Aug 28, 2015 - Philippines: Examining Factor Structures and. Relationships with Sexual Aggression,. Hostility Towards Women, and Alcohol Use. Canoy ...
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Masculine Ideologies Between U.S. and Philippines: Examining Factor Structures and Relationships with Sexual Aggression, Hostility Towards Women, and Alcohol Use. Canoy, Tuliao, Landoy, McChargue, & Klanecky
How men should behave/see themselves (male role norms)
How I behave/view myself (masculine ideologies)
Masculine Ideologies Masculine ideology is defined as “an individual’s internalization of cultural belief systems and attitudes toward masculinity and men’s roles” (Pleck et al., 1993, p. 88)
• Negative Image
• Positive Image
– Traditional Masculinity/ Hypermasculinity/ Machismo – Violent, aggressive/dominant, sexualized behaviors, hostility towards women, associated with heavy drinking
– Achievement/ Caballerismo/ Prosocial Masculinity – Chivalry, Nurturance, Family Connectedness, protector of the family, respect towards women
Etic (universal) and Emic (culture specific)
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Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression* • Link between “macho” personality with sexual aggression (e.g., Mosher & Sirkin, 1984) • 2 pathways to sexual aggression (e.g., Malamuth & Socklockie, 1991; Malamuth, Heavy & Linz, 1998)
– Hostile Masculinity (relationship towards women) • Insecure, defensive, hypersensitive orientation, and gratification from controlling women
– Impersonal Sex • Non-committal, game-playing orientation in sexual relations
Immediate Context: Alcohol Consumption • Alcohol-related sexual assault – Independent and synergistic effects of alcohol (i.e., preexisting belief about alcohol’s effect on sexual behavior/aggression, effects of alcohol on interactions, effect of alcohol at point forced sex is likely) (Abbey, 1991; 1996)
– Alcohol consumption by the perpetrator and/or victim increases the likelihood of acquaintance rape (e.g., Abbey, 1992)
– Delinquency, HM, IS, misperception of women’s sexual cues directly and positively affect number of sexually aggressive acts committed (Abbey, Jacques-Tiura, & LeBreton, 2011)
* Hall, Teten, DeGarmo, Sue, & Stephens, 2005; Parkhill & Abbey, 2008)
Men and Alcohol Consumption • Men’s expectations about alcohol consumption • Men anticipate feeling more powerful, sexual and aggressive after drinking alcohol even if actual alcohol consumption did not affect these men’s sexual arousal (e.g., Brown et al., 1980; George & Norris, 1991)
• Men’s willingness to behave aggressively – Intoxicated men retaliate strongly if they feel threatened or provoked; alcohol induced sense of disinhibition in anxiety and self appraisal makes it easier for men to use physical force to obtain sex
The Current Study • Explores measuring masculine ideologies in Asian cultures using Multicultural Masculine Ideology Scale [MMIS] (i.e., Philippines) • Explores the confluence model with the inclusion of masculinity ideology impacting both alcohol consumption and sexual aggression
(e.g., Taylor & Chermack, 1993; Ito et. al., 1996)
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Hostility Towards Women
Alcohol Use Severity
Sexual Aggression
Masculine Ideologies
Measure • Multicultural Masculine Ideology Scale [MMIS] (Doss & Hopkins, 1998; Janey et. al., 2013) – Measures an individual’s adaptation and internalization of a culture’s norms about how men should act – Hypermasculine posturing – (e.g., A guy should prove his masculinity by having sex with a lot of people) – Achievement – (e.g., A guy should put his best effort into every part of his life)
METHODS
Measure • Alcohol Use Severity. The 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT] (e.g. Saunders, Saunders, Babor, Dela Fuente, & Grant, 1993) measuring three domains: the quantity factor (e.g., frequency of heavy drinking); dependence symptoms (e.g., impaired control over drinking); and alcoholrelated problems (e.g., blackouts).
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Measure • A measurement invariance test was previously conducted to ascertain equivalence between a U.S. and Philippines college student sample (Tuliao, Landoy, & McChargue, in press). • Results of the study indicate that a three-factor solution fit equally well between samples, and had good convergent validity with other instruments measuring alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. • Alpha coefficients for the U.S. sample were .81 and .78 for the Philippines sample. The sum of the scores will be utilized in the analyses.
Measure • Hostility Towards Women – 10 items (derived from Check, Malamuth, Elias, & Barton, 1985) – .33 to .77 Item-to-total correlations – Sample items: “Sometimes women bother me by just being around”; “When it really comes down to it, a lot of women are deceitful”
Measure • Sexual Experience Scale – Males - A revised 13item version (SES-M; Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987) will be used in this study to operationalize past sexual aggressive behavior (e.g., unwanted kissing to sexual intercourse without consent, impaired consent due to intoxication) – Internal consistency was reported to be .89 for male college students and one-week test–retest reliability with a mean item agreement of 93% (Koss & Gidycz, 1985).
Data Analysis • Exploratory Factor Analysis – Using SPSS v. 20 – Principal Axis Factoring, with Oblimin Rotation – Selection of Number of Factors: • 1) Kaiser-Gutman Criterion = eigenvalues > 1. • 2) Scree Test • 3) Parallel Analysis (Horn, 1965)
• Path Analysis to evaluate the Model – Mplus ver. 6.12 – Sexual Aggression distribution was extremely skewed, all regression involving SES-M was analyzed using Negative Binomial Regression.
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US sample EFA of the MMIS • KMO = .89, Bartlett’s χ2(595) = 4212.168, p
