Membership and Organizational Governance - Stockholm School of ...

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12. Theoretical points of departure and outline of the dissertation . ..... The Swedish Football Association (Svenska Fotboll f|rbundet) ...... 1911/1959). If there is ...
Membership-based organizations perform many functions in society. Federatively organized trade unions, sports organizations, religious congregations and other voluntary or nonprofit organizations are often large, multi-level associations. In addition to performing ­important services these organizations are ascribed a central role in society’s governance. They are expected to enhance the voice of the citizens and to function as schools of democracy. Based on a sample of membership organizations in Sweden – among them the Red Cross, the Social-Democratic Workers’ Party and the Swedish Football Federation – this study sets out to analyze the internal governance system in this type of organizations. Basic theoretical models of human behavior – including how and why individuals choose to get involved – and of governance of organizations are elaborated in order to adapt them to a reality which is more complex than has been previously understood. A model of factors which affect involvement in governance is ­presented and the analysis shows that a model of membership con­­ sisting of a bundle of dimensions is useful for creating new insight into members’ participation. The results suggest that p ­ articipation is complex and depends on many factors. One ­interesting result is that a majority of the members place an ­emphasis on the formal possibilities for influence in the organiza­-tion. Yet, only a m ­ inority of the members actually takes part in the formal governance system, although most members seem prepared to act if they would be ­disappointed enough.

ISBN 978-91-7258-870-7 Doctoral Disser tation in Business Administration Stockholm School of Economics Sweden, 2012

Torbjörn Einarsson  •   2012

Torbjörn Einarsson has conducted his PhD work at the Stockholm School of Economics (SSE) and is today a ­researcher at Stockholm Center for Civil S­ ociety Studies at the SSE Institute for Research.

Membership and Organizational Governance

Membership and Organizational Governance

Membership and Organizational ­Governance Torbjörn Einarsson

Membership and Organizational Governance Torbjörn Einarsson

Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av ekonomie doktorsexamen vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm framläggs för offentlig granskning onsdagen den 3 oktober 2012, kl 15.00 i Peter Wallenbergsalen, Handelshögskolan, Sveavägen 65, Stockholm

      

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