive if its code is strongly optimised to use the resources of computing available and to respect the time constraints.”26 According to IBM, Grid computing allows for the unification of pools of servers, storage systems, and networks into a single large system so as to allow for the delivering of multiple-systems resources to a single user point for a specific purpose.27

Rationale: “Two major needs have dramatically increased the value of the concept of grid computing in the last few years. A lean economy has forced those with a limited IT budget to more fully utilize their existing computing assets and to become more flexible to respond to rapidly evolving markets by being able to intelligently allocate finite resources to the appropriate business applications”… “Grid computing has recently enjoyed an increase in popularity as a distributed computing architecture that is becoming highly suitable for corporate computing. Grid computing solutions are being employed in many areas to address critical business requirements, such as: financial services firms tapping into grid computing to address risk management and compliance; Automotive manufactures using grid solutions to accelerate product development and increase collaboration; Oil companies harnessing grid technology to hasten the discovery of oil and increase the odds of successful mining 28 As grid computing matures, the application of the technology in additional areas will increase.” “No matter what scientific disciples are concerned, physics or life sciences to social sciences, the use of powerful information technologies has become indispensable to the advancement of knowledge and to its dissemination in society; the understanding of large climatic and economic phenomena as well as the analysis of the human genome.”29

Priority level and response breakdown Intensive Calculation and Calculation Grid


14/283 N/A


Number

%


2

14

CRP Henri Tudor

3

21

26

Study of the parallelization of the continuous global optimization with constraints by using interval analysis Benyoub Abdeljalil, University of Cadi Ayya (Marrakesh) http://www.univorleans.fr/lifo/seminaire.php?donnee=2005

27

www.ibm.com

28

IBM. http://www-128.ibm.com/

29

http://www.cordis.lu/france/programmes24.htm

101

101

CM International

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

2

14

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

5

37

Private

2

14

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Intensive Calculation and Calculation Grid


2.46


11.37 MEDIUM


2.38

Economic need

3.07

Emerging trend

3.07


2.85


7.79 MEDIUM


2.50

Economic need

2.57

Regional partners

2.71 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

Domain dropped

Attractiveness assessed as to LOW

See below

102

on table

Other impacts None

102

CM International

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Methods and applications for numeric simulation

12 (EWS: dropped)

Control of material and software architecture

12 (EWS: dropped)

Data and calculation grid

12 (EWS: dropped)

Great applicative challenges

1 (EWS: dropped)

Evaluation processes

1 (EWS: dropped)

Added axes Biotechnology needs : mathematical models and computations (image processing, data processing)

1 (EWS: dropped)


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) None Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

e-Xstream engineering: - numeric simulation - mathematical modelling - scientific computing IEE International Electronics & Engineering : - numeric simulation and mathematical modelling - mathematics and statistics Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie (ECGS): - mathematics and mathematical modelling

103

103

CM International

Software

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: Computer software refers to any of the various programs by which a computer controls aspects of its operations, such as those for translating data from one form to another, as contrasted with hardware, which is the physical equipment comprised of the hard drive and related apparatus. ‘In most computers, the moment-to-moment control of the machine resides in a special software program called an operating system, or supervisor’ 30

Rationale: "Whatever you do in computing, ninety percent of it is half software."31 Software is present everyday in our lives. From the medical services to the industry, software constitutes an important tool to increase productivity efficiency and satisfaction. Software is, thus, key to the economic development as well as to the well-being of people.


Software


N/A


30

26/283

Number

%


5

19

CRP Henri Tudor

8

31

CRP Sante

1

4

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

3

12

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

5

19

Private

4

15

None

0

0

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software

31 A paraphrase of Yogi Berra.Berra quotations. http://www.math.odu.edu/~keyes/quotations/software.html

104

104

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Software


3.14


13.87


HIGH

Societal need

3.29

Economic need

4.21

Emerging trend

3.46


2.91


9.63

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.29

Economic need

3.00

Regional partners

3.33 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

Domain dropped

N/A

See below

on table

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Software security

22 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain) 17 (EWS: moved to Interactive computing technologies domain)

Virtual reality Embarked systems

4 (EWS: dropped) 9 (EWS: moved to Multimedia domain)

Information and knowledge networks Added axes Development methodologies

1 (EWS: dropped)

Software quality

1 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain) 105

105

CM International

Cryptology & related security issues

1 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain)

Crystalline silicon materials and devices

1 (EWS: dropped)

Agile methods

1 (EWS: dropped) 1 (EWS: moved to Interactive computing technologies domain)

Cooperative systems


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) University of Luxembourg - software engineering

-

Computer

Science

Research

Unit

of

the

University:


Advanced Logic Technology: - software and hardware development for borehole geophysics and geology AES International: - expertise in software for engineering development CBC (Computer Business Center): - software development CETREL - Centre de transferts électroniques: - computer software

Conostix: - advanced systems architecture - security software - software engineering Hewlett-Packard Luxembourg: - computer software LuxScan Technologies: - software for automatic quality control and visual recognition 106

106

CM International

MyStarter dotNet: - software for training NEOFACTO: - computer software Primesphere: - software solutions for business Professional Business Software: - development of Enterprise Resource Planning software

107

107

CM International

Modelling and Simulation Technologies

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: Simulations and models provide a structured representation of reality designed to test a specific outcome. A computer model, for example, is a mathematical representation of something—a person, a building, a vehicle, a tree—any object. A model also can be a representation of a process— a weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over a wing. 32

Rationale: “Multiscale modelling and simulation has emerged as a new research area which has already had a significant impact on many scientific and engineering disciplines. There have recently been many significant, but problem-specific, advances in multiscale analysis, modelling, and simulation. Despite considerable progress in a wide range of the sciences, and a growing awareness of the importance of multiscale approaches, currently there is fragmentation in multiscale methodology and its rigorous analysis across its areas of application. Breakthroughs in specific domains could be applicable in a broader context, but remain isolated. As a result, multiscale descriptions are nowhere near their potential level of impact, including in education and industry”.33 “Computer simulation, has become a useful part of modelling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, and human systems in economics and social science (the computational sociology) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of network traffic simulation. In such simulations the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment. Computer simulations are often considered to be human out of the loop simulations.”34

Priority level and response breakdown Modeling and Simulation Technologies


4/8


32

38/283

Number

%


6

16

CRP Henri Tudor

10

26

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

3

UL

1

3

LNS

1

3

CHL

0

0

http://www.ist.ucf.edu/background.htm

33

http://www.ima.umn.edu/matter/fall/challenges.html

34

http://www.answers.com/simulation%20technology

108

108

CM International

Other

12

31

Private

7

18

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Modeling & Simulation Technologiess


2.85


14.62


HIGH

Societal need

3.05

Economic need

4.35

Emerging trend

3.78


3.43


9.22

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.97

Economic need

3.09

Regional partners

3.15 LOW

Competition level



Impact on axes

Other impacts

Moved from rank 2/10 to rank 4/8

No change

See table below

None

109

109

CM International

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Modeling methods and tools

38

Utilization of modeling in industry/service sector

37

Development of services and business processes Multiphenomena/multiscale modeling

35 (EWS : moved to Business and IT domain) 31

Added axes Winnning supply chain models

1

Reference models best practices

1

Modeling the socio-economic impact of health interventions (screening, vaccination, information campaigns )

1 EWS : added from Modeling and

Computational Engineering

Simulation Technologies domain EWS : added from Modeling and

Mathematical Software


Numerical Analysis


Computational Material Science


Optimisation

Simulation Technologies domain

110

110

CM International


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - conceptual modelling

-

Centre company

for

IT

Innovation

(CITI): modelling

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg e-Xstream engineering - material modeling

111

111

CM International

Business and Information Technology

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: This can be defined as the combination of business and information communications technology (ICT). This combination of areas is done in order to facilitate and exploit the use of information technology, to encourage and support business activities. 35

Rationale: The alliance of business and information technology is a new phenomenon combining two professional areas into one. This new phenomenon is provoking the creation of a new area of research in business schools and in industrial research centres. The advances in computing and the success of e-business are making this area of research not only more attractive but a central feature of the modern corporation.36

Priority level and response breakdown Business & Information Technology


3/8


35 36

39/283

Number

%


4

10

CRP Henri Tudor

13

34

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

9

23

LNS

0

0

CHL

1

3

Other

6

15

Private

6

15

None

0

0

Wikipedia on http://www.answers.com/ Ibid

112

112

CM International

Domain Assessment

Business & Information Technology


3.15


14.99


HIGH

Societal need

3.47

Economic need

4.44

Emerging trend

3.58


3.49


10.70

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.63

Economic need

3.62

Regional partners

3.45 LOW

Competition level



Impact on axes

Other impacts

No change

See table below

None


Priority level

Business process modelling

7

Distributed Information Systems

38

Knowledge Management and Data Mining

38 37 (EWS: moved to Security and Trust domain)

Security and Trust Management Added axes Ergonomy

1

Informations systems for SME's

1

Regulation Modelling and Management for Service Innovation

1

113

113

CM International

ICT foresight for ICT and Non ICT sectors, for ICT user and praticioner's skills

1

Seamless Service Architectures

1

Information system assessment

EWS: added new

Business IT alignment

EWS: added new

Evolution of value networks in telecommunication businesses

EWS: moved from Telecommunication s domain

Development of services & business processes

EWS: moved from Modeling and Simulation Technology domain



CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Materials (LTI): - management applications related to constraint management, supply chain, innovation - ICTs for innovation, change management CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Informatique, Systèmes et Collaboration » (ISC): - Information Systems - e-applications - Knowledge Management


Cybercultus : - innovative e-business solutions for the Arts industry MUM : - e-business solutions and web applications

114

114

CM International

Computational Science and Engineering – Simulations and Solutions

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems 37. Many diverse fields exist within the broader discipline of computer science; this particular emphasise is on the use of computers in solving complex engineering tasks. Rationale: “Computational science and engineering (CSE) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary area with connections to the sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer science. CSE focuses on the development of problem-solving methodologies and robust tools for the solution of scientific and engineering problems…CSE will play an important if not dominating role for the future of the scientific discovery process and engineering design.”38 Priority level and response breakdown

Computational Science and Engineering


18/283 N/A


Number

%


2

11

CRP Henri Tudor

6

33

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

6

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

5

28

Private

4

22

None

0

0

37

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science

38

Society for industrial and applied mathematics. http://www.siam.org/students/resources/report.php

115

115

CM International

Domain Assessment

Computer Science and Engineering


2.81


13.24


HIGH

Societal need

2.71

Economic need

3.88

Emerging trend

3.41


3.24


8.72 MEDIUM


2.59

Economic need

2.94

Regional partners

3.19 VERY LOW

Competition level Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field Domain dropped


Impact axes

N/A

See below

on table

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level 18 (EWS : moved to Modeling and

Computational Engineering

Simulation Technologies) 18 (EWS : moved to Modeling and

Mathematical Software


Numerical Analysis


Computational Material Science

Simulation Technologies)

Added axes

116

116

CM International

1 (EWS : moved to Modeling and

Optimisation

Simulation Technologies)


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CRP Henri Tudor - Centre for IT Innovation (CITI): - business technology consultancy - IT certification Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

CTI SYSTEMS : - materials handling planning through software - digital representations - design and modeling/ prototypes e-Xstream engineering : - materials and structure modeling through software - materials handling technology HITEC Luxembourg : - digital representations - design and modeling/prototypes

117

117

CM International

E- Services

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: E-Services is a term referring to the provision of services using electronic methods. In practice the term refers to distributing, buying, selling, and marketing using electronic media. However it can also refer to e-banking, e-marketing, e-government, and information management. It is often thought of as meaning solely web-based or Internet technologies, however, many non-Internet based technologies can also be used, including telephone, fax, PDA, SMS, media messaging, 3G, GPRS, WiFi and Bluetooth.39

Rationale: Advances in technology are transforming almost every aspect of modern life and, in particular, developments in electronic and telecommunications are having a profound impact upon the way we lead our lives and the way in which services are delivered. In the new Information Society, businesses and governments are able to provide more and more services electronically providing the citizen with greater choice and opportunity. However, the launch of new e-services is a major decision for the people who provide them, requiring preparation and planning to weigh up the costs and benefits. Businesses and public authorities all want to know that their investments will reap rewards. They want to see better services resulting for the consumer and the citizen and research and development must play a key role in bringing this 40 information to light.


E- Services 1/8


Domain Assessment

Analysis

39

E- Services


N/A


N/A


N/A

Societal need

4

Economic need

5

Emerging trend

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Services

40

http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/eten/library/about/brochure/index_en.htm#introducin g 118

118

CM International


5


N/A

Feasibility level

N/A

Scientific base

4

Economic need

4

Regional partners

5 N/A

Competition level




New domain added

Impact axes

on

Other impacts

Impact axes

on

Other impacts

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

None Added axes E-government

EWS: added

E-administration

EWS: added

E-health

EWS: added

E-learning

EWS: added

E-culture

EWS: added

E-governance

EWS: added

Business Integration

EWS: added

Quality of Service

EWS: added




119

119

CM International

Security and Trust

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: Security and trust in relation to Information Communication Technologies can be defined by two different dimensions : the personal and the corporate. The personal considers issues surrounding identity security and trust in utilising technology in an increasingly online world. In terms of corporate dimensions, security and trust relates to information security in business terms and the protection of data against unauthorized access. Programs and data can be secured by issuing passwords and digital certificates to authorized users. However, passwords only validate that a correct number has been entered, not that it is the actual person. Digital certificates and biometric techniques (fingerprints, eyes, voice, etc.) provide a more secure method. After a user has been 41 authenticated, sensitive data can be encrypted to prevent eavesdropping. Rationale: The threat posed by malicious attack and information security breach make concrete strategies and clear, well-developed personal and organisational security policies an imperative for the 21st century. However, even if people and companies are aware of a need for action, few have the resources, finance and knowledge and skills to implement such policies on their own. Security, dependability and trust play a key role in building the wider goal of the Information Society at EU level. With the move towards the 7th Framework Programme, the European Union will make research more effective and better tailored to the evolving needs and opportunities with which Europe is confronted.42 As a result, research into how to mak living life and conducting business online more secure and trustworthy is a key domain for future research. Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Security and Trust 1/8

Ranking within thematic field Domain Assessment

Analysis

Security and Trust


N/A


13-14

Societal need

5

Economic need

5

Emerging trend

3-4


5


41

http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/information+security

42

http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw63/bus.html

120

11-12

120

CM International

Scientific base

3

Economic need

4-5

Regional partners

4 N/A

Competition level




Impact axes See below

New domain added

on

Other impacts

table

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Security assurance

EWS : added

Risk management (banking, ISO)

EWS : added

Cryptology and Mathematics

EWS : added

Certification and Verificaton (Formal proofs)

EWS : added

Critical infrastructures

EWS : added

Social Awareness

EWS : added

Identity and privacy management

EWS : added

Added axes Information security

30 (EWS : moved from Interactive Computing Technologies domain)

Security and Trust Management

37 (EWS: moved from Business and Information Technology domain)

Quality, security and management of the associated networks

33 (EWS: moved from Telecommunicatons domain)

Software security

22 (EWS: moved from Software domain)

Software quality


Cryptology & related security issues


Protection of numerical contents

23 (EWS: moved from Multimedia domain)

121

121

CM International




122

122

CM International

Miniaturizing Electronics

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: This refers to a sub-field of electronics, and as the name suggests, is related to the study and manufacture of electronic components that are very small. Many components of normal electronic devices are available in microelectronic equivalent forming integrated circuits for microelectronic devices fabricated in sub-micron dimensions. As techniques improve, the sizes of microelectronic components continue to decrease. The goal of the microelectronics engineer is to find ways to deliver smaller, faster, and cheaper devices 43.

Rationale: “Microelectronics has become a foremost driver of social and economic progress worldwide’. Microelectronics underpins virtually every single industrial sector either directly or indirectly. The market size of the microelectronics business chain in 2005 represents nearly 1% of the entire world’s GDP with an annual average growth rate of approximately 15%. Taking into account the many other industries that depend on electronics (such as aerospace, automotive, consumer, defence etc.), the global value leverages some €5,000 billion."44 Development in this sector is characterised by shorter product life cycles and high degrees of competition. This has resulted in strong technological advancement within microelectronics.

Priority level and response breakdown Miniturizing Electronics


12/283 N/A


Number

%


1

8

CRP Henri Tudor

1

8

CRP Sante

1

8

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

8

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

5

43

Private

3

25

None

0

0

43

developed from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics

44

http://www.nmi.org.uk/sector_info/industry_primer.htm

123

123

CM International

Domain Assessment

Miniturizing Electronics


2.73


14.00


HIGH

Societal need

3.42

Economic need

3.67

Emerging trend

3.92


3.00


8.18 MEDIUM


2.73

Economic need

2.45

Regional partners

3.00 LOW

Competition level




Impact axes

Domain dropped

None

See below

on table

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Optics and optoelectronics

12 (EWS : dropped)

Microelectronics

12 (EWS : dropped)

Integrated systems and sensors

12 (EWS : dropped)

Reliability and testing

12 (EWS : dropped)

RF electronics

11 (EWS : dropped)

Added axes None

124

124

CM International


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) None Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg

SIEMENS SA : -microelectronics HITEC Luxembourg : - micro electronics

125

125

CM International

Adaptivity

Thematic Field: Information Communication Technology Definition: Adaptivity refers to the development of systems that have the capacity to change to meet a range of parameters. Using algorithms and logic, systems can adapt to meet a prespecified goal or constraint. More often than not, adaptivity can be defined in narrower terms as referring to artificial intelligence (abbreviated AI) defined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a branch of computer science. AI is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer. AI forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behaviour, learning and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behaviour. As such, it has 45 become a scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems .

Rationale: There are currently no computers able to fully imitate human behaviour. Developing computers with a full artificial intelligence has proven to be more difficult that it was initially thought. The most important advances can be found in the area of electronic games, and especially in chess programs. Today, the greatest challenge for artificial intelligence comes from neural networks, with voice recognition and natural language processing proving successful.46


Adaptivity


8/8


45

46

21/283

Number

%


2

10

CRP Henri Tudor

5

23

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

5

24

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

5

24

Private

4

19

None

0

0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence www.webopedia.com

126

126

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Adaptivty


3.00


13.32


HIGH

Societal need

3.05

Economic need

3.62

Emerging trend

3.86


2.80


8.50 MEDIUM


2.58

Economic need

2.67

Regional partners

3.25 LOW

Competition level




No change to feasibility and attractiveness assessments

Impact axes See below

on

table

Other impacts Name changed from Artificial Intelligence

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Multi-agents systems

20

Distributed artificial intelligence

2

Human -machines interface

2

Added axes Knowledge representation, logic

1

Uncertain reasoning, uncertainty/decision management

1

Data mining, machine learning, adaptive systems

1

Adaptive Systems

1

Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

1

Local search

1 127

127

CM International

Advanced interfaces

EWS : added

Dynamic architecture

EWS : added

Learning systems

EWS : added

Ambient systems

EWS : added

Ubiquity

EWS : added

Inference

EWS : added


Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) University of Luxembourg, - adaptive intelligent systems

Computer

Sciences

Research

Unit:


Hewlett-Packard Luxembourg : - artificial intelligence HITEC Luxembourg : - automation and robotic control systems DOMOTECHNICS : - automation and robotic control systems Sapiens Tech : - artificial intelligence J-Way : - artificial intelligence Telindus PSF – SAGS : - artificial intelligence and information systems security

128

128

CM International

PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING Nanotechnologies Nanosciences and nanotechnologies

Knowledge-based Multifunctional Materials Materials with novel properties Housing, civil and urban engineering Supramolecular functional materials

Engineering and Design Engineering Business opportunities from space Industry design technology

129

129

CM International

Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

Thematic Field: Physical Sciences and Engineering Definition: “Nanosciences and nanotechnologies are new approaches to research and development (R&D) that aim to control the fundamental structure and behaviour of matter at the level of atoms and molecules.”47 Rationale: “Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the most promising and rapidly expanding fields of R&D to provide new impetus towards the dynamic knowledge-based objectives of the Lisbon process. It is crucial, however, that a favourable environment for innovation is created, in particular, for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Over the last decade the European Union has established a strong knowledge base in nanosciences. Our ability to maintain this position is in doubt since the EU is investing proportionately less than its main competitors and lacks world-class infrastructure (“poles of excellence”) that muster the necessary critical mass. This is despite the fact that investment in national EU programmes is growing in a rapid but independent way.48” Priority level and response breakdown Nanosciences and Nanotechnologie s


47/283 1/7


Number

%


6

13

CRP Henri Tudor

4

9

CRP Sante

1

2

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

3

6

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

19

40

Private

14

30

None

0

0

47

European Commission (2004) Towards a European Strategy for nanotechnology, COM (2004)338.

48

Ibid 130

130

CM International

Domain Assessment

Nanosciences & Nanotechnologies


2.93


14.91


HIGH

Societal need

3.40

Economic need

3.95

Emerging trend

4.09


3.46


9.30

Feasibility level


3.10

Economic need

2.93

Regional partners

3.28 VERY HIGH

Competition level Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field No change


Impact axes

No change

None

on

Other impacts None


Priority level

Nanoelectronic

47

Nanomaterials

46

Nanocomponents

45

Components electronics

and

system

innovations

of

silicon

power

43

Nanobiosciences

43

Developpment of Instrumentation

10

Modelisation

9

Metrology

7

Nanophotonic and quantum information

6

Added axes 131

131

CM International

Nanocoatings

1

Spintronic

1

Nanocoating

1


Research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences)

CRP Gabriel Lippmann: technological platform CRP Henri Tudor, LTI The University of Luxembourg, Physics Research Unit: - nanostructured material

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg e-Xstream engineering : - Micro- and Nanotechnology related to physical and exact sciences

132

132

CM International

Materials with Novel Properties

Thematic Field: Physical Sciences and Engineering Definition: Novel materials and applications cover a wide range of scientific, engineering and technological fields, and have been sub-divided into the following categories by the European Commission: cross-cutting materials technologies, advanced functional materials, sustainable chemistry and structural materials."49

Rationale: “The maturity of most structural materials—a priority of the last century—and the drive for smaller size, greater functionality, and the replacement of products by services throws emphasis on the less mature study of non-structural attributes of materials: electrical, optical, magnetic, and biological. Many of these are properties of thin films, of surfaces, or of interfaces. Surfaces, too, play a key role in the perceived attributes: colour, texture, feel, and the associations that materials carry; these play an increasingly central role in successful product design. Environmental concerns direct attention to the ecological attributes of materials— the demand they make on the resource base and the environmental load created by their production, use, and disposal—a systems problem, requiring a systems analysis solution; but it is clear that renewable materials, recyclables and life extension (requiring sophisticated methods of residual life assessment) can all contribute. And finally there is the 50 business case—the economics and strategy of development and deployment.” Priority level and response breakdown Materials with novel properties


44/283 1/7


Number

%


6

14

CRP Henri Tudor

6

14

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

2

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

14

32

Private

17

38

None

0

0

49

http://www.rcep.org.uk/novelmaterials.htm#_ftn2

50

MATERIALS CHALLENGES FOR THE NEXT CENTURY. At Http://www.mrs.org/ 133

133

CM International

Domain Assessment

Materials with Novel Properties


2.98


14.95


HIGH

Societal need

3.19

Economic need

4.09

Emerging trend

3.93


3.74


10.06

Feasibility level


3.29

Economic need

3.41

Regional partners

3.36 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Surface treatment

44

Fundamental Understanding of materials with strong interactions

44

Steel

42

Ceramic

42

Glass

41

Polymers

41

Composite

41

Novel materials and their synthesis

41

Plastic

40

New classes of materials integrating technologies, and biotechnologies

nanoscale,

information

Applications of novel materials for advanced systems and new devices 134

37 8 134

CM International

Function oriented research on materials

7

Biomaterials

7

Chemical products- based on alternatives to petrochemistry

6

Concrete

6

Opto-electronic

5

Added Axes Study and development of new alloys

1

Modelisation and constitutive study of materials

1

Adaptronic, intelligent materials

1

Strongly correlated materials

1

Ferroelectrics and multiferroics for data storage, sensor and detetector applications

1



CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Materials (LTI): - material trials and characterisation - measurement techniques CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Laboratory for the Analysis of Materials (LAM): - characterisation and failure analysis - material analysis services The University of Luxembourg, Physics Research Unit: - innovative surface treatments


A&I Enterprises : - surface treatment - materials technology - plastics and polymers - metals Arcelor-Bettembourg : 135

135

CM International

- surface treatment - materials technology - plastics and polymers - metals Arcelor Bissen : - coatings - steel and iron - surface treatment CERATIZIT Luxembourg Sàrl - Research Center : - properties of materials - coatings - metals and alloys Circuit Foil Luxembourg Trading SARL : - surface treatments and coatings EURO-COMPOSITES : - coatings Plasma Metal : - surface treatment Tarkett R&D center : - coatings - surface treatments - plastics - properties of materials Balzers Luxembourg - Euro Diamond Coating Centre : - coatings - surface treatments

DuPont de Nemours Luxembourg – Nonwovens : - coatings - surface treatment Goodyear Technical Center Luxembourg : 136

136

CM International

- properties of rubber Groupe Ciments Luxembourgeois - Centre d'excellence R&D : - coatings - composite materials - surface treatment LuxPET : - plastics and polymers - composite materials

Saturne Technology : - surface treatments Moog Hydrolux : - metals and alloys ProfilARBED : - materials technology - composite materials - properties of materials

137

137

CM International

Housing, Civil and Urban Engineering

Thematic Field: Physical Sciences and Engineering

Definition: “Civil engineering is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they are related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes. Most civil engineering today deals with roads, structures, water supply, sewer, flood control and traffic.”… “Urban Civil Engineering is a cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary spanning a wide range of professional fields and traditions within architecture, 51 planning and design.”

Rationale: “At present, the urban and civil engineering scientific community is facing significant questions, such as: environmental impacts and sustainable development. Additionally, the large volume of research carried out and of technical systems built during past years and decades need improved methods and tools for their operation, management and maintenance. The notions of impact, life cycle analysis, knowledge and know-how, best practices, care principle, flexibility and reversibility require the introduction of new decision criteria to account for uncertainty, data inadequacy and lack of sufficient historical data series. A new and wider research framework for decision making in urban and civil engineering must now be put forward, where existing and future methods and tools should take into account all previous questions as well as various time and space 52 scales”. In relation to housing, it is the challenge of civil engineers to best adapt technology for the construction of houses. In this context, civil engineers can modernise old constructions and make them environment friendly, through the consumption of less energy. It is also possible to make them earthquake or other disasters resistant. In this sense, technology would be integrated into housing and civil engineering. Priority level and response breakdown Housing, Civil and Urban Engineering


18/283 7/7


Number

%


1

6

CRP Henri Tudor

4

22

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

6

LNS

1

6

51

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering

52

http://www.lavoisier.fr/ 138

138

CM International

CHL

0

0

Other

4

22

Private

7

38

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Housing, Civil and Urban Engineering


3.06


14.24


HIGH

Societal need

3.53

Economic need

3.81

Emerging trend

3.25


3.65


8.59

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.71

Economic need

3.00

Regional partners

2.88 MEDIUM

Competition level




Impact axes



None

from

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

1.1

Priority level

Predefined axes

New "positive energy" buildings, consuming less energy

18

Conservation and evolution of existing buildings

18

Natural risks and their impacts on buildings

16 139

139

CM International

Long term modernisation of existing buildings

4

Life cycle management

3

Development of associated services, technologies, methods, products and equipment

3

Processes and services

2

Systems

2

Construction and maintenance of infrastructure networks

2

Infrastructure networks

2

Development of project management

0

Added axes Through-life value based design

1

Geography and urban planning

1

Collaborative Supply Chain in Construction

1

Development of * based energy rating system for residential & commercial buildings

1



CRP Henri Tudor - CRTI-B: - IT in housing University of Luxembourg-Engineering Research Unit


ASTRON BUILDINGS : - design, engineering, manufacturing and marketing of tailor-made steel buildings for non-residential single or multi-storey industrial, commercial, leisure or other applications DuPont de Nemours Luxembourg – Nonwovens : - civil engineering ProfilARBED : - civil engineering

140

140

CM International

141

141

CM International

Supramolecular Functional Materials


Definition: “The supramolecular sciences bridge the gap between chemical synthesis and materials research, allowing the creation of "tailor-made" complex systems potentially capable of performing such specific tasks as energy transfer and conversion or information storage and processing, or of functioning as molecular shuttles, switches, wires or sensors, or even as mechanical or optical devices. These highly specific functions offer the potential for artificial supramolecular systems to act 53 as molecular devices for new applications in technology” .

Rationale: “The implementation of adaptive, stimuli-sensitive and multifunctional properties as well as self-repair in man-made materials is one of the central challenges in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Applying principles of self-organization in device fabrication provides opportunities that go far beyond currently existing technologies such as parallel fabrication, (molecular) dimension control, component alignment, and repair mechanisms. It is safe to predict that these technologies will have a profound impact on the scientific, technological, and economical development far into the 21st century. However, progress in this area will rely on innovative and interdisciplinary approaches so that the visionary claims of a supramolecular paradigm may also provide the incentive towards interdisciplinary research and teaching programs that go beyond classical approaches in chemistry, 54 engineering or physics.”

Priority level and response breakdown Supramolecular Functional Materials


1/7


53 54

14/283

Number

%


3

21

CRP Henri Tudor

2

14

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

0

0

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

6

44

Private

3

21

None

0

0

http://www.snf.ch/NFP/NFP47/Zusammenfassung_e.html Chemistry a European Journal. http://www.mpikg.mpg.de/en/gf/people/kurth/research/main.html

142

142

CM International

Domain Assessment

Supramolecular Functional Materials


2.77


12.40


HIGH

Societal need

3.08

Economic need

3.08

Emerging trend

3.33


2.92


6.26 MEDIUM


1.85

Economic need

2.33

Regional partners

2.08 VERY LOW



Impact axes


Attractiveness moved HIGH to VERY HIGH

None

from

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Information storage, molecular switches and wires

12

Sensors and diagnostic tools

12

Electron- and photon- transfer

11

Molecular magnets

11

Added axes Elementary particle physics

1

143

143

CM International

Luxembourg Resource

Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) None Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

144

144

CM International

Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences and Engineering

Definition: Engineering is the sector devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life.55

Rationale: Engineering and design are central to economic development and technological advances of industrialised countries. In light of trends towards shorter product life cycles, increasing competitive pressures and design content such disciples are becoming more important. Countries, in particular, are keen to ensure the development of engineer skills because of their high knowledge content, and their role in underpinning the success of many industrial sectors.


Engineering


28/283 5/7


Number

%


1

4

CRP Henri Tudor

5

18

CRP Sante

4

14

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

4

14

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

0

0

Private

14

50

None

0

0


55

Engineering


3.26


13.81


HIGH

Columbia University Press 145

145

CM International

Societal need

2.78

Economic need

4.11

Emerging trend

3.37


3.56


9.38

Feasibility level


2.85

Economic need

3.35

Regional partners

3.19 VERY HIGH

Competition level Exploratory workshop result Impact on rank within thematic field Moved from rank 3/7 to 5/7


Impact axes

No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Mechanical enginneering

28

Intelligent machines and systems

27

Numerical mathematics

27

Noise reduction

27

Operational reliabilities of machineries

4

Progressive mechanical structures

4

Services for total life time of machinery

4

Fatigue and failure assessment

4

Damage and fracture mechanics

3

Structural integrity assessment

3

Computational engineering

0

Added axes Flexible manufacturing systems,

1

Mathematical Methods in Science, Engineering and Economics

1

Electrical batteries for cars

1

Plasturgie and polymer production

1

Operations Research

1

146

146

CM International



CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Recherche en Equipements Automobiles » (REA) - automotive research (new group with developing competencies) University of Luxembourg, Engineering Research Unit: - automation & mechatronics - electrical and mechanical engineering - construction & design: civil engineering and mechanical engineering - civil, electrical and mechanical engineering CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Materials (LTI):


Ateliers mécaniques DOSTERT : - mechanical engineering Gradel : - mechanical engineering Husky Injection Molding Systems : - mechanical engineering IMAtec : - mechanical engineering Paul Wurth SA - Research & Development - Design, Process & Equipment - mechanical engineering Advanced Logic Technology : - electronic engineering AES International : - mechanical engineering

147

147

CM International

Arcelor-Bettembourg - electricial engineering

148

148

CM International

Business Opportunities from Space


Definition: This refers to the commercial exploitation of space-related research, development, products, processes and technologies.

Rationale: Significant business potential exists for those countries with a high level of competence in space related capabilities, in areas such as satellite hardware and software systems. Such competence is typically research intensive, and builds around strong human resource skills. Companies with these characteristics are able to access global market opportunities. Priority level and response breakdown Business Opportunities from Space


17/283 6/7


Numbe r

%


2

12

CRP Henri Tudor

3

18

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

6

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

6

35

Private

5

29

None

0

0

Response breakdown

Domain Assessment Business Opportunities from Space


2.57


13.27


HIGH 149

149

CM International

Societal need

2.87

Economic need

3.80

Emerging trend

3.87


2.73


9.40

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.73

Economic need

3.40

Regional partners

3.27 HIGH

Competition level



Impact axes


No change

None

on

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Applications and products based upon space borne data and satellites

17

Satellite hardware and software

14

Ground Segment hardware and software

2

Construction in space

2

Added axes Instrumentation for measurements in space

1

Propellsion systems engineering

1

Satellite-based communications and media

1



CRP Henri Tudor CITI: - research in space applications (interactive TV, interactive contents -in e-learning for instance- using satellites opportunities)

150

150

CM International

CRP materials analysis - surface treatment

-

Gabriel Laboratory for

the

Analysis

of

Lippmann: Materials (LAM):


Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie (ECGS) : - space exploration and technology Moog Hydrolux - space exploration and technology GIM (Geographic Information Management) - satellite images Satlynx - satellite technology SES ASTRA - Technical Department - space technology - satellites

151

151

CM International

Industrial Design Technology

Thematic Field: Physical Sciences and Engineering Definition: Industrial Design Technology is composed of a combination of analytical and technical computer skills from a mechanical program with the visual and artistic skills from a computer graphics program. It includes different areas utilising a number of numerical methods and modelling and simulation techniques to create or redefine products with new materials, shapes, colours, or styles; design products in order to ameliorate its usage, lower production costs, or obtain a better presentation to the customer. The holistic integration of all of these methods into the design process forms a key element in Industrial Design Technology.

Rationale: Shortening life cycle periods for products are becoming a strong characteristic of many industrial sectors. This, alongside, access to the fragmented markets and to demanding customers have resulted in industrial design technology becoming a tool for corporate success. Such technology has also helped the evolution of product development processes, the effective use of materials and manufacturing techniques.

Priority level and response breakdown Industrial Design Technology


11/283 4/7


Number

%


1

9

CRP Henri Tudor

3

27

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

0

0

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

3

27

Private

4

37

None

0

0

152

152

CM International

Domain Assessment

Industrial Design Technology


2.36


12.20


HIGH

Societal need

2.18

Economic need

3.55

Emerging trend

3.27


3.20


7.89

Feasibility level


2.40

Economic need

2.60

Regional partners

2.89 VERY LOW



Impact axes



See below

from

on

Other impacts

table

None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Development of design processes

10

Strategic use of design within companies

10

Global design-oriented manufacturing platforms

9

Strengthening research on basic design phenomena

0

Added axes Modelling and Simulation

EWS: added

Numerical Methods Integration of design processes

EWS: added EWS: added

153

153

CM International



CRP Gabriel Lippmann - Département « Recherche en Equipements Automobiles » (REA): - automotive research (new group with developing competencies) University of Luxembourg, Engineering Research Unit: - construction & design: civil engineering and mechanical engineering

CRP Henri Tudor - Laboratory for Industrial Technologies and Materials (LTI): - Construction - civil engineering


ASTRON BUILDINGS : - construction technology Paul Wurth SA - Research & Development - Design, Process & Equipment : -

plant design

Novigo : - design for manufacturing

154

154

CM International

SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Knowledge-based Society and Social Cohesion Demography, childhood, youth and interregional relations Language diversity and linguistic competences Social integration and social exclusion Culture, history and identity Cognition and learning School, work, qualifications

Economy, policies, institutional framework Improving business environment Economy and finance Economic, urban and rural development Management and business studies and innovation Welfare state Regulation, Governance and European Integration

155

155

CM International

Demography, Childhood, Youth and Interregional Relations

Thematic Field: Social Sciences and Humanities

Definition: This domain covers a range of social sciences surrounding the issues of population structures and dynamics relating to birth rates, deaths, migration and ageing. There is also focus on the various stages of human life, the regional dimensions of these issues and the societal impacts of inequalities.

Rationale: The evolution of demography is a key issue facing Europe in the forthcoming years. The ageing of the European population, mainly due to medical progress, will have an important impact on the economy (relative weakness of the labour force compared with the number of inactive people, need of new services for elderly, deficit of national health and pensions organizations…), medicine (new diseases related to ageing), society (intergenerational relations, new composition of families), etc. New models of migration are also anticipated, as the ageing of the European population is also accompanied by a stagnation or a reduction of birth-rate, while, in most of the other parts of the world (mainly the poorest), the birth-rate is still comparatively important. Priority level and response breakdown Demography, Childhood, Youth and Interregional Relations


32/283 8/9


Number

%


0

0

CRP Henri Tudor

3

9

CRP Sante

3

9

CEPS/INSTEAD

5

16

UL

6

19

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

13

41

Private

2

6

None

0

0

156

156

CM International

Domain Assessment

Demography, Childhood, Youth and Interregional Relations


3.00


15.55


HIGH

Societal need

4.48

Economic need

3.84

Emerging trend

3.23


4.00


9.75

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.52

Economic need

3.13

Regional partners

3.10 VERY LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None


Priority level

Population studies and trends

32

Living conditions of children, adolescents and their families

32

Socio-economic aspects of ageing

31

Intergenerational issues in social and migration policy

30

Legal and economic aspects

30

Families as a focus of intergenerational relations

29

Aspects of everyday life: education and recreation

27

Psychosocial health

8

157

157

CM International

Added axes Household fertility and labour market participation decisions

1

Social inequalities in health

1

Sociology of health and illness

1

Reconciling work and family life

1

Luxembourg's place/role within the "Grande Région" area

1

The impacts of ageing/migration/mobility on town and country planning policy

1

Aggression and conflict resolution

1



University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Social Sciences Unit, in collaboration with CESIJE - Centre d'Etudes sur la Situation des Jeunes en Europe, an asbl integrated into the UL (Pr. Helmut Willems; www.cesije.lu) - research on youth University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Psychology Section/Gerontology unit (Pr. Dieter Ferring) - Professional master in Gerontology; Intergenerational Relations CEPS/INSTEAD: Luxembourg Household Panel Study PSELL (Dr Pierre Hausman) - Living conditions in Luxembourg; individuals, families, households; social change and public policy impact; European Social Survey, European Household Panel, SILC-Study on Income and Living Conditions; European Values Study 2008 SESOPI - Centre Intercommunautaire; Study centre supported by the catholic church (Sylvain Besch, Dr Michel Legrand): - Integration of Foreign Nationals, political participation; European Values Study 2000 STATEC: (Jean Langers) - Demographic and social statistics, Census data


158

158

CM International

Language Diversity and Linguistic Competences


Definition: Linguistics is the scientific analysis of human languages. This domain focusses on language in relation to issues surrounding learning, competences and diversity, with particular emphasis on the Luxembourgen language.

Rationale: There are mainly two issues that cover this domain: 1. Language is a central part of a country’s identity. Such issues are particularly important for countries/regions where preservation of the language is felt to hold a strong link to the basis of identity. 2. The other issue is typically a concern for Luxembourg. It relates to the fact that young people have to learn at least the Luxembourg language, French, German, and for most of them English. If we take into account that nearly half of the population that live in Luxembourg are migrants, a large section of the population do not speak the necessary languages. It then becomes clear that the use and development of cognitive sciences to gain a better understanding of the learning processes of language is essential to the future development of Luxembourg and its workforce. Priority level and response breakdown Language Diversity and Linguistic Competencies


37/283 4/9


Number

%


1

3

CRP Henri Tudor

3

8

CRP Sante

3

8

CEPS/INSTEAD

2

5

UL

7

19

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

13

35

Private

8

22

None

0

0

159

159

CM International

Domain Assessment

Language Diversity and Linguistic Competences


2.97


15.48


HIGH

Societal need

4.53

Economic need

4.08

Emerging trend

3.20


3.67


9.78

Feasibility level


3.38

Economic need

3.36

Regional partners

3.03 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Interactions between languages and identities

35

The Luxembourg language

12

Languages and school

14

Use of languages in the economy

11

Linguistic competences of adults

10

Added axes Bilingualism

1

Brain mechanism and multilinguism

1

Assessment of language skills

1

160

160

CM International



University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE (Pr Claudine Moulin, University of Trier and UL) - Luxembourg Language - Development of Letzebuergesch, linguistics, phonetics, Luxembourg Dictionary University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Research Unit LCMI-Language Culture Media Identities (Pr Dominique Portante) - Language learning; multicultural environment University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Ex-research Unit STADE (Fernand Fehlen) - Socio-linguistics; data and studies about social impact of linguistic competence/language use: Etudes BALEINE 1 (1998) and BALEINE 2 (2005) National Library of Luxembourg, www.bnl.lu (Monique Kieffer) - Documentation about Luxembourg language, Historical documents


Semantica: - human language technology

161

161

CM International

Social Integration and Social Exclusion


Definition: This refers to the extent to which individuals are integrated (or otherwise) in society through shared values or concerns, and the impacts that this has in areas such as employment opportunities, living standards, access to public (or generic) services and so on.

Rationale: The growing trend towards more open and multi-cultural societies presents significant challenges for countries, not least in terms of how they maintain social integration. Similar/related challenges are also evident in areas such as the emerging knowledge economy - which is highlights differential knowledge, access to resources, education and so on. Such issues suggest it is becoming more important to understand the dynamics of social cohesion and to design effective policy responses in areas such as employment, health, welfare, education and so on. Priority level and response breakdown Social Integration and Exclusion


39/283 3/9


Number

%


1

3

CRP Henri Tudor

2

5

CRP Sante

3

8

CEPS/INSTEAD

3

8

UL

9

23

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

15

38

Private

6

15

None

0

0

162

162

CM International

Domain Assessment

Social Integration and Exclusion


2.86


15.48


HIGH

Societal need

4.55

Economic need

3.92

Emerging trend

3.08


3.92


9.18

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.12

Economic need

3.06

Regional partners

3.00 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

No change

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Luxembourg social model / industrial relations / welfare state policy

37

Educational Practices and Pathways through Education

37

Social Work and Social Policy

35

Employment and Welfare Protection

34

Constructions of Identity and Difference

32

Public Spaces and Social Positioning

30

Representations and Models of Health

9

Added Axes Social segregation (residential, in schools, discrimination (at work) and social inequality 163

in

employment),

1

163

CM International

Social mobility, equality of opportunity

1

Gender mainstreaming as political strategy

1

solidarity based economy

1

gender relations and representations

1

Integration policy of immigrants

1

Destructive role of violence

1



CEPS/INSTEAD (Dr Pierre Hausman) - impact of transfer policies on household income and poverty; situation of disadvantaged groups (single parents, elderly, homeless, migrants)

University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Psychology (Pr Georges Steffgen) - drug consumption, violence


None

164

164

CM International

Culture, History and Identity


Definition: In general terms, culture can be defined as the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. History is the branch of knowledge that records and analyses past events. Identity refers to the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognised or known. These issues when combined represent a strong influence over how populations are structured, stabilised and how various groups within populations can co-exist.

Rationale: Recent world events, including globalisation, acts of terrorism and community reactions has strongly emphasised the need to consider the multitude of characteristics that human groups can represent on every scale, from international levels right down to community levels. It is generally understood that there is now a need in order to sustain stable and harmonious development in a multicultural globalised world to have a better scientific understanding of past and present cultural drivers, religion, ethics and beliefs, all of which influence human identities. Priority level and response breakdown Culture, History and Identity


36/283 5/9


Number

%


0

0

CRP Henri Tudor

3

8

CRP Sante

5

14

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

3

UL

10

28

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

13

36

Private

4

11

None

0

0

165

165

CM International

Domain Assessment

Culture, History and Identity


2.91


13.88


HIGH

Societal need

4.26

Economic need

3.17

Emerging trend

3.00


3.45


9.13

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.09

Economic need

2.83

Regional partners

3.21 HIGH

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None


Priority level

Multilingual and multicultural society

36

Conflicts linked to ethnic and religious identities evolution

35

Migration and identities

35

Unity and diversity of languages and cultures

34

Awareness of past, present and future

34

Ethics and moral issues for societal debate

33

Advanced digital libraries

7

Religion, beliefs and society

4

Added axes

166

166

CM International

Identity of Luxembourg culture

1

Youth culture

1

History of SaarLorLux

1



University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Laboratoire de Recherche en Histoire (Prs Michel Margue and Michel Pauly): - history, Culture and Identity of Luxembourg University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Lettres (Prs Frank Wilhelm and Raymond Baustert): - Luxembourg Litterature Centre National de Littérature (Dr Germaine Goetzinger): - documentation, archive and research on Luxembourg authors Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art (Dr Michel Polfer, Foni Le Brun): - cultural and archeological heritage Musée de la Ville de Luxembourg; www.musee-hist.lu (in collaboration with Pr Michel Pauly, University of Luxembourg): - documentation and research about the development of the city of Luxembourg Centre de Documentation sur les Migrations Humaines, Dudelange; www.cdmh.lu (Antoinette Reuter): - historical and contemporary documentation about Luxembourg emigrants and immigrants Archives Nationales du Luxembourg; www.an.etat.lu (Josée Kirps) National Library of Luxembourg; www.bnl.lu (Monique Kieffer): - collection about Luxembourg history and culture Centre Virtuel de Connaissance sur l'Europe (Marianne Backes): - history of the European construction, European institutions


167

167

CM International

Cybercultus: - e-business solutions in the cultural sector

168

168

CM International

Cognition and Learning


Definition: Cognition can be defined as the science that studies the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. It can include neurology and brain sciences and is typically defined as a “convergent” activity.

Rationale: “Europe, which holds a large part of the responsibility and merit for launching cognitive science and fuelling it with some of its key insights, has of late been lagging behind the US and Japan, and must make a very resolute effort to catch up and remain in the lead, in the face of the increased level of competition brought about by China, which is giving cognitive neuroscience top priority. Europe is motivated to do so, […] in part for reasons such as the specific problems of a diverse, multicultural, complex, and ageing population.[…]. Building a strong European cognitive science is a goal which all the members of the EC can contribute to, as all of them can, and have begun to, 56 promote research in the field, which does not require the heavy artillery of 'big science” Priority level and response breakdown Analysis

Learning & Cognition


34/283 7/9


Number

%


1

3

CRP Henri Tudor

6

18

CRP Sante

4

12

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

7

21

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

11

31

Private

5

15

None

0

0

56

Extract from the Executive Summary of “Cognitive Sciences” by Daniel Andler, Ecole normale supérieure and Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 14 July 2005, European Commission; Directorate-General for Research; Directorate K; Key technologies for Europe, ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/foresight/docs/kte_cognitive.pdf 169

169

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Learning & Cognition


2.93


15.61


HIGH

Societal need

4.18

Economic need

4.06

Emerging trend

3.65


3.72


9.27

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.10

Economic need

2.90

Regional partners

3.27 LOW



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Learning processes

33

Language and representation

31

Complex autonomous intelligent systems

30

Core knowledge systems (numbers, language, beliefs,…)

8

Perception and action systems

7

Memory, attention and consciousness models

7

Categorization schemes and the lexicon

5

Added axes Socionics

1

Learning disabilities (in children, adulthood and aging)

1

Context-embedded research (Luxembourg situation)

1

170

170

CM International

High ability studies

1

Computer philology

1

Neuroscience of learning

1

Adaptive and contextualised learning process

1



University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Educational Measurement and Applied Cognitive Science (Emacs) (Romain Martin) - Luxembourg school system, educational atteignment University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE, Research Unit LCMI-Language Culture Media Identities; (Pr Dominique Portante) - language learning Ministry of Education, SCRIPT - Service de Coordination de la Recherche et de l'Innovation Pédagogiques et Technologiques; (Michel Lanners) - educational programmes, PISA, evaluation at school, continued training

Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg MyStarter dotNet: - training and learning - e- learning

171

171

CM International

School, Work, and Qualifications


Definition: A qualification can be seen as a quality, ability, or accomplishment that makes a person suitable for a particular position or task. This qualification can be obtained by the way of a formal diploma or by recognition (formal or informal) of a specific work. This domain focuses on education, training and qualification environment, as well as the study of work conditions, unemployment and, at a wider level, on the issue of “free time” vs “working time”.

Rationale: School, work and qualifications are central elements to the emerging knowledge economy, and a crucial determinant of the type of job that an individual is able to obtain in this economy. In this context it is increasingly recognised that learning should be ‘lifelong’, rather than simply schoolrelated. Understanding the processes of schooling and work qualifications opens up the possibility of creating better work-life trajectories, as well as important social issues such as equal opportunities, unemployment and so on. Priority level and response breakdown School, Work Qualifications


&

46/283 1/9


Number

%


1

2

CRP Henri Tudor

6

13

CRP Sante

3

7

CEPS/INSTEAD

5

11

UL

9

20

LNS

0

0

CHL

1

2

Other

16

34

Private

5

11

None

0

0

172

172

CM International

Domain Assessment

School, Work & Qualifications


2.93


16.59 VERY HIGH


4.67

Economic need

4.42

Emerging trend

3.23


4.27


9.95

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.32

Economic need

3.30

Regional partners

3.33 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None


Priority level

Education, school, training, lifelong learning

45

Work organisation

43

Qualification profiles

43

Work/life arrangements and trajectories

42

Health at work

42

Coping with unemployment

41

Professional careers

40

Equal opportunities and measures

40

Added axes Improving secondary school education (needs of 21st century) 173

1

173

CM International

Raising educational standards through all social levels

1

Preparing people for modern IT society

1

Violence and aggression at school and at work

1



University of Luxembourg, FLSHASE (Pr Claude Houssemand): - unemployment, 'competence profiles' University of Luxembourg, Educational Measurement and Applied Cognitive Science (Emacs) (Pr Romain Martin): - Luxembourg school system, educational atteignment CEPS/INSTEAD (Dr Jacques Brosius, Pierre Hausman): - Labour market policies and their efficiency, integration of socially disadvantaged groups in the labour market; mobility and labour/transborder labour flows; qualifications and income; elderly workers Ministry of Education, SCRIPT - Service de Coordination de la Recherche et de l'Innovation Pédagogiques et Technologiques (Michel Lanners): - education programmes, PISA, continued training STATEC (Jean Langers): - Labour Force Survey; labour market statistics


174

174

CM International

Improving business environment


Definition: ‘’Business refers to the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals.”57. The running of a business requires a combination of management skills, both in technical areas relating directly to the business itself and more general skills such as organising, leading and co-ordinating. The ‘business environment’ can be defined as those elements that make up the situation in which business takes place. This can range from the general economy to the finance of business. The term ‘economy’ refers to the series of activities related to the production and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region. Finance is the branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as well as resource management, acquisition and investment.58 Finally, improving the business environment can be defined as developing the economic situation in general. Economic development refers to the process of creating jobs, increasing community wealth, inputting capital from outside sources, or encouraging innovation. Urban and rural development can refer to the phenomenon of economic development in a particular geographical setting.

Rationale: On a global scale, the economic, urban and regional composition of Europe has undergone significant change in recent decades. Economic integration has taken place in Europe at an impressive pace and has brought about trade integration and new opportunities for investment, which have in turn increased the capital flows. In addition to the arrival of new countries within the EU, this period has also seen development in those regions able to capture elements of the global economy, or those able to harness indigenous economic growth. In this context, some of the challenges ahead are structural reforms in the financial and labour areas and sound fiscal policies. Research is therefore needed to understand these changes and develop appropriate responses. Furthermore, the effective management of a company and its ability to innovate are recognised as central features of business success and correspondingly improving the business environment. Such factors help companies to differentiate themselves and gain competitive advantages. Management of companies (and their associated innovation processes), however, requires strong underpinning skills. Leading edge research has an important role to play, in this respect, identifying best practice management processes and shaping innovation strategies.

Priority level and response breakdown Improving Business Environment

Analysis

6/9


57

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

58

Investorwords.com

175

175

CM International




Impact on axes

Other impact s

Axes merged from Economy and Finance ; Management, Business Studies and Innovation ; and Economic, Urban and Rural Development

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

See table above Added axes See table above Luxembourg Resources





176

176

CM International

Economy and Finance


Definition: The term ‘economy’ refers to the series of activities related to the production and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region. Finance is the branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as well as resource management, acquisition and investment.59

Rationale: Economic integration has taken place in Europe at an impressive pace in recent decades. Economic integration has also brought about trade integration and new opportunities for investment, which have in turn increased the capital flows. In this context, some of the challenges ahead are structural reforms in the financial and labour areas and sound fiscal policies. “Given that in Economic and Monetary Union the main aim of the single monetary policy is price stability at the euro-area wide level and given that bilateral exchange rate adjustments are by definition no longer possible, the main responsibility for the domestic economic management falls on fiscal and structural policies. This in particular involves conducting a sound and credible fiscal policy that fosters long-term expectations as well as supports an efficient public sector and active implementation of structural reforms. The structural reforms should foster the flexibility of labour and product markets, encourage innovation 60 activities, ensure smooth functioning of financial markets, and create business-friendly environment.”


Economy & Finance


N/A


59

26/283

Number

%


0

0

CRP Henri Tudor

5

19

CRP Sante

2

8

CEPS/INSTEAD

2

8

UL

1

4

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

13

49

Private

3

12

None

0

0

Investorwords.com

60

Speech by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the ECB, at the conference “Europe after the enlargement”, Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE), Warsaw on 9 April 2005.

177

177

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Economy & Finance


2.72


14.46


HIGH

Societal need

3.72

Economic need

4.48

Emerging trend

3.00


3.26


10.28

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.24

Economic need

4.12

Regional partners

2.92 MEDIUM



Impact axes

Domain merged into new domain: Improving Business Environment

N/A

See below

on table

Other impacts None


Priority level

Economic competitiveness

24 (EWS: merged into Improving Business Environment)

Managing individual as well as aggregate risks surrounding wealth creation and redistribution


Microeconomic implications of financial innovation and its impact on value creation and risk management


Macroeconomic implications of financial innovation and its impact on value creation and risk management


Legal implications of financial innovation and its impact on value creation and risk management


178

178

CM International

Dynamics of real and financial wealth creation


Economic into 3rd world and aid


Economic systems


Added axes Corporate governance


Sources of productivity growth


Sourcing


Business cycle dynamics


Design of new financial services and of the corresponding laws


Analysis of legal framework to improve economic competitiveness


public finances and social security (short, medium and long term perspectives)




University of Luxembourg, FDEF, Laboratoire de recherche en économie (CREA) (Pr Patrice Pierretti) - economic modelling and competitiveness University of Luxembourg, FDEF, LDE - Laboratoire de Droit Economique (Pr André Prüm) - Luxembourg and European legislative economic framework (electronic commerce, finance sector) University of Luxembourg, FDEF, Luxembourg School of Finance (coordination Pr Pierre-Armand Michel) - finance sector

179

179

CM International

Univesity of Luxembourg, IDT - Laboratoire de Recherche en Droit (coordination Pr Herwig Hoffmann) - European and Luxembourg law and policy Luxembourg Income Study asbl (Pr Janet Gornick) - Comparative Database on Income in 28 Countries, including Luxembourg CRP Henri Tudor - Centre for IT Innovation (Dr Jean-Charles Bernacconi) - IT innovation Central Bank of Luxembourg (Yves Mersch) - Monetary policies, Bank assets, finance sector regulation STATEC (Serge Allegrezza) and Ministry of Economic Affairs (Observatoire de la Compétitivité) - Economic and finance sector statistics and documentation


Most of the banks have research units on the market place, the financial regulation and produce sector analysis for internal or external use

180

180

CM International

Economic, Urban and Rural Development

Thematic Field: Social Sciences and Humanities Definition: Economic development refers to the process of creating jobs, an increase in community wealth, or the input of capital from outside sources. Urban and rural development can refer to the phenomenon of economic development in a particular geographical setting. These terms, however, are also used more broadly to refer to environment, social and economic development of an urban or rural area.

Rationale: The economic, urban and regional composition of Europe has undergone significant change in recent decades. In addition to the arrival of new countries within the EU, this period has also seen development in those regions able to capture elements of the global economy, or those able to harness indigenous economic growth. Such change has not been without challenges, for example, differential inequalities between areas and pressures of government policies. Research is therefore needed to understand these changes and develop appropriate responses.

Priority level and response breakdown Economic, Urban and Rural Development


34/283 N/A


Number

%


0

0

CRP Henri Tudor

6

18

CRP Sante

1

3

CEPS/INSTEAD

5

15

UL

2

6

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

14

40

Private

6

18

None

0

0

181

181

CM International

Domain Assessment

Economic, Urban and Rural Development


2.90


14.76


HIGH

Societal need

3.82

Economic need

4.06

Emerging trend

3.03


3.84


9.23

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.78

Economic need

3.32

Regional partners

3.13 MEDIUM

Competition level



Impact axes

Domain merged into new domain Improving Business Environment

None

See below

on table

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Risk management


Knowledge and innovation management


Evolution of economy and society


Spatial organisation and rural development


182

182

CM International

Social and economic management


Transactions between actors and countries


Added axes Understanding economic competitiveness

1 (EWS: Merged into Improving Business Environment)

Mayor factors of competitiveness


Development economics


Scoreboard type follow up of major factors of competitiveness on the international level


business cycle evolution, forecasting and modelling


Economic Management of Knowledge Based Enterprises


Deepened cooperation (at economic level) with surrounding Regions/Countries


Dealing with migrations on the basis of expected needs



Public research resources in Luxembourg (Institute and research competences) CEPS/INSTEAD databases and social indicators (Dr Pierre Hausman) - Luxembourg and European micro data and surveys (household and firm level) CEPS/INSTEAD - Unité GEODE (Mr Patrick Bousch): - regional/urban/local development - transport/mobility and labour markets - application of geographical information system technologies STATEC (Serge Allegrezza)

183

183

CM International

- Statistics and indicators on industrial and private sector development Private sector technological competences and other key companies in Luxembourg None

184

184

CM International

Management and Business Studies and Innovation


Definition: ‘’Business refers to the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals. The singular "business" is an atomic legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about social and technological advancement. With some exceptions, (such as cooperatives, non-profits and (typically) government institutions), businesses are formed under the motivation of earning profit and growing personal wealth of its members. In other words, the owners and operators of a business have as one of their 61 main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for their work . The running of a business requires a combination of management skills, both in technical areas relating directly to the business itself and more general skills such as organising, leading and coordinating. The dictionary definition of innovation is as the process of making changes to something established by introducing something new. The term innovation may refer to both, radical or incremental changes to products, processes or services 62.

Rationale: The effective management of a company and its ability to innovate are recognised as a central feature of business success. Such factors help companies to differentiate themselves and gain competitive advantages. Management of companies (and their associated innovation processes), however, requires strong underpinning skills. Leading edge research has an important role to play, in this respect, identifying best practice management processes and shaping innovation strategies.


Management, Business & Innovation


27/283 N/A


Number

%


1

4

CRP Henri Tudor

13

47

CRP Sante

1

4

CEPS/INSTEAD

0

0

UL

1

4

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

61

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

62

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation 185

185

CM International

Other

8

30

Private

3

11

None

0

0

Domain Assessment

Management, Business & Innovation


3.33


14.67


HIGH

Societal need

3.67

Economic need

4.32

Emerging trend

3.05


3.64


10.14

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

3.27

Economic need

3.74

Regional partners

3.13 LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

Domain merged into new domain: Improving Business Environment

N/A

See below

on table

Other impacts None

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes

Priority level

Entrepreneurship


Evolution of Business Performance and Delivery

Knowledge

Public

Business governance

Services:

Quality,

24 (EWS: merged into Improving Business Environment) 22 (EWS: merged into

186

186

CM International

Improving Business Environment) Added axes Quality and Process management


Knowledge management


Change management


Innovation Governance and key factors

1(EWS: merged into Improving Business Environment)

Foresight


Management strategy, innovation management


1(EWS: merged into Business Law and Regulation Improvements (business Law, Company Improving Business Law, Bankruptcy regulation, etc...) Environment) Organisational alignment


Knowledge Management


Electronic administration


e-Health and collaborative networks




CRP Henri Tudor - LTI (Serge Gillé) and CITI (Eric Dubois): - supply chain research - innovation - knowledge management & networking 187

187

CM International

CEPS/INSTEAD - Unité Entreprises : - knowledge society and HR-related business indicator development and collection University of Luxembourg, School of Finance: - management


Price Waterhouse Coopers PWC (Laurent Probst): Innovation and R&D management and consulting, technology transfer

188

188

CM International

Welfare State

Thematic Field: Social Sciences and Humanities Definition: ‘Welfare state’ refers to a social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, in matters such as health care, education, employment, and social security.

Rationale: The globalisation of the economy has an impact on national welfare policies. The notion of a welfare state is becoming more limited in recent years with the majority of developed countries moving from general coverage to a combination of governmental and private coverage. The European Commission has also become active in this area promoting policy based on the “”incremental development of services, the progressive expansion of solidarity, and the insertion of those who are 63 excluded. Powers have been taken to deal with the problems of exclusion.” Research is needed, therefore, to understand these changes, their impacts and the potential to redress problems.


Welfare State


2/9


63

29/283

Number

%


0

0

CRP Henri Tudor

2

7

CRP Sante

0

0

CEPS/INSTEAD

5

17

UL

4

14

LNS

1

3

CHL

0

0

Other

13

45

Private

4

14

None

0

0

http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm

189

189

CM International

Domain Assessment

Analysis

Welfare State


3.04


16.62 VERY HIGH


4.52

Economic need

4.32

Emerging trend

3.48


4.30


9.56

Feasibility level

HIGH

Scientific base

2.93

Economic need

3.41 VERY LOW

Competition level



Impact axes

on

None

Other impacts None


Priority level

Labour and unemployment, employment policies and measures

29

Social policy/social security

29

Healthcare

28

Invalidity and integration policies

26

Added axes Fiscal policies, redistribution

1

Health Economics

1

Intergenerational contract (legitimacy)

1

Long term financial sustainability of the Welfare State

1

Strategies for a soft landing of the (not mature yet) Social System in the GDL

1

Supply of services for the Elderly

1 190

190

CM International

Technology for a correct long- and mid-term anticipation of the financial burden (modelling, microsimulations, ...)

1



CEPS/INSTEAD (Dr Pierre Hausman), in collaboration with IGSS - Inspection Générale de la Sécurité Sociale, Ministry of Social Security (Raymond Wagener) - transfer policies; social security modelisation


None

191

191

CM International

Regulation, Governance and European Integration

Thematic Field: Social Sciences and Humanities Definition: The world and its dynamics are forever changing, and in recent years that has become more globally visible as ever before. Various aspects of our changing society, including advancements in technology, have had an impact on how we interact with each other as individuals, regions, groups, and nations and in many other defining dimensions. This domain focuses on the various issues and challenges our current societal models may face in the future. Rationale: According to the National Swiss Centre of Competence in Research, two major issues st present challenges to democracy in the 21 century: 1. “The processes of globalisation, internationalisation and European integration that undermine the problem-solving capacities and legitimacy of nation-states and of supranational political structures”. As international bodies such as the European Union gain in political power, the authority would go from the nation-states to the EU. However, as democratic structures and procedures rely upon national authorities it is difficult to resolve questions going beyond the national level. 2. “The growing interdependence between the media and politics (“mediatisation of politics”) that has profoundly altered the character of public debate.” This is related to the new way of campaigning and communication systems through the media that are increasing in their importance and impact.64 Priority level and response breakdown Regulation, governance and European integration


22/283 9/9


Number

%


1

5

CRP Henri Tudor

3

14

CRP Sante

2

9

CEPS/INSTEAD

1

5

UL

1

5

LNS

0

0

CHL

0

0

Other

10

44

Private

4

18

None

0

0

Domain Assessment 64

http://www.nccr-democracy.unizh.ch/nccr/research 192

192

CM International

Regulation, governance and European integration


2.50


14.80


HIGH

Societal need

4.27

Economic need

3.59

Emerging trend

3.53


3.41


7.93 MEDIUM


2.43

Economic need

2.70

Regional partners

2.80

Competition level

MEDIUM



Impact on axes

Other impacts

None

Name changed from: Challenges to democracy in the 21st century

No change

Axes Assessment

Predefined axes Impact of globalisation, supranationalisation, and European integration on governance

Priority level 22

Conditions and juridical framework for political action

21

Globalisation and European model

21

Possibilities and limitations of the spread of democracy

21

Relationship between the media and politics

20

Added axes e-Government

1

Regulatory techniques

EWS: Added axis

193

193

CM International

Luxembourg within the network of European Integration

EWS: Added axis

History of European Integration

EWS: Added axis



University of Luxembourg, Laboratoire de recherche en droit IDT (Pr Herwig Hoffmann): - European Law, Institute for Transnational Law University of Luxembourg, History and Political sciences (Jean-Paul Lehners and Philippe Poirier) : - European Master's Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation CRP Henri Tudor: Laboratoire de recherche en Informatique de Gestion et la Sécurité des Systèmes d'Information : CESI-LACS: -

enterprise management


SIEMENS SA : - e-government

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Annex II FNR PROGRAMME EVALUATION Notes: CA = Conseil d’administration = Board of Administration CS = Conseil Scientific= Scientific Council

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1. Introduction ___________________________________________ 3 2. FNR ‘logic’ model ______________________________________ 4 2.1

Background and context to FNR _________________________________ 4

2.2

FNR aims, objectives and beneficiaries____________________________ 5

2.3

FNR administrative structures ___________________________________ 6

2.4

FNR mechanisms ____________________________________________ 7

2.5

The current programmes _______________________________________ 9

2.6

Intended outputs and outcomes _________________________________ 9

2.7

Summary and initial assessment of the logic model _________________ 13

3. Operational and management effectiveness _______________ 15 3.1

Programme selection_________________________________________ 15

3.2

Project selection ____________________________________________ 17

3.3

Monitoring _________________________________________________ 18

3.4

Final project reporting ________________________________________ 19

3.5

General administration________________________________________ 19

3.6

Summary __________________________________________________ 20

4. FNR programme outputs and outcomes___________________ 21 4.1

Overview of programme activity ________________________________ 21

4.2

Programme outputs and outcomes ______________________________ 24

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5

Scientific quality ______________________________________________ Socio-economic impacts________________________________________ Mobilisation of national resources ________________________________ Realistic in the Luxembourg context_______________________________ Appropriate budget breakdown___________________________________

25 27 29 33 33

4.3

Other output issues __________________________________________ 34

4.4

Summary __________________________________________________ 35

5. Conclusions and recommendations ______________________ 36 5.1

Coherence of the FNR programme model_________________________ 36

5.2

Operational and management issues ____________________________ 37

5.3

Output issues_______________________________________________ 41

5.4

Overall objectives ___________________________________________ 43

5.5

Recommendations___________________________________________ 43

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1.

Introduction

This evaluation of the National Research Fund’s (FNR - Fonds National de la Recherche) programmes was undertaken to ensure that lessons from past experience are incorporated into the Foresight exercise. The primary objective was to assess progress against initial programme objectives. In this respect the evaluation research considered both outputs1, as well as outcomes2 in relation to both the research and socio-economic system. A secondary objective of the evaluation was to analyse the operation and management of FNR in delivering its programmes. Here, the research examined the implementation of the programmes, as well as the role of FNR in managing this process. A summary of the methodological stages associated with this evaluation are set out in the diagram below:

Management Procedure Initial Outputs

Context

Outcomes

Operational procedure

In order to gain a fully rounded perspective on FNR and its programmes the evaluation incorporated both the views of FNR administrators and the recipients of FNR funding. This was broken down into the following evaluation activities:

Review of internal documentation and monitoring data collected by FNR Programme supervisors, as well as a bibliometric survey undertaken by CWTS, Leiden University, Netherlands. Interview survey of FNR secretary general, programme supervisors (4), Programme Rapporteurs (4)

and

Interviews with the presidents of the Board of Administrative (CA) and the Scientific Council (CS) Interview survey of Senior researchers (24)

1

Outputs refer to early stage results from the FNR programmes

2

Outcomes refer to longer term impacts in areas such as the economy, society, or scientific system.


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CM International All evaluation research was undertaken in the first three months of 2006. The results, as noted above, primarily look back at progress since the Fund’s creation in 1999. A key part of the evaluation, however, has been to use these results to make recommendations on the future management and delivery of FNR’s programmes. In order to get to this point, the evaluation report begins by setting out the ‘logic’ model of FNR and its programmes (2), before moving on to progress made against objectives (3), and management and delivery issues (4). The final section considers the main conclusions of the evaluation (5).

2.

FNR ‘logic’ model

2.1 Background and context to FNR The background of the FNR can be traced back to the growing emphasis placed on public sector research and development (R&D) in Luxembourg during the 1980s. Until this point R&D expenditure and activity had been strongly centred in the private sector, characterised by a small number of large corporate R&D centres. In its recognition of the need to strengthen the public R&D base of Luxembourg the (then) government put in place a series of Laws. The first major action, here, was the framework law on public sector research of March 1987. This outlined a framework to bring closer cooperation of public research with the private sector, and to focus research into areas that promised a high socio-economic impact for Luxembourg. More specifically, the 1987 Law set the framework for the creation of a national research plan for Luxembourg, including the creation of three Public Research Centres (CRPs), under the direction of the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research. These institutions, which include the CRP Gabriel Lippmann, CRP Henri Tudor, CRP Santé, are described in more detail in the accompanying WP 2 Report. The CRPs were developed alongside pre-existing research infrastructure, notably the CEPS/INSTEAD (Centre d'Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques / International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development). This organisation, also under the direction of the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research, was established in 1978, and is currently focusing social-science data collection and analysis, plus researcher training and networking. In order to assess the progress made by these actions an analysis by a group of experts of public research and structures was undertaken in 1996. This report concluded that while there had been some development, the CRPs had primarily focused on service delivery to industry/applied research, at the expense of more fundamental research. Evaluation and monitoring of projects was also found to be limited, and concerns were raised in relation to limited mainstreaming of public research activities at the Centres. In order to respond to these concerns a Law was prepared, and agreed in 1999 for the creation of a national research fund. This was designed to allow a greater focus Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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2.2 FNR aims, objectives and beneficiaries The FNR was created in order to stimulate research activities in Luxembourg. Its specific aims are identified as follows:

Create new competence and knowledge Strengthen existing competence and knowledge Develop national and international synergies in order to increase the attractiveness of Luxembourg as a scientific and economic site of excellence In achieving these aims the primary operational objective of the FNR is one of receiving, managing and using funds and donations of public or private sources in order to promote priority areas of research and technological development in the public sector at national level. At the same time the FNR is also identified as an active participant in the research system of Luxembourg through contributing in an ongoing process of reflection in the field of national R&D policy orientation. This operational objective is expressed in the Law of 31st May 1999 in the form of a series of tasks for the FNR:

To develop proposals relating to the objectives of the national R&D policy To suggest priority actions in order to reach these objectives To develop multi-annual activity programmes and contribute to the multiannual R&D programme

To secure the implementation of these multi-annual activity programmes by allocating the financial resources made available to it and to monitor their implementation

To evaluate the results obtained, in order to allow any re-adjustment of priorities that is felt necessary

To promote in general the efficient coordination of national R&D activities, as well as the Luxembourg participation in international R&D cooperation programmes


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To present to the Minister responsible for scientific and applied research, any proposal, suggestion and information regarding the implementation of the national R&D policy

As noted in section 2.1 above the primary beneficiaries for the Fund are intended to be public research organisations such as the CRPs, the University (established in 2003), the Centre for Studies on Population, Poverty and Socio-Economic policy, and other public bodies, services and establishments authorised to undertake research and development and technology transfer activities.

2.3 FNR administrative structures In order to organise the management and delivery of the FNR programmes, a range of structures have been put in place, some of which are defined by the Law (1999) and Regulations (2000):

Board of Administration (CA) The CA has overall responsibility for the management and direction of FNR and its programmes. It consists of nominated representatives from several ministries, plus key private sector R&D actors.

Scientific Council (CS) The CS advises the CA on matters of science and technology. It consists of representatives of the CRPs, CEPS/INSTEAD, the University of Luxembourg, and external bodies (including international representatives).

FNR secretariat The Secretariat provides administrative support to both the CA and CS. It consists of a Secretary General, and individual programme supervisors (four in total), as well as dedicated public relations and secretarial/administrative support.

Rapporteurs The CS appoints Rapporteurs for each of the FNR programmes. The Rapporteurs are responsible for providing expert scientific advice to both the CA and CS. They have a key role in coordinating the assessment of project proposals, monitoring and evaluating projects (with the support of three or four experts), as well as presenting these results to the CS.

Steering Committees Steering Committees are established for each Programme and consist of scientific experts from the respective fields. Such meetings are an important mechanism for monitoring the progress made by each individual project, towards the overall objectives of the Programme, and ultimately the Fund as a whole.


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2.4 FNR mechanisms The FNR, as noted in section 2.1 operates primarily through multiannual programmes. All programmes respond to specific issues affecting the national environment, and have clearly defined socio-economic impacts at a national level. Typically the programmes follow a common format, setting out the main priority research areas, as well as the associated rationale support, and the criteria and types of research supported. The Fund operates these Programmes through several calls for research proposals. The main project selection stages associated with this process are:

Publication of a call for projects Receive proposals Review by Rapporteurs and independent experts Pre-selection by the Scientific Council Final decision by Board of Administration (projects may be accepted, rejected or passed back for amendment) Contract written and agreed with researchers Projects begin

In order for projects to make it through this process they must satisfy a number of important criteria. These are set out in Exhibit 1 below:

Exhibit 1: FNR Project evaluation criteria3

Scientific quality creativity; novelty and innovation; use of scientific methods; production of new expertise; coherence of the project; project’s ability to encourage interdisciplinary working; projects must aim to achieve an internationally recognised level of expertise. Socio-economic value Mobilisation of national resources cooperation by multiple research institutions based in Luxembourg; involvement of multiple institutions, businesses and industrial firms and groups based in Luxembourg which are potential users of the project’s results. A realistic nature within the Luxembourg context

3

Specific call criteria may be applied in addition to the criteria listed below.


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on-the-spot scientific/technological potential (are there enough skilled human resources which can be deployed within the time constraints of the project?); support capability for the beneficiary institutions involved.

Appropriate budget breakdown The budget for a project must show a balanced breakdown between the:

acquisition of expertise; actual research work; dissemination and exploitation of the research findings; other supporting measures

A key feature of all FNR supported projects is a strong degree of emphasis on progress monitoring. The main stages in the monitoring procedure are as follows:

Initial six month progress report due (although this may be later if the project is delayed) Annual review – based on a monitoring report completed by the researcher, reviewed by the Rapporteur, and final report send to the Scientific Council, (with the financial report being sent to the Board of Administration). Both the CA and CS are able to suggest whether changes are necessary.4 Steering Committee meetings – generally held every 12 to 18 months for all Programmes. The focus is on a presentation from each project, with subsequent discussion on how the project is contributing to the goals of the programme. The results of this Steering Committee meeting are then sent to the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research.

In addition to the Programmes the FNR also funds Accompanying Measures to strengthen the general frame of scientific research in Luxembourg. These activities involve:

Promotion of scientific awareness, international cooperation or national coordination

Organisation of international scientific conferences in Luxembourg Active participation of novice researchers in a scientific conference Scientific publications/ publication of doctorial thesis Preparation of an European Union research project International Mobility of researchers

4

Note, this is not a contractual requirement; however, the internal monitoring arrangements of the CRPs have resulted in interim reports being submitted on an annual basis. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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Training in management of research projects The FNR also supports the Science Festival, currently organised by the National Museum of Natural History.

2.5 The current programmes5 The current FNR programmes have been selected on the basis of consultation with groups of national and international experts. They include:

Security and efficiency of new practices in e-commerce for all socioeconomic actors (SE-COM)

New Materials and Nanotechnology (NANO) Sustainable management of water resources (EAU) Health and Biotechnology (BIOSAN) Medical Aspects of Aging (PROVIE ) 6

Living tomorrow in Luxembourg (VIVRE) Surface treatment (TRASU) Food safety (SECAL) International Cooperation (INTER)

2.6 Intended outputs and outcomes The FNR has not specified detailed quantifiable targets for its programmes/accompanying measure activities. For the majority of its programmes it does, however, identify the intended contribution to Luxembourg. This is primarily framed at a general level in relation to the key criteria of the Fund: Exhibit 2 below synthesises the key outputs and outcomes explicitly identified in the programme descriptions. While these programmes, in a number of cases, were developed some time ago and may contain inaccuracies, they are reproduced here to reflect the fact that they represent the primary guidance given to both research applicants, as well as the criteria available to FNR to assess progress7. Note, these outputs and outcomes should be considered as supplementary to the general criteria noted in Exhibit 1 above – although in many cases the programme descriptions contain less detail on expected outputs and outcomes.

High scientific quality

5

See WP 2 Luxembourg R&D Mapping for more details.

6

Extension to the BIOSAN Programme

7

Although CMI understand that FNR has not typically used these ‘programme specific’ criteria for assessment purposes – and has tended to rely on the general criteria.


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Socio-economic impact

A full range of potential social and economic impacts are noted in all programmes, with examples ranging from new products, job creation and competitiveness, through to societal benefits in areas such as health improvements, food safety, solutions to social problems and so on.

Mobilising resources at the national level

All programmes appear to strongly prioritise (as per FNR’s overall objectives) the development of research competencies through collaboration - within, and outside Luxembourg, as well as on an interdisciplinary basis. This appears to be viewed as a vital mechanism in building research environments and learning from external (to Luxembourg) peers of high international research standing. A number of programmes (notably NANO and TRASU) make particular reference to industry as partners in such collaboration.

Feasibility in the national context

In most of the programmes reference is made to the pre-existence of actual or complementary research expertise in the area of the programme. Programmes do vary, however, regarding the presence of a complementary industry sector. BIOSAN appears to be the main exception here because of its relatively underdeveloped biotechnology industry sector in Luxembourg.

Budget breakdown

The programme descriptions typically outline an annual budget allocation. In such cases no attempt is made to elaborate on the FNR criteria requirement for a balanced breakdown between acquisition of expertise, actual research work, dissemination and exploitation of the research findings and other supporting measures. A number of programmes do, however, provide a more detailed thematic breakdown. NANO, for example, identifies three indicative themes: SimS applications, Biological applications and nanoindentation applications. Others provide further details on the types of project to be supported. EAU, for example, identifies ‘uses’ of the proposed budget in relation to new competences, implementing research projects, plus piloting showpiece projects, awareness campaigns, specialist training and organising a dissemination, transfer and innovation platform.


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Exhibit 2: FNR programme objectives - as stated in the programme descriptions

Prog.

Overall objective

Scientific quality outcomes

SECOM (launched in 2001)

Theoretical, methodological and technological knowledge and tools in development of secure and effective electronic cooperation: and the application to benefit of economic players

NANO

Create a European Centre specialising in characterisation of materials at the nanometre scale

EAU

Create of a centre of excellence in Water research, through new scientific competences and measurement networks, integrated to EU 5th Framework prog.

BIOSAN

To achieve qualitative improvements in the prevention, detection and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease and the diseases of old age

Boost the volume and quality of scientific research, support for training and dissemination of results

VIVRE

To use original methods and approaches to gain new knowledge on the transitions of Luxembourg society from the past to present and future

Improvement of scientific competences in applied and fundamental research

No specific quality outcomes identified

No specific quality outcomes identified

Results to be presented at international conferences, publication in international journals, a (potentially) patents


Socio-economic impact Competitiveness: Improving skills in relation to electronic cooperation Creation of new companies Development of new products and solutions in electronic cooperation Characterisation and development of new materials for industry

Application to policy for sustainable water resource management Impacts through new job creation in research and design departments, analysis laboratories in related industry Reduction and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease/old age diseases Industrial development in Luxembourg's biotechnology sector Identify and address potential socio-economic problems through public policies, including improvements in cultural life, policies to promote employment, integration of foreign residents, promote active participation of elderly, improve living standards and social inclusion, equal

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Mobilising resources at the national level

Feasibility in the Luxembourg context

Budget breakdown

Mobilising from a low or nonexistent base

Existing applied research expertise to be built on with more fundamental research

Access to equipment/research projects by public researchers and industry, as well as EU partners

Creation of an entirely new facility relevant to existing research capacity

Promote collaboration with Luxembourg, and between international research centres

Based on complementary, but existing research competences

SimS applications (30nm) Biological applications Nanoinentation applications Acquisition of new competences and implementation of research a development projects Pilot and showcase projects, organising of a dissemination transfer and innovation platform, awareness raising a specialist training

Encouragement of interaction between basic, clinical and technological research on a multidisciplinary basis

Not specified

Specified annually

Pool expertise of a number of units of Luxembourg

Presence of existing data production and analysis competencies

Specified annually

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TRASU

To improve surface properties of materials, broaden the knowledge base, acquire high level skills, establish a network of international cooperation, promote interdisciplinary research

Projects must promote use of results and innovations on part of Luxembourg research bodies and industries, and international scientific publications. Actors encouraged to file patents (funded by FNR)

SECAL

To develop scientific expertise and resources in matters of food safety…such that the base of scientific knowledge can be widened and new methods of surveillance and risk avoidance developed

Projects must be innovative and foster development of new technologies, results must be published in scientific journals

INTER

To facilitate participation in international initiatives for cooperative funding of international collaborative projects

Scientific publications, active presence at conferences, resulting applications

Creation of new or improved products, reduction in environmental impacts, reduction of pollution costs

Projects must have beneficial spin-off for Luxembourg research and industries For example (not exhaustive) Improvement in health and social systems, identification of private sectors end users of the research

Requirement for projects to involve an industrial partner. It also seeks to promote international cooperation with laboratories

Programme builds on preexisting industrial and research competency

Specified annually

Projects involve collaboration between at least two (interdiscipliary) Luxembourg research teams

Projects make use of existing expertise and resources available in Luxembourg

Specified annually

International collaboration (researchers, industry and business groups) and sustainable knowledge transfer

Builds on existing Luxembourg research collaborations, and desire to collaborate internationally

Specified annually

Source: FNR Programme descriptions, www.fnr.lu/en


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2.7 Summary and initial assessment of the logic model This section has provided a summary of the ‘logic model8’ that was intended on creation of the Fund. This will provide the basis for the subsequent evaluation of FNR’s programmes9. CMI’s initial assessment of the coherence of the FNR logic model is that it is characterised by a relatively comprehensive series of programme and accompanying measures covering key natural, physical and social scientific fields. In its time since establishment the FNR appears to have evolved as a relatively distinct model within the wider public R&D funding context10. By focusing on multiannual programmes, with 100% funding, the Fund has effectively removed some of the constraints placed on CRPs to seek, and respond to private sector funding – characteristics of other funding streams available to such institutions – and allowed the possibility for a greater degree of fundamental research. A key feature of the current FNR logic model is that effort has been placed on producing an ‘inclusive’ approach with no obvious11 scientific areas excluded from consideration. The FNR programme descriptions, for example, are written in such a way that it has generally been possible for researchers to align their proposals to one or more thematic area12. Such equality is also evident in the budgetary split between the programmes with most programmes in the 6 to 7.5 million € range. VIVRE is the exception to this, however, as it effectively combines a wide range of social sciences domains into one programme. The inclusive approach adopted by FNR is largely a result of its establishment in a research landscape characterised by pre-existing research institutions and priorities. Indeed, at the time of FNR’s launch in 1999 each CRP already had its own remit and funding relationship to the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research. For

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The term ‘logic model’ refers to the intended model of a programme. Such models are typically ‘constructed’ in order to ‘identify a specification of what must be done to achieve the desired goals, what other important impacts may also be anticipated, and how these goals and impacts would be generated’ (see DG Regional Policy (no date) ‘Evaluating Socio-economic Development: Sourcebook 2, Techniques Tools and Models’, http://www.evalsed.info/).

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The primary focus of this evaluation is of the progress made by the FNR’s programmes. This chapter, however, also devotes attention to the wider activities of the FNR as it is recognised that these influence and shape many aspects of the programmes. 10

More comments on these points can be found in Ohler, F. (2005) OECD Country Report of Luxembourg’s Innovation Policy: Background Report Draft’, November, Report to the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research. 11

From the Luxembourg context.

12

Although feedback from several interviewees suggests that this ‘fit’ has not always been comfortable. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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this reason, it is perhaps, understandable that the Fund has shied away from focusing on a small number of tightly defined programmes. CMI recognise, however, that FNR is now looking to target its programmes in a more strategic manner, and this underpins the Foresight exercise. A further key feature of the FNR logic model has been the emphasis placed on evaluation and monitoring of the FNR projects and programmes. Unlike other forms of funding for public R&D in Luxembourg the FNR has implemented a systematic procedure for monitoring based on initial external peer review of proposals, and subsequent monitoring by experts abroad13. This aspect is one that constitutes good practice for scientific assessment and typically found in most other countries. Programmes are also expected to produce not only scientific outputs. They are also focused on providing socio-economic benefits for Luxembourg. Reference should also be made to the emphasis placed on cooperation. Here, it is clear that the Programmes recognise that Luxembourg, as a small country, can benefit from collaboration between researchers, as well as from interacting with international scientific excellence present in the wider region and Europe. Such features are clearly embedded in the FNR general criteria, as well as the programme descriptions. The FNR also has one particular programme – INTER – that focuses on this dimension. With respect to the individual programmes CMI has reviewed the ‘logic’ models of the programme proposals. This analysis suggests that the programmes largely follow a common and ‘logical’ model, incorporating analysis of the underlying situation and challenges, the priority domains and axes/mechanisms for support, as well as the intended outputs and outcomes (expressed as ‘compliance with the FNR criteria’). The precise depth and specificity of the intended outputs and outcomes does, however, vary between the programmes. In particular, it appears that the more recent programmes have tended to rely (BIOSAN, INTER and TRASU) on more generalised statements of intended outputs/outcomes, drawn from FNR’s mission. It is also difficult to discern from a large proportion of the programme descriptions what the FNR expects in relation to scientific quality. Indeed the majority of Programme descriptions, with the exception of the EAU, TRASU and INTER – which specify intended outputs in relation to international publications, active conference participation and patents – do not specify features that constitute high scientific quality. Although the general criteria are more specific about what FNR is seeking from research projects, these general criteria are not always fully adapted to the objectives of each programme A further underdeveloped aspect of the Programme descriptions (relative to the general evaluation criteria) was the limited attention given to the budgetary breakdown. The requirement for ‘a balanced breakdown between the acquisition of 13

In very few exceptions local experts are consulted.


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expertise, actual research work, dissemination and exploitation of the research findings, and other support mechanisms’ - is set out in the General FNR Criteria (see exhibit 1 above). All programmes, however, tend to focus on the overall budgetary allocation per annum. Again, the lack of consistency between the general criteria and programme statements is of concern, in the sense that it may lead to lack of clarity on FNR’s objectives amongst the researchers. Overall, it seems clear that future programme descriptions should benefit from more standardised format. In particular, CMI suggest that the contents of each programme should be standardised based around a ‘programme logic model’ approach. That is, the contents of each programme should state clearly14:

Introduction, background, needs, rationale (context) Detailed description of priority strands and eligibility (mechanisms) How the programme complies with the Fund’s criteria, including how the criteria apply specifically to the programme, and an indicative budget breakdown (intended outputs/outcomes) This structure, we believe, will give researchers a clearer understanding of what is expected of their research projects. It will also help future evaluation of the programmes by aligning them to the intended outputs in a more direct manner.

3.

Operational and management effectiveness

The FNR programme logic model identified in section 2 identifies a number of important FNR operational and management mechanisms, including selection, monitoring and final evaluation. The actual implementation of these mechanisms is assessed in turn below, drawing on CMI’s desk and interview analysis (including FNR staff, stakeholders, and senior researchers).

3.1 Programme selection The current FNR programmes were identified from two separate calls for programme proposals issued in 2000 and 2002. These calls were issued to relevant research bodies (public and private) in Luxembourg. Selected proposals were then reworked and assessed by groups of assembled experts. Draft programmes were then presented to the CS for amendment and to the CA for final approval. The proposals were ultimately submitted to the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research for financing.

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The bracketed areas refer to the key components of a programme logic model, as outlined in section 1. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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The initial FNR programmes were therefore identified through a bottom up approach. In this respect the origins of the programme ideas lie in the suggestions made by researchers in Luxembourg. This, in many ways, can be viewed as a democratic way of identifying priorities. The main drawback is that these programmes are closely aligned to the current priorities of research actors in Luxembourg. This point was noted in several interviews with senior researchers, who argued that some programmes were felt to be narrowly defined, and based around the requirements of a selected researchers/research groups. In the opinion of some researchers, this resulted from the situation where the experts (drawn largely from the CRPs) created programmes that were highly applied in content. It also resulted in a situation where programmes were developed, in part, by the very same researchers that would later seek funding under them. This is clearly difficult to avoid in a country the size of Luxembourg. FNR is, however, seeking to redress this issue through the use of strong consultative mechanisms embedded in the foresight process. Not withstanding the weaknesses noted above, the senior researchers largely felt that the programme selection process was appropriate for the time – based as it was on what was possible at start up of an organisation. It was also sensitive to the views of the key stakeholders and the requirement for inclusivity. There does, however, seem to be general consensus by both senior researchers and the FNR that now was the time to make this process more transparent. Indeed, the FNR has moved, in the context of the Foresight exercise, to place strategic and future oriented priorities at the centre of its next round of programmes. CMI’s view, therefore, is that FNR has shown itself to be an adaptable organisation capable of evolving and learning on the basis of practice. In relation to future research priorities many suggestions were given by researchers and these have been inputted into the long list of priorities developed as part of the Foresight exercise (phase 1). In general, researchers were keen to point out that FNR should continue to support existing, as well as new research areas. This was felt to be important for building on core competencies and responding to continuing needs of society and the economy. There were also some suggestions from industry and government interviewees, in particular, that as a small country Luxembourg should focus its future research priorities on a small number of areas meeting the socio-economic criteria noted above. This was a point of contention, however, with some interviewees from industry arguing strongly that this should result in priorities most relevant to the needs of industry. The area of social sciences, in particular, raised much debate, with strong views as to its relevance raised. On balance, however, most felt that social and human sciences had an important role to play in Luxembourg research, particularly from a societal perspective – for example, contributing towards policy development (for example a draft competition law has been proposed by the University of Luxembourg), responding social problems (CEPS


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INSTEAD, for example, produce research on social and poverty issues for use by policy makers and researchers) and so on15.

3.2 Project selection The project selection process is one that follows a systematic process of expert assessment by assembled experts from abroad16, facilitated by the Rapporteur. All results of these evaluations are then forwarded to the CS for pre-selection, and CA for final decision. Again, the CA/CS reserves the right to request modifications to this research proposal prior to signing of a contract. Adhering to general international practices, a key element of this selection process is the use of the anonymous peer review process – that is, the names of the experts remain confidential. This process was identified for criticism by a large number of senior researchers during the interviews. In particular, researchers questioned this mode of assessment in relation to transparency. A small number of researchers were of the opinion that the evaluation of project applications lacked consistency17, and that such decisions had been subjected to lobbying at the CA/CS. A further example of concern was expressed by a senior researcher who pointed out that he had been asked to evaluate a proposal, despite having a clear vested interest in the particular research area18. While CMI has not been able to assess these claims – and recognise that they may stem in part from the fact that the evaluation process is not familiar to many Luxembourg researchers, FNR’s ‘customers’ clearly perceive that more could be done to improve confidence in the project assessment process. These are clearly important issues for FNR to address. CMI recognise, for example, that FNR has sought to follow best practice in its evaluation of project proposals through the use of the international standard of anonymous peer review. At issue, however, is the level of trust amongst the researchers with regard to project selection. At present such trust would appear to be quite low in the selection system. While the system is clearly not flawed FNR should seek to ensure that a clearer and more consistent feedback is given to unsuccessful research applicants.

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However, few examples of specific and clear impact from social science research projects were noted during the research. This reflects the difficulty on identifying such impacts from social science research - time lags between the research and implementation of a social change, difficulties in disaggregating the impact of research on social changes and so on. 16 In very few exceptions local experts are consulted. 17

One case was illustrated where, in the researcher’s view, the evaluators’ feedback was very positive, but the explanations given for the rejection of the proposal were not sufficient from the researcher’s perspective.

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It should be noted, however, that no evidence was found to suggest that this individual progressed on to perform a proposal evaluation. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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One issue raised by both senior researchers and industrialists relates to the delay experienced in the launch of the merged projects retained in the TRASU programme. This was perceived to be unacceptable given the competitive nature of industry and the ever shortening time to market. CMI understand that there were many reasons for this particular delay – not all the responsibility of FNR. It will be important however to learn the lessons from this episode for the future.

3.3 Monitoring In order to facilitate monitoring FNR has established Steering committees for each of its programmes. Although the Steering Committees generally held every 12 to 18 months for all Programmes CMI note that the actual scheduling has been approached in a highly flexible manner – lacking as it does, a mandatory timetable of meetings. This is understandable given the age of most projects, however, programmes are now at the stage where it should be possible to introduce a more systematic and mandatory scheduling of Steering Committees. CMI believe that the Steering Committees represent a vital function in making the link between individual project progress, and the overall programme goals. The key challenge, however, is one of ensuring that the Steering Committee is sufficiently briefed on this mission, and given sufficient data in order to achieve this. Here, we understand that there has been some teething problems – notably early Steering Committee meetings tended to focus on evaluating projects rather than programmes. These problems have been addressed. The related issue of sufficient data, however, remains. In this respect CMI note that the FNR does not require research projects to report according to standardised indicators (based on the evaluation criteria). While this situation has arisen because of the young age of the programmes, the lack of indicators clearly makes it difficult to assess progress against objectives. While indicators will not negate the need to ‘see and hear’ from the project researchers at Steering Committee meetings, we believe they would provide a valuable complement to the Steering Committee in meeting its overall mission. It would also be beneficial at the CA/CS – indeed this point has been made by a number of members of the CA. It is important to note, as suggested by one member of the CA, that such indicators may require care when interpreting. We agree with this view, and would recommend that FNR carefully consider potential indicators (some of which are suggested in section 4.2 below), and work to ensure shared understanding of them19. A further issue in relation to Steering Committees is the question of whether they should undertake project visits. Again, no specific procedure exists for such visits, 19

Note, the recently launched FNR management system has been designed in a way that will allow them to be easily inputted once defined. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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although they have occurred in some instances. CMI believe that such visits are not absolutely vital, given the presence of project teams at the Steering Committee meetings. However, as long as they do not compromise the overall mission of the group (to assess the progress of the programme) then we believe they should be available as an option where a strong case can be made for such a visit. Finally, the question of the composition and role of the CS emerged from several interviews. Several interviewees, for example, felt that it was often difficult for representatives of the CRPs and University to participate in discussions of projects that concerned their organisation. This was felt to result in uncomfortable discussions, and the potential for lobbying (as noted above). CMI recognise that this feature is enshrined in the Law, making change less than straightforward. We believe, however, that such concerns have the potential to undermine stakeholder’s confidence in the governance of FNR. For this reason we support the introduction of the proposed ‘code of ethics’ produced by the FNR secretariat.

3.4 Final project reporting Few projects have reached the final reporting stage. We note, however, that consideration is being given to the necessary procedure to be adopted. Here, CMI would urge this process to be undertaken by an independent evaluator, as foreseen by the FNR, in order to ensure fully objective assessment. In addition to the final report, the FNR intends to seek reports 3 and 6 years after the project has concluded. Furthermore, the usage of equipment acquired through the project needs to be reported every year for a 5-year period after the end of the project.

3.5 General administration General day-to-day administration of the FNR programmes is undertaken by the FNR secretariat. The primary perspective of senior researchers interviewed is that the secretariat has developed itself as both a professional and competent organisation. This was highlighted in a range of positive comments:

FNR is transparent and has good staff It is easy to work with them FNR is open to discussion FNR compares well with other funding sources in Luxembourg It isn’t overly bureaucratic Has good contacts to research actors in Luxembourg CMI’s view is that the secretariat has played an important role in ‘operationalising’ the FNR programme logic model. It was noted, for example, that the FNR secretariat was unable to draw on a large body of pre-existing administrative procedures. Indeed, although the Law and Regulations specify key operational procedures the FNR Secretariat has had to construct the supportive administration ‘infrastructure’ Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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underpinning these procedures – for example: forms, database, and reporting systems. In this respect FNR’s experience has been analogous to one of a start-up company – lacking specialist staff and functions20. This has resulted in administrative procedures being developed in a ‘learning-by-doing’ style, and has given the secretariat more responsibilities than were originally envisaged. While efforts have been made in recent years to formalise procedures in greater depth, through regular meetings, work shadowing and coordination with international agencies (ERA-NETs, for example), such efforts should be fast tracked, particularly given the fact that the FNR has been operating for more than five years. They also need to be ‘codified’ to allow such knowledge to be retained in cases of staff turnover. A particularly important ‘procedure’ requiring development concerns the premature ending of projects. This has only occurred in one case, to date, however FNR should agree a standardised procedure for future instances. Further areas to be explored and agreed will be a more standardised approach toward the level of detail required for monitoring data collection, and an agreed format for the project’s final report. A number of the issues noted above fall within the heading of knowledge management. In such small organisations the danger is that vital knowledge becomes embedded in core individuals. As the secretariat grows, however, CMI recommend that care is taken to formalise administration procedures in a manner that makes them easily shared through some form of knowledge management system. Again, the management system provides a starting point for this.

3.6 Summary FNR has clearly had a substantial challenge in implementing the Law and Grand Ducal Regulations. It has, in many respects, had to introduce a process of ‘learning by doing’ with respect to its administration and procedures. The feedback from researchers, here, has been very positive, with the FNR viewed as a competent and professional body. A number of key issues were identified, and these are discussed below. Transparency and trust in the programme and selection process was identified as an issue by many researchers. Beginning with programme selection, the current programmes were selected using an approach largely relevant to an organisation in a start up phase. The introduction of the Foresight exercise, we believe, provides a strong message to researchers that FNR is now taking seriously the input of stakeholders.

20

Although this situation is naturally beginning to change with, for example, the recruitment of a public relations officer.


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In relation to project selection, while FNR are using internationally recognised evaluation procedures, there is clearly more work needed to build trust. At present researchers, including both those that have successfully applied for awards, and those that have been unsuccessful, believe that the process lacks transparency. The FNR should consider, therefore, whether it can improve this process. Possible areas to consider could be encouraging a greater standardisation of feedback given to researchers to evaluate proposals. The introduction of a code of ethics will also aid confidence in the selection process amongst the research community. A further issue relates to the lack of indicators for monitoring progress against aims and objectives. This has been identified by a number of interviewees, as well as by the International Experts assembled in December 2004. CMI believe that it is now time to develop these indicators, following several years of project progress. This will require some expert input to define the precise indicators (some are suggested in section four below). It will also require effort to build a shared understanding of their use and potential.

4.

FNR programme outputs and outcomes

The achievements of FNR and its programmes are analysed below, beginning with activity levels. Outputs and outcomes against the FNR evaluation goals and evaluation criteria are then considered.

4.1 Overview of programme activity Since 2000 the FNR has launched a total of eight programmes (plus the extension of BIOSAN). In these programmes a total of 57 700 000 Euro has been made available to researchers in Luxembourg, with some 48 991 405 Euro committed by March 2006. Demand under each of the Programmes has been high, resulting in a large proportion of available funds being allocated. In total 55 projects (March 2006) have received programme funding to date, with additional projects likely under further calls for SECOM, NANO, VIVRE and INTER. In value terms the programmes range from 5 million Euro (EAU) to 12 million Euro (VIVRE). The majority of FNR programmes, however, fall within the range of 6-7 million Euro. The majority of the Programmes are due for completion by 2008, with the exception of INTER due for completion in 2011 (see exhibit 3). Exhibit 3: FNR programme summaries

FNR Programme Security and efficiency of new practices in ecommerce for all socio-economic actors (SECOM), 2000-2007


Amount available 7 500 000

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New Materials and Nanotechnology (NANO), 2000-2008 Sustainable management of water resources (EAU), 2000-2007 Health and Biotechnology (BIOSAN), 20022008 Living tomorrow in Luxembourg (VIVRE), 2002-2009 Medical Aspects of Aging (PROVIE), 20042008 Surface treatment (TRASU), 2003-2009

6 700 000

6 000 000

5 000 000

4 804 630

6 000 000

6 000 000

12 000 000

4 814 882

2 500 000

2 170 000

6 000 000

6 000 000

Food safety (SECAL) , 2003-2009

6 000 000

5 881 533

International Cooperation (INTER), 2006-2011 Total Balance remaining

6 000 000 57 700 000

6 000 000 48 991 405 8 708 595

The status of projects is further analysed in exhibit 4 below. This identifies the current progress of projects under each programme. This suggests that the majority of projects are in progress, with some 6 projects completed. Only 1 project has been aborted. Exhibit 4: Current project status (March 2006)

Programme SECOM NANO EAU BIOSAN VIVRE PROVIE TRASU SECAL INTER TOTALS

Projects completed

Projects in progress

1 0 4 1 3 1 0 0 N/A 10

10 3 4 6 10 3 1 7 N/A 44

Projects aborted

Total projects

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 N/A 1

11 3 8 7 14 4 1 7 N/A 55

The 56 projects funded by FNR’s 9 research programmes vary in length, with the majority ranging between two to four years. A breakdown of the duration of these projects is provided in exhibit 5 below: Exhibit 5: Duration of projects

Years

0–1

1-2

2-3

3-4


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4-5

5-6

6-7

7-8

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No. of project s

5

6

18

12

7

6

1

1

The VIVRE programme has by far the largest number of projects (14), followed by SECOM (9) and EAU (8). The TRASU programme, in contrast, contains only one project, which has received 6 000 000 Euro for the period 2003-2009. With the exception of the TRASU and INTER programmes, the NANO programme hosts the highest funded project with the European Centre Specialised in the Characterisation of Materials at Nanometre Scale (4 000 000 Euro). This is followed by BIOSAN’S project on Vaccines against Low Molecular Weight Antigens: Novel Strategies and Application (1 546 503 Euro); and SECOM’S EFFICIENT: e-Business Framework (1 499 978 Euro). The programmes with the lowest funded projects were EAU’s project on Detailed Hydro-chemical Characterisation of Subterranean Waters in Lux – GEAUSOUT (57 760 Euro) and PROVIE’S pre-study on Aspirin Non-Responders in Elderly High Vascular Risk Patients in Lux (75 000 Euro). Aside from TRASU and INTER, the NANO programme provided the highest project funding on an average basis (1 112 500 Euro), followed by SECAL (975 255 Euro), BIOSAN (857,142 Euro), SECOM (745 308 Euro), EAU (600 578 Euro), PROVIE (457 000 Euro), AND VIVRE (289 475 Euro). This shows that despite receiving the highest level of programme funding, VIVRE allocates its funding to a wider number of smaller projects compared to other programmes. Five of the 55 projects supported by FNR’s programmes involve an additional second phase. While additional phases are not always necessary these examples illustrate a degree of continuity. Indeed, this can help to provide a solid foundation to researchers to plan and develop their research strategies for the future. These projects are detailed below:

Analysis of Biological Tissues with Nano/SIMS (NANO) Anti-tumour Vaccination with Dendritic Cells Pulsed with the Help of Apoptotic Mammary Tumour Cells (BIOSAN)

Vaccines against Low Molecular Weight Antigens: Novel Strategies and Application (BIOSAN)

Prospective Evaluation of Neuropsychological and Biological Characteristics of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and of Associated Sub-Clinical Health Problems (PROVIE)

Mobile Expert & Networking System for Systematic Analysis of Nutrition – based Allergies – MENSANNA (SECAL) Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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FNR has also launched a programme of Accompanying Measures. achieved in the 2004-2005 period are set out in exhibit 6 below.

The outputs

Exhibit 6: Overview of supported accompanying measures

Code

Title of the measure

2004

2005

FNR contribution & number of projects supported (in brackets) MA1

Various measures for promoting R&D

152 460 (13)

164 320 (7)

MA2

Active participation of novice researchers in conferences

39 116 (39)

53 526 (25)

MA3

Organisation Luxembourg

380 181 (40)

375 271 (29)

MA4

Scientific publications

53 577 (25)

51 173 (6)

MA5

Preparation of EU projects

10 000 (1)

0 (0)

MA6

Mobility of researches

115 219 (16)

149 722 (9)

MA7

Training in research project management

0 (0)

2 516 (2)

SF

Science Festival

0

420 000

of

scientific

conferences

in

This exhibit suggests that MA3 – organisation of scientific conferences accounts for the largest sum of FNR funding support over the two years in question (2004 and 2005) – some 755 452 Euro allocated amongst 69 conferences. This is followed by the biannual science festival (420 000 Euro), MA 1 – measures for promoting R&D (316 780 Euro allocated amongst 20 projects), and MA 4 – scientific publications (104 750 Euro, from 31 projects). Relatively little funding, however, has been allocated to MA 7 - training in research project management (2 516 Euro for 2 projects), and MA 5 – preparation of EU projects (10 000 Euro allocated to 1 project).

4.2 Programme outputs and outcomes The achievements of the FNR programmes are, at this stage of their development, difficult to identify with certainty – particularly given the fact that few projects have been completed. The results presented below, therefore, should be viewed as mid term outputs, rather than outcome findings. As noted in section 3.3 FNR has not sought to collect standardised indicators, but has monitored the progress of programmes in a less structured way. In order to gain an understanding of progress, CMI has sought to work with the FNR programme supervisors to construct indicators based on their detailed knowledge and data sources. Interviews have also been undertaken with Programme Rapporteurs, and researchers in receipt of FNR funding.


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Perhaps the main message that should be conveyed in this evaluation is that researchers highly value the contribution that FNR programmes make to the research landscape in Luxembourg. Such funding sources were perceived as opening up new opportunities for fundamental and applied research in a positive manner. The fact that such support was not tied to an industrial collaboration was also felt to be a valuable feature. Indeed, such factors were perceived to be providing the possibility of a new type of research culture in Luxembourg in which more fundamental types of research are valued along side applied research. The outputs of FNR can also be expressed in relation to the substantial increases in public funding that it has made. This has helped to generate at the ‘headline’ level:

Increasing numbers of researcher hours supported21 (including international recruitment) – here FNR has supported some 1,910 additional person*months between 2004 and the end of 2005. More research projects (some 55 new projects supported by FNR since its launch) Investment in new research infrastructure (some of which, such as the NANO equipment is relatively unique in the EU context)

In order to focus this assessment these points are explored in more detail. The discussion is structured around the FNR’s own evaluation criteria:

scientific quality socio-economic impact mobilisation of national resources realistic in the Luxembourg context appropriate budget breakdown of research expenditure

4.2.1

Scientific quality

NOTE: section contains information to be updated at a later stage A key indicator of scientific quality outputs is international recognition of the publications deriving from research. Exhibit 5 below, for example, suggests that almost half of the programmes have begun to generate outputs in the form of peer reviewed publications, with a total of 59 peer reviewed publications in total. This was consistent with the interview findings which suggested that senior researchers are, with a small number of exceptions, committed to publishing at this level where possible. 21

Anecdotal evidence also suggests a greater number of researchers returning to Luxembourg as a result of funding provide by FNR.


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Skills development, however, would appear to be an area that outputs are likely to be promising. The final column in Exhibit 7 provides details of PhD training associated with the FNR research. This suggests that some 26 PhD projects are underway (non completed) in all but one of the programmes (EAU). As these researchers represent the future of Luxembourg research, the support for such projects represents a clear and positive example of how FNR is contributing towards research capacity in Luxembourg. Exhibit 7: Scientific quality indicators22 Programme

Indicators

Peer reviewed publications

SECOM NANO EAU BIOSAN VIVRE PROVIE TRASU SECAL INTER TOTALS

Conference papers

4 5 23 4 23 0 0 0 N/A 59

Other publications

18 8 9 6 33 0 0 0 N/A 74

9 6 50 9 5 0 0 0 N/A 79

PhDs in progress

5 4 0 4 5 1 5 2 N/A 26

In order to put these figures into context, Exhibit 8 provides details of publications generated from all sources in Luxembourg. This suggests that publication numbers have increased in the years following the creation of FNR (as has the ‘impact’ of these publications, defined by citations). The most important programmes, as identified in Exhibit 6, have been EAU and VIVRE (23 peer reviewed publications each). Indeed, as a proportion of the number of projects, the EAU programme appears to have performed particularly strongly with its eight projects generating an average of almost 3 peer reviewed publications per project. While caution is needed in interpreting such results23 it is it is clear that some of the increase noted since FNR was created, can be linked to the peer reviewed publications generated under its projects. Exhibit 8: Luxembourg publications 1995-2004

Period

Number of peer reviewed publications

1995-1998

283

22

Latest data available.

23

It is not clear, for example, that all of the FNR publications ‘counted’ will be in the totals presented in Exhibit 7.


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1998-2001

356

2001-2004

471

Source: “Results of bibliometric study on Luxembourg science in an international perspective”, Leiden University. 2006

Peer reviewed publications are typically viewed as the international ‘gold standard’ of research quality. It should be noted, however, that many of the projects supported by FNR have more applied goals, for example the use of existing knowledge to solve a particular problem, or underpin an industrial application. In such cases it is clearly more difficult to meet the originality criteria typically associated with the scientific peer review process. That said, however, such research does contribute to other aspects of scientific quality identified in the FNR evaluation criteria – notably creativity, use of scientific methods, production of new expertise and so on. For this reason, Exhibit 6 also identifies conference publications and other forms of publication. This suggests that such publications exceed peer reviewed publications by a ratio of 1:2.6. In this respect there are no accepted standard ratios on which to base an evaluation of FNR’s performance. These figures would, however, appear to be in the boundaries of examples identified24.

4.2.2

Socio-economic impacts

Identifying socio-economic impact from research is less than straightforward given the potential distance between research results and their implementation in a commercial or social sphere. To gain an understanding of impact in these areas two potential indicators are reviewed – patent applications, new products, processes and services. These should not be considered as comprehensive indicators of the socioeconomic impact, but rather indicative of the type of indicators that might be considered by FNR. Patent applications, as an indicator, refer to the protection of intellectual property underpinning intended products, processes or services. They are ‘concerned with, for example, how things work, what they do, how they do it, what they are made of or how they are made’25. In this respect patents typically refer to scientific knowledge that has been manipulated into a format that brings it closer to market use. Interviews with FNR staff indicate that few projects have yet to produce patents. One project with a patent, however, was identified in the BIOSAN programme. This concerns an innovative home monitoring product. Care, again, is typically required in interpreting such indicators as patents are not necessarily relevant to some scientific areas - notably the social science projects in VIVRE for example. They also do not indicate that the patent will be commercially exploited. The Exhibit does, however, provide the FNR with a useful benchmark by which to measure future progress. 24

Walby, A; Kelly, A-M, and Georgaka, C. (2001) “Abstract to publication ratio for papers presented at scientific meetings: How does emergency medicine compare?”, Emergency Medicine, Volume 13. 25

UK Patent Office, www.patent.gov.uk


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A further indicator area for socio-economic impact is the number of new products, processes and services. Such outputs from research projects do not necessarily need to be patented (or are not capable of being patented) in the sense that they do not have a high degree of novel content, or are easy to copy. Examples of products, processes and services do, however, have the potential to contribute real (socio)economic benefits to Luxembourg – particularly in the longer term when research is disseminated/implemented within the economic sphere. A short selection of examples from FNR-supported projects, that are, or have the potential to make such impact are outlined below.

New laws, rules and regulations • Co-authoring of a new law on electronic transactions • Proposal for a draft competition law for Luxembourg • Contribution to a new water directive; CRTE acting as an environmental consultant to the construction industry in Luxembourg

• Contribution to the new School Law (Loi scolaire), replacing the law of 1912

Databases and analytical systems • Survey and datasets for example, the Luxembourg component of the European Social Survey 2003, the Longitudinal Household Panel data.

• GIS databases (various), including biodiversity in Luxembourg, archeological patrimony of Luxembourg, climatology and land use change in Luxembourg

• Database of ground waters in Luxembourg New products and services • Educational courses including 1 bachelor and 2 master courses at the University of Luxembourg

• New toolset for designing business to business electronic transactions • New web-interface aiming at determining the quality and classifying water flows

• Develop a personal allergy assistant (PAA) to identify and avoid allergens in food

• New detection methods for GMOs • Development and modelling of new lighter steels Prototype commercial opportunities Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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• Prototype of a new health-related home monitoring system • Pilot water treatment plant Hesperange with new technology of Kaldness A review of the list above suggests that few of the projects have reached a stage where research has contributed towards the creation of commercial benefits in the form of new jobs, or the improvement of clear societal benefits. Several projects do, however, hold the prospect of such impacts in the future, notably those where a new company is being created, or where new knowledge is being transferred to a company. A key issue, here, will be to ensure that FNR has the capacity to monitor such outputs. This again will require monitoring of projects over time, given the fact that socio-economic outputs are typically longer term in nature and a long-term follow-up (3/6-year post-project reports) is therefore to be encouraged. In relation to societal impacts a similar position exists, with many outputs in the area of creation of new data. This is clearly part of the mission of improving the stock of knowledge in Luxembourg. However, it is difficult to determine real examples of how such data and understanding about society is being translated into societal benefits. The listing, above, does however provide some examples of how this process might operate in a societal context – for example new laws and regulations. The role of the biannual Science Festival, while not a specific programme, should also be noted in this context. This event has recently attracted over 20,000 people to various exhibits, workshops and conferences in Luxembourg. FNR is also supporting the ‘Young Scientist Club’ and ‘Mini researcher’ contest organised to introduce young pupils to science and technology. CMI are not aware of any specific indicators that are collected in association with these events, however exposing a significant proportion of Luxembourg’s society to research findings is likely to make a positive impact over the longer term. A similar point can also be made about several of the Accompanying Measures promoting international collaboration and exposure to Luxembourg research. These projects hold the potential of raising awareness of Luxembourg and its research resources internationally – thus contributing towards a more positive image for international researchers, and in turn potential visitors and investors. Again, however, more detailed research would be needed to identify this type of impact.

4.2.3

Mobilisation of national resources

FNR has successfully encouraged researchers in Luxembourg to undertake collaborative research. In relation to private sector partnerships, a number of programmes stand out, as anticipated, including NANO and TRASU, plus VIVRE and SECOM (see exhibit 9 below for more details). Interestingly several companies have


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participated in projects from more than one programme26. The presence of these, and other, companies in FNR projects highlights a potential route by which the research results can be adopted in a commercial context (see section 4.2.1 above). It also suggests that the programmes have responded well to the interdisciplinary needs of some companies. Exhibit 9: Private sector actors mobilised in FNR projects

APSI Arcelor Research Association des Banques et Banquiers du Luxembourg Ateliers Nic Georges Balzers CeodeuxPuretec Cératizit CF6 CircuitFoil Conostix DarcEdge Ewald Giebel Forum Europa asbl Foyer St Joseph Bettembourg Foyer Ste Elisabeth Galvalange GoodYear Hermann & Valentiny KBL Luxtrust Maison Maria Consolatrix Heisdorf Novelis Péchiney Telindus TrefilArbed

The FNR programmes have also successfully mobilised a number of partners in the public service. Exhibit 10 below shows these public partners: Exhibit 10: Public sector actors mobilised in FNR projects

Administration des Services Vétérinaires Administration de l'Eau Administration de l'Environnement Administrations communales diverses, en particulier Berdorf, Bertrange, Differdange, Echternach, Mertert, Mondorf-les-Bains et Remerschen ASTA Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg Centre hospitalier neuropsychiatrique Ettelbruck CSI Direction de lÁménagement du Territoire et de lÚrbanisme (DATUR) Direction de la Santé Hôpital Kirchberg 26

GoodYear Technical Centre, Circuit Foil, Certatizit and Novelis, for example.


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Laboratoire National de la Santé Musée National d´Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) Nanobeams Platinnov Syndicat des Eaux du Sud (SEBES) Service de la Gestion de l'Eau Service des Sites et Monuments Nationaux (SSMN) Service Géologique des Ponts et Chaussées (SGL) SIDEN Société Nationale des Crédits à l'Investissement State Informatics Center

Mobilisation has also been evident in the collaborations between Luxembourg research organisations. This is particularly true for the EAU, SECAL, VIVRE, SECOM, and TRASU programmes. Exhibit 11 below suggests that almost half of all FNR projects27 launched to date have involved collaboration between other public research partners. Exhibit 11: Collaboration in FNR-supported research projects

Number of partners

Number of projects

Projects where 2 public research institutions have collaborated

14

Projects where 3 public research institutions have collaborated

4

Projects where 4 or more public research institutions have collaborated

7

Such collaborations represent a positive feature of FNR programmes, given the relatively small research base in Luxembourg. Indeed, anecdotal evidence suggests that such collaboration has not been a typical feature of the Luxembourg research landscape in the past. FNR has also noted the emergence of new stakeholders in its later project calls such as the VIVRE call in 2005 – for example, the Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg, Archives du Luxembourg and Banque centrale du Luxembourg. Overall, the senior researchers saw the growth of collaboration as a positive feature on the whole, with FNR funding noted as the basis for helping researchers to:

Interact with industrial partners (who would not have been able to invest in the project)

Save several years of basic research by bringing in international expertise Providing access to complementary knowledge Enabling interdisciplinary research at the CRP 27

25 out of 55 projects have involved collaboration between two or more research partners.


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Attracting international researchers to a technology platform, and opening this up to other Luxembourg researchers

In the case of TRASU such partnerships were directly encouraged by FNR. Interviews with the respective partners revealed a degree of bitterness in the way that this was handled by FNR at the time. In hindsight, however, both parties appear more comfortable with this relationship after the difficult early stages. There is clearly a need for FNR to take a strategic approach to collaboration in future – given the size of the country. It will need to ensure, however, that this is done in as sensitive a manner as is feasible – in order to ensure the long term harmony of the research system. Furthermore, in order to further enhance this strategic role – with respect to public-private research partnerships, it will be important that a stronger partnership is developed with relevant partners such as the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Luxinnovation and so on (as identified in the OECD report). A final aspect of the mobilisation achieved by FNR programmes is the presence of a significant number of international collaborators in a range of programmes28 (see exhibit 12 below). Such partners are primarily located in adjacent countries such as France, Belgium, Germany, as well as further a field in the UK, Spain and Canada. Several collaborations as part of the NANO programme were also noted. Again, CMI view these collaborations as a positive aspect to the programmes helping to expose Luxembourg researchers to expertise located outside of the country. It is also likely to have raised the visibility of Luxembourg research29, although we do not have objective measures of this process. Exhibit 12: International partners in FNR-sponsored projects Université de Liège, Belgium University of Louvain, Belgium Financial Law Institute de l’Université de Gand, Belgium Direction de lÁrchéologie, Ministère de la Région wallonne à Namur, Belgium Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Belgium Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie d’Electrons (LISE – Université de Namur), Namur, Belgium Unité de PhysicoChimie et de Physique des Matériaux (PCPM – Université de Louvain la Neuve), Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Cameca, France Orsay Physics, France Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Surfaces (LSGSEcole des Mines de Nancy), Nancy, France Laboratoire de Physique des Milieux Ionisés (LPMIA Université de Nancy), Nancy, France Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide Minéral (LCSM – Université de Nancy), Nancy, France Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Plasma et Traitements de Surface (LGPPTSENSC), Paris, France University of Nancy2, CODISANT research group, France Paris V, France INSERM France Université Joseph Fourier, France Instaitut National Ploytechnique de Grenoble, France Centre de Recherche en droit financier de l’Université de Paris I ( PanthéonSorbonne ), France Centre du droit de l’entreprise de l’Université Robert Schuman – Strasbourg 3, France Université de Saarbrücken, Germany

28

The EAU and SECAL programmes are the main exceptions, here, with partners primarily located within Luxembourg. 29

And this is likely to increase following the introduction of the INTER programme, and participation in Framework programmes. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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Université de Trèves, Germany Fachbereich VI G Geographie/Geowissenschaften, Germany Zentrum für Umfragen (ZUMA), Mannheim, Germany Staatliches Konservatoramt des Saarlandes, Germany Referat 6 Praktische Bodendenkmalpflege, Saarbrücken, Germany Universität Würzburg, Germany TU Berlin, Germany Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Netherlands HEC Lausanne, Switzerland Centre de droit bancaire et Financier de l’Université de Genève, Switzerland EFPL Lausanne, Switzerland Consortium of Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA); University of Toronto, Open College, Canada JPL/Caltech, University of Toronto, UPC Barcelona, Spain University of London, Goldsmiths College, Department of Education, UK University of Newcastle, UK University College London, UK Univeristy of Plymouth, UK

4.2.4

Realistic in the Luxembourg context

Each project funded by FNR is assessed by experts to ensure that it is scientifically/technically challenging, and that the project proposers are competent, and have sufficient resources to undertake the project within the time available. It has not been possible, in this evaluation, to study individual projects in detail to assess the degree of ‘realism’ in the Luxembourg context. Furthermore, understanding the extent to which a project is realistic is only likely to be possible in the years that follow the end of a project. CMI’s discussions with programme rapporteurs and analysis of programme steering group reports have not, however, indicated any particular concerns in this area. Indeed, the fact that only one project has been aborted suggests that projects have been largely technically feasible (to date). One potential issue, however, is whether it is possible for evaluators based in other countries to make a systematic assessment of a project’s realism in the Luxembourg context. Clearly, there are important reasons for selecting external experts (independence, for example). FNR will, however, need to ensure that the evaluators have sufficient knowledge of the Luxembourg context in order to provide accurate assessments.

4.2.5

Appropriate budget breakdown

As noted in section 2.7 above, the funding available for each programme is relatively well balanced between the programmes (with the exception of VIVRE, which is essentially an amalgam of a series of programme areas). While this was a reasonable and understandable approach to have taken, CMI do not detect a strong rationale for the funding amounts allocated, particularly in the early programmes. Furthermore, questions have been raised by several stakeholders as to whether a greater degree of variability in funding allocations per programme is needed. In particular, it was pointed out that some areas of research are typically more expensive than others (for example, requiring investment in equipment and facilities). This would appear to be an important question worth exploring in the next phase of the Foresight programme.


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A further aspect to FNR’s budget breakdown is the requirement for projects to show budget balances between acquisition of expertise, actual research work, dissemination of findings and other supporting measures. CMI understand that FNR is unable to provide such data. CMI recognise that ensuring balance between research and dissemination is potentially important to the overall mission of FNR. It will be important therefore that consideration is given to collecting such data in future. The collection of such data will, however, require clear contractual guidance to researchers. More importantly, it will also require FNR to commit to actively using such data in their management of programmes.

4.3 Other output issues The interviews with senior researchers revealed that FNR projects demonstrate a level of project additionality. That is, many of the research projects would not have gone ahead, or gone ahead at a much slower pace, or at the same scale as would have been the case without FNR funding. In this respect the FNR project funding has not duplicated existing funding sources available in Luxembourg. Similar findings are also likely to be evident with respect to the Accompanying Measures. Here, the main outputs are likely to emerge in relation to hosting of international scientific conferences, attendance at international meetings, and support for publications (various examples of each were in areas such as health, law, engineering and so on). Some criticism of the measures was noted – notably the funding available for conferences was not felt to be sufficient, and the inflexibility of the call-based system did not always fit in with requirements. Overall, however, the feedback from researchers with respect to accompanying measures was positive. Indeed, the main impacts are likely to derive from the fact that such activities help to expose Luxembourg researchers to international excellence, as well as promoting Luxembourg research on an international stage. A further output issue that has emerged relates to the issue of ‘behavioural additionality’30. This refers to the difference in researcher behaviour resulting from the intervention. One area noted from the interview research relates to project management. Although formal take-up of the project management strand of the Accompanying Measures was limited, the interviews with researchers suggest that the requirement of FNR to follow a structured process of proposal writing and reporting alongside the actual research has, by default, encouraged a greater attention to project management. This was reflected in the description of one researcher as a ‘shock to the system’. CMI’s view is that these skills would not have been developed at this pace without the FNR support. It is also likely that such skills will help Luxembourg’s researchers to take better advantage of international funding sources.

30

Georghiou L (2002) Impact and Additionality of Innovation Policy in Boekholt P (ed) Innovation Policy and Sustainable Development: Can Innovation Incentives Make a Difference? , IWTObservatory:Brussels.


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Whether there is a requirement for FNR to fund such skills development is open to question. Indeed, given the fact that researchers have not used the formal Accompanying Measure (MA7) in this area, FNR may wish to emphasise other accompanying measures31. It could, for example, be argued that FNR’s systematic monitoring requirement encourages the development of project management skills through a process of ‘learning by doing’. CMI’s view, however, is that this approach to building project management skills may benefit from being complemented by formalised training - particularly amongst younger researchers entering into their first contracts with FNR. Indeed, in such cases formal support may help to increase the speed at which researchers are able to ‘professionalise’ their project management skills. The challenge for FNR, in this respect, is one of promoting the availability of this measure and encouraging its use amongst junior researchers.

4.4 Summary One of the main challenges in assessing the outputs32 achieved by FNR is the absence of systematic monitoring indicators and data. For the purposes of this project we have assembled, with the help of FNR programme supervisors, a number of indicators. It will be important, however, that FNR considers the development of both quantitative and qualitative indicators in more detail. While it is too early to draw definitive conclusions on FNR’s achievements, the findings reported in this section suggest that FNR is valued by the Luxembourg research community. From an objective stance it would appear that its strongest contribution would be towards raising the overall scientific content of Luxembourg research (from a low base). Indeed, measures such as the introduction of evaluation and monitoring are providing ‘new ways of doing things’ for Luxembourg researchers, and in this respect are helping to bring about behavioural additionality. A further area of positive contribution is the mobilisation of researchers - both within Luxembourg, but also internationally – through collaborations. Such collaborations, as noted above provide an important mechanism to raise the profile and expertise of Luxembourg research landscape. In relation to socioeconomic impact the findings are less conclusive. FNR projects, to date, do not show strong evidence in relation to economic criteria such as company competitiveness, societal benefits. This is partly due to the age of the projects. It is also due to the fact that FNR has not sought to support applied projects exclusively – its mission is one of broad based support of applied and fundamental research.

31

Note, the focus of FNR’s Accompanying Measures is largely a question of what strategy it chooses to adopt. A strategy focused on business benefits from research, for example, would emphasise stronger technology transfer measures. 32

The age of the FNR programmes precludes the identification of longer term outcomes.


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A final issue is how these criteria should be treated. Some stakeholders have suggested that economic impact should be the most important output from projects, but CMI would point out that this approach could go against the requirements of the FNR Law. Indeed FNR would potentially lose its distinctiveness in the Luxembourg research funding landscape if economic criteria were to dominate its assessment of projects. This, for example, would result in overlaps with funding provided by the Ministry of Research and the Ministère des Classes moyennes, du Tourisme et du Logement. .

5.

Conclusions and recommendations

In this final section the main strands of the findings are brought together to form conclusions. These are presented in the form of issues arising, and resulting recommendations.

5.1 Coherence of the FNR programme model The findings, here, suggest that the FNR has carved out an important niche in research funding in Luxembourg, providing funding based on a relatively unique33 ‘package’ of funding based on principles such as:

Up to 100% funding, not requiring private sector contributions Competitive funding, strong evaluation mechanisms Based on national research priorities Requirement for scientific quality and socio-economic benefits Cooperation between research institutions Supporting a greater degree of fundamental research

The findings from this evaluation suggest that FNR is underpinned by a coherent logic model, characterised by a broad series of programme and accompanying measures covering key natural, physical and social sciences in Luxembourg. In this respect the FNR has adopted a relatively inclusive approach. This approach largely stems from the requirement of FNR to seek the ‘buy in’ of pre-existing actors at the time of its creation, as well as the lack of a structured approach to assess competing funding opportunities.

33

In the Luxembourg context.


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Broadly speaking the results of this evaluation indicate that FNR has evolved as a valued and well respected organisation, whose clients (principally researchers34) find it to be a professional and competent operation. Researchers were also noted to be highly motivated to input in the foresight exercise, and this further suggests that the FNR has become accepted as an important actor within Luxembourg’s public R&D landscape.

5.2 Operational and management issues Several issues are raised about the clarity and consistency of the programme management. Overall, FNR has responded well to the challenge of launching a start up operation. A number of key challenges remain, however, and these are discussed below.

Programme definition

The approach taken to developing the programmes (bottom up, plus expert input) has enabled the FNR to produce workable programme descriptions. A clear issue for the FNR is that its past approach of seeking to be bottom up and inclusive in its selection of projects (i.e. covering most areas of research currently taking place in Luxembourg) is unlikely to produce a sufficient degree of strategic input and critical mass. This attention to national strategy issues will clearly be important moving forward. It is, for example, evident that most other countries are moving towards stronger prioritising, and CMI recommend that: FNR should maintain a strategic and prioritised focus to its future programme selection in order to best achieve critical mass (R1). It should also be noted that this is likely to result in differential funding allocations between programmes. It is also clear that greater attention will need to be given to ensuring the transparency of the programme selection process. This, to a large extent, is being delivered through the use of interactive foresight methodologies (a process that stakeholders were largely positive about). It will be important, however, that future programme descriptions follow a common ‘logic model’ approach, that clearly highlights FNR’s expectations regarding important output matters such as scientific quality. A number of recommendations are relevant here: FNR should seek to improve the quality and consistency of their future programme ‘descriptions’ through the use of a common template and clear statements of research project output requirements (R2). FNR should also seek to maintain the principles of interactive consultation / foresight in its future programme selection (R3).

Call for proposals

34

The companies interviewed as part of this process did not exhibit a high degree of awareness of the FNR’s programmes. This is to be expected given that public sector researchers are the primary beneficiaries. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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A further issue that will need to be addressed in the programmes is the ability for researchers to achieve continuity. In this respect the programme descriptions do not, for example, provide early indication of the number of calls and the resulting timescales. This makes it difficult for researchers to plan their activities beyond the short term. FNR should seek address the issue of continuity by indicating the number of calls and the according timescale in the programme definition (R4) It will also be important that FNR work with researchers to ensure that the projects submitted under the calls are done in the most efficient manner possible. The current proposal system, for example, requires researchers to invest a significant amount of time in developing a proposal without a clear understanding of whether it is likely to be relevant to the programme (note, this is also an issue related to the broad nature of the programme descriptions – see R3). It also exhibits inefficiencies in the way that IPR negotiations take place once projects are accepted by FNR. This tends to elongate the project application process, and in many cases such issues could be addressed by project partners much earlier. A number of recommendations are relevant here: FNR should establish a two step procedure with a light evaluation after preproposal reception. This would help to prevent researchers investing valuable time in writing proposals that are not consistent with the criteria of the call (R5). FNR should avoid long delays due to IPR negotiations after the projects have been accepted, by requiring that such issues should be settled by the time the proposal is submitted (R6).

Project selection and transparency

Researchers were also concerned about the transparency of the project selection process. This appears to have resulted in a situation where some researchers do not have trust in the FNR selection and evaluation mechanisms. CMI recognise that FNR has sought to be as open as possible, however, it is clear that efforts are needed to restore trust for future programmes and projects. While CMI believe that FNR’s reliance on peer review evaluation procedures follows international good practice, a number of recommendations are relevant: Transparency in project selection should be addressed through trust building activities such as strongly publicising the merits of the selection process, and greater attention to the consistency and level of feedback provided to successful and unsuccessful applicants (R7). FNR should consider the implementation of a code of ethics at CA/CS level as a means of increasing confidence amongst the research community (R8). A further project selection issue that is that of timeliness of decisions. This is particularly important where private sector input is important to the project. In the case of the TRASU programme on such collaborative project has taken a significant amount of time to achieve implementation – much to the dissatisfaction of partners Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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concerned. CMI recognise that the reasons for the long delay were complex, and not always in the control of FNR. Moving forward, however, it will be important that this experience does not prove off-putting to FNR - as such collaborations are important. CMI recommend, therefore, that: FNR should work with partners to minimise significant delays in the implementation of future projects involving collaboration (R9).

Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring of FNR projects is mainly done via intermediary scientific and financial reports. Although most projects report on an annual basis, this is not formally required in the contracts between FNR and the beneficiaries. This has resulted in a relatively inefficient situation of variable reporting levels amongst the projects. FNR should therefore ensure that project reporting is undertaken on an annual basis covering the past calendar year (R10). A further key element of monitoring progress is the periodic meetings of the programme steering groups. CMI recognise that these play an important role in identifying project impacts, and relating these to the programme as a whole. We have concerns, however, that such groups do not always have sufficient information on which to assess progress. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that some groups have focused more on monitoring projects, than programmes as a whole. CMI recommend, therefore that: FNR should define the scope of the Steering groups more clearly and should ensure Steering Groups are sufficiently briefed on their mission vis-à-vis ‘programme, not project monitoring’ (R11) Timing of the Steering Groups has also been variable. This, in part, has been linked to the fact that programmes have different start dates, and that projects need to make progress before it is possible to assess them through meetings. CMI believe, however, that a more formalised approach to periodic meetings will help in relation to overall monitoring. It will also enable FNR to address programme failings at an earlier stage than is currently the case. FNR should instigate a regularised programme of Steering Group meetings (R12) A further issue raised during the research related to whether Steering Groups should undertake project visits. The suggestion was that such visits would enable the groups to better understand progress. CMI’s view is that this may be a valuable complement to reviewing the written outputs of a project in certain circumstances. We believe, however, that given the time and expense involved the need for such visits should only be encouraged in those cases that a strong case can be justified. FNR should encourage Steering Group site visits where absolutely necessary to achieving the mission of monitoring progress (R13). Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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FNR does not currently use indicators to monitor progress against aims and objectives. This issue has been identified by a number of interviewees. CMI believe that now is the time to develop these indicators, following several years of project progress. This will require some expert input to define the precise indicators (some are suggested in section four below). It will also require effort to build a shared understanding of their use and potential. As a starting point, such indicators will need to reflect the Funds overall objectives, as embedded in its criteria: FNR should identify metrics that are consistent with the Fund’s overall objectives, and use this framework to monitor the progress and contribution of the projects (R14).

General administration The evaluation findings suggest that FNR’s programme administrative procedures have progressed in a ‘learning by doing’ manner with limited focus on ensuring codification. This, again, has been a natural feature of a young organisation. The time is now right, however, to ensure that procedures are clearly set out in writing, and standards agreed by staff. By codifying procedures in this way FNR will also help to ensure that knowledge is retained within the organisation, rather than individuals. This will be particularly important if (as appears likely) FNR grows in size, significantly, in the coming years. CMI recommend therefore, that: FNR should, in light of its expected growth, pay stronger attention to knowledge management issues, and in particular its development of codified and standardised operational procedures covering all stages of project launch to completion (R15).

Accompanying measures The findings from the evaluation research suggest that accompanying measures are highly valued by the research community in Luxembourg. They appear to be particularly important in relation to international exposure of Luxembourg research. The breakdown of funding allocation suggests, however, that they have been less important in relation to funding for project management skills. CMI’s view is that the accompanying measures represent a good spread of support funding oriented towards both socio-economic (technology transfer projects, Science Festival) and academic excellence outputs (conference attendance, publications etc.). The funding available for project management skills (MA7) has not been taken up by researchers. CMI believe that, on balance, such funding is important. It is recommended, therefore, that: FNR should consider establishing stronger project management skills in Luxembourg’s young researchers, for example a seminar for young researchers (either from FNR projects or grantees) covering topics like project management, or measures to promote MA7 funding to those researchers entering into their first FNR project (R16). Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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In the course of the evaluation research a number of potential options for new accompanying measures were identified. These have not been scrutinized in details, but the following recommendation is made: FNR should assess new measures to enhance its portfolio, including publicprivate partnerships (in collaboration with LI), International researchers networks, and Technology transfer for FNR projects. These should be based on analysis of need and contribution towards the overall mission of FNR (R 17).

Partner relations The FNR’s governance models allows for a certain degree of interaction with a range of stakeholder ministries via the CA. CMI’s view, however, is that at the institutional level more can be done to build ‘two way’ links to such organisations. In this respect, it appears that FNR do not always have a clear understanding of the direction of such organisations. Indeed, such links will also help FNR to better understand the strategic needs of various ministries. CMI recommend, therefore, that: FNR should seek to establish stronger ‘two way’ links with relevant ministries and public research organisations (R. 18).

A further area for FNR to explore will be the creation of greater links between researchers and research users can be built. CMI believe that this will help to better ensure dissemination of research findings (in accordance with FNR overall mission), as well as helping research users to highlight their needs to researchers in a more direct manner. In this respect CMI recommend that: FNR should consider the creation of measures to enhance the outreach of FNR programmes and projects. One such option would be to establish “Accompanying Committees” composed of research users for each FNR programme (R. 19).

5.3 Output issues The findings from this part of the evaluation suggest that the FNR programmes are beginning to make important contributions across the full range of its evaluation criteria. The main output areas and issues are reviewed below.

Scientific quality The strongest contribution of FNR’s programmes would appear to be raising the overall scientific content of Luxembourg research (from a low base). Here, measures Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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such as the introduction of evaluation and monitoring are providing ‘new ways of doing things’ for Luxembourg researchers, and in this respect are helping to bring about behavioural additionality. In relation to output indicators, the results here, point to FNR sponsored researchers contributing towards a general upswing in the publication of peer reviewed papers. FNR should ensure that it has access to a full range of bibliometric data in order to monitor scientific quality (R 20).

Collaboration A further positive contribution of FNR programmes has been their role in mobilising researchers - both within Luxembourg, but also internationally – through collaborations. Such collaborations, as noted above, provide an important mechanism to raise the profile and expertise of the Luxembourg research landscape. The collaborations noted between researchers and the private sector are a further important element. Such partnerships also present a route by which FNR projects can become closer to the needs of industry. Care is needed, however, ensure that the balance between fundamental and applied research is maintained in the programmes. FNR should encourage private sector participation, rather than leadership in projects where relevant - for example, in instances where vital knowledge is only available in this sector, or where technology transfer opportunities are strong (R 21). In this respect FNR should also seek to maintain the distinctive features of its operational model – notably its focus on 100% funding, and industry as a beneficiary, but not funder of research (R22).

Socio-economic impact In relation to socio-economic impact the findings are less conclusive. FNR projects, to date, do not show strong evidence of strong economic benefits such as company competitiveness or societal benefits. This is partly due to the age of the projects. It is also due to the fact that FNR has not sought to support applied projects exclusively – its mission is one of broad based support of applied and fundamental research. It will be important, therefore, that FNR develop appropriate mechanisms to track the impact of its projects as they mature in the future. Researchers were particularly keen to ensure that FNR did not emphasise economic criteria at the expense of social criteria. This is particularly important for researchers in areas that are distantly connected to industry (some social science and humanities for example). Here, there was a suspicion that socio-economic was often code for ‘economic’. CMI concur that the value of research projects should not simply be viewed from an economic perspective. Indeed, other forms of value such as social and environment are similarly important.


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FNR should ensure that economic criteria for project selection are not implemented at the expense of social criteria (R23).

5.4 Overall objectives In the final section of the evaluation it is important to address the issue of the contribution of programmes to the overall mission of FNR. This mission is repeated below to aid the purposes of the assessment:

Create new competence and knowledge Strengthen existing competence and knowledge Develop national and international synergies in order to increase the attractiveness of Luxembourg as a scientific and economic site of excellence Drawing on the findings of this evaluation the results suggest that FNR’s programmes have undoubtedly resulted in the development of new and existing competence and knowledge. This is evident in the creation of new projects, support for PhD student training, and the investment in underpinning research infrastructure. Such competence has also been aided by the emphasis placed on collaboration between researchers. This, as many interviewees noted, is an important feature for research given the relatively small size of Luxembourg. FNR’s projects have also exposed researchers to expertise outside the boundaries of Luxembourg. It can also be speculated (as only anecdotal evidence is available), that the exposure of Luxembourg’s researchers in this manner will increase its attractiveness as a site of scientific and economic excellence.

5.5 Recommendations The recommendations emerging from this evaluation can be summarised as follows; FNR should… R 1. Maintain a strategic and prioritised focus to its future programme selection in order to best achieve critical mass R 2. Improve the quality and consistency of its future programme ‘descriptions’ through the use of a common template and clear statements of research project output requirements R 3. Maintain the principles of interactive consultation / foresight in its future programme selection R 4. Address the issue of continuity by indicating the number of calls and the according timescale in the programme definition. Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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R 5. Establish a two step procedure with a light evaluation after pre-proposal reception. This would help to prevent researchers investing valuable time in writing proposals that are not consistent with the criteria of the call. R 6. Avoid long delays due to IPR negotiations after the projects have been accepted, by requiring that such issues should be settled by the time the proposal is submitted. R 7. Address transparency in project selection through trust building activities such as strongly publicising the merits selection process, and greater attention to the consistency and level of feedback provided to successful and unsuccessful applicants R 8. Consider implementation of a code of ethics at CA/CS level as a means of increasing confidence amongst the research community R 9. Work with partners to minimise significant delays in the implementation of future projects involving collaboration R 10. Ensure that project reporting is undertaken on an annual basis covering the past calendar year. R 11. Define the scope of the Steering groups more clearly and should ensure Steering Groups are sufficiently briefed on their mission vis-à-vis ‘programme, not project monitoring’. R 12. Instigate a regularised programme of Steering Group meetings R 13. Encourage Steering Group site visits where absolutely necessary to achieve the mission of monitoring progress R 14. Identify metrics that are consistent with the Fund’s overall objectives, and use this framework to monitor the progress and contribution of the projects R 15. Pay stronger attention to knowledge management issues, and in particular its development of codified and standardised operational procedures covering all stages of project launch to completion R 16. Consider establishing stronger project management skills in Luxembourg’s young researchers, for example a seminar for young researchers (either from FNR projects or grantees) covering topics like project management, or measures to promote MA7 funding to those researchers entering into their first FNR project. R 17. Assess new measures to enhance its portfolio, including public-private partnerships (in collaboration with Luxinnovation), International researchers networks, and Technology transfer for FNR projects. R 18. FNR should seek to establish stronger ‘two way’ links with relevant ministries. R. 19. FNR should consider the creation of “Accompanying Committees” to enhance the outreach of FNR programmes and projects. R. 20. Ensure that FNR has access to a full range of bibliometric data in order to monitor scientific quality R 21. Encourage private sector participation, rather than leadership in projects where relevant - for example, in instances where vital knowledge is only available in this sector, or where technology transfer opportunities are strong Annxex II_FNR Programme Evaluation final1.doc

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R 22. Maintain the distinctive features of its operational model – notably its focus on 100% funding, and industry as a beneficiary, but not funder of research R 23. Ensure that economic criteria for project selection are not implemented at the expense of social criteria


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Annex III: Public research landscape in Luxembourg

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1. Introduction1 This report provides results from CM International (CMI)’s review of the Luxembourg public research landscape. These results represent an important input into the FNR Foresight exercise, providing details of the current picture in terms of public research funding, institutional activity and future plans. The early results from the chapter were used as part of the Exploratory Workshop held on May 19th 2006. The results presented are based on a comprehensive programme of research which included:

annual reports of key institutions such as the University, CRPs, Luxinnovation and FEDIL, statistical publications and research undertaken by STATEC, Conseil Economique et Social (CES) Evolution Economique, Sociale et Financière du Pays, the OECD Country Review of Luxembourg’s Innovation Policy. November 2005, and Competitiveness of Luxembourg: a straw in the steel”. Lionel Fontagné. Results of a bibliometric survey undertaken by CWTS, Leiden University, Netherlands. Institutional interview survey with the Minister, Secretary of State, and officers of the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research, FNR administrative board and scientific council members, secretary general, programme supervisors, and programme rapporteurs Senior researcher interview survey (24)

The structure of the report is as follows: an outline of the main socio-economic indicators and trends facing Luxembourg (2), research actors (3) and their activities (4), plus future trends (5).

2. Main socio-economic trends 2.1 Population and employment in Luxembourg The total population in Luxembourg in 2004 was of 451 600 people, of which 223 000 are men and 228 000 are women. The country hosts a total of 174 200 foreigners, who account for 38.6% of the total population. These foreigners come from the following countries2:

1

Please note that this chapter is in preparation as Bibliometric analysis and competence survey still to be

completed 2

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Exhibit 1: Luxembourg employees and their country of origin

Country

Number of people

Portugal

63 800

Italy

18 900

France

21 900

Belgium

16 000

Germany

10 300

Britain

4 600

Netherlands

3 600

Other EU

9 600

Other

25 500

In terms of their representation in the workforce, the foreign workforce accounts for more than 50% of the total occupied people in Luxembourg. The foreign workforce includes a range of foreign nationals from countries such as France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal (see Exhibit 1 below). Exhibit 2 also indicates that newly hired workers from France and Belgium have declined from their high points in 2001. This is likely to be linked to the slowdown in the economy noted above. Exhibit 2: Newly hired foreign workers from 2001 to 2004

12000 10000 2001

8000

2002

6000

2003

4000

2004

2000

243

Po rtu ga l

Sp ai n

Ita

ly

Fr an ce

Ne th er la ds

Be lg iu m

G er m

an y

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Source STATEC (web site)

Exhibit 3 provides a sectoral breakdown of newly hired foreign workers per industry. This suggests that by far the most workers have been hired in the banking/insurance/commerce sector (2001-2004). This is closely linked to the economic structure of Luxembourg. Overall, the table also indicates that service sectors (banking, transport, domestic and other services) account for the majority of all newly hired workers. Exhibit 3: Newly hired foreign workers per industry

Sector Agriculture, sylviculture Extractives industries Manufacturing industries Civil engineering and construction Commerce, banks, insurance Out of which: real state, lease an service to enterprises Transports, communications Hotel industry Domestic services Services in general

2001 91 6 1864 2401 14301

2002 116 5 1585 2451 11815

2003 122 8 1545 2446 11218

2004 142 9 1546 2408 11968

9479 3105 2013 161 1860

8335 2529 2021 175 1680

8198 2884 2000 192 2218

8566 2866 2068 192 1695

Source STATEC (web site)

It is important to recognise that the foreign workforce is composed not only of immigrants, but also cross-border workers. In recent years, white collar and blue collar workers have commuted, in growing numbers, from the border countries of France, Belgium and Germany to work in Luxembourg. As Exhibit 4 indicates, this creates a situation where a relatively large proportion of the country’s workforce lives outside of Luxembourg. Exhibit 4 Percentage of cross border workers by country of residence Country of residence

2001

2002

2003

2004

Belgium

27,5

28,8

29,6

30,8

France

53,3

55,5

56,8

59,2

Germany

19,3

20,6

22,4

24,4

Source STATEC

As these foreign countries have little incentive to learn the national official language - the Lëtzebuergesch – Luxembourg has become multilingual to a large extent. National policy 244

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makers have adopted a relatively pragmatic approach to these trends and have accepted German and French3 as administrative languages.

2.2 Economic performance in Luxembourg The economy of Luxembourg is synonymous with a high standard of living and wealth. From 1980 to 1995, the economy grew by an average of over 5%. From 1995 to 2000, the country experienced an economic expansion that exceeded international economic trends. Indeed, in 2000 GDP growth amounted to 9%. According to STATEC, the expansion of the financial sector, one of the pillars of the economy and responsible for one-third of the GDP, was the main factor that promoted this growth. In this sense, the strong specialisation of the country has had a positive impact. However, the strong specialisation also increased its vulnerability to economic fluctuations. As a result, in the years that followed this sector was responsible for the subsequent negative developments. Indeed, as Lionel Fontagné notes in his report4, the economic growth of the country slowed during the years 2001 – 2002 (GDP growth of 2.1% in 2001 – OECD report), mainly due to the difficulties experienced by the financial sector. In this respect the burst of the stock market bubble towards the end of the 1990s had a significant impact on the sector. Despite this slowdown, in 2003, inhabitants from Luxembourg were still twice as rich as others Europeans (EU 15, in average) and enjoyed a purchasing power above American consumers5 (see exhibit 5).

3

French is also the language of the Law in Luxembourg.

4 “Competitiveness of Luxembourg: a straw in the steel”. Lionel Fontagné. P. 43 5 As mentioned in the OECD report “Since Luxembourg has a relatively large number of frontier workers, their GDP per capita is overstated compared with other countries. Such workers contribute to the GDP but are excluded from the population figures.” P. 65. 245

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Exhibit 5: GDP per capita, 2003 at current prices, USD, based on current purchasing power

GDP per capita in current prices, PPP, USD, 2003

60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

Lu x U emb ni te ou d r St g at N es or w ay Sw Irel itz and M er aj la or nd se ve Au n s D tria en m C ark N an et he ada rla n U ni Au ds te st d r Ki alia ng d Be om lg iu Ic m el an Sw d ed Fi en nl Fr an an d ce (1 Ja ) pa n E G U1 er 5 E u ma ro ny zo O ne EC D Ita -T ot ly al (3 O EC S ) D pa in E N ew uro Ze pe al a G nd re ec Ko e r C ze Po ea ch rtu R ga ep l ub Sl ov Hu lic ak ng R ary ep ub Po lic la n M d e Tu xic rk o ey (2 )

0

Source: National Accounts of OECD countries, Main aggregates, Volume 1, updated October 2005, (1) Figures include Overseas Departments, (2) Country still using SNA 68, (3) OECD-Total includes 30 countries.

Luxembourg has also, despite its slowdown, performed well from a comparative international perspective. Indeed, between 1996 and 2004, the GDP of Luxembourg grew at a rate of 5.2%, while the economies of the Euro zone grew at a rate of 2.2%. Exhibit 6:Growth of GDP in % [1995-2004]

9,0

8,0

7,7

6,0 5,2 5,0

4,5 4,1 4,1

4,0

3,9 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,7 3,7 3,7

3,5 3,4 3,4

3,2 2,8 2,8 2,7

3,0

2,3 2,3 2,3 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,4 1,4 1,1 1,0

0,0 I Lu rela xe n m d bo ur g Ko re Sl P a ov ak ola R nd ep ub li Ic c el an d H un ga ry G re ec e Tu rk ey M ex Au ico st ra li Fi a nl an d Sp ai n C U ni ana te d da St N e a U w Z tes ni e al te a d Ki nd ng do N m or w Sw ay ed N et he en rla n Po ds rtu ga C ze Fr l ch an c R ep e u Eu bli ro c zo n Be e lg iu m Au s D tria en m ar k Ita G l y er Sw ma itz ny er la nd Ja pa n

Growth of GDP in % [1995 - 2004]

7,0

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Source: Source: OECD Productivity Database, July 2005

Recent forecasts (by CES) suggest that 2005 will see GDP growth of some 4% in Luxembourg. Moreover, for the years 2006 and 2007, STATEC continue to “foresee a sustained growth of the Luxembourg economy”6. 2.2.1 Industrial performance Industrial production was particularly dynamic during 2004. Indeed, according to the Economic and Social Council, the industrial production during the first semester of 2004 was the best registered since 1998. The favourable international context has had a positive impact on the industrial sector of Luxembourg in this period. STATEC, for example, report a growth of 7.5% of production volume for industrial enterprises. Turnover also increased by 20.6%. The industries showing the best results for 2004 are the energy industry (14.8%), the production of electrical and electronic equipment (14.6%), paper and cardboard/edition and printing (14.3%). On the other hand, the worst performing industries are: chemical industry (0.3%) and the production of machines and equipment (0.1%).7 The steel industry, which historically acted as the engine of the Luxembourg economy, is worthy of note here. In the 2004 period it registered a growth of 2.3%. Although this is a valuable contribution to the overall development of the economy, growth in this sector remains limited compared to the general industrial production. 2.2.2 Labour productivity Labour productivity in Luxembourg is comparatively strong. In 2004, for example, labour productivity amounted to 55.9 USD GDP per hour worked in 2004. As exhibit 7 demonstrates, labour productivity of Luxembourg achieved a compound growth rate of 2.2% from 1995 to 2004. The growth rate of the country was better than those of larger economies such as Belgium or France, and was above the Euro zone average.

6

CES\EV.EC.SOC &FIN., 2005

7 Source FEDIL 247

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Exhibit 7: Labour productivity, GDP per hour worked, compound growth rate [1995-2004]

6,0 5,3 5,0 compound growth rate in % [1995 - 2004]

4,5

4,0

3,0

4,4

3,7

3,0 3,0

2,9 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,3 2,3

2,2 2,2 2,0 2,0

2,0

1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,6

1,4 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,3 0,9

1,0

0,6 0,5

Sl ov ak

R ep ub lic Ire la nd C ze Ko ch r R ea ep ub li G c re ec Ic e el a H nd u U ni nga te ry d St at e Sw s ed Au en st ra li U F a ni te inla d n Ki d ng do m N Lu orw xe a m y bo ur g Fr an ce Ja pa n C an ad G a er m a Po ny rtu ga Au l Eu stria ro zo n Be e N l ew giu Ze m al an D en d Sw ma itz rk er la n M d ex ic o S N et pai n he rla nd s Ita ly

0,0

Source: OECD Productivity Database, July 2005

However, during the period from 1995 to 2004, the larger European economies saw these rates decrease (with the exception of Ireland). Luxembourg was no exception, recording a growth in labour productivity of only 2.2% during those years.

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2.2.3 Trade balance While the overall trade8 balance is deteriorating, the trade balance in services was characterised by positive development. Despite the rise of 10.4% (to 9.75 billion euros) of the national exports in 2004, the trade balance continued to deteriorate. Imports registered during the year rose by 10.2% to a total of 13.43 billion euros. Foreign trade was characterised by a rise in the trade of oil, metallurgical and steel products. However, it is important to underline that the rise in prices linked to these markets is largely responsible for the results registered. In terms of the geographical market distribution, exports to European countries rose by 12.2%, while exports to non-EU European countries grew by 33.7%. Finally, exports to the American Continent grew by 17.4%. However, despite these strong results, exports to Asian countries decreased by 18.3%. This decrease was the result of the strong performance registered in the previous year (42% in 2003)9. The creation of ICT service companies in the country affected the trade balance in services positively. This resulted in an improvement of the surplus in services trade of 17%. In this context, financial service exports (SIFIM excluded) which had decreased by 5% in 2001 and 2002, finally became stable in 2003 and contributed positively to the economy. 2.2.4 Labour market performance The economy of Luxembourg has considerable potential to create jobs and maintain a low level of unemployment. However, job creation in general has recently lost momentum. This situation is especially pronounced in industry and to a lesser extent in the financial services sector. “After 7 years of industrial job consolidation, the industry sees renewed job loss and employment levels in absolute terms have now fallen below the 1995 figures. Financial services, which had created large numbers of jobs after 1980, is seeing a slowdown of this pace…” (Fontagné, 200410) Exhibit 8 illustrates the evolution of the employment in key sectors, while exhibit 9 demonstrates the growth in productivity and employment in certain sectors from 1985 to 2001. These trends can be observed in the following exhibits:

8 The Economy in 2004. Fedil. Page 52 9 The Economy in 2004. Fedil. Page 53. 10 Competitiveness of Luxembourg: “a straw in the steel”. 249

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Exhibit 8: Evolution of employment by sectors (1985-2003 in thousands) Sectors

1985

1990

1995

2000

2003

Agriculture, hunting and sylviculture; fishing and

6,8

5,9

4,5

4,5

3,9

Industry, including energy

38,2

37,9

34,8

34,8

34,6

Construction

14,2

19,7

24,3

25,8

28,5

Trade; car fixing and domestic articles, hotels,

46,9

52,8

60,4

72,2

79,3

19,9

31,7

44,4

70,5

81,7

Other service activities

35

40,1

47,4

57,1

65,6

Total

161,1

188,1

215,7

264,8

293,5

aquaculture

restaurants, transport and communications Financial activities, real estate, rentals, and services to enterprises

Source: STATEC

Exhibit 9: Breakdown of growth in certain fields between 1985 and 2001 (employment and productivity)

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Source: STATEC

The number of jobs continued to increase during 2004, showing better results than during the year 2003. Indeed, according to FEDIL, while employment grew by 1.9% in 2003, it increased to 2.6% in 2004. In absolute terms, the average number of jobs in 2004 amounted to 301 706 (281 418 salaried and 20 288 independent). Despite these positive results, however, the number of unemployed people continued to rise. According to the Fontagné11 report, towards the end of 2001 the unemployment rate was 2.6%, while by the beginning of 2003 it had increased to 3.5%. One year later, at the beginning of 2004, the rate was over 4%. With regard to salaries, the average wage cost rose by 2.1% in 2003 and 3.2% in 2004. According to FEDIL, the hourly cost of labour rose by an average of about 3.6% per year during the period 1997 to 2003. This rise is 0.6% higher than the one registered in the Euro zone. For 2005, STATEC has estimated an annual rise of about 3% in salary costs. Indeed, the recent rise in salaries has contributed to a decrease in the overall competitiveness of the industrial sector. 2.2.5 Consumer market developments According to CES, consumer prices (except for oil-derived products) have fallen since 2002. This decrease has been more important for goods than for services. Final household consumption has increased by 1.8% in 2004 and by 1.6% in 2003. Despite this increase, it is important to recognise that levels of household consumption were still considerably higher in 2001, recording an annual growth of 5.1%. According to the Fontagné report12 this slowdown in household consumption is due to the general slowing down of the economy. The consumption situation is not the same for the public sector. Indeed, the public sector maintained its high level of final consumption. However, according to the OECD table set out in Exhibit 10, the general government total outlays as percentages of nominal GDP for Luxembourg are below the Euro area average.

11 Lionel Fontagné in his reports mentions that the Employment Administration (ADEM) considers as an unemployed or job seeker, persons without an employment, available and seeking an appropriate job not concerned by a measure for employment, indemnified or not having respected the obligations for the follow up established by the ADEM. 12 Competitiveness of Luxembourg: “a straw in the steel”. 251

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Exhibit 10: General government outlays

Annex Table 25. General government total outlays Per cent of nominal GDP 1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Australia Austria Belgium Canada

36,3 53,2 53,6 45,4

35,5 51,7 52,0 45,8

36,2 51,5 51,9 48,8

37,9 52,4 52,9 52,3

39,7 53,0 53,2 53,3

39,8 56,0 54,2 52,2

39,4 55,6 51,9 49,7

39,2 56,0 51,4 48,5

38,0 55,5 51,9 46,6

37,0 53,0 50,5 44,3

36,9 53,5 49,8 44,8

35,8 53,2 49,5 42,7

35,7 51,4 48,6 41,1

37,5 50,8 48,4 42,0

36,4 50,7 49,0 41,3

36,1 50,6 50,1 40,9

35,9 49,9 48,7 39,9

35,7 49,5 49,1 39,5

35,5 48,6 49,0 39,6

35,5 48,2 48,9 40,0

Czech Republic1 Denmark Finland France

.. 55,7 46,6 49,9

.. 56,1 44,7 48,8

.. 55,9 48,3 49,3

.. 56,5 57,1 50,5

.. 57,5 62,3 51,7

.. 60,6 63,6 54,3

.. 60,4 62,2 54,2

54,4 59,5 59,0 54,4

42,8 59,1 59,3 54,5

42,4 57,1 56,0 53,7

43,8 56,8 52,4 52,6

42,9 55,8 51,7 52,6

42,1 53,9 48,8 51,6

45,0 54,5 48,8 51,5

46,9 55,2 49,7 52,6

53,5 55,2 50,7 53,6

44,6 55,1 50,8 53,5

44,2 54,0 50,9 53,9

43,0 53,0 50,6 53,6

42,4 52,1 50,6 53,0

Germany2 Greece Hungary Iceland

45,3 44,0 .. 41,9

44,0 45,4 .. 44,4

44,5 50,2 .. 41,7

46,1 46,7 57,2 43,0

47,3 49,4 60,8 44,0

48,3 52,0 60,3 43,8

47,9 49,9 63,9 43,7

48,3 51,0 56,9 43,0

49,3 49,2 53,9 42,6

48,3 50,1 51,8 41,5

48,1 49,5 51,9 42,1

48,2 49,5 49,6 43,1

45,1 52,1 47,9 42,7

47,5 50,2 48,5 43,8

48,0 49,7 52,1 45,8

48,3 49,9 49,8 47,7

47,0 49,8 49,7 47,3

46,8 47,7 50,3 45,0

45,7 47,1 48,9 43,5

45,0 46,9 48,8 43,2

Ireland Italy Japon 3 Korea

48,5 51,5 31,9 18,1

42,7 52,8 31,1 19,2

42,9 54,4 31,8 20,0

44,5 55,5 31,6 20,9

44,9 56,7 32,6 22,0

44,7 57,7 34,3 21,6

43,9 54,5 34,9 21,0

41,2 53,4 35,9 20,8

39,3 53,2 36,4 21,7

36,8 51,1 35,1 22,4

34,4 49,9 36,2 24,7

34,1 48,9 37,8 23,9

31,5 46,9 38,3 23,9

33,2 49,2 37,8 25,0

33,4 48,5 38,3 24,8

33,5 49,3 37,6 30,9

33,7 48,7 37,5 30,9

35,8 49,2 37,4 30,9

35,2 48,5 37,6 30,9

35,2 49,0 37,8 31,1

Luxembourg Netherlands4 New Zealand Norway

.. 54,3 52,7 52,6

.. 52,3 52,0 52,2

43,3 52,5 53,3 54,0

44,6 52,6 51,5 54,9

46,5 53,5 49,5 56,2

45,7 53,7 46,0 55,1

44,7 51,4 43,0 54,1

45,0 49,3 41,9 51,5

45,4 47,6 41,0 49,0

43,7 46,3 41,7 47,2

42,1 45,3 41,4 49,6

41,6 45,0 40,5 48,1

38,6 43,4 39,3 42,7

39,1 45,4 37,8 44,3

43,7 46,2 37,4 47,5

45,0 47,1 36,7 48,9

45,2 46,6 36,4 46,7

46,1 47,7 37,6 46,1

45,4 48,1 38,5 46,3

44,7 46,6 39,0 46,5

Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain

.. 37,1 .. 40,0

.. 37,4 .. 41,3

.. 40,6 .. 42,5

.. 43,5 .. 43,9

.. 44,6 .. 44,9

.. 46,0 .. 48,4

.. 44,3 51,0 46,3

51,3 43,4 46,4 44,1

51,2 44,1 52,4 42,9

50,2 43,0 49,6 41,0

48,5 42,3 45,2 40,7

48,1 43,7 47,4 39,2

44,9 43,7 50,9 38,9

44,7 44,8 43,8 38,4

45,6 44,7 43,8 38,7

45,8 46,2 39,7 38,3

44,7 46,5 40,6 38,8

42,8 47,6 40,2 38,5

43,0 47,5 39,9 38,6

42,4 47,1 39,0 38,7

Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States5

60,1 .. 41,1 36,2

62,1 .. 40,5 36,1

61,9 30,0 42,2 37,1

63,3 31,7 44,0 37,8

71,8 33,8 46,1 38,5

73,0 34,7 46,1 38,0

70,9 34,7 45,3 37,0

67,7 34,6 45,0 37,0

65,3 35,2 43,1 36,5

63,0 35,6 41,5 35,4

60,7 36,1 40,2 34,7

60,3 34,6 39,7 34,3

57,4 33,9 37,5 34,2

57,0 34,8 41,0 35,3

58,4 35,7 41,7 36,3

58,7 36,7 43,3 36,7

57,3 36,7 43,9 36,4

57,2 36,9 44,9 36,6

57,1 36,5 45,4 36,9

56,3 36,1 45,7 36,6

Euro area Total OECD

47,8 39,6

47,2 39,3

48,0 40,2

49,3 41,3

50,4 42,4

52,0 42,9

50,9 42,1

50,5 42,1

50,7 41,8

49,3 40,6

48,6 40,2

48,2 40,0

46,4 39,1

47,5 40,1

47,8 40,7

48,3 41,3

47,7 40,8

47,9 40,9

47,3 40,9

46,9 40,7

Note: Data refer to the general government sector, which is a consolidation of accounts for the central, state and local governments plus social security. Total outlays are defined as current outlays plus capital outlays. One-off revenues from the sale of mobile telephone licenses are recorded as negative capital outlays for countries listed in the note to Table 27. See OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods (http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods). 1. In 1995, data reflect the large privatisation campaign which transferred some public enterprises to private ownership through vouchers distributed to the population, representing some 9.8 percentage points of GDP. In 2003, the activation of State guarantees, mainly for the banking sector, accounts for 6.4 per cent of total outlays. 2. The 1995 outlays are net of the debt taken on from the Inherited Debt Funds. 3. The 1998 outlays would be 5.3 percentage points of GDP higher if it included central government's assumption of the debt of the Japan Railway Settlement Corporation and the National Forest Special Account. The 2000 outlays include capital transfers to the Deposit Insurance Company. 4. The 1995 outlays would be 4.9 percentage points of GDP higher if capital transfers to a housing agency offering rentals to low income people were taken into account. 5. These data include outlays net of operating surpluses of public enterprises. Source: OECD Economic Outlook 78 database.

2.2.6 Summary In summary the main conclusions to emerge from this review of recent trends in the Luxembourg socio-economy can be described as following:

Strong population growth since the 1970s, with an important role played by immigration Important contribution of cross-border workers to Luxembourg economy

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Growth of multilingualism and fall in proportion of the population speaking the national language Increasing role of the services sector (including financial services) and related employment relative to manufacturing High standard of living and economic wealth, but specialisation has contributed towards gradual slowdown of the economy since 2000

This data suggests that future research in Luxembourg has the potential to respond to a number of socio-economic challenges associated with issues such as social inclusion and exclusion, the transition of the economy towards services, and its diversification.

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Current state of research activity 2.3 Public and private research expenditure Research and development in Luxembourg is primarily financed by private businesses, while publicly financed research is relatively low. As outlined in exhibit 11, gross domestic expenditure for the public and the private sectors combined amounted to 1.71% of GDP in 2000 (equivalent to 350 million Euro) - and was estimated to increase to 1.78% (equivalent to 420.5 million Euro) by 2003. Exhibit 11: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D GERD % of

GERD % of

GERD M€

GERD M€

GDP (2000)

GDP (2003*)

(2000)

(2003)

1.58

1.58

324

374

R&D

0.13

0.19

25

45

Higher education expenditure on R&D

32)

88

Source: Santé, Annual Report 2004. Extracted from the OECD country review

Key areas of study include36: LMBGM: basic research is focused first on molecular mechanisms of the progression of epithelium-derived cancers from a non-invasive to an invasive, life-threatening form. It also undertakes the coordination of a technological platform (www.microarray.lu) for functional genome analysis using DNA microarrays (DNA chips). The laboratory carries out international projects, teaching activities, participation in thesis defence committees and participations in scientific organisations among others37 Laboratory of Retrovirology: the laboratory has the objective of developing high quality research; describing the HIV epidemic at the national level; participating to international research projects; offering HIV infected people diagnosis and follow up services; contributing to university education in Luxembourg; being a partner of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry for external validation of laboratory assays and the development of anti-HIV drugs;

36

http://www.crp-sante.lu/en/Research.shtml

37

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being a be a partner for developing countries. Some of the projects partly financed by the CRP Santé are the “Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease: natural polymorphism and evolution under antiretroviral therapy” and the “Programmes for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child in Rwanda”38 Stralux: “The laboratory is the research arm of the National Immunology-Allergology Unit. It performs research activities in the field of allergic, immune and immunogenetic diseases. Through an intensive exchange between the Immunology-Allergology Unit and the SLIAPMB, the latter has acquired a solid expertise in varied matters such as bio-molecular characterization of allergens, biotechnology, and immunogenetics” “The laboratory is currently developing basic research activities in the design and testing of recombinant modified allergens for immunotherapeutic purposes. Through its research activities, the laboratory creates an environment of a high scientific level which is beneficial to an optimal patient treatment. Once new techniques have been fine-tuned and used, the research lab promotes their transfer to the routine laboratory.”39 Some examples of the research projects are the “Clinical, epidemiological, functional and immunogenetic analysis of the human immune response to animal serum albumins (project CRP-RCMS 10/98-3/2002) and the Sub-project: Characterisation of frog parvalbumin at the protein and DNA level l(project CRPRCMS 10/2001-3/2002)”. The laboratory also works on the Immuno-Allergological Polyclinic and teaching among others Laboratory of Haemato-Cancerology and Cellular Therapy: the laboratory aims at developing better understanding of apoptical mechanisms in pathologies such as the chronic lymphoid leukaemia and the neoplasy of the colon. Some of the activities are: a project (supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche) for the study of an anti-tumorale vaccination using dendritic cells pulsated by apoptotic cells; the study of chronic lymphoid leukaemia cells or the study of the tumours of the colon Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research: the activities are based on the remodelling after infarction. This is done on 3 levels: cellular, entire animal and private clinic. The Norlux Laboratory for Neuroscience Research: activities range from advanced basic science through to transnational research to clinical implementation. An important number of research personnel will work on the three major fields of medical research: basic science, transitional research and clinics.

The Public Research Centre for Health has defined three important axis for the future, focused on important diseases (cancer, heart-related diseases, etc): • Basic research • Generic activities • Focus on health economic issues

38

http://www.retrovirology.lu/

39

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In this context, public health is viewed as an issue of concern in all of the areas, with clinical competence as a key issue in areas such as: • Molecular cell biology and functional genomics • Generative biology – need for necessary infrastructure • Stem cell research In relation to genetics, proteomics and bioinformatics, the centre’s “projet d’établissement” for 2003-2008 defines as objectives: •

Interdisciplinary and pro-active approaches to technological and scientific challenges

•

Penetration in various areas, such as, oncology, cardiology, immunology, microbiology, etc

•

Use of advantages of our “small country in associating European and international high level partners

3.6 The University of Luxembourg As stated in the Law of August 12, 2003 and reflected in its founding principles the University of Luxembourg operates as a research-based institution. Not only is research its primary focus, it also aims to develop niches in which it can serve the interests of Luxembourg and achieve international recognition. Recognising that major research advances are most likely to be achieved by joining forces between teams of researchers from different disciplines, the university has given priority to the establishment of a small number of major, interdisciplinary centres. Furthermore, in order to avoid the traditional compartmentalisation, only a small number of academic faculties have been established. The university also aims to recognise its societal responsibility, and to contribute where possible to public policy development. Indeed, such responsibility is linked not only to law and social sciences but also in such disciplines as life sciences and ICT. In line with its research focus the university’s main degrees are research-oriented, i.e. masters and doctorates. The University of Luxembourg also offers a small number of undergraduate degree programmes at bachelor level which are broadly based and require students to spend some time abroad. A special emphasis will be put on the mobility of students and researchers. The respective research activities will be implemented through research projects on contractual basis with other research institutions and with industry. As in the CRPs, the administrative board is made up of representatives from industry. In its structure, the University of Luxembourg has three faculties: 1. Faculty of Science, Technology, and Communication (FSTC). Research is centred around five units:

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Computer Science Research Unit (Communication, Software engineering, Adaptive intelligent systems) Engineering Research Unit (Automation & Mechatronics, Construction & Design, Energy & Environment) Mathematics Research Unit (Geometry and analysis) Physics Research Unit (Thermal and elastic properties of 1, 2 and 3 dimensional nanostructured material, Radioactivity metrology and applications to environmental sciences; metrology in gravimetry; geophysics and geodynamics) Life Sciences Research Unit (Cellular signalling and Inflammation: blood vessels and cells, cell adhesion, cancer, cytokines, central nervous system glia, drug design)

2. Faculty of Law, Economics, and Finance (DEF). Research is structured in five research labs:

Institute of Transnational Law CREA (Applied Economics Research Unit) LSF (Luxembourg School of Finance) SMA (Services in Applied Mathematics) CESI (Institute of Complex Enterprise Systems)

As of 2004, the DEF has 1 director, 2 project leader, 4 researchers, 10 associate researcher of which 5 are women and 12 are men. 3. Faculty of Humanities, Arts, and Educational Science (FLSHASE). This faculty aims at the implementation of the following principles:

Inter-disciplinarily, in particular the study of the functioning and development of society in general and of Luxembourg in particular by sharing results from different disciplines. Linkages between education and training and research International co-operation with other universities are based, on the one hand, on a set of co-operation agreements which guarantee the mobility of students, teachers, and researchers and, on the other hand, on the carrying out of research projects on an international scale The multilingual nature of education, a fundamental characteristic of the Luxembourg society, is reflected both in the studies and in research and constitutes an advantageous factor likely to attract students from abroad.

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Coaching in the form of the tutorial system, which contributes to individualised training; it indicates a university education which is aimed at the development of academic and professional skills according to personalised programmes.

The future priorities of the young institution will continue to evolve positively and to grow. The number of students of first and second level is expected to increase by 40% in the 4 following years. Professors and assistant professors should also increase of a little over 100%. Scientific personnel are expected to increase of almost 160% and a little fewer than 150% for collaborators40.

The four-year plan of the University (2006-2009) sets the priorities for the establishment as: A. High priority areas 1. Safety and reliability in computer science 2. Materials science 3. Life sciences 4. European and Business law 5. International finance 6. Educational science 7. Luxembourg studies B. Medium priority areas 1. Geodynamics and Seismology 2. Resources and technologies for the environment 3. Economy and entrepreneurship 4. Social sciences C. Low priority areas 1. Mathematics 2. Computational engineering 3. Multilingual university

CEPS /INSTEAD: the mission is defined by law as follows

40

to conduct and organize cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of populations, poverty and socio-economic policy

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to create, manage and utilize data bases with national and international comparative scientific data to develop instruments of analysis, modelling and simulation for socio-economic policy to develop and improve data-processing tools, within the sphere and subject matter envisaged by the present law to create and maintain inter-regional and international research and information networks with regard to technology, environment, alternative development and development to organise, at the post-graduate level, training relevant to the proposed research

“CEPS/INSTEAD is (i) a producer of micro data (fieldwork) and of micro databases, (ii) a producer of comparability between complex micro data sets from many different countries, and (iii) a research institute committed to developing networks both for research and for training in research. Over the last decade it has geared up its structure and human resources to become, in accordance with its legal mission, (iv) a training centre and a school for advanced research in the fields of social and economic sciences, while achieving this goal via developing a partnership with the Department of Sociology of the University of Leuven (Belgium).”41

3.7 Other Research Institutes Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg: it is a centre for diagnosis, healthcare, treatment, hospitalisation, research and teaching. Research is biomedical or clinical. The biomedical research takes place in close collaboration with the CRP Santé. 6 units work for this service including: infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, haemato-cancerology, Immunoallergology, neurosurgery, phychiatry. The clinical research has a main role in the academic hospital of clinical case studies and European projects among other things.

Scientific Research Centre of the National Museum of Natural History: has the objective of carrying out research in all areas of “natural patrimony and to contribute to its conservation. The research activities concern the fields of zoology, botany, ecology, population biology, palaeontology, geology / mineralogy, anthropology / human biology and

41

OECD Country review of Luxembourg’s innovation policy 280

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geophysics / astrophysics. The staff of the museum conduct research activities in collaboration with research associates and external scientists.”42 European Centre for Geodynamics and Seismology: is currently undertaking projects on Geodynamics (Using GPS and Gravity to Infer Ice Mass Changes in Greenland), metrology (International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters and GRAVILUX – an international reference station for Inter-comparison of Absolute Gravimeters in Walferdange, Luxembourg). It has a staff of 5 people (four geophysicists and one administrative assistant).

Robert Schuman Centre for European Studies and Research: has the task of promoting knowledge and research on the unification history of Europe, facilitating its publication, drawing up bibliographical lists and research results among others. The historical research of the Centre focuses on the long-term European construction and medium-term perspectives, as well as Luxembourg and European integration.

Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies: the Institute focuses on a number of core research areas including: the vitality of nations, security issues and European integration. Its approach is multidisciplinary and multinational. The Institute works on the publication of academically relevant works, but also on research relevant to policy and decision makers. It also strives to become a forum for global intellectual and academic exchange. Recently it has focused on topics relevant to Luxembourg and the European Union43.

Institute for Educational and Social Studies: Created by the Law of the 6th of August 1990, the Institute has the mission of ensuring the training of educators and continuing education for professionals of the educative and social action44.

National Health Laboratory: Created by the law of the 21st of November of 1980, the laboratory has the missions of studying the epidemiologist and hygiene risks, ensuring the control and the laboratory analysis of foodstuff, carrying out laboratory toxicologist analysis and medicine control analysis, research studies linked to these different areas and ensuring collaboration with private hospitals and laboratories in the country, among others.45. The Law of November 21st of 1980 defines the objectives of the laboratory as described below:46

42

http://www.mnhn.lu/recherche/descriptionGB.htm

43

http://www.ieis.lu/

44

http://www.ltpes.lu/

45

http://www.innovation.public.lu/ 281

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•

To study epidemiological and hygiene problems concerning public health

•

To carry out laboratory work relating to hygiene and human medicine at the request of public authorities and bodies, and private individuals

•

To inspect foodstuffs and carry out related laboratory analyses

•

To conduct toxicological laboratory analyses as well as laboratory analyses relating to the inspection of medicines

•

To help devise and implement health policies at national and international levels

•

To conduct research work relating to these various fields and ensure, in collaboration with the country's hospital laboratories and private medical laboratories, that laboratory methods and techniques are devised and harmonised

Banque Centrale du Luxembourg: It was created by the laws of 22nd of April 1998 and 23rd of December 1998. The Bank regularly publishes the research work of its economists. This includes research on issues such as pricing behaviour, inflation, services and regulated prices 47.

Virtual Centre for Knowledge in Europe (CVCE): The Centre uses ICT with the objective of providing a reference point for the creation and dissemination on European integration. “The CVCE's objective is to provide a structure that accommodates three areas of interest:

the research, gathering, selection, processing and dissemination of information on the European integration process; the promotion of cutting-edge technology and the establishment of a point of reference in the field of Digital Libraries; the exchange of information, experiences and resources for the benefit of European citizens and the world of education.

Research and innovation is the cornerstone of the CVCE's overall approach. Over the years, a network for research cooperation has been established that provides for activities ranging from the straightforward exchange of information to the development of active cooperation.”48

46

http://www.luxinnovation.lu

47

http://www.bcl.lu/

48

http://www.cvce.lu/mce.cfm 282

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Administration of Water and Forestry Management: The main mission is water and forest management within the Natura 2000 network. Its main competences are on pathology in forests and ecology. The National Library: The main role is: • To collect written and digital documents • To coordinate the libraries work (norms, catalogue…) • To collect international publication (2/3 of the catalogue which is a specificity of the BNL compared with other national libraries) Today, the BNL is the pillar of a network of 30 libraries that includes the university libraries.

4. Policy instruments of the Luxembourg R&D system This chapter outlines the main R&D policy instruments currently in place in Luxembourg. It is not intend to provide an evaluation of the current system of support or to enter into governance considerations. In this respect it is primarily a descriptive analysis that intends to provide a view of what is in existence in Luxembourg to support public and private research activities.

4.1 FNR’s support in public research As described in section 4.2 the Law of May 31, 1999 created the FNR with two main missions. The first one was to launch multi-annual programs in order to finance projects submitted by the public research actors. The second one was to provide advice in terms of research policy to the Government, through expert consultations or appropriate studies. In this part, we will only focus on the first mission that concerns the support for public research actors. The following exhibit summarises the programs launched by the FNR49:

49 Source : www.fnr.lu 283

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Exhibit 24: Programs launched by the FNR Programme

Duration

Research axes

Objectives

Budget

Comments

SECOM

2000-07

1. Security of electronic trade

To develop knowledge and methodological theory and technology tools for the development of efficient activities of electronic cooperation

7500 K€

The program was launched on the hypothesis of e-com development. It now focuses more on safety of transactional exchange and new ways of organisation and ecooperation.

Creation of a European Centre specialised in the material characterisation at the nanometre scale

6700 K€

The main objective is to enhance competitiveness in nano-materials and nanometre scale.

Characterisation , surveillance and modeling of surface water and aquatic ecosystems

5000 K€

The objective is to create a pole of excellence in the field of water in Luxembourg, taking into account the large socio-economic and environmental impact that this area has in the country.

1. To develop new scientific competences having the objective of increasing the quality of prevention, the detection and the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases and increasing the potential of immunotherapy

6000 K€

BIOSAN is a program that aims to target the biotechnology for health sector.

2. Efficiency of new ways of electronic cooperation 3. Experimentation and demonstration programmes of platforms of electronic cooperation 4. Awareness raising and training of specialists and users NANO

2000-08

1. Research in the field of devices or analysis methods at the nanometer scale 2. Creation of a European centre of techniques development of analysis 3. Putting at everyone’s disposal these devices 4. Scientific training 5. Research

EAU

2000-07

1. Quality or surface waters and the aquatic ecosystems 2. Hydrologic functioning of watercourses 3. Protection underground waters

of

4. Advanced technologies for water management 5. Socio-economic aspects of hydraulic resources management in the perspective of their sustainable development BIOSAN

2002-08

Research on : 1. Cancer 2. Cardiovascular diseases 3. New strategies for immune intervention

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Programme

Duration

Research axes

Objectives

Budget

Comments

PROVIE

2004-08

Research on :

1. To develop new scientific competences having the objective of increasing the quality of prevention, the detection and the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases and increasing the potential of immunotherapy

2500 K€

PROVIE is the extension of BIOSAN targeting the medical aspect of ageing.

1. Cancer 2. Cardiovascular diseases 3. New strategies for immune intervention 4. Diseases linked to the ageing process 5. Expression library technology for functional and topographic targeting of complex biological systems 6. Epidemiology 7. Intelligent computer environment in the health sector

2. To consolidate, create networks and promote research in the field of diseases linked to aging people

VIVRE

2002-09

NA

NA

12000 K€

The program addresses the social and human challenges and issues that face Luxembourg now and in the years to come.

TRASU

2003-08

1. To deepen fundamental knowledge

1. Amelioration of material surface properties and development of new surface treatments

6000 K€

This program on surface treatment insists on the need for each project to have at least one private (industrial) partner.

2. To develop promising solutions

2. Enlarging the knowledge base 3. Establishing international collaboration networks 4. Promotion of interdisciplinary research 5. Consolidation of the scientific base for scientific and technological assistance 6. Preparation for the creation of a competence pole

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Programme

Duration

Research axes

Objectives

Budget

Comments

SECAL

2003-08

1. Food traceability

To develop in Luxembourg a scientific competence in the field of food safety

6000 K€

This program targets food security with areas such as traceability, quality of food, consumer protection.

To enhance international cooperation and to increase the scope and impact of current domain specific programmes by promoting research projects between researchers from Luxembourg and abroad

6000 K€

This new program aims to support Luxembourg public researchers to join international programs and cooperation framework.

2. Chemical microbiological quality

and food

3. Impact on human health and the protection of the consumer

INTER

2006-11

Those addressed by the conventions of the present BIOSAN, EAU, NANO, SECAL, SECOM, TRASU, VIVRE and future research programme priorities. Max 25% of budget may be spent on topics outside priority axes.

FNR programmes, while structured around priorities, tend to be relatively broad in focus. In this respect they are potentially open to a wide range of projects/researchers in Luxembourg.

The FNR has also launched a range of accompanying measures to reinforce the global framework and environment for public research in Luxembourg. Seven accompanying measures currently exist50: The following exhibits and charts outline the evolution of the Accompanying Measures over the last 4 years, as well as the budget, the number of accepted proposals in 2005 and the MA2 and MA3 distribution per research domain.

50 Source : www.fnr.lu 286

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Exhibit 25: Financing of measures

Code Project

Title of the Total FNR Total FNR Total FNR Total FNR measure contribution contribution contribution contribution 2002 in € 2003 in € 2004 in € 2005 in €

MA1

Various measures

70 882

110 160

152 460

164 3230

6 443

16 936

39 116

53 526

142 092

278 645

380 181

375 271

12 752

43 753

53 577

51 173

of

0

10 000

10 000

0

of

NA

60 810

115 219

149 722

in

NA

NA

0

2 516

NA

NA

0

420 000

for

promoting R&D MA2

Active participation

of

novice researchers

in

conferences MA3

Organisation of scientific conferences

in

Luxembourg MA4

Scientific publications

MA5

Preparation EU projects

MA6

Mobility researches

MA7

Training

research project management SF

Science Festival

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Chart 1 Source FNR

Budget of accepted proposals in 2005

MA1; 164320 MA2; 53525,67 SF; 420000

MA1 MA2 MA3 MA4 MA5 MA6

MA3; 375271,12

MA7; 2516,2

MA7 SF

MA6; 149722 MA5; 10000 MA4; 51172,84

Chart 2 Source FNR

Number of accepted proposals in 2005

MA6; 14

MA7; 2 MA1; 12

MA5; 1 MA1 MA2

MA4; 24

MA3 MA2; 49

MA4 MA5 MA6 MA7

MA3; 43

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Chart 3 Source FNR

MA2 distribution per research domain

4 Human and Social Sciences

2

12

Economy and Law 7

Agriculture and Environment Medecine and Biomedical Sciences

4

Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences Applied Sciences and Informatics 18

Chart 4 Source FNR

MA3 distribution per research domain

Human and Social Sciences 13

15

Economy and Law Agriculture and Environment Medecine and Biomedical Sciences

3

8

Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences Applied Sciences and Informatics

8

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In 2006, the National Budget of Luxembourg recorded a financial allocation for FNR activities to the amount of 14.500.000 €. “During the year 2005, the Fund received the amount of EUR 13.090.000,00 (2004: 11,165, 000,00 Euro) as subsidy for the year 2005.

The following exhibit 26 provides the Budget Evolution from 2001 to 2010 for the FNR. Source FNR

Budget Evolution 2001-2010 2001 Multiannual Programmes SECOM NANO EAU BIOSAN/PROVIE VIVRE SECAL TRASU On-going Programmes

€ € € €

€

1 300 000 1 500 000 700 000 1 000 000

€ € € € €

4 500 000 €

2002

2003

800 000 1 000 000 1 100 000 1 500 000 1 100 000

1 300 000 1 000 000 1 100 000 1 000 000 1 650 000 6 050 000

€ € € € € € € 5 500 000 €

2004

2005

€ 500 000 € 300 000 € 1 000 000 € 2 250 000 € 2 500 000 € 1 500 000 € 2 000 000 € 10 050 000

€ 1 900 000 € 1 300 000 € 700 000 € 2 000 000 € 3 000 000 € 800 000 € 1 000 000 € 10 700 000

Programme in preparation (e.g. INTER) New programmes as forseen in 2002 budget projections

€ € € € € € € €

700 000 350 000 400 000 750 000 2 750 000 1 700 000 1 500 000 8 150 000

€ €

1 500 000 € 2 000 000 €

€ € € €

2007

2008

1 000 000 1 200 000 € 1 000 000 € 3 200 000 €

800 000 500 000 1 300 000

2009

2010

1 500 000 € 1 000 000 € 1 000 000 € 1 000 000 7 500 000 € 11 000 000 € 12 000 000 € 12 000 000

Total programmes as forseen in 2002 budget projections:

€

4 500 000 €

Evaluation

€

50 000 €

80 000 €

50 000 €

60 000 €

110 000 €

80 000 €

80 000 €

80 000 €

80 000 €

80 000

€

300 000 €

50 000 €

50 000 €

200 000 €

400 000 €

300 000 €

200 000 €

200 000 €

200 000

50 000 €

380 000 €

100 000 €

110 000 €

310 000 €

480 000 €

380 000 €

280 000 €

280 000 €

280 000

Costs for studies to prepare new programmes Preparation and evaluation of programmes

€

5 500 000 €

2006

6 050 000 € 10 050 000 € 10 700 000 € 11 650 000 € 12 200 000 € 13 300 000 € 13 000 000 € 13 000 000

Other Accompanying Measures International Organismes and others Functioning costs Total costs as foresen in 2002 budget projections:

€ € € €

200 000 50 000 447 000 5 247 000

€ € € €

700 000 438 000 682 000 7 700 000

€ € € €

700 000 438 000 700 000 7 988 000

€ 700 000 € 465 000 € 840 000 € 12 165 000

€ 1 120 000 € 390 000 € 940 000 € 13 460 000

FNR Budget possible new programmes (based on call for programme proposal 2005, not Foresight exercise) Programme INTER Programme Sustainable Developpement/environement Programme space and communication Programme Telecomunication and secure electronic commerce Programme Bio-medical Programme EURYI-L (7 M) Programme Agriculture Programme Materials and numerical modelling Programme Social Sciences and Humanities Total of new programmes Total Programmes € 4 500 000 € 5 500 000 € 6 050 000 € 10 050 000 € 10 700 000 Total costs € 5 247 000 € 7 700 000 € 7 988 000 € 12 165 000 € 13 460 000 FNR Budget in line with Barcelona objectives

€

5 247 000 €

7 700 000 €

€ 1 050 000 € 450 000 € 1 200 000 € 14 830 000

€ 1 100 000 € 400 000 € 1 270 000 € 15 350 000

€ € €

1 500 000 € 1 000 000 € 1 000 000 € € € €

€

3 500 000 €

1 500 000 3 000 000 1 000 000 3 000 000 2 500 000 1 200 000

€ 1 150 000 € 400 000 € 1 270 000 € 16 400 000

€ € € € € € € € € 12 200 000 €

1 000 000 3 500 000 2 000 000 3 500 000 2 500 000 1 200 000 1 500 000 1 500 000 1 500 000 18 200 000

€ 1 200 000 € 400 000 € 1 260 000 € 16 140 000

€ 1 200 000 € 400 000 € 1 260 000 € 16 140 000

€ € € € € € € € € €

€ € € € € € € € € €

1 000 000 4 500 000 3 000 000 3 500 000 2 500 000 1 200 000 1 500 000 1 500 000 1 500 000 20 200 000

1 000 000 4 000 000 3 000 000 3 500 000 2 500 000 1 200 000 2 000 000 2 000 000 2 000 000 21 200 000

€ 3 500 000 € 12 200 000 € 18 200 000 € 20 200 000 € 21 200 000 € 14 830 000 € 18 550 000 € 22 600 000 € 23 340 000 € 24 340 000

7 988 000 € 12 165 000 € 13 460 000 € 18 000 000 € 22 000 000 € 26 000 000 € 30 000 000 € 35 000 000

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4.2 Other support for public research In addition to FNR’s support for public research, other supports are established in the Titre I and Titre II of the March 9, 1987 law on research. Through Titre I, Public research institutions can develop research activities in accordance with the Ministry priorities. They receive specific funding for that mission from their supervising Ministries. Through the Titre II, which is focused on CRPs, it is stated that CRPs can also submit an activity framework on an annual basis and receive finance to deliver it.

In the case of the CRPs, the following funding sources are available (not taking into account the FNR potential support):

• • •

An annual financial contribution according to the priority laid down by the government (11.800.000 € in the 2006 budget)51 An annual financial contribution for carrying out missions determined through an activity framework approved by the Government (19.000.000 € for 2006)52 Contribution to projects carried out on a contractual basis with companies, other research centres or institutions

•

Donation and legacies

•

Revenue from management of their assets

•

Revenue from the transfer of rights on licences or grants

A specific budget line at the Government level is also dedicated to funding for the University. In the 2006 budget, 44.054.340 € is included in the State budget (without payment of government officials), but no distinction is made between research and education activities. The Government also finance two specific research centres: the CVCE (Centre Virtuel de Connaissances sur l’Europe) that receive an annual allocation of 2.250.000 € (2006 figure) and the CEPS/INSTEAD on the basis of an annual research program for an amount of 5.265.000 €.

While these annual allocations based on a research program represent the main part of the public research budget, they are not the only public research supports available. In addition, the Ministry also contributes to the development of public research through tools such as:

51

Financial contributions to public research institutions to carry out cooperative research projects at international or European level (888.000 € for 2006)

2006 information is extracted from the 2006 State Budget published in the official journal

52

The annual financial contributions is divided into 2 parts: One fixed one and a second one which depends on projects approved by the government under the demand of the CRP’s. 291

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Financial contributions for the national plan in the field of space and aeronautics (50.000 €) (ESA) Research and learning grants program (Bourse de formation-recherche) (3.300.000 €). Measures for the promotion of research, technology development and technology transfer (96.000 €) Contribution to international projects and subscription to international research institutions (5.376.500 €) Participation in EMBL. FNR wants to become a member of the profit from the teaching possibilities offered by the EMBL. The themes developed by EMBC/EMBL are in the line of several propositions of the multi-annual programmes developed by the CRP-Santé and the CRP-Gabriel Lippmann, together with other research institutes. The participation to EMBC will allow Luxembourg researchers to participate to the activities of the EMBO: scholarships, training support, financial participation to the organisation of international conferences, etc. Besides, students and researchers from the country would have access to infrastructures from this research institute. And for the member states the EMBL offers access to technological platforms, among others.

4.3 Support for private research Two main institutions are in charge of organising the support for private research: the Ministry of the Economy and Foreign trade, through its Directorate of Research and Innovation, and the Ministry for the Middle classes, Tourism and Housing, with the creation of a measure for co-financing R&D in SMEs. Luxinnovation, the Luxembourg Agency for Innovation, is the main contact point for a large part of these measures. However, as this report focuses on research activities, we will try to separate research and innovation policies, even if this is conceptually challenging. Two types of measures are available to support private research in Luxembourg: direct financial measures and indirect ones53. Direct support:

The R&D incentive scheme is the most important direct support to private research. The modified Law dated July 27, 1993, includes (in article 6) a specific measure to encourage private R&D. Here, the Ministry can support R&D within a specific framework:

53 This part is mainly based on the OECD Country Review of Luxembourg’s Innovation Policy – Background report – Draft – January 2006. 292

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• • • • • •

The measure addresses firms and companies from industrial or service sectors with activities in Luxembourg The public financing is for individual or cooperative projects that can be identified and summarize in terms of objective, technological content, budget and planning The financing can also be used to create a new potential of R&D or to support the growth of existing competences The public financing principally aims at reducing technological risks. Each project has to detail technological issues and potential economic impact The public financing is a grant and the level of grant depends on the EU regulation as regards to competition. Industrial exploitation of the results is a key factor for the project, as well as the fact that the know-how and IPR should stay within the firm.

The allocated financing depends largely of the number of submitted projects. However, it is interesting to notice that in 2004, 90% of public funding was allocated to the metal transformation and the chemical and parachemical industry.54 “Since 1983, a total of 140 projects representing EUR 354.61 million investment in R&D have been granted loans for innovation for a total amount of EUR 77.96 million”. Funding in 2002 reached a record level of EUR 20.74 million for 15 projects or programmes”55 Exhibit 27 R&D Support Scheme: Allocation by sectors [2004] Sector Communication and Telecommunication Metal transformation industry Chemical and parachemical Enterprise services Informatics Electric and electronics Other

allocation

Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Foreign Trade

1.68% 40.77% 49.19% 0.34% 2.19% 5.79% 0.04% 56

The Innovation Loan targets the financing of R&D projects carried out by companies with a potential significant impact on economic development. The Loan is granted by the National Company of Credit and Investment and finance activities directly related to R&D activities.

54 Ministry of Economic Affairs and Foreign Trade 55

Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duché, service information et presse “about…. research“

56

Extracted from the OECD Country Review of Luxembourg’s Innovation Policy 2006

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The Loan generally covers 25% of the eligible expenses of the R&D project. The loan is “dedicated to co-finance expenses directly related to R&D projects involving the launch of a new product or service or the development of new production or marketing processes, under the condition that these expenses lead to the creation of assets depreciable over a period of more than 1 year”57 According to the Trend Chart report for Luxembourg 2005, the loan has as objective to58 “to cofinance expenses directly related to R&D projects involving the launch of a new product or service or the development of new production or marketing processes provided these expenses lead to the creation of assets depreciable over a period of more than 1 year…. “

Indirect support: The Technology science parks and Incubators : Created in 1998, The Technoport Schlassgoart acts as an incubator for technology firms. The Technoport is hosted by the CRP Henri Tudor and receives support from the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research and from the ARBED Group a large company in the steel sector. The Technoport delivers backup services for start-ups. It has a strong focus on ICT and new media. “The incubator offers a range of services which are organised in three programmes: • Pre Commercial: developing business plan, feasibility study or proof of concept. This programme provides (for a period of 4 months) complete office infrastructure, access to networks and management team. The programme is free, the application process takes only 1 hour. •

Startup: Services for company start-up, taking the advantage of modern business infrastructure, networks and services such as management coaching, assistance with access to financing and management & administrative support. Indirect benefits from increased credibility, attractive working environment (seminars, related companies, access to CRP Henri Tudor)

•

High Growth Network: Management support through team, networks and tailormade services”59

The Hosingen relay centre “Op der Hei” provides accommodation to innovative companies (skilled-craft business or, industrial companies, which invest in new production techniques or services) during the first years after their creation. The ECOSTART enterprise and innovation centre located in Foetz is both an incubator for start-ups and a relay centre for innovative companies at their development stage. The objectives are:

57

OECD Review of Luxembourg’s Innovation Policy. April 2006

58

http://trendchart.cordis.lu/reports/documents/Country_Report_Luxembourg_2005.pdf

59

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•

To support promoters of innovative projects at the idea stage and to provide assistance

•

To provide accommodation in a temporary-basis for business (national or foreign) at the development stage

Finally the Cité des Sciences (in building phase), de la Recherche et de l’Innovation is an important project which intends to host the University, R&D centres, innovative startup and technology based companies with specific common services. The cluster programme dates back from November 2001. It aims to foster cooperation between companies in terms of R&D activities, strategies and common projects. The sharing of needs and competences is one of the main objectives of the clusters. Three clusters are currently active: the Infocom cluster (ICT), the SurfMat cluster (surface treatment and new materials) and the AeroSpace cluster (Aeronautics and Aerospace technologies). At this stage of their development, the clusters only regroup companies. Following a detailed analysis, needs will be more defined and common projects begin to emerge. The FNR accompanying measures support the funding of public private platforms coordinated by Luxinnovation.

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4.4 Summary table of the main supports for research in Luxembourg Direct financial measures Financial support via Titre I of the 1987 Law (CRP Henri Tudor, CRP Gabriel Lipmann, CRP Santé, University, CVCE) Thematic direct support Financial support via Titre 2 of the 1987 Law (CRP Henri Tudor, CRP Gabriel Lipmann, CRP Santé, CEPS/INSTEAD) Incentive non thematic measures International mobility of researcher R&D Incentive Scheme Research and development incentive scheme of the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Businesses, Tourism and Housing Research and learning grant (BFR)

Preparation of EU research projects Financial contribution to the national plan in the field of aeronautics and space Innovation loans Financial contribution to researchers mobility

Incentive thematic measures PROVIE TRASU SECAL VIVRE INTER

SECOM NANO EAU BIOSAN ESA participation

Supporting measures Active participation of novice researchers in scientific conf. CEDIES (Centre of documentation and Higher Education Info) Cluster programme (Surfmat, InfoCom, Aerospace) E-Luxembourg MA1: Various measures for promoting R&D MA2: Active participation of novice researchers in conferences MA3:Organisation of scientific conferences in Luxembourg MA4: Scientific publications

MA5:Preparation of EU projects MA6: Mobility of researchers MA7: Training in research project management SF: Science Festival Organisation of international scientific conferences in Lux Inter-ministerial coordination Committee for RTD Technology Watch Centre (CVT) Short Term Patent* Technology and science parks – Incubators

* According to the OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2004 the main difference between the classic patent and the short term one is the cost and duration of the protection. This 6-year protection does not require the submission of a research report. **Direct financial measures: the government finances activities of the CRP’s without any priorities. ***Thematic: the government finances CRP’s on the basis of approved thematic projects

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5. Summary and key issues In drawing the main strands of this analysis together it is clear that the Luxembourg society and economy have undergone a period of transformation in recent years. This has seen the emergence of complex patterns of employment and work, and associated growth in issues related to the place of languages in Luxembourg, as well as the integration of non Luxembourg nationals. It has also seen economic restructuring characterised by a shift from traditional heavy industries, towards service industries – most notably financial services. These economic changes provide a challenging context for policy makers. In response the government has increasingly recognised the role of research and innovation in contributing towards the future development of Luxembourg – not least is its rapidly evolving funding for public research (most notably from 2000 onwards), complementing the already strong private sector research expenditure levels. The increasing emphasis on public R&D has also been evident in the creation of a range of public sector institutions. In this respect Luxembourg has begun to redress its comparative lack of higher education research infrastructure. Key changes here has been the creation of the CRPs, subsequently followed by FNR (as the government’s main funding agency) and the University. Issue 1: Responding to the requirement of economic diversity Given this economic restructuring described in this report it is clear that public sector research will need to adapt to the changing economic needs. Anecdotal evidence collected during the research on this report indicates, for example, that there are few researchers dedicated towards financial services research. This does not suggest that research on more traditional economic sectors should be stopped. Instead, Luxembourg will need to balance both new and ‘old’ new research competencies in the coming years. It also suggests that ‘foresight’ capacity in identifying emerging trends and sectors will be an important skill for organisations in the public sector generally. Issue 2: Complexity of the Luxembourg research landscape The main issue here, however, is that the Luxembourg research landscape has become relatively complex, charaterised by a range of funding streams and ministry involvement (as identified in the OECD report). This is potentially confusing in relation to objectives, and end users of funding. It also presents the danger of being a piecemeal approach, lacking potential for critical mass. Issue 3: The need for stronger research prioritisation Public sector research funding in Luxembourg has not traditionally been prioritised at a national level. In this respect the CRPs have been able to identify their own priorities. The arrival of FNR in 2000 has gone some way to setting a national framework for research, through its use of thematic multiannual programmes. It should be recongised, however, that these programmes are drawn up in such a way that makes them largely available to most

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researchers in Luxembourg (see FNR evaluation for more details). It is clear, the government now wishes to increase its funding allocation, as well as focus this on more specific priorities60. Indeed, this is the premise of the FNR foresight exercise. Issue 4: A full range of supports for public research funding This research has also identified the parallel range of research supports available for both public and private research. Again, reflecting the complexity of funding supports, these are delivered by a range of agencies including the Ministry, FNR, Luxinnovation and include thematic and non thematic supports. The main conclusion, here, is that Luxembourg, from a low base has now reached a position where it has a relatively full range of public sector research supports. Care will be needed, therefore, before any such new supports are created to ensure they do not overlap. In light of these findings and issues the current position of the Luxembourg research landscape is both a complex and dyanmic position, but one that should be recognised as largely positive. The issues that have been raised here are not the sole responsibility of the FNR. Indeed, in many respects they are relevant to the public sector as a whole. This is reflected in the commissioning of a complementary OECD study being undertaken on behalf of the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Research.

60

See, for example, the speech of the Minister of the MCESR, 19th May, Exploratory Workshop, Luxembourg. 298

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Annex IV International Trends in Research

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1. EU FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME __________________________ 3 2. FINLAND ____________________________________________ 11 3. FRANCE _____________________________________________ 20 4. GERMANY ___________________________________________ 34 5. IRELAND ____________________________________________ 43 6. THE NETHERLANDS ___________________________________ 50 7. THE UNITED KINGDOM ________________________________ 58 8. DENMARK ___________________________________________ 67 9. SWITZERLAND _______________________________________ 78 10.

AUSTRIA ___________________________________________ 91

11.

BELGIUM___________________________________________ 97

12.

JAPAN ____________________________________________ 102

13.

MALTA____________________________________________ 114

14.

THE UNITED STATES________________________________ 116

15.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ____________________________________ 122

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1.

EU FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

FP6 programme description and budget Following the Lisbon summit of 2000, the European countries called for improved research coordination through the creation of a “European Research Area” (ERA). Framework Programme (FP) funding is designed to help realise this ERA. FP6 covers a five-year period (2003-2007) with a budget of 17.5 billion euros (approximately 4% of the EU’s 2001 budget). 1,230 million euros (7%) are earmarked for the nuclear research programme EURATOM.

FP6 programme thematic priorities Exhibit 1. The FP6 funds 7 thematic priorities FIELDS

Main research areas

Main themes

Budget (in millions of euros)

Life-sciences

Health, biology and Biotechnology

Food safety

Combating major diseases

Food quality and safety

3 themes - Application-oriented genomic approaches to major diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes and rare diseases, resistance to antibiotics and other drugs, diseases of the nervous system, ageing process) - Combating cancer - Confronting the major communicable diseases linked to poverty 6 themes - Epidemiology of food-related diseases and allergies - Impact of food on health - Traceability processes all along the production chain - Methods of analysis, detection and control - Safer and environmentally friendly production methods and technologies and healthier foodstuffs - Impact of animal feed on human health - Environmental health risks

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1305

753

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Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics

Advanced genomics and its applications for health

2 themes - Fundamental knowledge and basic tools for functional genomics in all organisms (Gene expression and proteomics, Structural genomics Comparative genomics and population genetics, Bioinformatics, Multidisciplinary functional genomics approaches to basic biological processes) - Application of knowledge and technologies in the field of genomics and biotechnology for health (more effective drugs, new diagnostics, new in vitro tests to replace animal experimentation, new preventive and therapeutic tools, such as somatic gene and cell therapies and immunotherapies, Innovative research in post-genomics)

1209

Communication, computing and software technologies

5 themes - Broadband for all - Mobile and wireless systems beyond 3G - Networked audiovisual systems and home platforms - Open development platforms for software and services - Embedded systems

3 984

Information Society Technologies

Communication and computing infrastructure

Applied IST research Information addressing major management and new societal and economic processes challenges

11 themes - Towards a global dependability and security framework (63M€) - Networked businesses and governments (46M€) - eSafety for road and air transports (82M€) - eHealth (75M€) - Technology-enhanced learning and access to cultural heritage (54M€) - Applications and services for the mobile user and worker (60M€) - Cross-media content for leisure and entertainment (55M€) - GRID-based systems for solving complex problems - Improving risk management (30M€) - eInclusion - Products and services engineering 2010

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Microsystems, cybernetics

Sustainable development, change ecosystem

Sustainable transport

Knowledge and interface technologies

5 themes - Multimodal Interfaces - Semantic-based Knowledge and Content Systems - Cognitive Systems - Advanced Robotics (Call 6) - Search Engines for Audio-Visual Content (Call 6)

global and

7 themes - Greenhouse gas - Water cycle and - Biodiversity - Desertification, natural disasters - Sustainable land management - Operational forecast-ing and modeling - Complementary research

769

energy Sustainable systems

2 themes - Short term impact (clean energy sources, savings and efficiency, energy alternative motor fuels) - Long term impact (fuel cells, carriers/transport storage, renewable energy technologies, capture and sequestration of CO2

890

surface Sustainable transport

6 themes - Environmentally friendly and competitive transport systems and means of transport - New technologies and concepts for all surface transport modes (road, rail, waterborne) surface - Advanced design and production techniques - Safer, more effective and competitive rail and maritime transport - Rebalancing and integrating different transport modes - Increasing road, rail and waterborne safety and avoiding traffic congestion

670

Global change ecosystem

Sustainable sources

Components and microsystems

4 themes - Pushing the limits of CMOS and preparing for post-CMOS - Micro- and nano systems - Advanced displays - Optical, opto-electronic, and photonic functional components

and Global change ecosystems

Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes

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Nanotechnology and nanosciences

3 themes - development of fundamental Knowledge-based multi- knowledge functional materials - technologies for production, transformation and processing - engineering support for materials development

Knowledge based multifunctional materials

New production processes and devices Aeronautics, space

Nano-technologies and nano-sciences

5 themes - long-term interdisciplinary research into understanding phenomena, mastering processes and developing research tools - nanobiotechnologies - nanometre scale engineering techniques - handling and control devices - applications

New production processes and devices

1 429

3 themes - new processes and flexible and intelligent manufacturing systems - systems research and hazard control - optimising life-cycles

and

Airframes, engine and Aeronautics equipments

4 themes - Strengthening competitiveness by reducing development costs, aircraft direct operating costs and improving passenger comfort - Improving the environmental impact with regard to emissions and noise - Improving aircraft safety and security - Increasing operational capacity and safety of the air transport system

Satellite

Space

Space

Social and sciences

3 themes - Galileo: development of multisectorial systems, equipment and tools - GMES: stimulate evolution of satellitebased information services by development of technologies (e.g. sensors, data and information models, services for global environment, landuse, desertification, disaster management) - Satellite Telecommunications: to be integrated with the wider area of telecommunications, notably terrestrial systems

1 182

Human

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Knowledge based society and social cohesion


3 themes - Improving generation, distribution and use of knowledge - Options and choices for the development of a knowledge-based society - Variety of paths towards a knowledge society

Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance

4 themes - Implications of European integration and enlargement - New forms of governance - Resolution of conflicts and restoration of peace - New forms of citizenship and cultural identities

247


Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences TOTAL

12 438

Exhibit 2. The nuclear programme Euratom Euratom programme

research

Budget (in millions of €)

Thematic priorities

890

Controlled thermonuclear fusion

750

Management radioactive waste

90

of

Radiation protection

50

Other activities in the field of nuclear technologies and safety

50

Nuclear activities of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)

290

Total

1230

Accompanying measures Beyond this thematic focus, the FP6 programme funds two other priorities. Priority 1: Structuring the European Research Area The programme seeks to improve the research environment through four areas of policy focus.

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Exhibit 3. Priority 1 - Structuring the European Research Area

Structuring the Research Area

European

Research and innovation Human resources Research infrastructures Science and society Total

Budget (€millions) 319 1,732 715 88 2,854

Priority 2: Strengthening the European Research Area The aim of the programme is to ensure a coherent European research through the funding of coordination programmes and joint actions. Exhibit 4. Priority 2 - Strengthening the European Research Area Strengthening the foundations of the European Research Area

Budget (€millions)

Support for the coordination of activities

292

Support for the coherent development of policies

55

Total

347

FP7 Programme description and budget FP7 covers a 7-year period (2007 – 2013) with an estimated budget of 72,726 million euros. With 3,092 million euros allocated to Euratom for the period 2007-2011. The detailed priorities of the strategic thematic areas of research will be drawn from the general consultation, which is currently undertaken.

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Budget (in millions of euros)

Main research areas

Life-sciences Health, biology Biotechnology

and

Health

8317

Food, Agriculture and Biotechnology

2455

Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Information Technologies

Society


Information Information management communication technology and new processes

and 12 670

Microsystems, cybernetics Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Global change ecosystem

and Environment (including Climate Change)

Sustainable sources

energy

Sustainable transport

surface Transport Aeronautics)

Energy

2535 2931

(including

5940


Nanotechnology nanosciences

Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, and Materials and new Production Technologies

4 832

Knowledge based multifunctional materials New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine equipments

and

Satellite Space

Security and Space

3960

307

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and

Human

Knowledge based society and social cohesion Citizenship, and new governance

democracy forms of

Socio-economic science and the humanities

792

Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences TOTAL

44 432

Exhibit 6. Two other themes are included in the Euratom Programme Euratom Programme

Budget

Fusion energy research 3 092

Nuclear fission and radiation protection

Exhibit 7. Accompanying measures Programmes

Budget (in €millions)

IDEAS

European Council

PEOPLE

Marie Curie Actions

7129

Research Infrastructures

3961

Research for the benefit of SMEs

1901

CAPACITIES

Research 11862

Regions of Knowledge

158

Research Potential

554

Science in Society

554

Activities of Co-operation

358

International

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2.

FINLAND

The Finnish R&D expenditure grew rapidly during the 1990s, mainly due to an increase in business enterprise input, amounting to 5 billion euros in 2003 which represents 3.5% of the country’s GDP. The share of business enterprise R&D expenditure grew from 57 per cent in 1991 to some 70 per cent in 2003. The increase in business enterprise R&D expenditure is mainly due to the electronics industry. The share of public R&D funding of the gross domestic product was 1.01% in 2003. After a slight decrease in the total R&D expenditure in 2004, the government budget appropriations on research and development was increased by 56 million euros, amounting to 1.6 billion euros for 2005. In 2003, the country counted 41,724 researchers, which represented as much as 17.7 ‰ of total employment. Finland public research system Finnish public research policy is designed by several organisations, the most important being: The Academy of Finland and Tekes. The Academy of Finland is primarily responsible for funding, policy design and the implementation of basic research. It comprises four Research Councils, for: •

Biosciences and Environment

•

Culture and society

•

Health

•

Natural Sciences and Engineering

In 2004 the Academy of Finland received around 224MILLION EUROS from the government. The National Technology Agency (Tekes) provides funding through technology programmes: the measure started in 1984 and seeks to improve technology expertise in fields of future importance for the business sector. There are actually 23 programmes. Tekes funds a little bit more than half of the programmes’ budget, the other half coming from enterprises (in 2004, 409MILLION EUROSmillion euros came from Tekes for a total budget of 798MILLION EUROS). The funded projects can be carried out by businesses, research institutes and universities. In 2004, Tekes collected 448 million euros from Government funding. The current technology focus areas of Tekes are IST, biotechnology, nanotechnology and materials technology, together with business competence and business development. In addition, Tekes has defined six application focus areas driven by market needs: renewing products and business concepts, environment and energy, health and well-being, services, security and safety, and work and leisure. Tekes is mainly funding applied research. The Academy of Finland and Tekes are increasingly cooperating within the framework of various research programmes to strengthen the coherence of Finnish science and technology policy. Thematic priorities Exhibit 8. Detailed priorities of Tekes and the Academy of Finland (Akf)

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Programmes

Main themes/projects of the programmes

Budget

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem

Global change and ecosystem

3 Main areas of research - Industrial ecology - Green chemistry and Sustainable Production and engineering Products KETJU (Akf 2006- Chemicals testing and 2010) the impacts of chemicals legislation on industrial production 5 main research ares - Renewable energy sources and optimisation of the use of biomass and biodegradable waste for raw material, traffic fuel and energy - Reduction of specific consumption of energy in basic industry processes - Research related to Basic research promoting increased construction of environmentally friendly technologies combining energy systems (Akf heat and power production upcoming) - Research related to nuclear power (fourthgeneration nuclear power plants of overcritical pressure, nuclear power and hydrogen economy, fusion energy, final disposal of waste) - Research into factors affecting the functioning of energy markets 8 main research areas - Natural forcing and climate change - Eutrophication - Sustainability of living resources The Baltic Sea Research - Biodiversity Programme BONUS-169 - Pollution and ecosystem (Akf starts in 2007) health - Socio- and ecological economics - Synthesis and dissemination - Management and infrastructure. ClimBus - Business Opportunities in the Mitigation of Climate Change Technology Programme (Tekes 20042008)

3 focus areas of research: - Clean energy production and fuels - Business services - Technologies for energy efficiency and non-CO2 greenhouse gases

310

7.5 M€ from AkF, cofunded by ministry of environment.

Upcoming programme, budget not defined yet


70M€

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FUSION - Fusion Technology Programme (Tekes 2003-2006) Sustainable energy sources

DENSY - Distributed Energy Systems Technology Programme (Tekes 2003-2007)

6 research areas and projects - Fusion Plasma Research - contributions to joint European experiments (e.g., JET, AUG) and fusion plasma simulations - Fusion Reactor Materials Research - copper alloys, joining techniques, beam welding and materials characterisation - Plasma-Wall Interactions erosion/redeposition, material transport, tritium retention, advanced coatings and molecular dynamic simulations - Development of Superconducting Wires niobium-titanium and niobium-tin wires for ITER (Outokumpu Poricopper) - System Studies - socioeconomic, safety and conceptual power plant studies, neutronics and ITER site studies - Remote Handling Systems - hosting of the divertor test platform (DTP2), water hydraulic 6 focus areas - System solutions - Integration - Industrial production - Business concepts - Utilizing ICT-technologies - Demonstrations

15M€ /7M€T

50M€

Sustainable surface transport

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Research Programme on Nutrition, Food and Health ELVIRA ( Akf 2007-2010)

The research programme includes the following theme areas: - Consumer behaviour, lifespan and health - Nutrition, genetic factors and metabolism - Food, immunity, intestinal microbes and health - Food-related risks and food safety - Food processing and health

Main research themes - Connection between work and well-being Research Programme on Work, Well-being and 21st - Improvement of living and working conditions, Century Challenges (Akf upcoming quality of life and health - Reinforcement of social capital, and life skills 4 main research areas - Macro-level changes in alcohol policy and consumption, differences in drinking habits between various population groups and harms Substance Use and - Substance use, harms Addictions (Akf 2007-2010) and drug policy - Research into prevention, treatments and recovery processes - Research into addition behaviour and addiction mechanisms


3 focus areas: - Materials and methods in tissue engineering - New materials in drug delivery - Implants Projects concentrate on - Biomedicine Drug 2000 - Biomedicine, - Drug development Drug Development and - Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Technology (Tekes and Akf development 2001-2006) - Essential supporting research areas 5 main areas of research: - Emissions of energy production and industry FINE Particles Technology, Environment - Emissions of traffic and traffic equipment and Health Technology Programme (Tekes 2002- - Measuring instruments 2005) - Buildings, indoor air - Health, environmental impacts COMBIO Commercialisation of Biomaterials Technology Programme (Tekes 20032007)

7M€ AF


5,5M€

26M€

27M€

26M€

FinnWell - Future Healthcare Technology Programme (Tekes 20042009)

3 areas of research: - Development of technologies for diagnostics and care - Development of IT products and systems that support care, follow-up or prevention of illnesses - Development of the operational processes of healthcare

150M€

NeoBio - Novel Biotechnology Technology Programme (Tekes 20012005)

2 main focus for the programme: - Development and application of modern biotechnological methods in product R&D across industry sectors - Development of new, internationally competitive businesses

50M€ Tekes

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GIGA - Converging Networks (Tekes20052010)

NORDITE (Tekes 20052010)


4 focus areas: - Wireless access (radio interface, radio channel, terminals,…) - Seamless networking (security, handover, QoS, …) - Network support (testing, operation, management,…) - Evolution of value networks in telecommunication business Focus of research, fields of technology development for : - SW radio - Wireless sensors - Short-range wireless networks - RFID or MEMS utilizing RF technology.

240M€ /100M€T

6M€ Tekes

VAMOS - Value Added Mobile Solutions (Tekes 2005-2010)

The research focuses on implementing wireless technology solutions widely. Selected areas are industry, transportation, construction and services.

202M€/76M€T

FENIX - Interactive Computing Technology Programme (Tekes 20032007)

6 key areas of research - User oriented design - Information creation, management, search and distribution - Interaction, context sensitivity, language technologies - New user interface technologies - Business models, behavioural sciences - Mobile applications and services

84M€/39M€T

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MASI - Modeling and Information management Simulation Technology Programme (Tekes 2005and new processes 2009)


ELMO - Miniaturizing Electronics Technology Programme (Tekes 20022005)

4 Focus areas: Multiphenomena/multiscal e modeling - Modeling methods and tools - Development of services and business processes - Utilization of modeling in industry/service sector.

92M€/46M€T

5 main research areas: - Microelectronics, packaging and manufacturing technologies - Integrated systems and sensors - RF electronics - Reliability and testing - Optics and optoelectronics

128M€/62M€T



3 focus areas: - Innovative nanostructure FinNano - Nanotechnology materials Programme (Tekes and - Nanosensors and Akf 2005-2010) actuators - New nanoelectronics solutions 3 main focus: - The soiling of surfaces in our everyday life - The cleanliness of Clean Surfaces Technology Programme surfaces at high (Tekes 2002-2006) temperature processes - The cleanliness of surfaces in wet process conditions

70M€/45M€T + 9M€ Akf

27M€

CUBE - The Building Services Technology Programme (Tekes 20022006)

The focus areas of the programmes development activities are: - Life cycle management - Processes and services - Systems

35-40M€

Infra - Construction and Services Technology Programme (Tekes 20012005)

4 main focus areas: - Development of project management - Construction and maintenance of infrastructure networks - Development of associated services, technologies, methods, products and equipment - Infratructure networks, ie. roads, streets, railroads, airfield constructions, water and energy supply networks, telecom and electricity networks, waterworks, landfills, and green areas such as parks and golf cources.

32M€


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4 main research focus: - Development of design processes - Strategic use of design Industrial Design within companies Technology Programme - Strengthening research (Tekes 2002-2005) on basic design phenomena - Reinforcing the expertise of design firms and the services they offer 4 core areas of research - Intelligent machines and systems MASINA - Technology - Operational reliabilities of Programme for Mechanical machineries Engineering (Tekes 2002- Progressive mechanical 2007) structures - Services for total life time of machinery 4 Focus areas: - Logistics services - Supply chain E-Business Logistics management Technology Programme - Material handling (Tekes 2002-2005) information - Product data Four main areas of research: - Services, systems, products ans materials Sara - Value Networks in - Customer need Construction Technology Programme (Tekes 2003- - Process data management 2007) - Creating a basis for successful international operations

27M€

28.18M€/11.6M€

31M€

33M€

Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite

Space

AVALI - Business Opportunities from Space Technology Programme (Tekes 2002-2005)

Four key themes - Applications for terrestrial applications and products - Applications based upon spaceborne data and satellites - Satellite hardware and software - Ground Segment hardware and software

15M€/7M€T

Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion


The programme's theme areas are: - International power, power in Finland and Finnish power Power in Finland (Akf 2007- Power in the state and 2010) state power - Economy and power - Citizens and civil society - The media and power - Gender and power

7M€

Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences

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Foster R&D expenditures of SMEs through direct subsidies. This instrument is a rather important one in Finland. Direct subsidies take two different forms:

-

Grants, approximately 500 to 600 million euros have been given annually as subsidies to SMEs.

-

And loans, for example the Tekes’ Start up Loan for Technology Companies.

• Develop an entrepreneurial atmosphere for example through: -

The new entrepreneurship policy programme launched in 2003.

-

The Finnish Growth Company Development Service, launched by several organisations including Tekes, which provides expertise and services to startups, emerging businesses and growth-oriented companies.

• Provide private equities and venture capital -

The public sector is mainly providing seed-capital

-

The creation of incubator schemes especially through a national development project for business incubators named YRKE, which aims to improve the number of incubators and their capital-raising possibilities.

• Improve co-operation between businesses, research organisations and universities -

The Tekes’ national programmes are the most important initiative fostering networking.

-

The Centre of Expertise Programme, which aims to create highly competitive centres of innovation in the region, also provides a means of cooperation and knowledge transfer inside the regions between research agencies, universities and businesses.

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The performance of the whole research system has been evaluated several times by the Academy of Finland (in 1997, 2000 and 2003);

-

The Academy itself has been evaluated in 2004 by an international expert panel;

-

The technology programmes of Tekes are systematically evaluated by external experts;

-

Tekes own functioning has also been externally evaluated as well as the government research institutes;

-

A Higher Education Evaluation Council was created in 1996 to organise the evaluations of universities.

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3.

FRANCE

In 2003 France spent some 33 billion euros on its various R&D activities, which represents 2.2% of the country’s GDP. State support amounts thereby to almost half (0.95%), i.e. approximately 15 billion euros, of all research expenditure with industry accounting for the remaining share. This means that companies’ research expenditure in France is significantly inferior to that in Japan (73%), the USA (68%) and Germany (66%). The government’s objective is thus to provide effective incentives (credit reforms and more efficient exploitation of public-private research synergies) to boost companies’ financing of the national R&D effort through both inhouse research in company laboratories and external research in partnership with university laboratories. In 2001, almost 1/4 of all of the government’s R&D expenditure served the purpose of “defence”. In 2003 the country counted 186,420 researchers, which represented 7.5 % of all employed people. French research system This simplified diagram gives an idea of the main channels of finance in the French public research system. The performers of research, universities, public institutions, ministry labs, and non-profit institutions, are funded through both direct allocations and funding for specific projects. Universities receive direct allocation from the state, funds from the civil budget for R&D and funds from the ANR for thematic programmes. Ministry labs, Public research institutions and non-profit institutions also receive public funding from two different origins: allocation from the BCRD and allocation through the ANR and its thematic programmes.

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Exhibit 9. French Research System

State budget

BCRD

ANR

Higher Education

Public Research Institutions

Ministry Labs

Non-Profit Institutions

The main public research institution is by far the CNRS, which receives approximately 24% of the BCRD. Other important public institutions for research include: the CNES (space), the CEA (atomic energy), the INRA (agronomy), the INSERM (clinical research), the IFREMER (sea)… Generally speaking, the French system for public research has been based for a long time on direct allocation to institutions, favouring an independent research in universities and public research institutions. Since the end of the 1990s, increasing efforts have been made to improve the share of “projects funding” compared to “institutions funding” in order to give incentives for research in identified priorities. The newly founded National Research Agency (ANR) is one of the main outcomes of this new policy trend. The agency finances the best projects in identified research priorities through a competitive process. It is the result of the merger of pre-existing funding entities and takes over their former projects and activities such as the programme of research in land transport (PREDIT) launched in 1990. The role of this agency is planned to increase in the coming years, its budget will indeed grow from 300 million euros today to 1,500 million euros in 2010. Some detractors of the

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CM International agency point out that it will represent as much as 80% of project funding in the long run and mark a crucial turning point towards short term oriented research. Distribution of the public funds for R&D (BCRD) by socio-economic objectives: The civil budget for research and development (BCRD) encompasses the public funds directed towards research in: -

Public research institutions (BCRD represents approximately 73% of their budget);

-

Ministers labs;

-

Non profit organizations (13% of their budget).

It also encompasses part of the public funds for research in the 85 French universities (10% of their budget). The most recent aggregated numbers are for 2004. The total budget amounted to 9,221 million euros (9,285 million euros in 2005).

Exhibit 10. Civil budget for R&D

Mathematics, physics and chemistry; 11% R&D for development; 2%

Not broken down; 1%

Space; 16%

Environment; 10%

Social and human sciences; 9%

Energy; 8% IST; 10% Transports, aeronautic, materials and processes; 8%

Life sciences; 25%

SOURCE:

MENESR-DEP

B3.

Budget

civil

de

recherche

et

développement

2004.

http://cisad.adc.education.fr/reperes/telechar/res/res02/rap02ch2.pdf

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Distribution of the public funds by institutions: The 2003 budget for civil research and development (9,171 million euros) for example benefited in decreasing order to: - The CNRS & its institutes: 2175.5 million euros (-1,7% compared to 2002) - The CNES (space) including defence 1307.5 million euros (-1,4%) - The CEA (atomic energy) 904.65 million euros (-2,2%) - The INRA (agronomy) 556.9 million euros (-1,1%) - Universities’ research 543.9 million euros (+8,4%) - The INSERM (clinical research) 443.1 million euros (-1,7%) - The Minister of Equipment, Transport and Housing 355.3 million euros (-17,7%)

Thematic priorities Actual priorities are best reflected through the ANR programmes, which finance thematic oriented research projects in all the institutions (CNRS and other public research institutions, universities, private sector…).

Exhibit 11. Thematic priorities

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Exhibit 12. Example of the priorities of a public research institution: the CNRS In December 2004 the CNRS issued a paper summarizing the 13 themes that were “candidates to be a priority” with the idea that increased human and financial means should be directed towards those themes in the future. Those themes are: -

Modelling of life

-

Brain, perception and cognition

-

Biodiversity and anthropy

-

Drugs and technologies for health

-

Health and society

-

Big mass of data

-

Embarked systems

-

Impacts of climate change

-

Energies for sustainable development

-

Water resources

-

Nanosciences and nanotechnologies

-

Astroparticles

-

Crisis of contemporary societies

Currently, the CNRS is devoting approximately 9% of the financing for laboratories to interdisciplinary programmes (20 million euros per year). The two aims of those programmes are to: -

“promote the emergence of new scientific fields at the frontiers of different traditional structures”;

-

“respond to scientific and technological challenges as well as socio-economic issues and societal problems”.

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Tax credit on research. In 2005, 235 million euros were allocated to this measure.

-

For the enterprises inside clusters with a public label: tax exonerations and reduced employer and health insurance contributions.

-

Innovation investment trusts (FCPI) to reinforce the equity of innovative enterprises. In 2005, a reform of the placement funds increased the number of eligible enterprises.

-

The creation of incubators (31 in 2004).

-

The “Young innovative enterprise programme” (YIE). In 2005, its budget benefited from a 40% increase (+10 million euros).

-

The enterprise creation competition (18 million euros of budget in 2005)

Knowledge transfer Improving the transfer and valorisation of research outcomes is part of the ANR strategic priorities. 7.5 million euros from the non-thematic ANR budget is allocated to this issue. The actions planned are: -

Favour the harmonisation and the sharing of practices in centres that could provide different services, for example help for the search of partners, intellectual property rights, information on technology transfer opportunities…

-

Fund the development of scientific projects for transfer objective: nowadays the transfer is made too quickly between research and applications and the success is therefore reduced. The proposition of the ANR is to fund this development inside public research organisations.

-

Setting up a guarantee fund for the defence of intellectual property.

-

Increase patent numbers in public research through awareness campaigns and distribution of bonuses. 329

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Research and technological innovation networks (RRIT)

-

National Technological Research Centres (CNRT), which gather public research laboratories and the research centres of the major industrial groups in order to encourage projects at the European level.

-

Technological Research Teams (ERT), which foster the development of technological research in universities.

As well as structures which provide technological support for SMEs: -

Regional Innovation and Technology Transfer Centres (CRITT).

-

Technological platforms (PFT) based on teaching institutions.

Clusters Clusters are another non-thematic strategic priority funded by the ANR. 7.5 million euros is also allocated to this “competitive clusters” programme. The definition, selection and funding of those clusters take place in a more global industrial policy, including other public agencies. Human resources The goal is to improve the attractiveness of research for young and foreign PhDs. Several measures try to tackle this issue through: -

The provision of formation. In 2005, 19.5 additional million euros (6.4% increase) have been allocated to funds for formation in research activities.

-

The creation of 4,000 new research awardees in 2005.

-

The allocation of 2million euros for the health insurance cover of young PhDs.

-

The “Excellence chair action” which selects and funds ambitious projects from foreigners or French expatriates to attract them to the French territory (launched in 2004).

-

The “Young researcher action” (launched in 1999), which selects and funds projects directed by young researchers.

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The CIFRE conventions, which gives research training opportunities to PhD students (1200 CIFRE contracts in 2005).

Exhibit 13. Summary table of the main policy tools Incentive measures for enterprises

Knowledge transfer

Clusters

Human Resources

Tax credit Tax exoneration Reduced social contributions FCPI YIE Incubators Start up funds

Patents Intellectual property rights Technology transfer centres (CRITT, PFT) Public/private research partnership

Competitive clusters

Training Mobility International researchers programme Young doctorates and researchers programmes CIFRE

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GERMANY

In 2003, Germany spent some 53 billion euros on its various R&D activities, which represents 2.5% of the country’s GDP. The state finances 31%, i.e. approximately 18 billion euros, of all research expenditure with industry accounting for the remaining share. The country counted 264,721 researchers in 2003, which represented 6.9% of total employment. Germany’s public research system Germany has one of the OECD’s largest research systems. Institutionally complex, this system comprises several levels of responsibilities. Both federal and state governments enjoy responsibilities in R&D public funding and the policy implemented in the higher education sector and the public research institutions. The Priority research programmes account for approximately ¼ of the Federal Ministry of Research (BMBF) budget1, while the whole R&D budget is described below in terms of the “detailed distribution of the federal budget”. Priority research programmes are funded through a competitive process. 2005 funding priorities include the following: •

Innovation in emerging technologies

-

Grid and network technologies

-

Software engineering

-

Microsystems engineering

-

Nanoelectronics

-

Production systems and technologies

-

Optical science and engineering

-

Nanomaterials, new materials

• Life sciences -

Biotechnology

1

The budgets for the DGF, Max-Planck, Fraunhofer and Universities are included in the ministry budget. The budgets of most länder are not thematically prioritized, which makes it difficult to integrate them.

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Health and medicine

-

Biomedical research

•

Sustainable development and environmental research

•

Decommissioning of nuclear research facilities

•

National space programme

•

Basic research in the physical sciences

•

Transport and infrastructure

-

Mobility and transport

-

Marine technology

-

Building and housing

Thematic priorities Exhibit 14. Detailed distribution of the overall federal R&D budget

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Programmes

Examples of priorities ( The classification of examples don't always correspond to the classification of the budget)

BMBF total annual budget for R&D: 8959,3M€

Marine and polar research

Main themes - Marine climate research, environmental research and geoscientific research - Ocean-ice-atmosphere system and its influence on the global climate. - Bio-geochemical cycles in the ocean and deposition processes on the sea-bed.

157M€

Marine technology

Devices and Systems

19,4M€

Socio-ecological research, regional sustainability

This approach is to help society solve specific sustainability problems: nutrition and agrobiodiversity, liberalization of supply and disposal systems (telecommunications, water, energy) and emissions trading.

218,8M€



Sustainable production, cleaner environmental technology Global change, including peace-building research

185M€ 171,8M€

Regional planning and urban development, housing Renewable energy and energy conservation Nuclear energy research Nuclear fusion research Decommissioning of nuclear Sustainable energy sources facilities Coal and other fossil fuels Geosciences (especially deep drillings) Raw material supplies Research and technology for Sustainable surface mobility and transport transport (including traffic safety)

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16,4M€ 179M€ 91,8M€ 116,7M€ 4,9M€ 19,6M€ 17,5M€ 1M€ 100,8M€

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CM International Life-sciences Research themes: - Cardiovascular diseases - Cancer Nervous system - Psyche and Chronic Pain - Prevention - Infection and Inflammation - Rare Diseases - Survey on Children and Youth (~1M€) - Medical Technology (~30M€ for 99 to 2005)

Health sector

Improvement of working conditions

46M€


Research themes - Proteome Research - Genome Research - Nutrition research - Nanobiotechnology - Sustainable Bio-production - Bionics, Learning from Nature's solutions (robust materials compounds, sophisticated mobility mechanisms, functional ways of living and building, highly sensitive detectors...)

Biotechnology

Food safety

559,4M€

284,3M€

Reseach and development in agriculture, forestry and fishery

125,9M€

Research and development in the food sector

28,2M€


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Computer science

IT security, 2 future priorities - Reliability of software systems - IT security

95,6M€

Basic information technologies

Mobile Internet e-science Bioinformatics

241,3M€

Application of microsystems (including application of microelectronics; microperiphals)


Multimedia

88,2M€

Interfaces Human/machine communication, 3 future priorities: - Virtual worlds: for example development of real sensory impressions through computer informations - Service robotics: develop interactions between human and robots - "Semntic Web": multimodal interaction with the Internet and content search

140,4M€

Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes


Nanotechnology

4 priority areas: NanoMobi (automobile industry) - Safety - Ecology, sustainability - Comfort NanoLux (optical industry) NanoFab (electronics) - Highly complex circuit structures and systems for new areas of application in silicon nanoelectronics - Components and system innovations of silicon power electronics Nano for life (life sciences) - Organic material transportation - Implants - In vivo diagnostic

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Included in other field of research budget? In the budget of research institutions? "With about 290 million euros in public funds Germany is the number one in Europe in the field of nanotechnology". "Since 1998, BMBF funding for nanotechnology has increased by a factor of four."

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Optical technology programme (280M€ from 2002 to 2006) - high performance diode lasers - Femtonics - Biophotonics - Fascinating light

Materials research; material for emerging technologies Knowledge based multifunctional materials

New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space

Physical and chemical technologies Building research and technology; research and technology for preserving the architectural heritage; road building research

140M€

198,'M€

30,4M€

Production engineering

59,7M€

Aeronautical research and hypersonic technology

110,5M€

National funding of space research and space technology European space agency

242,8M€ 566,8M€

Humanities, economics and Social and Human sciences social sciences (including educational research)

409,4M€

Knowledge based society and social cohesion Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations

Other social and human sciences

Educational research

Vocational training research (49,3M€) Other educational research 62,7M€

Innovation and improved basic conditions Indirect funding of R&D personnel in the business sector; participation in technology companies innovation risks Transfer of technology, innovation networks, research cooperation Technical and economical infrastructure Other funding measures Research funding organisations; university construction and mainly university related special programmes Basic funding MPG Basic funding DFG Basic funding FHG Expansion and construction of universities Mainly university related special programmes

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112M€

446M€ 169,7M€ 264,9M€ 9,8M€ 1,6M€ 1791M€ 497,8M€ 769M€ 290,8M€ 229,2M€ 4,5M€

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CM International Accompanying measures Germany has developed an extensive policy mix using a broad range of tools with the noticeable exception of tax incentives to foster R&D in enterprises. Support to SME’s R&D: the high tech master plan The High Tech Masterplan was launched in February 2004. Its main objectives and measures are the following: •

Improve access to capital for SMEs and start-ups through:

-

The provision of soft loans for high technology companies.

-

The establishment of a High-Tech Startup Seed Fund for R&D based startups. The € 142 million fund capital is provided by the government (110 million euros), the industry (16 million euros) and the KfW Banking Group(16 million euros).

-

A programme providing innovative SMEs with equity capital in the range between1 million eurosand 5 million euros.

-

A 500 million euros fund to encourage venture capital providers to invest in German high-technology firms.

•

Improve collaborative research and knowledge transfers through:

-

The

promotion

of

research

and

start-ups

commercialisation

in

the

nanotechnology field. -

The promotion of start-ups in the multimedia sector.

-

A new version of the EXIST programme to promote university spinouts thanks to a grant aid scheme.

-

A new version, more flexible, of the PRO INNO programme to promote collaborative research between SMEs and public-sector research institutions.

•

Review state aid regulations for R&D

•

Promote international collaboration through:

-

The support for involvement in FP7.

-

The concentration of collaborative networks on countries in Central/Eastern Europe, and Asia.

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CM International Human resources One of the priorities of the German government lies in the supply of high-qualified labour to the Research sector. However, beyond the public statements, precise and quantified measures are limited. Here are the main goals of Germany’s policy: •

Improve science education in schools:

-

Investment in all day school (4 billion euros from 2003-2007) to improve the general level of German pupils;

-

Joint effort of the BMBF and the states to improve mathematics and science skills. For example through the SINUS programme which targets efficiency in mathematics and science teaching;

-

Development of several BMBF projects (“chemistry/physics in context”, “learning laboratories”….) to introduce science earlier and through recreational means;

•

Increase the percentage of pupils who go on to higher education:

-

Increase individual support. 72,000 additional students benefited from it between 2000 and 2002;

•

Create top-class Universities:

The federal government and the states will jointly fund three areas to enable the creation of internationally competitive and attractive universities: -

Creation of graduate schools for young scientists

-

Creation of clusters to foster collaboration between universities and nonuniversity research

-

Structural growth of universities and specialisation in areas of science that are “reputation-building”

The competition for top-class universities and networks of excellence, will be financed at 75% by the Federal Government with the states covering the remaining share. 1.9 billion euro will be invested in the following years. •

Attract foreign students and researchers:

-

marketing campaigns to promote German universities and research centres;

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CM International -

Exportation of German study programmes thanks to distance learning (e.g. creation of the German University in Cairo);

•

Strengthen support for young scientists:

-

In order to improve the responsibilities and the independence of young scientists in their choice of area of research, 2 different measures are followed: •

The number of teams of young scientists will be doubled by 2010 and the federal government has introduced junior professorship that enables scientists to be responsible for their research and teaching as soon as they turn 30 (40 before)

•

Improve long term career planning through an intensified use of the “tenure track”;

•

Promote personnel mobility:

-

Reduce obstacles that prevent researchers from moving between scientific research and industry.

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5.

IRELAND

In recent years, the Irish government has been very concerned to promote research activities as far as emerging technologies are concerned and budgetary developments clearly reflect this priority. Funding of Research and Development has seen an increase in real terms of 137% (314.4 million euros) since 1993. However, the level of funding remains low compared to the EU’s average: In 2002, R&D expenditure represented only 1.2% of GDP (28% of which is government expenditure). The country counted 9,386 researchers, which represented 5.3 ‰ of total employment. Ireland’s public research system The Irish system is characterized by a low level of public funding. Funds are mainly allocated through two institutions: •

The Higher Education Authority (HEA)

•

The Science Foundation of Ireland (SFI)

The Higher Education Authority (HEA) is responsible for the funding and agenda of the higher education sector. Its Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions (PRTLI) allocates funds on a competitive basis with the objective of strengthening the long-term research capacities of universities and research institutions in strategic fields. To date, 605 million euros have been allocated through the PRTLI. The SFI was created as a result of the foresight exercise of 1999. With a 646 million euros budget for the period 2000-2006, the foundation aims at funding research in strategic technologies and in particular in two “niche areas” -

Biotechnology and

-

Information and Communications Technologies

The long-term objective of SFI is to foster the creation of international-level research capacities in those two fields, in order to give Ireland a strategic advantage in global competition for R&D investment. The Irish funding system is not limited to those two programmes but other funds are either of limited volume importance and/or don’t allocate funds according to thematic

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CM International priorities (The Health Research Board allocated 21.3 million euros in 2002 but mainly through individual grants, The Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences has been only allocated 5.71 million euros to date ..) Exhibit 15. Thematic priorities

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Programmes. PRLTI : description of the projects when available. SFI - PRLTI: project level - SFI: field of research level. no research details available

Budget in €million


Marine science (PRLTI)


Biosolids (PRLTI)

Climate change (PRLTI)

4 focus themes - Biology and culture of marine organisms - Marine communities - Ocean-floor sensing - Integrated legal, socioeconomic framework for marine sources. 3 themes of research - Sustainable Treatment of biosolids - Waste Management - Reuse of Biosolids The programme will focus on the long-term climate change based on palaeoenvironmental research and the expansion of the GIS facility.

Science of environmental risk Programme of research (PRLTI) Eco-electronics (PRLTI)

19M

2,5M

1M

5,3M 4,7M

Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences Cell biology/cell cycle/Apoptosis (SFI) Bioinformatics/Systems biology (SFI) Analytical methodology (PRLTI)

59,5M 15,3M Establishment of an Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility

Sensors/Devices (SFI) Immunology (SFI) Microbiology (SFI) Neuroscience (SFI)

Neuroscience (PRLTI)

Cellular biotechnology (PRLTI)

7,5M 27,2M 13,6M 6,8M 27,2M

Establishment of the Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and the National Neuroscience Network Establishment of a National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology

28M

34,3M

Biomedical engineering (PRLTI)

2 projects - Extension of previously funded area of Biomedical Engineering into the new areas of Gene Therapy, Cell development and aptosis and Genome instability (12,8M) - The establishment of the Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (5,3M)

18,1M

Cancer and cell signalling (PRLTI)

Programme of research and extension of building facilities

7,3M

Integrative reproductive biology (PRLTI)

Programme of research

1,9M

Biosciences (PRLTI

Development of the Conway Institute to comprise the Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, the foundation programme in Integrative Biology and the Chair of Science and Society


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34,5M

45

CM International Food safety

Agrifood (SFI) Food and health (PRLTI)

Programme of research Establishment of a Programme for Human Genomics in partnership with the Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre and the Biopharmaceutical Sciences Network (RCSI).

Fundamental knowledge for Human genomics (PRLTI) functional genomics

20,4M 3,3M

44,8M

Information Society Technologies Software Engineering & Artificial Intelligence (SFI) Knowledge & Web Based Systems (SFI) Networking & Communications Systems (SFI) Information Systems (SFI) Computer Modelling & Visualisation (SFI)

27M 20M 14M 13M 14M

Language Technologies (SFI)


2M

Transmission Systems (SFI)

25M

Photonics (SFI)

26M

Advanced Manufacturing (SFI)

21M

Storage (SFI)

2M

IC Research/Semiconductors (SFI)

10M

Grid-enabled Computational Physics of Natural Phenomena (PRLTI)


11,8M

Information Technology and Advanced Computation (PRLTI)


8,8M

Informatics (PRLTI)

Establishment of a Research Centre

5,2M

Smart Space Management (PRLTI)


4,9M

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CM International Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology (SFI) Nanotechnology and nanosciences


Nano-photonic (PRLTI)

56M Development of research in Nano-photonics under the National Nanofabrication Facility.

Advanced material science Programme of research (PRLTI) Materials and surface science Programme of research (PRLTI)

15,2M

3,6M 1,26M

New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion

Integration (PRLTI)

Establishment of an Institute for International Integration Studies

8,3M

Social change (PRLTI)

Establishment of a new programme of research in the previously funded Institute for the Study of Social Change

3,4M

Innovation and structural change (PRLTI)

Research programme in a 'new and emerging potential area' in Innovation and Structural Change.

2,8M

Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations


Establishment of a Centre for Transportation and innovation Transportation Research and (PRLTI) Innovation

2M

Exchange of knowledge between Ireland and Europe in Programme of research the Middle Ages (PRLTI)

0,8M

Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies (PRLTI)

1,27M


Irish Scottish Studies (PRLTI) Programme of research

1M

Humanities (PRLTI)

Establishment of a Humanities Institute of Ireland

7,6M

Research library (PRLTI)

Establishment of a Research Library

28,7M

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Accompanying measures The Irish Council for Science and Technology (ICSTI)2, which until recently advised the government on its R&D policy, gives a series of recommendations on the appropriate accompanying measures in its last report “expenditure priorities for 2005”: Support for R&D and innovation in Small-Medium Entreprises (SMEs) Several measures are recommended in order to support SMEs: -

R&D Tax credits: The ICSTI recommends a tax credit at the rate of 20 per cent of qualifying expenditure in order to face international competition for foreign investments.

-

Specific fiscal incentives directed towards SMEs.

-

Public private partnership for research and innovation. The Business Expansion/Seed Capital Scheme has already funded a lot of start-up companies. A pilot scheme for cooperative awards with selected industrial sectors has also been set up. The ICSTI has recommended additional measures to develop guidelines for the commercialization of research.

-

Further provisions are recommended to keep SMEs informed of innovation opportunities, to promote cooperative R&D.

-

Finally, the council recommends new measures to favour the development of networks and clusters.

Human resources The council stresses the need to increase the number of trained researchers in science, engineering and technological fields. Infrastructure The PRLTI has done much to improve the level of investment in capacities and facilities, however there is still a need for strong investment in this historically

2

The ICSTI has been recently replaced by a new advisory council in may 2005

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CM International deficient sector and the PRLTI has to be completed and given more sustainable/long term allocations.

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6.

THE NETHERLANDS

R&D expenditure by government and business in the Netherlands amounted to a total of some 8 billion euros in 2002, which represented 1.8% of GDP. Government expenditure accounted for 37% of this amount. The country counted 43,539 researchers, which represents 5.2 % of total employment. The Netherlands’ public research system The Netherlands’ public research system encompasses several entities in a rather complex structure. When trying to understand the major priorities of the country, a distinction can be drawn between universities and other public institutions financing or producing research. The autonomy of research is considered as an important feature of universities. The importance of “free and unorthodox” research implies that researchers and universities have the responsibility to choose their own research priorities. Thus, the government’s national strategic objectives can serve as an inspiration but are not restrictive. 2 of the 4 billion euros allocated by the government are directed towards universities.

Exhibit 16. University research capacity by discipline (percentage distribution, 2001)

Social sciences 10% Law 3%

Humanities 7%

Agriculture 6%

Economy 2%

Science 35%

Health 21%

Engineering 16%

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CM International The remaining 2 billions are allocated through four main channels, in which the strategy defined by the government has to be more closely followed. Funding and priorities are indeed partially or totally subjected to the government’s criteria. Those channels are: •

Indirect funding through institutions such as NWO (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research) and KNAW (Royal Academy of Sciences). This channel is the primary mean to ensure that appropriate efforts and focus are achieved for identified priorities in basic and applied research.

•

Funding for technology institutions (TNO, GTIs, the agricultural research department DLO, minister’s research…). Those institutions mainly perform applied research for the public and private sector.

•

Funding for the promotion of linkages between R&D and innovation.

•

Funding for the promotion of private sector R&D.

Thematic priorities The Dutch Ministry for Education, Culture and Science has identified four national research themes: IST, nanotechnology, genomics and life sciences. Other important research priorities identified in the science budget 2004 are: “traffic management, logistics management, water management, the vitality of major cities, sustainable food production, the provision and utilisation of energy, and the effective use of space”. In order to get more precise data concerning those priorities, one has to look at the activities of two of the main funding institutions: NWO and TNO. The NWO strategic agenda is focused on 9 thematic priorities. The chosen themes aim at emphasizing “important, innovative or strategic developments in science”. For 2004/2005, 89 projects were selected and a total budget of approximately 265 million euros was allocated. The TNO receives programme-directed government funding for the development of strategic technologies. Its research activities, which are funded by both the

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CM International government and the private sector, are organised in 5 core areas with a number of identified priorities.3 The core areas are: -

Quality of life (QofLife)

-

Defence and public safety (Def&PSafety)

-

Advanced products, processes and systems (Adv PPS)

-

Natural and built environment (N&B Evt. )

-

ICT and services (ICT&S)

With a budget of approximately 82 million per year, KNAW is another major public source of funds for research but its activities consist mainly in individual grants with no particular priority focus (academy research fellowship for talented young researchers and academy awards for selected international prizes) or funds allocated to a series of supports (International cooperation, scientific exchange, conferences, travel grants…). The institution is thus not focused on vertical policies (thematic priorities) but horizontal programmes. The following table presenting the Netherlands’ main priorities will then regroup NWO and TNO research priorities.

Exhibit 17. Main priorities

3

Agenda for TNO 2003-2006, comprehensive summary of the strategic plan 2003-2006. Website http://www.tno.nl/tno/wie_we_zijn/strategie/

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Programmes

Main themes/projects of the programmes when available

Budget 2004/2005 When available

Number of projects when available

System Earth (NWO)

The main focus areas - Energy - Fresh water - Land use - Management of coastal regions - Emissions and climate - Development of alternative and sustainable energy sources - Low-emission production processes - Methods for predicting earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

23,50

22

Biophysical research aims at understanding the forces acting on the chromosome in a dividing cell and which set the chromosome in motion.

63,50

13



Policy and planning (N&B Evt) Infrastructure and planning (N&B Evt) Buildings and engineering structures (N&B Evt) Ecology (N&B Evt) Geoscience (N&B Evt) Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport

Vehicle power train (Adv PPS) Sustainable transport system (N&B Evt)

Life-sciences

Fundamentals of Life Processes (NWO)

Health, biology and biotechnology

Food safety

Biotechnology and product innovation (QofL) Nutrition and health(QofL) Biomedicine (QofL) Health risks of chemical substances (QofL) Technology in healthcare (QofL) Health and public healthcare (QofL) Work and health (QofL) Employment policy and HRM (QofL) Food quality and food safety (QofL)

Fundamental knowledge for Genomics (QofL) functional genomics

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Digitalisation and information technology (NWO) Communication and computing infrastructure

Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics

The research can be broken down into five different areas - Selection of sources and method of digitisation - Storage and transportation - Knowledge retrieval - Modelling, simulation and visualisation - Applications and implications

14,00

10

25,50

13

20,30

15

Instrumentation and information systems (ICT) Infrastructures and products (ICT) User friendliness and behaviour (ICT) ICT policy studies (ICT) Operating processes and information management (ICT) Microsystems technology (Adv PPS)

Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and nanosciences

Nano-sciences (NWO) Nanotechnologies (Adv PPS)

Emerging Technologies (NWO) Knowledge based multifunctional materials

Examples of fields with potential breakthrough - Medical technology - Quantum technology - Photonics - Biomimetics - Sensor technology - Miniaturisation and selflearning systems - Systems for data analysis, modelling and simulation.

Materials technology (AdvPPS) Optical instrumentation (Adv PPS) Accoustics and vibrations (Adv PPS) Process innovation (Adv PPS) New production processes and devices

Process modelling and control systems (Adv PPS) Energy systems (Adv PPS)

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CM International Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences


Cognition and behaviour (NWO)

Citizenship, democracy and Shifts in governance new forms of governance

Main research areas - Fundamental laws of information and information processing - Acquisition and use of knowledge in personal, social, cultural and digital contexts - Behaviour and evolution - Language acquisition - Animal behaviour - Knowledge retrieval - Cognitive disorders The research focuses on issues such as - The effects of the current shifts on the control of concentration of power - The consequences for the efficiency, effectiveness and legitimacy of the existing control mechanisms -The new forms of administration and control

11,00

2

9,30

3

4,81

9

6,40

2

Economy, transactions and regulations

Cultural heritage (NWO)


Field which covers archaeology, history, art, language and literature, music and theatre

Examples of fields creating ethical and social issues: - Scientific or technological developments Ethical and Social Aspects - Biotechnology of Research and - Digitalisation and the Innovation (NWO) growth of information technology (personal privacy andsecurity) -…

Accompanying measures Rewarding excellent research In the 2004 Science budget, 100 million eurosis allocated per year to fund excellent research groups. 50 million eurosis provided by the ministry and 50 million euros from universities (those funds being allocated through NWO).

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CM International Human resources In order to tackle the shortage of knowledge workers and researchers, the 2003 ‘Delta plan’ proposes 4 main axes to improve human resources. -

Attractive education: reform education in order to make science more interesting and attractive.

-

Attractive jobs: favour mobility between the public and private sectors. 0.5 million euroshave been allocated to this goal.

-

Attractive choices: financial incentives for science students to help them bridge the gap between school and employment as a researcher.

-

Attractive settlements: the idea is to attract foreign researchers. An example of a measure would be lower legal fees for foreign students.

Public awareness A Science & Technology platform, with 60 million euros funding, was set up in 2004 following the ‘Delta plan’ in order to disseminate information about scientific research among the public and especially young people. The objectives for the communication of scientific research results are, firstly, to raise public support for research and, secondly, and even more importantly, to create vocations among young people. Private sector R&D 3 types of measures: -

Fiscal measures: the government has allocated 100 additional millions euros to stimulate business R&D through fiscal measures.

-

Favour “appropriate investments”: several measures have been set up to coordinate and channel private R&D investments in ‘good’ technologies. Technopartner or Syntens are examples of institutions that aim are seeking to encourage SMEs’ investment choices. Measures targeting foreign investments have also been developed.

-

Focus on joint and long-term projects: Netherlands offers incentives for the private sector to invest in joint, long-term programmes of research. The idea is to favour research areas with great potential and build internationally competitive strengths in those areas (such as life

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CM International sciences or ICT). 200 million euros will for example be allocated to businesses and research institutions working jointly on long-term research programmes. Internationalisation of research Netherlands participate in several international projects: -

EU activities through the 6th framework programme

-

Bilateral activities with countries outside the European union

-

The EUREKA network

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7.

THE UNITED KINGDOM4

In 2002 the UK spent some 29 billion euros on its various R&D activities, which represents 1.9% of the country’s GDP. State support amounts to 1/3, i.e. approximately 10 billion euros, of all research expenditure with industry accounting for the remaining share. However, without taking into account R&D funding from foreign companies, the private sector in the UK accounts for approximately only 46% of overall expenditure. The government’s long-term objective is to increase overall R&D spending to GRD to 2.5% by 2014. In 2001, more than 1/3 of the government’s R&D expenditure was dedicated to “defence”. In 2000, the country counted 157,662 researchers, which represented 5.5 % of total employment. UK’s public research system The government is the main source of funding for two entities: the Higher Education Institutions (mainly universities) and the Research Councils. The Research Councils perform their own research but also fund programmes in HEIs. –Indeed, half of the funding for the RCs was allocated to projects conducted in HEIs in 2003-2004. The Research Councils therefore play a strategic role in the public research landscape; the funds they allocate have an important impact on the thematic research performed.

4

1€=0,79£

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CM International Exhibit 18. Distribution of public funds among the 8 Research Councils

In millions of € 2004-2005 allocation Arts and humanities 100,873 research council Biotechnology and biological research council 428,375 (BBRC) Council for the Central laboratory of the resarch 190,571 councils (CCLRC) Engineering and physical sciences research council 740,977 (EPSRC) Economic and social 156,748 research council (ESRC) Medical research council 678,3672 (MRC) Natural environment 468,24144 research council (NERC) Particle physics and astronomy research council 408,26 (PPARC)

Exhibit 19. Thematic priorities

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Main themes/projects/priorities of the programmes

Programmes

Budget FY 2004-2005 (when available)

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Geography, Environment, Urban/Rural and Transport Studies, Area Studies (ESRC)


Sustainable energy sources

Natural environment research council (NERC)

Current projects - Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) - Sustainable Technologies Programme - Research Councils Energy Programme Priorities of the research council - Climate change - Environment & human health - Sustainable water management - Sustainable management of soils - Marine bioresources - Deep oceans

Not available

Not available

Infrastrucure and environment (EPSRC*)

Main subprogrammes - Infrastructures and environment 20 projects - Engineering for infrastructures 20p - Sustainable technology initiative 11 - Sustainable environment and technology 6

105 projects 117,25M€

Surface and Nuclear Division - research, technology and facilities for materials science, surface science and nuclear physics (CCLRC)

3 themes - Nuclear Physics Group - Medium Energy Ion Scattering Facility (MEIS) - National Centre for Electron Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis (NCESS)

Not available

6 themes - business process modelling - Distributed Information Systems - Knowledge Management and Data Mining - Security and Trust Management - Software Technology - Web and Grid Technologies

Not available

Example of themes - Radiowave propagation - Radio communications - Meteorology

Not available

Sustainable surface transport Information Society Technologies Business and Information Technology advanced innovative IT solutions to realworld problems (CCLRC) Radio communications, radiowave propagation and atmospheric sensing (CCLRC)

4 areas of research - Data Storage and Management - Scientific Computing - Grid Development - Grid Exploitation 9 areas of research - Advanced Research Computing - Atomic and Molecular Physics Computational - Band Theory Science and - Computational Engineering Engineering - Computational Material Science simulations and - Mathematical Software solutions (CCLRC) - Molecular Simulation - Numerical Analysis - Quantum Chemistry Themes - Advanced informatics techniques - Resources for data and information management across networks E-science (PPARC) - Computational and data grid information - Middleware development - Hardware procurement Subprogramme: DTI technology programme (EPSRC*) - Heterogeneous IP networks (3 projects) e-Science - next generation e-science facilities (CCLRC)


High performance computing (EPSRC*)

e-science (EPSRC*)

Information management and new processes

Information and communication technology (EPSRC*)

Subprogramme - High performance computing (33 projects) Subprogrammes - e-sience 29 projects - core e-science 49p - e-science programme 39p Main subprogrammes - Computer sciences 169 projects - Electronics 124p - People and interactivity 123p - Communications 114 - Photonics 78p

Not available

Not available

6M€

3 projects 3,57M€ 33 projects 3,86M€ 117 projects 81,5M€



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CM International Life-sciences 8 themes - Cancer biology - Genetic mechanisms - Methodology development for gene therapy Mollecular and cellular - Bioinformatics medicine (MRC) - Biotechnology and structural studies - Nanotechnology - Cell biology - developmental and stem cell biology excluding neurobiology 2 main themes - Investigates non-infectious diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure and asthma. Physiological systemes and clinical - Funds various types of research from applied sciences (MRC) nutrition research to waste product and toxin excretion, hormone function, reproductive health and pregnancy, effects of drugs and hazardous environmental agents Main themes: Investigates how the immune systeme works. Important part of the researches Infections and immunity (MRC) funded are on infectious diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria Research on the biology of the brain and the nervous system in normal and diseased states: Neurosciences and Parkinson and Alzeihmer's diseases, depression, mental health (MRC) schizophrenia, autism, addiction and antisocial behaviour Themes include - health promotion - disease prevention Health services and public health research - healthcare provision (MRC) - variations in ill-health within the population - biological, environmental, socio-economic, lifestyle factors impacting health

257,4M€

103,8M€

110,5M€

117,4M€

88,5M€

Agri-food (BBSRC)

Priorities of this research area - Integrative Behaviour of the Soil-Plant System - Biodiversity Utilisation and Conservation in Agroecosystems - Genes to Food Products - Food Metabolomics - Foodborne Pathogens and the Environment - Genotypic Variation and Responsiveness to Diet - Diet and Vascular Health - Cross-Committee Priority Areas: Bioinformatics and e-Science, Biology of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Biophysics, Bioscience Engineering, Developing alternative methods to replace, reduce or refine animal experiments, Drug Resistance and Alternatives to Chemotherapeutics, Technology Development, Theoretical Biology

61,9M€

Animal Sciences (BBSRC)

Priorities of this research area - Animal welfare - Control of Infectious Diseases - From the neurone to behaviour - Genes to Physiology

45,7M€


Biochemistry & Cell Biology Committee (BBSRC)

Priorities of this research area - Chemical Biology - Multiprotein complexes - Biochemistry and cell biology of nuclear transfer, stem cell signalling and control of differentiation - Integrated cellular systems in vitro

50M€

Priorities - Complexity in Biomolecular Systems (COMBIOSYS) - Biological Membranes: Investigating the Structure Biomolecular Sciences and Function (BIOMIS) 34,6M€ (BBSRC) - Mechanistic Enzymology (MENZ) - Post-translational Modification of Proteins (POPMOP) - Protein-Ligand Interactions (PROLIN)

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Engineering & Biological Systems (BBSRC)


Priorities - Bio-artificial Interfaces & Aggregation Processes - Bionanotechnology - The ‘Cell Supply-Chain’ - Joint wet/dry studies of cellular and sub-cellular networks - New Proteomic Technologies for Difficult to Analyse Proteins - Real-time, In-Vivo Functional Analysis

Priorities - Fossil Carbon Substitution: Biomass to Biosynthesis - The Cellular Basis of Multicellular Function Plant & Microbial - Comparative Functional Genomics Sciences (BBSRC) - Integrating Physiology - Sensing and Signalling Systems - Exploring the Potential of Metabolomics Main surbprogrammes - Organicsynthesis & Biological chemisrty 171projects Chemistry (EPSRC*) - Chemistry 132p - Structure and bonding 110p - Inorganic Synthesis 107p Subprogrammes - Life science interfaces 83 projects Life science interfaces - Life science interfaces networks 3p (EPSRC*) - Metrology for life sciences 1p - Brain science 1p

28M€

48,6M€



Food safety


Priorities - Priorities for Post/Functional Genomics: Bioinformatics, Access to facilities and data - Development and Evolution focused Priority Areas: Stem Cell Biology, Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Genetics of Ageing, Gene Function Analysis in Developmental Biology, Biodiversity Informatics

Genes & Developmental Biology (BBSRC)

360

54M€

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CM International Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and nanosciences

Subprogramme - Basic technology (79 projects) 3 themes - Electronic systems - Design systems - Detector technology

Basic technology (EPSRC*) Instrumentation (CCLRC)

Pulsed neutron and muon source

ISIS (CCLRC)

Synchrotron Radiation (SRS) Knowledge based multifunctional materials

Materials (EPSRC*)

Mathematical sciences (EPSRC*)

Physics (EPSRC*) ASTeC - the UK's centre of expertise for Accelerator Science and Technology (CCLRC) Engineering advanced engineering technology/solutions (CCLRC)


Central Laser Facility (CLF) - high-power laser facilities (CCLRC)

Innovative manufacturing (EPSRC*)

Engineering(EPSRC*)

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Experimental facilities which deliver radiation with wavelengths extending from the infrared to hard Xrays. Available techniques include: - X-ray diffraction - X-ray spectroscopy (XAFS) - Small-angle/wide-angle scattering - Soft X-ray - Spectroscopy - Photoemission - Imaging. Main subprogrammes - Photonics materials 108 projects - Electronics Material 86p - Materials 62p - Structural polymers and composites 58p Main subprogrammes - Mathematical sciences 245 projects - Mathematics responsive mode 104p - Maths fellowships 34 Main subprogrammes - Physics 136 projects - Condensed matter physics 81p - Atomic and molecular physic 53p Examples, advanced system for: - Particle and nuclear physics - Neutron - Synchrotron light sources - Free electron lasers 3 areas of research - Applied Science - Microstructures - Project Engineering 2 objectives - Provides both the laser capability and the diagnostic and support infrastructure necessary for its exploitation. - Develops high power laser technology and provides access to laser techniques for a broad range of scientific research in physics, chemistry and biology. Main subprogrammes - Innovative manufacturing 69 projects - Foresight vehicle link programme 3p - IMI process industries 2p Main subprogrammes - Engineering 236 projects - Civil engineering 135p - Engineering science: flow 144p - Systems 106p - Civil engineering response 102p

158,7M€ Not available Not available

Not available

626 projects 285,3M€ 405 projects 87,2M€ 370 projects 200M€

Not available

Not available

Not available

77 projects 178M€

1261 projects 390M€

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Space

Space Science and Technology - research, technology and test facilities for astronomy, space science and earth observation (CCLRC)

Divisions - Earth Observation and Atmospheric Science - Imaging systems - Radio Communications Research Unit - Space Data - Space Physics - Space Engineering and Technology - Technology Exploitation - Meteorlogical radar experimental facility

Not available

Centre for Fundamental Physics (CfFP) - (CCLRC)

Covers a wide range of issues "from quarks to the cosmos"

Not available

2 programmes - The astronomy programme- covers terrestrial and Astronomy programme space based astronomy research and facilities 52,2M€ - The Solar System Science programme - covers (PPARC) solar-terrestrial physics and solar systems space missions 4 themes - The elucidation of the origin of mass Particle Physics - co- The reason for the existence of three generation ordinating UK particle of elemtary particles physics programmes - The reason for the matter/antimatter asymmetry (CCLRC) in the universe - The nature of dark matter 4 themes - The elucidation of the origin of mass - The reason for the existence of three generation Particle physics of elemtary particles programme (PPARC) - The reason for the matter/antimatter asymmetry in the universe - The nature of dark matter

Not available

31,7M€

Social and Human sciences


Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities

362

Diasporas, Migration and Identities Programme

7,8M€ for 2005- 2009

AHRC's ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in Arts and Humanities Research Programme

5,4M€ for 2003-2008

Religion, belief and society

~7,8M€ for 2006-2010

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CM International Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance

Government, Political Current projects Science and Law - Devolution and Constitutional Change (ESRC) - New Security Challenges

World Economy and Finance (ESRC)

2 aims - Understand ways in which financial markets and financial policies influence major global issues such as poverty, development, growth and transition €5 million - Analyse policy issues in an era of low inflation, increasingly integrated financial markets, changing demographics and trade patterns

Management and Business Studies and Innovation (ESRC)

3 projects - AIM Management Research Initiative Not - Evolution of Business Knowledge (EBK) (3,5M€) available Public Services: Quality, Performance and Delivery Programme


Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities Art and humanities council research priorities


Landscape and Environment

7,8M€ for 2005- 2010

Designing for the 21st Century Programme

9,295M€ for 2005 2009

Museums and Galleries Research Programme

Not available

Cultures of Consumption Programme

7,15M€ for 2003-2008

Development of non-textual methods of communication

~7,86M€ for 20062010

Current projects - Innovative Health Technologies (January 2006) Education, - People at the Centre of Communication and Psychology, Cognition Information Technologies (PACCIT) (September and Linguistics 2006) (ESRC) - Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP) (December 2008) Current projects - Cultures of Consumption Sociology, Social - E-Society Policy, Social Work - Identities and Social Action and Social - Non-Governmental Public Action Anthropology (ESRC) - Science in Society - New Dynamics of Ageing Current projects Statistics, Computing, - British Elections Study 2005/06 - ESRC/JISC Census of Population Infrastructure, - Research Methods Programme Demography and Research Methodology - Demonstrator Scheme for Qualitative Data (ESRC) Sharing and Research Archiving - Scottish Longitudinal Studies Centre IDEAS factory (EPSRC*)

Others

Not available

N.A

Complexity (EPSRC*) N.A Postgraduate training N.A

Not available

Not available

Not available

56 projects 11,44M€ 12 projects 15,7M€ 710 projects 1062,5M€

*Current grants includes announced grants that have not yet started and completed grants where financial reconciliation is still to take place

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Accompanying measures The R&D policy objectives are supported by a series of measures, which seek to improve the overall efficiency of research and innovation in the UK. Those measures can be gathered in 4 themes: training, knowledge transfer, “science in society” and international cooperation. The science budget 2003-04 to 2005-06 lists the following: •

Training objectives. The first goal is to raise the level of postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers as well as their number in selected fields. The measures taken include: raising the postgraduates’ stipends (from £9,000 in 2003-2004 to £12,000 in 2005-06) and the pay of post doctorates (increase of £4,000 in 2005-2006) in the Research Councils. The second goal is to improve research skills. One measure adopted provides training in particular skills such as project management and business planning (£9.5 million allocated to this measure in 2005-06).

•

Knowledge transfer objectives. In order to improve the capacity of the research base to exploit the results of its findings, several funding sources have been allocated to both HEIs and Research Councils to promote knowledge transfer.

•

Science in society. The goal is to improve understanding of, and support for research, among the public. Starting from 2003-2004, £2.25 million is allocated annually to this purpose.

•

International research cooperation. Measures aim to support the creation of international collaboration between researchers. The objective here is to create strong partnerships and networks that will provide the basis for future joint programmes.

£861 000 is allocated annually to fund international

collaborations and subscriptions.

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8.

DENMARK

Total expenditure on Danish research in 2003 amounted to 4,75 billion euros5. Denmark spent around 2.6% of its GDP on R&D in 2003. The Government’s goal is that both the public sector and the private sector increase their efforts in R&D, so that Denmark will reach a level above 3.0% of GDP by 2010. In 2002, the country counted 25,546 researchers which represented 9.2% of total employment. Denmark’s public research system Similar to most of the other countries, Denmark has a two-tier research system: •

One tier concerns the basic grants, which are allocated directly to those institutions that perform research (Universities and public research institutions).

•

The second tier comprises resources allocated to individual or research groups on a competitive basis by funding agencies.

Exhibit 20. Distribution of the 1,45 billion euros of public expenditure

DNRF; 2% Countries and municipalities; 6%

International; 7%

Financial Act; 85%

Source: Dansk center for Forskningsanalyse: Offentigt Forskningsbudget 2003

5

1€=0,13DKK

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CM International The Financial Act represents by far the largest share of public expenditure (85%; 1,235 billion euros). However, even though the Danish National Research Foundation only represents 2% of the budget (33,8 million euros) it has had a great influence on the research landscape.6

First tier of the research system: basic grants Between 60% and 65% (780 million euros) of the Financial Act expenditure is directed towards basic research, which is mainly conducted inside universities. Exhibit 21. Distribution of Financial ACT Grants for basic research according to scientific area 2003

Natural sciences; 22%

Other R&D; 19%

Humanities; 15% Technical sciences; 13%

Social sciences; 11%

Medical sciences; 13%

Agri-vet Sciences; 7%

Source: Dansk center for Forskningsanalyse: Offentigt Forskningsbudget 2003

Second tier: competitive grant system The fund allocation is mainly organised around three agencies: •

The Danish Council for Independent Research (DCIR) predominantly funds projects of basic and applied research on a short-term basis. Its budget is 124 million euros. It is organised around 5 different councils.

6

Evaluation of the Danish National Research Foundation’s centres of excellence, June 2003

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The Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) funds 36 centres of excellence with a budget of 27 million euros. The agency allocates long term funding

to

multidisciplinary

projects

and

fosters

industrial/university

collaboration. It awards large, concentrated grants for several years to research proposals of the highest quality. The objective for the centres of excellence is to achieve an international level of competitiveness and thus attract new national and international funds, exerting a stronger positive influence on national research. The two first organisations are following a “bottom-up” approach: research is driven by scientists. •

The Danish Council for Strategic Research (DCSR). Its budget is 47MILLION EUROS. o This organisation follows a “top down” approach: research is politically prioritised.

The relatively low level of basic grants allocated to institutions through the first funding channel pushes researchers to compete fiercely for the budgets distributed by these agencies. In order to understand the research priorities of Denmark, the most interesting approach is to try to summarize the activity of the three agencies. Thematic priorities Exhibit 22. Thematic priorities of the DCSR-DCIR7-DNRF

7

For the DCIR, the information included in the table are the subjects covered by the five research councils of the DCIR (Medical RC, Natural sciences RC, Technology and production RC, Social sciences RC, Humanities RC).

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Programmes

Budget

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Use of geological, microbiological, and molecular biological techniques to explain Average Nordic Centre for Earth Evolution - The history of biological evolution on annual grant: (DNRF2005-2010) Earth 1Mill € - Its relationship to the changing chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans

Water - the strategic resource of the future (DCSR)

Areas of research - Drinking and industrial water - waste water - The environment and control of water (disasters such as tidal waves, tsunamis and floods). - Technologies such as process technology, membrane technology, construction and renovation technology, pumps, earth observation data from satellites, new sensor and IT technology for automatic collection and transmission of field data and advanced hydrological models.

Covers geology and aspects of geography that relate to natural science Covers - Environmental technology Technology and production science RC - Exploitation of natural resources and environmental production Chemical research on : - Discovery and development of new Centre for Sustainable and Green eco-efficient routes to energy Chemistry (DNRF2005-2010) currencies - Base chemicals - Fine chemicals Natural science RC

to be established

Not available

Average annual grant: 0.7Mill. €

Systematised sustainable energy (DCSR)

2 research areas - Development of individual technologies (wind, fuel cells and to be established bioenergy) - Development of systematic concepts that combine these technologies

Technology and production science RC

Covers energetics


Not available


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Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) (DNRF 1998 2006)

3 Main areas of research on human sensory-motor interaction and methods to restore impaired sensorymotor functions: - Motor control research - Neural prostheses research - Pain research

Average annual grant: 0.8mill €

Centre for Solid Phase Organic Combinatorial Chemistry (SPOCC) (DNRF1997 - 2006)

The aim of the centre is to initiate and develop a substantial program in generel combinatorial organic chemistry primarily on solid-phase. The chemistry is directed towards combinatorial drug design, particularly in the field of inhibitors for proteases

Average annual grant: 0.5mill €

Danish National Research Foundation: Center for Nucleic Acid (NAC) (DNRF 2001 - 2006)

The focus is on - Discovery of novel synthetic methods towards chemically modified and conjugated nucleic acids - Structural and functional studies on Average RNA, LNA and DNA analogues annual grant: - Nucleic acid hybridization is explored 0.9mill. € as a potential tool for research within nanobiotechnology as well as to search for novel classes of biologically active molecules.

Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS) (DNRF 2001-2006)

Two main research themes, - Molecular description of the physical Average and physico-chemical properties of annual grant: biological membranes 0.9 mill. € - How these properties control biological function

Quantum Protein Centre (DNRF 2001-2006)

Main research objective - To consider the protein in its environment as a macroscopic quantum system that can be excited into various states by, e.g., external electromagnetic radiation or that can be induced to undergo structural/conformational changes upon ligand binding or interacting with other molecules (solvent molecules or other proteins)

Average annual grant 0.8mill€

Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience

The goals are to - Understand the ability of the human brain to adapt to experience, learning and interaction with the surrounding social and physical environment. - Ultimately to lead to better understanding of the function and complexity of the brain and of neurological diseases and their treatment.

Average annual grant: 0.9 mill. €

Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism(DNRF2005-2010)

2 goals - identify new myokines in muscles - Examine the interaction between muscle, adipose tissue, and brain

Average annual grant: 0.6 million €

Centre for Social Evolution (DNRF2005-2010)

Fundamental interdisciplinary studies of biological evolution of social systems, mainly in social insects, focusing on - Mating system adaptations Average - Information exchange and annual grant: recognition mechanisms 0.7 Mill. € - Social parasitism - Defences against infectious diseases - The evolution and maintenance of invasive supercolonies - Fungal agriculture


The aim is to study how the gene expression program of a cell is regulated at the "mRNP level". The aim is to develop a tool-kit for the study of insoluble proteins.Primary focus will be on: Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (DNRF 2005-2010) - Membrane proteins - Fibrillating proteins - Extracellular matrix proteins. Areas of focus include - Photodynamic cancer therapy Centre for Oxygen Microscopy and - Intra- and intercellular signalling Imaging (DNRF 2005 - 2010) processes - Heterogeneous barrier polymers. Centre for mRNP biogenesis and metabolism (DNRF 2005-2010)

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Average annual grant: 0.88 Mill. €. Average annual grant: 0.9 Mill. €

Average annual grant: 0.53 Mill. €.

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Danish Arrhythmia Research Centre (DNRF 2005-2010)

Health care investment based on biological defence mechanisms (DSCR)

Main objectives, development of physics models that enables a quantitative understanding of: - Computation - Communication - And regulation in biological systems. The research aims at clarifying the basic biological mechanisms behind cardiac arrhythmic diseases. The science focuses on an integrative approach to specific arrhythmias through patient studies, clinical genetic, functional animal experiments as well as molecular and electrophysiological studies of the proteins conducting the cardiac impulse. Examples of research areas - Combating infection - Allergies - Food hygiene - Disinfection methods - Vaccine technology

Average annual grant: 0.52 Mill. €


to be established

Biological manufacturing - useful products from renewable resources (DCSR)

This research platform will, therefore, mean a significant and broad research investment in the utilisation of useful and innocuous living organisms, plants, bacteria, fungi and algae as manufacturing organisms. It is also to be recommended that the action area established cover the bioethical aspects of this field as well as research that can contribute to enabling us in future to reduce the need for animal testing (for approval of new products) without increasing the risk to humans.

The individual perspective in future health care services (DCSR)

Examples themes impacting individual health care services: - Genome research - Biotechnological breakthroughs - Developments in information technology - New technologies in nanomedicine - Gene and cell-specific drugs - Cell therapy - New methods of administering drugs

basic scientific aspects (Medical RC)

Includes - Molecular medicine and genetics - Anatomy - Medical physiology and biochemistry - Medical microbiology - Pharmaceutical - Pharmacology - Disease models - Medical bioinformatics - Systemic biology -

Clinical aspect (Medical RC)

Includes - Medicine - Surgery and psychiatry - Dentistry - Elucidation diagnosis and paramedicine - Examination and treatment including nutrition, exercise and pharmaceuicals


Socio-medical aspects (Medical RC)

Natural science RC


370

Includes - Prevention - Healthcare - Epidemiological aspects Covers - Molecular biology - Biology - Biophysics and biochemistry Covers - Biotechnology - Medical technology

to be established

Not available

Not available

Not available

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Healthy and safe foods (DCSR) Food safety Technology and production science RC

Two overall aims - Understand the value chain from consumer to earth and sea to be - Understand the correlations between established genetics, diet, disease and a healthy lifestyle. Covers - Vegetable production Not available - Livestock production including veterinary science and food

Center for Molecular Plant Physiology (PlaCe) (DNRF2003 2006)

Aims of the centre: - Acquire new knowledge at the molecular level of life processes of plants. - Using molecular tools, change the Average course of individual biosynthetic annual grant: pathways, to modulate their regulation 1.3 mill. € and to alter their interaction with other pathways in the plant. - Study the effects of specific changes at the genomic level on the whole plant level using transgenic plants.

Wilhelm Johansen Center for Functional Genome Research (DNRF 2001 - 2006)

The aim of the project is to establish a functional map of the human genome Average by large-scale identifications of annual grant: - Novel human disease genes 0.78 mill. € - Novel genetic entities - Novel genetic mechanisms

Center for Experimental Fundamental knowledge for BioInformatics (CEBI) (DNRF 2003 - 2006) functional genomics

The CEBI is a research unit established for the purpose of correlating the increasing amount of information on genome sequences and experimental data in order to further our understanding of the functions of living cells

average annual grant: 0.91 mill. €

The Water and Salt Research Center (DNRF2001-2006)

Overall aims - Establish in depth understanding of the vital mechanisms for renal regulation of water and sodium balance using a functional genomics Average approach at the molecular, regulatory, annual grant 0.87 mill. integrative physiological and pathophysiological level. - The focus is placed on renal water and sodium channels and transporters.

Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research (DNRF2005-2010)

Overall aims - Focus on cell and molecular biology studies of mechanisms that are employed to preserve genome Average integrity. annual grant 1 Mill. € - Elucidation of the genome surveillance pathways that coordinate the cell fate decisions in cells exposed to various types of genotoxic stress.

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Overall aims Centre for Basic Research in - Establish important areas of basic Computer Science (BRICS (DNRF research in Mathematical Foundations 1999 - 2006) of Computer Science, notably Natural science RC Covers computer sciences Covers IT and communication Technology and production science RC technology

Average annual grant: 1 mill€ Not available Not available

Information management and new processes

User-driven innovation and business development in the knowledge economy (DCSR)

3 main areas of research - The business development of established companies to be - The interpretation of user needs established - The development of practice-oriented management models of user-driven innovation and commercialisation



Covers microtechnology

Not available



Two main research areas Centre for Individual Nanoparticle - Establish a one to one correlation Functionality (DNRF2005 - 2010) between structure and reactivity of nanoparticles This research platform covers both From nanoscience to nano-based basic technological issues and products (DCRS) interdisciplinary research that couples nanotechnology with developments in, Technology and production science RC

Covers nanotechnology

372

Average annual grant: 0.92 Mill. € to be established

Not available

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CM International The overall aims - Develop and understand metalcatalysed reactions in organic Average Center for Catalysis (DNRF 2002 - chemistry. annual grant: 2006) - The research involves experimental 0.8 mill. € organic-, organometallic- and inorganic chemistry, Physical and computational chemistry.

Center for Metal Structures in 4 Dimensions (DNRF2001 - 2006)

Center for Quantum Optics (DNRF2001 - 2006)


Centre for Viscous Liquid Dynamics - Glass and Time (DNRF)

Average annual grant: 0.9 mill Average annual grant: 0.8 mill. €


Centre for Molecular Movies (DNRF)

The research focuses on obtaining snapshots of the rearrangement of Average atoms while fundamental processes annual grant: are taking place in molecules and in 0.74 Mill. € solid materials, using ultrashort pulses of laser light and X-rays.

High technology instrument development - a Danish spearhead (DCSR)

This research platform will enable highspeed knowledge and technology transfer from ambitious projects, such to be as the Mars project and space travel, established to the development of new valuegenerating technology for Danish companies.

Natural science RC

Covers physics and chemistry Covers building and construction technology



The overall aims: - Explore the heterogeneous structure of metallic materials - Understand how this responds over time to changes in stimuli such as stress and temperature The overall aim: - Investigethe interaction between nonclassical light and atoms. Research into the basic physical properties of viscous liquids 3 overall aims, understand: - How does a highly viscous liquid relax towards equilibrium? - How do the relaxation properties depend on temperature? - Are one-parameter models sufficient for a description of viscous liquids' generic properties?

Global design-oriented manufacturing platforms (DCSR)


373

Not available Not available

Main research goal: the overall process and value chain contained in the design and specifications of the product as well as all the aspects of its production. to be Examples of sectors that can be established promoted via this platform : - Device and system manufacturing - The construction sector - Manufacturing products for the disabled - Medical equipment, etc. Covers mechanical enginering and Not available production technology

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Space

Dark Cosmology Centre (DNRF2005-2010)

Natural science RC

Overall aims - Understand the nature of the main constituents of the Universe, "dark matter" and "dark energy". - The research involves detailed investigations of "cosmic lighthouses", such as gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Covers Astronomy

Average annual grant: 1 Mill €

Not available

Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion Covers - Political science - Jurisprudence

Citizenship, democracy and Social science RC new forms of governance


Not available

Centre for Applied Microeconometrics (CAM) (DNRF2001 - 2006)

Overall aims: all areas of applied micro econometrics. - Particular emphasis is paid to research on the economic behaviour and welfare of households, labour market issues and the development of panel data methods. - Examples of the research supported Average include: the consumption and saving annual grant: behaviour of households, with 0.7 mill. € particular emphasis on these patterns as people move through their life stages; the self-employment behaviour of immigrants; evaluations of the effects of 'active' labour market policies and panel data methods to deal with censoring and with persistent processes.

Social science RC

Covers - Economics - Environmental economics - Agricultural economics

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Not available

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CM International The main aims are to: - Establish a new complete critical edition of all of Kierkegaard's writings Søren Kierkegaard Research - Carry out and promote Kierkegaard Centre (SKC) (DNRF 1999 -2006) research from literary, theological and philosophical perspectives at both national and international level

Centre for the Study of the Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals

Centre for Subjectivity Research


The overall aims: - The heritage of Western culture especially from medieval liturgy and ritual. - The focus involves theology, musicology, literature, drama and visual arts. The aim is to : - Investigate subjectivity, with particular focus on the question of whether subjectivity can be naturalized.

Average annual grant: 1.43 mill €

, average annual grant: 0.44 mill. €


The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Language Change in Real Time (DNRF2005-2010)

Two aims, understand: - How has the Danish language society changed from 1900 to 2000? - How has spoken language changed since the 1970s?


Centre for Textile Research (DNRF2005 – 2010)

Research in textile history, from prehistory to present day.


Centre for Black Sea Studies ( DNRF 2002-2006)

3 Themes - Ethnic relations - Cultural interaction - Economic interdependence in the Black Sea region in the period c. 700 BC-325 AD


Covers musicology, art history, architecture, cinematography and media science, humanistic ICT, literary history, dramaturgy, linguistics, philology, history, archaeology, Not available anthropology, ethnograpy, folkloristics, Eskimology, philosophy, history of ideas,history of science, theology, comparative religion, education and psychology

Humanities RC

Covers a numberof interdisciplinary areas (development studies, gender, urban planning, technology assessment)

Social science RC

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Not available

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9.

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland is among the leading industrialized countries as far as Research and Development is concerned. According to the OECD, it is one of the countries that spends most in terms of GNP percentage and its publications are amongst the top ranks in the “19 most industry-relevant” scientific disciplines. However, the funding levels of Swiss research have been decreasing throughout the last decade because of the economic recession. R&D expenditure amounted to 2.6% of GDP in 2003, 23% of which is being funded by the government (approximately 1,507,4 million euros). Over two thirds of Swiss research is then financed by private industry. Around 80% of it is linked to chemical, pharmaceutical and machine industries. In 2003, the country counted 25,808 researchers, which represented 6.3% of total employment. Switzerland’s public research system The Swiss National Scientific Foundation (SNSF) is the main actor in the public funded research sector. This organisation allocates public funds to different performers of research for both open research and oriented research. The SNSF activities are divided in 4 sectors: •

Division I: Social and human sciences

•

Division II: Mathematics, natural sciences and engineering

•

Division III: Biology and medicine

•

Division IV: Oriented research

Division I to III are “open research”: researchers can submit their own themes of research and funds are mainly allocated directly to universities. Division IV is “oriented research”: funds are allocated through a competitive system for predetermined themes, SNSF funds are allocated through thematic programmes (NRP, NCCR….). In 2004, the SNSF distributed 262.7 million euros: 80% of the funds were directed towards free research and 20% towards oriented research.

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Thematic priorities Open research8 2007 plan for open research According to the 2004-2007 plan of the SNSF, supports for scientific projects in Divisions I to III have been steadily decreasing over the past ten years. Since the 1990s, priority has been given to targeted research and consequently the level of funding for independent basic research is now jeopardizing the future of Swiss R&D performance.. The primary aim of the SNSF is therefore to increase funding for independent basic research. For 2004–2007, the objective is to increase resources earmarked for independent basic research in Divisions I to III by at least 10 % per year. Repartition and “priorities” for open research Free research funding is organised in three divisions: •

Division I: Social and human sciences

•

Division II: Mathematics, natural sciences and engineering

•

Division III: Biology and medicine

Exhibit 23. Total distribution (open and oriented research) per field of research

Budget 48 342 054 106 759 445 107 606 654 500 252 263 208 404

Research allocations by scientific domain Human and social sciences Mathematics, natural sciences, engineering Biology and medicine Not attributable Total

8

Percentage 18% 41% 41% 100%

‘Open research’ is referred to as ‘free research’ in Swiss policy documents.

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Funds in 2004 were globally distributed as follows:

Exhibit 24. Distribution of funds for free research per division

18% Social and human sciences

42%

Mathematics, natural sciences and engineering Biology and medicine

40%

Source SNSF website, annual report 2004.

Exhibit 25. 2007 plan: Most promising research themes identified for divisions I to III

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CM International FIELDS Life-sciences

Main themes

Main research areas

Complex biological systems

New type molecules

Bioinformatics

Integrative biology:

Visualization of complex systems

Structural biology


Evolutionary biology and ecology

Developmental biology and experimental medicine

3 main themes - Steering - Characterization - Modelling ) Main theme - Production of molecules of a new type, of any shape and size, with specific targeted functions Main theme - Computer-assisted description, analysis and modelling of biological systems, also as a link between genomics and proteomics Main theme - Combined methodological approaches for the study of complex functions at the level of cells, organs or organisms, as well as their interactions. Main theme - In vivo analysis of cell and organ functions by non-invasive techniques (e.g. "live imaging"). 2 main themes concerning research on the three-dimensional structure of biomolecules: - Study the relations between structure and function, the nature and dynamics of macromolecular interactions in biomolecular/supramolecular complexes - Determine and predict protein folding from "structural genomics" programs. 4 themes - Global function of ecosystems - Evolution and co-evolution of plants-herbivores, hostparasites and prey-predator interactions - Population biology, population genetic structure, and biodiversity dynamics - Experimental outdoor systems using molecular techniques, modelling and theoretical approaches. 2 main research themes: - Research on embryonic stem cells - Research on adult stem cells

Clinical research

4 themes - Integration of disease-oriented (causes, course and therapy), patient-oriented (all phases of clinical studies, cohort studies) and health-oriented (health care and prevention) research within an overall concept. - Establishment of a network of clinical study centres (Swiss Trial Organization). - Design and realization of interdisciplinary cohort studies according to the lines of HIV cohorts, in the fields of cancer, heart and circulatory diseases, hepatitis, allergies, prion infections, asthma, diabetes, transplantations. - Pharmacogenetics.

Aspects of aging

2 themes - New aspects relative to diabetes, heart and circulatory ailments, arthritis and osteopathy, cancer, neurological (Alzheimer, Parkinson) and psychiatric diseases. - Investigation of degenerative diseases in general

Genomics and proteomics

3 main themes - Decoding genomes - Determining the gene function - Relationship between genetic information, protein production and protein functions, as well as their interactions.

Epigenetics

2 main themes - Study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a modification of the DNA sequence - Cell differentiation and de-differentiation.

Food safety


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Information and communication technologies

Main research theme - Development of new data processing concepts on the basis of bio-inspired algorithms for the systematic structuring of complex function systems and extensive data (for example in high energy physics, biology).

Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem


Understanding earth complex circuits (oceans, the atmosphere and their interactions with the earth's crust and mantle)

Natural resources and natural risks

3 main themes - Ongoing development of geochemical and geophysical methods - Improved modelling tools - International cooperation networks 2 main themes - Better use of natural resources (energy, mineral resources, water, space) - Better basis for research on natural disaster risks.

Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes 4 main themes - Understand how molecules and atoms organize - Understand how to manipulate them in a controlled manner - Materials with new properties (nanostructures and nanosystems) - New functional elements (nanoelectronics and nanomechanics).

Nanosciences and nanotechnologies Nanotechnology and nanosciences

Mesoscopic systems

Infrastructure and consumer goods in our society

Ongoing mathemization in all areas Knowledge based multifunctional materials


2 main themes - Surface and interface conditions - Quantum effects 2 main themes - Developing and implementing functional materials and structures - Modelling the reciprocal relationship between the animated and the unanimated environment on the basis of findings from the engineering sciences. Examples of application - Cryptography - Financial mathematics - Complex modeling

Ongoing development of high precision physical measuring methods and mathematical descriptive languages. 3 main themes - Study of the basic structure of matter with particle accelerators with new, highly sensitive and complex detectors in new energy fields High-energy physics - High precision experiments with lower energies - Transversal links, especially to cosmology, technical spin-off (GRID). 2 main aims Engineering solutions for dealing with increasingly extensive - Minimizing and integrating data carriers data volume - Compressing data transfer.

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Astronomy and astrophysics

Social and Human sciences 2 main research themes - Norms and value changes - Impact on the private sphere 5 main research themes - Need for lifelong learning and its corresponding effects on professional and adult education Features of the learning society - Quality of education - Knowledge and society - Knowledge management - Citizens‘ media skills 5 main themes - New ethnic and cultural conflicts Values, reference points and social behaviour in multicultural - Migration society. - Integration of minorities - New ways of life - Gender Social, economic and political dynamics of new information and communication technologies


Cognition and behaviour

2 main research themes - Improve knowledge of cognitive behaviour, in particular from the point of view of information processing - Understand and improve human computer interaction

Process and effects of worldwide globalization

4 research themes - New, globally applicable regulations (Global Governance) - The future of the nation state - New forms of statehood - New forms of conflict and their prevention.

Switzerland in Europe and in the world

3 main research themes - Political/economic consequences of nonmembership of the EU - Neutrality in a changing world - Specific aspects of the Swiss political system in a comparative Perspective (direct democracy, concordance)


Economy, transactions and Social structures and social dynamics in a market society regulations

5 main themes - The future of the welfare state - New forms of labour - Restructuration of the job market and consequences for social stratification and income distribution - New poverty - Consequences of demographic trends, old-age

Effects of technological developments and new scientific knowledge

2 main research themes - Effects of technological and scientific developments (human genetics, transplant medicine, cognitive and neuroscience) on society and the understanding of self by the individual - Ethical, economic, social and legal consequences

Collective memory and identity

3 main research themes - Questions in relation to specific linguistic and cultural situation of Switzerland - Culture transfer, linguistic contacts - Value enhancement of the common basis of intellectual and artistic tradition


Preservation of cultural diversity and patrimony in developing Ethno-archaeological projects countries.

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CM International Oriented research 2007 plan for targeted research The SNSF invests one fifth of its funds in targeted research. In its 2004-2007 plan (in which basic research is also outlined as a priority) the SNSF outlines an objective to increase the funding level for targeted research to one sixth of the future budget. Contrary to the long-term basic-research financed by divisions I to III, targeted research enables SNF to focus on more “useful” findings. Distribution and priorities for targeted research Targeted research is mainly organised around the funding of three types of programmes: •

The National Research Programmes (NRP),

•

The National Centers of Competence in Research (NCCR) and, finally,

•

The Priority Programmes (PP)

The NRPs’ major objectives are “the provision of solutions to problems of national scope within a useful timeframe”. NRPs are funded by federal funds. The NCCRs’ primary aim is to strengthen long-term public research in areas of strategic importance for the evolution of science in Switzerland, for the country economy, and for Swiss society. Each Centre of Competence is hosted and managed by a university or a research institution, which organizes network links with other Swiss teams. Federal funds are complemented by funding from the institutions themselves and from third parties. 14 NCCRs were established in 2001 and 6 new ones were launched in 2005. The NCCRs are supposed to last 10 to 12 years. The Priority programmes were the first type of targeted programmes launched in Switzerland and are currently being replaced by NRPs and NCCRs, most of them are now closed.

Exhibit 26. Budget distribution for targeted programmes (2003)

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Budget 10 702 280 40 873 476 110 825 51 686 580

Percentage 20,70% 79,10% 0,20% 100%

Exhibit 27. Financial requirements for 2004–2007 in millions of € In millions of € NRP NCCR Total

2004 15,75 42,21 57,96

2005 15,75 53,55 69,3

2006 15,75 57,33 73,08

2007 15,75 57,33 73,08

Exhibit 28. Distribution of funds per-priorities

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Programmes

Budget

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem 3 themes, 24 projects - Comprehensive assessment and Sustainable Development of the evolution (13 projects) Built Environment (NRP 20048.2M€ - Creative and integrated design and 2009) planning (7 projects - Effective operation and management (4 projects)

Landscapes and habitats of the Alpes (NRP 2000-2007)

4 themes - Processes of perception - Processes of change 9.45M€ - Designing goals in landscape evolution - Land use and adding values - Virtual representation

4 themes - Past climate (variability, trends and extreme events) Climate Variability, Predictability - Future climate (processes and and Climate Risks (NCCR 2001- forecasting) 2005) - Impacts of climate variability and change -Risk assessment, risk hedging and socio-economic response


North - South: Research Partnerships for Mitigation Syndromes of Global Change (NCCR 2001-2005)

4 themes - Governance and conflict transformation - Livelihoods options and globalisation - Health and environmental sanitation - Natural resources and sustainable development

6.93M€ fromSNSF; 24.8M€ Total budget

9M€ from SNSF, total budget: 21.2M€

4 themes - Natural and agro-ecosystems Plant Survival in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems (NCCR - Disease resistance and pest control - Energy and resources 2001-2005) - Statistics and modelling

8.7M€ from SNSF, total budget:19.2 M€

Environment (PP 1992-2001)

24.5M€ for the first period, 28.3M€ for the second, 3.15M€ for the third

Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport

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86



Non-ionizing radiation. Health and environment.(NRP 20062009)

4 themes - Dosimetry and exposition - Human epidemiological and experimental exposure studies, including 0.65M€ electro hypersensitive subgroups - Cellular biology of NIR effects - Risk management, risk stratification and risk communication

Musculoskeletal health-Chronic pain (NRP 2004-2009)

2 themes - Causes of the wide variability of musculoskeletal health status within the Swiss population - Measures to prevent the loss of 7.56M€ musculoskeletal integrity - Mechanisms of musculoskeletal chronic pain - Development of new treatment strategies

7 themes - Assessment of Exposure - Processing of Endocrine Disruptors in Ecosystems - Experimental Toxicology and Endocrine disruptors (NRP 2001Ecotoxicology 9.45M€ 2008) - Animal Models - Analysis of the Effects of Specific Chemicals and Mixtures - Integrative Analysis of Model Systems - Risk Assessment and Implementation 5 themes - Resistance situation - Epidemiology - Basic research (stimulate molecular Antibiotic resistance (NRP 2000- studies of bacterial resistance) 7.46M€ 2007) - Law and society (investigate the consequences of resistance with a view to liability ) - Measures to control the resistance to antibiotics 5 themes - Psychological Issues Implants and Transplants (NRP - Legal and ethical issues 9.45M€ 1999-2006) - Tolerance and rejections - Stem cells - Tissue engineering 4 themes - Cell signalling in tumor development and metastasis Molecular Oncology (NCCR - Gene expression signatures in tumors 2001-2005 extended 2005-2009) - Tumor angiogenesis - Tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy

12,6M€ from SNSF(for 2001-2005), total budget 26,8M€

3 themes - Recombinant protein technologies Structural biology (NCCR 2001- Experimental macromolecular structure 2004, extended 2005-2009) determination - Computational biology

21.8M € for 2001-2004. 9M € for 2005-2009

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Neural plasticity and repair (NCCR 2001-2005, extended 2005-2009)


Computer Aided and Image Guided Medical Interventions (NCCR 2001-2005 extended 2005-2009)

8 projects: - Neural Stem Cells: An Integrated Approach to Basic Knowledge and Therapeutic Applications - Alzheimer's Disease - Functional Recovery After Stroke - Epilepsy: New Models and Therapeutic Strategies - Cortical Plasticity - Infection and Immunity of the Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord Repair - Rehabilitation Technology Matrix 4 themes - Biomedical simulation - Intra-operative navigation - Instrumentation for minimally invasive interventions - Computer-aided clinical applications

2001-2005: 10.3M€ from SNSF; 42.77M€ total budget

2001-2005: 10M€ from SNSF; 12.2M€ total budget

Swiss Etiological Study of Adjustment and Mental Health (SESAM) (NCCR 2005-2008)

3 Themes - Factors that influence the development of mental health over a person’s lifetime SNSF: 6.4M€.Total - Psychological, social and geneticbudget: 14.3 biological variables - Correlation between genetic factors and mental disorders

Biotechnology (PP)

6 themes - Proteins for medical application - Bioengineering - Food related biotechnology - Bioelectronics / Neuroinformatics - Biosafety research - Biotechnology of higher plants

Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics

3 themes - Genes at the molecular level Frontiers in genetic (NCCR 2001- Nucleus at the cellular level 2005) - Developing embryo at an organism level

29.6M€

8 themes - Database management and meeting analysis - Audio Processing - Visual/Video Processing Interactive Multimodal Information Management (NCCR - Multimodal Processing and recognition - Multimodal context abstraction 2001-2005)) - Human-machine interaction - Integration software and research demonstrators - Brain machine interfaces

SNSF: 9.639M€. Total budget 21.4M€.

4 themes - Theory of self-organized, distributed Mobile Information and communication and information Communication Systems (NCCR - Mobile communication and processing 2001-2005) platforms - Networked software systems - In-network information management

SNSF: 9.63M€.Total budget: 21.4M€.

Information Society Technologies


3 Themes - Engineering of distributed applications Information and Communications Structures (PP - Associated networks - Quality, security and management of , 1996-1999) the associated networks Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics

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6 themes - Nanobiology Nanoscale Science - Impact on - Quantum Computing and Quantum Life Sciences, Sustainability, Coherence Information and Communication - Atomic and Molecular Nanosystems Technologies (NCCR 2001- Molecular Electronics 2005)) - Functional Materials by Hierarchical Self-Assembly - Nanoethics 4 themes - Information storage, molecular Supramolecular Functional switches and wires Materials (NRP 1999-2006) - Electron- and photon- transfer - Sensors and diagnostic tools - Molecular magnets

Materials with Novel Electronic Knowledge based multifunctional materials Properties (NCCR 2001-2005 extended 2005-2008)

Quantum Photonics (NCCR 2001-2005)

SNSF: 12M€.Total budget: 40M€

9.5M€

3 themes - Fundamental Understanding of materials with strong interactions - Novel materials and their synthesis - Applications of novel materials for advanced systems and new devices

12M€ from SNSF for 2001-2005, total budget: 32.7M€. 12M€ from SNSFfor 2005-2008, total budget 34.2M€

4 themes - Quantum communication - Advanced light sources - Nanoscale optics - Photonic systems

SNSF: 11,8M€.Total budget: 25.83M€

New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences


5 themes - Conditions and juridical framework for political action Language diversity and - Languages and school 5M€ linguistic competences in - Linguistic competences of adults Switzerland (NRP 2004-2009) - Use of languages in the economy - Interactions between languages and identities 6 themes - New data on living conditions of children, adolescents and their families in Switzerland Childhood, youth and - Psychosocial health intergenerational relationships in - Families as a focus of intergenerational 7.56M€ a changing society (NRP 2002- relationships 2008) - Aspects of everyday life: education and recreation - Intergenerational issues in social and migration policy - Legal and economic aspects

Social Integration and Social Exclusion (NRP 2002-2008)

387

6 themes - Social Work and Social Policy - Educational Practices and Pathways through Education 7.56M€ - Representations and Models of Health - Employment and Welfare Protection - Constructions of Identity and Difference - Public Spaces and Social Positioning

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CM International Welfare state (NRP 1999-2004)

Right wing extremism (NRP 2002-2008)


Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century (NCCR 2005-2008)

Financial Valuation and Risk Management (FINRISK) (NCCR 2001-2005) Economy, transactions and regulations

4 themes 35 projects - Labour market and unemployment - Healthcare - Social policy/social security - Handicapped persons/invalidity 4 themes - Right wing behaviours among the population and inside the institutions - Perpetrators and victims - Social context - Measures evaluation 4 themes - Impact of globalisation, supranationalisation, and European integration on the governance in stable western democracies - Possibilities and limitations of the spread of democracy - Relationship between the media and politics - Integrate the research findings into four practically relevant projects and to develop instruments aimed at improving the quality of democracy 3 themes - Develop a unified concept to understand and analyse the dynamics of real and financial wealth creation - Develop and test new methods to efficiently manage individual as well as aggregate risks surrounding wealth creation and redistribution - The Legal, the micro- as well as the macroeconomic implications of financial innovation and its impact on value creation and risk management

6.3M€

2.5M€

SNSF: 4.47M€. Total budget: 9.2M€.

SNSF: 6.7M€.Total budget: 12.2M€

12 Projects (Constitutionalism, S&D / SNSF: International Trade Regulation: Regionalism, Human Rights, Agriculture, 6.5M€. Total From Fragmentation to Cultural Diversity, Investments, Primary budget: 8M€ Coherence (NCCR 2005-2008)) commodities, Finance, IPRs, Services) Relations between Switzerland and South Africa (NRP 20002004)


10 projects

3 themes - how do pictures generate meaning, whether in science, in day-to-day life or Iconic Criticism – Power and in art? Importance of Pictures (NCCR - What influences them and how do they 2005-2008) exert influence? - Wherein lies their incomparable power? 3 Objectives - Plumb the historical dimensions of mediality - Provide an insight into the various Mediality - Historical forms, phenomena and processes, Perspectives (NCCR 2005-2008) categories, models and metaphors in which communication appears - Combine historical and systematic perspectives and present the situation today in a more focused light 3 main research themes Affective sciences, emotions in - How emotions are produced and individual behaviour and social perceived processes (NCCR 2005-2008) - How they are controlled - What social functions do they serve 5 themes - Labour Towards the Future (PP 1996- Individual and society 2004) - Sciences and technology - Information and media society - Institutional change

388

1.26M€

SNSF: 4.5M€.Total budget: 9.4M€

SNSF: 3.6M€.Total budget: 5M€

SNSF: 6.3M€. Total budget 13M€

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10. AUSTRIA In 2004, Austria spent 5.346 billion euros on R&D, which represents 2.27% of the country’s GDP. The share of public funding amounts to somewhat more than 1/3 (35% in 2004), while industry spending accounts for about 44%. The share of foreign R&D funding is comparatively high at approximately, which is an indication of the attractiveness of Austria as an R&D location. In 2002, the country counted 24,124 researchers, which represented 5.8% of total employment. The Austrian government has placed considerable emphasis on its ambition to attain the Barcelona objective of 3% GERD/GDP by 2010. Budgetary planning is in line with this goal: Austria aimed to spend 5.77 billion euros in 2005 for R&D (public: 2.12 billion euros), representing 2.35% of GDP and an annual growth rate of 8%, which is to be sustained in the next few years. Besides Finland and Sweden, Austria could be the only EU member to meet the Barcelona objective. Austria’s public research system The Austrian research landscape is dominated by universities and SME research. The system is both highly fragmented in terms of research focus and the presence of research centres. One of the major goals of the Austrian government is therefore to increase cooperation between research organisations in order to create a critical mass. The 21 universities receive the largest share of the public R&D budget: 75% (1.058 million euros in 2002) and also produce the majority of research outcomes. Public research institutions on the other hand are highly heterogeneous and lack coordination. Some institutions reach a rather large size but the vast majority of them are small organisations focused on social sciences, humanities and cultural studies. The federal government has increasingly attributed specific supplementary means to R&D within the framework of two “Offensivprogramme” (since 2001). An additional “research billion” for the years till 2010 was announced at the “Reform Summit for Employment” on May 1, 2005. Tax schemes that are favourable towards expenditure on commissioned research have been enforced. One of the disadvantages of the Austrian R&D system is clearly the fragmentation of public funding. As a result, governmental activities have been directed towards bundling and coordinating funding activities. Thematic priorities Exhibit 29. Federal budget distribution for R&D

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Field of research

Budget

Total budget share




Earth, See, Atmosphere and Space Research Land and forestry Environmental protection

93,835

6,30%

74,069 47,338

4,90% 3,20%

Land planning and city planning

10,474

0,70%

23,326

1,60%

62,96

4,20%

312,726

20,80%

270,912

18,00%

13,804

0,90%

491,168

32,70% 6,70%

Production, storage and distribution of energy Traffic and tansportation services

Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences Health services Health, biology and Biotechnology Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Information Society Technologies Communication and computing Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based Trade and industry multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and nanosciences Knowledge based multifunctional New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social Education and training cohesion Citizenship, democracy and new forms of Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences General extension of knowledge Other Other objectives

Exhibit 30. Strengths and priorities identified by the federal government

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92


Strategic areas in which Austria Strategic areas that need has developped strenghts to be developped

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Global change and ecosystem


Energy: - More efficient use of energy - Renewable energy sources - Sustainable production technologies, products and services


Transport and mobility, key research areas: - New ICT supported mobile services - Efficiency and productivity in goods transport - Safety of all means of transports - Environment impact reduction - Noise reduction for roads, railways, aircraft landing and takeoff procedures Transport and mobility, key strenghts of private sector research: - Development and production of components (especially drive technology) - Measuring and test systems - Vehicle acoustics - Production automation - Simulation technologies

Life-sciences


Medical biotechnology and molecular medicine (oncology, immunology, allergology, haematology, dermatology Pharmaceutical products including medicinal plants (phytonics) Applied genetics and genetic engineering Ultrastructure research Veterinary medicine Medical equipment Applied micro-biology Applied bio-medical research and medical diagnostics Biotech research for nutrition and health Innovative bio-tech processes with large applications in different R&D fields

Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Genomics and proteomics Functional analysis of human genes Plant and animal genome research Cracking the structure and function of the genome of micro-organisms

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CM International Information Society Technologies Communications technologies (mobile communications systems, new technologies and applications) Knowledge intensive services (research and development and testing in the Internet, expnsion of communications infrastructure for the scientific community) Multimedia Internet technologies (technologies for security and reliability in the Internet, expansion of communications infrastructure for the scientific community)


Information management and new processes Electronics and microelectronics

Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes


Nanotechnologies, need for priorisation and organisation of the national research "research activities are Nanotechnologies: 55 research highly diversified and clear groups have been identified so far priorities are almost impossible to identify at present, partly due to inadequate national networking"

Knowledge based multifunctional materials New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space

Airframes, engine and equipments

Aircraft and engine components sector, key strenghts: - System components - experimental and testing plants Civil aviation, key research themes - Noise reduction - Weight reduction - Other forms of energy savings

Satellite Austrian council recommendations: - Increase the participation in the programmes of the European Space Agency - Increase the fundings for the National Space Plan - Establish common structures for the fields of aeronautics and space

Space

Social and Human sciences

Knowledge based society and social cohesion Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations

Key areas of research at nonuniversity institutions

This sector is fragmented and inadequately networked both nationally and internationally

Migration/minorities Cultural sciences Knowledge society Democracy research/Euopean integration Peace and conflict research Employment and social policies Archive infrastructure Architecture and design research


Film research Historical research Gender research

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CM International Offensivprogramm II Following the first Offensivprogramm (2001-2003), this new programme provides the means to finance the priorities of the Austrian federal government. Launched for the period 2004-2006, its budget amounts to 600 million euros. The programme establishes both vertical and horizontal policies. Exhibit 31. Vertical programme: thematic priorities FIELDS Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Global change and ecosystem Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences Health, biology and Biotechnology Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Information Society Technologies Communication and computing Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes

Thematic priorities of the second action programme

Total budget share

Budget evaluation (total 600M€)

10%

60 M€

8%*

48M€*

Life sciences

30%

180M€

Information and communication technologies

34%

204M€

Nanosciences and technologies, microtechnologies

12%

72M€

Mobility, transport, space and aviation*

8%*

48M€*

Humanities, Social sciences, cultural sciences

4%

24M€

Environment energy and sustainability Mobility, transport, space and aviation*

Nanotechnology and nanosciences Knowledge based multifunctional materials New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences

The budgets allocated per themes are also distributed according to “horizontal priorities”. In each thematic priority, the repartition is roughly as follows: Exhibit 32. Horizontal programme

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CM International Strategy sectors Promotion of human resources

Proportion of resources allocated 10%

Budget evaluation 60M€

Development and consolidation of research capacities in industry and cooperation between industry and science

60%

360M€

Development and consolidation of research capacities in science

20%

120M€

Development of internationalisation

8%

48M€

Dialogue: Sciences/research/technology/innovatio n-society

2%

12M€

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11. BELGIUM In 2003, Belgium spent approximately 2.3% of the country’s GDP on R&D. Public support amounts only to 21.5% of all research expenditures with industry accounting for the remaining share. The Flemish community provided the biggest part (ca. 40%) with the Federal government (32%), the French Community (14%) and the Walloon Region (11%) accounting for the rest. In 2001, the country counted 34,562 researchers which represented 9,2% of total employment. The government’s ambition is to meet the Barcelona objective of 3% GERD/GDP by 2010. Belgium’s public research system The highly federalised structure of the government also manifests itself in the national R&D landscape, where responsibility for science, technology and innovation policy is distributed between the Federal and regional/community levels. The federal authority keeps a certain number of « exclusive » competences (especially space research, defence, activities linked to its traditional competences, activities of the federal research institutions, research that needs a national coordination…). The Communities are responsible for supporting higher education research, while the Regions are responsible for supporting private sector R&D and innovation. While the Flanders government has an explicit, stand-alone innovation policy set out in a multi-annual plan, the other regional authorities tend rather to include innovation policy objectives in their broader governmental agreements. In general terms, Belgium’s R&D effort has been greatly hampered by a flagrant lack of coordination and the challenges for the coming years are to: improve coordination of the national R&D effort; increase public funding; overcome the lack of any significant competitive advantage in high- and medium-tech industries; and increase companies’ innovation capacity, not least by resolving the mismatch between areas of scientific excellence and specialisation of the economic fabric.

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CM International Thematic priorities Exhibit 33. Distribution of the Federal budget for R&D in 2002 (665.598.000€)

BELSPO Economic Affairs International Cooperation SMEs and Agriculture National Defence Social Affairs Justice Other (Foreign Affairs, Employment, etc.)

381.024.000€ 85.807.000€ 76.868.000€ 19.286.000€ 46.843.000€ 28.799.000€ 9.145.000€ 16.881.000€

Belspo, the federal office for scientific, technical and cultural affairs, is the main recipient of federal R&D expenditures.

Exhibit 34. Belspo priorities

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98


Examples of actual projects

Priority programmes

Research budget

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Global change and ecosystem

Sustainable production and consumption methods (2000-2005)

22M€

9 Research projects on 2 themes - Marine ecosystems - Aquatic biodiversity 2 research projects on : - Several aspects of Global change, ecosystems "ecology networks" and biodiversity (2000- Preparation of a 2005) development plan for the North Sea 3 research projects to stimulate international cooperation relating to the north sea

33,4M€

Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences


7 projects, example of themes Support programme for the - Assessing the types of federal memorandum on assistance for drug users drugs - Assessing nuisances at local level Themes - Treatment for cancer and Interuniversity attraction diabetes poles (2002-2005) - Protein engineering

0,65M€ annual budget

111,6M€*

Food safety Fundamental knowledge Interuniversity attraction for functional genomics poles (2002-2005)

Human genetics

397

111,6M€*

99


Communication and AGORA computing infrastructure

16 new projects, 25 research teams. Objective: support the - Development - Constitution - and valorisation of research databases

annual recurrent budget of 2.500.000 EUR

Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics

Interuniversity attraction poles (2002-2005). 36 networks, 262 teams. Belgian coordinated collections of microorganisms

Themes - Robotics

111,6M€*

11,15M€

Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and nanosciences Technological attraction Knowledge based poles (2002-2005). 7 multifunctional materials projects, 30 research teams

Interuniversity attraction poles (2002-2005). 36 networks, 262 teams.

. Themes: - Construction - Machinery standards - Photoelectric cells Themes - New materials - Photonics - Robotics - Astrophysics - Children's right

5,2M€*

111,6M€*

New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite

Space

Technological attraction poles (2002-2005). 7 projects, 30 research teams

Construction in space and rapid prototyping in the case of components earmarked for space applications

5,2M€*

Social and Human sciences Contemporary problems Knowledge based society with social cohesion (2000and social cohesion 2005) Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Interuniversity attraction Economy, transactions Macroeconomics poles (2002-2005). 36 and regulations networks, 262 teams. 19 projects performed by 29 research teams. 2 areas of research Other social and human Atlas (2001-2006) - Socio-economic sciences monograph - 'Atlas of Belgium' Themes Interuniversity attraction - Medieval history poles (2002-2005). 36 - Archaeology networks, 262 teams. 398

9,2M€

111,6M€*

2,5M€

111,6M€*

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CM International * Budget is divided between the different research themes of the programme. Sources: Annual report 2002, federal science policy + Belspo official website.

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12. JAPAN9 Although Japan is one of the leading countries in the field of S&T, it has experienced a serious depression since the early 1990’s, which has led to a decline in R&D investment by private companies. However, in 2003, R&D expenditure in Japan still reached 3.15% of GDP, with only 17.69% coming from the public sector. The country counted 675,330 researchers, which represented 10.4% of total employment.

Japan’s public research system The Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) is the structure, which supervises science and technology policy in Japan. Every five years it establishes a fundamental framework programme in order to promote the advancement of science and technology in comprehensive and systematic ways. The first “Science and Technology Basic Plan” (1996-2000) led to the rise of public funds for S&T. The second plan (2001-2005) aims to continue increasing public investment in S&T10; improve the effectiveness and efficiency of resource allocation; and reinforce cooperation between industries, universities and government. Thus, Japanese research is often oriented to applied research and development. In order to “acquire new markets and give a new impetus to the economy and to secure people’s comfortable and safe life”, the plan has defined four priority areas:

9

-

Life sciences

-

Information and telecommunications

-

Environmental sciences

-

Nanotechnology and materials

1€=0,01 yen

10

[Science and Technology Basic Plan 2001-2005, Government of Japan]. The objective is to increase the percentage of the national gross domestic product (GDP) to 3.4%, i.e. at the same level as the leading European Countries and the USA. The total amount is estimated about 24 trillion Yens (209 billion €) between 2001 and 2005.

400

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CM International In addition, four other areas of importance have been identified: -

Energy

-

Manufacturing technology

-

Infrastructure

-

Space and oceans.

The distribution of funds by the CSTP benefits primarily the Ministry for Education, Culture, Sport and Science and Technology (the MEXT) which receives 64% of the public R&D budget. The Minister for Economy and Trade receives most of the remainder. The MEXT is thus the main channel of public R&D funds. Its two most important research agencies (which distribute competitive funds i.e grants on a competitive basis to researchers from universities, public or private institutions) are the JST and the JSPS. The share of competitive funds among the total R&D budget of the MEXT has been multiplied by 1,5 during the second basic plan.

Thematic priorities

Exhibit 35. STATE expenditures by socio-economic objective

401

103

CM International FIELDS Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem



Programmes

Budget share

Exploration and exploitation of the earth Infrastructure and general planing of land use Control and care of the environment

0,8% 4,1% 0,9%

Production, distribution and rationale utilisation of energy

17,3%

Protection and improvement of human health

3,9%

Agriculture production and technology

3,5%

Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences Health, biology and Biotechnology Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics

Information Society Technologies Communication and Information management and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, Industrial production and knowledge-based technology multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and Knowledge based New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Exploration and Space exploitation of space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion

7,5%

6,0%

Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences

Other

Social structures and relationships General university funds Non-oriented research Defence

402

0,8% 34,9% 15,4% 4,1%

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CM International

Exhibit 36. R&D expenditure in UNIVERSITIES by field of study (2003)

sciences; 312 025

Other; 365 848

Engineering and technology; 748 222

Social sciences and humanities; 844 378

Agricultural sciences; 131 312

Medical sciences; 861 324

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Report on the survey of Research and development”

R&D priorities of the 2 main RESEARCH FUNDING AGENCIES: •

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) o JSPS's operation is supported in large part by annual subsidies from the Japanese Government. JSPS's budget for the 2003 fiscal year totals 815,49 million euros and of this amount, 603,6 million euros are government subsidies dedicated to Grants in Aid for Scientific Research.

Exhibit 37. Distribution of the JSP grant aids according to thematic fields

403

105


JSP Grants aids programmes

Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem Global change and ecosystem Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport Life-sciences

Environment, natural disasters, energy


Life sciences Pharmaceutical sciences Brain and neurological sciences Dentistry related fields Geriatric Diseases, contagious diseases, other related areas Cancer/AIDS, other difficult to treat diseases

Budget share

4,0%

17,4% 1,6% 4,2% 2,8% 12,8% 8,3%

Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Information Society Technologies Communication and computing infrastructure Information, electrical and Information management electronics Sciences and new processes Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes Nanotechnology and nanosciences Knowledge based New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences Other

7,0%

13,6%

Material sciences Structural/fonctional engineering

6,3%

Earth/space sciences

4,5%

Humanities Social sciences Interdisciplinary

4,8% 6,7% 1,6% 404

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CM International

The Japan science and technology agency (JST) JST follows the objectives set by the government in its first mid term plan (20032007) through five types of programmes:

Exhibit 38. JST Programmes

Programmes

2005 Budget in millions of euros

Creating advanced technology

410,49

Promoting business using advanced technology

123,55

Promoting dissemination of scientific and technological information 95,78 Researcher exchange and support Promoting public technology

understanding

48,83 of

science

and 45,54

Others

61,74

Total

784,02

The first programme “creating advanced technology” is the most important one in terms of budget and aims to finance the thematic research priorities of the JST. ln March 2001, the Second Science and Technology Basic Plan presented the new national policies for science and technology in which the MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) defined strategic sectors of research. The JST accordingly set research areas corresponding to those strategic sectors: each area is headed by a researcher and provides the basis for the selection of future research projects.

Exhibit 39. JST research areas

405

107

CM International FIELDS Sustainable development, global change and ecosystem

Strategic sector

Research area

Creation of Ultra-low Power Technologies to Cope with Explosive Increase in Electric Creation of a Social System Aimed at Resource Recycling and Minimum Energy Requirement Global change and ecosystem

Technology Innovation and Integration for Information Systems with Ultra Low Power Research and Development of System Technologies for Resource Recycling and Minimum Energy Requirements

Realization of an Endocrine Disrupters Environmentally Friendly Society Creation of Nanomaterial/System for Realizing Environmental Functional Carbon Cluster Conservation and Advanced Energy Recycling to Minimize Stress on the Environment

Sustainable energy sources Sustainable surface transport

406

108

CM International Life-sciences Establishment of Basic Technologies for Controlling of Cell Functions Based on Metabolomic Analysis Elucidation of a Human Life-long Learning Mechanism Based on the Knowledge of Brain Science with an Intention to Provide a Solution to the Problems in Education Investigation of Sugar Chain Function for Realizing Effective Development

Basic Technologies for Controlling Cell Functions Based on Metabolomic Analysis

Elucidation of Mechanisms Underlying Brain Development and Learning

Investigation of Sugar Chain's Bio Function and Establishment of its Technology for Applications

Protein Structure and Functional Mechanisms Technological Innovation through - Toward Creation of Innovative Medicines, Protein Analysis Based on Diagnosis, and Material Production Based on Genetic Information Functional Mechanisms of Proteins Translational Research for Intractable Immune Disorders and Infectious Diseases Pursuing and Developing Health, biology and Biotechnology Leading-edge Basic Technology - Aiming at Creation of Novel Strategies through to Apply Advanced Medical Care Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms of to the Human Pathogenesis Innate Immunity Realization of an Aging Society Development, Differentiation, and Regeneration in Biological Systems Full of Vitality through Technological Innovation Plant Functions and their Controls Establishment of basic technologies for controlling of cell Metabolism and Cellular Function functions based on metabolomic analysis Individual researcher type Structure and Function of Biomolecules Individual researcher type Information and Cell Function Postdoctoral participant type Time's Arrow and Biosignaling Elucidation of a Human Life-long Learning Mechanism Based on the Knowledge of Brain Science Synergistic Intelligence with an Intention to Provide a Computational Brain Solution to the Problems in Educations Food safety


Establishment of Basic Technology for Utilizing Genome Information for Realizing Tailormade Medical Treatment Without Side Effects Based on Individual Genetic Information

Basic Technology to Establishing Tailormade Medical Treatment by Utilizing Genome Information Actinfilament Dynamics Organ Regeneration

Technological Innovation through Receptor Crystallography Protein Analysis Based on Genetic Information

407

109

CM International Information Society Technologies Creation of Advanced Science and Technology which Support the Raising of the Level of the Creation of Media Art Challenge to Unknown Region with Large Prossibility


Advanced Media Technology for Everyday Living

Development of a technological infrastructure for the realization of quantum information processing that introduces innovations into data Quanta and Information telecommunications technology / Development of highspeed, largecapacity information processing technology based on new principles Individual researcher type

Building High Speed, Information management and new Largecapacity Information Processing Technology through processes a New Principle


Foundation of Technology Supporting the Creation of Digital Media Contents

Information Infrastructure and Application New High-performance Information Processing Technology Supporting Information-oriented Society - Aiming at the Creation of New High-speed, Large-capacity Computing Technology Based on Quantum Effects, Molecular Functions, Parallel Processing, etc.-

Creation of Advanced Integrated Sensing Technologies for Advanced Integrated Sensing Technologies Realizing Safe and Secure Societies Development of Next-generation High Performance Computing for Multiscale and Highaccuracy and HighMulti-physics Phenomena resolution Simulation Technology Individual researcher type

408

Interaction and Intelligence

110

CM International Nanotechnologies, knowledgebased multifunctional materials, new production processes Creation of Ultrafast, Ultralow Power, Superperformance Nanodevices and Systems Creation of Nanodevices and System Based on New Physical Phenomena and Functional Principles Creation of Nanodevice/Material/System for Nano Factory and Process Monitoring for Overcoming Integration/Function Advanced Information Processing and Limits in Data Processing and Communication Communications Creation and Application of Nano Structural Materials for Advanced Data Processing and Communication Semiconductor Spintronics Nanoscale Quantum Conductor Array Creation of Bio-devices and Bio-systems with Chemical and Biological Molecules for Medical Creation of Functional Materials/ Use System that Utilize Nano Creation and Application of "Soft Nano-machine", Biotechnology for Realizing a the Hyperfunctional Molecular Machine Nanotechnology and nanosciences Noninvasive Medical Treatment Creation of Novel Nano-material/ System System Synthesized by Self-organization for Medical Use

Creation of Nano Materials/System for Realizing Environmental Conservation and Advanced Energy Recycling to Minimize Stress on the Environment Programmed build-up of nanostructures and search for their functions Creation of Functional Materials / System that Utilize Nano Biotechnology for Realizing a Noninvasive Medical Treatment System Individual researcher type

409

Creation of Nano-Structured Catalysts and Materials for Environmental Conservation Development of Advanced Nano-structured Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Functionalized Reaction Environments Structure Control and Function

Superstructured Helix Membrane Mechanisms Dynamic Nanomachine Nanostructure and Material Property

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CM International


Ultimate and Local Control of Photon and Applications

Photonics and Quantum Optics for the Creation of New Functions

Creation of Basic Technology for the Realization of Leading edge Measuring and Analytical Equipment through Development of a New Technique, etc

Novel Measuring and Analytical Technology Contributions to the Elucidation and Application of Material Life Phenomena and Measurement Analysis Structure Function and Measurement Analysis

Development of a Technological Infrastructure for the Realization of Quantum Information Processing that Introduces Innovations into Information Communication Technology

Creation of New Technology Aiming for the Realization of Quantum Information Processing Systems Quantum Spin Information

Establishment of Next Generation Integration Simulation Technology for Realizing Advanced Treatment and Precision Product Design Based on the Phenomena of Atomic/Molecular Level in the Medical Treatment and Information Industry

The Innovation of Simulation Technology and the Construction of Foundations for its Practical Use

Functional Evolution of Materials and Devices Technological Innovation through based on Electron/Photon Related Phenomena Creation and Function of New Molecules and the Development of New Molecular Assemblies Functions in Molecular Level Structure and Function of Genomes Ultimate and local control of photon and applications


The Generation, Manipulation of Light and their Evolution

Hydrological System Modeling and Water Resources System - Aiming to Develop Innovative Technological Forecasting Water Circulation Systems for Predicting, Preserving and Utilizing and Building a Utilization System Water Resources, Based on Consideration of Dynamic Interactions among Climate, Hydrological Cycle and Human Activities -

Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite Space Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and Citizenship, democracy and new Economy, transactions and Other social and human sciences

Accompanying measures Structural reforms have been carried out to improve the S&T environment in Japan and to strengthen its R&D capability. Hence in 2003, (1) some universities have been grouped; (2) evaluation programmes of scientific projects have been implemented11, (3) “intellectual clusters” have been established to implement S&T policies in the 11

[French Embassy in Tokyo, 2002]. Those evaluation programs permitted to select 113 “centre of excellence”, which will receive between 800 k€ and 3.2 MILLION EUROS each year for 5 years. All selected projects are re-examined after two years.

410

112

CM International regions and to increase industry-academia collaboration, and (4) public universities have gained independence, with the purpose of enhancing their management. An additional effort is being carried out concerning S&T human resources: it is considered as an urgent task to “attract excellent personnel to the world of science and technology and to prepare an environment that allows them to display their abilities to their utmost”. For that purpose, Japan aims to build an environment where people engaged in S&T will have the opportunity to acquire the skills required in their fields, to gain practical experience, and where they will be rewarded for their efforts.

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CM International

13. MALTA Malta’s public research system The Maltese government assigns top priority to science and technology research, which has been on the National Agenda since the 1980s. The government’s goal at that time was to exploit the opportunities offered by the application of science and technology towards securing the country’s continued social and economic progress. This was the base of the establishment of the Malta Council for Science and Technology (MCST) in 1988 as an advisory body for creating a scientific national policy. The next step was taken by Malta in 1994, when the Foundation for Science and Technology was established as a public foundation. The new body was needed for the implementation and coordination of national science and technology policies under the direction of the MCST. In 1994 the government adopted a National Science and Technology Policy, which outlines the direction of future Maltese R&D policies. Most of the scientific and technological research is done in the University of Malta, which supports a competitive research programme. Malta has developed in 2003 a National Research, Technological Development and Innovation (RTDI) programme. Thematic priorities Priorities of the foresight exercise In Malta, the eFORESEE pilots focused on three strategic areas: -

ICT and education

-

Biotechnology. The principal aim of the foresight exercise is to raise sharply the importance of biotechnology in the Maltese economy by 2015. To achieve this the foresight exercise will work to provide the Maltese government with a strategic development plan for this sector.

-

Marine environment. The aim of the project is to evaluate the marine sector's potential contribution to the Maltese economy (marine-related industries and services) and the strategic research investments needed to meet this potential by 2020. 412

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CM International Priorities of the national research programme Following the foresight exercise, The National RTDI Programme (Research and Technological Development and Innovation) was launched to give Malta’s research the means to realise the recommendations of the foresight programme. Its first funds were expected to be allocated during July 2005. Funded by the government of Malta, the programme is managed by the Malta Council for Science and Technology. The goal of the programme is to promote sustainable scientific research and to fund basic as well as applied and near-market research. The programme will also encourage cooperation between the public and private sector: all the funding entities and the performers of research are thus concerned by this programme (SMEs, university, public and private research entities...) Thematic priorities: The programme will not solely concern ICT or mobility (the call for programmes underlines that all science and engineering sectors will be supported) but a “good proportion” of funded projects are expected to concern ICT research. Priorities are not defined any more precisely. The budget for the first call was 700,000 euros for 3 years projects. 8 to 12 projects were expected to be selected.

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14. THE UNITED STATES12 The United States spent around 2.6% of their GDP in R&D in 2003. 31% of those expenditures came from the public sector. The US is the developed country where the share of public R&D spending for defence is the highest with 59.7% of total R&D public expenditure. In 2000, the country counted 12,662,207 researchers, which represented 8% of total employment. USA research system The federal government is mainly responsible for: -

The majority of funding for fundamental research with no immediate applications;

-

Long-term investment research;

-

Major research facilities;

-

Applied research and development for national priorities.

According to its “Science for the 21st century report” the priorities of the federal government are the following: -

Homeland and national security

-

Health

-

Energy

-

Environment

The federal budget is divided among various federal agencies, which fund their own research as well as interagency programmes.

Exhibit 40. Federal budget by agency in decreasing order of importance

12

1€=0,79$

414

116

CM International Dept. of Defense Dept. of Health and Human Services NASA Dept. of Energy National Science Foundation Dept. of Agriculture Dept. of Commerce Dept. of Homeland security Dept. of Veteran Affairs All other R&D Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Interior Environmental Protection Agency Dept. of Education Total Defense Non Defense

FY 2003 approved FY 2004 Request % Change 2003/2004 58 724 62 821 +12,3% 27 566 28 203 + 3,7% 10 999 11 025 + 0,2% 8 205 8 535 - 4,2% 3 927 4 035 + 2,8% 2 166 1 943 - 10,3% 1 389 1 150 -17,2% 669 907 + 57,5% 800 822 + 2,8% 1 322 792 - 66% 72 693 - 1,2% 647 661 + 2,2% 641 607 - 5,3% 315 275 - 12,8% 117 106 122 259 + 4,4% 62 986 67 515 + 7,2% 54 121 54 744 + 1,2%

The federal budget for R&D traditionally favours sectors that need long term investment, and which are vital for the nation: Defence, Health and Space are the major expenditure areas of focus for the federal government.

Thematic priorities The annual memorandum of the Office of Science details the priorities of the federal budget. It identified 10 priorities for the fiscal year 2006.

Exhibit 41. Federal budget priorities

415

117


Programmes


Budget




Climate change programme

9 key priority areas - Reduce scientific uncertainty of aerosols - Reduce scientific uncertainties of carbon sources and sinks - Reduce scientific uncertainties of the water cycle - Analyze climate feedbacks and sensitivity to natural and humaninduced forcing 1,5 billion € for 2006 - Improve understanding of ecosystem responses to climate change - Enhance global climate observations - Enhance climate modeling systems - Improve decision support capabilities - Improve communications between scientists and information users

Earth observations

9 areas of interests - Improve weather forecasting - Reduce loss of life and property from disasters - Protect and monitor our ocean resource - Understand and predict climate variability and change - Support sustainable agriculture and forestry, combat land degradation - Understand the effect of environmental factors on human health and wellbeing - Develop the capacity to make ecological forecasts - Protect and monitor water resources - Monitor ad manage energy resources

16 federal agencies particpate to this program. 29,6 million € were for example dedicated to tsunami detection for FY 2005 and 2006

Hydrogen Fuel Initiative

P

205,5 million € for 2006. 16% more than in 2005.

Research, development, deployment, and voluntary programs to reduce greeenhouse gas Climate change technology emissions via renewable 2,3 billion € for 2006 programme energy, fossil energy, and nuclear energy, efficiency improvements and carbon sequestration. Sustainable surface transport 416

118



Health research programme

Main research focus - Aging - Diabetes - Alzeihmer's disease - Smoking - Heart diseases - HIV/AIDS - Learning - Mental health

~22,12 billion € for 2006

Food safety Fundamental knowledge for functional genomics Information Society Technologies 8 Program Component Areas Networking and information - Cyber Security and Information Assurance technology Information management - High Confidence and new processes Software and Systems Microsystems, cybernetics Nanotechnologies, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes



National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Knowledge based multifunctional materials Physical sciences and engineering New production processes and devices Aeronautics, and space Airframes, engine and equipments Satellite

Space

Space exploration

1,7 billion €

7 Program Component Areas - Fundamental nanoscale phenomena and processes - Instrumentation research, metrology and standards for nanotechnology - Nanomanufacturing - Major research facilities and instrumentation acquisition - Nanomaterials - Nanoscale devices and systems - Societal dimension

1billion$ for 2006. 11 agencies fund this programme. Largest investments by NSF.

Examples of priorities in novel atomic and molecular systems: - High temperature and organic supraconductors

10,1 billion € for 2006

2 programs - Human space flight (~3,5 billion$) 9,5 billion € for 2006 - Science, Aeronautics, Technologies (~8,5 billion $)

Social and Human sciences Knowledge based society and social cohesion Citizenship, democracy and new forms of governance Economy, transactions and regulations Other social and human sciences

417

119

CM International However, the priority that is considered to be the most important is not listed in the table above, namely, homeland security R&D, which is reflected in the budget of the Department of Homeland Security.

Exhibit 42. Dept. of Homeland Security R&D budget

Dept. of Homeland Security R&D Border and transportation security Information analysis and Infra. Science and technology Biological countermeasures Nuclear & radiological countermeasures Chemical countermeasures High explosive countermeasures Threat & Vulnerability assesments Conventional missions

FY 2004 Request in €millions 59,3 4,0 634,4 288,4 108,2 43,5 7,9 71,1 43,5

Rapid prototyping/TSWG

23,7

Standards/ state and local Emerging threats Critical infrastructure protection University programs/HS fellowships Coast guard Total DHS R&D

19,8 17,4 4,0 7,9 18,2 716,5

As well as in the budget of other agencies: -

1.8 billion dollars have been allocated for 2006 to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to fund R&D on counter measures against biological, chemical and radiological threat agents; as well as 147 million dollars to the Department Of Defence (DOD) for infrastructure for R&D WMD medical countermeasures.

-

596 million dollars has been allocated to the Department of Agriculture, HHS and DHS to fund food and agricultural defence.

418

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CM International -

94 million dollars for the environmental agency to fund R&D on water security and post incident decontamination.

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15. BIBLIOGRAPHY AUSTRIA BM:BWK 2004 BM:BWK – Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur: Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture, Austria. Spending in projects and Research. Download from: http://www.bmbwk.gv.at, official webpage of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture, as at January 2005 BMVIT 2004 BMVIT - Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie: Data about relevant current projects in Austria. Download from: http://www.bmvit.gv.at/sixcms/detail.php/template/i/_e1/3/, official webpage of the Austrian Federal Ministry for traffic, innovation and technology, as at December 2004 BMWA 2004 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit: Data about relevant current projects in Austria. Download from: http://www.bmwa.gv.at, official webpage of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic and Labour, as at January 2005 BMWA 2004 Bundesministerium

für

Wirtschaft

und

Arbeit:

Research,

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and

Innovation. Activity report 2003. Download from: http://www.bmwa.gv.at, official webpage of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic and Labour, as at January 2005 Forschungs- und Technologiebericht 2004 BM:BWK

–

Bundesministerium

für

Bildung,

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und

Kultur:

Österreichischer Forschungs- und Technologiebericht 2004 (Federal Research and Technologie Report 2004). Download from: 420

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CM International http://www.bmbwk.gv.at/forschung/index.xml, official webpage of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture, as at January 2005 Ministry for Technology 2005 Ministry for Technology: The compass of advancement. A service of the Minister for Technologies. Download from: http://www.foerderkompass.at, as at January 2005 Statistik Austria 2004 Bundesanstalt

Statistik

Österreich:

Statistik

Austria.

Download

from:

http://www.statistik.at, official webpage of the Austrian federal agency for statistics, as at January 2005 Statistische Nachrichten 6/2004 Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich: Statistische Nachrichten 6/2004. Finanzierung der Ausgaben für Forschung und experimentelle Entwicklung in Österreich. Download from: http://www.statistik.at, official webpage of the Austrian federal agency for statistics, as at December 2004 BELGIUM Commission de coopération fédérale, Groupe de concertation CFS/STAT Federal Science Policy, Annual report 2002 European Trend Chart on Innovation, Belgium, September 2004. DENMARK Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs: The Danish Growth Strategy. August 2002. http://www.oem.dk/publikationer/html/english/vaekst/strategy.pdf Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs: Conditions for Growth. Chapter 12 Research, development and innovation. August2002. http://www.oem.dk/publikationer/html/english/vaekst/conditions.pdf

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CM International Technology Strategy 2002 by Tekes, National Technology Agency of Finland. http://www.tekes.fi/eng/publications/B_tekes/1 Tekes, 2005: Building on innovation – Priorities for the future (editions in English and Finnish) Academy of Finland, Annual Report 2004 www.research.fi www.tekes.fi/eng/innovation/policy www.tekes.fi/english/programmes www.aka.fi Note about the Academy of Finland documents: Budget figures for the research programmes of the Academy of Finland are not available on the website www.aka.fi . Also, the foresight part of the website is currently being updated, so it would be worth checking the contents after some days. (The most recent foresight paper now available is from year 2000.) FRANCE Ministry of Research (www.recherche.gouv.fr) : this site gives a lot of statistical data, priorities etc… It is also a portal that gives access to all the research institute in France. The portal also includes the description activities and web pages of the thematic research networks. Ministry of Education (www.education.gouv.fr): department of statistics (DPD) OST (S&T observatory) indicateurs 2004 GERMANY BMBF 2004 BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: Information about research and development funding. Download from: www.bmbf.de, official webpage of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Education, as at January 2005 423

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CM International BMBF 2004 BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: IT-Forschung 2006. Förderprogramm Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik (IT Research 2006), 2002. Download from: www.bmbf.de, official webpage of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Education, as at January 2005 BMBF 2004 BMBF

-

Bundesministerium

für

Bildung

und

Forschung:

Mikrosysteme.

Rahmenprogramm zur Förderung 2004-2009 (Micro Systems, Framework program for funding 2004-2009), 2004. Download from: www.bmbf.de, official webpage of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Education, as at January 2005 Bundesbericht Forschung 2004 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: Bundesbericht Forschung 2004 (Federal Research Report 2004). Deutschland. Das von morgen. Download from: http://www.bmbf.de/de/2303.php, official webpage of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Education, as at January 2005 Internationales Büro des BMBF 2004 Internationales Büro des BMBF: International Office of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Education. Download from: http://www.internationalesbuero.de/arbeitsfelder/wtz/Europa/Polen/#2, official webpage of the BMBF, as at December 2004 IRELAND Enterprise 2010: a New Strategy for Promotion of Enterprise in Ireland in the 21st Century' (Forfás, January 2000) Technology Foresight Ireland (ICSTI, April 1999) Irelands' National Development Plan 2000-2006. Renewable Energy Research Development and Demonstration Programme: Revised Programme Strategy', Sustainable Energy Ireland, May 2004 424

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CM International Sustainable Development: A Strategy for Ireland' Department of Public Enterprise, April 1997 'Renewable Energy Research and Development Demonstration Programme, Revised Programme Strategy', Sustainable Energy Ireland, May 2004 ICSTI Statement – State Expenditure priorities for 2005 (Irish Council for Science, Technology and Innovation – August 2004) ICSTI: Investing in Research, Technology and Innovation in the period 2000 to 2006 Forfas: State expenditure on Science and Technology 2002 and 2003 http://www.forfas.ie/publications/forfas041215-sest/forfas041215-sest-v1.pdf JAPAN JST official website JSPS official website MEXT official website Council for Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office, Issued in July 2004 Science and Technology Basic Plan 2001-2005, Government of Japan French Embassy in Tokyo, “Le budget pour la science et la technologie, Michel Israël, 2002 MALTA http://www.jrc.es/projects/enlargement/FuturesEnlargementII/Florence1103/stprofiles.pdf Malta in Innovation Policy in seven candidate countries: the challenges. Final Report Volume 2.4. (Islands Consulting Services, March 2003) ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/innovation-policy/studies/malta_final_report_march_2003.pdf European commission, 2002’ “innovation and SME”, European trend chart on innovation: analytical report, transfer of innovation policy schemes in candidate 425

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CM International countries. (http://trendchart.cordis.lu/Reports/Documents/TCW7PolicyTransferPaper.pdf http://www.mcst.org.mt/resources/pubs/ST_policy.pdf http://www.eforesee.info/malta/biotech-programme.shtml?s=8442C3687D5626124516-1679 THE NETHERLANDS NWO 2005 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research - NWO: All Subsidies sorted by NWO Division. Download from http://www.nwo.nl/subsidiewijzer.nsf/pages/SPPD_5RPPSW, official webpage of NWO, as at January 2005 NWO 2003 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research - NWO: Information about relevant research indicators. Download from: http://www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/zoekresultaat?opendocument&subfrm=sear ch&query=Overzicht%20verantwoordingsindicatoren%20NWO, official webpage of NWO, as at January 2005 Science budget 2004 Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Netherlands: Science budget 04. Focus on excellence and greater value. Download from: http://www.minocw.nl/english/science/, Ministry for Education, Culture and Science in the Netherlands, as at January 2005 TNO 2003 Toegepast Natuurkundig Onderzoek (Applied Scientific Research): TNO Annual Review 2003. Download from: www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20031059_3.pdf, official webpage of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, as at December 2004

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CM International www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/NWOP_5TPLZ2_Eng SWITZERLAND Office Fédéral de la Statistique - http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index.html SNSF official website UNITED KINGDOM 'Science and Innovation Investment Framework 2004-2014', Her Majesty's Treasury, Department of Trade and Industry, Department for Education and Skills, July 2004. 'Science Innovation Investment Framework 2004-2014' (DTI – www.dti.gov.uk) DTI Technology Strategy 2005-2008 www.microandnanotech.info UNITED STATES OF AMERICA www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/m03-15.pdf R&D

Chapter

2006

–

US

federal

Budget

2006

–

www.ostp.gov/htm/budget/2006/FY06RDChapterFinal.pdf “2006 budget priority memo” OSTP, www.ostp.gov/htm/m04-23.pdf www.nano.gov http://www.climatescience.gov/about/nccti.htm http://www.x-environnement.org/Jaune_Rouge/JR04/smedt.html National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, (2004). Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2001, 2002, 2003, NSF 04-310, Project Officer, Ronald M. Meeks. Arlington, VA. The National Science and Technology Council. (July, 2004) Science for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The Executive Office of the President of The United States. Retrieved Sept., 2004 from http://www.ostp.gov/nstc/21stCentury

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CM International Science and Technology Policy Institute.

(2001) A Report to the President:

Analytic Perspectives on the Science and Technology Issues Facing the Nation. Arlington, VA: RAND, Inc.

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Annex V

Detailed results of online questionnaire

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1. About you The majority of the questions in this section relate to personal information that has not been displayed.

1.5. Location of R&D activities Location

Number of respondents

Within Luxembourg

221

Outside Luxembourg

176

n= 297 250

Number of respondents

200

150

100

50

0 Within Lux

Outside Lux

2. Future priorities for public research The questionnaire results for section 2 are contained in Annex 1: Fiches

430

2

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3. FNR’s role in public research in Luxembourg

3.1. In your opinion, what balance should be sought in objectives for FNR funding for research in Luxembourg?

Promoting the development of competencies in exisiting research areas

41%

Nuturing competencies in new research areas

59%

3.2. From your perspective please indicate the level of Impact that the current FNR programmes are having on the following: Mode level of impact Aspect of impact

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being highest impact)

Setting scientific quality standards

3

Defining research priorities

4

Building research competencies

4

Produce high scientific quality research

3

Creating projects with high socio-economic impact

3

Improvement of coordination between actors at national level

3

Improve national and international visibility

4

431

3

CM International n= 297

Average impact level (mode)

5

4

3

2

1


Coordination of actors at national level

Socioeconomic impacts

High scientific quality research


Defining research priorities

Scientific quality standards

0

Frequency charts: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of the aspects of impact assessed Defining research priorities

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

Setting Scientific quality standards

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.00

5.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Rank

Produce high scientific quality research


100

60

Frequency

Frequency

80

60

40

40 20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.00

5.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Rank

432

4

CM International

Improvement of coordination between actors at national level

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

Creating projects with high socio-economic impact (ROI)

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

Rank

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank


80

Frequency

60

40

20

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

3.3. What should be the focus of the FNR programmes? 3.3.a. Scope of FNR programmes

Average level of priority Scope

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being highest priority)

Supporting tightly focused research programmes

3

Setting limited numbers of priorities, while allowing researchers freedom to determine how to pursue these priorities

4

Allowing researchers full freedom to pursue research interests of their choice

3

Supporting interdisciplinary research

5

433

5

CM International

n= 283 6

Average scope (mode)

5

4

3

2

1


Allowing researchers full freedom to pursue research interests of their choice

Setting limited numbers of priorities


0

Scope

Frequency charts: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of the aspects of scope assessed

Setting limited numbers of priorties, while allowing researchers freedom to determine how to pursue these priorities


120

100

100

80

Frequency

Frequency

80

60

60

40 40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.00

5.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Rank

434

6

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Allowing researchers full freedom to pursue research interests of their choice through an open programme which allows bottom up projects


120

60

100

Frequency

Frequency

80 40

60

40 20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

Rank

4.00

5.00

Rank

3.3.b. Duration of FNR programmes

Frequency of responses

%

Short term (2-4yrs)

67

24

Mid-term (5-7yrs)

156

56

Long-term (8-10yrs)

33

12

Other

22

8

278

100

Duration

TOTAL

n= 279 8% 24% 12%

Short term (2-4yrs) Mid-term (5-7yrs) Long-term (8-10yrs) Other

56%

435

7

CM International

3.3.c. Implementation of FNR programmes

Average level of priority Implementation focus

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being the highest priority)

Focusing on attracting researchers with high scientific reputation

5

Enabling to set up best possible R&D infrastructure

5

n= 284

5

Average (mode)

4

3

2

1

0 Focusing on attracting researchers with high scientific reputation

Enabling to set up best possible R&D infrastructure

Frequency charts: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of the aspects of implementation assessed Enabling to set up best possible R&D infrastructure

Focusing on attracting researchers with high scientific quality

120

100

100 80

Frequency

Frequency

80 60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.00

5.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Rank

436

8

CM International 3.3.d. Nature of FNR research activities

Average level of priority Nature of research activity

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being the highest priority)

Mainly supporting fundamental research with high scientific quality

5

Mainly supporting applied research with return on investment in the short term

3

n= 286 5

Average (mode)

4

3

2

1

0 Fundamental research with high scientific quality

Applied research with return on investment in the short term

Frequency charts: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of the aspects of the nature of FNR projects assessed

Mainly supporting applied research with return on investment in the short term

Mainly supporting fundamental research with high scientific quality

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

60

60

40

40

20 20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

Rank

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

437

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3.4. From your perspective please indicate the level of Impact that the FNR accompanying measures are having: Average response Accompanying measures

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being the highest impact)

Promotion of scientific culture

4

Participation of novice researchers in scientific conferences

4

Organisation of scientific conferences in Luxembourg

4

Publication of doctoral thesis or scientific publication

3

Preparation of a European Union research project

3

Mobility of researchers

4

Training in management for research projects

3

Science festival

3

Average level of impact (mode)

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

Sc i

en

M

tf

or r

en ce

pr oj ch es ea r

of re s ob ilit y

fe st iv al s

ec ts

ch er s ea r

pr oj ar ch re se

ni on

in

g

in

m

Eu r

an a

op e

ge m

an

U

or th es is of

ec t

n bl ic at io

sc ie nt if i c

pu

nc es co nf er e

Tr

ai n

Pu b

at io n ni s rg a O

lic at io n

of sc ie nt ifi c

sc ie nt if i c in

ch er s re se ar

ov ic e

in

en ce s co nf er

cu ltu re tif ic sc ie n of m ot io n Pr o N

LU X

0.0

438

10

CM International Frequency chart: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of the accompanying measures assessed

Participation of novice researchers in scientific conferences

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

Promotion of scientific culture

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

2.00

Rank

Organisation of scientific conferences in Luxembourg

4.00

5.00

Publication of doctoral thesis or scientific publication

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

3.00

Rank

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

2.00

Rank

3.00

4.00

5.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Preparation of a European Union research project

Mobility of researchers

80

100

80

Frequency

Frequency

60

40

60

40

20 20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

Rank

2.00

3.00

Rank

439

11

Training in management for research projects

Science festivals

CM International

80

100

80

Frequency

Frequency

60

40

60

40

20 20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

Rank

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

440

12

CM International

4. The objectives and impacts of public sector research 4.1.a. Scientific impacts

frequency Type of impact

Rank 1

Rank 2

Rank 3

Rank 4

Rank 5

Promoting Publications

80

45

51

59

31

Developing new or improved research tools, methods or techniques

80

81

66

27

12

Promoting R&D collaboration in Luxembourg

64

54

62

57

29

Enhancing researchers' overview and understanding of their research field

33

54

51

67

61

Promoting Patents

9

32

36

56

133

266

266

266

266

266

TOTAL

n= 266 Number of respondents

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Promoting knowledge

Introducing new products

Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3

Research findings

Rank 4 Rank 5

Improving competitiveness

Contributing to new jobs

441

13

CM International

4.1.b. Economic impacts

frequency Type of impact

Rank 1

Rank 2

Rank 3

Rank 4

Rank 5

Promoting knowledge

135

47

15

31

38


46

81

66

38

35

Research findings

32

38

51

105

40


29

49

86

43

59

Contributing to new jobs

24

51

48

49

94

266

266

266

266

266

TOTAL

n= 266 Number of respondents

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Promoting knowledge



Research findings

Rank 4 Rank 5


4.1.c) Societal impact Contributing to new jobs

442

14

CM International

4.1.c. Societal impacts

Frequency of response

Rank

Rank 1

Rank 2

Rank 3

Rank 4

Improving quality of life

105

83

44

37

Promoting higher education

115

75

47

32

Promoting environ impacts

27

68

64

110

Promoting better social

22

43

114

90

269

269

269

269

TOTAL

n= 269

Number of respondents 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Improving quality of life

Rank 1

Promoting higher education


Promoting environ impacts

Promoting better social

443

15

CM International

4.2. What type of public support for research do you consider as most important? Average level of importance Type of public support

(1 to 5 scale- 5 being most important)

The provision of a strategic direction in terms of specific research priorities

4

A better coordination of activities of different research actors in Luxembourg

4

Increased core funding for people

5

Increased core funding for instruments or equipment

3

Funding through multi-annual programmes and project calls

5

Attracting world-class researchers in the research field

5

5

Average level of importance

4

3

2

1

fie ld rc h th e s

rc he r

ra m

re se a

ro g lp

-c la ss

nu a

w or ld

tian At tra c

tin g

m ul gh th ro u ng Fu

nd i

in

es m

m fo ri ns tru in g fu nd

co re d as e In cr e

re se a

pr oj ec t an

d

or en ts

fu nd co re d as e In cr e

ca lls

en t eq ui

fo rp in g

Lu xe m in ct iv iti es

of a n tio di na oo r

be tte rc A

pm

eo pl

ur g bo

di re ct io n te gi c st ra a of n vi si o pr o e Th

e

0

444

16

CM International Frequency charts: Below is the set of charts displaying the actual frequencies of responses for each of they types of public support assessed A better coordination of activities of different research actors in Luxembourg

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

The provision of a strategic direction in terms of specific research priorities

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

2.00

Rank

4.00

5.00

Increased core funding for instruments or equipment

120

120

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

Increased core funding for people

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

2.00

Rank

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

Funding through multi-annual programmes and project calls

Attracting world-class researchers in the research field

100

100

80

80

Frequency

Frequency

3.00

Rank

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1.00

Rank

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

Rank

445

17