Mirror neuron activation in children with ...

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... Lisa Aziz-Zadeh. Dr Julie Werner. Anne Winsor. Clin A/Prof Michael Bynevelt .... Dr Jac Billington. ↘ Dr Catherine Elliott. ↘ Dr Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, Dr Julie Werner.
FACULTY OF SCIENCE

Mirror neuron activation in children with developmental coordination disorder A FUNCTIONAL MRI STUDY

Jess Reynolds Dr Melissa Licari Dr Jac Billington Yihui Chen Dr Lisa Aziz-Zadeh Dr Julie Werner Anne Winsor Clin A/Prof Michael Bynevelt

Developmental Coordination Disorder: DSM-5 A. Poor motor skills given chronological age and opportunity for skill learning B. Significant interference with activities of daily living and academic productivity C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period D. Not better explained by intellectual disability or visual impairment Not attributable to a neurological condition affecting movement.

Associated Features •

Neurodevelopmental immaturities or



Neurological soft signs (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) The University of Western Australia

(Debrabant et al., 2013; Kashiwagi et al., 2009; Langevin et al., 2014; Licari et al., 2015; McLeod et al., 2014; Querne et al., 2008; Zwicker et al., 2010, 2011, 2012) The University of Western Australia

Information Flow in the Mirror Neuron System

Inverse Model Forward Model

(created using BrainVoyager Brain Tutor: http://www.brainvoyager.com/products/braintutor.html; Goebel, Esposito, & Formisano, 2006)

Differential activation of MNS areas (fMRI/rsfMRI)  Differential magnetic resonance signal activation patterns in MNS regions  Altered effective and functional connectivity  Decreased functional connectivity between bilateral IFG/precentral gyrus and M1 Reduced pars opercularis activation during imitation (Debrabant et al., 2013; Kashiwagi et al., 2009, 2013; Licari et al., 2015; McLeod et al., 2014; Querne et al., 2008; Zwicker et al., 2010, 2011) The University of Western Australia

Aims and Hypotheses  Aim: • To examine the neurology of imitation deficits in DCD • To examine the neurological functioning of the MNS in children with DCD  Hypothesis: • Children with DCD will have decreased activation than controls in one or a combination of MNS areas

The University of Western Australia

Participants  27 right handed boys aged 8-12 years •

Group 1: 14 with DCD (mean age = 10.08 ±1.31 years; one additional excluded due to movement)



Group 2: 12 typically developing controls (mean age = 10.1 ±1.15 years)

 Screening: • MABC-2 • Handedness • ASD/ADHD

The University of Western Australia

Scanning at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital  3T Philips Magnetic Resonance Scanner  8-channel head coil  Anatomical Images: T1-weighted 3D FFE 160 slices 0.575 x 0.575 x 1 mm  Two 6 Min Functional Studies: T2-weighted gradient echo, TR/TE = 3000/35ms, flip angle 90o, 25 axial slices with a thickness of 4mm, no gaps

The University of Western Australia

Observation

Execution and Imitation

The University of Western Australia

RESULTS Whole brain analysis Observation > Rest  Extrastriate Cortex

Execution/Imitation > Observation  Postcentral Gyrus  Medial Frontal Gyrus  Insula  Inferior Frontal Gyrus Main effect of observation>baseline (red; FWE, pobservation (dark green; FWE, pobservation (light green; FWE, p DCD  Pars Opercularis (IFG)  Precentral Gyrus  Middle Temporal Gyrus  Posterior Cingulate

 Precuneus

Brain regions showing significantly greater activation for controls vs. DCD during observation condition>baseline (p DCD  Middle Temporal Gyrus  Posterior Cingulate

 Precuneus

DCD > Controls  No regions

Group main effect across all conditions: Control> DCD (FWE, p