Medieval Period Bibliography

Medieval Period Bibliography

General Michael Alexander, A History of Old English Literature, 2nd ed. 2002. Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, 4th ed., 1993. Cordelia Beattie, The Medieval Household in Christian Europe c. 850–1550: Managing Power, Wealth and the Body, 2003. Susan Brown, Patricia Clements, and Isobel Grundy, eds., Orlando: Women Writers in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present, 2006. James Campbell, ed., The Anglo-Saxons, 1981. M.T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307, 2nd ed., 1993. John Cox and David Scott Kastan, eds., A New History of Early English Drama, 1997. Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, 1953. Wendy Davis, ed., The Short Oxford History of the British Isles: From the Vikings to the Normans, 2003. Carolyn Dinshaw and David Wallace, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Women’s Writing, 2003. Georges Duby, The Knight, The Lady, and the Priest: The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France, 1983. Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, 1978. Christopher Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520, 2002. A.S.G. Edwards, ed., Middle English Prose: A Critical Guide to Major Authors and Genres, 1984. [new ed.] Malcolm Godden and Michael Lapidge, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, 1991. Matthew Boyd Goldie, ed., Middle English Literature: A Historical Sourcebook, 2003.

Ralph Griffiths, ed., The Short Oxford History of the British Isles: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, 2003. Gordon Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy, and Ritual in the Medieval Civic Triumph, 1998. Roberta L. Krueger, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, 2000. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, 1999. C.S. Lewis, The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 1964. Roger Sherman Loomis, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History, 1959. David Luscombe, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, 2004. Rosamond McKitterick, ed., The Uses of Literacy in Early Medieval Europe, 1990. Bruce Mitchell, An Invitation to Old English and AngloSaxon England, 1995. R.I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215, 2000. Derek Pearsall, Old English and Middle English Poetry, 1977. David A. E. Pelteret, ed., Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings, 2000. F.P. Pickering, Literature and Art in the Middle Ages, 1970. Philip Pulsiano and Elaine Treharne, ed., A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature, 2001. Barbara H. Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages, 2nd ed., 2004. Peter Speed, ed., Those Who Prayed: An Anthology of Medieval Sources, 1997. F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England. 3rd ed.,1971. David Wallace, ed., The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, 1999. Michael Wood, Domesday: A Search for the Roots of England, 1986.

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Broadview Anthology of British Literature

Ælfric of Eynsham Text: For this anthology material has been newly translated by R.M. Liuzza. Editions: Peter Clemoes, ed., Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The First Series, Text, 1997. S.J. Crawford, ed., The Old English Version of the Hexateuch, Ælfric’s Treatise on the Old and New Testament and his Preface to Genesis, 1922, 1969. Malcolm Godden, ed., Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: Introduction, Commentary and Glossary, 2000. Malcolm Godden, ed., Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: the Second Series. Text, 1979. G.I. Needham, ed., Lives of Three English Saints: Ælfric, rev. ed., 1976. W.W. Skeat, Ælfric’s Lives of Saints: Being a Set of Sermons on Saints’ Days Formerly Observed by the English Church. reprint as two volumes, 1966. Jonathan Wilcox, ed., Ælfric’s Prefaces, 1994. Translations: Carmen Acevedo Butcher, God of Mercy: Ælfric’s Sermons and Theology, 2006. Benjamin Thorpe, ed., The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church: The First Part Containing the Sermones Catholici or Homilies of Aelfric, 1844. Bibliographies: Aaron Kleist, “An Annotated Bibliography of Ælfrician Studies: 1983–1996,” Old English Prose: Basic Readings, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 2000: 503–52. Luke M. Reinsma, Ælfric: An Annotated Bibliography, 1987. Studies: Janet Bately, “The Nature of Old English Prose,” The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. Malcolm Godden and Michael Lapidge, 1991: 7187. Michael Benskin, “The Literary Structure of Ælfric’s Life of King Edmund,” Loyal Letters: Studies on Mediaeval Alliterative Poetry and Prose, ed. L.A.J.R. Houwen and A.A. MacDonald, 1994: 1–27.

Peter A.M. Clemoes, “The Chronology of Ælfric’s Works,” The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in Some Aspects of their History and Culture Presented to Bruce Dickens, ed. Peter A.M. Clemoes, 1959. Milton McC Gatch, Preaching and Theology in AngloSaxon England: Ælfric and Wulfstan, 1977. M.R. Godden, “Ælfric and the Vernacular Prose Tradition,” The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds, ed. P. Szarmach and B. Huppé, 1978: 99–117. M.R. Godden, “Experiments in Genre: the Saints’ Lives in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies,” Holy Men and Holy Women: Old English Prose Saints’ Lives and their Contexts, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 1996: 261–87. Antonia Gransden, “Abbo of Fleury’s Passio Sancti Eadmundi,” Revue Bénédictine 105, 1995: 20–78, ill. Mark Griffith, “Ælfric’s Preface to Genesis: Genre, Rhetoric and the Origins of the Ars dictaminis,” Anglo-Saxon England 29, 2000: 215–34. Joyce Hill, “Reform and Resistance: Preaching Styles in Late Anglo-Saxon England,” De l’homélie au sermon: histoire de la prédication médiévale, ed. Jacqueline Hamesse and Xavier Hermand, 1993: 15–46. Bernard F. Huppé, “Alfred and Ælfric: a Study of Two Prefaces,” The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds, ed. P. Szarmach and B. Huppé, 1978: 119–37. James R. Hurt, Ælfric, 1972. Eric John, “The World of Abbot Ælfric,” Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies Presented to J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. Patrick Wormald, with Donald Bullough and Roger Collins, 1983: 300–16. R.M. Liuzza, “Who Read the Gospels in Old English?” Words and Works: Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature in Honour of Fred C. Robinson, ed. Nicholas Howe and Peter S. Baker, 1998: 3–24. Richard Marsden, “Ælfric as Translator: the Old English Prose Genesis,” Anglia 109, 1991: 319–58. Robert Stanton, The Culture of Translation in AngloSaxon England, , 2002. Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, “The Hero in Christian Reception: Ælfric and Heroic Poetry,” La funzione dell’eroe germanico: storicità, metafora, paradigma.


Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Roma, 6–8 maggio 1993, ed. Teresa Pàroli, 1995: 323–46.

Alfred the Great Text: For this anthology the Sweet translation from the Old English has been used. Editions: Carolin Schreiber, King Alfred’s Old English Translation of Pope Gregory the Great’s ‘Regula Pastoralis’ and its Cultural Context, 2002. Henry Sweet, ed. and trans., King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, 1871. Bibliographies: Nicole Guenther Discenza, “Alfred the Great: a Bibliography with Special Reference to Literature,” Old English Prose: Basic Readings, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 2000. Gregory Waite, Old English Prose Translations of King Alfred’s Reign, 2000. Criticism: Richard Abels, Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England, 1998. Janet M. Bately, The Literary Prose of King Alfred’s Reign: Translation or Transformation?, 1980. Kathleen Davis, “The Performance of Translation Theory in King Alfred’s National Literary Program,” Manuscript, Narrative, Lexicon: Essays on Literary and Cultural Transmission in Honor of Whitney F. Bolton, ed. Robert Boenig and Kathleen David, 2000: 149–70. Nicole Guenther Discenza, “Wealth and Wisdom: Symbolic Capital and the Ruler in the Transnational Program of Alfred the Great,” Exemplaria 13, 2001: 433–67. Sarah Foot, “The Making of Angelcynn: English Identity Before the Norman Conquest,” Old English Literature: Critical Essays, ed. M.J. Toswell, 2002: 51–78. Allen J. Frantzen, King Alfred, 1986.

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M.R. Godden, “King Alfred’s Preface and the Teaching of Latin in Anglo-Saxon England,” English History Review 117, 2002: 596–604. Bernard F. Huppé, “Alfred and Ælfric: a Study of Two Prefaces,” The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds, ed. P. Szarmach and B. Huppé, 1978: 119–37. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, trans., Alfred the Great: Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and Other Contemporary Sources, 1983. Jennifer Morrish, “King Alfred’s Letter as a Source on Learning in England in the Ninth Century,” Studies in Earlier Old English Prose, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 1986: 87–107. E.G. Stanley, “King Alfred’s Prefaces,” Review of English Studies 39, 1988: 349–64. Paul E. Szarmach, “The Meaning of Alfred’s Preface to the Pastoral Care,” Mediaevalia 6, 1982: 57–86.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Text: The text prepared by R.M. Liuzza for this volume draws on various manuscripts: most entries follow the text of the Peterborough Chronicle (known to scholars as E) or the Winchester Text (A). The translation draws heavily on those by Ingram and Giles; the Swanton Translation has also been consulted. Editions and translations: Janet M. Bately, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: MS A, 1986. J.A. Giles, ed. and trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1847. James Ingram, ed. and trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1823. Michael Swanton, ed. and trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, rev. ed., 2000. Criticism: Janet M. Bately, “Manuscript Layout and the AngloSaxon Chronicle,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 70, 1988: 21–43.

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Janet M. Bately, “The Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 60 BC to AD 890: Vocabulary as Evidence,” Proceedings of the British Academy 64, 1980: 93–129. Janet M. Bately, “The Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Once More,” Sources and Relations: Studies in Honour of J. E. Cross, ed. Marie Collins, Jocelyn Price, and Andrew Hamer, 1985: 7–26. Thomas A. Bredehoft, Textual Histories: Readings in the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,” 2001. David Dumville, “What is a Chronicle?” The Medieval Chronicle II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle Driebergen / Utrecht 16–21 July 1999, ed. Erik Kooper, 2002: 1–27. Sarah Foot, “Remembering, Forgetting and Inventing: Attitudes to the Past in England at the End of the First Viking Age,” Transactions of the Royal Histical Society, 1999: 185–200. Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, c. 550 –1307, 1974. Kenneth Harrison, “Early Wessex Annals in the AngloSaxon Chronicle,” English Historical Review, 86, 1971: 527–33. Richard P. Horvath, “History, Narrative, and the Ideological Mode of The Peterborough Chronicle,” Mediaevalia 17, 1994: 123–48. Nicholas Howe, “An Angle on This Earth: Sense of Place in Anglo-Saxon England,” Bull. of the John Rylands Univ. Lib. of Manchester 82, 2000: 3–27. Anton Scharer, “The Writing of History at King Alfred’s Court,” Early Medieval Europe, 1996: 177–206. Alice Sheppard, Families of the King: Writing Identity in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 2004.

The Battle of Maldon Text: The poem has been newly translated by R.M. Liuzza for this anthology. Editions: E.V. Gordon, ed., The Battle of Maldon, rev. ed., 1976. D.G., Scragg, ed., The Battle of Maldon, 1981.

Bibliography: Wendy E.J. Collier, “A Bibliography of the Battle of Maldon,” The Battle of Maldon, AD 991, ed. Donald Scragg, 1991: 294–301. Also online at Criticism: W.G. Busse, and R. Holtei, “The Battle of Maldon: A Historical, Heroic and Political Poem,” Neophilologus 65, 1981: 614–21. Christopher M. Cain, “The ‘Fearful Symmetry’ of Maldon: The Apocalypse, the Poet, and the Millennium,” Comitatus 28, 1997: 1–16. Janet Cooper, ed., The Battle of Maldon: Fiction and Fact, 1993. Craig R. Davis, “Cultural Historicity in The Battle of Maldon,” Philological Quarterly 78, 1999: 151–69. Paul Dean, “History Versus Poetry: The Battle of Maldon,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 93, 1992: 99–108. Roberta Frank, “The Battle of Maldon and Heroic Literature,” The Battle of Maldon, AD 991, ed. Donald Scragg, 1991: 196–207. Roberta Frank, “The Ideal of Men Dying with their Lord in The Battle of Maldon: Anachronism or nouvelle vague?” People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600: Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer, ed. Ian Wood and Niels Lund, 1991: 95–106. John M. Hill, “Transcendental Loyalty in The Battle of Maldon,” Mediaevalia 17, 1994: 67–88. John M. Hill, The Anglo-Saxon Warrior Ethic: Reconstructing Lordship in Early English Literature, 2000. Simon Keynes, “The Historical Context of the Battle of Maldon,” The Battle of Maldon AD 991, ed. Donald Scragg, 1991: 81–113. John D. Niles, “Maldon and Mythopoesis,” Mediaevalia 17, 1994: 89–121. Mary P. Richards, “The Battle of Maldon in its Manuscript Context,” Mediaevalia 7, 1984: 79–89. Fred C. Robinson, “God, Death, and Loyalty in The Battle of Maldon,” J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller: Essays in Memoriam, ed. Mary Salu and Robert T. Farrell, 1979: 76–98. Fred C. Robinson, “Some Aspects of the Maldon Poet’s


Artistry,” Journal of English and Germanic Poetry 75, 1976: 25–40. Donald Scragg, ed., The Battle of Maldon AD 991, 1991. Rosemary Woolf, “The Ideal of Men Dying with their Lord in the Germania and in The Battle of Maldon,” Anglo-Saxon England 5, 1976: 63–81.

Bede’s Ecclesiastical History and Cædmon’s Hymn Text: Selections have been translated for this volume from the Latin by R.M. Liuzza; previous translations have been consulted. Editions: Bertram Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors, eds. and trans., Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 1969. Daniel O’Donnell, Cædmon’s Hymn: A Multi-media Study, Edition and Archive, 2005. [book + CDROM.] Translations: J.A. Giles ed., L. Stevens, trans., with notes by L.C. Jane, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, 1910. Leo Sherley-Price and D.H. Farmer, trans., Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People, with Bede’s Letter to Egbert and Cuthbert’s Letter on the Death of Bede, rev. ed., 1990. Criticism: Peter Hunter Blair, Northumbria in the Days of Bede, 1976. Peter Hunter Blair, The World of Bede, rev. ed., 1990. George Hardin Brown, “The Age of Bede,” Anglo-Latin in the Context of Old English Literature, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 1983: 1–6. George Hardin Brown, Bede the Venerable, 1987. George Hardin Brown, “Royal and Ecclesiastical Rivalries in Bede’s History,” Renascence 52.1, 1999: 19–33. Paul Cavill, “Bede and Cædmon’s Hymn,” “Lastworda Betst”: Essays in Memory of Christine E. Fell with Her Unpublished Writings, ed. Carole Hough and

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Kathryn A. Lowe, 2002. Walter Goffart, The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon, 1988. Jane Hawkes, The Golden Age of Northumbria, 1996. N.J. Higham, An English Empire: Bede and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings, 1995. N.J. Higham, The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England, 1997. Kevin S. Kiernan, “Reading Cædmon’s ‘Hymn’ with Someone Else’s Glosses,” Old English Literature: Critical Essays, ed. R.M. Liuzza, 2002: 103–24. Clare A. Lees and Gillian R. Overing, “Birthing Bishops and Fathering Poets: Bede, Hild, and the Relations of Cultural Production,” Exemplaria 6, 1994: 35–65. Henry Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed., 1991. Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, “Orality and the Developing Text of Cædmon’s Hymn,” Speculum 62, 1987: 1–20. Andy Orchard, “Poetic Inspiration and Prosaic Translation: The Making of Cædmon’s Hymn,” Studies in English Language and Literature: “Doubt Wisely”: Papers in Honour of E. G. Stanley, ed. M.J. Toswell and E.M. Tyler, 1996: 402–22. P.R. Orton, “Cædmon and Christian Poetry,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 84, 1983: 163–10. Robert W. Hanning, The Vision of History in Early Britain, 1966. Joel T. Rosenthal, “Bede’s Use of Miracles in The Ecclesiastical History,” Traditio 31, 1975: 328–35. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People: a Historical Commentary, 1988. Benedicta Ward, “Miracles and History: A Reconsideration of the Miracle Stories Used by Bede,” Famulus Christi: Essays in Commemoration of the Thirteenth Centenary of the Birth of the Venerable Bede, ed. Gerald Bonner, 1976: 70–76. Benedicta Ward, The Venerable Bede, rev. ed., 1998. Patrick Wormald, “Bede, Beowulf and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy,” Bede and AngloSaxon England: Papers in Honour of the 1300th Anniversary of the Birth of Bede, Given at Cornell University in 1973 and 1974, ed. R.T. Farrell, 1978.

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Patrick Wormald, “Bede, the Bretwaldas and the Origins of the Gens Anglorum,” Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies Presented to J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. Patrick Wormald, 1983.

Beowulf Text: The translation used is that of R.M. Liuzza. Editions: George Jack, ed., “Beowulf”: A Student Edition, rev. ed., 1997. Kevin Kiernan, Andrew Prescott, et al. Electronic “Beowulf,” 1999. [2 CD-ROMs.] Friedrich Klaeber, Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburgh, 3rd ed., 1950. Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson, eds., “Beowulf”: An Edition with Relevant Shorter Texts, 1998. C.L. Wrenn, ed., Beowulf: With the Finnesburg Fragment, rev. ed., 1973. Translations: Michael Alexander, trans., Beowulf: A Verse Translation, 2001. Howell D. Chickering, trans., Beowulf: A DualLanguage Edition, 2006. Stanley B. Greenfield, trans., A Readable “Beowulf”: The Old English Epic Newly Translated, 1982. Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf, 1999. Marc Hudson, ed. and trans., “Beowulf”: A Translation and Commentary, 1990. Roy Liuzza, ed. and trans., Beowulf, 1999. Randolph Swearer, Raymond Oliver, and Marijane Osborn, trans., Beowulf: A Likeness, 1990. Bibliographies: Robert J. Hasenfratz, “Beowulf” Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography, 1979–1990, 1993. Douglas D. Short, “Beowulf” Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography, 1980. Criticism: Peter S. Baker, ed., The Beowulf Reader, 1995.

Robert E. Bjork, and John Niles, ed., A Beowulf Handbook, 1997. Colin Chase, ed., The Dating of Beowulf, rev. ed., 1997. James W. Earl, Thinking About “Beowulf,” 1994. Roberta Frank, “The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History,” The Wisdom of Poetry: Essays in Early English Literature in Honor of Morton W. Bloomfield, ed. Larry D. Benson and Siegfried Wenzel, 1982: 53–65, 271–77. R.D. Fulk, ed., Interpretations of “Beowulf”: A Critical Anthology, 1991. Robert W. Hanning, “Beowulf as Heroic History,” Medievalia et Humanistica 5, 1974: 77–102. Kevin S. Kiernan, “Beowulf” and the “Beowulf” Manuscript, rev. ed., 1996. R.M. Liuzza, “Beowulf: Monuments, Memory, History,” Readings in Medieval Texts: Interpreting Old and Middle English Literature, ed. Elaine Treharne and David Johnson, 2005: 91–108. J.D. Niles, Beowulf: The Poem and its Tradition, 1983. Andy Orchard, A Critical Companion to “Beowulf,” 2003. Gillian R. Overing, Language, Sign, and Gender in “Beowulf,” 1990. Fred C. Robinson, “Beowulf” and the Appositive Style, 1985. T.A. Shipping, Beowulf, 1978.

The Blickling Homilies Text: The translation used in this anthology, by R.M. Liuzza, is adapted from that of R. Morris. Editions and translations: Richard J. Kelly, ed., The Blickling Homilies, 2003. R. Morris, ed. The Blickling Homilies, 1874–80. Rudolph Willard, The Blickling Homilies: The John H. Scheide Library, Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1960. Bibliographies: Janet M. Bately, Anonymous Old English Homilies: A Preliminary Bibliography of Source Studies, 1993. Alo online at http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/ rawl/homilies/home.htm.


Criticism: Robin Ann Aronstam, “The Blickling Homilies: a Reflection of Popular Anglo-Saxon Belief,” Law, Church, and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner, ed. Kenneth Pennington and Robert Somerville, 1977: 271–80. J.E. Cross, “Vernacular Sermons in Old English,” The Sermon, ed. Beverly Mayne Kienzle, 2000: 561–96. Marcia A. Dalbey, “Themes and Techniques in the Blickling Lenten Homilies,” The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds, ed. P. Szarmach and B. Huppé, 1978: 221–39. Julia Dietrich, “The Liturgical Context of Blickling Homily X,” American Notes and Queries 18, 1980: 138–39. Robert DiNapoli, An Index of Theme and Image to the Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, 1995. Milton McC. Gatch, “The Unknowable Audience of the Blickling Homilies,” Anglo-Saxon England 18, 1989: 99–115. Joyce Hill, “Monastic Reform and the Secular Church,” England in the Eleventh Century: Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Carola Hicks, 1992: 103–17. J. Elizabeth Jeffrey, Blickling Spirituality and the Old English Vernacular Homily: A Textual Analysis, 1989. D.R. Letson, “The Form of the Old English Homily,” American Benedictine Review 30, 1979: 399–431. Alex Nicholls, “The Corpus of Prose Saints’ Lives and Hagiographic Pieces in Old English and its Manuscript Distribution,” Reading Medieval Studies 20, 1994: 51–87. Alexandra Olsen, “The Homiletic Tradition in Old English,” In Geardagum 18, 1997: 1–13. Ingrid Ranum, “Blickling Homily X and the Millennial Apocalyptic Vision,” In Geardagum 19, 1998: 41–49. D.G. Scragg, “The Corpus of Vernacular Homilies and Prose Saints’ Lives Before Ælfric,” Anglo-Saxon England 8, 1979: 223–77. D.G. Scragg, “The Homilies of the Blickling Manuscript,” Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. Michael Lapidge and Helmut Gneuss, 1985: 299–316.

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D.G. Scragg, Dating and Style in Old English Composite Homilies, 1999. Paul E.Szarmach and Bernard F. Huppé, eds., The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds, 1978.

Geoffrey Chaucer Text: This anthology uses text and notes prepared by Robert Boenig and Andrew Taylor for their forthcoming Broadview edition. Boenig and Taylor work mainly from the Ellesmere but they draw attention in their notes to significant variants. Editions: Robert Boeing and Andrew Taylor, eds., The Canterbury Tales, 2007. A.C. Cawley, ed., The Canterbury Tales, 1991. Larry D. Benson et al., eds., The Riverside Chaucer, 1987. E. Talbot Donaldson, ed., Chaucer’s Poetry: An Anthology for the Modern Reader, 1958. Paul G. Ruggiers and Donald M. Rose, eds., The Facsimile Series of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 1980–87. Biographies: Derek Brewer, Chaucer in his Time, 1964. Derek Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer: A Critical Biography, 1992. Velma Bourgeois Richmond, Geoffrey Chaucer, 1992. Criticism: Piero Boitani, ed., The Cambridge Chaucer Companion, 1986. Helen Cooper, ed., The Oxford Guides to Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales, 2nd ed., 1996. Carolyn Dinshaw, Chaucer’s Sexual Poetics, 1989. Steve Ellis, ed., Chaucer: An Oxford Guide, 2005. Douglas Gray, ed., The Oxford Companion to Chaucer, 2003. Seth Lerer, ed., The Yale Companion to Chaucer, 2006. Lee Patterson, Chaucer and the Subject of History, 1991. Derek Pearsall, ed., The Canterbury Tales, 1985.

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D.W. Robertson, A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives, 1962. Beryl Rowland, ed., Companion to Chaucer Studies, 1979. Paul Strohm, Social Chaucer, 1989.

Contexts: The Crises of the Fourteenth Century John Alberth, From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages, 2001. C.T. Allmand, ed., War, Literature, and Politics in the Late Middle Ages, 1976. Emilie Amt, ed., Medieval England, 1000–1500: A Reader, 2000. Norman F. Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made, 2001. Ivy Corfis and Michael Wolfe, eds., The Medieval City Under Siege, 1995. Patrick Geary, ed., Readings in Medieval History, 3rd ed., 2003. Ralph Griffiths, ed., The Short Oxford History of the British Isles: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, 2003. R. Horrox, ed., The Black Death, 1994. Maurice Hugh Keen, ed., Medieval Warfare: A History, 1999. John Kelly, The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of all Time, 2005. Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Medieval Towns: A Reader, 2006. Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages, 2nd ed., 2004. John Shinners, ed., Medieval Popular Religion, 1000–1500: A Reader, 1997. Brian Tierney, ed., Sources of Medieval History, 5th ed., 1992. Ronald Webber, The Peasants’ Revolts: The Uprising in Kent, Essex, East Anglia and London in 1381 During the Reign of King Richard II, 1980.

Contexts: Love and Marriage in Medieval Britain Emilie Amt, ed., Medieval England, 1000–1500: A Reader, 2000. D.L. d’Avray, Medieval Marriage: Symbolism and Society, 2005. Cristelle Baskins and Sherry Roush, eds., The Medieval Marriage Scene: Prudence, Passion, Policy, 2005. Christopher Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage, 1989. J.D. Burnley, Courtliness and Literature in Medieval England, 1998. Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love, trans. and ed., John Jay Perry, rev. ed., 1990. Albrecht Classen, ed., Discourses on Love, Marriage, and Transgression in Medieval and Early Modern Literature, 2004. Denis De Rougemont, trans. M. Belgion, Love in the Western World, 1983. Patrick Geary, ed., Readings in Medieval History, 3rd ed., 2003. Ruth Mazo Karras, Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing unto Others, 2005. Conor McCarthy, Marriage in Medieval England: Law, Literature and Practice, 2004. Linda Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and Politics in England 1225–1350, 2003. Jacqueline Murray, ed., Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader, 2001. Carol Neel, ed., Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household, and Children, 2004. Frederik Pedersen, Marriage Disputes in Medieval England, 2000. Pamela Porter, Courtly Love in Medieval Manuscripts, 2003. Philip Reynolds, Marriage in the Western Church: The Christianization of Marriage During the Patristic and Early Medieval Periods, 2001. Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages, 2nd ed., 2004.


Contexts: Religious and Spiritual Life Emilie Amt, ed., Medieval England, 1000–1500: A Reader, 2000. Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320, 1993. Constance H. Berman, ed., Medieval Religion: New Approaches, 2005. Nancy Caciola, Discerning Spirits: Divine and Demonic Possession in the Middle Ages, 2003. Theresa Coletti, Mary Magdalene and the Drama of Saints: Theater, Gender, and Religion in Late Medieval England, 2004. Patrick Geary, ed., Readings in Medieval History, 3rd ed., 2003. Bernard Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West, 2003. Ione Kempe Knight, ed., Wimbledon’s Sermon: Redde Rationem Villicationis Tue: A Middle English Sermon of the Fourteenth Century, 1967. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. B. Bray 1979. Gordon Leffe, Heresy, Philosophy and Religion in the Medieval West, 2002. Jacques LeGoff, The Birth of Purgatory, trans. A. Goldhammer, 1984. Carter Lindberg, A Brief History of Christianity, 2006. Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker, ed., The Invention of Saintliness, 2002. Barbara Newman, From Virile Woman to WomanChrist: Studies in Medieval Religion and Literature, 1995. Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages, 2nd ed., 2004. John Shinners, ed., Medieval Popular Religion, 1000– 1500: A Reader, 1997. May-Ann Stouck, ed., Medieval Saints: A Reader, 1998. Diana Wood, ed., Women and Religion in Medieval England, 2003.

The Cotton Maxims (also known as Maxims II and as Gnomic Verses ) Text: The translation used is that of Elliot Von Kirk Dobbie.

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Editions and translations: J.K. Bollard, “The Cotton Maxims,” Neophilologus 57, 1973: 179–87. Elliot Van Kirk Dobbie, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems, 1942. Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, ed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 5, 2001. Michael Alexander, ed. and trans., The Earliest English Poems, 3rd ed., 1992. Bibliography: Russell Poole, Old English Wisdom Poetry, Annotated Bibliographies of Old and Middle English Literature 5, 1998: 204–233. Criticism: Nigel F. Barley, “Structure in the Cotton Gnomes,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 78, 1977: 244–49. J.K. Bollard, “The Cotton Maxims,” Neophilologus 57, 1973: 179–87. Stanley B. Greenfield and Richard Evert, “Maxims II: Gnome and Poem,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 337–54. Elaine Tuttle Hansen, The Solomon Complex: Reading Wisdom in Old English Poetry, 1988. Thomas D. Hill, “Notes on the Old English ‘Maxims’ I and II,” Notes and Queries 215, 1970: 445–47. Nicholas Howe, The Old English Catalogue Poems, 1985. Carolyne Larrington, A Store of Common Sense: Gnomic Theme and Style in Old Icelandic and Old English Wisdom Poetry, 1993. Audrey L. Meaney, “The ides of the Cotton Gnomic Poem,” Medium Ævum 48, 1979: 23–39. Fred C. Robinson, “Old English Literature in its Most Immediate Context,” Old English Literature in Context, ed. J.D. Niles, 1980: 11–29. Fred C. Robinson, “Understanding an Old English Wisdom Verse: Maxims II, Lines 10ff,” The Wisdom of Poetry: Essays in Early English Literature in Honor of Morton W. Bloomfield, ed. Larry D. Benson and Siegfried Wenzel, 1982: 1–11. Leslie Whitbread, “Two Notes on Minor Old English Poems,” Studia Neophilologica 20, 1948: 192–98.

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The Dream of the Rood Texts: The poem has been newly translated for this anthology by R.M. Liuzza. Editions: George P. Krapp, ed., The Vercelli Book, 1932. Michael Swanton, ed., The Dream of the Rood, rev. ed., 1996. Criticism: Earl R. Anderson, “Liturgical Influence in The Dream of the Rood,” Neophilologus 73, 1989: 293–304. Mary Dockray-Miller, “The Feminized Cross of The Dream of the Rood,” Philological Quarterly 76, 1997: 1–18. Andrew Galloway, “Dream-Theory in The Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer,” Review of English Studies 45, 1994: 475–85. Antonina Harbus, “Dream and Symbol in The Dream of the Rood,” Nottingham Medieval Studies 40, 1996: 1–15. Julia Bolton Holloway, “‘The Dream of the Rood’ and Liturgical Drama,” Drama in the Middle Ages: Comparative and Critical Essays, eds. Clifford Davidson and John H. Stroupe, 1991: 24–42. A.D. Horgan, “The Dream of the Rood and Christian Tradition,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 79, 1978: 11–20. Martin Irvine, “Anglo-Saxon Literary Theory Exemplified in Old English Poems: Interpreting the Cross in The Dream of the Rood and Elene,” Style 20, 1986: 157–81. Edward B. Irving, Jr., “Crucifixion Witnessed, or Dramatic Interaction in The Dream of the Rood,” Modes of Interpretation in Old English Literature: Essays in Honour of Stanley B. Greenfield, ed. Phyllis Rugg Brown, Georgia Ronan Crampton, and Fred C. Robinson, 1986: 101–13. Margaret Jennings, “Rood and Ruthwell: The Power of Paradox,” English Language Notes 31, 1994: 6–12. David F. Johnson, “Old English Religious Poetry: Christ and Satan and The Dream of the Rood,” Companion to Old English Poetry, ed. Henk Aertsen and Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr., 1994: 159–87.

Alvin A. Lee, “Toward a Critique of The Dream of the Rood,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 163–91. Sandra McEntire, “The Devotional Context of the Cross before A. D. 1000,” Sources of Anglo-Saxon Culture, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 1986: 345–56. Éamonn Ó’Carrigáin, “Crucifixion as Annunciation: The Relation of The Dream of the Rood to the Liturgy Reconsidered,” English Studies 63, 1982: 487–505. Éamonn Ó Carragáin, “How Did the Vercelli Collector Interpret The Dream of the Rood ?” Studies in English Language and Early Literature in Honour of Paul Christophersen, ed. P. M. Tilling, 1981: 63–104. Éamonn Ó Carragáin, Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition, 2005. Carol Braun Pasternack, “Stylistic Disjunctions in The Dream of the Rood,” Anglo-Saxon England 13, 1984: 167–86.

Everyman Text: Like all modern editions, the text here derives from the earliest printed text of the play (early sixteenth century), as reproduced by W.W. Greg, 1904. Spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized. Editions: A.C. Cawley, ed., Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays, 1990. Vincent Foster Hopper, ed., Medieval Mystery Plays: Abraham and Issac, Noah’s Flood, The Second Shepherd’s Play, Morality Plays, The Castle of Perseverance, Everyman, and the Interludes, 1962. Gerald E. Bentley, ed., The Development of Drama: An Anthology, 1950. David Bevington, ed., Medieval Drama, 1975. Criticism: Richard Beadle, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre, 1994.


John Cunningham, “Comedic and Liturgical Restoration in Everyman,” Drama in the Middle Ages: Comparative and Critical Essays, Second Series, eds. Clifford Davidson and John H. Stroupe, 1990. W.A. Davenport, Fifteenth-Century English Drama: The Early Moral Plays and their Literary Relations, 1982. David Mills, “The Theaters of Everyman,” From Page to Performance: Essays in Early English Drama, ed. John A. Alfred, 1995. Ron Tanner, “Humor in Everyman and the Middle English Morality Play,” Philological Quarterly 70, 1991: 149–61. Jerome Taylor, ed., Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual, 1972. Zacharias P. Thundy, “Morality Plays: Mankind and Everyman,” Old and Middle English Literature, eds. Jeffrey Helterman and Jerome Mitchell, 1994: 400–04. D. Jerry White, Early English Drama, Everyman to 1580: A Reference Guide, 1986.

Exeter Book Elegies: The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Wife’s Lament, The Ruin Text: The poems have been newly translated for this anthology by R.M. Liuzza. Editions: Ida Gordon, ed., The Seafarer, reprint, 1979. Anne L. Klinck, The Old English Elegies: a Critical Edition and Genre Study, 1992. R.F. Leslie, ed., Three Old English Elegies: “The Wife’s Lament,” “The Husband’s Message,” “The Ruin,” reprint 1988. Roy F. Leslie, ed., The Wanderer, reprint, 1985. Bernard J. Muir, ed., The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501, 2 vols., 1994. Bibliographies: Juan C. Conde-Silvestre, “The Wanderer and The Seafarer: A Bibliography 1971–1991,” SELIM 2, 1992: 170–86. Bernard J. Muir, The Exeter Book: A Bibliography, 1992.

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Criticism: William Alfred, “The Drama of The Wanderer,” The Wisdom of Poetry: Essays in Early English Literature in Honor of Morton W. Bloomfield, ed. Larry D. Benson and Siegfried Wenzel, 1982: 31–44. Janet Bately, “Time and the Passing of Time in ‘The Wanderer’ and Related OE Texts,” Essays and Studies 37, 1984: 1–15. Margrét Gunnarsdóttir Champion, “From Plaint to Praise: Language as Cure in ‘The Wanderer,’” Studia Neophilologica 69, 1997: 187–202. Marilynn Desmond, “The Voice of Exile: Feminist Literary History and the Anonymous Anglo-Saxon Elegy,” Critical Inquiry 16, 1990: 572–90. Fiona Gameson and Richard Gameson, “Wulf and Eadwacer, The Wife’s Lament, and the Discovery of the Individual in Old English Verse,” Studies in English Language and Literature. “Doubt Wisely”: Papers in Honour of E. G. Stanley, ed. M.J. Toswell and E. M. Tyler, 1996: 457–74. Martin Green, “Man, Time, and Apocalypse in The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Beowulf,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 74, 1975: 502–18. Martin Green, ed., The Old English Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research, 1983: 240. Martin Green, “Time, Memory, and Elegy in The Wife’s Lament,” The Old English Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research, ed. Martin Green, 1983: 123–32. Stanley B. Greenfield, “Sylf, Seasons, Structure and Genre in The Seafarer,” Anglo-Saxon England 9, 1981: 199–211. A.D. Horgan, “The Structure of The Seafarer,” Review of English Studies 30, 1979: 41–49. Shari Horner, “En/Closed Subjects: The Wife’s Lament and the Culture of Early Medieval Female Monasticism,” Æstel 2, 1994: 45–61. Nicholas Howe, “The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England: Inherited, Invented, Imagined,” Inventing Medieval Landscapes: Senses of Place in Western Europe, ed. John Howe and Michael Wolfe, 2002: 91–112. Kathryn Hume, “The ‘Ruin Motif’ in Old English Poetry,” Anglia 94, 1976: 339–60. W.F. Klein, “Purpose and the ‘Poetics’ of The Wanderer

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and The Seafarer,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 208– 23. Roy F. Leslie, “The Editing of Old English Poetic Texts: Questions of Style,” Old English Poetry: Essays on Style, ed. Daniel G. Calder, 1979: 111–25. Roy F. Leslie, “The Meaning and Structure of The Seafarer,” The Old English Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research, ed. Martin Green, 1983: 96–122. R.M. Liuzza, “The Tower of Babel: The Wanderer and the Ruins of History,” Studies in the Literary Imagination 36, 2003: 1–35 Karma Lochrie, “Wyrd and the Limits of Human Understanding: A Thematic Sequence in the Exeter Book,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 85, 1986: 323–31. María José Mora, “The Invention of the Old English Elegy,” English Studies 76, 1995: 129–39. Andy Orchard, “Re-reading The Wanderer: The Value of Cross-References,” Via Crucis: Essays on Early Medieval Sources and Ideas in Memory of J.E. Cross, ed. Thomas N. Hall, 2002: 1–26. Peter Orton, “The Form and Structure of The Seafarer,” Studia Neophilologica 63, 1991: 37–55. Carol Braun Pasternack, “Anonymous Polyphony and The Wanderer’s Textuality,” Anglo-Saxon England 20, 1991: 99–122. Carol Braun Pasternack, The Textuality of Old English Poetry, 1995. Alain Renoir, “A Reading Context for The Wife’s Lament,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 224–41. Gerald Richman, “Speaker and Speech Boundaries in The Wanderer,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 81, 1982: 469–79. Jane Roberts, “The Exeter Book: swa is lar 7 ar to spowendre spræce gelæded,” Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters 11, 1981: 302–19. John L. Selzer, “The Wanderer and the Meditative Tradition,” Studies in Philology 80, 1983: 227–37. T.A. Shippey, “The Wanderer and The Seafarer as Wisdom Poetry,” Companion to Old English Poetry,

ed. Henk Aertsen and Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr., 1994: 145–58. Barrie Ruth Straus, “Women’s Words as Weapons: Speech as Action in ‘The Wife’s Lament,’” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 23, 1981: 268–85. Arnold V. Talentino, “Moral Irony in The Ruin,” Papers on Language and Literature 14, 1978: 3–10. Ruth Wehlau, “‘Seeds of Sorrow’: Landscapes of Despair in The Wanderer, Beowulf’s Story of Hrethel and Sonatorrek,” Parergon 15, 1998: 1–17. Karl P. Wentersdorf, “The Situation of the Narrator in the Old English Wife’s Lament,” Speculum 56, 1981: 492–516. Rosemary Woolf, “The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and the Genre of Planctus,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 192– 207.

Exeter Book Riddles Text: This anthology reprints the translations of Craig Williamson. Editions: George P. Krapp and Elliot Van Kirk Dobbie, eds., The Exeter Book, 1936. Bernard Muir, ed., The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry, 1994. Craig Williamson, ed., The Old English Riddles of the “Exeter Book,” 1977. Translations: Kevin Crossley-Holland, trans., The Exeter Book Riddles, rev. ed., 1993. Craig Williamson, ed., A Feast of Creatures: Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Songs, 1982. Criticism: Edward B. Irving, Jr., “Heroic Experience in the Old English Riddles,” Old English Shorter Poems: Basic Readings, ed. Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, 1994: 199– 212.


Marie Nelson, “Four Social Functions of the Exeter Book Riddles,” Neophilologus 75, 1991: 445–50. Marie Nelson, “The Rhetoric of the Exeter Book Riddles,” Speculum 49, 1974: 421–40. John D. Niles, “Exeter Book Riddle 74 and the Play of the Text,” Anglo-Saxon England 27, 1998: 169–207. Peter Orton, “The Technique of Object-Personification in The Dream of the Rood and a Comparison with the Old English Riddles,” Leeds Studies in English 11, 1980: 1–18. Fred C. Robinson, “Artful Ambiguities in the Old English ‘Book-Moth’ Riddle,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 355–62. D.K. Smith, “Humor in Hiding: Laughter Between the Sheets in the Exeter Book Riddles,” Humour in Anglo-Saxon Literature, ed. Jonathan Wilcox, 2000: 79–98.

Exodus Text: The poem has been newly translated for this anthology by R.M. Liuzza. Editions: George Philip Krapp, ed., The Junius Manuscript, Anglo–Saxon Poetic Records 1, 1931. Peter J. Lucas, ed., Exodus, rev. ed., 1994. Bernard James Muir, ed., A Digital Facsimile of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Junius 11, 2004. J.R.R. Tolkien, trans., The Old English “Exodus,” ed. J. Turville-Petre, 1981. Translations: Stanley B. Greenfield, trans., “Exodus,” Old English Newsletter 21, 1987: 15–20. Damian Love, “The Old English Exodus. A Verse Translation,” Neophilologus 86, 2002: 621–39. Criticism: James Earl, “Christian Traditions in the Old English Exodus,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 71, 1970: 541–70

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Roberta Frank, “What Kind of Poetry Is Exodus?” Germania: Comparative Studies in the Old Germanic Languages and Literatures, ed. Daniel G. Calder and T. Craig Christy, 1988: 191–205. Brian Green, “The Mode and Meaning of the Old English Exodus,” English Studies in Africa 24, 1981: 73–82. Stanley R. Hauer, “The Patriarchal Digression in the Old English Exodus, Lines 362–446,” Eight AngloSaxon Studies, ed. J. Wittig, 1981: 77–90. William Helder, “Abraham and the Old English Exodus,” Companion to Old English Poetry, ed. Henk Aertsen and Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr., 1994. 189–200. George Henderson, “The Programme of Illustrations in Bodleian MS Junius XI,” Studies in Memory of David Talbot Rice, ed. Giles Robertson and George Henderson, 1975: 113–45, ill. Nicholas Howe, Migration and Mythmaking in AngloSaxon England, 1989. Rosemary Huisman, “Anglo-Saxon Interpretative Practices and the First Seven Lines of the Old English Poem Exodus: the Benefits of Close Reading,” Parergon 10, 1992: 51–57. Catherine E. Karkov, Text and Picture in Anglo-Saxon England: Narrative Strategies in the Junius 11 Manuscript, 2001. Steven F. Kruger, “Oppositions and their Opposition in the Old English Exodus,” Neophilologus 78, 1994: 165–70. R.M. Liuzza, ed., The Poems of MS Junius 11: Basic Readings, 2002. Leslie Lockett, “An Integrated Re-examination of the Dating of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11,” Anglo-Saxon England 31, 2002: 141–73. Phyllis Portnoy, “Ring Composition and the Digressions of Exodus: The ‘Legacy’ of the ‘Remnant’.” English Studies 82, 2001: 289–307. Barbara C. Raw, “The Construction of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11,” Anglo-Saxon England 13, 1984: 187–207 Paul G. Remley, Old English Biblical Verse: Studies in “Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel,” 1996. E.G. Stanley, “Notes on the Text of Exodus,” Sources and Relations: Studies in Honour of J. E. Cross, ed.

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Marie Collins, Jocelyn Price, and Andrew Hamer, 1985: 240–45. Geoffrey of Monmouth Text: For this anthology the Sebastian Evans translation is used; we anticipate changing to the Faletra translation on an early reprint. Editions and translations: Charles W. Dunn, ed., The History of the Kings of Britain, 1963. Sebastian Evans, trans., A History of the Kings of Britain, 1903. Michael Faletra, ed. and trans., The History of the Kings of Britain, 2007. Jacob Hammer, ed., Historia Regum Britanniae, 1951. Lewis Thorpe, trans., The History of the Kings of Britain, 1977. Neil Wright, ed., The Historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth, 1985. Criticism: Julia C. Crick, The Historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth: Dissemination and Reception in the Later Middle Ages, 1991. Michael Curley, Geoffrey of Monmouth, 1994. Robert W. Hanning, The Vision of History in Early Britain from Gildas to Geoffrey of Monmouth, 1966. R. William Leckie, Jr., The Passage of Dominion: Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Periodization of Insular History in the Twelfth Century, 1981. John Jay Parry and Robert Caldwell, “Geoffrey of Monmouth,” Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, ed. Roger S. Loomis, 1959. Nancy Partner, Serious Entertainments: The Writing of History in Twelfth-Century England, 1977. John Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae and its Early Vernacular Versions, 1950.

Judith Text: The poem has been newly translated for this anthology be Stephen Gloseck

Editions: Mark Griffith, ed., Judith, 1997. Marie Nelson, ed. and trans., Judith, Juliana, and Elene: Three Fighting Saints, 1991. Criticism: Ann W. Astell, “Holofernes's Head: Tacen and Teaching in the Old English Judith,” Anglo-Saxon England 18, 1989: 117–33. David Chamberlain, “Judith: A Fragmentary and Political Poem,” Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation, For John C. McGalliard, ed. Lewis E. Nicholson and Dolores Warwick Frese, 1975: 135–159. Jane Chance, Woman as Hero in Old English Literature, 1986. Mary Dockray-Miller, “Female Community in the Old English Judith,” Studia Neophilologica 70, 1998: 165–72. Christopher Fee, “Judith and the Rhetoric of Heroism in Anglo-Saxon England,” English Studies 78, 1997: 401–06. Martina Häcker, “The Original Length of the Old English Judith. More Doubt(s) on the ‘Missing Text’,” Leeds Studies in English 27, 1996: 1–18. John P. Hermann, “The Theme of Spiritual Warfare in the Old English Judith,” Philological Quarterly 55, 1976: 1–9. Susan Kim, “Bloody Signs: Circumcision and Pregnancy in the Old English Judith,” Exemplaria 11, 1999: 285–307. Karma Lochrie, “Gender, Sexual Violence, and the Politics of War in the Old English Judith,” Class and Gender in Early English Literature, ed. Britton J. Harwood and Gillian R. Overing, 1994: 1–20. Peter J. Lucas, “The Place of Judith in the BeowulfManuscript,” Review of English Studies 41, 1990: 463–78.


Hugh Magennis, “Adaptation of Biblical Detail in the Old English Judith: the Feast Scene,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 84, 1983: 331–37. Hugh Magennis, “Gender and Heroism in the Old English Judith,” Writing Gender and Genre in Medieval Literature: Approaches to Old and Middle English Texts, ed. Elaine Treharne, 2002: 5–18. Elizabeth M. Tyler, “Style and Meaning in Judith,” Notes and Queries 39, 1992: 16–19.

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Essays, 1998. Margaret Ann Palliser, Christ, Our Mother of Mercy: Divine Mercy and Compassion in the Theology of the Shewings of Julian of Norwich, 1992. Katharina M. Wilson, ed., Medieval Women Writers, 1984.

Margery Kempe Text: The text has been translated from the Middle English for this anthology by Claire Waters.

Julian of Norwich Text: Of various editions in Middle English, we have relied particularly on that edited by Marion Glasscoe. Spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized for this anthology. Editions and Translations: Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, eds., A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, 2 vols., 1978. Edmund Colledge and James Walsh, eds. and trans., Julian of Norwich: Showings, 1978. Georgia Ronan Crampton, ed., The Shewings of Julian of Norwich, rev. ed., 1996. Marion Glasscoe, ed., Julian of Norwich; A Revelation of Love, 1976. E. Spearing, trans., Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love, 1998. Nicholas Watson and Jacqueline Jenkins, The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love, 2006. Criticism: D.N. Baker, Julian of Norwich’s Showings: From Vision to Book, 1994. Frances Beer, Women and Mystical Experience in the Middle Ages, 1992. Carolyn Dinshaw, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Women’s Writing, 2003. M. Diane Krantz, The Life and Text of Julian of Norwich: The Poetics of Enclosure, 1997. Grace Jantzen, Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian, 1988. Sandra J. McEntire, ed., Julian of Norwich: A Book of

Editions and translations: Sanford Brown Meech and Hope Emily Allen, eds., The Book of Margery Kempe, 1940. John Skinner, trans., The Book of Margery Kempe, 1998. Lynn Staley, ed. and trans., The Book of Margery Kempe: A New Translation, Contexts, Criticism, 2001. Barry Windeatt, ed. and trans., The Book of Margery Kempe, 1999. Barry Windeatt, ed., The Book of Margery Kempe, 2000. Criticism: John Arnold and Katherine J. Lewis, eds., A Companion to the Book of Margery Kempe, 2004. Clarissa W. Atkinson, Mystic and Pilgrim: The Book and the World of Margery Kempe, 1983. Louise Collis, Memoirs of a Medieval Woman: The Life and Times of Margery Kempe, 1964. Karma Lochrie, Margery Kempe and Translations of the Flesh, 1994. Sandra J. McEntire, ed., Margery Kempe: A Book of Essays, 1992. Lynn Staley, Margery Kempe’s Dissenting Fictions, 1994. Katharina M. Wilson, ed., Medieval Women Writers, 1984.

The Mabinogi Text: The anthology’s translation draws substantially on that of Charlotte Guest. Certain passages referring to expressions of sexuality that were omitted from the Guest translation are here restored. Certain spellings have also been returned to their Welsh form.

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Editions and translations: Patrick K. Ford, trans., The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales, 1977. Charlotte Guest, ed. and trans., The Mabinogion, 1906. Gwyn Jones and Thomas Jones, trans., The Mabinogion, rev. ed., 1991. Proinsias Mac Cana, The Mabinogi, 1977. R.L. Thompson, Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet: The First of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, 1957. Criticism: Andrew Breeze, Medieval Welsh Literature, 1997. Patrick K. Ford, “Prolegomena to a Reading of the Mabinogi: ‘Pwyll’ and ‘Manawydan,’” Studia Celtica 16/17, 1981–82: 110–25. Jessica Hemming, “Reflections on Rhiannon and the Horse Episodes in ‘Pwyll’,” Western Folklore 57 1998:19–40. Proinsias Mac Cana, The Mabinogi, 2nd ed., 1992. Charles Sullivan, ed., The Mabinogi: A Book of Essays, 1996. Donna Rae White, The Mabinogi in Children’s Literature, 1991.

Sir Thomas Malory Text: Spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized for this anthology. Of the various editions in Middle English, we have relied particularly on that edited by Eugene Vinaver. Editions: Stephen H.A. Shepherd, Le Morte D’Arthur, or, The Hoole Book Kyng Arthur and of his Noble Knyghtes of the Rounde Table: Authoritative Text, Sources and Backgrounds, Criticism, 2004. James W. Spisak, William Matthews, and Bert Dillon, eds., Caxton’s Malory, 1983. Eugene Vinaver, ed., The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, 1968. Eugene Vinaver, ed., King Arthur and his Knights: Selected Tales, 1975.

Biographies: M.C. Bradbook, Sir Thomas Malory, 1958. P.J.C. Field, The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory, 1993. Christina Hardyment, Malory: The Life and Times of King Arthur’s Chronicler, 2005. Edward Hicks, Sir Thomas Malory, his Turbulent Career: A Biography, 1970. William Matthews, The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, 1966. Criticism: Elizabeth Archibald and A.S.G. Edwards, eds. A Companion to Malory, 1996. Dorsey Armstrong, Gender and the Chivalric Community in Malory’s Morte d’Arthur, 2003. J.A.W. Bennett, ed., Essays on Malory, 1963. W.R.J. Barron, The Arthur of the English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life, 1999. Mark Lambert, Malory: Style and Vision in Le Morte D’Arthur, 1975. R.M. Lumiansky, ed., Malory’s Originality: A Critical Study of Le Morte D’Arthur, 1964. Andrew Lynch, Malory's Book of Arms: The Narrative of Combat in Le Morte D’Arthur, 1997. Charles Moorman, The Book of Kyng Arthur: The Unity of Malory’s Morte D’Arthur, 1965. Bonnie Wheeler, Robert L. Kindrick, and Michael Norman Salda, eds., The Malory Debate: Essays on the Texts of Le Morte D’Arthur, 2000. K.S. Whetter, Raluca L. Radulescu, and P.J.C. Field, eds., Re-Viewing Le Morte Darthur: Texts and Contexts, Characters and Themes, 2005.

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville Text: Originally written in Anglo-Norman French, the Travels was very widely translated in the late medieval period—-into Latin and several European languages as well as into English. Five medieval translations into English are extant. Of these, the translation known as the Defective Version (which omits the second quire of the original, containing a good deal of material concerning Egypt) was the


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most widely read in the period. The translation known as the Cotton Version (after the sole surviving manuscript in which it appears) has been more widely read in the modern era, on grounds both of completeness and of readability; it is that translation that is used here. Spelling and punctuation have been regularized and modernized.

Modern Studies 31, 2001: 147–64. Giles Milton, The Riddle and the Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, 2001. John Roland Seymour Phillips, “The Quest for Sir John Mandeville,” The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Commemoration of Denis L.T. Bethell, ed. Marc Meyer, 1993: 243–55.

Editions: Norman Denny and Josephin Filmer-Sankey, eds., The Travels of Sir John Mandeville: An Abridged Version, 1973. Tamarah Kohanski, ed., The Book of John Mandeville: An Edition of the Pynson Text with Commentary on the Defective Version, 2001. C.W.R.D. Moseley, trans., The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, 1984. M. C. Seymour, ed., Mandeville's Travels, 1967. M.C. Seymour, ed., The Bodley Version of Mandeville’s Travels, 1963. M.C. Seymour, ed., The Defective Version of Mandeville’s Travels, 2002.

M.C. Seymour, Sir John Mandeville, 1993. Rosemary Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Medieval Audiences, 2003. Christian Zacher, Curiosity and Pilgrimage: The Literature of Discovery in Fourteenth Century England, 1976.

Criticism: Suzanne Conklin Akbari, “The Diversity of Mankind in The Book of John Mandeville,” Eastward Bound: Travel and Travellers, 1050–1550, ed. Rosamund Allen, 2004: 156–76. Josephine Waters Bennett, The Rediscovery of Sir John Mandeville, 1954. Mary B. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400–1600, 1988. Andrew Fleck, “Here, There, and In Between: Representing Difference in the Travels of Sir John Mandeville,” Studies in Philology 97, 2000: 379– 400. Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World, 1991. Iain Macleod Higgins, Writing East: The “Travels” of Sir John Mandeville, 1997. Tamarah Malley Kohanski, Uncharted Territory: New Perspectives on Mandeville’s Travels, 1993. Malcolm Letts, Sir John Mandeville: The Man and his Book, 1949. Linda Lomperis, “Medieval Travel Writing and the Question of Race,” Journal of Medieval and Early

Mankind Text: All editions derive from a single text, Folger Shakespeare Library MS Va. 354. Spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized. Editions: David Bevingston, ed., Medieval Drama, 1975. Frank Kittle and Fattic Grosvenor, eds., A Critical Edition of the Medieval Play Mankind, 1996. G.A. Lester, Three Late Medieval Morality Plays: Mankind, Everyman, Mundus et Infans, 1981. J.A.B. Somerset, Four Tudor Interludes, 1974. Glynne William Gladstone Wickham, English Moral Interludes, 1976. Criticism: Richard Beadle, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre, 1994. Mary Catherine Berge, The Moral Play in Mankind: A New Trend in Later Medieval Drama, 1963. Dorothy R. Castle, The Diabolical Game to Win Man’s Souls: A Rhetorical and Structure Approach to Mankind, 1987. Clifford Davidson, Visualizing the Moral Life: Medieval Iconography and the Macro Morality Plays, 1989. Douglas W. Hayes, Rhetorical Subversion in Early English Drama, 2004. Michael R. Kelley, Flamboyant Drama: A Study of the

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Castle of Perseverance, Mankind, and Wisdom, 1979. Paul Russell, Medieval Mankind, A Slapstick Moral Play, 1985. Zacharias P. Thundy, “Morality Plays: Mankind and Everyman,”Old and Middle English Literature, eds. Jeffrey Helterman and Jerome Mitchell, 1994: 400–04.

Marie de France Text: Bisclavret, Lanval, Laüstic, and Chevrefoil have all been newly translated from the French for this anthology by Claire Waters. Editions and translations: Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, trans., The Lais of Marie de France, 1999. Glyn S. Burgess, trans., The Lais of Marie de France: Text and Context, 1987. Robert Hanning and Joan Ferrante, trans., The Lais of Marie de France, 1978. Jean Rychner, ed., Les lais de Marie de France, 1966. Harriet Spiegel, ed. and trans., Marie de France: Fables, 1987. Criticism: Howard R. Bloch, The Anonymous Marie de France, 2003. Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner, “Marie de France,” Literature of the French and Occitan Middle Ages: Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries, eds. Deborah Sinnreich-Levi and Ian S. Laurie, 1999. William Calin, The French Tradition and the Literature of Medieval England, 1994. Mary Carpenter Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds., Gendering the Master Narrative: Women and Power in the Middle Ages, 1988. Roberta L. Krueger, “Marie de France,” The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Women's Writing, eds. Carolyn Dinshaw and David Wallace, 2003: 101– 14. Katharina M. Wilson, ed., Medieval Women Writers, 1984.

Middle English Lyrics Texts: In the preparation of the texts that appear here several editions have been consulted, among them those of R.T. Davies, Thomas G. Duncan, and Theodore Silverstein. Spelling and punctuation have in many cases been modernized for the present anthology. Editions: E.K. Chambers and Frank Sidgwick, eds., Early English Lyrics: Amorous, Divine, Moral and Trivial, 1967. G.L. Brook, ed., The Harley Lyrics: the Middle English Lyrics of MS. Harley 2253, 1978. Reginald Thorne Davies, ed., Medieval English Lyrics: A Critical Anthology, 1963. Thomas G. Duncan, ed., Medieval English Lyrics, 1200– 1400, 1995. Maxwell Luria and Richard Hoffman, eds., Middle English Lyrics, 1974. Theodore Silverstein, ed., Medieval English Lyrics, 1971. Celia Sisam, comp., The Oxford Book of Medieval English Verse, 1970. Robert Stevick, ed., One Hundred Middle English Lyrics, 1994. Criticism: Walter H. Beale, Old and Middle English Poetry to 1500: A Guide to Information Sources, 1976. Thomas G. Duncan, ed., A Companion to the Middle English Lyric, 2005. Douglas Gray, Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric, 1972. Joseph J. Hayes, The Court Lyric in the Age of Chaucer, 1973. John C. Hirsh, Medieval Lyric: Middle English Lyrics, Ballads and Carols, 2005. David Jeffrey, The Early English Lyric and Franciscan Spirituality, 1975. Arthur Keister Moore, The Secular Lyric in Middle English, 1951. Raymond Oliver, Poems Without Names: The English Lyric 1200–1500, 1970. Derek Pearsall, Old English and Middle English Poetry, 1977.


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D.J. Ransom, Poets at Play: Irony and Parody in the Harley Lyrics, 1985. A.C. Spearing, Readings in Medieval Poetry, 1987. Rosemary Woolf, The English Religious Lyric in the Middle Ages, 1968

Editions: Elliot Van Kirk Dobbie, The Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems, 1942. Edward Pettit, ed. and trans., Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms, and Prayers from British Library MS Harley 585: “The Lacnunga,” 2 vols., 2001.

Noah’s Flood

Translations: Stephen Pollington, Leechcraft: Early English Charms, Plant Lore, and Healing, 2000.

Text: Spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized, but alterations that would affect rhythm or rhyme have been avoided. Of the various editions in Middle English, we have consulted that edited by Lumiansky and Mills most frequently. Editions and translations: Hermann Deimling, ed., The Chester Plays, 1892. Thomas J. Garbàty, ed., Medieval English Literature, 1984. Vincent Foster Hopper, ed., Medieval Mystery Plays, 1962. R.M. Lumiansky and David Mills, eds., The Chester Mystery Cycle, 1974. Criticism: John A. Alford, ed., From Page to Performance: Essays in Early English Drama, 1995. Richard Beadle, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre, 1994. V.A. Kolve, The Play Called Corpus Christi, 1966. David Mills, ed., Staging the Chester Cycle, 1985. Sondra Rosenberg, The Five Noah Plays, 1963. Colette Marie Thomas, Timelessness in the Noah Mystery Plays, 1991. Glynne Wickham, ed., Early English Stages 1300–1600: Volume One, 1959. Rosemary Woolf, The English Mystery Plays, 1972. Thomas Wright, The Medieval Theatre, 1995.

Old English Metrical Charms Texts: These texts have been newly translated by R. M. Liuzza for this anthology; the Dobbie edition has been relied on for the Old English texts on which the translations are based.

Criticism: Lois Bragg, “The Modes of the Old English Metrical Charms—the Texts of Magic,” New Approaches to Medieval Textuality, ed. Mikle David Ledgerwood, 1998: 117–40. M.L. Cameron, “Anglo-Saxon Medicine and Magic,” Anglo-Saxon England 17, 1988: 191–215. Stephen O. Glosecki, “‘Blow these vipers from me’: Mythic Magic in The Nine Herbs Charm,” Essays on Old, Middle, Modern English and Old Icelandic in Honor of Raymond P. Tripp, Jr., ed. Loren C. Gruber, Meredith Crellin Gruber, and Gregory K. Jember, 2000: 91–123. Stephen O. Glosecki, Shamanism and Old English Poetry, 1989. Stanley R. Hauer, “Structure and Unity in the Old English Charm Wið Færstice,” English Language Notes 15, 1978: 250–57. Karen Louise Jolly, “Anglo-Saxon Charms in the Context of a Christian World View,” Journal of Medical History 11, 1985: 279–93. Karen Louise Jolly, “Medieval Magic: Definitions, Beliefs, Practices,” Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages, ed. Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart Clark, 2002: 1–71. Karen Louise Jolly, Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context, 1996. John D. Niles, “Pagan Survivals and Popular Belief,” The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. Malcolm Godden and Michael Lapidge, 1991: 126–41. Winfried Nöth, “Semiotics of the Old English Charm,” Semiotica 19, 1977: 59–83. Edward Pettit, “Some Anglo-Saxon Charms,” Essays on

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Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy, ed. Jane Roberts and Janet Nelson, 2000: 411–33. John Richardson, “Hlude wæron hy: Syncretic Christianity in the Old English Charm Wið Færstice,” Mankind Quarterly 42, 2001: 21–45. D.G.Scragg, ed., Superstition and Popular Medicine in Anglo-Saxon England, 1989. Judith A. Vaughan-Sterling, “The Anglo Saxon Metrical Charms: Poetry as Ritual,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 82, 1983: 186–200.

Quem Quaeritis Text: The Latin text has been newly translated for this anthology. Editions and Translations: David Bevington, ed. Medieval Drama, 1975. John Gassner, ed., Medieval and Tudor Drama, 1963. T. Wright, ed., Early Mysteries and Other Latin Poems, 1838. Criticism: David A. Bjork, “On the Dissemination of Quem Quaeritis and the Visitatio Sepulchri and the Chronology of their Early Sources,” The Drama in the Middle Ages: Comparative and Critical Essays, eds. Clifford Davidson, C.J. Gianakaris, and John H. Stroupe, 1982: 1–24. James M. Gibson, “Quem Queritis in Presepe: Christmas Drama or Christmas Liturgy?” Drama in the Middle Ages: Comparative and Critical Essays, eds. Clifford Davidson and John H. Stroupe, 1990: 106–28. O.B. Hardison, Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages, 1965. Michal Kobialka, “The Quem Quaeritis: Theatre History Displacement,” Theatre History Studies 8, 1988: 35–51. Timothy McGee, The Liturgical Origin and Early History of the Quem Quaeritis Dialogue, 1974.

The Service for Representing Adam (Jeu d’Adam) Text: For this anthology the David Bevington translation has been used. Editions: Paul Aebischer, ed., Le Mystère d’Adam: Ordo Representacionis Ade, 1963. David Bevington, ed., Medieval Drama, 1975. Arthur Harden, ed., Trois piéces médiévales: Le Jeu d’Adam, Le Miracle de Théophile, La Farce du Cuvier, 1967. Willem Noomen, ed., Le Jeu d’Adam: Ordo representacionis Ade, 1971. Criticism: James C. Atkinson, “Theme, Structure and Motif in the Mystere d’Adam,” Philological Quarterly 56, 1977: 27–42. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, 1953. Hardin Craig, English Religious Drama of the Middle Ages, 1955. Grace Frank, The Medieval French Drama, 1954. Joan Tasker Grimbert, “Eve as Adam’s Pareil: Equivalence and Subordination in the Jeu d’Adam,” Literary Aspects of Courtly Culture, eds. Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox, 1994: 29–37. O.B. Hardison, Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages, 1965. Steven Justice, “The Authority of Ritual in the Jeu d’Adam,” Speculum 62, 1987: 851–64. Emanuel J. Mickel, “Faith, Memory, Treason and Justice in the Ordo Representacionis Ade (Jeu d’Adam),” Romania 112, 1991: 129–54. Lynette R. Muir, Liturgy and Drama in the AngloNorman Adam, 1973. Roger Pensom, “Theatrical Space in the Jeu d’Adam,” French Studies 47, 1993: 257–75.


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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Orfeo

Text: The James Winny translation has been used for the anthology.

Text: For this anthology the Lakeaya and Salisbury text has been used.

Editions and translations: Marie Borroff, trans., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1967. Andrew Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, ed. and trans., The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript: Pearl, Cleanness, Patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 4th ed., 2002. Theodore Silverstein, ed., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A New Critical Edition, 1984. J.R.R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon, eds., rev. by Norman Davis, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1967. William Vantuono, ed., The Pearl Poems: An Omnibus Edition, 1984. James Winny, trans. and ed., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1992.

Editions and translations: A.J. Bliss, ed., Sir Orfeo, 2nd ed., 1966. Thomas Chestre, Lesley Johnson, and Elizabeth Williams, eds., Sir Orfeo and Sir Launfal, 1984. A.C. Gibbs, ed., Middle English Romances, 1966. Anne Laskaya and Eve Salisbury, eds., The Middle English Breton Lays, 1995. Donald B. Sands, ed., Middle English Verse Romances, 1966. J.R.R. Tolkien, trans., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo, 1975.

Criticism: Ross G. Arthur, Medieval Sign Theory and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1987. Robert J. Blanch, Miriam Youngerman Miller, and Julian N. Wasserman, eds., Text and Matter: New Critical Perspectives of the Pearl-Poet, 1991. Robert J. Blanch and Julian N. Wasserman, From Pearl to Gawain: Forme to Fynisment, 1995. Marie Borroff, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Stylistic and Metrical Study, 1962. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, eds., A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, 1997. Norris J. Lacy, ed., The Arthurian Encyclopedia, 1986. Miriam Youngerman Miller and Jane Chance, eds., Approaches to Teaching Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1986. Michael W. Twomey, “The Gawain-Poet,” Readings in Medieval Texts: Interpreting Old and Middle English Literature, eds. David F. Johnson and Elaine Treharne, 2005: 273–87.

Criticism: H. Aertsen and Alasdair A. MacDonald, eds., Companion to Middle English Romance, 2nd ed., 1994. Roberta L. Krueger, The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, 2000. Seth Lerer, “Artifice and Artistry in Sir Orfeo,” Speculum 60, 1985: 92–109. R.M. Liuzza, “Sir Orfeo: Sources, Traditions, and the Poetics of Performance,” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 21, 1991: 269–84. Sharon Ouditt, Displaced Persons: Conditions of Exile in European Culture, 2002. Felicity Riddy, “The Uses of the Past in Sir Orfeo,” Yearbook of English Studies 6, 1976: 5–15. N.H.G.E. Veldhoen and H. Aertsen, eds., Companion to Early Middle English Literature, 1995.

The Wakefield Master – The Second Shepherd’s Play and Herod the Great Text: For the anthology spelling and punctuation have been substantially modernized from the original Towneley text. Editions: John Russel Brown, ed., The Complete Plays of the Wakefield Master, 1983.

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A.C. Cawley and Martin Stevens, eds., The Towneley Cycle: A facsimile of Huntington MS, HMI, 1976. David Bevington, ed., Medieval Drama, 1975. Martial Rose, ed. The Wakefield Mystery Plays, 1962. Martin Stevens, The Towneley Plays, 1994. Martin Stevens and A.C. Cawley, eds., The Towneley Plays, 2 vols, 1994. Criticism: E.K. Chambers, The Mediaeval Stage, 1903. Hardin Craig, English Religious Drama of the Middle Ages, 1955. Warren Edminster, The Preaching Fox: Festive Subversion in the Plays of the Wakefeild Master, 2005. Garrett Epp, “The Townley Plays, or, The Hazards of Cycling,” Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama 32, 1993: 121–150. Garrett Epp, “‘Corrected and Not Playd’: an Unproductive History of the Townley Plays,” Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama 43, 2004: 38–53. John Gardner, The Construction of the Wakefield Cycle, 1974. Jeffrey Helterman, Symbolic Action in the Plays of the Wakefield Master, 1981. V.A. Kolve, The Play Called Corpus Christi, 1966. Liam O. Purdon, The Wakefield Master's Dramatic Art: A Drama of Spiritual Understanding, 2003. Glynne Wickham, Early English Stages, 1972. Glynne Wickham, The Medieval Theatre, 1995.

Wulfstan Text: The text has been newly translated by R. M. Liuzza for this anthology; the Bethurum edition has been relied on for the Old English text on which the translation is based. Editions: Dorothy Bethurum, ed., The Homilies of Wulfstan, 1957. Dorothy Whitelock, ed., Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. Reprint, with additional bibliography, of Methuen ed., 1976.

Criticism: J.E. Cross, “Literary Impetus for Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi,” Leeds Studies in English 20, 1989: 270–91. Michael Cummings, “Paired Opposites in Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi ad Anglos,” Revue de l’Université d’Ottawa 50, 1980: 233–43. Milton McC. Gatch, Preaching and Theology in AngloSaxon England: Ælfric and Wulfstan, 1977. Joyce Hill, “Ælfric and Wulfstan: Two Views of the Millennium,” Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy, eds. Jane Roberts and Janet Nelson, 2000: 213–35. Stephanie Hollis, “The Thematic Structure of the Sermo Lupi,” Anglo-Saxon England 6, 1977: 175–95. Andy Orchard, “Crying Wolf: Oral Style and the Sermones Lupi,” Anglo-Saxon England 21, 1992: 239–64. Andy Orchard, “On Editing Wulfstan,” Early Medieval English Texts and Interpretations: Studies Presented to Donald G. Scragg, eds. Elaine Treharne and Susan Rosser, 2002: 311–40. Jonathan Wilcox, “The Dissemination of Wulfstan’s Homilies: the Wulfstan Tradition in EleventhCentury Vernacular Preaching,” England in the Eleventh Century: Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Carola Hicks, 1992: 199–217. Jonathan Wilcox, “The Wolf on Shepherds: Wulfstan, Bishops, and the Context of the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos,” Old English Prose: Basic Readings, ed. Paul E. Szarmach, 2000: 395–418. Patrick Wormald, “Archbishop Wulfstan and the Holiness of Society,” Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings, ed. David A.E. Pelteret, 2000: 191–224.