Mapping of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster

10 downloads 0 Views 1MB Size Report
Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana - BNPB) and The National Council for ... Risk Management Change: Disaster Management National Agency (BNPB).
Mapping of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management related Governance Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines

Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 1.2 1.3

BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE GOVERNANCE MAPPING ............................................................................................ 5 METHODOLOGY OF THIS GOVERNANCE MAPPING .................................................................................... 5

CAMBODIA 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

7 CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED RISKS IN CAMBODIA ........................................................................................7 GOVERNANCE: KEY POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANS ................................................................................. 8 KEY INSTITUTIONS, ACTORS AND NETWORKS ........................................................................................... 9 “STATE OF PLAY” OF INTEGRATION IN CAMBODIA ....................................................................................13

INDONESIA 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

15 CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED RISKS IN INDONESIA ......................................................................................15 GOVERNANCE: KEY POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANS ................................................................................15 KEY INSTITUTIONS, ACTORS AND NETWORKS ..........................................................................................18 “STATE OF PLAY” OF INTEGRATION IN INDONESIA ................................................................................... 20

THE PHILIPPINES 22 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED RISKS IN THE PHILIPPINES .............................................................................. 22 GOVERNANCE: KEY POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANS ............................................................................... 22 KEY INSTITUTIONS, ACTORS AND NETWORKS ..........................................................................................27 “STATE OF PLAY” OF INTEGRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES ............................................................................ 28

REGIONAL GOVERNANCE AND INITIATIVES ...................................................................................... 30 5.1 5.2

KEY REGIONAL ACTORS, STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES ............................................................................. 30 STATUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FINANCING IN SEA: A BRIEF LOOK ................................................................ 37

ANALYTICAL CONCLUSIONS: CURRENT “STATE OF PLAY” OF INTEGRATION...................................... 40 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

STATE OF PLAY 1: RE-ALIGNMENT OF POLICY, REGULATIONS, PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS ............................... 40 STATE OF PLAY 2: GROWING SCIENCE BASED INFORMATION USE ................................................................ 40 STATE OF PLAY 3: MOVING BEYOND ‘CLASSIC’ EMERGENCIES AND HUMANITARIAN RESPONSES .........................41 STATE OF PLAY 4: ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BASED ACTIONS ................................. 42 STATE OF PLAY 5: INCORPORATION OF CCA INTO SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS ................................... 42 STATE OF PLAY 6: PLATFORM BUILDING, NETWORKING AND ADVOCACY BASED ACTIONS ............................... 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 45

List of Figures Figure 2-1. NCCC’s organizational relationships with various entities (Source: NCCC, 2010). ..............................10 Figure 2-2. NCDM Structure and Coordination Mechanism (Source: SNAP: 2008). ............................................12 Figure 3-1. Integration of DM Plan into NAP-DRR and Development Plan ..........................................................18 Figure 4-1. Draft National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (Source: CCC: 2010). ................................. 24 Figure 4-2. SNAP Strategic objectives (Source: NDCC, 2009). .......................................................................... 26

Acknowledgements The governance mapping for the South East Asia was made possible with the wisdom of collaboration of various individuals and agencies consulted during its development in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and regionally in Thailand.

Various guidance and support received from the Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR) Steering group and the programme team particularly from Katie Harris, Maggie Ibrahim and Dr Tom Mitchell from Institute of Development Studies (IDS).

Special contributions received from various professionals from the Plan International in the form of Kelly Hawrylyshyn, Dr Nick Hall, Jorgen Haldorsen, Myrna Evora, Peuvchenda Bun, Sok Heng, Avianto Amri, Vanda Lengkong, Baltz Tribunalo and Edwin Elegado.

Atiq Kainan Ahmed Regional Climate and Disaster Resilience Specialist Plan International Asia Regional Office June 2010, Thailand.

3

Introduction 1.1

Background

Practitioners and policy makers are managing disaster risks across development sectors by tackling vulnerability, reducing, transferring and sharing risks and enhancing preparedness and response mechanisms. This task is becoming more difficult as climate change alters the frequency and magnitude of hazard events and changes underlying vulnerability caused by more subtle shifts in average climatic conditions. These changes force those tackling disaster risks to consider how they integrate the added dimensions of climate change and consequently, what they need to do differently to ensure that they are being effective.

Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR), a DFID funded programme that aims to enhance the ability of governments and civil-society organisations in developing countries to build the resilience of communities to disasters and climate change as part of their development work. It is being implemented by a consortium led by the Institute of Development Studies which includes Plan International and Christian Aid. The SCR programme is focusing its efforts on ten countries from three regions: South-East Asia, South Asia and in East Africa. Plan International is spearheading the implementation of the programme in Southeast Asia that includes Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines. The generic objectives of the SCR programme are to:



 

enhance the ability of governments and civil societies to reduce disaster losses by strengthening the resilience to current and future disaster risks and climatic changes. enable the DRM community to become more effective by integrating existing approaches including climate change adaptation and development approaches; and facilitate the achievement of the two above goals through the development, fieldtesting and promotion of a “climate-smart approach to disaster risk management”.

The SCR initiative has developed a ‘climate smart disaster risk management’ approach that helps protect society from the threats posed by increased climate change hazards. By creating an evidence base of ‘climate smart’ development and disaster risk management approaches, the SCR programme hopes to demonstrate to policy makers and civil society practitioners that integrated approaches to tackling poverty, disaster risk and climate change impacts help achieve better development outcomes. In its first two years, the SCR programme is elaborating this approach for climate-smart programming. This approach is based around three pillars of action - ‘tackle changing disaster risks and uncertainties. ‘enhance adaptive capacity’ and ‘address poverty & vulnerability and their structural causes’. The approach integrates perspectives from a range of disciplines - including disaster risk management, 4

climate change adaptation, sustainable livelihoods, political economy, technological innovation systems and ecology.

Evidences have been collected through field research, site visits and knowledge sharing events between different communities of practice (see www.csdrm.org). This includes those working in research, policy and practice across the disasters, climate change and development agenda. The SCR evidence-base is being disseminated through national, regional and multi-regional networks to advocate for policies and programmes that seek to protect development from climate and disaster risks.

1.2

Objectives of the governance mapping

The major objectives of the governance mapping are to come up with a governance overview of the region (in three countries) and also inform the SCR programme about the status of governance issues in the respective countries. It attempts to know more about current “state of play” of some of these questions:

     

What policies exist that promote climate and disaster risk management at national and local levels? What policy reforms are taking place in relation to climate change, disaster risk management and national development? Understand the dominant values which are shaping the policies around climate and disaster risk management in the country Which are the key actors and institutions spearheading the policy and policy reform? To what extent are climate change adaptation and disaster risk management institutions and programming integrated? How are people and institutions participating in various networks and platforms?

1.3 Methodology of this Governance Mapping In order to develop this Governance mapping for the three SEA countries included in the project (Philippines, Indonesia and Cambodia) and the Region itself, a few methodological measures are adopted. An initial version of a “guidance note” from the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) was also followed. The methodological steps were:



Secondary literature collection and review: A well round secondary review of various available documents and publications are carried out as a first step of this governance mapping. This was quite crucial because many of the governance related policy, 5

legislations, strategic planning documents are out there but not necessarily available/accessible in an immediate manner. In order to get hold of these original and approved versions of the disaster risk management and climate change adaptation related documents personal communications as well as visits were made. Electronic desk based searches was carried out often to get access to institutional websites and repositories after having discussions with the right agency people. 

Country visits and interaction with national key stakeholders: Prior to the documentation of the governance mapping, specific issues on the policy formulations and recent most development issues of the governance are discussed with a selected set of people in all three countries. During the visits, primarily discussions held with focal national disaster management organizations, nodal climate change agencies, selected line departments/ministries, international and national NGOs etc. Both DRM and CCA related in country networks, civil society organizational platforms, academics-researchers and relevant resource people were met. In order to catch up with the latest most developments various national level meetings were attended as it came up. Follow up communications with the national actors was also useful for getting further country level updates.



Interactions with the regional level stakeholders: Apart from the communication with the national level actors, discussions were held with various regional level entities who were found actively engaged in relevant activities from a multi-country perspective. Interactions with the regional level selected UN body representatives, research institutes, INGO members were found effective. Discussions were also held during major meetings such as discussions with the ISDR Asia Partnership (IAP) group during their meeting was very useful.



“Snowballing measure” and “adaptive documentation”: During the governance mapping it was found that the governance and policy issues and their development process in recent years (even in recent months) were shaping up in a very dynamic manner. Particularly in some of the selected programme counties the policy approvals have shaped up in very recent months. So, seeing this rapid developments the governance mapping has also remain a bit dynamic in methodological principles and adopted a “snowballing” measure (i.e. grow from smaller amount of information to greater details) and “adaptive documentation” technique (e.g. update as development is made or shapes up) to capture and report the latest most updates from the countries as well as in the region. This dynamic nature of information collection and was also coupled up with the “adaptive documentation” as the governance issues have updated. The governance mapping through these dynamic measures have shaped up in a systematic way but kept open and inclusive.

6

Cambodia

2.1

Climate change related risks in Cambodia

Climate in Cambodia is subject to extreme wet and dry seasons with significant temperature variations. The wet season, characterized by heavy rain, runs from May to October, while the dry season, when there is little or no precipitation, runs from November to April. The extreme seasonality in rainfall generates corresponding variability in water supply with flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry season.

Flooding and drought are the two main extreme climate events that occur every year in a number of provinces. The impact from flood and drought events in the past has resulted in a high number of casualties and destruction of infrastructure, property, crops, and livestock. MoE (2005, 2006) reports that the most severe floods, which occurred in 2000, killed some 350 people and caused US$150 million in damages to crops and infrastructure; The most severe drought, which subsequently occurred in 2002, affected more than 2 million people and destroyed more than 100,000 ha of paddy fields. The worst affected provinces were Prey Veng, Battambang, Kandal, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu, Pursat and Takeo. These facts indicate that the agricultural production centre of Cambodia is very vulnerable to extreme climate events.

Cambodia’s Initial National Communication (INC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has examined the country’s vulnerability to climate change. The frequency and intensity of floods is projected to increase with rising temperature, causing severe damage to rice harvests. Successions and combinations of drought and floods have resulted in a significant number of fatalities and considerable economic losses, which have been further exacerbated by deforestation. Floods have accounted for 70% of rice production losses between 1998 and 2002, while drought accounted for 20% of losses (NAPA, MoE 2006). In terms of the magnitude of possible changes, the INC predicts:

• • •

Mean annual temperatures in Cambodia could increase between 0.3 to 0.6°C by 2025 and 1.6 to 2.0°C by 2100; Mean annual rainfall in Cambodia could increase between 3% to 35% by year 2100 with the magnitude of change varying with time and location. Lowland areas would have higher increase in rainfall than highlands. There are no predictions on changes in climate variability between years, within seasons and on different locations. The projections are in changes in the average.

Addressing the flood and drought regimes controlled by the monsoon rains is a key element for livelihoods in Cambodia. The consequences of climate-sensitive human health impacts 7

(water and insect borne diseases), access (disruption of infrastructure) and food security (e.g. impacts of agricultural pests) are likely but the link to climate change is not yet widely documented or common knowledge. The ability to address current climate variability is a further indication of coping capacity vis-à-vis future climate change. Currently there may already be an adaptation deficit, i.e. a lack of capacity and capability to adapt and avoid impacts of current climate variation (Danida 2008).

2.2

Governance: key policies and strategic plans

The key policies and strategic plans surrounding the developments of climate change adaptation, disaster management and national development issues in Cambodia are discussed below. There is an exhaustive set of policies, legislations and plans are developed over the period in Cambodia but in this section only a key set of policies that are governing the major actions from the governmental sources on a national scale are discussed below reflecting the domains highlighted for the purpose of this governance mapping.

Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol Ratification by Cambodia in 2002 Cambodia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 1995 and the Kyoto Protocol in July 2002. Under this convention, governments gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies, and best practices; launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions and adapting to expected impacts; and cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change.

Climate Change: National Adaptation Program of Action to Climate Change (NAPA) The National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (NAPA) for Cambodia is based on Decision 28 of the 7th Conference of the Parties (CoP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The formulation of the NAPA follows a participatory process that involves those who are most affected by climatic impacts, i.e. rural people and the poor. Cambodian NAPA objectives are to: a) understand the main characteristics of climate hazards in Cambodia (flood, drought, windstorm, high tide, salt water intrusion, and malaria); b) understand coping mechanisms to climate hazards and climate change at the grassroots level; c) understand existing programs and institutional arrangements for addressing climate hazards and climate change; d) improve agricultural productivity through the expansion of irrigation and the management of water resources to reduce vulnerability to natural disasters; and e) identify and prioritize adaptation activities to climate hazards and climate change.

Disaster Risk Management: Strategic National Action Plan 2008-2013 for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP) 8

The Strategic National Action Plan 2008-2013 for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP-DRR) dates from March 2009. It attempts to integrate disaster risk reduction elements into sectoral policies and investment planning. Priority actions are articulated in the national plan and a ‘matrix approach’ to integrating disaster risk reduction elements into key ministries are identified in this planning document.

Overall National Development: National Strategic Development: National Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (NSDP) The National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2006-2010 was developed by the Ministry of Planning with participation and consultation from various stakeholders including government Ministries and institutions, external development partners and civil society. After approval by the National Assembly, NSDP was officially launched on 15th of August 2006. The NSDP has adopted a comprehensive “Rectangular Strategy” of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and synthesized various policy document, public administration reform, financial reforms and other sector policies and strategies. NSDP is regarded as a single, overarching document containing RGCs' priority goals and strategies directs all public policy to the reduction of poverty and the achievement and socio-economic development goals for the country. It synthesizes and prioritizes the goals to align sector strategies and planning cycles to overall long term vision, as well as guide external development partners to align and harmonize their efforts towards. There are about 43 targets were set in the NSDP. The Cambodian government has decided that the National Strategic Development Plan, 20062010 will be extended to 2013 to make it consistent with “Political Platform of the Royal Government of the fourth legislature of the National Assembly”, in which “Rectangular Strategy Phase II”, is the socioeconomic agenda.

2.3

Key institutions, actors and networks

Climate change adaptation activities in Cambodia are primarily coordinated through four central bodies: a) the National Committee for Disaster Management, b) Climate Change Department, c) Designated National Authority for the Clean Development Mechanism, and d) the National Climate Change Committee. These bodies primarily functions through several lead ministries in the country and support departments. These ministries are also supported by the national and international NGOs, UN bodies and external development partners. The Key policies and plans are in place are already discussed earlier.

In this section the lead government institutions and bodies involved in the governance of CCA and DRM activities in Cambodia are outlined.

Climate Change: The National Climate Change Committee 9

The National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was established by the Ministerial Subdecree on 24 April 2006. This committee is an inter-ministerial mechanism with the mandate to prepare, coordinate and monitor the implementation of policies, strategies, legal instruments, plans and programs of the Royal Government to address climate change issues within the country, thus contributing to the protection of the environment and natural resources and foreseeing and preventing man-made changes in climate that might have adverse impacts on the peoples well-being. The NCCC is chaired by the Prime Minister and composed of Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State from 19 ministries and government agencies. The following diagram shows how the NCCC functions institutionally.

NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE

NATIONAL SECRETARIAT

CLIMATE CHANGE DEPARTMENT

UNFCCC & THE KYOTO PROTOCOL FOCAL

AD HOC INTER-MINISTERIAL WORKING GROUP ON FORESTRY

AD HOC INTER-MINISTERIAL WORKING GROUP ON ENERGY

GREEN HOUSE GASES INVENTORY

GREEN HOUSE GASES MITIGATION

VULNERABILITY AND

ADAPTATION

UNFCCC IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 2-1. NCCC’s organizational relationships with various entities (Source: NCCC, 2010).

10

Climate Change: The Cambodian Climate Change Department The Cambodia Climate Change Office (CCCO) was established in June 2003 by the Cambodian Government. This has now scaled up as a separate Department and now called as the “Climate Change Department (CCD)”. This department is now solely dedicated to climate change issues and gradually building capacity. The CCD’s technical body is associated with the Ministry of Environment (MoE) which is mandated with the task of carrying out all technical activities related to the implementation of UNFCCC and other related international environmental conventions. CCD also facilitates and coordinates donor funded and private sector activities relevant to climate change in the country as it comes in. CCD supports and organizes interministerial technical working groups specialized in various sectors, e.g. energy and forestry, and along climate change themes, e.g. Green House Gas (GHG) inventory, mitigation, vulnerability and adaptation, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and in the implementation of the UNFCCC. CCD’s primary roles and responsibilities are as to: a) implementation of the UNFCCC and other climate change-related tasks; b) provide information and advice to the RGC on the preparation of negotiation positions, and the establishment of national climate change policies, plans and legal instruments; c) identify and assess new technologies appropriate for Cambodia to adapt to climate change or to mitigate GHG emissions; d) promote research activities and human capacity building; e) develop new climate change-related project proposals; and f) act as the Secretariat to the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) focal points for Cambodia.

Climate Change: Designated National Authority for the Clean Development Mechanism The RGC appointed the MoE as the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the Clean Development Mechanism on July 15, 2003. The CCD acts as the secretariat of the UNFCCC National Focal Point and of the Designated National Authority under the Kyoto Protocol. There is institutional overlap between the Cambodian DNA, the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) and the Cooperation Committee of Cambodia (CCC), which provide the country and donor agencies institutional continuity for the implementation of climate change activities.

Disaster Risk Management: The National Committee for Disaster Management The National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) is the national agency responsible for working in for overall disaster risk management in the country by providing emergency relief and developing preventive measures to reduce loss of life and property from disasters and so forth. The NCDM was established in 1995 as an inter-ministerial body comprised of members from relevant ministries and the armed forces. Further, committees for disaster management have been established at the province and the district level. In 2006, Cambodian government issued a royal decree for the establishment of “Commune Committees for Disaster Management (CCDMs)” to strengthen local level institutional systems. The Committee’s key functions and responsibilities are to: a) manage data of disaster risk and report on disaster situations; b) propose the level of resource reserves for disaster interventions and emergency responses; c) provide capacity building and human resource development on disaster management; d) coordination in implementation of disaster 11

management policies; e) exchange and sharing of information; and f) coordination and mobilization of resources for disaster responses. NCDM also plays the key role of coordinating the various NGOs, development partners, CSOs that are working in various parts of the country. NCDM is leads the coordination of a CSO DRR Forum which is comprised of the CSO and NGOs operating in the country. The coordination mechanism and operational structure of NCDM is shown below.

Figure 2-2. NCDM Structure and Coordination Mechanism (Source: SNAP: 2008).

Sectoral Development: Some other government institutions involved Beside the above key designated institutions it was found that several other national government institutions and departments are involved in CCA and DRM related activities in Cambodia with a varied capacity. Some of the other major sectoral entities are:    

Ministry of Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM) Ministry of Health (MoH) National Coastal Steering Committee (NCSC).

Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and Networks

The following set of CSOs, UN bodies, INGOs and networks are among many who are involved actively in various DRM and CCA related initiatives in Cambodia: 12

                 

Action Aid ADPC CARE Caritas Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC) Christian Aid Cambodian Red Cross Concern CWS DANIDA DCA EU/ECHO/DIPECHO projects DRC FACT FAO IFRC IOM LWF

           

Oxfam GB Oxfam American Plan International SEI SIDA Save the Children UNDP Country office WFP WHO World Vision World Bank (GFDRR) ZOA

Existing Networks:   

National Climate Change Network in Cambodia (NCCN) Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) DRR Net

Source: SCR Actor Mapping Phase II (ongoing)

2.4

“State of play” of integration in Cambodia

In Cambodia, the national re-alignment of the institutions has started to take place centrally. The Cambodian Climate Change Department and National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) are already in place. Although DRM and CC related these two national focal points are in place and functional but regulatory mechanisms as well as full capacity in support to their mandates are not fully in place. Nationally, the Cambodian SNAP mentions about addressing issues of climate change and the Cambodian NAPA also talks about the climatic hazards. But at the moment there is inadequate integration of these, and a lack of adequate capacity and resources for support.

The two committees participating in each others’ meetings but often the programmes and initiatives are not integrated on a regular basis. On the other hand, more initiatives are seen to be developed in line with respective sectoral initiatives, with sector-specific adaptive programmes being developed. However, in Cambodia a significant amount of climate change adaptation initiatives are growing spontaneously from the various development agencies and actors working at local level (mostly CSO and NGOs to support government initiatives and beyond). A more systematic national level planning as road-maps for setting up planned adaptation is still to be formed and implemented.

13

Unlike other countries of the region (including the Philippines and Indonesia), the national climate change legislative frameworks have not yet been put in place. Policies and regulations to support local actions are still to be implemented, and this requirement is now being pursued with both the national DRM and CC focals by the civil society development partner networks such as DRR Net, National Climate Change Network in Cambodia, National Climate Change Forum (facilitated by UNDP and others).

Due to its location, trans-boundary adaptation initiatives are also quite important for Cambodia. Hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods and droughts require trans-boundary governance needs to be also linked up with the systematic national level adaptation planning. This is also important for the integration of CCA with DRM or development in general.

14

Indonesia 3.1

Climate change related risks in Indonesia

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic state, consisting of five major islands and about 30 smaller island groups, totaling around 17,500 islands. With its extensive coastline the country has a very large coastal population many of whom are highly exposed to climate change impacts that intensify existing hazards. But it is also prone to other natural hazards, especially earthquakes (and tsunami) and volcanic eruptions.

Over past four decades, weather-related disasters such as flood, drought, storm, landslides and forest fire have caused much loss of life and livelihood, destroying economic and social infrastructure as well as causing environmental damage

Governance: key policies and strategic plans

A great deal of initiatives are seen in the formulation of policy, regulations and strategic plans relating to disaster risk management and climate change adaptation more in 2006 and onwards in Indonesia. Government of Indonesia (GOI) has formulated a series of laws mentioned below which has a big role in governing the disaster risk management and climate change issues in the country. Climate change related legislation and policies are more being shaped up now comparing the policies on disaster risk management. Some of the major laws that are formed more recently are as follows:

• • • • • • • • •

Law No. 24 on Disaster Management (in 2007) Law No. 26 on Spatial Planning (in 2007) Law No. 27 on Small Islands and Coastal Management (in 2007) Government Regulation No. 21/2008 on DM Operations (in 2008) Government Regulation No. 22/2008 on Funding & Management of Disaster Assistance (in 2008) Government Regulation No. 23/2008 on Participation of International Institutions and Foreign Non-Government Institution in DM (in 2008) Government Regulation No. 26/2008 on National Spatial Planning (in 2008) Presidential Regulation No. 8/2008 on NDMA (BNPB) (in 2008) Presidential Regulation No. 46/2008 on National Council for Climate Change (in 2008) 15



Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation No. 46/2008 on BPBD Organization and Works Mechanism (in 2008)

The key policies and planning instruments that play a key role in governing the DRM and CC activities in Indonesia are discussed below:

Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol Ratification by Indonesia in 2004 Indonesia signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC in 1998 and ratified it in 2004. Under this convention, governments gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies, and best practices; launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions and adapting to expected impacts; and cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change.

Climate Change: National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAP-CC) in 2007 The National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPA-CC) / Rencana Aksi Nasional Perubahan Iklim (RAN-PI) was formulated in November 2007. The NAP-CC specifically states that Indonesia’s current capacity in dealing with climate chance will strongly affect its capacity in the future and indicated an incorporation of the disaster risk reduction measures in the NAPCC implementation process. The NAPA is to be used as guidance to various institutions in carrying out a coordinated and integrated effort to tackle climate change. Good coordination between sectors was indicated as essential to ensure the success of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Indonesia and NAP-CC was deemed as a necessary step towards that.

Disaster Risk Management: Disaster Management Law No. 24 in 2007 The Law of Republic of Indonesia concerning disaster management number 24 of year 2007 is regarded as one of the most significant legislative milestones for strengthening disaster risk management in the country. It has a new perspective on disaster management (in regard to not only emergency response but also pre-disaster and other post-disaster aspects), and is often regarded as having initiated a process of paradigm change of disaster management in Indonesia.

Disaster Risk Management: National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (NAP-DRR) in 2006 and updating in 2010 The National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (NAP-DRR)/ Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan Resiko Bencana (RAN-PRB) 2006-2009 was approved in 2006. NAP-DRR was prepared with a purpose, among others, to change the focus in the current practices in disaster management, from a responsive approach to a more preventive one, with the hope that this can help prevent or mitigate disaster impacts and reduce or altogether eradicate disaster risks. It was expected that Local Governments, as a follow-up to NAP-DRR, would develop their own 16

Local Action Plans for Disaster Risk Reduction, at the provincial and district/city levels. NAPDRR is further updated recently and the National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 20102012 (RAN-PRB 2010-2012) is approved recently. The overall purpose of RAN-PRB 2010-2012 is to provide guidance and reference for multi-stakeholders in carrying out DRR activities as it elaborates the basis, priorities, action plan as well as implementation and institutional mechanisms. The National Action Plan is also guidance for various ministries to develop their respective Strategic Plan (Renstra), guidance for local governments to develop “Local Disaster Management Plan (RPB Daerah)” and Mid-term Development Plans (RPJM Daerah). The RANPRB 2010-2012 is also a technical and operational document to implement the National DM Plan 2010-2014. RAN-PRBA 2010-2012 was developed with a linkage to HFA priorities as well as program and activities mandated by Disaster Management Law no. 24/2007.

National Development: Long-Term Development Development Planning and Annual Development Plan

Planning,

Mid-Term

National

The development processes in Indonesia is coordinated by Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS) which is the National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia. BAPPENAS plays a crucial role in the coordination of development agencies in DRR and CCA and in the mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into development planning. As stated in the National Development Planning Law SPPN Number 25 Year 2004, development processes in Indonesia are guided by three key development documents of: a) Long-Term Development Planning, b) Mid-Term National Development Planning and c) Annual Development Plan. The Law Number 17/Year 2007 stipulates Indonesia’s Long-term Development Planning 2005-2025. The twenty year development plan provides a direction to achieve a sustainable Indonesia. Following diagram shows the process which is now taking place to make the integration between Disaster Management Plan into NAP-DRR and other layers of the National Development Plans in a synchronized manner. This integration, at the moment, is pursued by the BAPPENAS and coordinated with the other national actors accordingly.

17

Initiative Rights from Councils Involve multi stakeholders in DRR activity

National Action Plan for DRR (NAP-DRR) (2006 – 2009)

 Government Annual Plans (RKPs) 2007, 2008 & 2009

Long –term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005 - 2025

DM Law 24/2007

DM Plan 2010-2014 & NAP-DRR 2010-2012

Involve multi stakeholders the preparation of the plan

Mid–term Development Plan (RPJM)2010- 2014

 Government Annual Plans (RKPs) 2010, 2011, etc

Figure 3-1. Integration of DM Plan into NAP-DRR and Development Plan (Source: Suprayoga Hadi, BAPPENAS: June, 2009).

Climate change and disasters are identified as critical challenges to Indonesia’s development. The plan highlights the various disasters caused by extreme climatic events in Indonesia, including the recent floods and droughts that have brought about heavy economic losses. However, there is no specific mention related to climate change and disasters in the Presidential Regulation Number 7 Year 2005 on National Mid-Term Development Plan 20042009. Instead, those are incorporated into the social welfare, natural resources and the environment development agendas.

3.2

Key institutions, actors and networks

In Indonesia, the DRR and CCA are coordinated by two different institutions and with different funding mechanisms. Bappenas, the National Agency for Disaster Risk Reduction (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana - BNPB) and The National Council for Climate Change (Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim – DNPI) all have important roles in facilitating and coordinating the linkages between DRR and CCA and in mainstreaming them into development agendas.

Climate Change: National Council on Climate Change (DNPI) In July 2008, the president established a National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) or locally known as Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim (DNPI), with representation from 15 Government of Indonesia (GOI) Ministries. The NCCC is chaired by the President, while the Coordinating 18

Minister for People’s Welfare and the Coordinating Minister for Economics act as vice chairs. The tasks of the NCCC are: a) to formulate national policy, strategy, program and action in controlling climate change, b) coordinate related actions covering adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer and funding, c) formulate regulatory policy on mechanism and procedure for carbon trading, d) monitor and evaluate policy implementation on climate change control, and e) strengthen Indonesia position to encourage developed countries to take more responsibilities in climate change control. The NCCC serves as the focal point for climate change affairs in Indonesia and coordinates with the Ministry of Environment and all other associated line ministries in the country. On the sub-national level activities are coordinated by different sectoral agencies such as that of the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry for Energy, and the Ministry for Water Resources.

Disaster Risk Management Change: Disaster Management National Agency (BNPB) Disaster risk management activities are primarily managed by the Disaster Management National Agency locally known as Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) at the national level and the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah - BPBD) at the sub-national level.

While BNPB is headed by a position equivalent to a minister, DNPI is directly led by the President of the Republic of Indonesia. The fact that there is a direct involvement of the President and eighteen ministers could imply that climate change is considered as a high priority on the development agenda.

Civil Society Organizations (CSO), UN Bodies and Networks

Number of national and international NGOs, most of the country representatives of the UN bodies along with the bilateral and multilateral donors were seen to be actively involved in DRM and CCA related works in the country. Particularly the Civil society networks have significantly broadened in the post tsunami context and more recently after the hosting of Bali CoP13 in 2008. Multiple advocacy networks from both the DRM and CCA groups are very active in Indonesia and played a key role in development the recent policy and regulations. The following is a set name of some of the CSOs, UN bodies, INGOs and networks who are among many active actors in the DRM and CCA related initiatives in the Indonesia.

19

                

ACF ADB ASEAN Secretariat AusAid Care Indonesia CWS DFID FAO GTZ Indonesia Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) IFRC LIPI MPBI Netherlands Red Cross Oxfam America Oxfam GB Plan International

        

Save the Children UNDP Country office UNESCO UNICEF Country office USAID Indonesia WALHI WWF WHO World Bank

Existing Networks:     

Civil Society Forum National Platform for DRR Indonesia Disaster Management Society Consortium for Disaster Education National Council on Climate Change

Source: SCR Actor Mapping Phase-II (ongoing)

3.3

“State of play” of integration in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the DRM regulations and plans have started to shape up. The DRM act has already long in place from several years and two rounds of DRR planning exercises have take place for national implementation. The CC domain, the legislative mechanisms are shaping up with newly developed institutional platforms. The Indonesian National Council on Climate Change is in place and now finalizing most of the national regulatory issues with Ministry of Environment and National Development Planning Institution, BAPPENAS. BAPPENAS has also adopted a strong framework for mainstreaming of the DRM and CCA issues into the national development plans.

This is expected that in most of the national development plans, DRM plans and CC action plans this integration issues will be discussed and will frame some actions in that line. However, knowing: a) Indonesia is a big country; b) institutional e-alignments is relatively new, and c) the resource allocation limitations, the actual ground implantation of this integration can be seen as a challenge and an issue to follow up. The sub-national to local action planning for incorporation of CCA issues in DRM might be addressed in a more systematic way.

20

In terms of resource allocations, the allocations are often clearly made for humanitarian disaster responses or sectoral development projects prioritizing the immediate observable actions or outputs but often a systematic long-term adaptive planning or programmes because these are not yielding immediate outcomes are not much seen at local level. This resource allocation issue for local level adaptive development hence remains as another bottleneck in making the CCA-DRM integration in Indonesian context.

21

The Philippines 4.1

Climate change related risks in the Philippines

Climate change will increase and/ or intensify the already severe weather events, along with changes in temperature, shifts in rainfall patterns, and sea level rise. In the past 10 years the Philippines has experienced the highest recorded rainfall and the strongest typhoons. On average, some 20 typhoons hit the country annually (NDCC 2008). Weather-related disasters accounted for 98 percent of lives affected by all disasters and 78 percent of lives lost between 2000 and 2008 (EMDAT 2009). As a result, the Philippines is ranked in the top 10 countries worldwide at risk for both climate change and disasters.

The sea level rise and storm surges are anticipated to become a greater threat to coastal communities. Globally, the IPCC estimates that sea levels will rise between 28 and 43 centimeters from the base level (1980–99) by 2100, depending on the temperature scenario (IPCC 2007). The Philippines is vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surges because about 60 percent of the country’s 1,500 municipalities and 120 cities (including the ten largest) are along its extensive coastline (World Bank 2003). These are inhabited by about 60 percent of the population, a figure that is expected to grow to 75 percent by 2020 (UN 2007). Four Philippine cities are among the top 10 East Asian cities likely to be affected by sea level rise and storm surges (Dasgupta et al. 2009). It is estimated that a 30-centimeter rise in sea level (which may be reached by 2045) would regularly inundate over 2,000 hectares of the Manila Bay area and may affect about half a million people (Hulme and Sheard 1999).

4.2 Governance: key policies and strategic plans The policies and plans in the Philippines have developed in a very dynamic way in the past few years time. Various groups and institutions working with the agenda to adapt with the changing climate, disaster risk management and national development have recently come up with a major set of policy and regulations which are important governing factors for these respective actions and overall changes in the country. Among a quite large body of policy and regulatory measures evolved in Philippines, some of the most updated and governed are discussed in the following section. Such policy and planning instruments:

for Climate Change: • •

“Climate Change Act of 2009”/ Republic Act No. 9729. National CC Strategy being drafted and in process of finalization.

22

for Disaster Risk Management: • •

“Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2010”/ Republic Act 10121. Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) Philippines.

for Cross-scaler Development (National/sectoral/Sub-national/Community): • • •

Updated Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) 2004-2010 Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-national Development and Land Use/Physical Planning in the Philippines (NEDA: 2008) Strategic Plan to Integrate Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) 2007-2011 (Office of Civil Defense: 2007).

Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol Ratification by Philippines in 2003 Philippines signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. Under this convention, governments gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies, and best practices; launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions and adapting to expected impacts; and cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change.

Climate Change: The Philippines Climate Change Act of 2009 One of the most important legislation issued by the Philippines government is “The Philippines Climate Change Act of 2009”. The Philippine Climate Change Act is a Republic Act (RA-9279) is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. This Republic Act is intended to integrate disaster risk reduction measures into CCA plans, development plans, sectoral plans as well as overall country strategy to strengthen poverty reduction programmes in future. Under this new law, a “Climate Change Commission” headed by the President of the Philippines was also created as the sole government policy-making body to coordinate, monitor and evaluate climate change programmes and action plan. It also gives local governments the primary responsibility to incorporating DRR measure into their climate action plans.

Climate Change: Draft National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Follow up to the signing of The Philippines Climate Change Act of 2009 the development of a National Framework Strategy on Climate Change became a mandatory action and approved for development. This 12th year National Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change was drafted by the Climate Change Commission (CCC) with the help of and in consultations with various stakeholders conducted earlier in 2010. The draft framework is submitted for approval now. The Framework is being formulated within the context of the sustainable development goals and governance/institutional factors that affect the country’s ability to respond to climate change. It recognized that the changing climate conditions will have a myriad of impacts and underscore the vulnerabilities in all sectors of society and the economy. 23

The Framework provides a basis for the national program on climate change, defining Key Result Areas (KRAs) to be pursued in key climate-sensitive sectors in addressing the adverse effects of climate change both under adaptation and mitigation strategies. It is based on the fundamental principles of sustainable development and treats mitigation as a function of adaptation, mindful of the vulnerability of key sectors that include energy. In order to achieve the KRAs, the Framework emphasized that it is important to ensure that cross-cutting strategies are given attention. As the means of implementation, the Framework puts forward multi-stakeholder partnerships, financing, evaluation, and policy planning and mainstreaming.

The draft diagram of the national framework strategy on climate change is shown below.

Figure 4-1. Draft National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (Source: CCC: 2010).

Disaster Risk Management: The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2010 24

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2010 has been finally signed by the President of the Philippines last May 27, 2010 into law now known as Republic Act 10121 and this is expected to introduce a more pro-active DRM policy framework, focusing more on disaster risk reduction. This Act calls for the rationalization of the DRM mandates of national government agencies and local governments. It advocates the establishment of a permanent national agency charged with overseeing disaster risk reduction. Vulnerable local governments are encouraged to establish permanent structures that will deal with DRM in a more comprehensive manner.

Disaster Risk Management: Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) for the Philippines In line with the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA), the Philippines government has come up with their Strategic National Action Plan for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines for 2009–2019 in 2009. The Philippine Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP) is a “road map” indicating the vision and strategic objectives of the Philippines for the 10 years while pursuing the strategic goals of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). The SNAP takes off from the Four-Point Plan of Action on Disaster Preparedness (4PPADP) of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and is necessary to sustain the gains from positive effects and lessons learned from disaster risk reduction initiatives by different stakeholders.

The SNAP consists of an analysis of the status of DRR in terms of the five HFA priorities for action: a) governance (making disaster risk reduction a priority), b) risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning systems (improving risk information and early warning), c) knowledge management (building a culture of safety and resilience), d) risk management and vulnerability reduction (reducing the risks in key sectors), and e) disaster preparedness for effective response (strengthening preparedness for response). Priority actions are under the SNAP clustered into five strategic objectives which are shown in the figure below.

25

Figure 4-2. SNAP Strategic objectives (Source: NDCC, 2009).

SNAP aims at 18 priority programs and projects from 2009 to 2019 based on 150 strategic actions gathered after several consultations with stakeholder groups. SNAP utilizes the multihazard approach in managing the impact of natural and human-induced disasters especially the threat of climate change.

Overall National Development: Updated Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) Climate change and disaster risk management issues are touched upon in some sections in the Updated 2004–2010 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan which was approved in 2009 by NEDA. There is specific mentioning of the Disaster Risk Management issues in the MTPDP and emphasis was given to NDCC priority activities as well as the local level planning issues for disaster risk management in various sectors. However, although the climate change issue is mentioned in the MTPDP but relatively a less attention is given to climate change adaptation (CCA), which is only referred to in the context of disaster risk reduction. The recent update of the MTPDP shows additional progress in mainstreaming climate change into decision making.

Sectoral Development: Various Sectoral Policies that supplement Climate Change Act Prior to this Climate Change Act 2009, six other separate laws constituted earlier for respective sectors have also some specific mentioning about the sector specific climate change measures. All these also supplements to the Climate Change act 2009. Such supplementary acts are:

26

a) the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (1997), which directs the Department of Agriculture and other appropriate agencies to take into account climate change, weather disturbances, and annual productivity cycles in order to forecast and formulate appropriate agricultural and fisheries programs. b) the Philippine Clear Air Act (1999), which instructs the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, concerned agencies, and local government units (LGUs) to prepare and implement national plans in accordance with the UNFCCC. c) the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (2000), which similarly instructs the DENR, concerned agencies, and LGUs to prepare and implement solid waste management plans. d) the Philippine Clean Water Act (2004), which aims to reduce water pollution through better management of sewerage and sanitation, industrial effluent, and agricultural, industrial, and residential waste. e) the Biofuels Act (2006), which pursues energy self-sufficiency; and f) the Renewable Energy Bill (2008), which encourages the use of renewable energy. Sub-national Development: Mainstreaming DRR in Sub-national Development The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) has taken an initiative to strengthen the Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-national Development and Land Use/Physical Planning in the Philippines and came up with guidelines for that. This guideline aims to improve our capacity to prevent and mitigate disasters. This is a tool for enhancing regional and provincial planning analyses by recognizing risks posed by natural hazards and the vulnerability of the population, economy and the environment to these hazards. The guide emphasized that by introducing risk analysis in development planning, regions and provinces can strengthen their ability to identify areas at risk to disasters, ensure proper siting of development undertakings, and identify appropriate mitigation measures (NEDA: 2008). Since its introduction this guidance has increased a significant of measures and advocacy works towards mainstreaming DRR and CCA related actions for the sub-national development in various provinces in the Philippines.

4.3 Key institutions, actors and networks The institutional landscape for climate change and disaster risk management in the Philippines has been very dynamic in the past few years. The key institutions for climate change remained the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Presidential Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC), Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC) and more recently the Climate Change Commission (CCC). The major disaster management related institutions are the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) and Office of Civil Defense under the Department of National Defense. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is playing the key role in integration of these two issues (CCA and DRR) along with the nodal agencies to incorporate in the national development planning and mainstreaming in Philippines. Among others Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is the nodal agency to provide early warning information and advisories including severe weather warnings in Philippines.

27

Civil Society Organizations (CSO), UN Bodies and Networks A large number of national and international NGOs along with most of the UN bodies along with the bi-lateral and multi-lateral bodies are significantly involved in DRM and CCA related works in the country. Multiple advocacy networks from both the DRM and CCA groups are very active in Philippines and played a key role in development, persuasion and advocacy of the climate change and DRM acts that singed in last one year time.

The following is a set name of some of the CSOs, UN bodies, INGOs and networks who are among many active actors in the DRM and CCA related initiatives in the Philippines.

              

ADB AusAid Care Philippines Center for Community Journalism and Development Center for Disaster Preparedness (CDP) Center for Initiatives and Research on Climate Change Adaptation (CIRCA) Christian Aid DFID FAO GTZ Philippines IFRC Oxfam America Oxfam GB Philippines Red Cross Plan International

        

Provincial Disaster Coordinating Councils Save the Children UNDP Country office UNICEF USAID WFP WHO World Bank World Vision

Existing Networks:   

Philippine Network on Climate Change (PNCC) DRR Net CSO Network on Climate Change

Source: SCR Actor Mapping Phase-II (ongoing)

4.4

“State of play” of integration in the Philippines

In Philippines, the CCA and DRM acts have turned into government legislation and became a very strong governance instrument for future implementation. The governance mechanisms have also pushed the gradual decentralization and local governance and follow up implantations. Both DRM and CCA acts are proactive to make positive integration of CCADRM and mainstream those into the national development planning instruments in coming days.

28

National level institutional mandates for DRM and CC (from NDCC and CCC) are relatively clear now but local level clarity is still to be established with dynamic planning, restructuring and implementation with this national regulatory push. This is the anticipated recent challenge for the state of play of integration of CCA with DRM and development in Philippines for the moment. The resource allocation in line with this is also another issue for the local level actions and initiatives.

29

Regional Governance and Initiatives This Chapter looks into the various existing and planned regional governance mechanisms and strategic initiatives, and are outlined with relevance to climate change initiatives. The status of climate change financing is briefly discussed at the end of the Chapter.

5.1 Key regional actors, strategies and initiatives ASEAN: Strategic view through Asean Climate Change Initiative (ACCI) ASEAN is one of the most significant body that influences the actions of the SEA countries in terms of region wide strategic directions as well as in shaping up national level implementation measures in general. Recognizing the importance of environmental cooperation for sustainable and regional integration, ASEAN has prioritized the issue of responding to climate change and addressing its impacts into its ten priority criteria.

The ASEAN Environment Ministers have also endorsed a Terms of Reference of the ASEAN Climate Change Initiative (ACCI). ACCI is envisaged to be a consultative platform to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation in addressing climate change, and to undertake concrete actions to respond to its adverse impacts. The scope of collaboration through the ACCI will include: a) policy and strategy formulation, b) information sharing, c) capacity building, and d) technology transfer. The ASEAN Environment Ministers have also established an ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change (AWGCC) to implement the ACCI and D10 actions of the environment ASCC Blueprint.

The ACCI seeks to enhance regional and international cooperation to address climate change and its impacts on socio-economic development, health and the environment, in AMS through implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures, based on the principles of equity, flexibility, effectiveness, common but differentiated responsibilities, respective capabilities, as well as reflecting on different social and economic conditions. The ACCI is being coordinated by the ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change chaired by Thailand and reports to the ASOEN.

ASEAN has also come up with the Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) which is ratified by all Member States and has entered into force since December 2009. This Agreement fortifies the regional policy backbone on disaster management by giving priority to disaster risk reduction, thus enabling a more proactive regional framework for cooperation, coordination, technical assistance, and resource mobilization in all aspects of disaster management. Within the AADMER’s work programme, one of the major activities indentified is to assist the Member States and promote regional 30

collaboration in mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into national development policies, plans and sectoral programmes and in formulating and implementing risk reduction measures that link climate change adaptation to ensure sustainable development. This paradigm shift of viewing disasters as a development concern from a purely humanitarian response and relief perspective is a principle that underpins the AADMER.

Mekong River Commission: Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative (CCAI) The Mekong River Commission (MRC) remained as another key regional body that influences the countries attached to the MRC in general. MRC has initiated a significant process on regional climate change called “Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative (CCAI)” which is supported through a multi-donor partnership in the MRC region. The overall scope of the CCAI is climate change impact assessment and adaptation planning and implementation within the Mekong River Basin. The overall aim of the CCAI is to contribute to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, poverty eradication and improved food security.

The main focus of this regional initiative is the basin wide integrated approach consistent with IWRM and the MRC 1995 Agreement. The CCAI would run over four phases ending in 2025, with the objective of guiding climate change adaptation planning and implementation through improved strategies and plans at various levels and in priority locations throughout the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB). CCAI is designed for the first two phases: an Intermediate Phase until end of 2010 and the first five-year Phase from 2011-2015 with the following two five-year phases being developed based on implementation experiences. The Intermediate Phase will synchronize the CCAI with the MRC strategic planning cycles commencing with the MRC Strategic plan 2011-2015.

The CCAI has plans to pilot and demonstrate adaptation planning and implementation throughout the region including the processes of climate change impact and vulnerability assessments. It plans to develop the tools and provide information to support the adaptation planning process. Local demonstration are planned to be established to test the methodologies, build capacity, start implementation and provide lessons learned. Basin scale activities will address climate change impacts and adaptation options at basin planning level through integration with the Basin Development Plan as well as addressing trans-boundary issues.

The CCAI plans to improve capacity to adapt from local to national levels including in the use of tools for different adaptation planning stages and methods. It plans to support LMB governments in introducing and improving strategies and plans for adaptation at various levels and their integration with appropriate development plans. It plans to ensure that adaptation performance and the status of climate change is monitored and reported on a regular basis, including support to a Mekong Climate Change Panel of experts who would issue a triennial report on Status of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Mekong River Basin as a benchmark 31

of progress and assessment of risks. It is expected that CCAI will achieve outcomes through regional cooperation, exchange and learning based on partnerships, working under the umbrella Mekong Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.

UNFCCC: The Bali Action Plan The Bali Action Plan has made significant influences in bringing the bridge between Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the SEA countries as well as generally as a whole. In Bali Conference of Party (CoP), the UNFCCC Parties have recognized that existing knowledge and capacities for coping with extreme weather events must be harnessed to adapt to climate change. The Bali Action Plan’s directions for adaptation call for the consideration of: “Risk management and risk reduction strategies, including risk sharing and transfer mechanisms such as insurance; Disaster reduction strategies and means to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.” Also, many of the general principles and requirements for adaptation that are listed in the Bali Action Plan are highly influenced the SEA national activities relating to reducing disaster risk, particularly vulnerability assessments, capacitybuilding and response strategies, as well as integration of actions into sectoral and national planning. The need to systematically integrate disaster risk reduction and adaptation into national development strategies has also emerged as a key conclusion from the Bali conference which was taken for consideration by the SEA countries. Afterwards, some other policy forums following the Bali Action Plan, the “Stockholm Plan of Action for Integrating Disaster Risk and Climate Change Impacts in Poverty Reduction” and the Oslo Policy Forum on “Changing the Way We Develop: Dealing with Disasters and Climate Change” reiterated this view and now influencing the policy reforms in the SEA countries in some measures.

World Bank: Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change World Bank has taken up a strategic framework approach towards development and climate change. The Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) is one of the two funds of the Climate Investment Funds (CIF). It serves as an overarching framework to support three targeted programs with dedicated funding to pilot new approaches with potential for scaled-up, transformational action aimed at a specific climate change challenge or sectoral response. Targeted programs under the SCF include: • •



The Forest Investment Program (FIP), approved in May 2009, aims to support developing countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), approved in November 2008, was the first program under the SCF to become operational. Its objective is to pilot and demonstrate ways to integrate climate risk and resilience into core development planning, while complementing other ongoing activities. The Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP), approved in May 2009, is aimed at demonstrating the social, economic, and environmental viability of low carbon development pathways in the energy sector.

32

Through its targeted programs, SCF is designed to: a) provide experience and lessons through learning-by-doing; b) channel new and additional financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation; c) provide incentives for scaled-up and transformational action in the context of poverty reduction; and c) provide incentives to maintain, restore and enhance carbon-rich natural ecosystems, and maximize the co-benefits of sustainable development. The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) aims to pilot and demonstrate ways in which climate risk and resilience may be integrated into core development planning and implementation. The PPCR provides incentives for scaled-up action and initiates transformational change. The pilot programs and projects implemented under the PPCR are country-led, build on NAPA and other relevant country studies and strategies. They are strategically aligned with other donor funded activities to provide financing for projects that will produce experience and knowledge useful to designing scaled-up adaptation measures. This programme contributes to the objectives of the SCF by integrating climate resilience considerations into national development planning and implementation that are consistent with poverty reduction and sustainable development goals. Two types of investments are supported under the PPCR: a) funding for technical assistance to enable developing countries to build upon existing national work to integrate climate resilience into national and sectoral development plans; and b) funding public and private sector investments indentified in national or sectoral development plans or strategies addressing climate resilience. Within SCR countries, PPCR is implemented in Cambodia from SEA and Bangladesh and Nepal from SA.

ADB: Climate change included in Strategy 2020 In 2008, ADB came up with their “Strategy 2020: The Long-Term Strategic Framework of the Asian Development Bank 2008–2020”. With this new Strategy 2020, ADB is integrating climate change into planning and investment, to ensure continued economic growth and a sustainable future for all in Asia and the Pacific. ADB provides support to Asian countries and economies to enhance resilience to adverse climate change impacts through mainstreaming adaptation into national, sectoral and project level plans and actions. Core elements of the adaptation program include: a) addressing vulnerability risks in national development strategies and actions; b) increasing climate resilience of vulnerable sectors; c) climate proofing projects; and d) addressing social dimensions. Building on these efforts are longstanding programs of support for disaster preparedness and response, ADB is increasingly integrated these initiatives with adaptation efforts. Through a number of innovative mechanisms, ADB is also mobilizing concessional financing to cover incremental costs of adaptation infrastructure costs and supporting the development of private-sector based instruments, such as climate-oriented insurance products. ADB also aims to ensure that projects and programs take account of predicted changes in rainfall patterns, the severity and frequency of storms, accelerated glacial melting, sea level rise, and other impacts. Given the limited global and regional experience in this area, each climate proofing intervention ADB undertakes is also designed for significant up-scaling and replication, with lessons learned being conveyed to both member countries and other development partners. Climate proofing projects at ADB date back to 2003, when ADB provided regional technical assistance to several Pacific countries to climate proof small-scale infrastructure. New projects for climate proofing are a high priority now by ADB. ADB is also working with other multilateral finance institutions to develop screening tools to assess project-level risks associated with climate change impacts. 33

UNEP: The Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia The Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia, the Adaptation Platform, is a three-year programme that supports research on CCA, policy making, capacity building and information sharing to help countries in Asia adapt to the challenges of climate change. The Adaptation Platform aims to facilitate CCA at local, national and regional levels and to strengthen adaptive capacity of countries in the region. Through its work the Adaptation Platform is working towards building bridges between current knowledge on adaptation to CC and the governments and agencies that need it. This platform aims to bring together policy-makers, adaptation researchers, practitioners, and business leaders and works through three components: a) regional knowledge sharing system: to promote dialogue, improve exchange of knowledge, information and methods; b) generation of new knowledge: to facilitate the generation of new CCA knowledge promoting understanding and providing guidance relevant to the development and implementation of national and regional CCA policy, plans and processes (e.g. downscale and/or interpretation of climate data); and c) application of existing and new knowledge: synthesis of existing and new CCA knowledge to facilitate its application in sustainable development practices at the local, national and regional levels (e.g. climate narratives, risk envelope communication exercises). In collaboration with a range of national and regional partners, this platform aims at establishing a regionally and nationally owned information exchange mechanism that facilitates the integration of CCA into national and regional economic and development policies, processes and plans, strengthening linkages with the development agenda and enhancing research and institutional capacity.

In its first phase (2009-2012) the Adaptation Platform will cover the Greater Mekong SubRegion (Cambodia, China PR, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam), South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka) and South East Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines). The Adaptation Platform is supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Initial partners in this initiative are the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), the Swedish Environment Secretariat for Asia (SENSA), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP/Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (RRC.AP), which hosts its Secretariat. These initial partners will work in close collaboration with a wide range of national and international organizations and institutes.

IUCN and UNDP: Mangroves for the Future (MFF) Initiative The Mangroves for the Future (MFF) initiative is based on a vision of a healthier, more prosperous and secure future for all sections of coastal populations in Indian Ocean countries. It is an IUCN and UNDP-led partnership based initiative which includes the countries worst affected by the tsunami; India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, as well as dialogue countries in the region that face similar issues. MFF uses mangroves as a flagship ecosystem but is inclusive of all coastal ecosystems. MFF aims at strengthening the environmental sustainability of coastal development and promoting sound investment in coastal ecosystem management, as a means of enhancing resilience and supporting local 34

livelihoods. Individual interventions supported through the MFF, and the programme as a whole, ensures that the investments in coastal ecosystem management addresses the issue of increasing adaptive capacity (capacity of society to cope with the expected or actual climate changes) to deal with the likely impacts of climate change. Furthermore, increasing adaptive capacity is an integral part of each MFF intervention. This programme has adopted climate change as one of the key cross-cutting issue across the 15 programmes of work. MFF conducts activities that: mobilizes local communities and governments to undertake joint actions for sustainable coastal management; ensure food security through sound ecosystem management; build knowledge to better understand the links between livelihoods and climate system; and increase adaptive capacity to meet the long-term development needs of coastal communities, while securing their livelihoods against climate change impacts and helping them prepare for potential climate-related disasters. Methods for integrating climate change considerations into all MFF activities have been developed based on existing climate proofing tools. Most governments and institutions are aware of the need to address the impacts of climate change, but it is likely that few will know how to go about the process. Consequently their focus will be primarily on the proposed investments and efforts themselves, rather than on ensuring sustainability through "climate-proofing".

UN ISDR: ISDR Asian Partnership for Disaster Reduction (IAP) and HFA monitoring The IAP is a multi-stakeholder forum that plays a key role in facilitating disaster risk reduction in Asia and the Pacific. From its original membership of four UN bodies and two regional organizations back in 2003, its composition has since expanded to 37 highly visible and active institutions that include donors, intergovernmental organizations and civil society. IAP has three working groups and four regional thematic task forces working on particular regional projects. The members of IAP meets to review and follow up priority areas for action as outlined in the HFA. The strength of this open-ended partnership is the synergy between the comparative advantages of each partner. By working together as partners and in partnership with other key stakeholders, to assist the Governments and the vulnerable communities in the countries of the Asia and Pacific Regions in disaster reduction, the IAP contributes favorably to sustainable development in each country. The role of the partnership is to: i. ii. iii. iv.

Promote disaster risk reduction throughout the region by organizing or providing support where feasible, strategic initiatives in target countries and sub-regions in partnership with other stakeholders as required for each specific case. Create a forum for discussion, to share experiences and exchange information so that the resulting dialogue can strengthen the individual characteristics of the partners and their work as a group. Ensure that the recommendations in the Hyogo Framework are adapted to meet the priority requirements of each country in the region. Work with key governments sectors and other stakeholders in-country to identify priority disaster reduction activities for national and community level implementation.

The IAP works closely with governments and in-country partners (Govt. and NGOs) and regional NGOs/CSOs to consider the DRR initiatives outlined in the HFA but not limited to it only. The IAP works to assist the government to build communities that are resilient to disaster risks. 35

The UNISDR-AP is also facilitating the monitoring process of HFA by providing guidance to national and regional partners and holding briefings at various regional meetings. Technical support is provided from UNISDR to the national review process and the development of the “HFA Monitor” to enable countries to periodically monitor, self- assess and report on progress made in HFA implementation and to establish country baselines. USAID/RDMA: Road Map for RDMA and Feasibility Assessments The Regional Development Mission for Asia (RDMA) of the USAID in July 2008 has developed a “Road Map” for RDMA to provide technical and strategic leadership in addressing climate change and development in Asia. RDMA has came up with that road map is to identify regional climate change priorities and interventions for RDMA to support in Asia during FY2008FY2012. The road map pointed out the opportunities to incorporate both mitigation and adaptation into activities that primarily serve a development purpose. The road map outlined five focus areas for RDMA to support in its regional programs, and in bilateral contexts where RDMA is the responsible Mission, including: clean energy; forests and land use change; coasts and coral reef ecosystems; freshwater resources and ecosystems; and integrative climate change services initiatives. However, further to the road map, RDMA has also recently came up with two set of assessments: one was one the Regional Climate Change Adaptation and the other was on establishing Asia Regional Center on Climate Change. The major objectives of these documents are primarily to finalize the strategic views how USAID and the US government institutions can play an effective role in the region extending collaborations and initiatives. UNDP: Regional Centre Bangkok The UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok has a big portfolio from which various types of supports are given to the countries on several climate change related programmes and project in a cost sharing basis. Some of the key services provided on climate change related are as follows: a) mainstreaming climate, environment and energy: support activities are given to enhance capacities to incorporate climate, environment and energy into national development strategies, planning and budgeting processes. The Poverty and Environment Initiative, for example, promotes integration of environmental considerations into local and national development plans and sector policies; b) mobilizing environmental financing: assistances are given to the countries to identify, design and implement programmes that are funded by a variety of sources. These include access to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Carbon Markets and Bilateral Donors; c) promoting adaptation to climate change: assistances are given to the countries to develop climate change adaptation strategies and assist countries to mobilize resources and pilot specific adaptation measures. UNDP country offices also support in “climate proofing” of regular development programmes for climate-related risks and opportunities; and d) expanding access to environmental and energy services for the poor: support activities are given to enhance the resilience of ecosystem, energy access and natural resource management and work with communities to reduce their vulnerability to climate change impacts. For example, the Mangroves for the Future programme supports coastal communities invest in conservation for sustainable development.

36

Rockefeller Foundation: The ACCCRN Initiative The Rockefeller Foundation implements an initiative called “Developing Climate Change Resilience Initiative” which aims to catalyze attention, funding and action to promote resilience to climate change on several levels. Under this initiative the key component is implemented in Asia is the “Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN)” which focuses on the urban context and seeks to build the capacity of city stakeholders to implement resilience strategies and share knowledge. The ACCCRN (five year programme from 20082012) aims to catalyze attention, funding, and action on building climate change resilience for poor and vulnerable people by creating robust models and methodologies for assessing and addressing risk through active engagement and analysis of various cities. The major objectives of the programme are to: a) test and demonstrate a range of actions to build climate change resilience in cities; b) build a replicable base of lessons learned, successes and failures; c) assist cities in the development and implementation of a climate change resilience building process; d) help cities continue activities that build climate change resilience.

Netherlands Red Cross led “Partners for Resilience Alliance” The “Partners for Resilience Alliance” builds on a consortium of it’s five members: The Netherlands Red Cross, Care Netherlands, Cordaid, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre and Wetlands International and focused on the central role of resilience as the way to deal effectively with development in disaster-prone areas and affected eco-systems. The Partners for Resilience Alliance intends to work in nine countries prone to disasters related to climate change, environmental degradation and/or geological factors which faces frequent hazards including drought, coastal erosion, earthquake, landslide, and flood, storm and tsunami. These have a direct impact on the lives of many people all over the country. Apart from loss of life and livelihoods, these hazards exacerbate malnutrition and trigger diseases including malaria, dengue, and other borne diseases. This programme aims to contribute to strengthening resilience through three distinct strategies: a) aim to directly strengthen communities to mitigate hazard risk and prepare for disasters by better cooperation with other stakeholders within and across communities; b) through strengthening and broadening Civil society organization are engagement in community DRR/CCA efforts and policy dialogue, and c) through facilitating learning, exchange, and policy dialogue among and between a broad range of stakeholders to support the institutional environment.

5.2 Status of Climate Change Financing in SEA: a brief look The climate change related activities are financed from many sources in South East Asia. On the basis of some existing review and references from the respective sources the following status of the climate change financing is outlined briefly. This need to be mentioned here that there are many other sources of financings are also in place but for a brief reflection the key sources and available information are shared below: 37

UNFCCC Funds

Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) ($172 million) – The purpose of the LDCF is to support the NAPA process in LDCs and is administered by the GEF. It also provides financing for adaptation projects ($35 million from the LDCF and SCCF), often building on NAPA processes, many of which are supported by UNDP. Adaptation Fund – The Adaptation Fund was set up to fund adaptation activities in developing countries party to the Kyoto Protocol, and is financed by 2% of Certified Emission Reductions proceeds from CDM transactions. Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) ($90 million) – The SCCF was established in 2001 to finance projects in the following areas: adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; various economic sectors including industry, agriculture, forestry, and waste management; and economic diversification. The SCCF is helping to finance the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Project ($58 million), which will implement long-term adaptation measures to strengthen resilience in the key sectors of water resources management, food production and security, and coastal infrastructure. UNDP is the supporting agency. Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA) ($50 million – fully obligated) – The SPA was created within the regular GEF Trust Fund to finance pilot and demonstration projects addressing local needs and resulting in global benefits in GEF focal areas. Multilateral Development Banks

ADB – The ADB’s Climate Change Fund (initially $40 million) will fund mitigation and adaptation support. World Bank – The Climate Change Development Policy Loan (CC DPL) Program is financed by World Bank to Indonesia for US$ 200 million will support the Government's policy agenda on climate change, an issue of growing global concern. The CC DPL is envisioned as a series of four annual single tranche loans of similar size anchored to the FY09-FY12 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS). ADB, World Bank, and bilateral donors – the Climate Investment Fund ($6 billion pledged) is funded by donations from the World Bank, ADB, and bilateral donors. It has two funds and four financing windows, including a financing window for the Pilot Program for Climate Resiliency, for an estimated $500 million. Bilateral Donors

UNDP – UNDP is currently supporting the implementation of a number of adaptation projects financed with more than $35 million from the LDCF and SCCF, and has leveraged more than 38

$70 million in co-financing from the UN and other partners. Many of these initiatives have been built on their past engagement in supporting the NAPA process and National Communications to the UNFCCC. They also have initiatives seeking to promote donor coordination with a focus on strategic priorities, as in the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance. JICA – JICA established the Cool Earth Partnership ($10 billion, including $2 billion for adaptation and clean energy) to provide grant aid, technical assistance, and aid through international organizations for adaptation and clean energy activities to developing countries striving to achieve “green” economic development. In the area of adaptation, the funds aim to assist developing countries take adaptive measures. Adaptation support includes grants through the Grant Aid for Environment and Climate Change and technical assistance directly to countries or through international organizations. Grants are targeted for policy reform and project implementation. Agreements under the Cool Earth Partnership include a $300 million Climate Change Program Loan for Indonesia, to be used for forestry, integrated water resource management, and energy and commercial sectors. JICA has also pledged $1.2 billion to the Climate Investment Fund. AusAID – AusAID is investing A$150 million (A$25 million for bilateral adaptation activities) over 3 years in the International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (ICCAI), which is focused on helping Australia’s vulnerable neighbors meet priority adaptation needs through development assistance. The initiative consists of four interlinked components: improved scientific information and understanding; vulnerability assessments; implementing, financing, and coordinating adaptations; and multilateral support for adaptation. In addition, AusAID is providing $3.5 million to the Mekong River Commission to support the development and implementation of adaptation strategies through the Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative (CCAI); the total budget for the CCAI through 2015 is $15 million. Government of Spain – Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Challenge Fund is funded by the Spanish government/UNDP (€528 million, 2007-11) and implemented through UN agencies such as UNDP, UNICEF, and FAO. One area of focus is climate change, particularly environmental and natural resources management for the promotion of rural development and food security. Climate and environment programs are focusing on capacity building being implemented in the Philippines (Joint Programme on Strengthening the Philippines’ Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change) and in China. European Union – The purpose of the Global Climate Change Alliance (€50 million, 2008-2010, including access to €100 M for climate change and €100 M for disaster risk reduction) is to help the most vulnerable developing countries increase their capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change in support of the millennium development goals. The program will focus on five priority areas: measures for adaptation to climate change including NAPAs, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), DRR, and poverty reduction strategies and programs.

39

Conclusions: Current “state of play” of integration

It was observed from the review and mapping exercise that integration of climate change adaptation with disaster risk management and development related initiatives has multiple pathways. Organizations and actors have their own institutional or programming mandates and priorities which are reflected in these integrations. Based on the country and regional level reviews an attempt is made below to report the current “state of play” of integration that have started to shape up in the these countries.

6.1 Re-alignment of Policy, Regulations, Plans and Institutions As discussed in Chapter 2-4, the policy regulations and institutional re-alignment in all three countries has been relatively rapid in recent years. Among many recent re-alignment exercises these are prominent:

g) Institutional re-alignments (e.g. formation of national CC department in Cambodia, or Climate Change Commission in Philippines) are taking place; h) National policy and regulations relating to DRM and CC are getting more formal mandates (such as climate change act in Philippines) and legislative endorsements; i) Various strategic national and sub-national planning relating to DRM and CC are shaping up (e.g. SNAP, National Development Plan); and j) DRM and CCA implementations are linked up or being mainstreamed with the national planning. k) The process of DRM and CCA related decentralization has started to be part of the overall planning and actions. In some cases, the changes are bringing clear mandates and roles and regulations, but in others there is still a certain level of ambiguity. However, in most of the cases the gradual need for finding ways to integrate CCA with DRM and development is clearly articulated in policy and planning but the implementation challenges are still remained as a major issue to address. 6.2 Growing science based information use Climate Change issues are getting integrated with the existing disaster risk management and development works from scientific perspectives as well. Several examples can be found from three countries on such integrations.

Practices are growing to incorporate the scientific climate information in terms of “understanding the future risks” in the forms of climate modeling results, risk and vulnerability mapping, identification of the hot-spots etc. It was observed in all three countries that the respective scientific agencies (e.g. PAGASA in the Philippines) as well as the research institutes are in active practice of developing their climate scenarios and downscaled products the sub40

national and local levels. Regionally the IPCCC Global Circular Model (GCM) and Regional Circular Model (RCM) results are developing and going out to the countries. For example, the START-SEA center based in Thailand or Mekong River Commission (MRC) is helping the countries to produce nationally relevant climate projections. The national level scientific agencies are found to be made available more and more research outputs that are useful for local levels actors in their planning and decision making. Local actors are often found to be using these science-based scenarios and products in a conjunction with their participatory risk assessments from the field.

Another pattern of incorporation of the available scientific information into practices is the integration of hazard early warning systems into the existing programme and initiatives. This is often also found to be connected with the hazard specific adaptation and risk management plans at ground. For example, the flood early warning system has started to be incorporated in the existing disaster risk management projects and initiatives in Cambodia or for example the ENSO based climate information is started to get into local level planning and decision making in the drought prone Indonesian provinces. Instances are there of incorporation of the cyclone related early warning systems in farmers seasonal cropping planning in the Philippines. Civil society actors are also started to show more and more interest and make a bridge between scientific groups and practitioners to bring the climate related information applicable for societal planning and actions. These are new trends of incorporation and it seems it has started to get more and more popularity among the disaster risk manager and practitioners in all the SCR programme countries in SEA.

6.3 Moving beyond ‘classic’ emergencies and humanitarian responses It emerged from the discussions from the agencies and actors working in the humanitarian responses that many of them in these countries have gradually started to grow activities more in terms of disaster risk management. These actors and institutions are interested to see their works making positive impacts on a sustainable and longer basis. In this line, it was found that many of the humanitarian agencies have started to consider the climatic issues into their regular works. For example, in Indonesia it was found that the PMI (Indonesia Red Cross) who has been long known for their humanitarian response capacities is now started to incorporate the early warning, risk mapping and climate specific long term future risk identification at local level to see their target communities more prepared to climatic hazards into their portfolio. PMI representative was found perceived that due to climatic changes and variabilities more and more humanitarian crises are likely in future. It was pointed out that preparedness through incorporating the climate information and adaptation measures would lead towards a better management of the risk at various levels. This is just one example. But there are plenty of such instances shaping up where organizations who earlier remained only involved in humanitarian responses are now moving towards risk management and adaptive capacity development to become more successful to address their core institutional aims and mandates. This is happening through adding or integrating climate change adaptation related information, futuristic plans, adaptation projects, guideline developments and lessons sharing into their existing actions and operations. This is another state of play of integration of CCA into existing DRM activities. 41

6.4 Ecological and environmental conservation based actions Integration of climate change adaptation issues from ecological and environmental conservation point of view has been a new trend the SEA region. For example, the IUCN and others are known very much for their ecological and environmental conservatory roles. Recently, IUCN (with UNDP and others) have unfolded a programme called Mangrove for the Future (MFF) which has started to work on various modalities of integrating climate change considerations into sustainable development and ecological conservation. Many of such initiatives are now growing with a e perspective of “climate proofing” and started to incorporate into their regular operations. The Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) is another example, which is targeting various CTI countries to integrate CCA into risk management and coastal and local developments portfolios. This type of approach has started to grow in all over the SEA region as well but particularly in the coastal areas of the Philippines, Indonesia etc. CC issues are integrated more in terms of conservation, biodiversity and eco-systemic resilience, land and water use management and any other related issues. This kind of initiatives are often initiated from the environmental groups but are found to be integrated into the disaster risk management and sustainable development groups as well. This type of approach is often considered as “win-win” actions. Some of the recent NAPA follow up projects in the Asian countries (e.g. the coastal green belt projects) are another instance where these type of integration is seen. This is another growing mode and a “state of play” for integration.

6.5 Incorporation of CCA into sectoral development actions Many CCA integration issues are shaping various sectoral development works, with examples in agriculture, fisheries, health, transportation, energy, coastal management and even in the urban contexts.

In Cambodia, various measures are observed to be started to grow in the agriculture sector. For example, in drought prone provinces of Cambodia organizations such as CEDAC or ZOA have grown projects to adapt with the drought situations. Various climate change adaptation measures in the form of crop diversification, water management, agronomic management, soil management were observed to be started considering the climate change issues in a proactive manner and linked up with other sectors. Similar things are observed among the farmers incorporation of “Climate Field School” in drought prone provinces in Indonesia. Integrations are happening through including various measures: adaptive capacity development exercises, growing more and more livelihoods based adaptations initiatives (e.g. FAO and department of Agriculture in Philippines have integrated the livelihoods approach to climate change adaptation and in process of mainstreaming that into the sectoral policies and planning and many more.

Urban flood management in Indonesia, coastal zone management in the Islands and coastal communities in Indonesia are good examples where these integrations are happening. Several proactive climate change tools such as “Climate Proofing”, “Climate Resilience” etc. are 42

shaping a renewed role in making these sectoral incorporation work. The major multilateral banks such as the ADB and the World Bank have also started to provide support for sectoral initiatives that are proactive to integration of the CCA issues into their regular works. More highlighted sectors are: transport, agriculture, coastal development, urban disaster risk management and so forth.

6.6 Platform building, Networking and Advocacy based actions Integration of CCA into DRM and Development is also being supported by networking or platform building. In all three countries it was observed that many of the agencies working in DRM or CCA are part of some networks or platforms. Integrations attempted in a joint manner from the network/platforms and advocacy activities are forwarded in that line.

For example the CSO Climate Change Networks in Philippines and in Cambodia are facilitated by I-NGOs and they have started to advocate for evolving policies and practices associated to the CCA integration into the DRM and development works.

Another example from the region is the UNEP’s Regional Adaptation Knowledge Platform in Asia which is a growing with a mandate to facilitate the adaptation related networking and knowledge facilitation.

Some other examples of networking and forum building is also seen to grow a coordinated funding management for climate change adaptation. For example, the Climate change multi donor alliances are developed for funding management and concerted work with government. This was effectively facilitated by UNDP Cambodia with other development allies and the government.

Apart from these platform building and knowledge management initiatives, a great deal of integration of CCA activities is seen in “advocacy” related works of many agencies. These are often found thematic of with special issue focused. For instance, Plan International country offices had their child focused community based DRM programmes where CCA was gradually incorporated in a proactive way. CCA advocacy initiatives surrounding the exiting Plan’s DRM work have shaped up in this line and climate change advocacies (in this case Child Centered Climate Change Advocacy in various major platforms such as CoP and GFDRR) are successfully developed. This is one instance where integration of CCA into the DRM activities were made successfully even from the specific child focused domain itself. Many such integrations can also be found taking place in the region by may CSO entities gradually being incorporated into the national and government agendas through either platforms, networks or advocacies. This is a state of play in SEA countries which is grown from accommodation of multiple voices and multiplicity of opinions. 43

44

Bibliography

ADB 2009.

The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional Review. Manila.

BAPPENAS and UNDP, 2006. National Action Plan for Disaster Reduction 2006-2009 (NAPDRR), Indonesia.

CCC 2010.

Philippines: Strategic National Framework for Climate Change in Philippines (draft). The Philippines Climate Change Commission. Feb, 2010.

Danida, 2008. Climate change screening of Danish development cooperation with Cambodia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Danish International Development Assistance (Danida).

Dasgupta, S., B. Laplante, S. Murray, and D. Wheeler. 2009. Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surges: A Comparative Analysis of Impacts in Developing Countries. World Bank. Washington, DC.

DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 1999. The Philippines’ Initial National Communication on Climate Change. Manila.

EEPSEA-IDRC 2009. Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia. Singapore.

EMDAT, 2009. Centre for Research on Epidemiology. Accessed June. http://www.emdat.be. Government of Philippines, 2009. Climate Change Act of 2009. Philippines. Republic Act No. 9729. Congress of the Philippines, Philippines.

Government of Philippines, 2010. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. Philippines. February, 2010. Congress of the Philippines, Philippines. 45

Hulme, M., and N. Sheard. 1999. Climate Change Scenarios for the Philippines. Climatic Research Unit, Norwich, UK.

Ministry of Environment 2006. Cambodia - National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Ministry of Environment. Government of Cambodia. Cambodia.

Ministry of Environment, 2008. The National Action Plan for addressing Climate Change, Indonesia (RAN-PI), November 2008. Indonesia.

MoP 2006.

Cambodia National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2006-2010. Cambodia.

NCDM 2009.

Cambodia Strategic National Action Plan 2008-2013 for Disaster Risk Reduction, National Committee on Disaster Management, Cambodia.

NDCC (National Disaster Coordinating Council) 2009. The Philippine Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP). Philippines.

NDCC 2008.

National Assessment on the State of Disaster Risk Management of the Philippines. Final Report. Manila.

State Ministry of Environment, 2007. National Action Plan Addressing Climate Change (NAP-CC). Republic of Indonesia. November 2007.

UNDP, 2007.

The Other Half of Climate Change: Why Indonesia must adapt to protect its poorest people. UNDP Indonesia Country Office. Indonesia.

Relevant websites looked at: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) of the Rockefeller Foundation 46

http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/what-we-do/current-work/developing-climate-changeresilience/asian-cities-climate-change-resilience ASEAN Climate Change Initiative (ACCI) http://www.aseansec.org/

Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) http://www.aseansec.org/ and http://www.aseanpostnargiskm.org/about/asean-agreementon-disaster-management-n-emergency-response/24

Asian Development Bank http://www.adb.org/

Australian Government Overseas Aid Program (AusAID) www.ausaid.gov.au/

European Commission - Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection (ECHO) http://ec.europa.eu/echo/

EMDAT - Emergency Events Database of Centre for Research on Epidemiology at http://www.emdat.be

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) www.jica.go.jp/english

Mangroves for the Future (MFF) Initiative http://www.mangrovesforthefuture.org/

The Mekong River Commission (MRC) http://www.mrcmekong.org/ 47

Netherlands Red Cross: Partners for Resilience Alliance http://www.climatecentre.org/site/partners-for-resilience UNEP Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia and Pacific http://www.climateadapt.asia United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC (UNFCCC) http://unfccc.int

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction www.unisdr.org

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) www.usaid.gov/

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) www.undp.org/

World Bank: Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change http://beta.worldbank.org/climatechange

48