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Jan 24, 2012 - Brett D. Grover , Michael Kleinman , Norman L. Eatough , Delbert J. Eatough ,. Robert A. Cary , Philip K. Hopke & William E. Wilson. To cite this article: Brett D. ... Semi-Volatile Organic Material with the Sunset Laboratory.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Measurement of Fine Particulate Matter Nonvolatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Material with the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor Brett D. Grover , Michael Kleinman , Norman L. Eatough , Delbert J. Eatough , Robert A. Cary , Philip K. Hopke & William E. Wilson To cite this article: Brett D. Grover , Michael Kleinman , Norman L. Eatough , Delbert J. Eatough , Robert A. Cary , Philip K. Hopke & William E. Wilson (2008) Measurement of Fine Particulate Matter Nonvolatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Material with the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 58:1, 72-77, DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.1.72 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.1.72

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Date: 29 January 2016, At: 11:34

ISSN:1047-3289 J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 58:72–77 DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.58.1.72

TECHNICAL PAPER

Copyright 2008 Air & Waste Management Association

Measurement of Fine Particulate Matter Nonvolatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Material with the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor Brett D. Grover, Michael Kleinman, Norman L. Eatough, and Delbert J. Eatough Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT

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Robert A. Cary Sunset Laboratory Inc., Forest Grove, OR Philip K. Hopke Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY William E. Wilson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

ABSTRACT Semi-volatile organic material (SVOM) in fine particles is not reliably measured with conventional semicontinuous carbon monitors because SVOM is lost from the collection media during sample collection. We have modified a Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor to allow for the determination of SVOM. In a conventional Sunset monitor, gas-phase organic compounds are removed in the sampled airstream by a diffusion denuder employing charcoal-impregnated cellulose filter (CIF) surfaces. Subsequently, particles are collected on a quartz filter and the instrument then determines both the organic carbon and elemental carbon fractions of the aerosol using a thermal/optical method. However, some of the SVOM is lost from the filter during collection, and therefore is not determined. Because the interfering gas-phase organic compounds are removed before aerosol collection, the SVOM can be determined by filtering the particles at the instrument inlet and then replacing the quartz filter in the monitor with a charcoal-impregnated glass fiber filter (CIG), which retains the SVOM lost from particles collected on the inlet filter. The resulting collected SVOM is then determined in the analysis step by measurement of the carbonaceous material thermally evolved from the CIG filter. This concept was tested during field studies in

IMPLICATIONS Semi-volatile carbonaceous material (SVOC) can be a major fraction of urban aerosols. However, many carbon monitors, including the Sunset Carbon Monitor and the R&P 5400 Carbon Monitor, due not accurately determine semivolatile carbon. We have modified a Sunset Carbon monitor, which will allow for the continuous measurement of SVOC in urban atmospheres.

72 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

February 2003 in Lindon, UT, and in July 2003 in Rubidoux, CA. The results obtained were validated by comparison with Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS) results. The sum of nonvolatile organic material determined with a conventional Sunset monitor and SVOM determined with the modified Sunset monitor agree with the PC-BOSS results. Linear regression analysis of total carbon concentrations determined by the PC-BOSS and the Sunset resulted in a zero-intercept slope of 0.99 ⫾ 0.02 (R2 ⫽ 0.92) and a precision of ␴ ⫽ ⫾1.5 ␮g C/m3 (8%). INTRODUCTION Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been implicated as a contributor to adverse human health effects including increases in cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary disease leading to elevated human mortality and morbidity.1–3 Carbonaceous material is a major component of urban fine particulate material. However, a significant portion of atmospheric carbonaceous material is often semi-volatile, which tends to be lost from the collected particles during sample collection.4 The SVOM may be lost during sampling because of the pressure drop across the filter, changes in the concentrations of gas-phase compounds in equilibrium with the particulate SVOM, and changes in ambient temperature. Diffusion denuder samplers4 –7 have been developed that allow for the determination of this fraction of the fine particulate carbonaceous material. Some of these diffusion denuder samplers were developed to measure specific organic compounds.6,7 The Particle Concentrator-Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS)4 and Real-Time Ambient Mass Sampler (RAMS)5 were developed to measure total SVOM. The application of these samplers to the study of atmospheric chemistry in urban environments has Volume 58 January 2008

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Grover et al. shown that a substantial fraction of the fine particulate matter in these environments is SVOM.8 –11 Furthermore, these studies have shown that the majority of the SVOM is secondary.4,11 Single filter samplers such as the PM2.5 Federal Reference Method sampler11 and semicontinuous monitors such as the R&P Carbon monitor12 or the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor, do not reliably sample and measure SVOM. Because the SVOM may be important with respect to human cardiovascular health effects,13 the development of reliable procedures for both the integrated and semicontinuous monitoring of this material is important. We have previously reported on a simple modification of the conventional U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Speciation Sampler with a diffusion denuder,14 which allows for the routine determination of fine particulate SVOM in an integrated sampler. We report here on a modification of the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor that allows for the semicontinuous determination of this material. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Field Instrument The Sunset instrument is a semicontinuous, carbon aerosol analysis monitor. The inlet is a 2.5-␮m sharpcut cyclone (R&P) with a total flow of 16 L/min; 8 L/min of the flow goes to the carbon monitor, and the remaining flow is directed to the modified Sunset instrument described in the next section. After the flow split, the sampled air passes through a parallel plate charcoalimpregnated filter denuder similar to that described for the Brigham Young University real-time ambient mass sampler5,8 and supplied by Sunset Laboratory with the instrument. This denuder is intended to remove gasphase organic compounds that can be adsorbed by a quartz filter, thus eliminating any positive quartz filter artifact for the data obtained with the monitor.12,14,15 The particles in the sampled airstream are then collected on a 12.3-mm diameter quartz filter for a controlled time period (45 min in the study reported here). Sample collection is then interrupted and the sample analyzed, using a thermal/optical transmittance (TOT) volatilization method comparable to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Method 5040.16 The TOT method consists of a two-stage analysis. Initially organic carbon (OC) concentrations are determined by heating the filter in a pure helium atmosphere to temperatures of 250, 500, 650 and 850 °C. A 98% helium, 2% oxygen atmosphere is used in the second stage and heated to temperatures of 650, 750 and 850 °C to determine elemental carbon (EC) concentrations. On the basis of the laser transmission during the analysis, a correction is made because of carbon pyrolysis that occurs.17 Carbon thermally evolved from the filter is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a manganese oxide catalyst and detected by a nondispersive infrared detector (NDIR). The temperature stabilized NDIR system has its own reduced instruction set computer processor for enhanced sensitivity, linearity, and long term stability. Reduced analysis times maximize online sample collection. The enhanced timeVolume 58 January 2008

resolution capability of this new instrument is made possible by a rapid thermal total carbon measurement and a laser-based absorbance technique to measure EC. The data analysis step is followed with a calibration step for each analysis. The data obtained by this procedure are illustrated in Figure 1A. After the 15-min analysis and purge step, sample collection is again initiated for the next 45-min period. Sunset Monitor Modified to Measure Fine Particulate Semi-Volatile Organic Compound Lost from Particles during Sample Collection The Sunset monitor was modified to allow for the determination of SVOC lost from particles during the 45-min sample collection period. The modified instrument sampled the second of the two split flow lines after the sharp-cut cyclone inlet. A diffusion denuder, identical to that used in the unmodified instrument, removed gas-phase material with an expected efficiency based on past studies of better than 99%.14 After the removal of the gas-phase material, the particles were removed from the sampled airstream immediately before the entrance to the Sunset monitor using a prefired (800 °C) 47-mm quartz filter in a MACE in-line,

Figure 1. Measurement of (A) nonvolatile fine particulate carbonaceous material with a conventional Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor, and (B) SVOC lost from fine particles during sampling with a Sunset monitor modified as described in the text. The relative scales for the NDIR and transmission signals in the two plots are the same. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 73

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Grover et al. Teflon filter holder. The particle-free air (with any SVOC lost from the particles during sample collection) passed into the filter collection region of the Sunset monitor. The quartz filter normally used in the unmodified instrument was preceded by a charcoalimpregnated glass fiber filter (CIG, Schleicher and Schuell). The quartz filter was kept after the CIG to provide additional structural support for the CIG filter. Any SVOC lost from particles collected on the inlet quartz filter were collected with high efficiency (⬍95%) by this CIG filter.4,15,18 At the end of the 45-min sample period, the SVOC collected on the CIG were analyzed by thermal evolution. This analysis was done in a threestep temperature program in a He atmosphere. Previous experience with the analysis of SVOC collected on CIG filters4 has indicated that only lower molecular weight gas-phase compounds are not removed by the diffusion denuder and that these organic compounds that break through the denuder are evolved from the CIG at temperatures below 200 °C. In contrast, the SVOC lost from particles are removed from the CIG at temperatures from approximately 250 –350 °C. The first of the three temperature steps in the analysis of the SVOC involved heating to 190 °C to remove and measure the denuder breakthrough material. The second temperature step to 220 °C was to insure that the breakthrough gas-phase organic compounds had been cleanly removed. The final temperature step to 450 °C was to remove and measure the SVOC lost from the particles collected on the inlet quartz filter. This was followed by a calibration step for each analysis. The data obtained by this procedure are illustrated in Figure 1B. After the 15-min analysis and purge steps, sample collection was again initiated for the next 45-min period. The PC-BOSS Sampler The combination of technology used in the High-Volume Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (BIG BOSS18) and the Harvard particle concentrator19 has resulted in the PC-BOSS.4,18 –20 The configuration and operation of the PC-BOSS as used in the studies reported here has been previously described.11 The PCBOSS was used for sample collection to determine fine particulate mass, sulfate, carbonaceous material (elemental and organic), nitrate, SVOM, and semi-volatile nitrate. Samples for the chemical characterization of PM2.5 in the minor flow following a particle concentrator and a BOSS diffusion denuder were collected in a filter pack containing a pre-fired (800 °C) 47-mm quartz filter (Pallflex) followed by 47-mm CIG fiber filter to determine fine particulate carbonaceous material and nitrate, including semi-volatile species lost from the particles during sampling. A second parallel filter pack containing a 47-mm Teflon (Whatman) filter followed by a 47-mm Nylon (Gelman, Nylasorb) filter was used to determine PM2.5 filter retained (nonvolatile) mass, sulfate and nitrate, including any nitrate lost from the particles during sample collection. A side flow filter pack, before the particle concentrator, containing a 47-mm polycarbonate (Corning, Nuclepore, 0.4-␮m pore size) filter followed by a 47-mm CIG filter, was used to collect particles (excluding semi-volatile species 74 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

lost during sampling) and gas-phase organic material after the 2.5-␮m outlet cut. These data were compared with data from the minor flow filters to determine the particle concentrator and denuder efficiencies. The quartz filter nonvolatile OC (NVOC) and EC, and CIG filter SVOC, determined with the PC-BOSS, were used for comparison with the results obtained with the two Sunset monitors. Temperature Programmed Volatilization4,21 was used in the analysis of PC-BOSS collected samples for total carbonaceous material. In this method, the various sample filters are heated from ambient temperature at a predetermined ramp rate to a predetermined termination temperature. The ramp rate and termination temperatures are dependent on the type of filter being analyzed. Quartz filters are heated to 800 °C in an N2/O2 atmosphere. Charcoal-impregnated filters are heated to 400 °C in an N2 atmosphere. Carbon in compounds desorbed from the filters during the heating process is catalytically converted to CO2 and detected by NDIR absorption. The PC-BOSS results provided a comparison for the data obtained with the two Sunset monitors because total fine particulate carbonaceous material, including the NVOC, SVOC, and EC, are also measured with this instrument. A disadvantage of the PC-BOSS is that the limits of detection of this sampler were higher than for the Sunset monitors. Therefore, 3-hr integrated data were obtained with the PC-BOSS. Sample Collection Initial studies were conducted in February 2003 in Lindon, UT. The Lindon sampling site has been previously described.11 In these experiments, results obtained with the modified Sunset monitor were compared with fine particulate SVOC determined in 6-hr integrated samples with the PC-BOSS. More extensive studies were conducted during July 2003 at the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) sampling site in Rubidoux, CA. In these experiments, both the conventional and modified Sunset monitors were simultaneously used. Results were compared with 3-hr integrated PC-BOSS sample results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Efficiency of the Sunset Monitor Denuder for Removal of Gas-Phase Organic Material The analysis of material collected by the CIG filter in the modified Sunset instrument is illustrated in Figure 1B. On the basis of data obtained in several studies with a charcoal-impregnated filter using a parallel plate denuder4,5,8,9,14,18,20 the initial peak in the data is due to the small fraction of the gas-phase organic material entering the denuder that is not removed by the denuder, and this material is well separated from SVOC lost from particles. For the sample given in Figure 1B, this initial peak is about half the size of the larger peakin the 220 – 450 °C temperature step. The gas-phase organic material collected on the side-flow filter of the PC-BOSS is a measure of the total gas-phase organic material that enters the diffusion denuder of the Sunset instrument. The initial peak in Figure 1B is the amount Volume 58 January 2008

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Grover et al. of this total that is not removed by the denuder. Comparison of these two values gives the denuder efficiency. Initially the efficiency of the denuder was better than 99.5%. However, as observed in the data obtained over a 3-week period in Lindon, the size of the first peak, relative to the SVOC peak, increases with time as the efficiency of the denuder drops to approximately 98% over this time period. The data illustrated in Figure 1B are after approximately 2 weeks of sampling with the denuder. To help maintain high denuder efficiency, new charcoal-impregnated cellulose fiber filter strips (Schleicher and Schuell) were placed in the denuder about every 10 days during the Lindon study. These strips are cut to size for the denuder box and used without further treatment as received from the manufacturer. Denuder strips were not changed during the Rubidoux study because the study duration of 4 weeks was not expected to result in a significant degradation of denuder efficiency on the basis of previous studies.14 Determination of Fine Particulate Carbonaceous Material with the Sunset Monitors The two Sunset monitors used at Rubidoux were intended to allow for the semicontinuous measurement of total fine particulate carbonaceous material, nonvolatile carbonaceous material (including both nonvolatile OC and EC) being determined on the instrument with the quartz filter, and fine particulate SVOC lost from the particles collected on the quartz filter being determined on the instrument with the CIG filter. The data obtained with the modified Sunset instrument using a CIG filter are illustrated in Figure 1B and have been discussed in the proceeding section. Typical data obtained with the conventional Sunset monitor are illustrated in Figure 1A. As shown, the organic carbonaceous material is initially evolved in four temperature steps in a He atmosphere. Any pyrolyzed carbon and EC are then removed in an O2/He atmosphere, with the amount of EC identified from the point at which the measured absorbance returns to the original value

Figure 2. Concentrations of nonvolatile fine particulate carbonaceous material determined with a conventional Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor, and SVOC lost from the collected fine particles during sampling determined with a Sunset monitor modified as described in the text. Volume 58 January 2008

Figure 3. Comparison of SVOC, NVOC, and PM2.5 C measured with a Sunset monitor modified as described in the text and 3-hr integrated data measured with a PC-BOSS.

for the sample. Although the data obtained with the Sunset instrument will allow determination of the amount of carbon evolved in each of the temperature steps and the identification of the concentrations of EC, only total carbonaceous material is used in the comparisons made in this paper. The concentrations of nonvolatile and SVOC determined with the two instruments are illustrated with concentrations determined over a 7-day period in the Rubidoux study in Figure 2. As illustrated, the results indicate that SVOC was a significant fraction of the total fine particulate material during the study. Concentration of SVOC and nonvolatile quartz filter carbon were both high and showed strong (but different) diurnal patterns during the first 4 days of this period. Concentrations were much lower during the last 2 days. The accuracy in the measurement of SVOC, NVOC, and total PM2.5 C (calculated as the sum of NVOC, SVOC, and EC) as illustrated by the data in Figure 2, can be evaluated by comparison of the measurement obtained with the modified Sunset instrument and the SVOC, NVOC, and total PM2.5 C (also calculated as the sum of NVOC, SVOC, and EC) measured using the PC-BOSS as described above. These two measurements for each species are compared for the 3-hr integrated time periods over which the PC-BOSS measurements were made in Figure 3 and the linear regression statistics are given in Table 1. The larger number of data points in Figure 3 for SVOC as compared with NVOC results from two time periods when the Sunset quartz data (NVOC) were not valid. As illustrated, measurements for total PM2.5 C made by the two instruments agreed. Linear regression analysis of the data given in Figure 3 (N ⫽ 21, R2 ⫽ 0.92) gives a zero intercept slope of 0.99 ⫾ 0.02. The slope obtained with a fit intercept is similar, 0.90 ⫾ 0.06. The precision of the comparison is ␴ ⫽ ⫾1.5 ␮g C/m3 (8%), and the average measured concentration of PM2.5 C is 18.8 ␮g C/m3, with no bias between the two measurements. The precision of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 75

Grover et al. Table 1. Linear regression statistics of PC-BOSS and Sunset comparisons including total carbon, SVOC, and NVOC. ␴ (mg C/m3)

␴ (%)

0.0

1.5

8.0

7.7

0.1

1.0

1.9

9.2

⫺1.0

1.4

14.4

n

R2

Slopea

Intercept (␮g C/m3)

x Average (␮g C/m3)

PC-BOSS Total Cb vs. Sunset Total Cb

21 34c

PC-BOSS NVOC vs. Sunset NVOC

21

0.99 ⫾ 0.02 0.90 ⫾ 0.06 0.99 ⫾ 0.03 0.99 ⫾ 0.06 1.03 ⫾ 0.04 0.73 ⫾ 0.06

0 2.0 ⫾ 2.1 0 ⫺0.1 ⫾ 1.4 0 3.4 ⫾ 1.3

18.8

PC-BOSS SVOC vs. Sunset SVOC

0.92 0.93 0.89 0.89 0.70 0.88

x vs. y

x-y Bias (␮g C/m3)

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Notes: aSlopes are given for (1) zero intercept and (2) calculated intercept. bTotal C is the sum of NVOC, SVOC, and EC. cMore data points were obtained for SVOC comparisons because of two time periods when the conventional Sunset monitor was unreliable.

comparison is similar to the expected precision of the PC-BOSS 3-hr integrated measurement of ⫾1–2 ␮g PM2.5 C/m3, on the basis of the blank filter reproducibility and the uncertainty in the flow data, and also on the basis of results of past studies.14,18,20 Thus, this comparison indicates that the PM2.5 C measurements by the two independent techniques are equivalent. During the time period when SVOC was measured, the SVOM (assuming SVOM was 61% C)22 averaged 21% of the total PM2.5, as previously reported for measurements by an R&P filter dynamics measurement system tapered element oscillating microbalance.23 Comparison can also be made between the carbonaceous material determined on either the quartz filter (NVOC) of the unmodified Sunset instrument, or the CIG (SVOC) filter of the modified Sunset instrument and the corresponding quartz or CIG filter of the PCBOSS. Complete linear regression statistics for SVOC and NVOC between the PC-BOSS (x) and the Sunset (y) are given in Table 1. As indicated by the data, there was a bias of 0.1 ␮g C/m3 in the PC-BOSS, compared with the Sunset SVOC data and an opposite bias of ⫺1 ␮g C/m3 for the NVOC data for the data points given. These two opposite biases indicate that the extent of loss of SVOC from the quartz filter was slightly larger for the PC-BOSS compared with the Sunset filters. This may reflect the higher flow rate and/or the longer sampling time in the PC-BOSS instrument. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this paper indicate that the Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Monitor can be modified to allow for the routine semicontinuous determination of SVOC components in ambient fine particulate material. The modification consists of removing particles with a filter at the inlet to the instrument so that only the SVOC lost from particles is collected on the internal filter of the monitor and using a CIG filter to capture these SVOC. This modification is straightforward on the existing Sunset monitor, and should allow for the facile determination of this fine particulate species in the future. The data obtained with the modified instrument at Rubidoux in July indicate that SVOC averaged 21% of the total PM2.5 at this location as measured by the R&P FDMS monitor. 76 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the State of Utah Air Quality Monitoring Division and the SCAQMD for assistance in sample collection at Lindon and Rubidoux, respectively. EPA partially funded the research described here under Contract 3C-R044-NAEX to Brigham Young University. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of EPA. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REFERENCES 1. Pope, C.A., III. Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health; Biological Mechanisms and Who’s at Risk?; Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108(Suppl. 4), 713-723. 2. Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.W.; Neas, L.M. Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles?; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 927-939. 3. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; EPA/600/P-99/002aC; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 2002. 4. Eatough, D.J.; Long, R.W.; Modey, W.K.; Eatough, N.L. Semi-Volatile Secondary Organic Aerosol in Urban Atmospheres: Meeting a Measurement Challenge; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1277-1292. 5. Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N.L.; Obeidi, F.; Pang, Y.; Modey, W.; Long, R. Continuous Determination of PM2.5 Mass, Including Semi-Volatile Species; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 1-8. 6. Gundel, L.A.; Lane, D.A. Direct Determination of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds with Sorbent-Coated Diffusion Denuders; J. Aerosol Sci. 1998, 29(Suppl. 1), S341-S342. 7. Lane, D.A.; Peters, A.J.; Gundel, L.A.; Jones, K.C.; Northcott, G.L. Gas/Particle Partition Measurements of PAH at Hazelrigg, UK; Polycyclic Aromat. Compd. 2000, 20, 225-234. 8. Obeidi, F.; Eatough, D.J. Continuous Measurement of Semivolatile Fine Particulate Mass in Provo, Utah; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 191-203. 9. Long, R.W.; Smith, R.; Smith, S.; Eatough, N.L. Mangelson, N.F.; Eatough, D.J. Sources of Fine Particulate Material along the Wasatch Front; Energy Fuels 2002, 16, 282-293. 10. Long, R.W. Ph D. Dissertation, Brigham Young University, 2002. 11. Long, R.W.; Eatough, N.L.; Mangelson, N.F.; Thompson, W.; Fiet, K.; Smith, S.; Smith, R.; Eatough, D.J.; Pope, C.A.; Wilson, W.E. The Measurement of PM2.5, Including Semi-Volatile Components, in the EMPACT Program: Results from the Salt Lake City Study; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4407-4417. 12. Anderson, R.R.; Martello, D.V.; Rohar, P.C.; Strazisar, B.R.; Tamilia, J.P.; Waldner, K.; White, C.M.; Modey, W.K.; Mangelson, N.F.; Eatough, D.J. Sources and Composition of PM2.5 at the National Energy Technology Laboratory in Pittsburgh during July and August 2000; Energy Fuels 2002, 16, 261-269. 13. Pope, C.A.; Hansen, M.L.; Long, R.W.; Nielsen, K.R.; Eatough, N.L.; Wilson, W.E.; Eatough, D.J. Ambient Particulate Air Pollution, Heart Rate Variability, and Blood Markers of Inflammation in a Panel of Elderly Subjects; Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 339-345. 14. Carter, C.; Eatough, N.L.; Eatough, D.J.; Olson, N.; Long, R.W. Comparison of Speciation Sampler and PC-BOSS Fine Particulate Matter Organic Material Results Obtained in Lindon, Utah, during Winter 2001–2002; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 65-71. Volume 58 January 2008

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Grover et al. 15. Ding, Y.; Pang, Y.; Eatough, D.J. High Volume Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Routine Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter: I. Design and Optimization of the PC-BOSS; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 369-382. 16. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Method 5040, 4th ed.; O’Conner, P.F., Ed.; Publication No. 94-113; Department of Health and Human Services; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Washington, DC, 1994. 17. Birch, M.E.; Cary, R.A. Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Occupational Monitoring of Particulate Diesel Exhaust: Methodology and Exposure Issues; Analyst 1996, 121, 1183-1190. 18. Tang, H.; Lewis, E.A.; Eatough, D.J.; Burton, R.M.; Farber, R.J. Determination of the Particle Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Fine Particles; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 939-947. 19. Sioutas, C.; Koutrakis, P.; Burton, R.M. Development and Evaluation of a Low Cutpoint Virtual Impactor; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994, 21, 223-235. 20. Lewtas, J.; Booth, D.; Pang, Y.; Reimer, S.; Eatough, D.J.; Gundel, L. Comparison of Sampling Methods for Semi-Volatile Organic Carbon (SVOC) Associated with PM2.5; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 9-22. 21. Ellis, E.C.; Novakov, T. Application of Thermal Analysis to the Characterization of Organic Aerosol Particles; Sci. Total Environ. 1982, 23, 227-238. 22. Turpin, B.J.; Lim, H.-J. Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 602-610. 23. Grover, B.D.; Kleinman, M.; Eatough, N.L.; Eatough D.J.; Hopke, P.K.; Long, R.W.; Wilson, W.E.; Meyer, M.B.; Ambs, J.L. Measurement of

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Total PM2.5 Mass (Nonvolatile plus Semivolatile) with the Filter Dynamic Measurement System Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Monitor; J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D07S03; doi: 10.1029/ 2004JD004995.

About the Authors Brett D. Grover, graduate student, Michael Kleinman, undergraduate student, Norman L. Eatough, research professor, and Delbert J. Eatough, professor, are with the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Brigham Young University. Robert A. Cary is the president of Sunset Laboratory Inc. in Forest Grove, OR. Philip K. Hopke is a professor at Clarkson University. William E. Wilson is a senior scientist at EPA. Please address correspondence to: Delbert J. Eatough, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, E114 Benson Building, P.O. Box 25700, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602; phone: ⫹1-801-422-6040; fax: ⫹1-801-422-0153; e-mail: [email protected].

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 77