Modern Control of Electrical Consumption System Using Wireless ...

201O

International Conference on Information, Networking and Automation (ICINA)

Modern Control of Electrical Consumption System Using Wireless, Reader Designed Algorithm

Azhar Fakharuddin

Rosmadi Abdullah.

Faculty of electrical and electronic engineering (UMP), University Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, 26300, Malaysia

Head of power system, Lecturer In Faculty Electrical and electronics.

engineer1 [email protected]

Dr. Ahmed N. Abdalla

Mohd Redzuan Bin Ahmad

Senior lecturer. FKEE, UMP, Pekan, 26600, Pahang. Daml

Lecture of power system design and networks

Makmur, Malaysia.

FKEE, UMP

M. Rauf.

Graduate student, Co researcher for communication section of the project. FKEE, UMP Abstract- Embedded systems are becoming an essential part of engineering design process for efficient analysis and effective operation. From data analysis to hardware work, everywhere embedded products are the main interest because

of its

reliability and time bound perfection. This reliability led the researchers to design application in power system monitoring; a recent approach is smart meter, called as a back bone in peak energy management process. The use of this designed algorithm is to control peak load and shifting of valley load to synthesize an electricity management system for electrical suppliers in low economy countries. The system consists of intelligent measuring and monitoring device linked with the master controller via wireless network. The system is expected to be proven as affective for data analysis in more scientific way and a helpful for user to save their daily consumption price as well.

Key words:

Power Monitoring, Real Time pricing, Power

Monitoring, Smart meter, Peak demand, Loadforecasting.

I.

INTRODUCTION

As a developing Asian Nation, Malaysia has a very interesting energy profile, both in past and for the future. In 2000, the total primary energy supply was 49.47 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalents) [1, 2]. The fuel mix consisted of 71.4% Petroleum, 11.6% hydroelectric power, 8.8% natural Gas, 7.6% coal, 0.5% biomass, and 0.1% distillate (includes processed oils, fuel, etc). Energy in Malaysia is consumed mainly in the transportation and industrial sectors, 41.8% and 37.7% respectively, followed by commercial and residential sectors combined at 13.4 % and the agricultural sector, which consumes 0.39% of the energy. While in 2020 this energy demand is expected to be

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© 2010 IEEE

more than 100 Mtoe, [3] which is more than 200% of the demand in 2000.This high rise in energy curve strongly need a system to be managed to avoid any major failure. In traditional monitoring, human labor, lineman plays a significant role in collecting and managing field data. However, due to the size increase of consumption areas, this kind of manual practice is considered time consuming and labor intensive. To improve the field data collection efficiency and precision in monitoring techniques, modem telecommunication technologies can provide great assistance. Currently, remote sensing techniques can be widely found in applications such as change study, earth surface environment, and resource survey. Stepping towards the smart metering is also not possible by using old traditional electro-mechanical meters, as these are not capable of measuring Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time of Use (TOU) price. Need of digital monitoring system specially designed for automated management capability is the theme of this research application.SMS (Short Messaging Service) appeared on the wireless scene in 1991 in Europe [4], where digital wireless technology first took it root. The European standard for digital wireless is known as GSM. In North America, SMS was initially made available built by early pioneers such as BellSouth mobility and Nextel in 1998[5]. Today digital signal processing has made communication easier which in a very general term takes samples of a signal with the ADC converter. [6] There are many interesting applications of GSM in power control and monitoring system and in load management out of which a latest is home electric control. Today a wide variety of home appliances are required to support our quality of life, however those appliances are not

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fully controlled. If a GSM communication system is applied, the functionality can be improved [7]. Muhammad Mehroze Abdullah proposed a Smart Demand-Side Energy Management Based on Cellular Technology stating that, detailed information about consumption of electricity is not provided to users and network operators, which is prime wastage of electricity [8]. The writer didn't clearly explain the standard of communication used; also cost effectiveness of the system is still a question mark. The system proposed is designed for individual and no enough focus on overall system operation, how this system can affect the peak load demand? etc. To make the best use of mobile communication technology, the objectives of this paper therefore utilize global system for mobile communication (GSM) and short message service (SMS) to conduct field data acquisition and proceed to investigate the corresponding feasibility. There are four advantages in this solution: (1) simple power solutions. Since a sufficient number of home users are located in remote rural areas. GSM, with its low power transmission requirements, will definitely be a workable choice. (2) GSM system covers a wide range of areas in Malaysia, which is also a plus for large, remote production areas since the country has a good cellular phone penetration rate after many mobile operators implemented base stations there. (3) Using GSM-SMS service, if the host server is out of service, the user data can be kept in the GSM service center for 24 h [9] and the data can be received once the server is repaired. (4) Group broadcast functions can be enabled easily to send real-time alerts to workers for immediate attention when any monitoring device is not functioning properly. II.

Basically, this system is designed to measure energy or power consumed over time. In simple terms, electrical power is the product of voltage and current. If we make repeated measurements of both instantaneous voltage and current, or Vi and Ii, we can keep a running total of their products over time. By dividing the total accumulated energy over the number of samples, we have the average power (the first expression in Equation 1). Multiplying the average power by time gives the total energy consumed.

N1 - j N( k

2:

_

=

1

v· lk

Energy Consumed (watt sec onds)

A.

j. lk

f

=

Vi' eli,

)

(1)

l --"" -",,k =..:..

Fs

B.

(2)

Gain Error calibration N

Cg

-

I k=]

Vdk

-Idk

=C-D (3)

In theory, the proportionality and digitization constants should adequately calibrate the meter. In practice, individual component variations may cause differences between calculated and actual energy consumption. To account for this, we introduce a gain calibration factor, Cg, to Equation 3. This constant acts to adjust for changes in both Kv and Ki. The accumulated voltage/current sum is then compared to D, also adjusted by the calibration constant C (Equation 4). In theory, C and Cg are the same value. For practical applications, the two constants will have different values to reflect the actual calibration. The value of Ki may also be slightly different at the extremes of the current measurement range. To account for this, we need two different gain calibration constants: one for the low end of the dynamic range and one for the upper end. In practice, this is done for each current measurement channel, for a total of four different values of Cg. The meter firmware chooses the appropriate value to use when a measurement is taken. C.

PROCESS AND OPERATIONS

AveragePower(watts)

sections are of major focus. Gain calibration, to compensate for gain errors (in Kv and Ki) introduced by normal variations in the values of different resistors, CT ratios and so on. Phase calibration, to compensate for extraneous phase shifts introduced by the current measurement technique (from the CT, from the small but unwelcome inductance generated by a shunt and so on).

ATCommands

All GSM-SMS communication is taking place in AT command set. To start the working in text mode. AT+CMGF=] AT+CMGS="mobile number" For reading SMS in the text mode: AT+CMGF=l AT+CMGR=no. Number (no.) is the message index number stored in the SIM card. For new SMS, URC will be received on the screen as +CMTI: SM 'no'. Use this number in the AT+CMGR, number to read the message. Voice call Initiating outgoing call: ATD+ mobile number; press enter For disconnecting the active call: ATH For receiving incoming call: ATA

Calibration

III. SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

To compensate for errors introduced by passive components, it need to individually calibrate the meter. Two

From a practical point of view, it is possible to have several of these subsystems sharing the same package, so

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that various types of these sensors can be considered. The system described in the present work belongs to the most complete smart sensor type. Analog Devices Company has recently designed a series of integrated circuits of increasing complexity and better capacity, specifically to measure the energy transferred to a load connected to an AC line [10, 11].These circuits (energy monitors) are mixed processors (digital/analog) which provide information of the energy used (active, reactive and apparent), and then transmit it using output pulses of variable frequency or standard serial protocol. All the circuits of the family have two inputs, one is proportional to the voltage across the load and the other one is proportional to the current that circulates through the load. The concept of this sensor is extended to a higher level when the presence of digital microcontrollers or processors of the signal, as a processing subsystem, is taken into account. The basic functioning consists in digitalizing the signals which are related to the voltage and current in the load and multiply them, so that the result is proportional to the power in the load

operations

,/ load Control DeVlces

(...., ..

Centeral Pro( essor

CommUn1C ahon Network

_____

smart meter

�

consumer display layer

metering Layer

c-ommunic !!Ition layer

/ AMI Interface

MOMS Costumer

Serv1( es

Fig3 showing overall system working, transmission and controlling mechanism .

B.

At Central Nod:

Hardware section.

Fig I. General block diagram of the system

IV. A.

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

A. Remote slave node

The remote node can be selectively configured to provide master-slave topology, or to form Stand-Alone, i.e. digital power Monitoring system. In the left side of Fig!, the Current transformer acts as a front-end signal acquisition system, as it provide main input signal to be processed. This signal is digitized in current to voltage convertor, amplifier circuit. This signal is processed in controller according to highly pre-defined program and output through MAX232, a level shifter IC is sent to GSM Modem for further operation. The job of micro controller is to support two type of operation; To perform all calculation: based on I and V pulses and to calculate amount of energy used according to a pre-defined equation, and to generate cost for this consumption taking in consideration the defined electricity packages, i.e. real time monitoring and calculation. To support GSM section: GSM modem supported by AT commands is connected to micro controller to transmit data according to pre-described time period to central base station. GSM modem use SMS technology. To send or receive any SMS or to display any SMS in the inbox which is actually the information of the consumption, there are some specific commands.

Hugely designed data base, having capability of updating with any information received. This system is intelligent enough to make implementation of any operation and to detect any fault. The information is received at GSM end, which is forwarded to Main brain of the system, immediately updated in MDMS (metering data management section). The central process is also connected to NOC (Network Operating Center). Load control devices majorly related to future enhancement, to use efficiently back up resources like stand by generator, batteries, fly wheels etc. Also it aims to make intelligent protection system, capable to detect any fault and heal it before it affects the system. C.

Software Section

As discussed, the prototyped central Node has two types of operating modes, Stand-Alone and Slave-Master. Thus it has separate program for each mode of operation. It is apparent that both modes require certain common basic support functions, and accordingly the software should be structured modularly. So these supporting routines can be incorporated into any of the programs as a common operational approach to allow minimal power consumption. Any decision for shut down, implementation of a new package, updating and calculation of information, managing all history, uploading the pre-paid units requires a highly designed data base. Security measures for data base are an issue strongly needs high level programming. This central node has two types of jobs to perform, firstly management of all history and currently receiving information.2ndly control and monitoring, ready to make any decision in case of any situation. SO it needs two separate protocols to define these jobs.

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V.


research committee and administration of University for providing a grant to this project.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experimental Outcomes: The embedded section of the prototype is checked and tested for a number of different values. Accuracy of measurement is very near to the actual value measured by the digital electronic meter. A survey conducted among more than 50 no of home users clearly shown that user is ready to adopt this type of change provided the installation costs being sponsored by the vendors, user friendly packages are proved be an effective tool to change user consumption habits.

REFERENCES [I]

Extract

[2]

International Energy Agency and Organization for Economic Co operation and Development. Energy Balances of non-OECD Countries. Paris, France: OECDIIEA. 2000. 1999-2000.

no

total no of users interviewed

57

no of users ready to adopt proposed solution (conditional) no of users ready to adopt proposed solution (un-conditional) no response user No of user against the new algorithm.

the

Survey

of

Energy

Resources

[3]

"The Trends in Malaysia's Energy Consumption Up to the Year 2020." http://www.ptm.org.my/ptmnewslIssue5-ED20.htm

[4]

Horstmanshof, L. (2004). Using SMS as a way of providing connection and community for first year students. In R. Atkinson, C. McBeath, D. Jonas-Dwyer & R. Phillips (Eds), beyond the comfort zone: Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE Conference (pp. 423-427). Perth, 5-8 December. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/perth04/procs/horstmanshofht ml

geis/edc/countries/Malaysia.asp.

TABLE I. A SURVEY CONDUCTED IN BUKIT ISTANA, A TOWN AREA, TO GET FEEDBACK ABOUT OUR PROPOSED ALGORITHM.

Description

from

2001. http://www.worldenergy.orglwec

[5]

Web Proforum tutorials 2002,http://www.iec.org.

[6]

Douglas v. Hall, 2004. Microprocessor and Interfacing, Tata McGraw-Hili, second edition pp273-300,pp330344.

40

[7]

A.Petrick, J Newbury and S Gargan, "Two Way Communication system in Electricity Supply Industry" IEEE transaction on power delivery, Vol 1.13, Jan 1998.

3

[8]

Muhammad Mehroze Abdullah & Prof Barry Dwolatzky, Smart Demand-Side Energy Management Based on Cellular Technology A way towards Smart Grid Technologies in Africa and Low Budget Economies, IEEE AFRICON 2009, 23-25 September , Nairobi, Kenya.

[9]

ETSI, 1996. GSM 03.40 Technical Specifications European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Sophia-Antipolis, France.

11 3

Reasonfor being against: in there view it will just increase complications, and will provide no benefit. FunctlOnmg of GSM module IS satIsfactory, and all information is delivered to the dummy designed server after pre-defined periodic time.

[10] B. Travis, Smart Sensors, EDN, 1996 [II] R. Pallas, J.G. Webster, Sensors & Signal Conditioning, John Wiley, NY, 1993.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project is sponsored by University Malaysia Pahang, under Grant no. "GRS 09317". The researchers thank the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang who sponsored the project. Author also pays heartily regards to

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