Marine Ecology Progress Series 492:169

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Nealotus tripes. Nesiarchus nasutus. Gonostomatidae - Diplophos taenia. Linophrynidae - Liftopfiryfle sp. Himantolophidae. Howellidae - Howella brodei brodei.
The following supplement accompanies the article

Diets of five important predatory mesopelagic fishes of the central North Pacific C. Anela Choy1,*, Elan Portner1, Mia Iwane2, Jeffrey C. Drazen1 1

Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1320 South Dixie Highway, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA

2

*Email: [email protected] Marine Ecology Progress Series 492: 169–184 (2013)

Supplement. Supporting diet data for five species of large mesopelagic fishes from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, including complete prey tables containing summarized weight/number/frequency data (Table S1), seasonal and annual collection information (Table S2), and detailed information on cephalopod prey items (Table S3). Table S1. Complete prey tables for all species except Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, which is presented in Table 3. Included for each prey item are the percentage of the total number of prey (%N), the percentage of the total weight of the prey (%W), and the percent frequency of occurrence (%F) for each predator species. Functional group assignments are also indicated (see Fig. 2) %N and %W for main prey categories (crustaceans, fishes, gelatinous & invertebrates, anthropogenic debris) are summarized in bold for each predator. For mollusks, (B) indicates taxa identified from beaks; in brackets are the conservative numbers of individuals identified from beaks (see ‘Materials & Methods’). Mollusks identified from beaks are not included in %N or %W calculations. Note that family level (bold text) %N and %W values are not family-level subtotals but specific prey items identified only to family level. In square brackets are total numbers for otoliths and cephalopod beaks.

%N CRUSTACEANS Cyphocarididae Cyphocaris sp. Cystisomatidae – Cystisoma sp. Enoplometopidae – Enoplometopus sp. Euphausiacea Lycaeidae – Brachyscelus sp. Lysianassidae

Func. Group Am Am Am MC MC Am Am

OPAH-B %W %F

%N

ALEP %W

%F

%N 27.44

32.95

4.53

-

42.67

9.24

-

1.71

0.03

3.57

0.26 1.02 0.06 0.13

0.02 0.22 0.19 0.04

0.83 2.50 0.83 1.76

7.05 0.76 0.57

1.91 0.02 0.04

4.46 2.68 1.79

0.06

0.00

0.83

OPAH-S %W %F 3.64

-

%N

GEMP %W

%F

2.08

0.09

-

Oplophoridae – Acanthephyra sp. Oplophorus gracilirostris Systellaspis sp. Penaeidae – Funchalia sp. Funchalia taaningi Phronimidae – Phronima sedentaria Phronima sp. Phrosinidae – Phrosina semilunata Platyscelidae – Platyscelus armatus Platyscelus ovoides Platyscelus sp. Scyllaridae Uristidae – Hirondellea gigas Hirondellea sp. Caridea Gammaridea Hyperiidea Megalopa (unidentified) Mysida Ostracods (unidentified) Shrimp (unidentified) Stomatopods (unidentified) Unidentified crustacea FISH Acanthuridae – Naso sp. Zebrasoma flavescens Acropomatidae - Synagrops argyreus Alepisauridae - Alepisaurus ferox Alepisaurus sp. Anoplogasteridae - Anoplogaster cornuta Berycidae - Beryx decadactylus Blenniidae – Plagiotremus sp. Bramidae Brama myersi Brama orcini Pteraclis aesticola Chaetodontidae - Chaetodon sp.

MC MC MC MC MC Am Am Am Am Am Am Mi Am Am MC Am Am Mi MC MC MC MC EF EF EF MF MF MF MF EF EF EF EF EF EF

0.19 0.19

0.07 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.33 0.60 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.07

2.68 1.79 1.79 5.36 26.79 0.89 0.89 2.68 0.89 0.89 5.36

0.00 0.19 4.19 26.29

0.03 0.01 1.21 66.86

1.79 0.89 19.64 -

2.29 1.14

20.08 10.24

6.25 4.46

0.02

0.04

0.83

0.06

0.02

0.83

4.41 1.79 21.5 2.88 5.63 0.32 0.13 0.06 0.64

1.52 0.54 4.12 0.54 1.28 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.06

18.33 6.67 47.50 15.83 11.67 2.50 1.67 0.83 1.67

0.77 0.77 0.19 0.13 1.41 0.13 0.26 25.40 0.13 0.06 0.13 1.47 1.22 1.41 0.06 0.06 0.13

0.13 0.10 0.04 0.01 0.34 0.04 0.06 63.66 0.07 0.02 0.21 23.96 3.34 4.54 0.61 0.01 0.02

4.17 5.83 1.67 0.83 8.33 1.67 2.50 1.67 0.83 1.67 15.00 6.67 4.17 0.83 0.83 1.67

0.89 0.89

1.33 0.76 0.38 4.00 7.24 0.19 0.38 0.76 0.19 0.00 2.86

0.57

0.06

0.89

0.06 0.26 0.26

0.01 2.48 0.04

0.83 3.33 2.50

12.80

1.17

4.55

2.44

0.12 0.05

13.64 4.55

1.83 4.88

0.90 1.05

9.09 27.27

0.61 2.44

0.04 0.19

4.55 13.61

0.00

0.01

4.55

2.44 12.20

0.10 58.31

22.73 -

1.22

4.78

4.55

2.44

42.36

2.08

0.09

2.13

66.67

62.37

-

2.08

0.78

2.13

9.09

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Chiasmodontidae Pseudoscopelus sp. Chlorophthalmidae - Chlorophthalmus proridens Diodontidae Exocoetidae Hirundichthys albimaculatus Fistulariidae - Fistularia sp. Gempylidae Diplospinus multistriatus Gempylus serpens Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Nealotus tripes Nesiarchus nasutus Gonostomatidae - Diplophos taenia Linophrynidae - Linophryne sp. Himantolophidae Howellidae - Howella brodei brodei Macrouridae Malacanthidae Melanocetidae Molidae Ranzania laevis Myctophidae Lampanyctus sp. Nomeidae - Psenes maculatus Omosudidae - Omosudis lowei Ostraciidae - Lactoria diaphana Paralepididae Sudis atrox Phosichthyidae - Vinciguerria nimbaria Pomacanthidae - Centropyge sp. Scombrolabracidae - Scombrolabrax heterolepis Scopelarchidae Scopelarchus michaelsarsi Scorpaenidae - Ectreposebastes imus Serranidae - Luzonichthys earlei Pseudanthias sp.

MF MF EF

0.95 0.38

EF EF EF EF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF EF EF MF MF MF MF EF MF MF MF EF MF MF MF EF EF EF

0.19

0.38 0.16

0.02

2.68 1.79

0.06

0.24

0.83

0.06

0.05

0.83

0.89

0.06 0.38

0.05

0.89

0.19

0.08

0.89

0.19

0.04

0.89

2.48 0.76

0.66 0.62

4.46 1.79

0.76

1.85

3.57

3.05

3.66

2.68

0.19

0.06

0.89

1.33

2.75

1.79

0.04

4.17 2.08

4.14 1.88

4.26 2.13

2.08 2.08 6.25 2.08

4.11 0.06 12.37 2.21

2.13 2.13 4.26 2.13

18.75

32.99

14.89

2.08

0.51

2.13

0.83

0.58

0.81

5.00

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.13

0.18 0.10 0.12 0.01 0.05

0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83

0.13

0.05

0.83

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.32

0.02 0.09 2.10 0.00

0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83

0.06 0.45 0.06 0.13 0.19 0.58 0.26 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.19

0.01 3.43 0.23 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.15 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.04

0.83 5.00 0.83 1.67 1.67 2.50 2.50 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 1.67 1.67

0.61

0.01

4.55

0.61

0.89

4.55

0.61

0.20

4.55

3

Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus aculeatus Argyropelecus sp. Sternoptyx diaphana Sternoptyx obscura Sternoptyx pseudobscura Sternoptyx sp. Tetraodontidae Canthigaster sp. Lagocephalus lagocephalus Trachipteridae - Desmodema polystictum Trichiuridae/Gempylidae Anguilliformes Leptocephalus Unidentified fish GELATINOUS & INVERTEBRATES Alciopidae Vanadis sp. Atollidae - Atolla sp. Pyrosomidae Salpidae Unidentified gelatinous MOLLUSKS Allopsodiae - Haliphron atlanticus (B) Amphitretidae - Amphitretus pelagicus (B) Ancistrocheiridae - Ancistrocheirus lesueurii A. lesueurii (B) Argonautidae - Argonauta argo A. argo (B) Atlantidae – Atlanta sp. Bathyteuthidae - Bathyteuthis sp. (B) Bolitaenidae Bolitaena pygmaea Bolitaenidae (B) Japetella diaphana J. diaphana (B) Brachioteuthidae - Brachioteuthis sp.

MF MF MF MF MF MF MF EF EF EF EF MF MiF MiF Mi Mi Ge Ge Ge Oc Oc MS MS Oc Oc MiM MS Oc Oc Oc Oc Oc MS

1.52

0.65

2.68

0.19 2.10

0.08 1.03

0.89 4.46

1.14 0.19

0.02 0.02

2.69 0.89

6.29 2.48 0.38

24.41 1.59 0.00

74.11 1.79

0.19 0.57 0.95 0.38 21.90

0.45 0.92 0.11 0.10 21.99

0.89 2.68 3.57 3.57 -

[2]

1.79

[1]

0.89

[3] 0.19 [2] 0.38

2.68 0.89 1.79 1.79

0.00 0.07

0.26 0.19 0.06 3.58 0.38 5.50 3.45 0.06 0.64 0.06 0.06 0.06

0.19 1.31 0.35 4.46 0.25 8.14 3.50 0.01 0.27 0.01 0.44 0.03

1.67 2.50 0.83 10.00 1.67 19.17 10.83 0.83 1.67 0.83 0.83 0.83

0.06 1.60 15.36 0.38 9.66

0.02 1.20 3.47 0.04 1.33

0.83 20.00 1.67 23.33

6.71 21.34 0.61

10.07 9.74 0.00

90.91 4.55

0.13 5.18

0.10 2.01

1.67 20.83

15.24 5.49

8.63 1.11

27.27 13.64

10.88

14.75

-

9.15 [1]

5.55

4.55

[1] 0.19 [1] 1.02 [1] 0.45

0.44

22.32 5.36 53.57

3.17 0.02

[11]

0.61 0.06

[42] 1.90 [184]

0.05

0.83 2.50 0.83 8.33 0.83 1.67

0.70 [2] 0.13

0.10 0.88 0.01

27.27

0.05

4.55

0.46

18.18 4.55 54.55

2.08

0.00

2.13

22.92 -

3.66 -

31.91 -

29.17

37.17

-

2.08

9.72

2.13

[1]

2.13

0.83 7.50 1.67 0.83

[5] 1.22 [33]

4

Carinariidae - Carinaria sp. Cavoliniidae - Clio sp. Chiroteuthidae - Chiroteuthis sp. (B) Grimalditeuthis bonplandi G. bonplandi (B) Mastigoteuthis microlucens (B) Mastigoteuthis pyrodes (B) Mastigoteuthis sp. (B) Planctoteuthis lippula P. lippula (B) Cranchiidae Bathothauma lyromma Cranchia scabra C. scabra (B) Cranchiidae (B) Galiteuthis sp. Galiteuthis sp. (B) Megalocranchia fisherii (B) Taonius pavo (B) Taonius sp. (B) Cycloteuthidae - Cycloteuthis sirventyi C. sirventyi (B) Discoteuthis sp. (B) Enoploteuthidae - Abralia trigonura Abraliopsis sp. Enoploteuthis reticulata Enoploteuthis sp. Enoploteuthis sp. (B) Gonatidae (B) Gonatus sp. (B) Histioteuthidae Histioteuthidae (B) Histioteuthis sp. Histioteuthis sp. (B) Stigmatoteuthis hoylei S. hoylei (B) Stigmatoteuthis sp. (B)

MiM MiM MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS

[6] 0.38 [28] [2] [1] [1] [2] 0.19

0.80

0.01

5.36 1.79 17.86 1.79 0.89 0.89 1.79 0.89

[1] [1]

0.89 0.89

[1] [19]

0.89 13.39

[2]

0.89

[19]

14.29

[20]

6.25

[9] 0.19 [3] 0.19 [1] [7]

8.04 0.89 2.68 0.89 0.89 5.36

0.06 6.89

0.32 0.06 [1] 0.06 [3]

0.04 0.00 0.40

2.50 0.83 0.83 0.83 2.50

0.06

0.16

0.83

0.13 0.06 0.06

0.01 0.20 0.29

1.67 0.83 0.83

[1] 0.06 [13]

0.06 [1] [1] 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.13

0.83 0.83 7.50

0.05

0.07 0.01 0.09 0.03

27.27

[2]

9.09

[1]

4.55

[1]

4.55

[1]

2.13

[1]

2.13

0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83

[1]

0.83

[1]

0.83

[2]

[7]

1.67

[4]

18.18

[3]

13.64

[1] [1]

4.55 4.55

4.17

1.35

4.26

2.08

2.20

2.13

5

Janthinidae - Janthina janthina Lepidoteuthidae - Lepidoteuthis grimaldii L. grimaldii (B) Pholidoteuthis sp. (B) Mastigoteuthidae - Mastigoteuthis famelica (B) Mastigoteuthis sp. A (B) Neoteuthidae - Neoteuthis thielei (B) Octopodidae Octopus ornatus Octopoteuthidae (B) Octopoteuthis neilseni O. neilseni (B) Octopoteuthis sp. (B) Taningia danae (B) Ommastrephidae Eucleoteuthis luminosa E. luminosa (B) Hyaloteuthis pelagica H. pelagica (B) Ommastrephes bartramii Ommastrephidae (B) Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis S. oualaniensis (B) Sthenoteuthis/Ommastrephes/Eucleoteuthis (B) Onychoteuthidae Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii (B) Onychoteuthidae (B) Onychoteuthis borealijaponica (B) Onychoteuthis sp. Onychoteuthis sp. (B) Onykia sp. Onykia sp. A Onykia sp. A (B) Walvisteuthis youngorum W. youngorum (B) Ocythoidae - Ocythoe tuberculata O. tuberculata (B)

MiM MS MS MS MS MS MS Oc Oc MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS ES ES MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS Oc Oc

0.06 0.06 [1]

0.01 0.01

0.89 [1]

[2] [48] 0.76

0.29

1.79 15.18 3.57

[1]

[1] 0.38 0.06

0.86 0.01

0.83 3.33 0.83

0.19

0.24

2.50

2.13

[1]

4.55

[1]

4.55

[1]

4.55

[1]

2.13

1.67

0.89 0.06 0.15 0.04

[11]

1.79 0.89 0.89 5.36

1.28

0.00

3.47

0.83

[6]

[1]

0.89

[57]

20.54 0.68

[12]

0.01

2.08

2.73

2.13

2.08 [5] 12.50 [1]

1.46

2.13 6.38 10.64 2.13

10.83

6.25 0.32

0.19 [1] [30]

[1] 0.83

[2]

0.38 [1] 0.38 3.05

0.83 0.83

18.18

1.67

0.89 0.89 14.29 [1] 0.38

0.46

0.83 2.50

0.06

0.09

0.83

7.14

[22]

31.82

[1]

4.55

[1]

4.55

[3]

[6] 2.08

[11] 3.24 [465]

7.32

5.36 9.82 73.21

0.06 [2] 0.06

0.85 0.05

0.83 1.67 0.83

3.66 [39] [1]

0.98

9.09 72.73

14.24

[1]

3.31

2.13

2.13

4.55 6

Pyroteuthidae Pterygioteuthis giardi Pyroteuthidae (B) Pyroteuthis addolux Sepiolidae - Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis H. hawaiiensis (B) Thysanoteuthidae - Thysanoteuthis rhombus (B) Todarodinae - Notodarus hawaiiensis Tremoctopodidae - Tremoctopus gracilis T. gracilis (beaks) Tremoctopus sp. Tremoctopus violaceus Vampyroteuthidae - Vampyroteuthis infernalis (B) Gastropoda Gymnosomata Heteropoda Mastigoteuthidae/Histioteuthidae (B) Octopoteuthidae/Lepidoteuthidae (B) Onychoteuthidae/Ancistrocheirus Thecosomata Type "A" Cephalopod (B) Cephalopod beaks (unpaired) Cephalopod gladius Unidentified cephalopod beaks (unpaired) Unidentified cephalopods Fish otoliths (unpaired) ANTHROPOGENIC DEBRIS - all types Grand Totals

MS MS MS MS MiM MiM MS MS MiM MiM MiM MiM MS MiM MiM MiM MS MS MS MiM Rb

0.57 0.19 [3] 0.19

0.06 0.00 0.05

[1] [2]

0.27

1.67

0.06 0.13

0.05 0.15

0.83 1.67

0.06 0.06

0.04 0.45

0.83 0.83

0.58 0.19 0.77

0.29 0.02 0.28

3.33 2.50 6.67

1.41 [2]

0.09

10.00 1.67 0.83 6.67

[5] 0.61

13.64 0.62

4.55

1.47 0.02

4.55 4.55

1.79

[1]

[24] [43] 8.57 [3300 ] 16.38 525

0.13 0.89 1.79

[2]

[1] [13] 0.57 0.38 [7]

1.79 0.89 2.68 0.89

0.89

0.43 0.00 2.52 0.15 2.03

0.89 8.93 1.79 1.79 3.57 21.43 25.00

[1] [11] 0.77

0.62 0.00 0.84

[1] [1] [24] 3.05

1.95

22.73

[218] 5.03 2920

40.83 -

5.69 1563

8.69 2444

38.39 -

29.88 164

[4] 2.08

0.16

-

1.99

4.26

0 1911

2.13 -

[11] 22.76 906

63.64 -

2.08 48

7

Table S2. Total number of predator specimens collected per year and per season. 3 snake mackerel and 4 lancetfish specimens had unavailable catch dates. Rough seasons are defined as encompassing the following months: Spring (Sp) – February through April, Summer (Su) – May through July, Fall (F) – August through October, Winter (W) – November through January.

ALEP GEMP OPAH-B OPAH-S ESCO

Sp 0 0 0 0 0

2007 Su F 0 0 0 0 24 0 1 0 0 0

W 0 0 0 0 0

Sp 0 0 4 0 0

2008 Su F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

W 0 0 0 0 0

Sp 1 0 0 0 0

2009 Su F 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

W 59 5 0 0 5

Sp 6 12 0 0 6

2010 Su F 13 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 3 0

W 5 9 1 0 4

Sp 0 4 0 1 8

2011 Su F 0 0 11 19 54 30 11 9 4 7

W 0 28 1 2 5

Sp 0 0 0 0 0

2012 Su F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

W 0 9 0 0 2

8

 Table S3. The 15 most important cephalopod species in terms of numerical abundance (%N). (B) indicates individuals of that species identified from cephalopod beaks. Also included are the gravimetric proportions (%W) and percent frequency of occurrence (%F) for each prey item. %N and %W values are calculated as a fraction of cephalopod prey alone. Alepisaurus ferox (ALEP) Hyaloteuthis pelagica Argonauta argo Galiteuthis sp. (B) Japetella diaphana Onychoteuthis sp. Octopoda (unidentified) Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis Ancistrocheirus lesueurii Octopoteuthis neilseni Japetella diaphana (B) Brachioteuthis sp. Cranchiidae Enoploteuthis sp. Stigmatoteuthis sp. (B) Octopoteuthis sp. (B)

%N 14.9 11.9 9.7 8.2 4.5 4.5 3.7 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

%W 26.9 24.6 0.0 6.9 3.5 6.6 0.1 0.4 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0

%F 10.8 8.3 7.5 7.5 2.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 2.5 1.7 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.7 1.7

Lampris sp. big-eye (OPAH-B) Walvisteuthis youngorum (B) Japetella diaphana (B) Sthenoteuthis/Ommastrephes/Eucleoteuthis (B) Argonauta argo (B) Chiroteuthis sp. (B) Ommastrephidae (B) Walvisteuthis youngorum Bolitaenidae (B) Thysanoteuthis rhombus (B) Histioteuthidae (B) Grimalditeuthis bonplandi (B) Histioteuthis sp. (B) Japetella diaphana Mastigoteuthis microlucens (B) Octopoteuthidae/Lepidoteuthidae (B)

%N 23.8 20.1 13.4 6.7 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2

%W 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.8 0.0 0.0

%F 72.7 54.6 31.8 27.3 27.3 18.2 9.1 18.2 13.6 18.2 9.1 13.6 4.6 9.1 9.1

Gempylus serpens (GEMP) Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis Onychoteuthis sp. (B) Ommastrephidae (B) Sthenoteuthis/Ommastrephes/Eucleoteuthis (B) Histioteuthidae Ancistrocheirus lesueurii Argonauta argo (B) Mastigoteuthis microlucens (B) Taonius sp. (B) Stigmatoteuthis hoylei Pholidoteuthis sp. (B) Octopoteuthis neilseni (B) Eucleoteuthis luminosa Ommastrephes bartramii Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (B)

%N 17.6 17.6 14.7 8.8 5.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9

%W 40.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 7.8 4.2 0.0

%F 10.6 10.6 6.4 6.4 4.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Lampris sp. small-eye (OPAH-S) Walvisteuthis youngorum (B) Japetella diaphana (B) Sthenoteuthis/Ommastrephes/Eucleoteuthis (B) Neoteuthis thielei (B) Bolitaenidae (B) Onychoteuthidae (B) Grimalditeuthis bonplandi (B) Gonatus sp. (B) Taonius pavo (B) Enoploteuthis sp. (B) Walvisteuthis youngorum Hyaloteuthis pelagica (B) Octopoteuthidae/Lepidoteuthidae (B) Onychoteuthis sp. (B) Onykia sp. A (B)

%N 42.5 16.8 5.2 4.4 3.8 2.7 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0

%W 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

%F 72.7 54.6 31.8 27.3 27.3 18.2 9.1 18.2 13.6 18.2 9.1 13.6 4.6 9.1 9.1

9