molecular interaction in ternary liquid mixtures at different ... - wjpps

0 downloads 0 Views 380KB Size Report
Feb 17, 2016 - Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been studied in ternary ... Toluene at different temperatures 288K, 298K, 308K and 318K over.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 6.041

Volume 5, Issue 4, 1597-1607

Research Article

ISSN 2278 – 4357

MOLECULAR INTERACTION IN TERNARY LIQUID MIXTURES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES Manoj Kumar Praharaj* and Sarmistha Misra Department of Physics, ABIT, CDA-1, Cuttack, Odisha-753014, India. ABSTRACT Article Received on 26 Jan 2016,

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been studied in ternary

Revised on 17 Feb 2016, Accepted on 11 Mar 2016

liquid mixture containing N,N-dimethylformamide, Cyclohexane and

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20164-6444

Toluene at different temperatures 288K, 298K, 308K and 318K over the entire composition range. From these experimental values various parameters like adiabatic compressibility, free length, free volume,

*Correspondence for Author Manoj Kumar Praharaj

internal pressure, acoustic impedance etc and their excess values have been evaluated. The different parameters and their excess values were

Department of Physics,

ploted against the mole fraction of N,N-Dimethylformamide over the

ABIT, CDA-1, Cuttack,

whole composition range. The parameters and the observed values of

Odisha-753014, India.

excess parameters were explained on the basis of intermolecular interaction present in the above mixture.

KEYWORD: Toluene, ultrasonic velocity, excess adiabatic compressibility, excess Gibbs' parameter. 1. INTRODUCTION Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been successfully employed to detect and assess the molecular interaction present in binary[1-8] and ternary[9-20] mixtures. Ultrasonic velocity together with viscosity and density at different temperatures for different concentrations furnish wealth of information about the interaction between ions, dipoles like hydrogen bonding, multi-polar and dispersive forces. In order to understand the nature of molecular interaction more extensively, the excess parameter may be studied in detail. The dispersion force which are caused by the correlated movements of the electrons in the interacting molecules are responsible for the positive excess values of different parameters. On the other hand dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, charge transfer interactions and hydrogen bonding are responsible for the negative excess www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1597

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

values. In this paper we intend to measure the ultrasonic parameters and their excess values for ternary mixtures of N,N-Dimethylformamide, toluene and cyclohexane at different temperatures for different concentrations of the components. DMF is a versatile solvent with a high dielectric constant (38 at 298K) and a high dipolemoment. The linear aliphatic structure of DMF contributes to the volume contraction of the mixture. Toluene is aprotic and polar in nature due to the presence of electron releasing methyl group. Methyl group of toluene is an electron donor group through induction. It enhances the 'π' electron density of the toluene ring. Toluene thus interacts more strongly with DMF than with cyclohexane. Cyclohexane has a closed chain structure and is non-polar in nature. Dispersive forces caused by correlated movements of electrons are responsible between cyclohexane and other components[21]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The mixtures of various concentrations in mole fraction were prepared by taking analytical reagent grade and spectroscopic reagent grade chemicals with minimum assay of 99.9% and obtained from E-Merck Ltd (India). All the component liquids were purified by the standard methods.[22-23] In all the mixtures, the mole fraction of the second component, cyclohexane (X2 =0.4), was kept fixed while the mole fractions of the remaining two (X1 and X3) were varied from 0.0 to 0.6, so as to have the mixture of different concentration. There is nothing significant in fixing the mole fraction of the second component at 0.4. The density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity were measured as a function of concentration of the ternary liquid mixture at temperatures 288K, 298K, 308K and 318K and at frequency 6 MHz. Ultrasonic velocity measurements were made using an ultrasonic interferometer (Model M84, supplied by M/S Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi) with the accuracy of ±0.1m·s–1. An electronically operated digital constant temperature bath (Model SSI-03 Spl, supplied by M/S Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi), operating in the temperature range of –10°C to 85°C with an accuracy of ±0.1°C has been used to circulate water through the outer jacket of the doublewalled measuring cell containing the experimental liquid. The densities of the mixture were measured using a 10-ml specific gravity bottle by relative measurement method with an

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1598

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

accuracy of ±0.01 kg·m –3. An Oswald viscometer (10 ml) with an accuracy of ±0.001 Ns·m– 2

was used for the viscosity measurement. The flow time was determined using a digital racer

stopwatch with an accuracy of ±0.1s. 3. THEORY The following thermodynamic parameters were calculated. …………………… (1)

i. Adiabatic compressibility:

………………….. (2)

ii. Intermolecular free length:

Where, KT =(93.875 + 0.375.T) x 10-8 is Jacobson’s temperature dependent constant .

……………...(3)

iii. Free Volume:

Where ‘Meff’ is the effective mass of the mixture, ‘K’ is a dimensionless constant independent of temperature and liquid. Its value is 4.281 x 109.

iv. Internal Pressure:

….. (4)

Where, ‘b’ stands for the cubic packing factor, which is assumed to be ‘2’ for all liquids and solutions. ‘K’ is a dimensionless constant independent of temperature and nature of liquids. Its value is 4.281x109, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, η is the viscosity, U is the ultrasonic velocity, ρ is the density and Meff is the effective molecular weight. v. Acoustic impedance (Z):

..……………(5)

vi. Excess Parameters (AE) In order to study the non-ideality of the liquid mixtures, the difference between the values of the real mixture (Aexp ) and those corresponding to an ideal mixture (Aid) , namely the excess parameters (AE) of some of the acoustic parameters, were computed using the equation …………..(6) Where Aid = ΣnAiXi, ‘Ai is any parameters and ‘Xi the mole fraction of the liquid ’ ’ components of ‘i’. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Experimental values of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity for the ternary mixtures at

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1599

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

different temperatures are presented in table-1. The calculated values of different parameters are presented in tables-2 & 3. The calculated excess values of the parameters are presented in tables-4, 5 & 6. The variations in excess values are shown in figures-1 to 4. Density of the mixture increases as concentration of DMF increases and that of toluene decreases. Density decreases as temperature increases,(which results in more spacing between the molecules). Viscosity also changes in the same way as density. TABLE 1: Measured Values of Density, Viscosity and velocity (U) of ternary mixtures. Mole fraction X1 0.0000 0.0999 0.1998 0.3001 0.4000 0.4998 0.5997

X3 0.6000 0.4999 0.4001 0.3000 0.1999 0.1001 0.0000

288 K 816.85 824.03 832.67 841.54 851.56 862.42 872.45

Density(ρ) (Kg.m-3) 298 K 308 K 809.56 802.76 818.14 812.41 827.45 822.64 837.04 833.29 846.64 844.04 858.53 854.85 868.98 865.96

318 K 798.41 808.95 819.16 829.44 841.02 851.86 861.98

288K 0.804 0.822 0.848 0.880 0.916 0.974 1.049

Viscosity (η) (10-3 N.s.m-2) 298K 308K 0.653 0.538 0.668 0.550 0.688 0.566 0.721 0.598 0.756 0.632 0.807 0.706 0.902 0.765

318K 0.468 0.486 0.520 0.548 0.574 0.636 0.701

288 K 1311.2 1320.5 1329.4 1331.6 1317.6 1300.6 1283.5

Velocity (U) (m.s-1) 298 K 308 K 1269.4 1221.2 1276.2 1231.8 1286.0 1241.6 1292.2 1246.0 1267.6 1226.8 1250.2 1207.2 1242.4 1192.5

318 K 1178.4 1187.2 1199.4 1203.6 1185.2 1163.4 1157.5

TABLE 2: Calculated values of adiabatic compressibility, Free length and free volume. Mole fraction X1

X3

0.0000 0.0999 0.1998 0.3001 0.4000 0.4998 0.5997

0.6000 0.4999 0.4001 0.3000 0.1999 0.1001 0.0000

Adi. compressibility (β) (10-10 N-1.m2) 288 298 308 318 K K K K 7.121 7.666 8.353 9.020 6.960 7.505 8.112 8.771 6.795 7.308 7.885 8.486 6.702 7.155 7.730 8.322 6.764 7.351 7.872 8.465 6.855 7.452 8.027 8.673 6.958 7.455 8.121 8.659

Free length (Lf) (10-10 m) 288 298 308 318 K K K K 0.523 0.548 0.584 0.610 0.517 0.542 0.576 0.601 0.511 0.535 0.568 0.592 0.507 0.530 0.562 0.586 0.510 0.537 0.567 0.591 0.513 0.541 0.573 0.598 0.517 0.541 0.576 0.598

Free volume ( Vf ) (10-7 m3.mol-1) 288 298 308 318 K K K K 1.974 2.568 3.242 3.783 1.868 2.422 3.074 3.499 1.742 2.268 2.885 3.106 1.596 2.058 2.577 2.789 1.429 1.798 2.240 2.456 1.233 1.542 1.787 1.978 1.042 1.245 1.499 1.634

Ultrasonic velocity increases as concentration of DMF increases and that of toluene decreases. When concentration of Toluene and DMF are equal, it becomes maximum and then decreases. This may be due to the fact that, as concentration of DMF increases, due to lack of perfect symmetry, (as DMF molecules have a aliphatic structure) the available space between the component molecules increase. When temperature increases, velocity decreases, indicating more spacing between the molecules. The nature of change in velocity is also confirmed by observing the change in adiabatic compressibility and free length. www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1600

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Intermolecular interaction seems to be stronger than the intra-molecular interaction thus leading to a decrease of free volume. Hence free volume decreases with increase in mole fraction of DMF and increases when temperature increases. Increase in free volume is associated with decrease in internal pressure and vice versa. This is also evident in our observations.

Fig. 1: Variation of adiabatic compressibility with mole fraction of DMF. TABLE 3: Calculated values of Internal pressure and Acoustic impedance. Mole fraction X1

X3

0.0000 0.0999 0.1998 0.3001 0.4000 0.4998 0.5997

0.6000 0.4999 0.4001 0.3000 0.1999 0.1001 0.0000

Internal pressure (Пi) ( x 106 N.m-2 ) 288 298 308 318 K K K K 360.7 339.9 323.2 315.8 375.0 354.1 336.5 331.7 392.2 370.1 351.6 353.2 412.8 391.0 373.8 374.8 438.4 418.6 401.3 400.8 471.9 451.8 443.3 441.4 511.2 497.1 481.9 481.9

Acoustic impedance (Z) ( x 106 Kg.m2.s-1) 288 298 308 318 K K K K 1.071 1.028 0.980 0.941 1.088 1.044 1.001 0.960 1.107 1.064 1.021 0.983 1.121 1.082 1.038 0.998 1.122 1.073 1.035 0.997 1.122 1.073 1.032 0.991 1.120 1.080 1.033 0.998

Acoustic impedance decreases with increase in temperature indicating weakening of molecular interaction. However it increases with increase in concentration of DMF and becomes almost constant when the DMF concentration is large compared to toluene. When toluene concentration decreases DMF interacts with cyclohexane which is non-polar. This interaction being weak (dispersive type), the only dominant interaction is dipole-dipole interaction between DMF molecules. Hence acoustic impedance practically remains constant. Gibbs' free energy practically remains constant for low concentration of DMF, but increases

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1601

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

when concentration of DMF increases. Increasing Gibbs' free energy suggest closer approach of unlike molecules (interaction increases). It also suggests shorter time for rearrangement of molecules in the mixture.

Fig. 2: Variation of free volume with mole fraction of DMF. When temperature increases (concentration remaining constant), the molecule move away from away from each other due to thermal expansion. This requires longer time for rearrangement for molecules hence Gibbs' free energy decreases. However ‘ΔG’ again increases at 318K which may be explained as follow. We have When temperature is large, ΔG increases with ‘T’ although ‘τ’ decreases. This is because the factor ln(τ) is a slowly changing factor. TABLE 4: Calculated Excess values of Density,Viscosity and velocity of ternary mixture

X1

X3

288 K

Density(ρE) (Kg.m-3) 298 K 308 K

0.0000

0.6000

-22.51

-19.87

-10.01

-6.56

-0.079

-0.025

0.009

0.032

-14.86

-9.74

-16.78

-16.90

0.0999

0.4999

-22.13

-18.74

-9.70

-5.31

-0.086

-0.035

-0.002

0.027

-22.67

-20.18

-23.25

-25.10

0.1998

0.4001

-20.55

-17.14

-9.06

-4.64

-0.086

-0.040

-0.010

0.037

-31.29

-28.01

-30.89

-30.26

0.3001

0.3000

-18.85

-15.38

-8.12

-4.027

-0.079

-0.032

-0.002

0.042

-46.81

-39.64

-44.13

-43.61

0.4000

0.1999

-15.63

-13.22

-6.71

-1.73

-0.069

-0.021

0.008

0.044

-77.93

-81.48

-80.40

-79.01

0.4998

0.1001

-11.73

-8.95

-5.40

-0.34

-0.036

0.005

0.059

0.082

-112.3

-116.3

-117.3

-118.1

0.5997

0.0000

-8.49

-5.95

-3.63

0.49

0.014

0.075

0.094

0.124

-146.5

-141.4

-149.1

-140.1

Mole fraction

318 K

288 K

Viscosity (ηE) (10-3 N.s.m-2) 298 K 308 K

318 K

288 K

Velocity (UE) (m.s-1) 298 K 308 K

318 K

The nature of molecular interaction may also be analyzed in terms of the excess parameters. An ideal solution is one in which unlike interactions are equal to like interactions. The

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1602

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

deviation from ideality is expressed by the excess values of the thermodynamic variables.

Fig. 3: Variation of internal pressure with mole fraction of DMF.

Fig. 4: Variation of acoustic impedance with mole fraction of DMF. Excess density is found to be negative always. This indicates that the density decreases when the mixture is formed. This indicates weak bonding between the molecules. As concentration of DMF increases (and that of toluene decreases), the negativity decreases indicating stronger association between molecules. However the negativity also decreases when temperature increases. This is not due to molecular association but due to expansion in volume from additivity (decrease in density by association). Positive values of excess free length show the existence of dispersive forces between molecules of the mixture. This gives negative excess sound speed., positive excess adiabatic compressibility which is obvious www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1603

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

from our observation. TABLE 5: Calculated Excess values of adiabatic compressibility, Free length and free volume Mole fraction

Adi. compressibility (βE) (10-10 N-1.m2) 288 K 298 K 308 K 318 K

Free length (LfE) (10-10 m) 288 K 298 K 308 K 318 K

Free volume ( VfE ) (10-7 m3.mol-1) 288 K 298 K 308 K 318 K

X1

X3

0.0000

0.6000

0.305

0.251

0.278

0.271

0.012

0.010

0.010

0.010

-0.698

-1.186

-1.828

-2.601

0.0999

0.4999

0.318

0.287

0.267

0.274

0.013

0.012

0.011

0.011

-0.565

-0.982

-1.513

-2.255

0.1998

0.4001

0.326

0.285

0.267

0.239

0.014

0.013

0.012

0.011

-0.454

-0.787

-1.219

-2.020

0.3001

0.3000

0.404

0.328

0.339

0.325

0.018

0.015

0.016

0.015

-0.362

-0.647

-1.043

-1.709

0.4000

0.1999

0.640

0.721

0.710

0.720

0.028

0.031

0.030

0.030

-0.290

-0.557

-0.896

-1.412

0.4998

0.1001

0.904

1.018

1.093

1.178

0.038

0.042

0.045

0.047

-0.249

-0.464

-0.867

-1.262

0.5997

0.0000

1.181

1.218

1.416

1.416

0.050

0.050

0.058

0.057

-0.201

-0.410

-0.670

-0.976

TABLE 6: Calculated Excess values of Internal pressure and Acoustic impedance. Mole fraction X1 0.0000 0.0999 0.1998 0.3001 0.4000 0.4998 0.5997

X3 0.6000 0.4999 0.4001 0.3000 0.1999 0.1001 0.0000

Internal pressure (ПiE) ( x 106 N.m-2 ) 288 K 298 K 308 K 318 K 38.424 44.312 52.384 59.124 25.396 31.888 39.152 48.433 15.223 21.139 27.733 43.212 8.304 15.205 23.177 37.962 6.668 16.125 24.099 37.369 12.792 22.620 39.567 51.309 24.766 41.313 51.641 65.182

Acoustic impedance (ZE) ( x 106 Kg.m2.s-1) 288 K 298 K 308 K 318 K -0.043 -0.034 -0.027 -0.022 -0.052 -0.044 -0.035 -0.030 -0.059 -0.051 -0.042 -0.036 -0.071 -0.060 -0.054 -0.048 -0.095 -0.094 -0.085 -0.077 -0.122 -0.121 -0.116 -0.110 -0.149 -0.141 -0.144 -0.131

The excess free volume is always negative indicating decrease in volume. However the negativity decreases when concentration of DMF increases. This is because toluene is almost spherical in shape and hence close packing of molecules gives negative excess free volume which however decreases when concentration of toluene decreases and that of DMF increases. Negative excess free volume is also confirmed by positive excess internal pressure. Excess acoustic impedance is negative. Negativity increases with concentration of DMF indicating increase in molecular interaction. Negativity however decreases with increase in temperature, indicating weakening of molecular interaction. At low concentration of DMF and low temperature (288K), ΔGE is negative indicating large distance between molecules. Here ΔG decreases hence it requires large time for rearrangement of molecules. However at all other temperatures ΔGE is positive indicating relatively closer approach of molecules and shorter time for rearrangement of molecules.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1604

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

5. CONCLUSION The trends in the variation of parameters derived from ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity and the sign and magnitude of the excess values of the different thermodynamic variables at temperatures 288K, 298K, 308K and 318K over the entire composition range suggests existence of molecular interaction in the chosen ternary mixture. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful to the Management of Ajay Binay Institute of Technology, CDA-1, Cuttack, Odisha, for providing the laboratories for the improvement of research activities in the Institute. 7. REFERENCE 1. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra PR, Mishra S, Satapathy A, (Study of Acoustical and Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solution of NaCl at different Concentrations and Frequencies through Ultrasonic Technique). Int. J of Res. in Pure and App. Phy, 2012; 2(1): 15-21. 2. Palani R, Sarvanan S, Geetha A, Asian J. of Chem. 2007; 19(7): 5113. 3. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mishra PR, Mishra S, (Study of Acoustical and Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solution of NaCl at different Concentrations and Temperatures through Ultrasonic Technique). Archives of Applied Science Research, 2012, 4 (2): 837-845. 4. Paikaray R, Mohanty N, Journal of Acoustical Society of India, 2010; 37(2): 70-73. 5. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Ultrasonic study of mixture containing aqueous solution of NaCl and KCl for different ratios of sodium to potassium about vital ratio and about human body temperature). Research journal of chemical sciences, 2015; 5(6): 32-39. 6. Chimankar Omprakash P, Shriwas Ranjeeta, Tabhane Vilas A, Advances in Applied Science Research, 2010; 1(3): 78-85. 7. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Study of acoustic and thermodynamic parameters for different ratios of aqueous sodium chloride and potassium chloride solution at and about the normal human body temperature). International Journal of Science and Research, special issue(ISU), January-2015; 58-65. 8. Aravinthraj M, Dineshbabu N, Kubendran R, Venkatesan S, Liakath Ali F, Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011; 2(1): 254-261.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1605

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

9. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mishra PR, Mishra S, (Ultrasonic studies of ternary liquid mixtures of N-N-dimethylformamide, nitrobenzene, and cyclohexane at different frequencies at 318 K) J. of Theo. & App. Phy., 2013; 7(23): 1-6. 10. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mishra PR, Mishra S, (Molecular Interaction Study of Mixture of N,N-Dimethylformamide, Cyclohexane and Pyridine at Different Frequencies). Chemical Science Transactions, 2013; 2(4): 1395-1401. 11. Nikam PS, Hasan M, (Ultrasonic velocity and apparent molar compressibility of Trichloro acid in aqueous ethanol). Asian J. of Chem., 1993; 5(2): 319. 12. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mishra PR, Mishra S, (Study of thermodynamic and transport properties of ternary liquid mixture at different frequencies). J. of Chem. and Phar. Res., 2012; 4(4): 1910-1920. 13. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mohanty J, Mishra S, (Thermodynamic Parameters and Their Excess Values for Binary Mixtures of Cyclohexane Plus Benzene and Substituted Benzenes at Different Ultrasonic Frequencies). International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2014; 3(11): 1060-1065. 14. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Ultrasonic study of mixture, containing Aqueous solution of ‘NaCl’ and ‘KCl’ for different ratios of Sodium to Potassium about Vitality ratio and about Human body Temperature)Research journal of chemical sciences, 2015; 5(6): 32-39. 15. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Study of acoustic and thermodynamic parameters for different ratios of aqueous sodium chloride and potassium chloride solution at and about the normal human body temperature). International Journal of Science and Research, 2015; special issue(ISU); 58-65. 16. Ali A, Hyder S, Nain AK, (Intermolecular interactions in ternary liquid mixtures by ultrasonic velocity measurements). Ind. J. Phys., 2000; 74B(1): 63-67. 17. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Study of acoustic and thermodynamic parameters for binary mixture containing cyclohexane and the substituted benzenes at different temperatures)J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sc., Sec-C, 2015; 5(1): 686-699. 18. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Comparative Study of Molecular Interaction in Ternary Liquid Mixtures of Polar and Non-Polar Solvents by Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements)Int. J. of Science and Research, 2014; 3(11): 642-646. 19. Thirumaran S, and Jayalakshmi K, (Molecular interaction studies on n-alkanols in cyclohexane with DMF at 303 k). Achieves of applied science Research, 2009; 1(2): 24.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1606

Praharaj et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

20. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Satapathy Abhiram, Mishra PR, Mishra S, (study of molecular interaction in mixture of n, ndimethylformamide, Cyclohexane and benzene for Different frequencies of ultrsonic waves). Golden Research Thoughts, 2013; 2(8): 1-10. 21. Praharaj Manoj Kumar, Mishra Sarmistha, (Comparative study of molecular interaction in ternary liquid mixtures of Polar and non-polar solvents). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015; 37: 68-77. 22. Jain RP, Text book of Engineering Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 1994. 23. Vogal AJ, Practical organic chemistry, 4th edn. Longman, London, 1978.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 4, 2016.

1607